Many analyses of ecological networks in recent years have introduced new indices to describe network properties. As a consequence, tens of indices are available to address similar questions, differing in specific detail, sensitivity in detecting the property in question, and robustness with respect to network size and sampling intensity. Furthermore, some indices merely reflect the number of species participating in a network, but not their interrelationship, requiring a null model approach. Here we introduce a new, free software calculating a large spectrum of network indices, visualizing bipartite networks and generating null models. We use this tool to explore the sensitivity of 26 network indices to network dimensions, sampling intensity and singleton observations. Based on observed data, we investigate the interrelationship of these indices, and show that they are highly correlated, and heavily influenced by network dimensions and connectance. Finally, we re-evaluate five common hypotheses about network properties, comparing 19 pollination networks with three differently complex null models: 1. The number of links per species ("degree") follow (truncated) power law distributions. 2. Generalist pollinators interact with specialist plants, and vice versa (dependence asymmetry). 3. Ecological networks are nested. 4. Pollinators display complementarity, owing to specialization within the network. 5. Plant-pollinator networks are more robust to extinction than random networks. Our results indicate that while some hypotheses hold up against our null models, others are to a large extent understandable on the basis of network size, rather than ecological interrelationships. In particular, null model pattern of dependence asymmetry and robustness to extinction are opposite to what current network paradigms suggest. Our analysis, and the tools we provide, enables ecologists to readily contrast their findings with null model expectations for many different questions, thus separating statistical inevitability from ecological process.


Currently, there is considerable debate over the role graduates play in influencing the economic and social characteristics and trajectories of towns and cities. Some commentators argue that a larger graduate population will increase the levels of entrepreneurship, innovation and start-up businesses in a town or city, and support a cultural and social infrastructure that will attract other wealthier migrants. Indeed, increasing the number of graduates in a town or city is often seen as an important policy mechanism through which a region can retain people with innovative, entrepreneurial and management capabilities. Yet, to date there have been few studies that examine the reasons why some graduates stay put while others move on after finishing university. Existing studies tend to focus on the contribution of graduates to local and regional economic growth and human capital. At the same time, research into the migration patterns of young people highlights the importance of situating migration within a wider youth transition process shaped by cultural and social influences: a point missed in most studies of graduate mobility.


The paper reviews the literature on vaccines against infectious coryza of chickens. Our knowledge of natural immunity, antigens involved in protection and the degree of cross-serovar protection provided by vaccines is summarized. The effect of variables such as antigen dose, inactivating agent and adjuvant type on vaccine efficacy is reviewed. The protective ability of a new generation infectious coryza vaccine based on a live attenuated strain of Haemophilus paragallinarum is discussed.


New examples of the use of two-meter temperature (2m) surveys to quickly and inexpensively reveal blind geothermal systems were documented at Dead Horse Wells, the Hawthorne Army Depot, and Emerson Pass, all located in Nevada. In addition, more than 100 new 2m measurements at Astor Pass, Nevada resolved additional details of near-surface thermal outflow in this blind geothermal system. And at Columbus Salt Marsh, Nevada, additional 2m measurements better defined the shape of a blind, shallow thermal anomaly; also at this location deeper temperature measurements were used to develop a near-surface temperature gradient. 2m surveys in three other basins south of Hawthorne, NV in the Walker Lane Belt did not identify thermal anomalies. At Dead Horse Wells, Mineral County, Nevada, 2m temperatures greater than 37oC (99oF) were measured over a distance of more than 1.5 km, and lower level anomalous temperatures extend for a distance of 5.5 km. The long axis of this thermal anomaly is oriented in an east-northeast direction and is at least 2 km wide. Near Hawthorne, Mineral County, Nevada, 2m surveys delineated three separate temperature anomalies. Most significantly, the surveys identified a previously unknown, 1.8-km-long, highertemperature extension (possibly the primary upwelling zone) of a 10-km-long 2m anomaly originally discovered in the early 1980s along the northwestern margin of the Garfield Hills. The surveys also improved the delineation of a 6.5-km-long shallow thermal outflow zone previously identified from shallow well drilling west of the town of Hawthorne. A third 2m anomaly at the Hawthorne Army Depot envelopes a north-northeast-trending, 4-km-long zone of carbonate tufa towers in the southeastern portion of the Walker Lake Valley. A new geothermal system was identified from 2m measurements at Emerson Pass on the Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation in Washoe County, Nevada. This narrow NNW-trending valley contains several faults that appear to transfer dextral strain from NW-striking faults in the northern Walker Lane to N-NNWstriking normal faults in the Smoke Creek Desert. The thermal anomaly extends for at least 3 km parallel to the range-front fault that defines the east side of the Emerson Pass valley. A maximum temperature of 35o C was recorded near several large tufa mounds on the valley floor down-gradient from a NNW-striking, westdipping normal fault. Similar to Astor Pass, located 11 km to the southwest, carbonate tufa mounds provided the initial clue as to the presence of thermal groundwater Further south in Mineral and Esmeralda Counties, Nevada, 2m measurements were conducted in Huntoon Valley, Garfield Flat, and Monte Cristo Valley. These valleys occur in extensional tectonic settings and/or show evidence of recent faulting. Over twenty 2m measurements were completed at each of these locations, with individual measurements spaced approximately 1 km apart, but no thermal anomalies were found.


Neural networks have been shown to perform incredibly well in classification tasks over structured high-dimensional datasets. However, the learning dynamics of such networks is still poorly understood. In this paper we study in detail the training dynamics of a simple type of neural network: a single hidden layer trained to perform a classification task. We show that in a suitable mean-field limit this case maps to a single-node learning problem with a time-dependent dataset determined self-consistently from the average nodes population. We specialize our theory to the prototypical case of a linearly separable data and a linear hinge loss, for which the dynamics can be explicitly solved in the infinite dataset limit. This allows us to address in a simple setting several phenomena appearing in modern networks such as slowing down of training dynamics, crossover between rich and lazy learning, and overfitting. Finally, we assess the limitations of mean-field theory by studying the case of large but finite number of nodes and of training samples.


Along with the change in the mechanism of the development planning system from conventional to online system, society also need to observe the extend of development realized with the society's proposal, including the spend of funds. With 1,563,015 people in Sidoarjo municipal, and area of approximately 71,424.25 Ha, It's impossible for the Government to report the result of the planning to its people. This thesis design and ascertain Geographic Information System web based is well known as webGIS on Musrenbang online system as solution of the existing problem.
System design is done by using object-oriented approach, using the components - components of the UML, such as Functional Modeling, Structural Modeling, Modeling behavioral and Physical Architecture Layer Design.
The system design is down by using using Cartoweb as WebGIS framework and spatial database so that the data performed is more dynamic. Besides there is map download facility that provided by the administrator so the data need of can be fulfilled.
The information in the web GIS Musrenbang online is a reporting form of work plan and the realization of regional development, society can see the realization of development, the implementation work plan based on the results of regional development activities musrenbang where the proposed derived from the public, besides that government use the web GIS as reporting media and a reference in setting policies related to infrastructure development.


This paper is concerned with lag synchronization of two coupled delayed systems with parameter mismatch. Due to parameter mismatch, complete lag synchronization can not be achieved. Therefore, a new lag quasi-synchronization scheme is proposed to ensure that coupled systems are in a state of lag synchronization with an error level. Several simple criteria are derived and the error level is estimated by applying a generalized Halanary inequality and matrix measure. Three examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed lag quasi-synchronization scheme. It is shown that as the coupling strength increases, the estimated error level is close to the simulated one, which well supports theoretical results.


David Ciocchi has charged that 'open' or free-will theism is religiously inadequate. This is it is because it is unable to affirm the 'presumption of divine intervention in response to petitionary prayer' (PDI), a presumption Ciocchi claims is implicit in the religious practice of ordinary Christian believers. I argue that PDI and Ciocchi's other assumptions concerning prayer are too strong, and would upon reflection be rejected by most believers. On the other hand, God as conceived by free-will theism has extensive resources for answering petitionary prayers, including prayers whose fulfilment depends on the free responses of other persons.


This is the first book-length study of the archaeology of Australia's deserts, one of the world's major habitats and the largest block of drylands in the southern hemisphere. Over the last few decades, a wealth of new environmental and archaeological data about this fascinating region has become available. Drawing on a wide range of sources, The Archaeology of Australia's Deserts explores the late Pleistocene settlement of Australia's deserts, the formation of distinctive desert societies, and the origins and development of the hunter-gatherer societies documented in the classic nineteenth-century ethnographies of Spencer and Gillen. Written by one of Australia's leading desert archaeologists, the book interweaves a lively history of research with archaeological data in a masterly survey of the field and a profoundly interdisciplinary study that forces archaeology into conversations with history and anthropology, economy and ecology, and geography and Earth sciences.


Emergent macrophytes, like Scilpus lacustris, are the foundation of the very
high biological productivities of wetlands in the Northern Prairies of North America.
Fungi and bacteria are the primary organisms that sequester carbon and nutrients from
these macrophytes. Almost nothing is known about the process of microbial
decomposition and how natural environmental factors and anthropogenic pollutants
may impact the microbes associated with Scirpus as it decays while standing and after
it falls into the water.
Pond 50, located at the St. Denis National Wildlife area, Saskatchewan, Canada,
was chosen as the study site because it is a wetland that typifies the prairie ecozone.
First, a procedure to extract ergosterol, a molecule used to estimate living fungal
biomass, from various environmental matrices was developed. Ergosterol was detected
by high-pressure liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV) and
corroborated by mass spectrometry analysis. Seasonal variations in fungal biomass and
fungal production, the latter measured by the incorporation of [1_14C] acetate into
ergosterol, associated with SCilPUS stems, both above and below water, were
determined. Changes in fungal biomass and productivities on freshly cut green Scirpus
stems decaying in the water under either natural solar radiation (UV +) or protected from ultraviolet (UV -) radiation, were followed over the summer. Several experiments
measuring the impact of temperature on fungal biomass and production on Scirpus
decaying in pond water were conducted in the laboratory. In view of antibiotics being
detected in surface waters, tetracycline was chosen to determine its effects on the
microbes that decompose Scilpus. Prior to this experiment, tetracycline's adsorptive
characteristics in distilled, river and pond water were measured. Tetracycline's
photolytic and microbial rates of degradation were determined in the three mentioned waters in the laboratory in the light and dark and also in natural sunlight (UV +) or
protected (UV -) from UV radiation in non-sterile waters. The effects of tetracycline on
protein production in planktonic bacteria in river and pond water were experimentally
measured. Lastly, confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) was used to study the microbial
colonization on Scirpus stems immediately after submersion in river and pond water, in
the absence or presence of 500 /-Lg L-1 and 4000 /-Lg L-1 tetracycline.
Saponification in a hot water bath for 30 mins followed by toluene extraction
was the most ideal method to extract ergosterol from environmental samples. HPLCUV
detections of ergosterol, compared to detections by mass spectrometry, were found
to be reliable with all matrices except water.
Fungal decomposition began and was the greatest in the spring despite low
water temperatures. There was no significant difference in biomass or production on
aerial versus submerged portions of Scirpus. Water temperature was correlated to
fungal production (r = 0.7, P < 0.005) for aerial stem pieces but not for submerged
pieces. However, in laboratory experiments water temperature had a measurable effect
on both biomass and production in submerged stem pieces. With respect to Scirpus
decaying under UV+ or UV- in pond water, there was no significant difference in either
fungal biomass (P = 0.76) or production (P = 0.96) between the two treatments.
There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the adsorption of tetracycline
between distilled, river and pond waters. Half-lives of tetracycline were significantly
shorter (P<0.05) in the light than in the dark and in sterile waters compared to nonsterile
waters (P<0.05) and also were significantly different (P<0.05) between the three
waters in all experiments. Tetracycline photolysis experiment conducted in natural
sunlight showed there were significant differences (P<0.05) between the UV+ and UVlight
treatments as well as between the three different waters (P<0.05) in both light treatments. Tetracycline bound to the matrix did not undergo photolysis suggesting
tetracycline will probably persist in aquatic environments.
Tetracycline significantly (P<0.05) inhibited protein production in planktonic
bacteria at concentrations ~ 10 Ilg L-1 in river water but the inhibition was considerable
(P<0.05) only at 4000 Ilg L-1 in pond water. Submersion of dry Scirpus stems in river
and pond water resulted in dramatic increases in microbial biomass on the stems that
peaked about 10 days after immersion. The increase in biomass coincided with the
colonization of the external surface of the stem and the decrease with the exhaustion of
this substrate. In treatments where tetracycline was added there was a significant
decreases (P<0.05) in microbial biomass between the control and other treatments in
the river experiment but not in pond water due to large variances in data (P>0.05).
Biofilms tended to be thicker in the 4000 Ilg L-1 tetracycline treatments in both water
experiments suggesting the high concentration of tetracycline may have induced
polymer formation so as to limit the toxicity of tetracycline. Fungal biomass tended to
be higher at 4000 Ilg L-1 compared to the control treatments in both water experiments
suggesting that in normal conditions bacteria exerted an inhibitory influence on fungi.
Total microbial biomass on the stems was greater in the pond water experiment
compared to the river water experiment, possibly because of the higher DOC and POM
in the pond water, but fungal biomass was greater in the river system compared to the
wetland system indicating that fungal dominance may vary in different water
ecosystems.


Abstract. One component of aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) involves dust and marine stratocumulus clouds (MSc). Few observational studies have focused on dust–MSc interactions, and thus this effect remains poorly quantified. We use observations from multiple sensors in the NASA A-Train satellite constellation from 2004 to 2012 to obtain estimates of the aerosol–cloud radiative effect, including its uncertainty, of dust aerosol influencing Atlantic MSc off the coast of northern Africa between 45° W and 15° E and between 0 and 35° N. To calculate the aerosol–cloud radiative effect, we use two methods following Quaas et al. (2008) (Method 1) and Chen et al. (2014) (Method 2). These two methods yield similar results of −1.5 ± 1.4 and −1.5 ± 1.6 W m−2, respectively, for the annual mean aerosol–cloud radiative effect. Thus, Saharan dust modifies MSc in a way that acts to cool the planet. There is a strong seasonal variation, with the aerosol–cloud radiative effect switching from significantly negative during the boreal summer to weakly positive during boreal winter. Method 1 (Method 2) yields −3.8 ± 2.5 (−4.3 ± 4.1) during summer and 1 ± 2.9 (0.6 ± 1) W m−2 during winter. In Method 1, the aerosol–cloud radiative effect can be decomposed into two terms, one representing the first aerosol indirect effect and the second representing the combination of the second aerosol indirect effect and the semidirect effect (i.e., changes in liquid water path and cloud fraction in response to changes in absorbing aerosols and local heating). The first aerosol indirect effect is relatively small, varying from −0.7 ± 0.6 in summer to 0.1 ± 0.5 W m−2 in winter. The second term, however, dominates the overall radiative effect, varying from −3.2 ± 2.5 in summer to 0.9 ± 2.9 W m−2 during winter. Studies show that the semidirect effect can result in a negative (i.e., absorbing aerosol lies above low clouds like MSc) or positive (i.e., absorbing aerosol lies within low clouds) aerosol–cloud radiative effect. The semipermanent MSc are low and confined within the boundary layer. CALIPSO shows that 61.8 ± 12.6 % of Saharan dust resides above North Atlantic MSc during summer for our study area. This is consistent with a relatively weak first aerosol indirect effect and also suggests the second aerosol indirect effect plus semidirect effect (the second term in Method 1) is dominated by the semidirect effect. In contrast, the percentage of Saharan dust above North Atlantic MSc in winter is 11.9 ± 10.9 %, which is much lower than in summer. CALIPSO also shows that 88.3 ± 8.5 % of dust resides below 2.2 km the winter average of MSc top height. During summer, however, there are two peaks, with 35.6 ± 13 % below 1.9 km (summer average of MSc top height) and 44.4 ± 9.2 % between 2 and 4 km. Because the aerosol–cloud radiative effect is positive during winter, and is also dominated by the second term, this again supports the importance of the semidirect effect. We conclude that Saharan dust–MSc interactions off the coast of northern Africa are likely dominated by the semidirect effect.


Hackathons – quick prototyping events for commercial purposes – have become an
important means to foster innovation, entrepreneurship and the start-up economy in smart
cities. Smart and entrepreneurial cities have been critiqued with respect to the
neoliberalization of governance and statecraft. We consider the passions, inventions and
imitations in the assemblage of practices – alongside neoliberalizing and capitalist
operations – that shape the economy and governance of smart cities. The paper examines
hackathons as tech events that extend the passions for digital innovation and
entrepreneurship and act as sites of social learning for the development of smart urbanism.
We argue that passionate and imitative practices energize the desire and belief in
entrepreneurial life and technocratic governance, and also engender precarious, ambiguous
and uncertain future for participants and prototypes.


Top British athletes are to meet with UK Sport and the British Olympic Association (BOA) to try to settle a potential dispute over the use of their valuable image rights. UK Sport wants athletes to sign a contract to be part of a sponsorship scheme to cover a [pounds sterling]50m shortfall in the government's [pounds sterling]300m funding package in connection with the London Olympics in 2012. The scheme is designed to bring in private investment and would require athletes to promote its commercial partners. But athletes are concerned that the deal could affect their exploitation of their individual image rights with other companies and firms. UK Sport has responded to these concerns by claiming that any work required will not compromise private deals; and are hoping to discuss the matter with the athletes and their agents, as soon as possible, to put a stop to any potential row breaking out between them. all 1,400 publicly-funded athletes must agree to the terms to qualify for UK Lottery Grants, but there are believed to be around 80 athletes who are opposing the proposed scheme. A UK Sport representative has remarked in general: "The majority of athletes have not had any questions over this, and we are committed to finding resolution with those that have." Currently, athletes, who receive Lottery Funding, are required to give up three days each year for promotional activities, and UK Sport insists that the new arrangements will not significantly increase those demands. "The three days we are asking for is on the back of the very substantial public funding being invested in the athletes already, and we would not want to have to consider that investment," he added. BBC sports news correspondent, Gordon Farquhar, has explained that the deal has been put together to try to fill a shortfall in funding ahead of London 2012 and adds: "The Team 2012 initiative is designed to bring in private sector investment to plug a [pounds sterling]50m funding hole. It's hoped that it will develop into a significant funding stream in the future for elite sport." But private companies are concerned that the new sponsorship scheme could devalue their deals with the individual athletes that they are sponsoring by putting conflicting pressures on them. In other words, diluting their valuable image rights for which not insignificant sponsorship fees have been paid. UK Sport hopes that the situation can be clarified and any misunderstandings ironed out in an explanatory meeting with the athletes concerned. …


We present nanosecond hole-burning experiments for CdSxSe1−x and CdSe quantum dots grown in a glass matrix; we compare the results for different precipitation stages. For the first time to our knowledge a drastic sharpening of the spectral holes with a half-width as low as 10 meV has been found to be typical for the samples prepared in the nucleation and the normal growth stages, whereas structures grown in the coalescent stage show only broadband nonlinear absorption. The spectral width of the holes is highly sensitive to the illumination history, particularly in the case of small-size quantum dots. A coexistence of quantum dots from the coalescent and the noncoalescent growth regimes results in a structured nonlinear absorption spectrum from the superposition of the corresponding broadband and narrow-line nonlinear spectra; thus the actual electronic-level structure can be completely masked. The differences in the linewidth are attributed to different mechanisms of surface construction or reconstruction during the growth process or after strong laser exposure, leading to different surface properties such as localized states or spatial charge distributions, which in turn give rise to different mechanisms of line broadening.


This book explores how magic was perceived, practiced, and prohibited in western Europe during the first millennium CE. Through the overlapping frameworks of religion, ritual, and gender, the book connects early Christian reckonings with pagan magic to later doctrines and dogmas. Challenging established views on the role of women in ritual magic during this period, the book provides a new narrative of the ways in which magic was embedded within the foundational assumptions of western European society, informing how people understood the cosmos, divinity, and their own Christian faith. As the book shows, throughout the first Christian millennium, magic was thought to play a natural role within the functioning of the universe and existed within a rational cosmos hierarchically arranged according to a "great chain of being." Trafficking with the "demons of the lower air" was the essence of magic. Interactions with those demons occurred both in highly formalistic, ritual settings and on a routine and casual basis. The book tracks the competition between pagan magic and Christian belief from the first century CE, when it was fiercest, through the early Middle Ages, as atavistic forms of magic mutated and found sanctuary in the daily habits of the converted peoples and new paganisms entered Europe with their own forms of magic. By the year 1000, the book concludes, many forms of magic had been tamed and were, by the reckoning of the elite, essentially ineffective, as were the women who practiced it and the rituals that attended it.


Computer-based testing (CBT) in education is on the rise; however, researchers question the interchangeability of CBT and pencil-based testing (PBT). Educators and leaders need to consider test mode interchangeability and student assessment preference prior to adopting CBT in K-8 schools. Following the new literacies theory, this mixed methods study examined test mode preference, the effect on achievement, and factors that influenced student preferences. Research questions investigated participants' computer attitudes and use to determine test mode preference, the impact of test mode and test mode preference on achievement, and factors that influence testing preferences. This sequential explanatory within-group design included 2 online surveys and 2 reading tests in CBT and PBT formats. Paired-sample t tests were used to analyze reading test data preferred and nonpreferred test modes and across CBT and PBT test modes. Qualitative themes were generated and coded using an inductive approach, and patterns among data were analyzed. Findings revealed that all participants used technology regularly at home and at school, and most students preferred CBT over PBT. Quantitatively, there were no significant differences in reading achievement between students' preferred and nonpreferred test modes or between CBT and PBT test formats. Qualitative analysis indicated that students who chose PBT as their preferred test mode did so due to their familiarity with the format. Overall, results supported the idea that CBT and PBT were interchangeable. Implications for positive social change include increasing teachers' effective use of testing modes to improve student confidence, which may translate into improved student achievement.


The lessons and best practices that have become required operating procedure in software development groups can often be applied outside the immediate field of software engineering. This article details a groundbreaking new, multi-year, large-scale biometric dataset that is designed to improve the accuracy and robustness of iris recognition algorithms. We identify several challenges associated with this collection effort and demonstrate how the application of software best practices was able to overcome these obstacles. We believe this list of recommendations represents the current best practices for large scale, long-term biometric collections.


In this article, we present a modelling approach for rapid dynamic wetting based on the phase field theory. We show that in order to model this accurately, it is important to allow for a non-equilibrium wetting boundary condition. Using a condition of this type, we obtain a direct match with experimental results reported in the literature for rapid spreading of liquid droplets on dry surfaces. By extracting the dissipation of energy and the rate of change of kinetic energy in the flow simulation, we identify a new wetting regime during the rapid phase of spreading. This is characterized by the main dissipation to be due to a re-organization of molecules at the contact line, in a diffusive or active process. This regime serves as an addition to the other wetting regimes that have previously been reported in the literature.


The research reported in this thesis has two main aims. The first aim is to develop tests capable of yielding reliable and valid scores of receptive knowledge of English collocations as a single construct, for use with advanced L2 learners of English. Collocations are seen as conventionalized, recurring combinations of words, and the targeted types are adjective + NP and verb + NP. The second aim is to chart the levels of receptive collocation knowledge in advanced Swedish learners of English, and investigate the relationship between receptive collocation knowledge, vocabulary size, and learning level. In a series of seven empirical studies, involving students of English in Sweden as well as native speakers of English, the two main aims of the thesis are addressed through three research questions. The informants in Sweden are L2 learners of English at upper-secondary school and university level, who have had 8 and 11 years of classroom instruction in English.

The results show that the two tests developed - called COLLEX and COLLMATCH - yield reliable scores, and show evidence of different types of validity, such as construct validity, concurrent validity, and face validity. Further investigation is needed in terms of content validity, and certain lingering problems are identified with regard to ceiling effects. It is furthermore shown that a) scores on COLLEX and COLLMATCH increase as a function of learning level, b) the two tests discriminate well between learners of different proficiency levels, and between learners and native speakers of English, and c) scores on COLLEX and COLLMATCH correlate highly with scores on a receptive vocabulary size test. The results suggest that there is a close relationship between advanced learners? vocabulary size and receptive collocation knowledge. The difference in receptive collocation knowledge between higher and lower proficiency learners is argued to stem from a dominating conceptual processing mediation of L2 forms through L1 forms for the lower proficiency learners, coupled with less exposure to the target language. The results also suggest that 4-6 months of full-time university-level studies are not enough for a measurable increase in receptive collocation knowledge to emerge. There is furthermore evidence to suggest that there is a progression in receptive collocation knowledge concomitant of learning level, overall language proficiency, and vocabulary size. This arguably favours a great deal of language exposure as an important factor for implicit acquisition of collocations, in addition to explicit instruction. COLLEX and COLLMATCH are quick to administer, hold appeal with test-takers, and so long as their limitations are noted they may be used as tests of receptive collocation knowledge, both as proficiency tests and as research tools.


A physical theory is proposed that obeys both the principles of special relativity and of quantum mechanics. As a key feature, the laws are formulated in terms of quantum events rather than of particle states. Temporal and spatial coordinates of a quantum event are treated on equal footing, namely as self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. The theory is not based upon Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics, and breaks with the concept of a continuously flowing time. The physical object under consideration is a spinless particle exposed to an external potential. The theory also accounts for particle-antiparticle pair creation and annihilation, and is therefore not a single-particle theory in the usual sense. The Maxwell equations are derived as a straightforward consequence of certain fundamental commutation relations. In the non-relativistic limit and in the limit of vanishing time uncertainty, the Schr\"odinger equation of a spinless particle exposed to an external electromagnetic field is obtained.


The rise of the digital economy has led to a focus on how to manage big data and business intelligence for entrepreneurial purposes. The aim of this chapter is to discuss how to plan for open innovative ecosystems that harness the potential of new data analytics techniques in order to progress society. This means concentrating on the increasingly complex world of data analytics in order to derive information about potential entrepreneurial opportunities. The role of knowledge management in influencing an open innovation ecosystem predicated on big data and computing acumen is stated. This helps to understand how the future of the global economy relies on an open data policy that encourages the sharing and dissemination of information. Implications for managers are also suggested that emphasize the role of innovation ecosystems, data and government.


The complete instruction-by-instruction simulation of one computer system on a different system is a well-known computing technique. It is often used for software development when a hardware base is being altered. For example, if a programmer is developing software for some new special purpose (e.g., aerospace) computer X which is under construction and as yet unavailable, he will likely begin by writing a simulator for that computer on some available general-purpose machine G. The simulator will provide a detailed simulation of the special-purpose environment X, including its processor, memory, and I/O devices. Except for possible timing dependencies, programs which run on the "simulated machine X" can later run on the "real machine X" (when it is finally built and checked out) with identical effect. The programs running on X can be arbitrary — including code to exercise simulated I/O devices, move data and instructions anywhere in simulated memory, or execute any instruction of the simulated machine. The simulator provides a layer of software filtering which protects the resources of the machine G from being misused by programs on X.


Background and Objectives: Promotion of psychological well-being is one of the objectives of the current century psychology. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mahdavi teachings on psychological well-being and life orientation in the first grade high school male students in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The study population consisted of 30 first grade high school male students in District 3 of Isfahan. The participants were selected from a high school in District 3 of Isfahan through random cluster sampling method and were randomly allocated to control and experimental groups (n=15 in each group). The data collection instruments included Ryff Scale of Psychological Well-Being and Life Orientation questionnaire of Scheier and Carver. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics, especially multivariate analysis of covariance, were used. Results: Mahdavi teachings had a positive impact on psychological well-being, but they did not affect the students' life orientation Conclusion: Considering Mahdavi teachings seems to be necessary to promote psychological well-being in students.


This paper presents measures of cost economies in Chilean banking following the many regulatory and structural changes implemented by Chilean authorities in the aftermath of the 1981-83 financial system crisis. Utilizing panel, and annual cross section monthly data on 37 individual banking institutions in operation over 1984-91, a translogarithmic cost specification is adopted to estimate economies of scale and scope. My findings suggest the presence of persistent and significant economies of scale. Weaker evidence on the presence of economies of scope is also detected. These findings are of additional importance as the estimation methodology adopted overcomes an inherent flaw in most other similar studies that lump together different sizes of financial institutions for a cross sectional analysis over a one or two year period.


The process of friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative joining technique, which proved its potential in joining dissimilar metals that are poorly fusion weldable. This ability opens a wide range for applications in industrial fields, where weight reduction by partial substitution of conventional materials through lightweight materials is a current central aim. As a consequence of this, the realization of aluminum / steel-joints is of great interest. For this material compound, several friction stir welds were carried out by different researchers for varying Al/steel-joints, whereas the definition of optimal process parameters as well as the increase of mechanical properties was in the focus of the studies. To achieve further improved properties for this dissimilar joint a newly developed hybrid process named "ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding (USE-FSW)" was applied. In this paper the resulting properties of Al/steel-joints using FSW and USE-FSW will be presented and compared. Furthermore, first results by using the nondestructive testing method "computer laminography" to analyze the developed joining area will be shown supplemented by detailed light-microscopic investigations, scanning electron microscopic analysis, and EDX.


I find it surprising how much of our lives we spend holding our breath. Something as fundamentally and biologically necessary as breathing becomes interrupted when faced with a constant deluge of meetings, scheduling, difficult reference questions, more meetings, and, of course, e-mail. Yet in the midst of this daily torrent of information, I sense an immediate relaxation when I do something as simple and normal as breathing. Deep breathing is a holistic act in that it positively affects the whole body, mind and soul. I will share other practical, holistic strategies that I use to help manage stress in my daily role as an academic reference librarian.


A report on a study project presented to
The Department of Social Work
School of Human and Community Development
Faculty of Humanities
University of the Witwatersrand
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Social Work
May, 2015


In his dissent in INS v. St. Cyr, Justice Scalia raised what remains perhaps the most perplexing question concerning Congress's power over the habeas corpus jurisdiction of the federal courts: if Congress never had to create a statutory cause of action for habeas corpus in the first place, how could a statute purporting to divest the federal courts of jurisdiction over certain habeas petitions violate the Constitution's Suspension Clause? As Scalia suggested, "[i]f . . . the writ could not be suspended within the meaning of the Suspension Clause until Congress affirmatively provided for habeas by statute, then surely Congress may subsequently alter what it had initially provided for, lest the Clause become a one-way ratchet." In drawing parallels between the Supreme Court's mandamus and habeas jurisprudence, this short essay explains how Justice Scalia's one-way ratchet is actually a misnomer, and is instead the result of a trap Congress unknowingly set for itself. To give away the punch-line, a series of early nineteenth-century cases concerning the common-law writ of mandamus illustrates a point lost on conventional courts and commentators alike: the constitutional problem raised by habeas-stripping statutes does not arise from their constriction of the jurisdiction of the Article III courts. The problem is that a separate (and completely neglected) Act of Congress constrains the power of the one court that would otherwise be left to hear a federal detainee's habeas petition absent Article III review: the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. And although the analysis contained herein might strike the reader as pedantic (if not entirely semantic), such a conclusion has significant implications for sorting out the competing viewpoints in the continuing debate over Congress's power to restrict access to the writ of habeas corpus.


The interview that follows was produced in a three-part process. The initial question-and-answer sessions took place in Providence, Rhode Island, during June 1997 and August 1998. Audio recordings of these meetings were made in Harper's loft, in his office on the campus of Brown University, and in his car while driving through the narrow streets of Providence, and subsequently transcribed. Professor Harper then reviewed the raw transcripts, editing and elaborating on his answers as he saw fit. He was also kind enough to provide written answers to questions that emerged during this revision process. On February 12, 1999, Professor Harper was satisfied with the interview and returned this text to me along with a note which read: CODA: I am attaching several poems which are meant to elucidate some of the ideas in my responses. 'Let the doing be the exercise, not the exhibition' (Jean Toomer). Antonucci: We can start by going back. In the 1973 interview with John O'Brien from Interviews with Black Writers, you state that the poem "Zeus Muse" "is about the making of grids, the relationship between horizontal and vertical axes and dominion." You continue, "Essentially it's about imperialism; it represents a gaze over all things, dominion over all things. But black people can't function in that particular vision of the grid. They're expendable, they've been annihilated; and not only black people but nonwhites, or pagans or Indians or anyone and anything in the way of this particular vision with its armies, navies and its technological system." Could you speak to the way that this and other poems challenge dominant notions of American identity in their mapping of the American cultural/historical landscape? Harper: In the twenty-five years that have passed since the O'Brien interview the notions of a renegade commentator from without the magic circle have changed. The best answer to the question is attitudinal. Robert Hayden's poetry exemplifies the psychic landscape of the stranger. I share that resonance as an outsider; it is a condition I prefer to belonging, however comfortable that status might be. Antonucci: Robert Hayden describes America as "a problem in metaphysics." In your interview with James Randell you call Hayden a great historian and symbolist poet. Would you care to elaborate on the idea of poets as historians? Harper: Hayden says in his poem "[American Journal]": america as much a problem in metaphysics as it is a nation earthly entity an iota in our galaxy an organism that changes even as i examine it fact and fantasy never twice the same so many variables Pay attention to the lineation, the gaps, and the tentative feedback of an extraterrestrial come to observe us (see brackets around title) as a message given to us "Americans" as perceptions subject to enhancement and revision. This is a dynamic process. Perhaps our closeness to the intricacies of identity, including race and gender, blind us to what we have in common with humanity. And as Hayden reminds us, the "unknowable essence" is what we, as Americans and extraterrestrials, have in common. This means to me that we have neglected the largest part of our inheritance, the efficacy of religion as a faith in the future that might bind us all. Hayden wrote the important essays on the presence of Black Americans in the State of Michigan for the Federal Writers' Project, even though the assignation of these essays was anonymous. If one would compare the poems Hayden wrote in The Black Spear sequence, in which Hayden took on Stephen Vincent Benet's "John Brown's Body," the linkage and responsibility Hayden absorbs into American Literary Historiography provide a good example of technique, a kind of personal shorthand which reviews and extends the insights of our predecessors as a living monument to the present and future. Hayden's poems continue to resonate long after his death, providing a usefulness for coming generations: a place to start, looking backward and forward to the metaphysics in Hayden's admonition: america as much a problem in metaphysics as it is a nation earthly entity an iota in our galaxy Antonucci: With respect to John Brown and his legacy as a literary figure and historical subject, your poetic commentary appears to be part of a larger discourse that includes works by Benet and Hayden as well as Robert Penn Warren and Du Bois. …


This comparative study on the Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) and Italian Sign Language (LIS) addresses and discusses a wide range of aspects regarding grammar the position of the adjectives, numerals and demonstratives, the linear ordering of selected aspectual markers and modals, topicalization, negation, imperative and interrogative clauses, as well as conditional clauses and LIS relative clauses. The study shows that LIS and NGT display a considerable degree of cross-and intra-linguistic variation and tries to assess whether the observed differences can be derived from one universal specifier-head-complement deep structure, shared by all sign and spoken languages. Although further aspects of LIS and NGT must still be examined, the study shows that an antisymmetric analysis of these sign languages is certainly worth undertaking.


This is the companion volume to the second edition of Philippe Sands' Principles of International Environmental Law and Sands and Galizzi's Documents in International Environmental Law. It comprises extracts from essential EC Treaties, Regulations, Directives, Decisions and other Acts of EC institutions. EC environmental legislation represents one of the most complex and challenging legal regimes for the protection of the environment. The significant body of legislation which now exists has given rise to numerous disputes over its application and interpretation. This collection brings together the principal documents in an accessible form, providing practitioners, scholars and students with the essentials necessary to understand, advise upon and apply this body of law. Concise editorial notes summarise the main provisions of the instruments reproduced and place them in their wider context.


Interactions of LARKS protein domains More than 1500 human proteins contain long, disordered stretches of "low complexity"—strings of just a few of the 20 common amino acids. The functions of these low-complexity domains have been unclear. Hughes et al. present atomic-resolution structures that suggest that short segments of two such domains can bind weakly to each other by forming a pair of kinked β-sheets. Because aromatic amino acid side chains stabilize these interactions, the interacting motifs are termed LARKS, for low-complexity, aromatic-rich, kinked segments. Numerous proteins associated with membraneless organelles of biological cells contain low-complexity domains housing multiple LARKS. Science, this issue p. 698 Labile motifs found in low-complexity domains of a protein contribute to its ability to form networked protein assemblies. Subcellular membraneless assemblies are a reinvigorated area of study in biology, with spirited scientific discussions on the forces between the low-complexity protein domains within these assemblies. To illuminate these forces, we determined the atomic structures of five segments from protein low-complexity domains associated with membraneless assemblies. Their common structural feature is the stacking of segments into kinked β sheets that pair into protofilaments. Unlike steric zippers of amyloid fibrils, the kinked sheets interact weakly through polar atoms and aromatic side chains. By computationally threading the human proteome on our kinked structures, we identified hundreds of low-complexity segments potentially capable of forming such interactions. These segments are found in proteins as diverse as RNA binders, nuclear pore proteins, and keratins, which are known to form networks and localize to membraneless assemblies.


We introduce a family of implicit probabilistic integrators for initial value problems (IVPs), taking as a starting point the multistep Adams-Moulton method. The implicit construction allows for dynamic feedback from the forthcoming time-step, in contrast to previous probabilistic integrators, all of which are based on explicit methods. We begin with a concise survey of the rapidly-expanding field of probabilistic ODE solvers. We then introduce our method, which builds on and adapts the work of Conrad et al. (2016) and Teymur et al. (2016), and provide a rigorous proof of its well-definedness and convergence. We discuss the problem of the calibration of such integrators and suggest one approach. We give an illustrative example highlighting the effect of the use of probabilistic integrators - including our new method - in the setting of parameter inference within an inverse problem.


Distributed constraint optimization (DCOP) is an important framework for coordinated multiagent decision making. We address a practically useful variant of DCOP, called resource-constrained DCOP (RC-DCOP), which takes into account agents' consumption of shared limited resources. We present a promising new class of algorithm for RC-DCOPs by translating the underlying coordination problem to probabilistic inference. Using inference techniques such as expectation-maximization and convex optimization machinery, we develop a novel convergent message-passing algorithm for RC-DCOPs. Experiments on standard benchmarks show that our approach provides better quality than previous best DCOP algorithms and has much lower failure rate. Comparisons against an efficient centralized solver show that our approach provides near-optimal solutions, and is significantly faster on larger instances.


Aim Early morning symptoms (EMS) in people with COPD are associated with poor health, impaired activities and increased exacerbation risk. We describe the development and preliminary validation of the Manchester Early Morning Symptom Index (MEMSI) to quantify EMS in COPD. Methods Focus groups and cognitive debriefing with patients with COPD were used to develop the potential item list, followed by a cross-sectional study to finalise the items for inclusion. In addition to test-retest reliability, comparisons with the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire-C (SGRQ-C), modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) evaluated construct validity. Hierarchical methods informed item deletion and Rasch analysis was applied to assess scale unidimensionality. Results 23 items were identified from the focus groups and debriefings. The cross-sectional study involved 203 patients with COPD (mean age 64.7 SD 7.5 years, male 63%, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): 1:14% 2:41% 3:25% 4: 7%). 13 items were removed during item reduction. MEMSI contains 10 items, demonstrates good overall fit to the Rasch model (χ2 p=0.26) and item score distribution; excellent reliability (Person Separation Index: 0.91) and good test-retest repeatability (r=0.82). It correlates with the SGRQ-C (r=0.73), FACIT-F (r=−0.65) and HADS (r=0.53–0.54) indicating good construct validity. Conclusions MEMSI is a reliable and valid unidimensional measure of EMS for patients with COPD. It is simple to use and score supporting its suitability for research and clinical use. Work is underway to determine the minimal clinical important difference and cross-cultural validity.


Bloom evolution and flower quality were studied in 10 almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] selections of the Zaragoza breeding program. The opening of individual flowers followed a normal distribution, with deviations reflecting temperature differences during the bloom period. The first open flowers are of better quality than later ones and may contribute more to fruit set. The relative stigma-anther position reflected the possibility of natural autogamy in three of the 10 selections. Natural autogamy might allow single-cultivar orchards without the need for pollinating insects


Increased expression of EGF receptor (EGFR) in metastases of human mammary carcinoma as compared to cells of the primary cancer suggests a contribution of EGFR to mammary carcinoma metastasis. To test for a positive causative link, we investigated 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma cloned tumor cell lines of high (MTLn3) or low (MTC) metastatic potential. While MTC cells expressed barely detectable amounts of EGFR, MTLn3 cells expressed readily detectable levels of functional receptors. A full length cDNA of the human EGFR (HER) was introduced by infection with a retroviral vector into MTC cells. Expression of HER was stable and receptors were functional with respect to surface expression, ligand binding and EGF-stimulated phosphorylation. Independent clones of the transfectants were isolated and characterized. Ligand stimulation of MTC HER cells and derived clones led to enhanced adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix proteins. Implantation of cells intravenously into female nu/nu mice revealed ligand-dependent enhancement of lung colonizing potential of EGFR-expressing cells.


OBJECTIVE
The study assessed factors associated over time with high use of emergency departments by patients in Quebec who had schizophrenia and a co-occurring substance use disorder.

METHODS
The cohort study included 2,921 patients who received a diagnosis of schizophrenia in 2006 and had at least one emergency department visit during fiscal year 2006-2007. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate predictors of high use of emergency departments over time.

RESULTS
After adjustment for all covariates, predictors of high use over time were as follows: living in either a university medical region (OR=2.10) or a peripheral medical region (OR=2.10), frequent hospitalization (OR=1.16), and greater number of psychiatric (OR=1.64) or physical comorbidities (OR=1.23).

CONCLUSIONS
Because high use of emergency departments is a strong indicator of poor care continuity, identified associated factors could help develop and offer new programs to be deployed in the community to better support these patients with greater needs.


Software developers commonly rely on well-known software architecture patterns, such as MVC, to build their applications. In many of these patterns, classes play specific roles in the system, such as Controllers or Entities, which means that each of these classes has specific characteristics in terms of object-oriented class design and implementation. Indeed, as we have shown in a previous study, architectural roles are different from each other in terms of code metrics. In this paper, we present a study in a software development company in which we captured developers' perceptions on object-oriented design aspects of the architectural roles in their system and whether these perceptions match the source code metric analysis. We found that their developers do not have a common perception of how their architectural roles behave in terms of object-oriented design aspects, and that their perceptions also do not match the results of the source code metric analysis. This phenomenon also does not seem to be related to developers' experience. We find these results alarming, and thus, we suggest software development teams to invest in education and knowledge sharing about how their system's architectural roles behave.


Travelers have to take into consideration a variety of hazards when deciding on a destination. Although some research has considered the deterrent effect of specific hazards such as terrorism, the context in relation to other hazards has not been investigated. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relative importance of a number of travel hazards that may influence people's travel decisions. A sample of 160 British university students, 37 nonstudent scuba divers, and 102 members of the public rated the risk of various travel hazards and whether these would deter them from traveling. Three types of travel hazards were identified using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA): political, social, and physical hazards. These were moderately correlated, but the greatest deterrence was reported for political hazards. It is concluded that although research should take account of the full context influencing travel decisions, some hazards, such as terrorism, are likely to have a dominant effect.


OBJECTIVE
Lead (Pb) poisoning remains a common disease among children despite successful public health efforts that have reduced its prevalence. Treatment options for children with blood Pb levels (BPbs) <45 micro g/dL are limited because chelation therapy is generally not indicated. Calcium (Ca) and Pb interactions are well documented. Competition for binding to Ca-binding proteins may underlie a mechanism for Pb absorption. The purpose of this study was to determine the role, if any, of supplemental Ca at reducing BPbs in moderately poisoned children.

METHODS
Children aged 1 to 6 years with BPbs 10 to 45 micro g/dL were enrolled in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of Ca supplementation on BPbs. Children received either a Ca-containing liquid or an indistinguishable placebo. Dosage was adjusted biweekly on the basis of responses to a dietary Ca intake questionnaire to reach 1800 mg in the Ca-supplemented group. Samples for BPbs and measures to assess safety were collected before and after 3 months of supplementation and after an additional 3 months of follow-up. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS
A total of 67 of 88 enrolled children with a mean age of 3.6 years completed 3 months of supplementation. There were no statistically significant differences between groups on hematologic and biochemical measures, including serum and urinary Ca, at any time points. The average compliance rate was estimated to be 80% for each group during the 3-month supplementation period.

CONCLUSIONS
At enrollment, the average daily Ca intake in this group of inner-city children was greater than the recommended daily intake for age. Although BPbs declined during a 3-month period in both groups, Ca supplementation aimed at providing 1800 mg of Ca/day had no effect on the change in BPbs. Ca supplementation should not be routinely prescribed for mild to moderately Pb-poisoned children who are dietarily Ca sufficient.


We investigate how childbirth affects intrahousehold resource allocation for married Japanese couples. We develop reduced-form and structural-form specifications from a unified theoretical framework. Under a weak set of assumptions, we can focus on private goods to track the changes in intrahousehold resource allocation. Our estimation results show that the allocation of resources within household tend to move to the disadvantage of women after childbirth. One additional child is associated with at least 2.6 percentage points decrease in womens private expenditure share. Our estimation results reject the income-pooling hypothesis, and show that women are more risk averse than men.


For many educators, emerging technologies such as Web 2.0 are inspiring, offering new opportunities and better ways of supporting development of independent learners. However, for others emerging technologies challenge both their digital competency and their cognitive approach, roles, relationships and core ethos as an educator. For example, effective use of Web 2.0 technologies requires a cognitive shift from using information as a primary resource to embracing social network approaches. Lack of appreciation of this cognitive shift is exacerbating digital literacy divides amongst educators. Further, where not effectively supported and managed, introduction of such technologies into the learning experience can lead to poor educational experiences and disenfranchised staff, impacting institutional effectiveness and reputation. The adoption of emerging technologies and associated innovative practices into the educational experience therefore present challenges to institutions as well as individual academics. Many of the challenges, especially relating to digital literacies of students and staff, eLearning support and change management are well known. However, these issues are still not adequately addressed nor are solutions effectively embedded across the sector. A key factor has been the failure to adopt a sufficiently holistic approach, which takes into account organisational and staff development and their interdependencies (McDonald, Cullen and Comrie 2009). Add to this the need to support educators in adopting cognitively different approaches and it is clear a new, arguably transformative, approach that encompasses professional and organisational development is required. This paper provides an overview of an innovative approach to professional and organisational development adopted by the JISC Embedding Work-with-IT project, which partnered with professional bodies such as SEDA, HEA and the Leadership Foundation. The approach draws on activity theory, to develop a professional and organisational development support framework and toolkit which applies social constructivism and action learning techniques to help institutional managers, staff and educational developers and academic and support staff to understand, assess the implications of, implement, and embed innovative technology-enhanced working practices. The paper will: critically discuss the issues involved in successful embedding of this kind; introduce the Framework and associated theoretical background; stimulate reflection on appropriate organisation development approaches.


PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the Assistant Nurse Manager (ANM) model at Norton Hospital through an evaluation of job satisfaction, work engagement, and leader opinions about the ANM model. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: Kurt Lewin's Change Theory was used as the conceptual framework. Lewin's Change Theory has three stages: unfreeze, change/transition, and refreeze. METHODS: This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional design. RESULTS: This study included 27 participants [eight Nurse Managers and 19 ANMs]. The mean satisfaction level with being a nurse leader was 5.0 for nurse managers and 4.2 for ANMs (range 1-6). The mean engagement score for nurse managers was 5.4 and 4.8 for ANMs (range 0-6). Mean scores for satisfaction with the current ANM model were 2.0 for nurse managers and 2.5 for ANMs (range 1-5), with most expressing that the model was not effective due to issues with communication. CONCLUSION: The ANM model did not significantly impact satisfaction or engagement, and neither group was satisfied with the model. IMPACT OF A CHANGE IN THE ASSISTANT NURSE MANAGER


Based on stakeholder consultations in Turkey, this report examines civil society actors' views on policy issues regarding migration and mobility, the factors underlying these issues, and the actors' assessment of policies and cooperation mechanisms developed by the EU and Turkey. The consultations show that the inclusion of Syrian refugees and broader social cohesion are by far the top priorities. Rights of refugees and (irregular) migrants, and Turkish citizens' facilitated mobility in the EU also form part of the civil society's policy priority repertoire. As for EU policies and EU–Turkey cooperation, a substantial rethink is needed on three major points. The first is the need to go beyond policies oriented at preventing and deterring human mobility that would fail the tests of effectiveness and sustainability in the longer term, and to focus on broadening and diversifying options for authorized migration and mobility. Second, a reprioritization of respect for human rights and international law is needed, as the currently predominant restrictive and instrumentalizing approaches have negative implications not only for migrants, but also for the development of a rights-sensitive migration governance regime, the capacity of civil society to defend pro-rights positions, and broader social cohesion in Turkey. Third, the EU needs to rethink and invest in fairer responsibility-sharing mechanisms that are not limited to times of "crisis". Such mechanisms should include financial support, (actually enforced) resettlement, and holistic measures aimed at enhancing the protection capacity of third countries like Turkey with its state and non-state stakeholders. Maximizing the positive impact of EU–Turkey cooperation on refugee integration, enhanced protection capacity, and overall social cohesion requires bottom-up approaches to defining funding priorities and designing locally tailored measures. This implies that the EU needs to closely engage with a broader range of local governmental and non-governmental actors, while being sensitive to the specificities of domestic political-institutional culture.


The 1930s and 1940s in Durban have been relatively under-researched, and yet these two decades constituted a crucial phase in the city's growth. This thesis concentrates on the political experiences of Africans during the period. The beer hall riots of 1929 and the 'African-Indian' riots of 1949 serve as significant points at which to start and end the thesis. These two flashpoints were very different in nature, and their differences signalled the changes that took place in Durban between the late 1920s and the late 1940s. Yet the riots can also be linked: they both reflected extreme frustration amongst Africans at their exclusion from the resources of the city. The two riots illuminate key issues in African politics, in municipal and state policy, and in the changing structures of Durban society. These comparative findings are based on a detailed study of the period between the two riots. A wide variety of African political experiences in Durban is examined. These fall into four broad categories of political ideology and practice: populism, nationalism, ethnicity and 'workerism'. The narrative begins with the radical anti-municipal populism of 1929-30 and then attempts to explain the politically 'quiet' 1930s. The Second World War brought significant changes, giving rise to a range of important new ideologies and political strategies. The most important developments were in worker organisation and nationalist politics. The struggle for the city was heightened even further in the post-war period. Wide-ranging expressions of urban populism and racial ethnicity set the scene for the 1949 riots. Due to the nature of the evidence collected, much of the thesis concentrates on the roles played by the (largely middle class) political leadership. The analysis portrays African politics as a complex process of 'negotiation', and the historical narrative is informed by theoretical perspectives which integrate 'class' and 'race'.


Since its initial formulation in 1988, the Herman-Chomsky Propaganda Model (PM) has become one of the most widely tested models of media performance in the social sciences. This is largely due to the combined efforts of a loose group of international scholars as well as an increasing number of students who have produced studies in the US, UK, Canadian, Australian, Japanese, Chinese, German, and Dutch contexts, amongst others. Yet, the PM has also been marginalised in media and communication scholarship, largely due to the fact that the PM's radical scholarly outlook challenges the liberal and conservative underpinnings of mainstream schools of thought in capitalist democracies. This paper brings together, for the first time, leading scholars to discuss important questions pertaining to the PM's origins, public relevance, connections to other approaches within Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, applicability in the social media age, as well as impact and influence. The paper aligns with the 30th anniversary of the PM and the publication of the collected volume, The Propaganda Model Today, and highlights the PM's continued relevance at a time of unprecedented corporate consolidation of the media, extreme levels of inequality and class conflict as well as emergence of new forms of authoritarianism.


Abstract. It is pointed out that the graphical, aerosol classification method of Gobbi et al. (2007) can be interpreted as a manifestation of fundamental analytical relations whose existance depends on the simple assumption that the optical effects of aerosols are essentially bimodal in nature. The families of contour lines in their "Ada" curvature space are essentially empirical and discretized illustrations of analytical parabolic forms in (α, α') space (the space formed by the continuously differentiable Angstrom exponent and its spectral derivative).


The key questions for today's managers and leaders, "" writes Jack Hawley, ""are no longer issues of task and structure, but questions of spirit...not religion, spirit."" We all yearn for spiritually rooted qualities at work - integrity, character, inspiration, belief, and even reverence - qualities that are key factors in an enterprise's success. Hawley provides a direct response to the widespread desire for spirituality at work, offering a practical vision of work permeated with ""dharma"" - deep integrity fusing spirit, character, human values, and decency. He shows how successful leaders or managers who are motivated by a spiritual vision liberate the best in people, and explains why all leadership is spiritual. He provides many examples of people actually living by their inner truth at work, and shows how such people can create an improved place to work and a better life as well as a more resilient, effective organization that is prepared to meet the challenges of the present and future.


Any analysis of translation and culture can only begin by providing definitions for both concepts. Presumably, both concepts can be intuitively grasped by most readers of this article. Nevertheless, providing unambiguous definitions for them is well-nigh impossible. In the humanities and social sciences, this situation is frequent: rigorous scientific study is often conducted without first providing clear definitions for core concepts. This is in fact a general feature of the various methodologies of the disciplines. The language that disciplines use to mediate their results--metalanguage--develops alongside the disciplines and their research methods. Metalanguages can be treated as univocal only operationally, by tailoring them specifically for concrete research. Translation and culture in unison form a conceptual pair that brings together different disciplines, mainly those of culture studies and philology. Contacts between these disciplines have an impact on how both translation and culture are defined. Disciplines associated with anthropology are essential for culture studies, and those connected to translation studies are important for philology, and the two are methodologically combined, balanced and generalized by cultural semiotics and its sub-discipline, the semiotics of translation. The proliferation of definitions of culture and their frequent disparity clearly indicate that the principles of defining culture are numerous and sometimes very different. Numerous indeed, as we still cannot speak of the science of culture as a single discipline. The second reason why we still lack a uniform discipline of science of culture is the heterogeneity of culture itself. Culture, as the cause of all its definitions, is such a complex object of study that it is near impossible to list and rank all culture-related disciplines by their importance. Methodologist P. Feyerabend (1993) uses the notion of epistemological anarchism to describe the randomness and lack of hierarchy in the choice of research methods, i.e. all disciplines and all methods are equally valid for the study of culture and we have no reason to regard one as better than the other. It is not even really possible, since even the strictest scientific analysis is but one approach to culture, which cannot in any case rule out the others. Thus, the study of one and the same culture gives rise to numerous and different views and snapshots of that culture, and the analysis of culture as a fragmented object of study becomes the analysis of cultures. Essentially, we can speak of two fundamental pluralities--the plurality of the scientific research methods is complementary to the plurality of culture as a complex object of study. However, the notions of culture that are born out of different disciplines and viewpoints can hamper the comprehensive understanding of culture, since the synthesis or complementary linking of those notions is nearly utopic, as it would be to be aware of all the qualities of culture: Culture is the product of interacting human minds, and hence a science of culture will be a science of the most complex phenomenon on Earth. It will also be a science that must be built on interdisciplinary foundations including genetics, neuroscience, individual development, ecology and evolutionary biology, psychology and anthropology. In other words, a complete explanation of culture, if such a thing is ever possible, is going to comprise a synthesis of all human science. Such a synthesis poses significant conceptual and methodological problems, but also difficulties of another kind for those contributing to this science. Scholars from different disciplines are going to have to be tolerant of one another, open to ideas from other areas of knowledge. (Plotkin 2001: 91) Thus, there are two discernible tendencies in culture-studying disciplines. On one hand, the scholars try to ascertain what exactly is being studied and how it is being studied when a particular approach is applied; and what can possibly be the proper field of study for a general science of culture. …


Experimental studies have shown that Withanolides are group of pharmacologically active compounds (steroidal lactones), immunomodulatory agents mainly present in the leaves and roots of Withania somnifera plant. The present study is about virtual screening of Withanolide compounds to check for drug likeness by Lipinski's rule five and the screened compounds are allowed to binding with the human GM-CSFR, an immunomodulatory cytokine receptor expressed on dendritic cells. The binding pocket sites, the internal energy, the hydrogen bond interactions and the interacting amino acid residues of the human GM-CSFR with Withanolides were analyzed through molecular docking method. Among the Withanolides docked with human GM-CSFR, which is responsible for DCs survival, proliferation and differentiation, Withanolide A was identified to be a lead compound by binding with α subunit of GM-CSFR exhibiting a maximum Dock score of 28.07 and internal binding energy of -12.8 Kcal/mol. Levamisole as a standard immunomodulatory agent has shown maximum dock score of 28.639 and internal binding energy of -1.864 Kcal/mol. Withanolide A and Levamisole was docked with similar binding site amino acid, ARG302 of GM-CSFR. In addition, Withanolide A was also binding with LEU246 of GM-CSFR, as binding aminoacids predicted from PDBSUM.


Cystoisosporiasis (formerly isosporiasis) is caused by Cystoisospora belli (erstwhile named Isospora belli) is encountered globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Cystoisosporiasis is a human intestinal disease whose etiology is the parasite Cystoisospora belli with infection frequent in immunocompromised subjects, principally HIV-infected and AIDS patients. This coccidium parasite infects the epithelial cells and lining of the villi of the small and large intestines. C. belli is the least frequent of the three intestinal coccidia, viz: Cryptosporidium, microsporidium and C. belli which perturb humans. The clinical presentation of cystoisosporiasis gives a semblance of infl ammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, as well as other gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea, vomiting and diarhoea found in COVID-19, AIDS and HIV-infected patients. Research has not presented comorbid features of COVID-19 and cystoisosporiasis. The oocytes of C. belli are visualizable microscopically on wet mounts via bright-fi eld, diff erential interference contrast (DIC) and epifl uorescence. Trimethoprin sulfamethoxazole constitute the normal treatment of choice. C. belli,HIV-infected/AIDS and COVID-19 patients have clinicopathological correlates necessary to elucidate comorbidities and mechanisms of the diseases.


CANADA, 1900-1950 Un pays prend sa place/A Country Cornes of Age Serge Bernier and John MacFarlane, editors Ottawa: Organization for the History of Canada, 2003. 253pp, $15.00 paper (ISBN 0-9733730-0-8)The first half of the 20th century, the editors of this volume tell us, was a transitional period in Canada's history, a time when the country was seeking its own modern identity. The papers published here, originally presented at the sixth conference of the Organization for the History of Canada, do not, they acknowledge, cover the period in depth, but they do endeavour to trace Canada's evolution from a colony to a nation of increasing importance on the world scene, especially as a result of the second World War. Both domestic and international subjects are covered; the latter will be of most interest to readers of this journal, but they will find that the former also have value, by establishing some of the broader context for Canadian activities abroad.That Canada was slow to evolve from colony to nation in terms of the face it showed the world is symbolized for Mane-Josee Therrien by the design of the Canadian legation (now embassy) in Tokyo, completed in the early 1930s. Carried out under the watchful eye of Canada's first minister there, Sir Herbert Marler, this much admired project, Therrien points out, was reflective of Marler's taste as a member of Montreal's haute bourgeoisie and, by adopting the neo-Georgian style, represented his own and Canada's continuing attachment to the British connection. Because it was derivative, Thermen concludes that the legation was of little importance in the development of a distinctive Canadian architecture. One could argue, however, that it had symbolic value for a country new on the diplomatic circuit in Tokyo, by providing a striking presence there in an architectural language familiar to those acquainted with the international community.Canada's slowness to change was also reflected in immigration policy, which Patricia Roy finds to have been more restrictive in 1950 than in 1900. She does see the beginnings of a change of attitudes around the later year, however, although racial restrictions would not begin to be relaxed until 1962. This suggests that the real transitional years in immigration policy may have been the 1950s, with the explanation to be found in changes during that decade in public opinion and also in the evolution of attitudes in the public service and in the political parties.According to Patrick Brennan, it was easier to carry out an innovative foreign policy in the early years after the second World War, partly because of the influence of several leading anglophone journalists, including George Ferguson, Grant Dexter, Ken Wilson, Blair Fraser, and Bruce Hutchison. The picture Brennan paints is of a tight little establishment of journalists, officials, and like-minded politicians, one of whose objectives was to spread enlightenment, not only to the general public but also to other politicians whose views were more parochial. It would be interesting also to know about the role of francophone commentators, and to what extent writers from each linguistic community appeared in the media of the other.The postwar diplomacy that Brennan's journalists supported, according to Norman Hillmer, had more in common with that practised by Mackenzie King than either he or the diplomats of the later 1940s and 1950s might have cared to admit. King, Hillmer argues, accepted an obligation to support Britain if there should be war, but he and his Quebec lieutenant, Ernest Lapointe, confused the issue in public. …


Abstract. The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angstrom Coefficient (AC) predictions in the GISS-TOMAS model of global aerosol microphysics are evaluated against remote sensing data from MODIS, MISR, and AERONET. The model AOD agrees well (within a factor of two) over polluted continental (or high sulfate), dusty, and moderate sea-salt regions but less well over the equatorial, high sea-salt, and biomass burning regions. Underprediction of sea-salt in the equatorial region is likely due to GCM meteorology (low wind speeds and high precipitation). For the Southern Ocean, overprediction of AOD is very likely due to high sea-salt emissions and perhaps aerosol water uptake in the model. However, uncertainties in cloud screening at high latitudes make it difficult to evaluate the model AOD there with the satellite-based AOD. AOD in biomass burning regions is underpredicted, a tendency found in other global models but more severely here. Using measurements from the LBA-SMOCC 2002 campaign, the surface-level OC concentration in the model are found to be underpredicted severely during the dry season while much less severely for EC concentration, suggesting the low AOD in the model is due to underpredictions in OM mass. The potential for errors in emissions and wet deposition to contribute to this bias is discussed.


Salinity is one of the most structuring environmental factors for microeukaryotic communities. Using eDNA barcoding, I detected significant shifts in microeukaryotic community compositions occurring at distinct salinities between brackish and marine conditions in the Baltic Sea. I, furthermore, conducted a metadata analysis including my and other marine and hypersaline community sequence data to confirm the existence of salinity-related transition boundaries and significant changes in alpha diversity patterns along a brackish to hypersaline gradient. One hypothesis for the formation of salinity-dependent transition boundaries between brackish to hypersaline conditions is the use of different cellular haloadaptation strategies. To test this hypothesis, I conducted metatranscriptome analyses of microeukaryotic communities along a pronounced salinity gradient (40 – 380 ‰). Clustering of functional transcripts revealed differences in metabolic properties and metabolic capacities between microeukaryotic communities at specific salinities, corresponding to the transition boundaries already observed in the taxonomic eDNA barcoding approach. In specific, microeukaryotic communities thriving at mid-hypersaline conditions (≤ 150 ‰) seem to predominantly apply the 'low-salt – organic-solutes-in' strategy by accumulating compatible solutes to counteract osmotic stress. Indications were found for both the intracellular synthesis of compatible solutes as well as for cellular transport systems. In contrast, communities of extreme-hypersaline habitats (≥ 200 ‰) may preferentially use the 'high-salt-in' strategy, i. e. the intracellular accumulation of inorganic ions in high concentrations, which is implied by the increased expression of Mg2+, K+, Cl- transporters and channels.
In order to characterize the 'low-salt – organic-solutes-in' strategy applied by protists in more detail, I conducted a time-resolved transcriptome analysis of the heterotrophic ciliate Schmidingerothrix salinarum serving as model organism. S. salinarum was thus subjected to a salt-up shock to investigate the intracellular response to osmotic stress by shifts of gene expression. After increasing the external salinity, an increased expression of two-component signal transduction systems and MAPK cascades was observed. In an early reaction, the expression of transport mechanisms for K+, Cl- and Ca2+ increased, which may enhance the capacity of K+, Cl- and Ca2+ in the cytoplasm to compensate possibly harmful Na+ influx. Expression of enzymes for the synthesis of possible compatible solutes, starting with glycine betaine, followed by ectoine and later proline, could imply that the inorganic ions K+, Cl- and Ca2+ are gradually replaced by the synthesized compatible solutes. Additionally, expressed transporters for choline (precursor of glycine betaine) and proline could indicate an intracellular accumulation of compatible solutes to balance the external salinity. During this accumulation, the up-regulated ion export mechanisms may increase the capacity for Na+ expulsion from the cytoplasm and ion compartmentalization between cell organelles seem to happen.
The results of my PhD project revealed first evidence at molecular level for the salinity-dependent use of different haloadaptation strategies in microeukaryotes and significantly extend existing knowledge about haloadaptation processes in ciliates. The results provide ground for future research, such as (comparative) transcriptome analysis of ciliates thriving in extreme-hypersaline habitats or experiments like qRT-PCR to validate transcriptome results.


In this paper, the problem of pruning and compressing the weights of various layers of deep neural networks is investigated. The proposed method aims to remove redundant filters from the network to reduce computational complexity and storage requirements, while improving the performance of the original network. More specifically, a novel filter selection criterion is introduced based on the fact that filters whose weights follow a Gaussian distribution correspond to hidden units that do not capture important aspects of data. To this end, Higher Order Statistics (HOS) are used and filters with low cumulant values that do not deviate significantly from Gaussian distribution are identified and removed from the network. In addition, a novel pruning strategy is proposed aiming to decide on the pruning ratio of each layer using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The use of auxiliary MSE losses (intermediate and after the softmax layer) during the fine-tuning phase further improves the overall performance of the compressed network. Extensive experiments with different network architectures and comparison with state-of-the-art approaches on well-known public datasets, such as CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ILSCVR-12, demonstrate the great potential of the proposed approach.


The notion of subjective certainty has been ruled out of epistemological debate as unreliable and deceptive. In contrast, in this paper I argue that it is undoubtedly valuable to the field of epistemology of testimony, where hearers must choose whether or not they trust speakers' claims. I also argue that the role of subjective certainty depends on the context. In the philosophical context, where the skeptical threat cannot be avoided, subjective certainty can only perform a marginal role in the hearer's acquisition of knowledge from a speaker. In contrast, in the ordinary context subjective certainty can be the key factor that allows the transmission of knowledge, especially in "innocent testimony" cases where the hearer is not required to possess evidential reasons for trusting the speaker.


The United States is one of only a handful of nations in which immigrant women outnumber immigrant men. These women come from increasingly diverse regions, thereby bringing considerably different skills to the U.S. workforce. However, the question of how gender and ethnicity interact with each other to affect the economic performance of female immigrants remains especially understudied. Thus, this paper aims at providing some insight into this formerly neglected dimension of female immigrant performance. It examines the sources of wage differentials between immigrant females, and other groups in the U.S. labor force, paying particular attention to earnings inequalities created by the interaction ofgender and ethnicity. OLS regressions are used to carry out the analysis. A random sample of 100,000 immigrants and 50,000 natives is drawn from the 5% 2000 IPUMS data set. Their salary and wage income is regressed on several variables accounting for differences in human capital, gender and nationality, including interactions between gender and ethnicity. The results show that females and immigrants have relatively low wages because oftheir sex and country ofbirth. fu addition, interactions between gender and ethnicity are found to be significant determinants of wages.


The self-consistent evolution of the ion-acoustic collisionless shock with shock-reflected ions is numerically studied with kinetic simulations. We want to compare different approaches to the shock simulation based on the PIC-method. The results of one-dimensional fully kinetic simulation for both plasma components with the real ion-to-electron mass ratio are compared with those obtained for two different forms of the electron density distribution in terms of the wave electrostatic potential. One distribution corresponds to the Boltzmann approach, the other–– to the approach of the adiabatically trapped electrons.


Exploration and utilization of seashore potency has to be done sustainably. One of the most valuable plants at Krakal Beach, Gunung Kidul is macroalgae which has not been identified and produced well. Krakal Beach is one of the beach tourism area, which has not been developed yet. To increase the income of owners of the shops in this tourism area, a community development had been held from June to October 2013. The target of this activity were women, which work as shop owner, and join the group of shop owner called Kelompok Pedagang Sido Mulyo Pantai Krakal. The participants had been trained four times, i.e. to understand the sea potency and sustainable development; how to make a jam and sweets made from Euchema sp., and also make crispy chips made from Ulva lactuca, one of the commonly found algae at Krakal Beach. Other topics of training were product packaging; and marketing and promoting the product. The result of this community development was increasing of awareness of the participant to explore and utilize the local potency sustainability, and as well as the increasing of their income from unique-local macro algae product.


Good private manufacturing investment is a basic for the whole economy. However, many private investors in LDC"s are not participated in manufacturing sector. Since Ethiopia is one of these LDC"s its Economy depends on Agriculture. Therefore, private manufacturing investment is essential for the local as well as for the whole economy. The study used panel data collected from 205 respondents randomly selected sampled of private investors and workers of private firms from Mekelle city. The survey responses were analyzed through descriptive and econometric analysis using logit and multivariable regression model of analysis. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of private manufacturing investment on the local economy at Mekelle town. Data collected has been analyzed using both descriptive and econometric data analysis techniques. For the econometric analysis, this study employed the logistic regression model to analyze the dummy variables. And the multivariable regression model for the other variables that were out of the dummy variables. The descriptive technique also used for the characteristic and demographic of the respondents. The study concluded that the impact of private manufacturing investment has positive impact on the local economy and it may also lay some ground for further study related to the area.


The microflora of Herrgard cheese produced at three dairies was compared after three and six months maturation. The microflora of cheeses from two of the dairies was dominated by a spontaneous microflora of Lactobacillus after three months of ripening, while starter bacteria still dominated in cheese from the third dairy after six months. Isolates were typed by the PCR-based method Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The Lactobacillus flora in cheese from different dairies consisted mainly of diverse RAPD-types, but of the 24 RAPD-types found, three were isolated from cheese made at two different dairies and two other RAPD-types were isolated from cheese from all three dairies. The RAPD-typing indicated a succession between different types of Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria (NSLAB) in cheese from one of the dairies. The NSLAB in Danbo cheese was studied, with special emphasis on Lactobacillus, using six ripened cheeses of different ages and of different brands. The microflora in five cheeses was dominated by Lactobacillus, but the sixth cheese contained no Lactobacillus. Ten RAPD-types were found and 70 % of the isolates were of RAPD-types found in more than one cheese. The different RAPD-types of NSLAB were identified to species level by Temporal Temperature Gradient gel Electrophoresis (TTGE). Most NSLAB isolates were identified as Lactobacillus paracasei (76 %), but Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus curvatus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were also found. 37 Lactobacillus casei/paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains of mostly human or cheese origin were classified by Restriction Endonuclease Analysis (REA) of the total chromosomal DNA and TTGE of PCR amplified 16s rDNA fragments. REA-typing singled out three major clusters, two composed of Lactobacillus paracasei and one of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. The groups obtained by TTGE corresponded generally with the REA-clusters. All Lactobacillus paracasei strains had one amplified 16s rDNA fragment incommon, but were separated into five subgroups due to the presence of one or two additional fragments amplified for some strains. The observed heterogeniety in the 16s rDNA of about half of the tested Lactobacillus paracasei strains might provide an explanation of the diversity within this species. A cheese model system, reproducible and comparable to cheese manufactured in full-scale in terms of moisture, salt content, pH and microbial ecology, was developed. Lactobacillus strains originating from cheese or human mucosa were tested as adjunct cultures in the cheese model system. The test-strains were mainly Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. Adjuncts of Lactobacillus paracasei were re-isolated more frequently than adjuncts of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, but no correlation was found between re-isolation and the origin of the adjunct. The flavour development was generally strain dependent, but adjuncts of Lactobacillus paracasei were slightly more common in improving cheese flavour. Model cheese with a microflora dominated by an RAPD-type of Lactobacillus plantarum was associated with off-flavour and serine degradation. Two human-derived Lactobacillus paracasei strains were used as adjunct cultures in pilot scale cheese production. These strains improved cheese flavour and survived passage through the human gastro-intestinal tract when delivered in semi-hard cheese. The NSLAB did not share this characteristic. (Less)


I think that I cannot preserve my health and spirits unless I spend four hours a day at least – and it is commonly more than that – sauntering through the woods and over the hills and fields absolutely free from all worldly engagements. You may safely say a penny for your thoughts, or a thousand pounds. When sometimes I am reminded that the mechanics and shop-keepers stay in their shops not only all the forenoon, but all the afternoon too, sitting with crossed legs, so many of them – as if the legs were made to sit upon, and not to stand or walk upon – I think that they deserve some credit for not having all committed suicide long ago.


Direct numerical simulation of two turbulent boundary layer flows has been performed. The boundary layers are both subject to a strong adverse pressure gradient. In one case a separation bubble is created while in the other the boundary layer is everywhere attached. The data from the simulations are used to investigate scaling laws near the wall, a crucial concept in turbulence models. Theoretical work concerning the inner region in a boundary layer under an adverse pressure gradient is reviewed and extended to the case of separation. Excellent agreement between theory and data from the direct numerical simulation is found in the viscous sub-layer, while a qualitative agreement is obtained for the overlap region.


Social taboos exist in most cultures, both Western and non-Western. They are good examples of informal institutions, where norms, rather than governmental juridical laws and rules, determine human behavior. In many traditional societies throughout the world, taboos frequently guide human conduct toward the natural environment. Based on a survey of recent literature, we synthesize information on such taboos. We refer to them as "resource and habitat taboos" (RHTs). Examples are grouped in six different categories depending on their potential nature conservation and management functions. We compare RHTs with contemporary measures of conservation and identify and discuss some key benefits that may render them useful in partnership designs for conservation and management. We conclude that many RHTs have functions similar to those of formal institutions for nature conservation in contemporary society but have not been sufficiently recognized in this capacity. We suggest that designs for conservation of biologi...