Abstract. The deposition of dust has recently increased significantly over some regions of the western US. Here we explore how changes in dust deposition have affected the biogeochemistry of two alpine watersheds in Colorado, US. We first reconstruct recent changes in the mass accumulation rate of sediments and then we use isotopic measurements in conjunction with a Bayesian mixing model to infer that approximately 95% of the inorganic fraction of lake sediments is derived from dust. Elemental analyses of modern dust indicate that dust is enriched in Ca, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ni, and in one watershed, Fe and P relative to bedrock. The increase in dust deposition combined with its enrichment in certain elements has altered the biogeochemisty of these systems. Both lakes showed an increase in primary productivity as evidenced by a decrease in carbon isotopic discrimination; however, the cause of increased primary productivity varies due to differences in watershed characteristic. The lake in the larger watershed experienced greater atmospheric N loading and less P loading from the bedrock leading to a greater N:P flux ratio. In contrast, the lake in the smaller watershed experienced less atmospheric N loading and greater P loading from the bedrock, leading to a reduced N:P flux ratio. As a result, primary productivity was more constrained by N availability in the smaller watershed. N-limited primary productivity in the smaller watershed was partly ameliorated by an increase in nitrogen fixation as indicated by reduced nitrogen isotopic values in more contemporary sediments. This study illustrates that alpine watersheds are excellent integrators of changes in atmospheric deposition, but that the biogeochemical response of these watersheds may be mediated by their physical (i.e. watershed area) and chemical (i.e. underlying geology) properties.


The work of Fu et al. regarding temporal signal behavior in noisy light-induced, Raman-enhanced, nondegenerate four-wave mixing (I(2)RENFWM) is reassessed using factorized time correlation (FTC) analysis. Close correspondence is observed between the FTC predictions and the prior analysis. Strikingly, the observed experimental and theoretical behavior of the I(2)RENFWM signal is largely captured by a single FTC diagram, from which physical insight can be obtained.


It is well documented that the incidence of renal disease, and therefore renal dysfunction, increases with age in many species of mammals. Such alterations in renal structure and function may significantly affect long-term toxicology studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the temporal evolution of glomerulosclerosis, an important renal lesion, in laboratory housed dogs, an important model system in chronic toxicological studies. We histopathologically examined representative sections of dog kidneys, quantified glomerular lesions (using the 0-5 scale of the World Health Organization classification system) and performed of statistical analysis of the extent and distribution of such changes. The kidney samples were obtained by necropsy, and occasionally biopsy, procedures from a collection of 159 purebred Beagle dogs maintained for their entire lifespan in well-controlled conditions. The lesions were correlated with sex, age, and intra-renal location of affected glomeruli to determine the relationship of each in the development of glomerulosclerosis. All dogs examined had some degree of glomerulosclerosis. In the youngest (up to 2 years of age), this was minimal, but was more advanced by middle age (3-7 years). The condition progressed with further aging and was associated with progressive fibrosis and tubular loss. Location and advancing age were significantly related to the development of glomerulosclerosis such that as age increases, the incidence of glomerulosclerosis increases, with the inner medullary ray and inner cortex demonstrating the highest occurrence. Using immunohistochemical analysis, the percentage of type IV collagen within glomeruli was determined. No significant increase in type IV collagen in glomeruli due to age or location was seen. An increase in type III or type V collagen within glomeruli was not apparent either, upon visual examination. This study indicates that renal lesions, including glomerulosclerosis, occur commonly and progress over the lifetime in a genetically similar population of laboratory Beagle dogs maintained under optimal standard environmental conditions. Such typical, age-related change needs to be taken into consideration when conducting chronic toxicological experiments using such animals.


Title of dissertation: ADAPTIVE FLIGHT AND ECHOLOCATION BEHAVIOR IN BATS Benjamin Mather Falk, Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Dissertation directed by: Professor Cynthia F. Moss Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Bats use sonar to identify and localize objects as they fly and navigate in the dark. They actively adjust the timing, intensity, and frequency content of their sonar signals in response to task demands. They also control the directional characteristics of their sonar vocalizations with respect to objects in the environment. Bats demonstrate highly maneuverable and agile flight, producing high turn rates and abrupt changes in speed, as they travel through the air to capture insects and avoid obstacles. Bats face the challenge of coordinating flight kinematics with sonar behavior, as they adapt to meet the varied demands of their environment. This thesis includes three studies, one on the comparison of flight and echolocation behavior between an open space and a complex environment, one on the coordination of flight and echolocation behavior during climbing and turning, and one on the flight kinematic changes that occur under wind gust conditions. In the first study, we found that bats adapt the structure of the sonar signals, temporal patterning, and flight speed in response to a change in their environment. We also found that flight stereotypy developed over time in the more complex environment, but not to the extent expected from previous studies of non-foraging bats. We found that the sonar beam aim of the bats predicted flight turn rate, and that the relationship changed as the bats reacted to the obstacles. In the second study, we characterized the coordination of flight and sonar behavior as bats made a steep climb and sharp turns while they navigated a net obstacle. We found the coordinated production of sonar pulses with the wingbeat phase became altered during navigation of tight turns. In the third study, we found that bats adapt wing kinematics to perform under wind gust conditions. By characterizing flight and sonar behaviors in an insectivorous bat species, we find evidence for tight coordination of sensory and motor systems for obstacle navigation and insect capture. Through these studies, we learn about the mechanisms by which mammals and other organisms process sensory information to adapt their behaviors. ADAPTIVE FLIGHT AND ECHOLOCATION BEHAVIOR IN BATS


textabstractPerformance evaluation has been one of the most critical components in management. As production systems nowadays consist of a growing number of integrated and interacting processes, the interrelationship and dynamic among processes have create a major challenge in measuring system and process performance. Meanwhile, rapid information obsolescence has become a commonplace in today's high-velocity environment. Managers therefore need to make process design decisions based on incomplete information regarding the future market. This thesis studies the above problems in the evaluation and design of complex production systems. Based on the widely used Data Envelopment Analysis models, we develop a generalized methodology to evaluate the dynamic efficiency of production networks. Our method evaluates both the supply network and its constituent firms in a systematic way. The evaluation result can help identify inefficiency in the network, which is important information for improving the network performance. Part II of the thesis covers multi-criteria process design methods developed for situations of different information availability. Our design approaches combine interdisciplinary techniques to facilitate efficient decision-making in situations with limited information and high uncertainty. As an illustration, we apply these approaches to project selection and resource allocation problems in a supply chain.


Turkish cuisine is influenced by various cultures and has a rich menu by influencing cultures. One of the leading products of the  rich menu is the baklava. Baklava is defined as "a dough fresh made from very thin, made with peanuts, hazelnuts, walnuts etc. baked and sprinkled on it" by Turkish Language Institution. Although the baklava is traditional Turkish sweet, various countries  accept the baklava as their own sweet. Therefore, in this study, to investigate the historical development of baklava and to  examine how it is shaped today. Various literature sources have been searched fort his, research information has been reached  through academic theses, journals and articles. As a result, it has been undestood that baklava is a Turkish sweet of Central Asia  and that it is influenced by various cultures in taking shape today. In addition, it was understood that baklava would need human  power to build baklava and if mechanization and technology develops, this will not be the case with baklava.


Abstract. Predicting the distribution of light inside any turbid media, such as biological tissue, requires detailed information about the optical properties of the medium, including the absorption and scattering coefficients and the anisotropy factor. Particularly, in biophotonic applications where photons directly interact with the tissue, this information translates to system design optimization, precision in light delivery, and minimization of unintended consequences, such as phototoxicity or photobleaching. In recent years, optogenetics has opened up a new area in deep brain stimulation with light and the method is widely adapted by researchers for the study of the brain circuitries and the dynamics of neurological disorders. A key factor for a successful optogenetic stimulation is delivering an adequate amount of light to the targeted brain objects. The adequate amount of light needed to stimulate each brain object is identified by the tissue optical properties as well as the type of opsin expressed in the tissue, wavelength of the light, and the physical dimensions of the targeted area. Therefore, to implement a precise light delivery system for optogenetics, detailed information about the optical properties of the brain tissue and a mathematical model that incorporates all determining factors is needed to find a good estimation of light distribution in the brain. In general, three measurements are required to obtain the optical properties of any tissue, namely diffuse transmitted light, diffuse reflected light, and transmitted ballistic beam. In this report, these parameters were measured in vitro using intact rat brain slices of 500 μm thickness via a two-integrating spheres optical setup. Then, an inverse adding doubling method was used to extract the optical properties of the tissue from the collected data. These experiments were repeated to cover the whole brain tissue with high spatial resolution for the three different cuts (transverse, sagittal, and coronal) and three different wavelengths (405, 532, and 635 nm) in the visible range of the spectrum. A three-dimensional atlas of the rat brain optical properties was constructed based on the experimental measurements. This database was linked to a Monte Carlo toolbox to simulate light distribution in the tissue for different light source configurations.


A decentralized adaptive output feedback control design is proposed for large-scale interconnected systems. It is assumed that all the controllers share prior information about the system reference models. Based on that information, a linearly parameterized neural network is introduced for each subsystem to partially cancel the effect of the interconnections on the tracking performance. Boundedness of error signals is shown through Lyapunov's direct method.


Leatherback and other marine turtles are classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), largely due to anthropogenic factors (e.g. poaching, habitat destruction and incidental mortality in fisheries). A need to understand the visual capacities of marine turtles has arisen from mortality caused by attraction of these turtles to chemiluminescent lights used by swordfish longline fisheries. Finding light sources that do not attract turtles, but enhance swordfish catch, could remove a major source of anthropogenic mortality to the Critically Endangered leatherback sea turtle. Using field-adapted non-invasive electrophysiology (corneal electroretinogram), we determined that leatherback spectral sensitivities differ significantly from those of green and loggerhead turtles with peak sensitivity in the shorter wavelengths. Leatherback temporal sensitivities also differ greatly from those of green turtles and peak at lower frequencies. Our results show that while leatherback and swordfish spectral sensitivities are similar, temporal response frequencies are very different. This difference provides a possible means to reduce the attraction of leatherbacks to swordfish longline gear by switching to electroluminescent attractants that use rapidly flickering light sources. Light sources flickered at >16 Hz should be difficult for leatherbacks to detect as flickering, while remaining readily seen as flickering by swordfish.


This paper lights a torch at the dual flame of Paul Ricoeur's interaction theory of meaning and Northrop Frye's centripetal theory of meaning to shed light on the little discussed implications of "four-syllable elaborate expressions"—polyfunctional poetic phrases that frequently surface both in Chinese discourse and in various translations of the Chinese Bible. The term "emergent text-level meaning" (Walrod 2007) describes the gestalt semantics of a given text which, much like consciousness, cannot be reduced to the sum of its conventionally defined parts. Four-syllable elaborate expressions are common in the languages of East and Southeast Asia and involve aesthetically pleasing, often ancient, combinations of monosyllabic morpheme pairs that constitute microcosmic texts in themselves. For example, 四面八方 'four faces, eight places' is the Dangdai Yiben (Chinese Living Version) rendering of the Job 37:3 phrase, כַּנְפֹ֥ות הָאָָֽרֶץ or 'the wings of the earth', usually translated, "the ends of the earth" in English. Applying insights from the metaphor-oriented hermeneutics of Ricoeur (1981) and Frye (2006), we argue that four-syllable elaborate expressions illustrate some of the ways in which "metaphor" and "text" function interdependently. The meaning that emerges from this interaction of microcosm and macrocosm is itself dependent on an often overlooked factor: the successful integration of a poetic imagination conversant with the dynamics of language and thought in a given socio-geographical context—in this case, East Asia. Our conclusions have implications for philosophy of language and translation theory alike.


In this paper, the kinematical theorem of limit analysis is used to obtain the governing failure mechanisms and the corresponding failure load of reinforced concrete footings without transverse reinforcement. To that purpose, a Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is used for the concrete together with uniaxial rigid-plastic behaviour for the reinforcing bars. Two different mechanisms allowing failures with both rotational and translational movements are used. The results show that various failure modes can develop, associated to clockwise or counter-clockwise rotations combined with translational movements. It is also shown that a flexural-shear regime, representing a transition between pure flexural and punching shear failures may be governing, with a lower load carrying capacity than a pure flexural failure mechanism. Finally, it is shown that the failure mechanism governing in the punching shear regime might be dependent on the amount of top compression reinforcement. A fairly good agreement is found between theoretical and experimental results.


Abstract We study a dynamic market with asymmetric information that creates the lemons problem. We compare efficiency of the market under different assumptions about the timing of trade. We identify positive and negative aspects of dynamic trading, describe the optimal market design under regularity conditions and show that continuous-time trading can always be improved upon if sellers are present at t = 0 . Instead, continuous trading is optimal if sellers arrive stochastically over time.


The goal of this study is twofold: first, to quantify the economic factors driving greenhouse gas emissions in Norway, and second, to assess if random variations in the data affect the results. We use structural decomposition analysis (SDA) with chained constant price input–output tables and environmental extensions. We construct three sets of constant-price data using a smoothing algorithm to remove random variations from the data, and find that the results of the SDA are relatively robust to these variations. The production of exports was responsible for around 70% of the growth in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2002, household consumption of domestically produced products for about 15%, government 10%, with the remainder due to gross capital formation. The dominance of exports in the emissions growth may make future greenhouse gas mitigation challenging in Norway, particularly considering that the exports are dominated by oil and gas production.


We present an overview of free energy methods and rare event sampling techniques which are commonly used in the context of biomolecular simulations at different length scales. Our intention is to focus on the description of the main principles behind these methods. A large number of methods introduce an artificial biasing energy for the calculation of free energies and the sampling of rare events. In contrast, there also exist several other methods which avoid this concept and purely rely on unbiased simulations. Another important factor to distinguish between the methods is the use of reaction coordinates or order parameters. The introduction of reaction coordinates, which can be regarded as a projection onto a few important variables, reduces the phase space significantly. In this reaction coordinate space, lowest free energy pathways can be identified at the price of losing potentially important degrees of freedom. We discuss advantages as well as limitations and highlight the differences and similarities between the methods.


1 Abstract The present study examined the role of target and judge interaction demands on first impression accuracy (N = 195). Specifically, the role of targets' self-presentation concerns and judges' information processing demands on accuracy for interpersonal traits (i.e., traits likely to be accentuated within an interpersonal context) and less interpersonal traits (i.e., traits less likely to be accentuated within an interpersonal context) was examined. Pairs of unacquainted participants (n = 88; females = 52, males = 36) interacted for ten-minutes in one of three interaction conditions that sought to vary interaction demands by manipulating the degree to which participants were aware of judging and/or being judged. Accuracy was assessed by correlating judgments formed with a measure of target's personality that comprised an average of self-ratings and informant-ratings (n = 107). Findings revealed that in interaction conditions where there was a mismatch in evaluation expectations when a participant knows he or she will judge but not that he or she will be judged accuracy for "less interpersonal" traits is diminished. Findings are discussed in relation to Patterson's (1995) Parallel Process model of interpersonal communication and Funder's Realistic Accuracy Model (1995). Limitations in terms of the generalisability of the findings are discussed.


— Code smells are poor implementation choices applied by developers during software evolution that often lead to critical flaws or failure. Much in the same way, community smells reflect the presence of organizational and socio-technical issues within a software community that may lead to additional project costs. Recent empirical studies provide evidence that community smells are often—if not always—connected to circumstances such as code smells. In this paper we look deeper into this connection by conducting a mixed-methods empirical study of 117 releases from 9 open-source systems. The qualitative and quantitative sides of our mixed-methods study were run in parallel and assume a mutually-confirmative connotation. On the one hand, we survey 162 developers of the 9 considered systems to investigate whether developers perceive relationship between community smells and the code smells found in those projects. On the other hand, we perform a fine-grained analysis into the 117 releases of our dataset to measure the extent to which community smells impact code smell intensity (i.e., criticality). We then propose a code smell intensity prediction model that relies on both technical and community-related aspects. The results of both sides of our mixed-methods study lead to one conclusion: community-related factors contribute to the intensity of code smells. This conclusion supports the joint use of community and code smells detection as a mechanism for the joint management of technical and social problems around software development communities.


Many strands of archaeology have not succeeded in disentangling the complex relationship between humans and things. They are based on the anthropocentric notion that the relationship between humans and things is guided by human intentionality and conceptualized from a human perspective. Within the last few years, material culture studies and workplace studies have demonstrated how objects can trigger practices or have an agency of their own. These studies have empirically applied Pierre Bourdieu's habitus concept and Bruno Latour's actor-network theory. In my view, it is time to extend the practice turn of culture studies and social anthropology to archaeology. This should not lead archaeologists to dismiss previous approaches but should encourage them to supplement them with additional insights. Humans and objects are connected by complex entanglements which are based on a mutual dependence. Humans use objects with multiple intentions, but at the same time feel that things move or prompt them to act. Humans communicate through objects but also with objects in the context of social practices. I argue for the transformative power of the human-thing-entanglement within processes of appropriation by drawing on contextual analyses of Aegean-type pottery in the Southern Levant in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages.


Abstract. Temperature profiles from two satellite instruments – TIMED/SABER and Aura/MLS – have been used to calculate hydroxyl-layer equivalent temperatures for comparison with values measured from OH(6-2) emission lines observed by a ground-based spectrometer located at Davis Station, Antarctica (68° S, 78° E). The profile selection criteria – miss-distance 97° – yielded a total of 2359 SABER profiles over 8 years (2002–2009) and 7407 MLS profiles over 5.5 years (2004–2009). The availability of simultaneous OH volume emission rate (VER) profiles from the SABER (OH-B channel) enabled an assessment of the impact of several different weighting functions in the calculation of OH-equivalent temperatures. The maximum difference between all derived hydroxyl layer equivalent temperatures was less than 3 K. Restricting the miss-distance and miss-time criteria showed little effect on the bias, suggesting that the OH layer is relatively uniform over the spatial and temporal scales considered. However, a significant trend was found in the bias between SABER and Davis OH of ~0.7 K/year over the 8-year period with SABER becoming warmer compared with the Davis OH temperatures. In contrast, Aura/MLS exhibited a cold bias of 9.9 ± 0.4 K compared with Davis OH, but importantly, the bias remained constant over the 2004–2009 year period examined. The difference in bias behaviour of the two satellites has significant implications for multi-annual and long-term studies using their data.


A Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) was undertaken in two logging concessions bounding the Kerinci Seblat National Park in Central Sumatra. The REA was implemented by WWF Indonesia and funded by the World Bank. CIFOR together with LIPI advised on survey method as part of a wider study involving biodiversity assessment in the Jambi Province. An international team investigated biodiversity pattern in vascular plant species and plant functional groups, insects (mainly butterflies, moths, dung beetles and carabids), herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles), bats, rodents, large mammals and birds. Unusually restrictive logistics reduced the number of sites to approximately half that needed for a statistical analysis. Results indicate that while plant species and functional richness vary directly with elevation, fauna show a reverse trend. The paper comments on ways of improving logging practices to conserve biodiversity. New global levels of species and functional richness were recorded for several sites. Any future baseline study will require a wider sample of land cover types.


The present study aim at investigating the quality properties of beef sausage formulated with dried pumpkin powder. Sausages prepared with recommended raw materials. Three levels of dried pumpkin powder (10%, 20%, and 30%) incorporated, while control sample left free (0%).Proximate composition, pH value, water holding capacity, microbiological aspects and sensory properties of beef sausages were carried out. Incorporation of dried pumpkin powder had significant impact, where decreasing pattern of moisture content observed as the level of dried pumpkin powder increased. The sample formulated with 30% dried pumpkin powder recorded the lowest moisture content (64.22%) compared with (72.43%) for the control sample. Significance increase (p ) of fat and protein content recorded, where the sample formulated with 30% dried pumpkin powder recorded the highest content (9.30%) and (20.55%), respectively. Moreover, increase of dried pumpkin powder levels decreased pH value and increased water holding capacity. Produced sausage samples had total viable bacterial count ranged between 2.89 log 10 cfu/g and 1.70 log 10 cfu/g. Interestingly, the findings obtained mirrored that all samples free of salmonella. Positive effect on improvement of color observed where, the sample formulated with 30% recorded the highest score rating (5.38) compared with the control sample (4.90).


Optimizing distributed learning systems is an art of balancing between computation and communication. There have been two lines of research that try to deal with slower networks: {\em communication compression} for low bandwidth networks, and {\em decentralization} for high latency networks. In this paper, We explore a natural question: {\em can the combination of both techniques lead to a system that is robust to both bandwidth and latency?} Although the system implication of such combination is trivial, the underlying theoretical principle and algorithm design is challenging: unlike centralized algorithms, simply compressing {\rc exchanged information, even in an unbiased stochastic way, within the decentralized network would accumulate the error and cause divergence.} In this paper, we develop a framework of quantized, decentralized training and propose two different strategies, which we call {\em extrapolation compression} and {\em difference compression}. We analyze both algorithms and prove both converge at the rate of $O(1/\sqrt{nT})$ where $n$ is the number of workers and $T$ is the number of iterations, matching the convergence rate for full precision, centralized training. We validate our algorithms and find that our proposed algorithm outperforms the best of merely decentralized and merely quantized algorithm significantly for networks with {\em both} high latency and low bandwidth.


263 Abstract: The frogs used in this study were divided into three groups. The first group consisted of frogs collected from their natural habitat, and these animals were dissected immediately. The bodies of the frogs in the second group were totally submerged in water at +4 °C, and the third group of frogs was kept in a dry environment. The lung sections were examined under a light microscope after being stained. The lungs were found to have three folds: the primary, secondary and tertiary septa. Goblet cells were not only found among the ciliated cells but were also seen among pneumocytes. In particular, the goblet cells found among the pneumocytes were seen to form Òmucous doorsÓ. The pneumocytes and goblet cells in the second group of animals were characterized by coarse granular areas in dark-stained nuclei, and the cytoplasm of the goblet and neuroepithelial endocrine cells also contained numerous scattered secretory granules. The pneumocyte nuclei in the third group of animals were lightly stained and possessed large nucleoli. The goblet and neuroepithelial endocrine cells of this group exhibited different stages of secretion and production. Therefore, this implies that the third group of frogs used their lungs during respiration, but a dry environment was not suitable for their survival. In contrast, the second group of frogs were in hibernation and did not use their lungs.


Urban infrastructure is a complex interdependent system of system. It provides a framework that connect and integrate social, cultural, financial, natural, technological and human values. This paper contributes to the development of new approaches towards urban infrastructure governance, identified as one of the key issues in the field of sustainable urban infrastructure. To do that, we explore cross-sectoral urban infrastructure projects, in which infrastructures supplying different urban functions are connected. This focus on a local level of cross-domain connection allows us to understand the challenges of such connections on a project-level, giving us practical insights into management and governance challenges. We analyse four local projects of cross-sector connections of infrastructures, aiming to understand the collaborative dynamics of governing such projects towards successful outcomes, in terms of overcoming the barriers towards such projects while creating value. Given the high expectations of increased value of integrated urban infrastructures compared to traditional, siloed infrastructure development and management, the insights from local, project-level experiences, in addition to holistic perspectives, can be informative for investment strategy development by private and public stakeholders.


Malaria remains a major global health problem. Highly effective anti-malarial treatments are critical to the malaria elimination agenda. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax challenge these efforts. In this thesis, novel ex vivo tools were developed and applied to investigate various phenotypic aspects of anti-malarial resistance and resulted in the following principal findings: 1. Napththoquine and methylene blue showed potent ex vivo efficacy againstmultidrug resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax, highlighting their potential use for malaria treatment. 2. A rapid and robust drug susceptibility quantification method by using flowcytometry was developed; highlighting the potential use of this method forroutine ex vivo drug surveillance and higher throughput anti-malarial drugscreening. 3. The evaluation of various programs and online platforms to estimate anti-malarial IC50s, a key parameter in expressing cytostatic drug activity,provides useful guidance for researchers in making an informed decision onwhat analysis tool is most suitable for their purposes. 4. Testing of 'reversed chloroquine' compounds and CQ reversal agentsrevealed contrasting resistance reversal patterns between P. falciparum and P.vivax, indicating different CQ transport mechanism in the two species. 5. CQ transport kinetic studies using a novel field-applicable flow cytometryassay revealed contrasting patterns in P. falciparum and P. vivax, supportinga growing body of evidence suggesting different mechanisms of CQ actionand resistance in these two species. This thesis contributed to the improvement of ex vivo tools for drug resistance surveillance and the screening of novel anti-malarial lead compounds. For the first time, the studies investigated CQ uptake and efflux in P. vivax and hence, contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms of CQ action and resistance in this species. Finally, the phenotypic data provide a prerequisite for more in-depth genomic studies on the molecular determinants of anti-malarial resistance.


Purpose
English education researchers have used video annotation to connect theory to practice and to encourage prospective secondary English teachers (PSETs) to reflectively evaluate their own and others' teaching. This study aimed to examine whether and how PSETs' annotations of their own and others' teaching videos reveal (dis)connections between visions of English teaching valued in methods courses and those practiced in local school field placements.

Design/methodology/approach
Examination of 538 annotations on 18 lesson videos – recorded in a university teaching-methods course and in local secondary classrooms by 12 PSETs in a rural, northeastern US teacher-preparation program – revealed what kinds of practices PSETs evaluated and with whom they identified (student or teacher) as they made those evaluations.

Findings
Annotations from two PSETs illustrate a trend in the larger data sets: PSETs' annotations expressed pedagogical values that differed and sometimes conflicted according to their identification with the role of student or of teacher. PSETs' preferences as students were often superseded by visions of what one must do/be in the secondary English classroom.

Research limitations/implications
This study identifies tensions among PSETs' annotations that corresponded to their identifications with the role of student or of teacher but does not explore whether and how they reconciled these tensions, or how they might affect student learning. Future research might explore how PSETs negotiate contradictions in their pedagogical preferences as they annotate their own and others' teaching videos.

Practical implications
English teacher educators who use video-based methods might attend to whether and how such assignments/activities position PSETs as students or as teachers in viewing teaching videos.

Originality/value
PSETs may value different and even conflicting pedagogical practices, regardless of setting and despite their own experiences, based on their identifications with the role of student or of teacher. These identifications may allow them to compartmentalize visions of teaching that might otherwise come into productive conflict.


Knowing what the conversation on Twitter regarding type 1 diabetes (T1D) is about can help in understanding the kind of information relevant to the individuals affected by the disease. The profile of Twitter users posting on T1D was collected and classified. The number of re-tweets was also registered. The tweets posted by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), communication media, and individuals affected by T1D had higher number of potential readers. More than a half of the tweets were posted by individuals affected by T1D, and their tweets were the most re-tweeted. The next most active users were NGOs and healthcare professionals. However, while tweets soliciting for research funds posted by the NGOs were the next most re-tweeted messages, tweets posted by healthcare professionals were the least re-tweeted. Twitter could be used more actively by healthcare professionals to disseminate correct information about T1D.


BACKGROUND AND DESIGN
The term linear IgA bullous dermatosis defines an immune-mediated blistering skin disease characterized by pruritic blisters, subepidermal separation with neutrophilic infiltration, and linear IgA antibody deposition at the basement membrane zone (BMZ). However, some patients with linear IgA bullous dermatosis demonstrate both IgA and IgG anti-BMZ autoantibodies on immunofluorescence. We describe four such patients and attempt to define this group of patients by studying their clinical, histopathologic, immunopathologic, immunoultrastructural, and immunochemical characteristics.

RESULTS
Clinically, all four patients had a generalized pruritic blistering skin disease consistent with linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Histopathologically, all four cases demonstrated subepidermal blister formation with a predominantly neutrophilic dermal infiltrate. Immunopathologically, tissue-bound IgA (in four of four patients) and IgG (in three of four patients) antibodies were detected at the BMZ. Circulating IgA (in four of four patients) and IgG (in four of four patients) labeled the epidermal BMZ of normal human skin fractured at the lamina lucida and did not label the dermal BMZ. By immunoblot analyses, IgA (in three of three patients) and IgG (in one of three patients) circulating antibodies labeled the 97-kd linear IgA bullous dermatosis antigen. By direct immunoelectron microscopy, IgA and IgG antibodies were localized (in two of two patients) exclusively within the upper lamina lucida of the BMZ.

CONCLUSIONS
Four cases of an immune-mediated blistering skin disease typical for linear IgA bullous dermatosis demonstrated both IgA and IgG anti-BMZ autoantibodies against the linear IgA bullous dermatosis antigen within the upper lamina lucida. We conclude that linear IgA bullous dermatosis should include a subgroup of patients with both IgA and IgG anti-BMZ autoantibodies.


Abstract Purpose: Given minimal studies describing the role and practice of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in adult palliative care, the aim of this review was to compile a database of research literature, examine the potential research gaps and to consider material that specifically discussed the need for and/or use of procedures and protocols for SLPs working in palliative care that would support the development of SLP palliative care guidelines. Method: A scoping review was conducted utilising Arksey and O'Malley's framework with the goal of exploring any key concepts and approaches utilised by SLPs in adult palliative care, plus any literature and/or recommendations regarding SLP practice in adult palliative care settings. Result: Over 1200 articles were initially identified. Of the 1200 articles, 13 academic papers were considered relevant as they recommended, or at least suggested, the need for speech-language pathology therapy guidelines to be implemented within adult palliative care settings. Conclusion: The main focus of these articles was on ethical considerations and clinical recommendations for SLPs. Recommendations arising from this scoping review include providing goals to support current practising SLP clinicians and developing clinical guidelines to manage swallowing and/or communication needs of people receiving palliative care.


I was asked on a recent train trip from Boston to New York, what I considered to be the "proper role and purpose of government" in today's modern world. I rambled off something about utopian mechanisms bounded by historical hierarchy and quickly returned to my copy of the Journal. However, as the train lumbered through the New England countryside, I began to consider the question more seriously and later on that evening (after a run through Central Park and a meandering stroll through the village), I wrote the following essay. What follows is my attempt to answer the gentleman's aforementioned question. I was asked on a recent train trip from Boston to New York, what I considered to be the "proper role and purpose of government" in today's modern world. I rambled off something about utopian mechanisms bounded by historical hierarchy and quickly returned to my copy of the Journal. However, as the train lumbered through the New England countryside, I began to consider the question more seriously and later on that evening (after a run through Central Park and a meandering stroll through the village), I wrote the following essay. What follows is my attempt to answer the gentleman's aforementioned question: The role and purpose of government can be viewed within a structural context. As such, I will use three differing political ideologies to define setting (points along a continuous, horizontal spectrum if you wish).. If I am to learn anything at all from this little train trip of mine, I should place such defined "roles and purposes" alongside a brief discussion of the "nature of man",. My view of the 'ideology of democracy' shall be as the early writers suggested: Classical Liberalism. I understand democratic rule to "see" imposed government as a "necessary evil" which is established by the full will and consent of those it governs. It is created for the sole reason of maintaining a "social order". Rule is viewed as passive and reactive to social patterns, practices, and problems. Democratic governments recognize freedom and equality (at least, political equality which is a major point of stipulation, as we have learned through our cohort maturity) of its citizens. The "individual" has a realm of "private life" which is separate, distinct, and (theoretically) "outside" of governmental influence. Unlike other political ideologies, democracy (as rule) is not necessarily held responsible for "improving the life" of its citizens. Democracy exists only to maintain free markets and social peace by which the people are free to do as they wish to the extent that individual acts do not become harmful to others. I wonder, as I sit here this evening looking out at the Manhattan skyline, what the early writers would think of our "modern world". Moving along the imaginary spectrum, one must stop to consider Marx's thoughts and opinions. I remember those long nights as a child by the fireplace, trying to read and understand his principles now, after all of this time, allow me to see what I remember. I have always viewed Marx's interpretation of communist ideology beginning at a singular point: his consideration that government is an "arm of the ruling class". The dominant class controls and manipulates the "government" to keep both economic forces and the social superstructure as they are. In so doing, the dominant class maintains 'status quo' through the passage of time and thus retains authoritative power. Given this as society's foundational element, Marx then calls for a radical and sudden change in the social structure of government; he The Train From Boston To New York 2 of 4 desires the working class to be conscious of its true position in societal order. In such "class recognition", the Proliteriat would revolt against the established government and achieve the state's true power. With such newly-found power, these newcomers would destroy the superimposed "class divisions" and thus the inherent "class struggle" would dissolve. Following this decay, there would be no further need for governmental existence (since without "class struggle", who can properly exert influence upon whom?), and the government would "wither away". Man, himself as creature, would thus change in both approach and order. Unlike democratic philosophers, Marx views the "proper role and purpose of government" as a singular tool to overcome social tension. I believe that he considered "class" in, and of itself, to be artificial and thus worthy of obliteration via the proper use of state power (always an interesting theoretical argument especially in today's "modern world"). Let us now then, turn our thoughts to another point along our horizontal line: fascism. Fascist ideology views "government" as the sole reason for social existence. This entire political philosophy exists as a reaction against inherent societal chaos and conflict. Supporters "see" their state as the singular means by which to overcome individual struggle. Fascism, unlike the previous examples, views government as a "positive" force. As such, the state needs to be strong and centralized; to maintain social order (i.e. to limit and suppress social conflict), rule requires power ultimately, complete power. The government is "glorified" because it is viewed as having its own "personality" and purpose (its purpose, of course, is to maintain social order). The government exists to seek and establish the ideals of its people not necessarily the will of its people. Our other two examples only exist (theoretically) to supply the fundamental needs of their people a key and critical difference. Given these brief and rather personal views of differing political ideologies, allow me to place them in context with the "nature of man" and as such, in our 'world of today'. Democracy sees human nature as "fixed and universal". It believes that there are certain basic conditions which all men share (i.e. the existence of "natural rights"). Based on a philosophical premise that man is born into a "state of nature" and enters into society through an "act of agreement", liberalism recognizes the "self-evident" fact that man is ultimately free. Government should not, and can not, take away freedoms or privileges that were once enjoyed in an earlier state (prior to the establishment of societal rule). Democracy "sees" human nature as highly individualistic and persuasively anti-social; men act according to their own self-interests. The nature of man is to be free from other's influence and control, to exist by whatever means so long as it is not harmful to other members of the community, and to act as his own "best judge". Unlike democracy, communism "sees" human nature as constantly changing and developing. Marx believed that the "nature of man" changes over time and is always moving towards an increased level of human freedom. His foundation in this socialistic approach is that human nature is a product of its environment. By "improving" external conditions, the individual can thus directly "improve" human nature (either the entity itself or the manifestations thereof is an argumentative point which I will leave for another night). This guiding principle when combined with Marx's understanding of the dialectical theory of history and the driving forces behind social change, explain the goal of communist ideology. If, however, human nature could not be changed (i.e. if it was some "fixed and universal" entity), then the end result of class struggle class revolt and class dissolution could never be achieved. If "man" can not "develop" given a new perspective and surroundings, to an "improved" state of being (one where self-interest and selfmotivation are nonexistent), then the state (i.e. government) will always be required to control societal chaos. Fascism, as hinted to above, has a pessimistic view of human nature. Our other two examples are rather optimistic in comparison (in democracy, man is thought capable of self-rule; in communism, man is thought capable of "selfchange" both of these focus, ultimately, on the betterment of society). Fascism "sees" human nature as a struggle for power. The "state of nature" is viewed as a "state of war". Men are in a constant and ceaseless struggle for power over others; this drive for dictatorial rule leads to conflict at large. As such, the only means to rid society of such tension and chaos is to yield to the state ultimate control by which it can oppress all manifestations of conflict. This political ideology views man as selfish and without the ability to self-govern (i.e. man, if left to his own desires, would rule by the need for individual power not by the need for social order). Now, having said all of that and as evening turns to night, what do I consider to be the "proper role and purpose of government" in today's modern world? Well, my friend, that is indeed a very good question one that I encourage you to deeply consider!! I, myself, firmly believe in the importance The Train From Boston To New York 3 of 4 of our past and certain lessons that have been taught through life and experience. Allow me to ramble about utopian mechanisms bounded by historical hierarchy and similar such things as long as you too, STOP for a minute and think.


Thrombopoietin (Tpo) is the main hematopoietic growth factor for platelet production. Plasma Tpo levels in autoimmune thrombocytopenic patients are normal or slightly elevated. Although thrombocytopenia exists, Tpo levels are not increased because the produced megakaryocytes and platelets can bind circulating Tpo, thereby normalizing Tpo levels. In this study, plasma samples from fetuses and neonates with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), a different form of immune thrombocytopenia, were measured. Umbilical cord samples from 50 fetuses before treatment because of severe thrombocytopenia and 51 fetuses after treatment, and peripheral blood samples of 21 untreated newborns with NAIT were analyzed. As controls, plasma Tpo levels were determined in 21 umbilical cord samples of 14 nonthrombocytopenic fetuses with hemolytic disease resulting from red blood cell alloimmunization and in umbilical cord samples of 51 healthy newborns. The values were also compared with the plasma Tpo levels in 193 healthy adults. Mean Tpo levels from the groups of fetuses and neonates, including both NAIT and control plasma, were slightly but significantly elevated compared with levels in healthy adults. Tpo levels in NAIT samples were not significantly different from the levels in hemolytic disease samples or in samples from healthy newborns. Thus, as in autoimmune thrombocytopenic patients, normal Tpo levels are present in NAIT patients.


We propose a novel method to up-sample volumetric functions with generative neural networks using several orthogonal passes. Our method decomposes generative problems on Cartesian field functions into multiple smaller sub-problems that can be learned more efficiently. Specifically, we utilize two separate generative adversarial networks: the first one up-scales slices which are parallel to the XY-plane, whereas the second one refines the whole volume along the Z---axis working on slices in the YZ-plane. In this way, we obtain full coverage for the 3D target function and can leverage spatio-temporal supervision with a set of discriminators. Additionally, we demonstrate that our method can be combined with curriculum learning and progressive growing approaches. We arrive at a first method that can up-sample volumes by a factor of eight along each dimension, i.e., increasing the number of degrees of freedom by 512. Large volumetric up-scaling factors such as this one have previously not been attainable as the required number of weights in the neural networks renders adversarial training runs prohibitively difficult. We demonstrate the generality of our trained networks with a series of comparisons to previous work, a variety of complex 3D results, and an analysis of the resulting performance.


In this paper we report the photophysical properties of a series of bis-tridentate RuII-complexes, based on the dqp-ligand (dqp = 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine), which display several microsecond long excited state lifetimes for triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) at room temperature. Temperature dependence of the excited state lifetimes for [Ru(dqp)2]2+ and [Ru(dqp)(ttpy)]2+ (ttpy = 4'-tolyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) is reported and radiative and non-radiative rate constants for the whole series are reported and discussed. We can confirm previous assumptions that the near-octahedricity of the bis-dqp complexes dramatically slows down activated decay at room temperature, as compared to most other and less long-lived bis-tridentate RuII-complexes, such as [Ru(tpy)2]2+ with τ = 0.25 ns at room temperature (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine). Moreover, the direct non-radiative decay to the ground state is comparatively slow for ∼700 nm room-temperature emission when considering the energy-gap law. Analysis of the 77 K emission spectra suggests that this effect is not primarily due to smaller excited state distortion than that for comparable complexes. Instead, an analysis of the photophysical parameters suggests a weaker singlet-triplet mixing in the MLCT state, which slows down both radiative and non-radiative decay.


Continual learning is the ability to sequentially learn over time by accommodating knowledge while retaining previously learned experiences. Neural networks can learn multiple tasks when trained on them jointly, but cannot maintain performance on previously learned tasks when tasks are presented one at a time. This problem is called catastrophic forgetting. In this work, we propose a classification model that learns continuously from sequentially observed tasks, while preventing catastrophic forgetting. We build on the lifelong generative capabilities of [10] and extend it to the classification setting by deriving a new variational bound on the joint log likelihood, $\log p(x; y)$.


The legacy of land use can influence landscape dynamics for centuries, potentially altering subsequent plant species composition, nutrient cycling and hydrology. To understand how previous land use has affected landscape patterns in the now predominantly forested central Missouri River Hills, this study assesses the magnitude of land cover change between four dates: the onset of European American settlement (circa 1815), near the period of maximum agricultural land use (1939), and through recent episodes of farm abandonment and reforestation (1968 and 2007). The River Hills, characterized by fertile loess soils and located on the western edge of the eastern deciduous forest, have undergone substantial changes over the past two centuries. In the early nineteenth century, 10% was open canopy woodlands and 90% was closed canopy forest. By 1939 forest accounted for just over 37% of land cover, which then rebounded to 61.5% of the total landscape by 2007. Patch metrics indicate that individual forest patches are decreasing in number while increasing in size, as formerly isolated patches coalesce and increase connectivity; the reverse trend has been true of fields. Land that was forested in 1939 tended to persist as forest to 2007, with newly regenerated forest accreting to existing patches mainly on steep slopes. These patterns of land cover change provide context for understanding contemporaneous changes in forest structure and composition, and can be used to guide management of this comparatively large zone of forest habitat in an otherwise predominantly agricultural region.


Let and be real - valued continuous functions and (
ptf,(qtg,p and q be cons-tants, where denotes a set of positive rational numbers. Convolution of +Q+Q()fpt, and , denoted by ()q,tg()()qtgp,∗tf, is defined by
()()()()∫−=∗tdvqvtgpvfqtgptf0,,,,,
where denotes convolution operation, provided that the integral exists. From the definition of convolution, we introduce a new relation as follows ∗
()()()()qt,pgqp,tfq,tgp,tf++=∗or ,
where denotes an ordinary addition. The new relation is called extension of con-volution semigroup. Objective of the study is to discover the necessary and sufficient condition for the new relation. The study is based on Laplace transformable functions. Convolution Theorem in Laplace transform is used to verify the new relation. It is im-possible to achieve the new relation directly since most of the transforms are rational polynomial functions. Furthermore, any transform in terms of exponential function is different from one another. However, we overcome the problem by
(a) Identity property under convolution such that ()()(tftδtf=∗, where()tf is a real - valued continuous function, which has Laplace transform and ()tδ is the delta function and it is the identity function under convolution. The Laplace transform of delta function ()tδ is 1.
(b) Under certain condition, the delta function ()tδ is a convolution semigroup such that ()()()qp,tδq,tδp,tδ+=∗.
(c) Delta function can be replaced by other function under certain condition. ()tδ
With (a), (b) and (c), we discover the following results:
Proposition 1 Let ()()tpfptfe=, and ()()tqgqtg=, for such that 0≥t()()tgtf≠e
and ()()1lim0==∫∫⊂→dttgdttfRRIeee.
Then
()()() ,,,qptfqtgptf+=∗if and only if ()[]0≠tfLe and ()[]1=tgL,
or
()()() ,,,qptgqtgptf+=∗ if and only if ()[]1=tfLe and ()[], where pand are constants with q+Q111=+qp and is an interval of the point with neighborhood. eIe
Proposition 2 Let and ()tfe()tg be given real - valued functions with ()()0==tgtfe
for . Let 0<t()()ptfptf−=e, and ()()qtgqtg−=,. ()()tgtf≠e and
()()1lim0==∫∫⊂→dttgdttfRRIeee.
Then
()()() ,,,qptfqtgptf+=∗if and only if ()[]0≠tfLe and ()[]1=tgL,
or
()()() ,,,qptgqtgptf+=∗if and only if ()[]1=tfLe and ()[]0≠tgL,
where p and q are constants and is an interval of the point with neighborhood. +QeIe
Proposition 1 is called scale form of the functions f and g, while Proposition 2 is called shift form of the functions f and g. The extension of convolution semigroup is formed by a non - impulsive and an impulsive function such that the non - impulsive function is an approximation of the impulsive function under certain condition, where all functions in this study are both real - valued continuous and of exponential order.
The study has shown that it is not necessary depend on the same function in order to get the new relation. This study is only true for the conditions described by Propositions 1and 2.


Imaging Identity presents potent reflections on the human condition through the prism of portraiture. Taking digital imaging technologies and the dynamic and precarious dimensions of contemporary identity as critical reference points, these essays consider why portraits continue to have such galvanising appeal and perform fundamental work across so many social settings. This multidisciplinary enquiry brings together artists, art historians, art theorists and anthropologists working with a variety of media. Authors look beyond conventional ideas of the portrait to the wider cultural contexts, governmental practices and intimate experiences that shape relationships between persons and pictures. Their shared purpose centres on a commitment to understanding the power of images to draw people into their worlds. Imaging Identity tracks a fundamental symbiosis — to grapple with the workings of images is to understand something vital of what it is to be human.


Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present an application of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA) in the shaping of occupational safety by raising workers' awareness concerning importance of maintaining high personal safety standards in a manufacturing company. Approach/Methodology/Design: Shaping work safety covers all activities that increase employee awareness concerning compliance with safety regulations and work practices with particular respect to the rules of conduct in specific situations. This article presents the use of the SCADA system in shaping of the workplace safety. It also underlines its influence on raising employee awareness of the importance of complying with health and safety regulations. Findings: It can be stated that the safety days screen meets the company's expectations. Moreover, it can be a valuable support in shaping workplace safety and raising employee awareness of safe work. The crucial thing is to carry out a detailed analysis and then choose such a solution that is adequate for the needs of a particular enterprise. Practical Implications: It is noted that the use of any solution that optimizes processes in the enterprise (including manufacturing processes) and the opportunities that IT tools provide, greatly contributes to the growth of safety. Providing safe working conditions by employers is usually closely linked to the organization's management strategy. Originality/Value: Currently we can observe the growing use of distributed control and visualization systems (SCADA systems) in the automation of industrial processes.


The UK Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs has argued that the EU Environmental Liability Directive draws upon CERCLA policies, but the general view would be that this influence has been curtailed to date within UK legislation, not least by an avoidance of joint and several liability through a complex series of exclusions and risk transfer mechanisms built into the Circular operating the contaminated land regime. The spectre of liability for waste producers has not been widely canvassed and an assumption may have been made that such extensive liability is not a feature of systems on this side of the Atlantic. This article challenges that assumption in relation to the Environmental Protection Act 1990, Part IIA.


Civil War Heavy Explosive Ordnance is the definitive reference book on Union and Confederate large caliber artillery projectiles, torpedoes, and mines. Some of these projectiles are from the most famous battles of the Civil War, such as those at Fort Sumter, Charleston, Vicksburg, and Richmond. Others were fired from famous cannon, such as the "Swamp Angel" of Charleston and "Whistling Dick" of Vicksburg. And some were involved in torpedo attacks against major warships. Jack Bell covers more than 360 projectiles from public and private collections in smoothbore calibers of 32-pounder and up, rifled projectiles of 4-inch caliber and larger, and twenty-one Union and Confederate torpedoes and mines. Each data sheet shows multiple views of the projectile or torpedo (using more than 1,000 photos) with data including diameter, weight, gun used to fire it, rarity index, and provenance. This comprehensive volume will be of great interest to Civil War historians, museum curators, field archaeologists, private collectors, dealers, and consultants on unexploded ordnance. "This will become a required reference guide at every Civil War site and related museum."--Wayne E. Stark, Civil War artillery historian


Monte Carlo simulations and a combination of site‐specific data (e.g., soil properties, climatic conditions, and native vegetation) were used to design alternative (evapotranspiration) landfill covers at Edwards Air Force Base, located near Lancaster, CA. Laboratory analyses of site soils indicated the presence of three distinct surface soils, from which statistical distributions were generated. A 10‐yr climate sequence (precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) was used for the upper boundary. Potential evapotranspiration was partitioned into potential evaporation and potential transpiration using the phenology of a Mojave Desert plant community. Nearly 1000 realizations were run for each of 72 different combinations of soil type, cover thickness, and plant cover percentage. The results indicate that threshold design parameters, needed to limit deep flux to <0.5 cm yr−1, differ based on the relationship between the Ks (saturated hydraulic conductivity) of the surface soil, cover thickness, and plant cover percentage. In the lower conductivity soils (mean Ks = 20 cm d−1), deep flux was ≤0.2 cm yr−1 for a cover thickness >80 cm with a plant cover >10%. Higher conductivity soils (Ks = 250 cm d−1) required thicker soils covers (>100 cm) and greater plant cover (>20%) to achieve similar fluxes. In all cases, variations in both cover thickness and plant cover percentage indicated threshold values, above which incremental additions added little to cover performance. The methods developed here could be implemented at other sites where conditions are known. Designs can account for uncertainties in site parameters and contribute to improved decision making.


This working paper describes the legal and policy situation of immigrants in Austria 1995 to 2010. It makes use of the MIPEX indicators, and expands these backward in time to explore developments over time. The following policy areas are covered: labour market mobility, family reunion, education, political participation, long-term residence, access to nationality, and anti-discrimination legislation.


The present research intended to examine the relationship between childhood stable peer status and adjustment in midadolescence for both genders, and adjustment in early and middle adulthood for women. One-year stably peer rejected, popular, and average boys and girls were identified by an age 10 and age 11 sociometric classification procedure using positive nominations and rank-ordering. These groups were examined in midadolescence. Findings indicated that stable peer rejection in childhood was associated with negative school adjustment and problems in peer relations in adolescence for both genders, and that many rejected boys were school dropouts. However, rejected children did not associate with deviant peers or show more antisocial behavior than their counterparts. For the adulthood follow-up, cluster analysis using LICUR was applied on rank-ordering data from age 10 and age 13 in order to identify 3-year stably rejected, popular, and average groups of girls. A methodological comparison with a standard sociometric method showed that the applied cluster analysis seems to be a useful additional tool in the arsenal of sociometric classification methods. Furthermore, one seems to arrive at larger stable peer status groups with this method than with other sociometric classification methods. The longitudinal follow-up into adulthood showed that rejected girls were at increased risk for criminal offending and alcohol abuse in young adulthood. Childhood aggressive behavior explained the significant association between peer rejection and criminality. There were no significant differences between the stable peer status clusters in the midadulthood adjustment areas of social relations, health, occupation, and subjective well-being, except that popular girls had achieved more successful vocational careers (which in its turn was explained by their higher academic achievement in childhood). Constraints and implications for future research were discussed.


This symposium essay considers the role of courts in war powers disputes. In modern times, judicial opinions have been largely absent from the debate over constitutional war powers. Among other things, it is widely assumed — especially in light of the courts' avoidance of the issue during the Vietnam War — that the political question doctrine would preclude judicial determination of war-initiation powers. In Zivotofsky v. Clinton, however, the Supreme Court appeared to re-characterize and limit the political question doctrine in a way that might allow wider litigation of war powers issues. According to Zivotofsky, the doctrine does not preclude courts from determining the meaning of statutes and the Constitution in separation-of-powers disputes, even when substantial foreign affairs issues are at stake.
The actual subject of the Zivotofsky litigation was, however, relatively modest as foreign affairs controversies go. The courts' willingness to retreat from the political question doctrine will be more severely tested in matters of greater foreign affairs significance, such as war powers. This essay considers the implications of Zivotofsky for war powers litigation, including by revisiting the Vietnam-era decisions. It first asks whether Zivotofsky, if taken at face value, does indeed suggest a renewed viability of war powers litigation. Second, it asks whether, as a practical matter, courts can comfortably undertake the task of war powers adjudication. Third, it considers the value of more aggressive war powers adjudication, including whether a Zivotofsky-inspired approach to war powers disputes is consistent with the courts' constitutional role. It concludes that Zivotofsky supports the justiciability of some but not all war powers disputes, and that such an approach is consistent with both the Constitution's original meaning and modern practicalities.


Objective To study the prevalence of neonatal complications among pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios of unidentified prenatal cause and their outcome in an attempt to introduce more active antenatal/postnatal evaluation and aid the counseling. Methods A retrospective descriptive study to identify all the cases of idiopathic polyhydramnios for whom there was causes between 2002 and June 2014. All the cases of polyhydramnios during the study period were reviewed and only those with no obvious antenatal cause were included in the study. Only cases where polyhydramnios diagnosed using Deepest Vertical Pocket were included. The exclusion criteria are; diabetic pregnant patients, fetus who were diagnosed antenataly with congenital/genetic anomalies, Polyhydramnios diagnosed using Amniotic Fluid Index and those with incomplete data. We look for the rate of preterm delivery, IUFD, rate of cesarean section, low APGAR score admission to NICU and neonatal complications. We also use this study as an audit to identify those cases for which a genetic/congenital anomaly identified; making a proper antenatal work up as a crucial step in dealing with such cases. The collected data were put into Excel sheet (Microsoft Office 2013) and professional statistical tools were used (provided by StatPages.org), P value of 0.05 was taken as the limit for statistical significance. Results Total of 66 case of idiopathic polyhydramnios identified in the period from 2002 to med-2014, which account for about 0.4 in 1000 (total number of deliveries during this period was around 180000 deliveries). There were 58 cases (87.9%) with mild polyhydramnios (defined as deepest pocket of 8 to 11 cm, and 8 (12.1%) cases of moderate polyhydramnios (from 11.1 to 15 cm) the mean of amniotic fluid Deepest Pocket was 9.6 cm (SD 1.%). Maternal age was variable among the cases [range from 20 to 52 years (median of 30 years, and mean of 30.2 years (SD 5.7)], and those above 35 years [8 cases (12%)] all of them are mild polyhydramnios, so the degree of hydramnios does not direcetly correlate with advanced maternal age. 39 cases were diagnosed before 37 weeks (59.1%), of them 32 cases had mild Idiopathic Polyhydramnios ranging from 8–11 cm with no direct correlation of increasing Mild amniotic fluid DP and decreasing gestational age as the relation was variable. 5 patients who were diagnosed before 37 weeks were of Moderate Idiopathic Polyhydramnios, although the number is small but it seems Moderate IP is more prone to be present at early GA, however comparing both groups; there was no statistical significance [p value 0.17] Over all, the rate of preterm delivery was 10.6% (7 cases), 4 cases among mild IP (6.7%) and 3 cases among moderate IP (37.5%). As in the graphs the GA at delivery decreases as the deepest pool increases and that most prominent in moderate IP, less relevant in mild form. 22 cases had a cesarean sections (33%) which relatively high compared to the overall cesarean section rate of 25%. 8 of them where as an emergency setting; 4 were in Labour and taken for failed progress, 2 for fetal distress and 2 were previous cesarean came in labor and requested repeated cesarean. The remaining 14 cesarean were due to placenta previa (2 cases), repeated cesarean sections (7 cases), big baby (3 cases), transverse lie (1 case) and previous 2 shoulder dystocia (1 case). The rate of emergency cesarean section among mild IP was 8.8% (5 cases) compared to 12.5% (1 case) in the Moderate IP group, however there is no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups [p value of 0.73]. Overall rate of spontaneous labor noticed in 37 cases (56.1 %) Induction of Labour was significantly high (13 cases; 19.7%), mainly due to polyhydramnios (11 cases; 16.7%), only 2 cases due to High BP. Worth noticing that despite the high rate of Induction, however the rate of cesarean among induced patient was low (only 2 case; 15.4%) comparable to those who came in spontaneous labour (4 cases out of 37 patients; 10.8%). There is no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups [p value of 0.66] The rate of operative delivery was 7.7% (5 cases). All of them among those who came into spontaneous labor. On the other hand the operative delivery was noticed in 4 cases (7%) of mild IP compared to 1 case in moderate IP (12.5%), but no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups [p value of 0.59]. Over all Mean birth weight was 3503.4 grams (SD 645.4). Among the Mild IP group the mean birth weight was 3185.7 grams (SD 898.9), compared to the Moderate IP group whch was 3185.7 grams (SD 898.9); there was no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups [p value of 0.36]; however the rate of big babies (>4000 grams) was high among Mild IP (15 cases; 25.9%), the mean birth weight in such subgroup was 4175 grams (SD 229.5), there were no big babies among the moderate IP. Low birth weight ( = < 2500 grams) found in 6 cases (10.4%) of Mild IP (mean of 2166.6 (SD 367)) and 1 case (12.5%) of Moderate IP (1300 grams), there was no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups [p value of 0.85]. Low APGAR score (0–3 in the 1st 5 minutes) was found in 1 case of Mild IP (1.7%) and 1 case of moderate IP (12.5%), with no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups [p value of 0.096]. overall low APGAR score was 3%. MICU admission was 22.7 % (15 cases). 2 cases ended in neonatal death (3%), the degree of polyhydramnios did not increase NND the as in each group there is one case.Conclusion; Idiopathic polyhydramnios is an important pregnancy complication. It warrant detailed antenatal assessment, including ultrasound and repeated GTT. It also urges the postnatal examination of the baby for undiscovered pathology. We recommend taking care of such pregnancies in tertiary care center.


Over recent years, territorial councils have had to adapt to changes in their operating environment. Many of these changes have been brought about by legislative requirements, namely the Local Government Amendment Act (1989) and the Resource Management Act (1991) . Other pressures include the increasing demands from central government to adopt more market-driven philosophies and changing expectations of service provision from local communities. A small number of territorial authorities initiated strategic planning exercises in mid-1990. These exercises involved staff. councillors and local communities in what appeared to be relatively significant and distinctive processes, culminating in strategic documents. This research aims to establish whether these strategic planning exercises will be usefal to TAs in their policy and decision-making processes. The research aim was influenced by a number of factors including: the lack of any substantial practical guidance and TA experience in strategic planning, the questionable nature of transferring private business sector experience to local government and the viability of private sector strategic planning in the institutional context of local government. The principal research methods used were grounded on an investigation of the01y related to strategic planning, institutional context of local government, and the role of strategic planning. These aspects of theory were translated into a review of practice of three TAs. Assessments were made of TAs' institutional context, their approach to strategic planning, and their perceived role of strategic planning. These results provided the means for assessing the relationship between institutional context and the role of strategic planning. The research data was collected by conducting interviews with management staff and councillors and reviewing the strategic plans of four TAs The key research findings provide mixed messages in offering a conclusion to the research aim of establishing if strategic planning is usefal to TAs in their decision-making. On one hand, strategic planning used in broad role can be an extremely useful process for improving the quality and implementation of policy decisions. However, to achieve benefits from a broader role of strategic planning, it must be accompanied by a particular institutional context. Adapting the institutional context to facilitate the use of strategic planning presents many challenges, but also highlights many old problems within local government. Strategic planning may simply provide a catalyst to find solutions to some of these old problems.


The work described in this thesis identifies some
properties of the major polypeptides of pneumonia virus of
mice (PVM) and of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) virus. The
PVM glycoproteins have been studied in particular detail
while the results obtained with TRT virus provide a
preliminary description of the polypeptides of this virus.
Twelve major PVM specific polypeptides designated L, G1,
G2, F1, N, 39K, 35K, M, 20K, 19K, 16K and 12K were
identified. In addition PVM specific polypeptides
designated 25K, 24K, 23K, 18K and 17K were sometimes
detected. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the G1/G2,
39K and M polypeptides were produced.
The a~ility of a monoclonal antibody to precipitate
G1 and G2 suggested that these two glycosylated proteins
were related and this was confirmed by tryptic peptide
mapping. G2 was shown to be derived from G1 in pulse chase
experiments and a similar relationship between two higher
mobility polypeptides synthesized in the presence of
tunicamycin was observed. The G protein may have a
precursor since G1 did not appear immediately following a
pulse labelling. The precursor could not however be
identified. An additional minor glycosylated polypeptide of
42K was found to be related to the G protein.
The F1 protein appeared to be poorly glycosylated and
a difference in mobility of the polypeptide synthesized in
the presence of tunicamycin did not appear to be directly
due to a lack of N-linked oligosaccharides. The polypeptide
migrated more slowly under non-reducing conditions but no
evidence of a small disulphide bonded polypeptide was found
in contrast to the situation with other paramyxoviruses.
This polypeptide appeared to be the major PVM protein
expressed on the cell surface and was associated with G1
and G2 as the major protein in a particulate fraction of
the infected cell supernatant.
Tentative relationships were suggested between the
39K, 35K and 25K polypeptides, the M and 24K polypeptides
and the 20K and 19K polypeptides. This together with the
observation that the 12K polypeptide was not a primary gene
product suggested that there may be about 11 PVM
polypeptides. The N or 39K and the 20K or 19K polypeptides
were observed to be phosphorylated.
Twelve possible TRT virus specific polypeptides of
150K, 129K, 95K, 83K, 57K, 45K, 38K, 35K, 3DK, 23K, 19K and
15K were identified. The 150K, 95K, 83K, 57K, 45K and 15K
polypeptides were glycosylated with the latter three
polypeptides showing a similar relationship to the F1,2, F1
and F2 polypeptides of paramyxoviruses. A broad
glycosylated band designated the 31K polypeptide was
identified that was similar to a smeared band observed on
prolonged exposure of immunoprecipitates of PVM
polypeptides labelled with [3H]-glucosamine. The 35K and
19K polypeptides were observed to be phosphorylated.
PVM may be more closely related to RS virus than TRT
virus since anti-PVM serum irnmunoprecipitated the RS virus
N polypeptide but not any TRT virus polypeptides. The PVM
39K polypeptide and the RS virus P protein were recognised
by a monoclonal antibody providing further evidence of a
relationship between PVM and RS virus.


Recruiting and retaining practitioners to rural and remote locations is a challenge for many industries including health and education. The medical, nursing and teaching professions have utilized immersion experiences for trainees and students to better prepare them and to address workforce shortages in crosscultural and underserved areas. This paper describes the steps taken to improve an immersion experience for medical students and evaluates the impact of these improvements. The University of Notre Dame's School of Medicine requires all second year medical students to undertake the Kimberley Remote Area Health Placement Program (hereinafter the 'Program'). The Program provides opportunities to learn life skills required for remote area living via an immersion experience in which students live with, and do useful non-clinical work for, a host community or organization for one week in a remote area in Western Australia. A series of preparatory and post-immersion activities (including film viewing, debating and site visits) are provided to prepare students for the experience. In 2009, the style and format in which these activities were delivered was changed in response to student feedback. The changes comprised altering the format of the Program Handbook from an information repository to a workbook equipping students with critical thinking frameworks such as: de Bono's Six Thinking Hats (1992) and graphic organizers to facilitate reflection on preparatory and post-immersion activities. All changes were based on humanistic, cognitive and constructivist approaches to learning. These changes were followed by improvements in students' perceptions of several activities. Activities preparing students to undertake and reflect on a cultural immersion experience involve student engagement in active learning and critical thinking. Educators involved in preparing students for placements in other underserved, culturally and/or geographically diverse settings may employ these approaches to learning and adapt the activities described in this paper as suited to the needs of their particular professional group.


In one hand, video games are dedicated to entertainment. In recent years, the emerging of consumers hardware dedicated to games induced great progress for realism and gameplay. Graphics rendering and physical engines, digital surround sound and new interaction interfaces are examples of areas which have benefited of these last improvements and widely contribute to the gaming experience. In another hand, virtual reality focus on user's presence which is its indubitable feeling of belonging to the virtual environment. As this goal is very hard to reach, studies have to focus on human through several research directions like immersion (3D vision, sound spatialization, haptic devices) and interaction which has to be as natural and non intrusive as possible. Recent researches on intersensoriality possibilities, metaphorical interactions or brain computer interfaces are examples of what would be achieved in immersion and interaction. At this point, we can argue that virtual reality can be a provider of new methods and resources for games. Unfortunately virtual reality room are expensive and difficult to deploy, what is probably the main reasons why virtual reality is still a laboratory experiment or confined to industrial simulator. Here is our double contribution : to combine video games and virtual reality through two different virtual reality game solutions and to design them with consumer grade components. This paper first presents a survey of both current video game evolutions and virtual reality researches. We will also give some examples of cross-benefits between video games and virtual reality. To illustrate this last point we will describe two virtual reality applications created by our research team and dedicated to gaming. Finally, as a prospective talk we will deal with three points : some recent virtual reality systems supposedly applicable to home gaming, some good points from DG that VR developers should incorporate in VR systems and last point, some lines of enquiry so that the union between VR and DG be at last consummate.


The purpose of this project was to develop an approach to training for the National Leadership and Innovation Agency for Healthcare (NLIAH) that could be applied across the NHS in Wales to increase understanding at a local level of capacity and demand interactions. Through an action
research approach a transferable package of capacity and demand training was developed. This aimed to empower front-line staff to employ change tools and techniques informed by data when undertaking improvement projects. This constituted part of the NLIAH Skills4Change programme: an improvement course for front-line staff which combines
blended learning with practical action for improvement.
An analysis of questionnaire responses by former NLIAH capacity and demand training delegates identified the potential barriers to its application and its current wide-ranging use. These barriers were perceived as 'access to information'; 'no time to complete this project' and 'extra work on my current role'. Application of the tools was largely evidenced in outpatient and inpatient departments. The action research project built upon these findings, testing the barriers in a therapeutic setting. This highlighted the differences in applying these tools in a more complex service provision area.
From the two threads of this research: questionnaire analysis and action research project, there are key elements which can be utilised to form recommendations for future employment of the package of training by NLIAH.
The presence of an external facilitator during the action research project, alongside management support was identified as crucial to the momentum of this work. The 'empowerment with support' model this provided ensured sustainability of the improvements implemented.
However, it was evident throughout the project and from the questionnaire responses, that organisational and service specific delivery of these tools is essential.
Tools, methods and strategies for implementation are where the Skills4Change training programme traditionally focuses, with a mixed service delivery. The findings from this research suggest that to ensure maximum benefit and sustainability the tools and techniques need to be made real and relevant to the training participants. They need to see improvement in action and experience the benefits of the changes they are making. Linking the training with an understanding of the organisational culture will enhance this. Staff will be empowered to continue to change their services for improvement, as they witness the
support from the organisation in which they operate.


When comparing different grammatical inference algorithms, it becomes evident that generic techniques have been used in different systems. Several finite-state learning algorithms use state-merging as their underlying technique and a collection of grammatical inference algorithms that aim to learn context-free grammars build on the concept of substitutability to identify potential grammar rules. When learning context-free grammars, there are essentially two approaches: model merging, which generalizes with more data, and model splitting, which specializes with more data. Both approaches can be combined sequentially in a generic framework. In this article, we investigate the impact of different approaches within the first phase of the framework on system performance.


Deepwater corals form reefs and carbonate mounds that are important biological habitats along the European continental margin. Recent mapping of these features has highlighted significant habitat impact resulting from demersal trawling. With the current expansion of European deepwater fisheries, the potential for further coral habitat damage will increase. Seabed observations (100kHz side-scan sonar, still, and video imagery) are presented here that document trawling impacts on the Darwin Mounds, a field of small, coral-topped mounds at c.1,000 m water depth in the northern Rockall Trough. Comparisons between trawled and nontrawled mounds are startling. Trawl marks are clearly visible on side-scan sonar records, with visual imagery showing higher abundance of dead coral and coral rubble at trawled sites compared to untrawled sites. Some of the seabed in the Darwin Mound areas has been intensely trawled, with local areas at a scale resembling the distance between trawl doors being 100% trawled. Some areas show evidence for multiple trawling events. Coral habitat destruction can occur on a scale that impacts the coral growths on entire coral mounds. The conflict between deepwater fisheries and habitat protection in the European Atlantic Margin is discussed.


CeO2 –ZrO2 -composed NiO and Co3O4 catalysts were prepared by 3 different methods. Both CO methanation and selective CO methanation were carried out. All catalysts were prepared by (1) co-precipitation, (2) surfactantassisted co-precipitation, and (3) surfactant-assisted co-precipitation with ultrasound mixing methods. Catalysts were characterized by using N2 physisorption, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TPR-H2 techniques. The highest surface area value, uniform pore size distribution, and pores having small diameters were observed for the catalysts prepared by using the surfactant and ultrasound. The NiO/CeO2 /ZrO2 prepared by the surfactant-assisted co-precipitation was the most active catalyst for CO methanation. It gave 50% CO conversion to CH4 at 150 ◦C and all CO was converted to CH4 after T > 225 ◦C. Moreover, 22.3% CH4 was formed and the CO level decreased below 100 ppm at 200 ◦C during the selective CO methanation activity test over this catalyst.


The impact of invasive non-native sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) on sand dune soil characteristics was investigated. The whole project was undertaken at St Annes Nature Reserve, where large areas covered by this plant were indentified. The soil characteristic of samples obtained underneath areas covered by native grassland, and areas covered by sea buckthorn were examined. Soil parameters including organic matter content, soil moisture content, pH, calcium carbonate content and exchangeable bases content were examined, enabling comparison of two investigated sites. Additionally, earthworm species were
sampled and identified in order to support the actual changes to the soil quality. Sea buckthorn spread across the Fylde Coast sand dune complex is considered as a threat to the susceptible successional habitat supporting rare species. The investigation showed that, there is a slight, in terms of soil quality, but statistically significant difference between researched areas for each parameter (p<0.05). The increased amount of organic matter from decaying sea buckthorn remnants and nitrogen-fixation activity significantly influences the soil structure and main characteristic. The increased distribution and abundance of earthworm species predominately dominated by Lumbricus rubellus underneath sea buckthorn, indicates the differentiation of soil quality. The results obtained, do not prove the negative impact on soil quality, as the stabilisation and fertilisation must be classed as a positive influence. The sand dune species bio-diversity decease is considered as a major concern related to the sea buckthorn, especially on protected sites like St Annes Nature Reserve.


Central to many complex systems, spatial actors require an awareness of their local environment to enable behaviours such as communication and navigation. Complex system simulations represent this behaviour with Fixed Radius Near Neighbours (FRNN) search. This algorithm allows actors to store data at spatial locations and then query the data structure to find all data stored within a fixed radius of the search origin.
The work within this thesis answers the question: What techniques can be used for improving the performance of FRNN searches during complex system simulations on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)?
It is generally agreed that Uniform Spatial Partitioning (USP) is the most suitable data structure for providing FRNN search on GPUs. However, due to the architectural complexities of GPUs, the performance is constrained such that FRNN search remains one of the most expensive common stages between complex systems models.
Existing innovations to USP highlight a need to take advantage of recent GPU advances, reducing the levels of divergence and limiting redundant memory accesses as viable routes to improve the performance of FRNN search. This thesis addresses these with three separate optimisations that can be used simultaneously.
Experiments have assessed the impact of optimisations to the general case of FRNN search found within complex system simulations and demonstrated their impact in practice when applied to full complex system models. Results presented show the performance of the construction and query stages of FRNN search can be improved by over 2x and 1.3x respectively. These improvements allow complex system simulations to be executed faster, enabling increases in scale and model complexity.


One of the key challenges of social policy in Poland in the early 21st century is to adapt its management to the requirements of a service economy. Essential conditions for the mixed economy of welfare have been already created after adjustments of the subsystems of national social policy during the first years of membership in the European Union since 2004. Labour market policies (LMPs) already include the relationships between providers from the public sector, the commercial sector, and the non-governmental sector. However, the tasks and services of individual entities and institutions still lack coordination and integration. This paper focus on the examples of possibilities for their development by combining the activation (enabling) policy with concepts of the governance and welfare mix. The paper presents the results of the author's research on the implementation of welfare mix solutions in the field of professional activation of the unemployed people in Poland. Two case studies are included (1) the implementation of outplacement programs that are based on the cooperation between different entities; and (2) the cooperation between the public employment services and non-governmental employment agencies in the activation of people with disabilities in the labour market. Moreover, basic concepts of ongoing reforms of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in Poland were discussed. The summary contains the practical recommendations and possible directions for further research in the field of integration of employment services.


Preparing effective English as foreign language (EFL) teachers is a perennial and hotly debated issue in language teacher education. The debates have focused on the importance of theory and/or practice and were theoretical in nature. This article reports on an empirical study that takes this debate beyond the conventional discussions over theory and practice. The study was conducted in a Sudanese EFL teacher education program with the participation of four student teachers. The findings show that Sudanese EFL student teachers employed knowledge from their formal training in their classroom practices. Additionally, they also drew on knowledge of their contexts and students in order to structure their classes in certain ways which include the use of L1, how they presented the material as well as establishing particular kinds of relationships with their students. The findings suggest that the student teachers would benefit from a teacher education program that would equip them with ways to increase their language proficiency as well as preparing them for meeting the challenges of the practical realities of their future classrooms. This can be achieved through the use of pedagogical tools that allow them to theorize from their own practice as well as their personal and professional experience.


Hyperspectral imaging is becoming an important analytical tool for generating land-use map. High dimensionality in hyperspectral remote sensing data, on one hand, provides us with more potential discrimination power for classification tasks. On the other hand, the classification performance improves up to a limited point as additional features are added, and then deteriorates due to the limited number of training samples. Proceeding from these considerations, the present work is aimed to systematically evaluate the robustness of novel classification techniques in classifying hyperspectral data under the twofold condition of high dimensionality and minimal training. We consider in the study a neural adaptive model based on Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP). Accuracy has been evaluated experimentally, classifying MIVIS Hyperspectral data to identify different typology of vegetation in Ticino Regional Park. A performance analysis has been conducted comparing the novel approach with Support Vector Machine and conventional statistical and neural techniques. The adaptive model shows advantages especially when mixed data are presented to the classifiers in combination with minimal training conditions.