An investigation conducted to determine the factors which control the combustion in a high-speed compression-ignition engine is presented. Indicator cards were taken with the Farnboro indicator and analyzed according to the tangent method devised by Schweitzer. The analysis show that in a quiescent combustion chamber increasing the time lag of auto-ignition increases the maximum rate of combustion. Increasing the maximum rate of combustion increases the tendency for detonation to occur. The results show that by increasing the air temperature during injection the start of combustion can be forced to take place during injection and so prevent detonation from occurring. It is shown that the rate of fuel injection does not in itself control the rate of combustion.


The majority of Selorejo villagers are farmers of citrus crops. Selorejo orange product is famous and has 12 kinds of oranges. Regent of Malang, Mr. H. Rendra Krisna expects Selorejo village to be a pilot village of citrus picking tour in Malang regency. The problems of Selorejo Village, Malang, are: a) people are still not ready to receive tourist visit from both domestic and foreign; b) Spatial village is not yet tidy including layout of bus parking and tour vehicle; c) The need to centralize the sale of citrus and other processed citrus products; d) Assisting the empowerment of villagers with more rooms for tourists; and e) lack of promotion. Solutions are offered 1-year IbDM Program that is a) Entrepreneurship Training, GAPOKTAN, PKK, Karang Taruna / Tour manager; b) Map of Citrus Tourist Sites; c) Making citrus kiosks and village superior products; d) Clean the sewer from plastic waste; e) Website Creation; f) Making of drainage in citrus hut; and g) Making of citrus hut. The method of implementation in achieving the specific objectives of the IbDM Program is in accordance with the needs of the villagers of Selorejo, the Implementing Team conducts training to GAPOKTA, PKK, Tour Manager / Karang Taruna, including entrepreneurship training, marketing, accounting. In addition, the team implements the implementation of science and technology in the form of website creation, and improvement of tourism infrastructure facilities. Achievements of 1st year IbDM program activities are: a) Prime Service Training, Entrepreneurship and Accounting for GAPOKTAN, PKK, Tour Manager / Karang Taruna; b) Map of Citrus Tourist Sites; c) Create a Gazebo for the marketing of the Village's Featured Products; d) Website Creation; e) Making drains in citrus huts; and f) Making of citrus hut. So 100% of 1 year IbDM program has been implemented.


From its pre-historic roots in simple counting to the algorithms powering modern desktop computers, from the genius of Archimedes to the genius of Einstein, advances in mathematical understanding and numerical techniques have been directly responsible for creating the modern world as we know it. This series will provide a library of the most influential publications and writers on mathematics in its broadest sense. As such, it will show not only the deep roots from which modern science and technology have grown, but also the astonishing breadth of application of mathematical techniques in the humanities and social sciences, and in everyday life.


Abstract Several instruments based on immunoassay techniques have been proposed for life-detection experiments in the framework of planetary exploration but few experiments have been conducted so far to test the resistance of antibodies against cosmic ray particles. We present several irradiation experiments carried out on both grafted and free antibodies for different types of incident particles (protons, neutrons, electrons and 12C) at different energies (between 9 MeV and 50 MeV) and different fluences. No loss of antibodies activity was detected for the whole set of experiments except when considering protons with energy between 20 and 30 MeV (on free and grafted antibodies) and fluences much greater than expected for a typical planetary mission to Mars for instance. Our results on grafted antibodies suggest that biochip-based instruments must be carefully designed according to the expected radiation environment for a given mission. In particular, a surface density of antibodies much larger than the expected proton fluence would prevent significant loss of antibodies activity and thus assuring a successful detection.


The study of the internal structures of specimens has a great importance in life and materials sciences. The principle of optical diffraction tomography (ODT) consists in recording the complex wave diffracted by an object, while changing the k vector of the illuminating wave. This way, the frequency domain of the specimen is scanned, allowing reconstructing the scattering potential of the sample in the spatial domain. This work presents a method for sub-micron tomographic imaging using multiple wavelengths in digital holographic microscopy. This method is based on the recording at different wavelengths equally separated in the k-domain, of the interference between an off-axis reference wave and an object wave reflected by a microscopic specimen and magnified by a microscope objective. A charged coupled device (CCD) camera records consecutively the holograms, which are then numerically reconstructed following the convolution formulation to obtain each corresponding complex object wavefronts. Their relative phases are adjusted to be equal in a given plane of interest and the resulting complex wavefronts are summed. The result of this operation is a constructive addition of complex waves in the selected plane and a destructive one in the others. Tomography is thus obtained by the attenuation of the amplitude out of the plane of interest. Numerical variation of the plane of interest enables to scan the object in depth. For the presented simulations and experiments, twenty wavelengths are used in the 480-700 nm range. The result is a sectioning of the object in slices of 725 nm thick.


An accurate closed-form expression is provided to predict the bending angle of light as a function of impact parameter for equatorial orbits around Kerr black holes of arbitrary spin. This expression is constructed by assuring that the weak- and strong-deflection limits are explicitly satisfied while maintaining accuracy at intermediate values of impact parameter via the method of asymptotic approximants (Barlow et al 2017 Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 70 21–48). To this end, the strong deflection limit for a prograde orbit around an extremal black hole is examined, and the full non-vanishing asymptotic behavior is determined. The derived approximant may be an attractive alternative to computationally expensive elliptical integrals used in black hole simulations.


The porous metallic structure has been developed to mimic the natural bone architecture, having interconnected porosity, disposing enough room to cell migration, anchoring, vascularization, nourishing and proliferation of new bone tissue. The titanium is used as porous implants due its excellent mechanical properties and biological interaction. Research evolving porous titanium has been done with purpose to achieve desirable pore size, total porosity percentage and influence of those in the increasing of bone-implant bond strength interface. Were prepared samples of titanium by powder metallurgy adding natural polymer: corn starch, rice starch, potato starch and gelatin; at proportion of 16 wt%. In aqueous solution the hydrogenated metallic powder (TiH2) and the polymer were mixed, homogenized and frozen in molds near net shape. The water was removed in kiln (38°C/12h) and the polymer by thermal treatment with air-oxidation (350 °C/1h) before sintering in high-vacuum (1300 °C/1h). Resulting from the process, the obtained pores by addition of potato and corn starchs, lead to homogenous and well distributed throughout structure. Samples obtained from addition of rice starch and gelatin formed macropores and micropores randomly distributed within the structure. The apparent porosity for all samples was near 40%. The processing technique allowed the open pore formation, in which the macropores mimics the trabecular bone structure and micropores allows the bone-implant anchorage.


Background Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for evaluation and diagnosis of spinal cord abnormalities, which are considered among the leading causes of neurogenic bladder; however, MRI is a costly imaging method and is not available at all health centers. Sporadic studies have shown the alignment of MRI with ultrasonography results in diagnosis of spinal abnormalities; although none of these studies has expressed the diagnostic value of ultrasonography. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in detection of spinal abnormalities in children with neurogenic bladder. Methods This is a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2014 to November 2015 on patients with neurogenic bladder referred to Department of Radiology, Dr. Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. All patients underwent sonography of the spinal cord and soft-tissue masses; also, a spinal MRI scan was performed. The existence of spina bifida, sacral agenesis, posterior vertebral arch defects, mass, tethered cord, myelomeningocele, lipoma and fatty infiltration, dural ectasia, hydromyelia and syringomyelia, and diastomatomyelia was recorded during each imaging scan. Chi-square and Fisher's tests were used for data analysis using SPSS 19.0 software, and the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography findings were calculated by MedCale 26 software. Results Forty patients with neurogenic bladder (22 males/18 females), with an average of 25.73±19.15 months, were enrolled. The most common abnormality was found in patients' MRI was tethered cord syndrome (70%). There was a significant relationship between ultrasonographic and MRI findings in spina bifida abnormalities (p=0.016), sacral agenesis (p=0.00), tethered cord (p=0.00), myelomeningocele (p=0.00), and lipoma and fatty infiltration (p=0.01). Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 20.0%–100% and a specificity of 85.7%–100% depending on the detected type of abnormality. Conclusion It seems that ultrasonography has an acceptable and desirable sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of most of the spinal cord abnormalities in children with a neurogenic bladder.


Switch allocation and queuing discipline has a first-order impact on network performance and hence overall system performance. Unfortunately, there is a fundamental tension between quality of switch allocation and clock-speed. On one hand, sophisticated switch allocators such as iSLIP include dependencies that make pipelining hard. On the other hand, simpler allocators which are pipelineable (and hence amenable to fast clocks) degrade throughput. This paper proposes apSLIP which uses three novel ideas to adaptively pipeline iSLIP at fast clocks. To address the dependence between the grant and request stages in iSLIP, we allow superfluous requests to occur and leverage the VOQ architecture which naturally enables easy availing of the corresponding grants. To address the dependence between the reading and updating of priority counters in iSLIP, we use stale priority values and solve the resulting double booking by privatizing the priority counters and separating the arbitration into odd and even stream. Further, we observe that while iSLIP can exploit multiple iterations to improve its matching strength, such additional iterations deepen the pipeline and add to the network latency. The improved matching strength helps high-load scenarios whereas the increased latency hurts low-load cases. Therefore, we propose an adaptive-effort pipelined iSLIP – apSLIP – which adapts between one iteration (shallow-pipeline) at low loads and two iterations (deep pipeline) at high loads. Simulations reveal that compared to an aggressive 2-cycle router apSLIP improves, on average, end-to-end packet latency in an 8x8 network by 43% and high-load application performance in a 3x3 network by 19% without affecting the low-load benchmarks.


Single-cell transcriptomics enabled the study of cellular heterogeneity in response to perturbations at the resolution of individual cells. However, scaling high-throughput screens (HTSs) to measure cellular responses for many drugs remains a challenge due to technical limitations and, more importantly, the cost of such multiplexed experiments. Thus, transferring information from routinely performed bulk RNA HTS is required to enrich single-cell data meaningfully. We introduce chemCPA, a new encoder-decoder architecture to study the perturbational effects of unseen drugs. We combine the model with an architecture surgery for transfer learning and demonstrate how training on existing bulk RNA HTS datasets can improve generalisation performance. Better generalisation reduces the need for extensive and costly screens at single-cell resolution. We envision that our proposed method will facilitate more efficient experiment designs through its ability to generate in-silico hypotheses, ultimately accelerating drug discovery.


Diabetes Mellitus incident is currently one of the major and common diseases in
Malaysia and increasing every year. To date, no herbs or drugs are able to completely
cure the disease. In this study, insulinotropic properties of Malaysian herbs were
investigated using pancreatic P cells BRIN-BD1 1 . Three out of 13 herbs samples studied
were belongs to fungi (Ganoderma sp). The studied showed seven samples are able to
induce insulin secretion over 200 % by BRIN-BD11 cell lines. Based on traditional
practitioner reports, Gynuraprocumbens was choosed for further investigation on its antihyperglycemic
properties. Glucose tolerance test were carried on normal and
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed at 1000 mglkgl b.w Gynura procumbens
methanolic extract was able to reduce blood glucose level in rats. Toxicity towards
BRIN-BD11 cells was analyzed using MTT assay and alkaline comet assay. Toxicity
levels at ICS0 was 300 uglml using MTT assay. Furthermore, Alkaline Comet Assay has
proved this toxicity is not due to DNA damage in BRIN-BDl 1 cells. Acute toxicity was
carried on ICR strain mice for 14 days. Gynuraprocumbens did not show any toxicity at
concentration 7 glkg b.w after administered orally. These results suggest Gynura
procumbens and other herbs contain active constituents and have potentials for diabetes
treatment.


We previously reported that thyroid hormone stimulates renin synthesis in vivo and in vitro. Here, we analyzed the 5′-flanking sequence of the human renin gene for promoter activity responsive to thyroid hormone using Calu-6 cells, which secrete renin endogenously and express thyroid hormone receptor-&bgr;. The luciferase reporter gene was cloned together with 5′-flanking portions of the human renin gene of various lengths into the pGL3-Basic vector. Luciferase activity assays were performed using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System. 3,3′,5-Triiodo-l-thyronine stimulated the promoter activity of pGL3-Basic−1111/+12 and pGL3-Basic−1298/+12 by 2.3±0.1- and 1.7±0.1-fold, respectively. Shorter constructs (pGL3-Basic−144/+12, pGL3-Basic−226/+12, pGL3-Basic−452/+12, and pGL3-Basic−953/+12) were not stimulated by thyroid hormone. These results suggest that there is a possible thyroid hormone response element (5′-AGG TCA GGT CAc aat GTT CCT-3′) between nucleotides −1111 and −953. In 3 constructs with site-directed mutations in this sequence, basal promoter activities were significantly increased, whereas promoter activation by thyroid hormone was abolished. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the −1111/−953 DNA fragment of the intact human renin gene was bound to nuclear proteins of Calu-6 cells; however, none of the 3 mutant probes were bound to any nuclear proteins. These results suggest that thyroid hormone stimulates the promoter activity of the human renin gene through thyroid hormone response element–dependent mechanisms in Calu-6 cells.


Invasive alien species threaten freshwater biodiversity, with uncertain impacts on ecosystem services. Invasive alien decapods are frequent components of invaded ecosystems, and have been found to impact biodiversity, ecosystem properties and processes. Studies however often do not consider comparisons to native analogues. Native analogues could mask impacts of invasive alien species through functional redundancy. The native White Clawed Crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) is declining at the advance of the invasive alien American Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Consequences of this changeover of decapod species to the patterns and processes of river basins are not well understood.
Laboratory microcosm experiments found invasive alien decapods processed native leaf litter at a greater rate than native crayfish, increasing smaller fragments, notably fine particulate organic matter and dissolved organic carbon (Chapter 2). However, these differences in transformation of leaf litter into other products did not increase the productivity of algal biofilms. Each decapod species excreted nutrients at different rates: A. pallipes and E. sinensis had similar nitrogen excretion, while P. leniusculus excreted much less nitrogen suggesting this species could be a nutrient sink. These differences in nutrients were apparently absorbed by biofilms growing on leaf and rock surfaces even though they did not grow as a result.
Chapter 3 found the greater detritivory performance of invasive alien decapods was observed for other species of leaf litter, including increased breakdown of particularly troublesome invasive alien riparian plant Rhododendron ponticum. Derived products varied, with more fine particulate organic matter generated for Acer pseudoplatanus and R. ponticum, suggesting less assimilation of these litter types. This revealed a previously unknown feedback between invasive plants and detritivores, whereby the litter accumulations from riparian invasive plants is potentially consumed by invasive alien decapods. This in turn may subsidise the growth and reproduction of invasive alien aquatic decapods.
Outdoor pond mesocosm experiments revealed that invasive alien decapods altered taxonomic richness, diversity, and structure, with snails particularly found to decline in ponds (Chapter 4). Primary productivity of periphyton was elevated in P. leniusculus ponds compared to natives, but not in the E. sinensis ponds, explained by a combination of trophic cascade and turbidity. Leaf litter decomposition rates, community respiration, gross and net primary productivity were otherwise unaffected. Outdoor flume mesocosms were utilised to replicate headwater streams to measure bioturbation of decapods, and associated changes to biodiversity, water quality and ecosystem processes (Chapter 5). Effects on sediment topology and transport were similar for controls, native and alien species, with the presence of refuges likely causing this lack of effect. Suspended organic matter was similar for all species, but sediment respiration was higher for P. leniusculus. Invertebrate community structure was significantly different for invasive alien decapods, with significantly higher densities of collector-gathering invertebrates such as Baetis sp. and Culicoides.
The the lack of consensus between the laboratory (Chapters 2-3) and mesocosm studies (Chapters 4-5) lead to the conclusion that environmental practitioners should consider context and scaling when interpreting experimental results of biological invasions. The overall findings of this study however do show that P. leniusculus and E. sinensis are not functionally redundant for several ecosystem attributes compared to A. pallipes. These differences in species functional-traits are likely to be exacerbated by greater densities of invasives observed in situ. This supports the potential for invasive alien decapods to alter the ecosystem services of entire river basins, even when a native analogue was previously present.


Many research groups have recently explored human adaptation and successfully identified candidate genes to high-altitude living among three major far-flung global populations: Tibetans, Ethiopians, and Peruvians. But few have simultaneously explored the other extreme—maladaptation—in the form of chronic mountain sickness (CMS), also known as Monge's disease, which is characterized by the production of an excessive number of red blood cells. Now, in the largest whole-genome study of its kind, an international research team led by University of California San Diego's Chairman of Pediatrics, Dr. Gabriel Haddad, has expanded on their recent study of understanding both adaptation extremes in a Peruvian population. "CMS incidence is highest in Andeans ( 18%), lesser in Tibetans (1–11%), and yet, completely absent from the Ethiopian populations, further mystifying this disease pathogenesis," said Haddad. "Therefore, a clear understanding of its pathophysiology would be beneficial to the large highaltitude populations at risk of developing this syndrome. It would also provide insights in understanding many disease pathophysiologies where hypoxia plays a major role, at sea level, e.g., stroke, cardiac ischemia, obstructive sleep apnea, sickle cell disease." A total of 94 individuals equally divided into CMS and non-CMS subjects participated in the study. They hailed from Cerro de Pasco, one of the largest, high-elevation settlements in the world (more than 50,000 people living at greater than 14,000 feet [4,300 m]), high up in the Andes. Next, using available genetic tools and a new custom algorithm, the researchers sifted through the genomes to identify and categorize all of the favored mutations from the Peruvians. Overall, they identified 11 regions containing 38 genes that were of statistical significance. Nine of these genes were also tested in hypoxia experiments to validate their functional role using the research lab model organism, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Stobdan et al. 2017). "In this study, we present the results of an expanded whole genome sequence analysis of CMS and non-CMS subjects and identify additional candidate regions that are under positive selection," said Haddad. "Indeed, the larger sample size, the robust selection methods, and the use of a novel statistical test for prioritization allowed us to uncover novel genes involved in HA adaptation. Additionally, using Drosophila as a model organism, we found that certain candidate genes, when downregulated in Drosophila, induced more tolerance to hypoxia than controls." Intriguingly, the majority of the mutations were found in noncoding regions of the genome that may be playing an important regulatory role in finely tuning the levels of gene expression. "We suspect that this molecular adaptation allows for more genetic flexibility, that plausibly regulates transcript abundance, adjusting with the physiological responses to environmental challenges such as hypoxia," said Haddad. The results of the study will contribute significantly to the multifactorial genetic understanding of high-altitude adaptation and the physiology of hypoxia. In addition, the researchers' new algorithm can be adapted to further the other studies trying to identify the genomic hallmarks of human adaptation.


These European Board of Anaesthesiology (EBA) recommendations for safe medication practice replace the first edition of the EBA recommendations published in 2011. They were updated because evidence from critical incident reporting systems continues to show that medication errors remain a major safety issue in anaesthesia, intensive care, emergency medicine and pain medicine, and there is an ongoing need for relevant up-to-date clinical guidance for practising anaesthesiologists. The recommendations are based on evidence wherever possible, with a focus on patient safety, and are primarily aimed at anaesthesiologists practising in Europe, although many will be applicable elsewhere. They emphasise the importance of correct labelling practice and the value of incident reporting so that lessons can be learned, risks reduced and a safety culture developed.


Although the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake was one of the deadliest earthquakes in history, it left no clear geological evidence of rupture on land. As a tectonic event, the earthquake was complex; even the faults involved remain unclear. Using geophysical and coring data, we document direct evidence of the sedimentation generated by the catastrophic 12 January 2010 earthquake offshore. These studies document submarine paleoseismology methods that can be used for assessing seismic risk in this and other tectonic settings such as the California San Andreas fault, where deeper buried blind thrusts may exist. Shaking by the 12 January main shock triggered sediment failures and turbidity currents from coastal sources to deep-water sinks. An ~0.05 km 3 turbidite was deposited in the Canal du Sud basin (1750 m water depth) over 50 km 2 . Almost 2 months after the main shock, a 600-m-thick sediment plume was still present in the lowermost water column at this location. The turbidite was time correlated to the 12 January earthquake by the excess 234 Th in the sediments. With a half-life of 24 days, its presence documents an infl ux of terrigenous sediment mixing with marine sources derived from the basin slopes. This turbidite, and older ones observed beneath it, displays complex cross-bedded and fi ning-upward stratigraphy indicative of long waves and seiche oscillations that are consistent with locally reported tsunamis. This 12 January sedimentary record highlights the potential for submarine paleoseismology to unravel the seismic history of continental transform boundaries such as the Enriquillo‐Plantain Garden fault in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica, as well as other tectonic settings where no clear land-based evidence for a rupture exists.


We propose a state-based variant of the classical online learning problem of tracking the best expert. In our setting, the actions of the algorithm and experts correspond to local moves through a continuous and bounded state space. At each step, Nature chooses payoffs as a function of each player's current position and action. Our model therefore integrates the problem of prediction with expert advice with the stateful formalisms of reinforcement learning. Traditional no-regret learning approaches no longer apply, but we propose a simple algorithm that provably achieves no-regret when the state space is any convex Euclidean region. Our algorithm combines techniques from online learning with results from the literature on pursuit-evasion games. We describe a natural quantitative trading application in which the convex region captures inventory risk constraints, and local moves limit market impact. Using historical market data, we show experimentally that our algorithm has a strong advantage over classic noregret approaches.


Brexit and Aviation Law presents the key Brexit-related legal issues for aviation business and administration.

The book begins with a discussion of the pieces of legislation that are affected by Brexit and those few that remain untouched. This covers EU primary and derived law, domestic laws, EU third party agreements (including the EEA, the ECAA, vertical agreements, horizontal agreements, aviation safety and security agreements), EU Member States' bilateral air services agreements, the WTO/GATS framework, the ICAO framework, the ECAC framework, the EUROCONTROL framework, the Cape Town Convention, civil liability conventions, aviation security and criminal law conventions. The exact impact of Brexit on particular legal instruments and on their application in and to the UK is explained, as well as on the UK's relations with the EU and third party states.

Against this background, a digest of regulatory and institutional problems in the aviation sector is deliberated. This part shows how post-Brexit changes in the legal environment work on regulatory content concerning air services (traffic and transit rights, airline ownership and control, other rights), airport services, fair competition, aviation safety, aviation security, environment protection, air navigation, aerospace manufacturing, aircraft finance, civil liability and aircrew rights. The following chapters point to the corresponding impact of Brexit on administrative and judiciary institutions and proceedings and on legislative business.

Lastly, the study deliberates on possible solutions to avoid legal incoherence after the UK withdraws form the EU. This part consists of a commentary on the currently proposed post-Brexit arrangements. It also gives essential guidance to the industry and the authorities on both sides of the Channel as to what to expect and how to prepare for the legal earthquake.


We determined the anatomical geometry and thicknesses distribution of the triceps surae aponeuroses from anatomical observation of a human cadaver. Geometry of the aponeuroses was examined by two dimensional photoanalysis. The thicknesses of slices dissected from various regions of the aponeuroses were measured with digital microscope. The results of quanti ed geometry and thickness of the aponeuroses suggest that the portions frequently experiencing large forces, such as the aponeuroses at the insertion of the posterior soleus and origin of anterior soleus, possess thicker tissues. This quantitative information may contribute to biomechanical simulation and modeling to reveal the function of the muscle-aponeurosis-tendon complex, and development of realistic simulation models would facilitate surgical and treatment design.


This study compares three online image guidance techniques (IGRT) for prostate IMRT treatment: bony-anatomy matching, soft-tissue matching, and online replanning. Six prostate IMRT patients were studied. Five daily CBCT scans from the first week were acquired for each patient to provide representative "snapshots" of anatomical variations during the course of treatment. Initial IMRT plans were designed for each patient with seven coplanar 15 MV beams on a Eclipse treatment planning system. Two plans were created, one with a PTV margin of 10 mm and another with a 5 mm PTV margin. Based on these plans, the delivered dose distributions to each CBCT anatomy was evaluated to compare bony-anatomy matching, soft-tissue matching, and online replanning. Matching based on bony anatomy was evaluated using the 10 mm PTV margin ("bone10"). Soft-tissue matching was evaluated using both the 10 mm ("soft10") and 5 mm ("soft5") PTV margins. Online reoptimization was evaluated using the 5 mm PTV margin ("adapt"). The replanning process utilized the original dose distribution as the basis and linear goal programming techniques for reoptimization. The reoptimized plans were finished in less than 2 min for all cases. Using each IGRT technique, the delivered dose distribution was evaluated on all 30 CBCT scans (6 patients x 5 CBCT/patient). The mean minimum dose (in percentage of prescription dose) to the CTV over five treatment fractions were in the ranges of 99%-100% (SD = 0.1%-0.8%), 65%-98% (SD = 0.4%-19.5%), 87%-99% (SD = 0.7%-23.3%), and 95%-99% (SD = 0.4%-10.4%) for the adapt, bone10, soft5, and soft10 techniques, respectively. Compared to patient position correction techniques, the online reoptimization technique also showed improvement in OAR sparing when organ motion/deformations were large. For bladder, the adapt technique had the best (minimum) D90, D50, and D30 values for 24, 17, and 15 fractions out of 30 total fractions, while it also had the best D90, D50, and D30 values for the rectum for 25, 16, and 19 fractions, respectively. For cases where the adapt plans did not score the best for OAR sparing, the gains of the OAR sparing in the repositioning-based plans were accompanied by an underdosage in the target volume. To further evaluate the fast online replanning technique, a gold-standard plan ("new" plan) was generated for each CBCT anatomy on the Eclipse treatment planning system. The OAR sparing from the online replanning technique was compared to the new plan. The differences in D90, D50, and D30 of the OARs between the adapt and the new plans were less than 5% in 3 patients and were between 5% and 10% for the remaining three. In summary, all IGRT techniques could be sufficient to correct simple geometrical variations. However, when a high degree of deformation or differential organ position displacement occurs, the online reoptimization technique is feasible with less than 2 min optimization time and provides improvements in both CTV coverage and OAR sparing over the position correction techniques. For these cases, the reoptimization technique can be a highly valuable online IGRT tool to correct daily treatment uncertainties, especially when hypofractionation scheme is applied and daily correction, rather than averaging over many fractions, is required to match the original plan.


In this study, learners carried out tasks and traditional practice activities in an authentic instructional context: English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Japan (n = 37). Learners' production on pre- and posttests was analyzed to investigate second language (L2) development with respect to the production of question forms. Quantitative results suggest that tasks and traditional practice activities were equally effective at promoting second language (L2) development. The results are discussed with respect to learners' beliefs and attitudes towards the type of L2 instruction they received, and the role of context in L2 learning.


OLTP and transactional workloads are increasingly common in computer systems, ranging from e-commerce to warehousing to inventory management. It is valuable to provide priority scheduling in these systems, to reduce the response time for the most important clients, e.g. the "big spenders". Two-phase locking, commonly used in DBMS, makes prioritization difficult, as transactions wait for locks held by others regardless of priority. Common lock scheduling solutions, including non-preemptive priority inheritance and preemptive abort, have performance drawbacks for TPC-C type workloads. The contributions of this paper are two-fold: (i) We provide a detailed statistical analysis of locking in TPC-C workloads with priorities under several common preemptive and non-preemptive lock prioritization policies. We determine why non-preemptive policies fail to sufficiently help high-priority transactions, and why preemptive policies excessively hurt low-priority transactions, (ii) We propose and implement a policy, POW, that provides all the benefits of preemptive prioritization without its penalties.


The author calls upon the world's religions to assist in combating the destructive trends of our time, mobilizing a virtual "alliance of religion and ecology" against unlimited economic growth, rampant consumption, and unrestrained globalisation. World religions have begun to move from a preoccupation with God-human relations and human-human relations to encompass human-earth relations. They are now entering their planetary or (Gaian) phase. In its new alliance with ecology, religion should move from isolated orthodoxy to interrelated dialogue, revivify its rituals and symbols in light of environmental crisis, align its moral authority with liberation rather than oppression, favour a this-worldly rather that other-worldly soteriology, and advance from anthropocentric to anthropocosmic ethics.


Disasters are often thought of as exceptions to the norm, where it is ethical to break rules in order to maintain social order and security. Indeed, such exceptions are recognised in high-level international legal provisions such as the European Union's (EU) Data Protection Regulation, building the expectation that during disasters systems of data sharing and protecting, including anonymity, will have to balance the urgency of the situation, the effort to manage those regulations, and the risks being faced in order to provide the security these protections intend. This paper explores what this means for the practice of anonymity as it examines the tensions between the social and technical practices behind information sharing for disaster management. By examining anonymity as a practice both in relation to how information is sourced from a community being protected and to how information is shared between organisations doing the protecting, this paper opens up the black box of information sharing during disasters to begin to unpack how trust, community, liability, and protection are entangled. As disaster management exposes and juxtapose social and organisational elements that make it work, we find that what anonymity means, and the security and protection anonymity offers, creates a melange of hope of unprejudiced reception, protection from liabilities, opportunities for shared meaning, limitations to solidarity, reinforcement of power struggles and norms, and the ability to mask difference.


Each of the ten princes has several adventures on his quest to be reunited with the crown-prince. Variegated violence and sorcery figure in their exploits, but love affairs are even more prominent. Commentators have lambasted Dandin's heroes for their antiheroic, apparently random, escapades, while in fact the architecture of his plot reveals an elegant, instructive construction. What Ten Young Men Did is a coming-of-age novel from the seventh century CE. In combat and in the bedroom, ten individuals juggle virtue and vice on their heroic progress from adolescence to maturity. Dandin's work is autobiographical in two senses: each of the young men narrates their personal experiences, while the author could not have written with such confident realism had he not had many of the same picaresque adventures in his native South India and beyond. Co-published by New York University Press and the JJC Foundation For more on this title and other titles in the Clay Sanskrit series, please visit http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org


Links between climate change adaptation, mitigation and development co-benefits in land policy and ecosystem restoration projects are hampered by limited understanding of how multi-faceted policy, institutions and projects interact. This paper explores perceptions of co-benefits produced by two community-level projects that pursue ecosystem restoration in South Africa. It develops a new analytical framework to assess the enabling and constraining factors in delivering triple wins for adaptation, mitigation and development. The aim is to investigate the potential for integrating community perspectives into policy and project development and implementation. Data collected through mixed-methods (policy analysis, semi-structured interviews, participatory site visits and focus groups) are analysed using thematic analysis. We find that while the projects investigated have potential to deliver triple wins, siloed approaches presently hinder effective implementation. In particular, project focus on job creation hampers the achievement of longer-term mitigation and adaptation benefits. Operational flexibility, long-term goals, multi-sectoral cooperation and enabling frameworks are imperative to the achievement of triple wins. Findings provide valuable lessons that can be applied across sub-Saharan Africa towards achieving triple wins in climate and development policy and practice, especially those developed with job creation and ecological restoration aims.


This technical report contains six final project reports contributed by participants in CMU's Spring 2005 Advanced Operating Systems and Distributed Systems course (15-712) offered by professor Garth Gibson. This course examines the design and analysis of various aspects of operating systems and distributed systems through a series of background lectures, paper readings, and group projects. Projects were done in groups of two or three, required some kind of implementation and evalution pertaining to the classrom material, but with the topic of these projects left up to each group. Final reports were held to the standard of a systems conference paper submission; a standard well met by the majority of completed projects. Some of the projects will be extended for future submissions to major system conferences. The reports that follow cover a broad range of topics. These reports present a characterization of synchronization behavior and overhead in commercial databases, and a hardware-based lock predictor based on the characterization; design and implementation of a partitioned protocol offload architecture that provides Direct Data Placement (DDP) functionality and better utilizes both the network interface and the host CPU; design and implementation of file indexing inside file systems for fast content searching support; comparison-based server verification techniques for stateful and semi-deterministic protocols such as NFSv4; data-plane protection techniques for link-state routing protocols such as OSPF, which is resilient to the existence of compromised routers; and performance comparison of in-band and out-of-band data access strategies in file systems. While not all of these reports report definitely and positively, all are worth reading because they involve novelty in the systems explored and bring forth interesting research questions.


The combination of electron deficient and electron rich species to form charge transfer complexes has led to the observation of conductivity and superconductivity in organic and organometallic systems. Heterocyclic electron acceptors analogous to TCNQ are of particular interest, since heteroatoms can lead to greater planarity, which can increase dimensionality and ultimately improve conductivity.

The reaction of phthalonitrile and aqueous methylamine formed 2-methyl-3- methylimino-2,3-dihydroisoindol-l-one. Analogous reactions with aqueous cthylamine and benzylamine did not yield corresponding products. 1,3-Dialkyliminoisoindolines resulted from the reaction of ethylamine and benzylamine with phthalonitrile. Treatment o f 2-methyl-3-methylimino-2,3-dihydroisoindol-l-one in ethanol with malononitrile produced a methylammonium salt while a similar reaction in acetic acid yielded a monocondensation product 2-(2-methyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-isoindol-l-ylidene)-malononitrile. An analogous mono-condensation product was obtained from 1,3-diethyliminoisoindoline and malononitrile in acetic acid.

The Mitsunobu reaction of 2-(3-dicyanomethylene-2,3-dihydro-isoindol-lylidene)- malononitrile with activated primary alcohols generated the desired N-alkylated tetra-cyano isoindolines. Similarly the Mitsunobu reaction of 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroisoindol-l-ylidene)-malononitrile with various alcohols produced the desired N-alkylated products. The presence o f a carbonyl group meant that 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-isoindol-lylidene)-malononitrile would react with more alcohols than its tetra-cyano analogue. Treatment of 2-(3-oxo-2-pentyl-2,3-dihydro-isoindol-l-ylidene)-malononitrile and 2-(3-oxo-2-decyl-2,3-dihydro-isoindol-l-ylidene)-malononitrile with titanium tetrachloride and bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide gave compounds that possessed both a dicyanomethylene group and a cyanoimino group.

Cyclic voltammetric analysis of these three families of compounds showed that they were all electrochemically reducible. Solid charge transfer complexes were formed between TTF and the N-alkylated tetra-cyano isoindolines and between TTF and Nalkylated isoindolines that contained a dicyanomethylene and a cyanomino group. X-ray crystallography showed that the CT complex between 2-(2-allyl-3-dicyanomethylene-2,3- dihydro-isoindol-l-ylidene)-malononitrile and TTF had a mixed stack arrangement.


Aim We investigated the relationship between host and parasite diversity as well as latitudinal gradients in parasite diversity on a continental scale in European freshwater trematodes. Location European freshwaters. Methods We extracted distributional data for 564 freshwater trematodes across 25 biogeographical regions in Europe from the Limnofauna Europaea and used multiple regression analyses to test for correlations between the diversity of definitive (vertebrates) or first intermediate (gastropods) hosts and that of trematodes, and for latitudinal gradients in trematode diversity. In particular, we investigated patterns in beta diversity among latitudinal bands and between trematode species that parasitize host groups with low (autogenic) and high (allogenic) dispersal capacity. We also tested for a latitudinal gradient in the proportional representation of these two trematode groups within regional faunas. Results Latitude or first intermediate host richness had no effect on trematode richness, but definitive host richness was a strong predictor of trematode richness, among both allogenic and autogenic parasites. We found that beta diversity of trematode faunas within latitudinal bands decreased to the north, with similar values for allogenic and autogenic trematodes. Finally, we observed an increasing proportion of autogenic species toward the north of Europe. Main conclusions The richness of definitive hosts appears to be the driver of trematode diversity at a continental scale. The latitudinal gradient in beta diversity reflects patterns observed in free-living species and probably results from recolonization in the aftermath of the ice ages. The similar beta-diversity patterns of allogenic and autogenic trematodes and the increasing proportion of autogenic trematodes with increasing latitude are surprising. We suggest that the geographical scale of our analysis or confounding factors such as differences in habitat utilization and specialization may partly explain these patterns.


Growing numbers of cancer patients are exploring diet, food supplements, herbs, and nontoxic immunotherapies like bacterial vaccines as a means of therapy. Yet most cancer research organizations refuse to even evaluate these alternatives. Can Bacteria Cause Cancer? argues convincingly that unless this neglected world of alternative therapies is properly scrutinized, the medical Vietnam of the twentieth century may well affect one in two people by the twenty-first century. David J. Hess investigates one of the great medical mysteries of the twentieth century--the relationship between bacteria and chronic disease. Recently scientists have overturned long-held beliefs by demonstrating that bacterial infections cause many ulcers; they are now reconsidering the role of bacterial infections in other chronic diseases, such as arthritis. Is it possible, Hess asks, that bacteria can contribute to the many other known causes of cancer? To answer this intriguing question, Hess takes us into the world of alternative cancer researchers. Maintaining that their work has been actively suppressed rather than simply dismissed, he examines their claims---that bacterial vaccines have led to some dramatic cases of long-term cancer remission--and the scientific potential of their theories. Economic interests and cultural values, he demonstrates, have influenced the rush toward radiation and chemotherapy and the current cul-de-sac of toxic treatments. More than a medical mystery story, Can Bacteria Cause Cancer? is a dramatic case study of the failure of the war on cancer.


This study is related to the application of computer which is meant as a medium of online language learning. The study aims at finding out students' perception toward online self-access learning (OSAL) and the correlation between OSAL and their grammar achievement. Online self-access learning refers to a kind of fully autonomous learning done by each individual student through internet. In this study the particular English language learning focuses on a language aspect, grammar. The major discussions regarding the students' perceptions toward English language learning were mainly to seek the answers of the questions on: (1) link addresses of OSAL in general, (2) online grammar materials provided, (3) benefit of OSAL, and (4) the correlation between students' perception toward OSAL and students' grammar achievement. The data were taken from a questionnaire of 20 close items given to 35 undergraduate students of the English Study Program of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sriwijaya University. The descriptive statistical analysis revealed that the response of the students' perception toward OSAL was generally positive in which the overall average score of their perception toward OSAL was 4.15 in the category of agree in the Likert's scale. This means that they supported the application of OSAL in English language learning. Another finding was from the result of regression analysis in which R2 was 0.279 meaning 27.9% of OSAL gave effective contribution toward students' grammar achievement. Besides, the correlation was negative (r coefficient = -0.528), but there was a significant correlation between students' perception toward OSAL and their grammar achievement as the p-value 0.001 was less than 0.05.


Background The core components of physical activity, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, balance and flexibility can provide many health benefits and potentially slow declines associated with aging. Aerobic exercise message to the public has been widely promoted by national health authorities, although the promotion of resistance training has received far less attention. Objectives n this research, the prevalence of resistance training in a sample of adults living in regional Australia was primarily assessed. Design A computer-assisted telephone interview survey (n=1230) was conducted by the Population Research Laboratory at Central Queensland University on Queensland adults in October to November 2006. Respondents were asked to report the frequency with which they engaged in resistance training. Participants Respondents were 18 years or older that could be contacted by direct-dialled, land-based telephone service. A telephone database using a computer program to select, with replacement, a simple random sample of phone numbers selected respondents. Results Almost 14% of the population did some form of gym-based resistance training in the week before the survey. There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in participation levels with age. Participation was highest amongst the youngest 18–34-year-olds (23.8%), steadily declining with age to a low of 7% in the 55 years and older age group. There was no significant association between sexes and participation in resistance training. Conclusions The findings underscore the need to increase overall education on the benefits of resistance training with an emphasis among targeted adult populations to increase participation in resistance training.


This paper presents a computational analysis of atypical visual perception in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Individuals with ASD suffer from hyperesthesia/hypoesthesia as well as difficulties in social interaction. To understand the underlying mechanism for atypical perception and its influence on social deficits, we computationally analyzed the process of how atypical perception is elicited in social contexts. Our experiment employed visual and audio processing techniques to let ASD participants reproduce their experiences, and thus enabled us to objectively and quantitatively evaluate them. Our experimental results revealed several common patterns in their perception: high contrast and intensity associated with brightness, no color and blurring caused by movement, and so on. Potential physiological and neural causes for these symptoms are discussed to understand the underlying mechanism. Moreover, we developed a head-mounted display system reproducing ASD's visual world based on our findings. Our system enables researchers to investigate the impact of atypical perception on social abilities.


BackgroundSynovio-cutaneous fistulae (SCF) are a rare but known complication after joint trauma, inflammation, or infection. Practitioners with first-hand experience treating this complication are limited. To date, treatment methodology has not been standardized, which may, in part, account for high recurrence rates. The coracobrachialis muscle (CBM) has been established as a feasible muscle flap. However, there is limited literature with respect to its potential applications and no literature regarding its use for management of glenohumeral SCF. Rationale for selection and utilization of the CBM for this purpose is presented. MethodsPertinent literature is reviewed. The article presents a case of a 48-year-old white man with a persistent SCF located at the superior incisional margin after revision of a rotator cuff repair, following failed conservative management. Definitive treatment included culture, excision of the fistula tract, and a CBM flap over the exposed joint space followed by a V-Y type advancement flap to close the wound. The drain was removed postoperatively at 1 week. Gentle range of motion was started at 2 weeks. ResultsRange of motion was satisfactory after the procedure. The patient had no recurrence of the fistula, and no morbidity was noted at the donor site at 1-year follow-up. DiscussionTreatment strategies should begin with culture to determine the presence of a sterile versus infected SCF. Infected SCF should be treated with an appropriate culture-sensitive course of antibiotics. A trial of immobilization may be the next step in management. SCF should be distinguished from persistent SCF, which may help guide management. Those fistulae that persist past 14 days of immobilization should receive consideration for definitive treatment utilizing a muscle flap to provide tension-free water-tight closure. Local irrigation, excision of the fistula tract, and debridement alone, with or without primary closure, has been associated with a high recurrence rate. ConclusionThe CBM can be used as a myofascial flap with multiple advantageous attributes and minimal resultant morbidity from use. It can be used as a primary treatment strategy for glenohumeral SCF and should be considered principally in cases of conservative management failure.


Customers can participate in open innovation communities posting innovation ideas, which in turn can receive comments and votes from the rest of the community, highlighting user preferences. However, the final decision about implementing innovations corresponds to the company. This paper is focused on the customers' activity in open innovation communities. The aim is to identify the main topics of customers' interests in order to compare these topics with managerial decision-making. The results obtained reveal first that both votes and comments can be used to predict user preferences; and second, that customers tend to promote those innovations by reporting more comfort and benefits. In contrast, managerial decisions are more focused on the distinctive features associated with the brand image.


In our conception of law we have largely presumed the process by which the people whose behavior the law is meant to regulate come to be present and susceptible to the law's influence. As a result, that process is largely outside of our account of the law, and any role the law might have over the matter is relatively ignored. This article introduces a simple and concrete conceptual device, a form of law called antecedent law, which seeks to undo this presumption and refocus our attention on that which can determine the presence of persons in the polity and their susceptibility to law. This article introduces the form antecedent law, describes its role in recreating the polity, begins to identify and advocate for a substantive content for the form - specifically one that maximizes what Joseph Raz has called valuable autonomy - and finally touches on three potential counterarguments, which would reject the form and its contents. In less abstract terms this article invites us to change the way we think about seemingly disparate issues like procreation, immigration, and education, and to reconsider their relation to law and the uniquely compelling common interests we and future generations have in them.


The central concern of my thesis is the ongoing colonial encounter between Māori and
Pākehā (European settlers). It seeks to translate perspective across Māori and Pākehā
worlds without subordinating either world to the terms of the other.

The condition of possibility for the work has been my encounter with an other, or
outside, of my own thinking at two wānanga (Māori places of learning). Study at these
wānanga, and living in the Māori place of Pōrangahau, has constituted a
non-ethnographic fieldwork, or field geotheory, that provides the generative ground of
the thesis. My learning at these places enabled me to detail a constellation of Māori
concepts, making possible a sketch of some of the patternings of Māori life and thinking,
and opening me up to an experimental inhabitation and use of those concepts.

In the two chapters following the introduction – 'Māori Geometries' and 'Pākehā
Geometries' – I describe something of the basal motifs of Māori and Pākehā worlds:
reproduction and monetary exchange, respectively. In each account, the central motif
described is both a patterning traced by a mode of life and an epistemological diagram
of the structures of thought that co-constitute with(in) that pattern.

The third and fourth chapters follow the clash and entanglement of these two
worlds through historic and ongoing processes of colonial encounter. My specific focus
is Te Waipounamu (the South Island), where my people Kāi Tahu are from. The third
chapter is concerned with the way in which the land has become commodified and
subject to the inscriptions of private property. The fourth chapter tracks a set of ideas
that arrive and become indigenised, finding fertile ground in the land reconfigured as
commodity, resulting in an indigenous neoliberalism.

A final chapter works with with the notebooks Marx kept of his readings on
indigenous societies in the last few years of his life. It also conducts a reading of Marx
from the perspective of the Māori concepts described in the first chapter. Through
double-directional reading I imagine a Māori Mārx, sketching some of the contours of
the theory she might produce.


. We provide a theory for the analysis of multigrid algorithms for symmetric positive definite problems with nonnested spaces and noninherited quadratic forms. By this we mean that the form on the coarser grids need not be related to that on the finest, i.e., we do not stay within the standard variational setting. In this more general setting, we give new estimates corresponding to the "V cycle, W cycle and a "V cycle algorithm with a variable number of smoothings on each level. In addition, our algorithms involve the use of nonsymmetric smoothers in a novel way. We apply this theory to various numerical approximations of second-order elliptic boundary value problems. In our first example, we consider certain finite difference multigrid algorithms. In the second example, we consider a finite element multigrid algorithm with nested spaces, which however uses a prolongation operator that does not coincide with the natural subspace imbedding. The third example gives a multigrid algorithm derived from a loosely coupled sequence of approximation grids. Such a loosely coupled grid structure results from the most natural standard finite element application on a domain with curved boundary. The fourth example develops and analyzes a multigrid algo-rithm for a mixed finite element method using the so-called Raviart-Thomas elements.


This thesis addresses the problem of low-cost multicast delivery of multimedia content in future mobile networks. The trend towards reuse of existing infrastructure for cellular and broadcasting for building new systems is challenged, with respect to the opportunities for low cost service provision and scalable deployment of networks. The studies outline significant potential of hybrid cellular-broadcasting infrastructure to deliver lower-cost mobile multimedia, compared to conventional telecom or broadcasting systems. Even with simple interworking techniques the achievable cost savings can be significant, at least under some specific settings. The work starts with a foresight study shaped around four scenarios of the future, and continues with the introduction of a high-level framework for radio resource management in Ambient Networks. Two approaches on the hybrid system architecture are considered. The first one assumes different degrees of interworking between conventional cellular and broadcasting systems, in single and multi-operator environments. Second, is a broadcast only system where cellular sites are used for synchronized, complementary transmitters for the broadcasting site. In the first approach, the key issue is the multi-radio resource management, which is strongly affected by the degree of integration between the two networks. Two case studies deal with the problem of delivering, for lowest cost, a data item to a certain number of recipient users. A flexible broadcasting air interface, which offers several transmission data rates that can be dynamically changed, is demonstrated to significantly increase cost efficiency under certain conditions. An interesting result is that real-time monitoring of the user reception conditions is not needed, at least when multicast group is large. This indicates a high degree of integration between cellular and broadcasting networks may not by generally justified by visible cost savings. Scalability of the hybrid infrastructure deployment is the main topic in the second approach. For a DVB-H type of network, the numerical evaluations show that achievement of economies of scale while increasing network capacity and coverage, by employing higher modulation and coding rate or installing new transmission sites, is difficult. Therefore, a technique based on application-layer forward error correction with Raptor codingA is suggested for enabling a flexible trading between system capacity, perceived coverage and delay, in the case of mobile users.


SCALE: a measure of proportion, time, management, change and diversity – all essential matters of the practice of landscape architecture.Exhibition Format and Content:Detailing the 'practice' of landscape architecture, the exhibition contains diverse pieces of work, representing the elements which together make landscape architecture schemes and projects. Broadly, these elements include:• Feasibility: Site and context conditions and issues, and feasibility for assessment and change• Evaluation: Initial evaluation, preliminary ideas, sketch proposals• Concept and Design: Engagement with users, client, publicity, proposal drawings, impact assessment statements• Implementation: Information prepared for implementation – contracts, specification, drawings, management proposals, policy documents• Management and change: Record of change: before implementation, during implementation, on completion, maturing, replacement…All of this material is core to the practice of landscape architecture. The exhibition content does not necessarily comprise comprehensive or 'completed' projects – each element may be part of a greater whole, the start of something still to come, or something created some time ago which still retains its relevance. Overall the elements showcase the range of skills embedded in landscape architecture. This material encompasses a range of formats: hand‐drafted and printed paper, presentation composition, digital media (PowerPoint, video, fly‐through), photograph, published documents, masterplans and details, models, and actual site materials.


One of the most common objections to originalism is that it cannot cope with cultural change. One of the most commonly invoked examples of this claimed weakness is the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, whose original meaning would (it is argued) authorize barbaric punishment practices like flogging and branding, and disproportionate punishments like the death penalty for relatively minor offenses. This Article shows that this objection to originalism is inapt, at least with respect to the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause. As I have shown in prior articles, the original meaning of "cruel and unusual" is "cruel and contrary to long usage," or "cruel and new." The primary purpose of the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause is to prevent legislatures and courts from imposing new punishments that are unduly harsh in light of the long usage of the common law. This Article demonstrates that the Clause also incorporates the common law doctrine of desuetude, which holds that a once traditional punishment can become "unusual" if it falls out of usage long enough to show a stable multigenerational consensus against it. State courts and the Supreme Court of the United States employed this doctrine in decisions prior to 1958 to determine whether punishments such as ducking of a common scold, execution accompanied by torture, and imprisonment at hard labor for a minor offense were cruel and unusual. Under the original meaning of the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, the death penalty could become unconstitutional if it fell out of usage long enough to show a stable, multigenerational consensus against it. This process already occurred with respect to flogging, branding, and execution for relatively minor crimes like theft, and under the constitutions of states that abolished the death penalty several generations ago.


Many approaches to hierarchical reinforcement learning aim to identify sub-goal structure in tasks. We consider an alternative perspective based on identifying behavioral 'motifs'—repeated action sequences that can be compressed to yield a compact code of action trajectories. We present a method for iteratively compressing action trajectories to learn nested behavioral hierarchies of arbitrary depth, with actions of arbitrary length. The learned temporally extended actions provide new action primitives that can participate in deeper hierarchies as the agent learns. We demonstrate the relevance of this approach for tasks with non-trivial hierarchical structure and show that the approach can be used to accelerate learning in recursively more complex tasks through transfer.


Phytochemical-rich fruits may have health-related properties, which make juices of these fruits prime candidates for the nutraceutical market. Understanding consumer acceptance and compositional, color, and descriptive sensory changes during storage is crucial to the success of nutraceutical-rich juices. Juices (blackberry, blueberry, and Concord grape) were blended according to the ABCD mixture design (three primary juices, three binary blends, and four tertiary blends). Prior to storage, a trained descriptive panel (n = 8) determined that Concord-containing blends were generally sweeter, less bitter, less astringent, and less sour than blackberry- or blueberry-containing blends. When relating compositional, color, and descriptive sensory characteristics, sweetness was inversely correlated to total phenolics (r = −0.88), total anthocyanins (r = −0.75), color density (r = −0.84), and astringency (r = −0.92) and positively correlated with soluble solids (r = 0.92) and polymeric color (r = 0.78). Consumers (n = 108) evaluated overall liking on a 9-point verbal hedonic scale. Average liking scores were high for 100% Concord juice (7.79), moderate for 100% blueberry juice (5.47), and low for 100% blackberry juice (2.95). Consumer acceptance was driven by soluble solids, total anthocyanins, purple color, red color, astringency, sweetness, and grape flavor. Compositional, color, and descriptive sensory changes were tracked during 200 days storage at 2°C and 21°C. Prior to storage, 100% blueberry juice had the highest total anthocyanins (67 mg/100 mL), 100% blackberry juice had the highest total phenolics (249 mg/100 mL), and 100% Concord juice had the highest polymeric color (23%). During storage, polymeric color increased as total anthocyanins decreased at 2°C and 21°C. Blending juices balanced nutraceutical enhancement and maintenance of consumer acceptance.


In 2003, architect Eyal Weizman co-curated the exhibition A Civilian Occupation in which work by photographers, journalists and architects was combined to present a revealing account of the role of architecture in the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Censored by the Association of Israeli Architects, the exhibition demonstrated the potential of this provocative new perspective for shifting debate on the occupation from interminable moral polarisation to forensic examination.

Cutting through the endemic euphemisms and evasions surrounding the debate on Israel/Palestine with a carefully-calibrated assemblage of theoretical analysis, interdisciplinary research and reportage, Weizman's book Hollow Land expands this project, traversing material and historical cross-sections of the occupation and its territorialities to reveal how the governance of space meshes with disturbing new modes of political and military power.

Weizman's architectural practice with Sandi Hilal and Allesandro Petti, Decolonizing Architecture, now proposes direct interventions into formerly colonized spaces with a view to defusing their political charge.

In our interview with Weizman we discuss Hollow Land, Decolonizing Architecture and his recent work which extends and develops 'forensic architecture', the evolving theoretical framework that has emerged from his research and practice…


Based on the "wisdom of the crowd" effect, consumer-generated online reviews are supposed to help consumers make more accurate product evaluations. However, the large amount of information in the reviews, coupled with conflicting opinions, can make it difficult for consumers to identify and consider those attributes relevant to their decision. Thus, while online product reviews are generally believed to empower consumers, we suggest that they may have "swaying" effects in that attribute preferences (i.e., the relative importance consumers place on various product attributes in product evaluation) are more heavily influenced by characteristics of the online reviews rather than by the relevance of the attributes to the consumers' decision context. We propose that three characteristics of online reviews affect the assessment of attribute preferences: (1) the amount of information about attribute-level performance, which is often unevenly distributed across attributes, (2) the degree of information conflict about attribute-level performance, and (3) the relationship between the overall numeric rating and the attribute-level performance information in the reviews. We test our hypotheses in two randomized experiments and a free simulation study. Results from the three studies show that the three review characteristics influence attribute preferences and that their effects are strong enough such that attribute preferences are influenced more by these online review characteristics than by the relevance of the attributes to the consumers' decision context. Our work, which illustrates a dark side to online reviews, has implications for both online word-of-mouth and preference construction research.


Acrylonitrile is a potent mutagen and carcinogen for hepatocytes. A role of toll-like receptor 4 in the immune toxicity of acrylonitrile has been suggested in many studies. The following study was designed to assess the quantitative alteration of toll-like receptor 4 under the influence of sodium thiosulfate which was used to antagonize acrylonitrile-induced immune toxicity in rats. 70 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups. Rats of control group were gavaged with saline for 4 weeks. Rats of acrylonitrile groups were daily gavaged by acrylonitrile of different concentrations for 4 weeks, whereas all rats of sodium thiosulfate groups received gavage of acrylonitrile 10 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks and for the 4th w, meanwhile daily intraperitoneal injection of sodium thiosulfate of different concentrations was administered to detoxify acrylonitrile. All rats were anesthetized and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were measured to evaluate liver damage. Spleens of rats from different groups were dissected for histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry of toll-like receptor 4 protein in spleen. Concentrations of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis facor-α in blood samples were also analyzed. Acrylonitrile decreased body and spleen weight of the rats and increased the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. There were significant visible changes in spleen microstructure in rats treated with acrylonitrile alone when compared with control group. Moreover, it was proved in our study that acrylonitrile of 10 mg/kg could cause the most significant increase in the quantity of toll-like receptor 4 protein, when compared with both acrylonitrile (L) and acrylonitrile (H) group. The expression of toll-like receptor 4 protein of all acetonitrile groups was stronger than that of all sodium thoisulfate groups, which was in accordance with the inflammation caused by acrylonitrile with or without the influence from sodium thiosulfate. Among all sodium thiosulfate groups, toll-like receptor 4 expression of sodium thoisulfate (L) group was stronger than that of sodium thoisulfate (M) and sodium thoisulfate (H) group. Administration of sodium thiosulfate on the fourth week after first 3 w treatment with acrylonitrile alleviated acrylonitrile-induced morphological alterations in spleen, hepatic enzymatic indexes including serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as the expression of toll-like receptor 4. Therefore, we suggested that sodium thiosulfate could antagonize the immune toxicity induced by acrylonitrile, which was reflected by quantitative change in expression of toll-like receptor 4 protein.


This article extends previous work on evolving learning without synaptic plasticity from discrete tasks to continuous tasks. Continuous-time recurrent neural networks without synaptic plasticity are artificially evolved on an associative learning task. The task consists in associating paired stimuli: temperature and food. The temperature to be associated can be either drawn from a discrete set or allowed to range over a continuum of values. We address two questions: Can the learning without synaptic plasticity approach be extended to continuous tasks? And if so, how does learning without synaptic plasticity work in the evolved circuits? Analysis of the most successful circuits to learn discrete stimuli reveal finite state machine (FSM) like internal dynamics. However, when the task is modified to require learning stimuli on the full continuum range, it is not possible to extract a FSM from the internal dynamics. In this case, a continuous state machine is extracted instead.


The problem of collision course between a mobile robot and a moving object is modeled in polar coordinates using the kinematics equations. A model of the relative motion of the moving object as seen by the robot is then derived. This model consists of the relative velocities along and across the visibility line, and gives the range rate and the turning rate of the moving object with respect to the robot. The conditions for the collision course are derived in terms of the robot's and the moving object's states. We define two types of collision course: the exact collision course and the weak collision course. The exact collision course always results in a collision, and is clearly characterized by a given set of equations. The weak collision course may become an exact collision course near collision and allows an early detection of the collision course in various scenarios. Several examples and scenarios illustrating the theory are shown using simulation.


Recent changes to the teaching of Computing in all schools in England have been profound and wide-ranging, changing the subject from one focussed on the use of ICT products to one focussed on the understanding and creation of computing systems. This change in the curriculum has created a strong demand for professional development of in-service teachers, to develop their skills and expertise to deliver this new curriculum. One approach to developing in-service teachers to deliver the new computing curriculum has been through the Computing At School Master Teacher programme, appointing and training experienced in-service teachers to deliver continual professional development (CPD) peer-to-peer. However, many potential Master Teachers require additional training before they can take up this role. In this paper, we describe how we have trained two cohorts of Master Teachers in two successive years. Evaluation of the first cohort informed revisions to the second cohort's training. The diverse needs of the individual trainees, identified through semi-structured interviews and analysis of completed tasks, led to a variety of CPD being delivered, but almost all required training and practice with programming. Before and during the programme, the trainers shared resources and had online meetings to discuss their work. This was useful in terms of establishing and maintaining consistency between different providers. The use of many teaching strategies that provided collaborative working and discussion opportunities were highly rated by the trainees. The first cohort of teachers has already delivered a significant amount of CPD in their first year after training. The second cohort are well placed to start their CPD delivery, with a better appreciation of where they need to develop their own skills.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a range of metabolic disorders characterized by hypergly-cemia resulting from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance or both. Hyperglycemia, the pri-mary clinical manifestation of diabetes, is strongly associated with development of the diabetic complications. Complications caused by hyperglycaemia involve damage to the small vessels such as in neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy, and large blood vessels as in cardiovas-cular diseases. It is well known established that in diabetes, long-term complications ensue from abnormal regulation of glucose metabolism. In fact, all manifestations of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease are substantially more common in patients with type 2 diabetes than in non-diabetic individuals. For example, pa-tients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a two- to fourfold increased risk of fatal and non-fatal coronary events. Diabetes can lead to microvascular and macrovascular damage through a number of mechanisms, each of which may worsen or accelerate the others. The present re-view summarizes the information on the mechanisms of how vascular complications will de-velop in type 2 diabetes and this might be useful as a direction for further research to provide new strategies for prevention and treatment of these complications in their early stages.


The major premise of this essay is that since the dawn of time, the human drive for life has been checkmated by death. A Biblical-theological examination of Genesis 5 and Ecclesiastes 1 indicates that despite the efforts of people both individually and collectively to extend the realms of human existence, their efforts are ultimately ambushed (in a manner of speaking) by the end of life. Moreover, while each generation appears to be making incremental strides - sometimes even laudable gains - the reality of death neutralizes these advances and in some cases entirely wipes them out. An examination of 1 Corinthians 15 : 50-58 informs people of faith that only in Christ can work and leisure be enjoyable, beneficial, and fulfilling.


We present spatial variations of the CO J = 2−1/1–0 line ratio ( ) in the barred spiral galaxy M83 using Total Power Array (single-dish telescopes) data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. While the intensities of these two lines correlate tightly, varies over the disk, with a disk average ratio of 0.69, and shows the galactic center and a two-arm spiral pattern. It is high (≳0.7) in regions of high molecular gas surface density (Σmol), but ranges from low to high ratios in regions of low Σmol. The ratio correlates well with the spatial distributions and intensities of far-ultraviolet (FUV) and infrared (IR) emissions, with FUV being the best correlated. It also correlates better with the ratio of specific intensities at 70 and 350 μm, a proxy for dust temperature, than with the IR intensities. Taken together, these results suggest either a direct or indirect link between the dust heating by the interstellar radiation field and the condition of giant molecular clouds (GMCs), even though no efficient mechanism is known for a thermal coupling of dust and bulk gas in GMCs. We speculate that the large spread of in low Σmol regions, mostly at the downstream sides of spiral arms, may be due to the evolution of massive stars after spiral arm passage. Having in a late phase escaped from the spiral arms and their parental clouds, they may contribute to the dust heating by FUV and gas heating by cosmic rays produced by supernovae.


Abstract The isotope 210Po is the main product of neutron activation in fast reactors cooled by molten lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). The isotope 210Po is a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.38 days. For typical values of the neutron flux the 210Po concentration in the coolant can reach 1–10 Ci/kg. While exposure of plant personnel to Po is prevented under normal operating conditions because the primary system is sealed, Po does pose a radiological hazard during maintenance activities for which access to submerged structures is required as well as during accidents resulting in breach of the primary-system barrier. Obviously, continuous removal of Po from the LBE reduces this hazard. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which Po is formed in and released from the LBE. We summarize research performed at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to investigate the basic chemistry of four mechanisms of Po release, which could serve as the basis for a coolant cleanup system in LBE-cooled reactors. The mechanisms explored are lead polonide evaporation, formation of polonium hydride, rare-earth filtering, and alkaline extraction. For the key chemical species involved expressions are given for useful quantities such as formation energy, release, and deposition rates. It is concluded that the most promising removal mechanism is alkaline extraction, although a more systematic investigation of this mechanism is needed.


Cancer immunotherapies can elicit long term, durable responses in only a fraction of patients. As such, there is a need to increase the number of patients who can benefit from cancer immunotherapies. By virtue of their versatility and nanoscale, nanoparticles have unique properties that can be exploited to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. This review first outlines key concepts in nanotechnology and immunotherapy. Then, it highlights nanotechnology‐mediated improvements to the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cellular therapies. Next, the insights derived from nanoparticle‐mediated imaging of immune cells in both preclinical and clinical studies are reviewed. Afterwards, the roles of nanotechnology in combination therapies to augment antitumoral immunity are summarized. Finally, the challenges facing this emerging field combining nanotechnology with immunotherapies are discussed. Given the exciting, novel approaches that can arise from nanotechnology, there is great potential for nanotechnology to advance immunotherapies.


The buildup of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, which has been increasing over the past 30 years, represents one of the more troubling human-caused impacts to the environment. The most worrisome effect of this buildup is climate change, marked by increasing global temperatures. Consider, for instance, that in the past decade, we registered the highest average global temperatures since reliable temperature recording. Based on existing evidence, we must assume that further increases in concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will lead to further increases in global temperatures and cause destructive changes in weather patterns, trigger a rise in sea level, and damage ecosystems. The sources that contend that global warming is, in fact, occurring are varied, but many experts seem to have arrived at similar conclusions. In a recent report for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, for instance, the authors maintain that technology has made it possible for human societies to produce $25 trillion of new goods and services annually. However, many advanced technologies utilize fossil fuels, which has led to the release of large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere. The scientific consensus is that these releases will cause the earth's climate to change. (1) The most recent World Watch Institute report echoes that conclusion, pointing out that the Earth's ice cover is melting at higher rates than at any time since record keeping began and that the 1990s was the warmest decade on record. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change believes that a reduction of 60 to 80 percent of greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to prevent this dangerous acceleration of global warming. Energy-hungry Nation The United States is the largest energy consumer on the planet and, according to federal reports, emits almost a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases. The Annual Energy Review 1997, a document produced by the U.S. Department of Energy, notes that, while overall energy use increased, renewable energy consumption actually declined by 3 percent between 1996 and 1997 and accounted for only 8 percent of total U.S. energy consumption. This trend is troubling. Indeed, a national policy that promotes technical innovation and a shift from heavy reliance on fossil fuels to renewable energy is the key to moving the economy toward a healthier environment. Policies promoting an energy-efficiency revolution based on technologies that boost resource productivity are essential. In their 1991 book Healing the Planet, ecologists Paul and Anne Ehrlich point out that, in terms of energy consumption, an average American causes 140 times the impact on the environment of an average Bangladeshi. (2) When this per capita value was combined with the United States' relatively large population, it resulted in an overall U.S. environmental impact--in terms of energy consumption--300 times that of Bangladesh. The authors conclude, therefore, that continuing population growth in rich nations poses the gravest threat to the world's life-support systems. In addition, given the large populations of most developing countries, economic growth in these countries will lead to enormous future environmental impacts, if energy-use patterns don't change. (3) In 1990, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide had risen about 25 percent higher than the historical average at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, so presently we are looking at carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere that are more than 30 percent greater than levels prior to the Industrial Revolution. According to Robert Livernash and Eric Rodenburg of the World Resources Institute, Emissions from the United States and the rest of the industrialized world are responsible for the bulk of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today, but less-developed nations such as China and India, with rapidly expanding economies and populations, are expected to produce much of the growth in carbon dioxide emissions over the next several decades. …


Abstract This article describes a two-step calibration-weighting scheme for a stratified simple random sample of hospital emergency departments. The first step adjusts for unit nonresponse. The second increases the statistical efficiency of most estimators of interest. Both use a measure of emergency-department size and other useful auxiliary variables contained in the sampling frame. Although many survey variables are roughly a linear function of the measure of size, response is better modeled as a function of the log of that measure. Consequently the log of size is a calibration variable in the nonresponse-adjustment step, while the measure of size itself is a calibration variable in the second calibration step. Nonlinear calibration procedures are employed in both steps. We show with 2010 DAWN data that estimating variances as if a one-step calibration weighting routine had been used when there were in fact two steps can, after appropriately adjusting the finite-population correct in some sense, produce standard-error estimates that tend to be slightly conservative.


The hypothesis that the evolution of humans involved hybridization between diverged species has been actively debated in recent years. We present novel evidence in support of this hypothesis: the analysis of nuclear pseudogenes of mtDNA ("NUMTs"). NUMTs are considered "mtDNA fossils", as they preserve sequences of ancient mtDNA and thus carry unique information about ancestral populations. Our comparison of a NUMT sequence shared by humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas with their mtDNAs implies that, around the time of divergence between humans and chimpanzees, our evolutionary history involved the interbreeding of individuals whose mtDNA had diverged as much as ~4.5 Myr prior. This large divergence suggests a distant interspecies hybridization. Additionally, analysis of two other NUMTs suggests that such events occurred repeatedly. Our findings suggest a complex pattern of speciation in primate human ancestors and provide a potential explanation for the mosaic nature of fossil morphology found at the emergence of the hominin lineage.


Asian Journal of Biomaterial Research (AJBR) , a peer-reviewed bimonthly publication, intends to provide international biomedical researchers with an open forum to disseminate important new information about biomaterial research. AJBR is welcomes submissions from authors worldwide. It publishes original research articles, review articles and case reports, and Letter to the Editor is also accepted. AJBR covers the latest developments in multidisciplinary areas of biology and biomedicine, and focuses on mechanistic studies at the molecular level. Manuscripts with innovative ideas and/or approaches that bridge different fields are considered with priority. The main subject areas include, but are not limited to, Biomedicine, Drug Delivery and Targeting, pharmacology, cell biology, developmental biology, genetics, immunology, molecular biology, and protein science. The scope further includes biological activities and interactions, molecular associations, chemical and biological modifications, and functional properties as well as development of related model systems, structural including conformational studies, new analytical techniques, and relevant theoretical developments. All papers are required to focus primarily on at least one named biological macromolecule.


I-Vectors are low dimensional front-end features known to ef-fectively preserve the total variability of the signal. Motivated by their successful use for several classification problems such as speaker, language and face recognition, this paper introduces i-vectors for the task of speech activity detection (SAD). In contrast to most state-of-the-art SAD methods that operate at the frame or segment level, this paper proposes a cluster-based SAD, for which two algorithms were investigated: the first is based on generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for segmentation and clustering, whereas the second uses K-means and GMM clustering. Fur-thermore, we explore the use of i-vectors based on different low-level features including MFCC, PLP and RASTA-PLP, as well as fusion of such systems at the decision level. We show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed system in comparison with a frame-based GMM baseline using the chal-lenging RATS dataset in the context of the 2015 NIST OpenSAD evaluation.


The alkali volcanics and intrusive rocks, dated at around 35-33Ma, are cut by mineralised northeast and east trending faults showing predominant evidence for strike-slip. Mineralisation includes haematite-Au-Cu and is accompanied by iron-rich alteration of the volcanic rocks. Detailed assessment of the geometry of the fault system at Pu Sam Cap suggests that the faults formed as a Riedel shear system during left-lateral slip within the Song Hong-Song Chay shear zone and the numerous contemporaneous northwest trending faults to the south; the northeast trending faults are interpreted as dextral "book-end'' faults between major northwest trending faults enclosing the Pu Sam Cap massif. As mineralisation is hosted within these faults and is also associated with lamprohyric dykes it confirms a thermal event younger than the alkaline volcanics and syenitic intrusives at Pu Sam Cap, suggesting a hidden, young porphyry system. The age of faulting, and thus the maximum age for this young intrusive event, is attributed to the 23-21Ma period of late-stage left-lateral strike-slip motion across northwest Vietnam. References Anczkiewicz R., Viola G., Muntener O., Thrirlwall M., Quong N.Q., 2007. Structure and shearing conditions in the Day Nui Con Voi massif: implications for the evolution of the Red River Fault. Tectonics 26: TC2002. Cao Shunyun, Liu Junlai, Leis B., Zhao Chunquiang 2010. New zircon U/Pb geochronology of the post-kinematic granitic plutons in Diancang Shan Massif along the Ailao-Shan-Red River Shear Zone and its geological implications. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 84, 1474-1487. Chung S.-L., Lee T., Lo C.,  et al., 1997. Intraplate extension prior to continental extrusion along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone.Geology, 25, 311-314. Cloos H., 1928. Experimentezurinnern Tektonik.  Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie und Palaeontologie, 1928, 609-621. Findlay R.H., Phan Trong Trinh 1997. The structural setting of the Song Ma region, Vietnam, and the Indochina-South China plate boundary problem. Gondwana Research, 1, 11-33. Jolivet L., Beysasac O., Goffe B., Avigad D., Leprevrier C., Maluski H., Ta Trong Thang, 2001. Oligo-Miocene midcrustal subhorizontal shear in Indochina. Tectonics, 20, 46-57. Khuong The Hung 2010. The complex tectonic events and their influence on formation of mineral deposits in northwest Vietnam. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Science and Technology, Cracow, 167p. Leloup P.H., N. Arnau,  R. Lacassin, J.R. Kienast, T.M. Harrison, P.T. Trinh, A. Replumaz and P. Tapponnier, 2001. New constraints on the structure, thermochronology and timing of the Ailao Shan - Red river shear zone, SE Asia, J. G. R., 106, 6657-6671. Leloup  PH.., R. Lacassin, P. Tapponnier, U. Scharer, Zhong Dalai, Liu Xaohan, Zhangshan, Ji Shaocheng and PT.Trinh, 1995. The Ailao Shan - Red river shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics, 251, 3-84.  Leprevier C., Maluski H., Nguyen Van Vuong, Roques D., Axente V., Rangin C., 1996. Indosinian NW-trending shear zones within the Truong Son belt, Vietnam: 40 Ar- 39 Ar Triassic ages and Cretaceous to Cenozoic overprints. Tectonophysics, 283, 105-107. Lien-Sheng Zhang, Scharer U. 1999. Age and origin of magmatism along the Cenozoic Red River shear belt, China. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134, 67-85. Nagy E.A., Scharer U., Minh N.T., 2000. Oligo-Miocene granitic magmatismin central Vietnam and implications for continental deformation in Indochina. Terra Nova, 12, 67-76. Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, 2016. Isotop dating U-Pb Zircon of Syenit Formation, Pu Sam Cap. Journal of Geology, A Serie, 356, 30-36. (In Vietnamese). Pei-Long Wang, Ching-Hua Lo, Tung-Yi Lee, Sun-ling Chun, Ching-Yan Lan, Nguyen Trong Yem 1998. Thermochronological evidence for the movement of the Ailo Shan-Red River shear zone, a perspective from Vietnam. Geology, 26, 887-890. Phan Trong Trinh, Nguyen Trong Yem, Herve L.P., Tapponnier P., 1994. Late Cenozoic stress fields in North Vietnam from microtectonic measurements. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Seismotectonics and Seismic Hazard in Southeast Asia. Geological Survey of SR Vietnam, Hanoi, 182-186. Riedel W., 1929. Zur Mechanikgreologischer Brucherscheinungen. Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie und Palaeontologie, Abhandlung B, 354-368. Scharer U., Tapponnier P., Lacassin R., Leloup P.H., Dalai Z., Shaosheng J., 1990. Intraplate tectonics in Asia: a precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, China. Earth  and Planetary Science Letters, 97, 65-77. Scharer U., Zhang L.S., Tapponnier P., 1994. Duration of strike-slip movements in large shear zones: the Red River belt, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 126, 379-397. Searle M.P., 2006. Role of the Red River Shear zone, Yunnan and Vietnam, in the continental extrusion of SE Asia. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 1025-1036. Searle M.P., Meng-Wan Yeh, Te-Hsien Lin, Sun-Lin Chung, 2010. Structural constraints on the timing of left-lateral shear along the Red River shear zone in the Ailao Shan and Diancang Shan Ranges, Yunnan, SW China. Geosphere, 6, 316-338. Tapponnier P., Lacassin R., Leloup H., Scharer U., Zhong Dalai, Wu Hawei, Liu Ziaohan, Ji Shaocheng, Zhang Lianshang, Zong Jiayou, 1990. The Ailao Shan/ Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and south China. Nature, 342, 431-437. Tchalenko J.S., 1970.  Similarities between shear zones of different magnitudes. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 81, 1625-1640. Viola G., Anczkiewicz R. 2009. Exhumation history of the Red River shear zone in northern Vietnam:  new insights from zircon and apatite fission-track analysis. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 33, 78-90. Yang Yiseng, Hong Qun, Hu Huan-ting, Hieu Pham Trung, Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, Chen Fu-kun, 2013. Geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Cenozoic porphyry in the Laizhou area, northwestern Vietnam. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(3), 899-911. (In Chinese with English abstract, full English version through Google Translate).