Labor market institutions shape the return to workers' skills. They define the incentives of firms and workers to invest in general and specific skills, affecting the returns to experience and tenure. This paper presents an empirical assessment of this hypothesis. We take advantage of rich administrative data from Brazil and Chile, two countries with different regulatory frameworks. We focus on young workers as they face to a greater extent the trade-off between accumulating general or specific skills. The analysis is motivated by a simple conceptual framework, from which we derive empirical predictions. It takes into account the potential endogeneity of occupational choices, while allowing for heterogenous returns to tenure and experience. We find positive average returns to both dimensions in both countries, with larger returns to tenure in Brazil and larger returns to experience in Chile. This is consistent with the original conjecture as the more rigid labor market legislation in Brazil encourages firms to carry out additional investments in young workers's specific skills. Chile's institutions, on the contrary, promote the acquisition of general skills. We further examine how these returns differ by educational attainment, an important policy consideration in the region, and find that more educated workers in both countries face larger returns to experience and tenure relative to their less educated counterparts.


Empirical studies have shown that, for many countries, the distribution of wealth is much more concentrated than the one of labor earnings and that households with higher levels of lifetime income have higher lifetime saving rates. Previous models have had difficulty in generating these features. I construct a computable general equilibrium model with overlapping generations in which parents and children are linked by bequests and earnings persistence within families. I show that voluntary bequests are important to explain the emergence of large estates that characterize the top of the wealth distribution, while accidental bequests are not. In addition, the introduction of a bequest motive generates lifetime saving profiles more consistent with the data. Allowing for earnings persistence within families generates an even more concentrated wealth distribution. A cross-country comparison between the U.S. and Sweden shows that intergenerational linkages are important to explain the upper tail of the wealth distribution also in economies where redistribution programs are more prominent and there is less inequality. Moreover Sweden, with its generous social safety net, has a larger fraction of people with zero or negative wealth. The model is capable of reproducing this feature as well.


The right to acquire, use, and alienate property has long been regarded as a fundamental value in Anglo-American constitutional thought. (1) Historically, respect for private property was seen as providing the basis for individual autonomy and the enjoyment of liberty. (2) Reflecting this link between liberty and property, both the federal and state constitutions contain guarantees of private ownership. (3) Still, as with other individual rights, the rights of property owners have never been absolute. The common law of nuisance imposes restrictions on landowner activity that adversely impacts a neighbor's enjoyment of his or her land. (4) Moreover, zoning has limited land use for decades, ostensibly to safeguard public health and safety. (5) In the late twentieth century, the emergence of the modern environmental movement, accompanied by often apocalyptic rhetoric, resulted in the enactment of a series of laws stringently controlling land use. Such legislation has made substantial inroads upon the traditional rights of owners. Property rights advocates have increasingly challenged the environmental agenda in both the judicial and legislative arena. Today, environmentalists and landowners appear trapped in a destructive cycle of mutual antagonism. Environmentalists harbor deep suspicions of market forces, and they commonly posit that recognition of the traditional dominion rights of property owners is antithetical to environmental protection. They frequently assert that unfettered private rights in land lead to widespread degradation and that individual property rights are an obstacle to regulations that effectuate the public interest. In contrast to these environmentalists, I contend that scrupulous regard for the constitutional rights of owners is fully congruent with, and may even enhance, the achievement of sound environmental goals. The discharge of pollutants, an activity analogous to a nuisance and appropriately subject to the police power, will not be included in this discussion. Property ownership does not encompass a right to pollute. Instead, I will focus on laws designed to protect wetlands, woodlands, and species habitats in a natural state. Such measures, in effect, compel owners to convert their land into nature preserves and necessarily curtail economically productive uses. The subordination of use and development rights to often-hazy environmental objectives has triggered fear that growing governmental controls threaten the institution of private property. Affected landowners have turned, with only limited success, to courts and legislatures for relief from what the landowners see as regulatory takings of their property in contravention of the Filth Amendment. (6) Environmentalists have taken special aim at the just compensation requirement of the Fifth Amendment. Environmentalists have sought to place a highly constricted interpretation on the protection afforded owners under the Fifth Amendment; this interpretation sharply contrasts with the expansive reading afforded other individual rights in our constitutional system. (7) Much of the environmental literature postulates transparent theories designed to circumvent the just compensation requirement, often by radically redefining the meaning of property ownership. (8) Rather than responding to efforts to reconceptualize private property, my objective here is to question the basic assumptions of the environmentalists. Why should property owners, who suffer a substantial loss by virtue of environmental regulations that restrict land use, fail to receive compensation? Why should a few individuals, rather than society as a whole, bear the cost of achieving public goods? Payment of such compensation would be consistent with the fundamental premise of equity that underlies takings jurisprudence. As the Supreme Court has explained, "The Fifth Amendment's guarantee that private property shall not be taken for a public use without just compensation was designed to bar Government from forcing some people alone to bear public burdens which, in all fairness and justice, should be borne by the public as a whole. …


A two-truck platoon based on a prototype cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) system was tested on a closed test track in a variety of realistic traffic and transient operating scenarios conditions that truck platoons are likely to face on real highways. The fuel consumption for both trucks in the platoon was measured using the SAE J1321 gravimetric procedure as well as calibrated J1939 instantaneous fuel rate, serving as proxies to evaluate the impact of aerodynamic drag reduction under constant-speed conditions. These measurements demonstrate the effects of: the presence of a multiple-passenger-vehicle pattern ahead of and adjacent to the platoon, cut-in and cutout manoeuvres by other vehicles, transient traffic, the use of mismatched platooned vehicles (van trailer mixed with flatbed trailer), and the platoon following another truck with adaptive cruise control (ACC). These scenarios are intended to address the possibility of "background aerodynamic platooning" impacting realized savings on public roads. Using calibrated J1939 fuel rate analysis, fuel savings for curved track sections versus straight track sections were also evaluated for these scenarios, highlighting differences in the implementation of the CACC control strategies compared to a stock ACC implementation. The use of different trailer types and the presence of passenger-vehicle traffic patterns showed a measurable impact on platoon performance in some conditions, but the basic fuel savings trends were retained.


Appropriating new technologies in order to foster collaboration and participatory engagement is a focus for many fields, but there is relatively little research on the experience of practitioners who do so. The role of technology-use mediators is to help make such technologies amenable and of value to the people who interact with them and each other. When the nature of the technology is to provide textual and visual representations of ideas and discussions, issues of form and shaping arise, along with questions of professional ethics. This thesis examines such participatory representational practice, specifically how practitioners make participatory visual representations (pictures, diagrams, knowledge maps) coherent, engaging and useful for groups tackling complex societal and organizational challenges. This thesis develops and applies a method to analyze, characterize, and compare instances of participatory representational practice in such a way as to highlight experiential aspects such as aesthetics, narrative, improvisation, sensemaking, and ethics. It extends taxonomies of such practices found in related research, and contributes to a critique of functionalist or techno-rationalist approaches to studying professional practice. It studies how fourteen practitioners using a visual hypermedia tool engaged participants with the hypermedia representations, and the ways they made the representations matter to the participants. It focuses on the sensemaking challenges that the practitioners encountered in their sessions, and on the ways that the form they gave the visual representations (aesthetics) related to the service they were trying to provide to their participants. Qualitative research methods such as grounded theory are employed to analyze video recordings of the participatory representational sessions. Analytical tools were developed to provide a multi-perspective view on each session. Conceptual and normative frameworks for understanding the practitioner experience in participatory representational practice in context, especially in terms of aesthetics, ethics, narrative, sensemaking, and improvisation, are proposed. The thesis places these concerns in context of other kinds of facilitative and mediation practices as well as research on reflective practice, aesthetic experience, critical HCI, and participatory design.


A key part of implementing high-level languages is providing built- in and default data structures. Yet selecting good defaults is hard. A mutable data structure's workload is not known in advance, and it may shift over its lifetime—e.g., between read-heavy and write- heavy, or from heavy contention by multiple threads to single- threaded or low-frequency use. One idea is to switch implementa- tions adaptively, but it is nontrivial to switch the implementation of a concurrent data structure at runtime. Performing the transition requires a concurrent snapshot of data structure contents, which normally demands special engineering in the data structure's de- sign. However, in this paper we identify and formalize an relevant property of lock-free algorithms. Namely, lock-freedom is su cient to guarantee that freezing memory locations in an arbitrary order will result in a valid snapshot. Several functional languages have data structures that freeze and thaw, transitioning between mutable and immutable, such as Haskell vectors and Clojure transients, but these enable only single-threaded writers. We generalize this approach to augment an arbitrary lock-free data structure with the ability to gradually freeze and optionally transition to a new representation. This aug- mentation doesn't require changing the algorithm or code for the data structure, only replacing its datatype for mutable references with a freezable variant. In this paper, we present an algorithm for lifting plain to adaptive data and prove that the resulting hy- brid data structure is itself lock-free, linearizable, and simulates the original. We also perform an empirical case study in the context of heating up and cooling down concurrent maps.


"For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; neither hid, that shall not be known. Therefore whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in the light; and that which ye have spoken in the ear in closets shall be proclaimed upon the housetops. And I say unto you my friends, Be not afraid of them that kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear him." Luke 12:2-5


Using the experience gained from taking care of World War II veterans with amputations, Ernest Burgess taught that amputation surgery is reconstructive surgery. It is the first step in the rehabilitation process for patients with an amputation and should be thought of in this way. An amputation is often a more appropriate option than limb salvage, irrespective of the underlying cause. The decision making and selection of the amputation level must be based on realistic expectations with regard to functional outcome and must be adapted to both the disease process being treated and the unique needs of the patient. Sometimes the amputation is done as a life-saving procedure in a patient who is not expected to walk, but more often it is done for a patient who should be able to return to a full, active life. When considering amputation, the physician should establish reasonable goals when confronted with the question of limb salvage versus amputation, understand the roles of the soft-tissue envelope and osseous platform in the creation of a residual limb, understand the method of weight bearing within a prosthetic socket, and determine whether a bone bridge is a positive addition to a transtibial amputation.


Abstract Gender discrimination resulting in greater poverty among women is widespread throughout the developing world. However, the incidence of women poverty, as well as its depth and their vulnerability, is particularly marked in Sub-Saharan African countries of the tropical belt, albeit with significant rural-urban differences. The article reviews the interaction of traditional restrictions on women property rights, weak governance and violent civil conflict in perpetuating gender discrimination and women poverty in those countries. Statistics show some progress in women development indicators in Sub-Saharan Africa during the last decade, partly associated with improvements in governance and the end of civil war in some countries. Consolidating and advancing this progress requires targeted initiatives that take into account the circumstances of different groups of women while also encouraging the formation of bridging networks among groups and the provision of greater openings for women's "voice". Keywords: Poverty, Gender and development, Africa, Governance, civil conflict, human rights, property rights "Poverty was there before I was born and it has become part of life like the blood through my veins ... Poverty is watching your own children and grandchildren die in your arms but there is nothing you can do ... I know poverty just like I know my father's name. Poverty never sleeps. Poverty never takes a holiday." (1) Introduction The 'feminization of poverty' is a feature of much of the developing world, with females accounting for half of the world's population but 70 percent of the poor (Moghadam, 2005) (2) This article reviews major causal factors of poverty among women in Sub-Saharan Africa--mainly rural women in the countries of the tropical belt. (3) Of course, there are significant differences in the condition of different groups of women in the various countries. However, they share a common predicament, rooted in the interaction of three major factors: weak governance, traditional restrictions on women property rights, and violent civil conflict. Although each of these factors has been present at one time or another elsewhere, it is only in Sub-Saharan Africa that all three have been present in contemporary times--as shown among others by Collier, 2007, Cornwall, 2005, and Gordon, 1996. This interaction has had a severe negative impact on the status, condition and welfare of women in Sub-Saharan Africa (hereafter simply "Africa"). The aspects of poverty Poverty results in hunger, lack of shelter, illiteracy, inadequate health care, and so on, but is not defined fully by any of them. The proximate causes of poverty include one or more of the following: low income; low assets (whether physical or human capital); lack of opportunities (whether from adverse location or other reasons); and social exclusion (often but not always associated with ethnic minorities). The worst forms of poverty are those that combine all four of these aspects: income poverty, asset poverty, opportunities poverty, and access poverty. Accordingly, a distinction must be made between contingent poverty and structural poverty. Contingent poverty occurs as the result of a specific adverse event--e.g., a sharp rise in food or fuel prices, a natural disaster, and the like. Contingent poverty is inherently temporary (although the event may well cause households to fall into permanent poverty), and is reversible as soon as the adverse event ceases, albeit at a non-recoverable cost owing to the need for transitional sacrifices and adjustments. The appropriate policy response to contingent poverty is to address the effects of the adverse event and stimulate general economic activity and growth in the affected area. ("a rising tide lifts all boats ..."). Structural poverty, by contrast, is deeply rooted in the economic, social and political fabric of the country, and no general policy of economic stimulus or investment will succeed in reducing it (". …


Justifications and criticisms of empire have often focused on the effects of empire on imperial "subjects." But an older criticism of empire equally focuses upon the way the possession of empire transforms the identity of the imperial state itself by altering its constitution, implicating its people in projects that happen elsewhere, and forcing them to define their relationship to applications of power in a radically new way. On this view the real danger of empire often is the effect it has on the state possessing the empire. In our times in particular, empire is thought to have a profound impact on the functioning of democracy in the imperial state itself. This article seeks to recover the moral sensibility that lies behind this form of moral criticism. It also seeks to examine, briefly, whether America is vulnerable to the "corruptions" of empire and the weight we should place on this moral consideration.


Maximize the potential of your small-medium business network with effective design solutions that cover network security, IP telephony, unified communications, wireless networks, and CRM. Design and implement effective network solutions by mastering the design process that is used by successful networking professionals Understand the diversity of solutions for the SMB environment, avoiding the pitfalls of the one-size-fits-all approach Create effective and customizable security solutions across the spectrum of SMB types and sizes Exploit the trend of universal communications convergence by expanding into the VoIP market with the Cisco IP Telephony and unified communication solutions Break into the fast-growing CRM marketplace with the Cisco CRM integration solutions Implement wireless LAN solutions that facilitate productivity and workforce optimizationIn today's business world, investing in technology solutions that improve productivity and save money is critical, but the road to a modern, technology-driven business is full of pitfalls. Cisco Network Design Solutions for Small-Medium Businesses zeros in on critical solutions for networking professionals who are deploying computer networks within a small-medium business (SMB). You'll learn about core networking issues and associated solutions, including security, IP telephony, unified communications, customer relations management (CRM), wireless LANs, and more within this complete design guide.Cisco Network Design Solutions for Small-Medium Businesses is separated into two parts. Part I helps you explore the network design process, survey the SMB landscape, and identify your network requirements from the edge to the core for an effective solution implementation. Part II delves into security, CRM, IP telephony, unified messaging, IP/TV, and wireless LAN solutions, which can save businesses critical time and money.For networking professionals, Cisco Network Design Solutions for Small-Medium Businesses is a one-stop reference and design guide for the effective implementation of SMB networking solutions that enhance the bottom-line.This book is part of the Networking Technology Series from Cisco Pressi?? which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers.


Performance anxiety research abounds in sport psychology, yet has been relatively sparse in dance. The present study explores ballet dancers' experiences of performance anxiety in relation to: 1. symptom type, intensity, and directional interpretation; 2. experience level (including company rank); and 3. self-confidence and psychological skills. Fifteen elite ballet dancers representing all ranks in one company were interviewed, and qualitative content analysis was conducted. Results revealed that cognitive anxiety was more dominant than somatic anxiety, and was unanimously interpreted as debilitative to performance. Somatic anxiety was more likely to be interpreted as facilitative, with the majority of dancers recognizing that a certain amount of anxiety could be beneficial to performance. Principal dancers suffered from higher intensities of performance anxiety than corps de ballet members. Feeling out of control emerged as a major theme in both the experience of anxiety and its interpretation. As a result, prevention or handling of anxiety symptoms may be accomplished by helping dancers to feel in control. Dancers may benefit from education about anxiety symptoms and their interpretation, in addition to psychological skills training incorporating cognitive restructuring strategies and problem-focussed coping to help increase their feelings of being in control.


Deep Reinforcement Learning has demonstrated the potential of neural networks tuned with gradient descent for solving complex tasks in well-delimited environments. However, these neural systems are slow learners producing specialized agents with no mechanism to continue learning beyond their training curriculum. On the contrary, biological synaptic plasticity is persistent and manifold, and has been hypothesized to play a key role in executive functions such as working memory and cognitive flexibility, potentially supporting more efficient and generic learning abilities. Inspired by this, we propose to build networks with dynamic weights, able to continually perform self-reflexive modification as a function of their current synaptic state and action-reward feedback, rather than a fixed network configuration. The resulting model, MetODS (for Meta-Optimized Dynamical Synapses) is a broadly applicable meta-reinforcement learning system able to learn efficient and powerful control rules in the agent policy space. A single layer with dynamic synapses can perform one-shot learning, generalizes navigation principles to unseen environments and manifests a strong ability to learn adaptive motor policies.


The Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU) was asked by the Hester Adrian Research Centre (HARC) to lead the costing side of an evaluation of further education services for young people provided at SENSE-in-the-Midlands. This short report is the outcome of that work. The broader study, commissioned by the Department of Health, involves assessment of the quality of these services through monitoring and observation of staff and client activity. Data on social contacts and parental satisfaction with services are collected as well as measures of the social climate of residential provision. Assessments were conducted at two points in time: during the four months preceding admission to SENSE (Time 1), and between four and six months after moving to SENSE facilities (Time 2). In this paper we report findings from the evaluation of the costs of services for a small sample of people who have dual sensory impairments. We first set out the broad parameters of the methodology, and then turn to look at clients, their service utilisation and the associated costs of care while resident in the SENSE facilities. Service receipt and care costs are also reported for the sample members before admission to the SENSE facility. It was agreed that the PSSRU work should form an integral part of the broader evaluation, and so the paper ends with a short summary of the work which will be included in the full report to the Department of Health. We found an average cost of £575 per week for the pre-SENSE period (Time 1), 85 per cent of which was accounted for by accommodation and an average of £937 per week for SENSE students, with 99 per cent attributable to accommodation costs. The weekly cost difference between the Time 1 and Time 2 costs averaged £270.30, which represents a significant increase in costs (40 per cent higher than the pre-SENSE, Time 1, costs). The difference in total cost comprises a marked increase in accommodation costs and a reduction in non-accommodation costs. One noticeable difference related to the striking increase in the input of professionals from outside the accommodation unit in case reviews once clients were resident at SENSE. The higher cost reported for clients once resident at SENSE-in-the-Midlands needs to be seen in the broader context of changing service receipt patterns and the findings from the evaluation of the quality of the services. These findings indicate that '...students, while resident at SENSE facilities, experience a greater quality of life and superior support when compared with previous placements' (Emerson and Cooper,1992).


General Introduction: Design, Sampling, and Ethics I. Research Questions and Designs What Is the Role of Theory in Research Questions and Designs? 1. When to Use Survey Designs When Are Surveys Likely to Be a Wise Design Choice? When Should You Use Which Mode of Administering Your Survey? What Design Should You Use to Study Change over Time? What Question Formats Can You Use in a Survey Design? Conclusion on Survey Designs: So Many Questions, So Little Time 2. When to Use Interview Designs Comparing Interviews with Surveys Conclusion on Interview Designs in General Specific Interview Types, Approaches, and Procedures Conclusion 3. When to Use Experimental Designs What's Wrong with Gold-Standard Thinking? When Is an RCT a Good Option? When Is an Experimental Design a Good Option for Your Research? When Should You Use the Basic Types of Experimental Design? General Conclusion on When to Use Experimental Designs 4. When to Use Naturalistic and Participant Observational Designs Overview of Observational Designs When Is Observation a Good Design Choice? Further Distinguishing between Naturalistic and Participant Observational Designs When Should You Use a Naturalistic Observational Design? When Should You Use Participant Observational Designs? Conclusion: Characteristics of All Observational Designs 5. When to Use Archival Designs: Literature Reviews and Secondary Analyses What Kinds of Archival Data Are Available for Researchers? When Should You Collect and Use Preexisting Data Rather Than Produce Your Own? Types of Archival Research Database Archives Organizational Records Textual Studies of Documents New Media, Including Internet Sources Conclusion 6. When to Use Combined Research Designs Simple versus Multipart Research Questions When to Combine Research Designs Types and Qualities of Combined Designs Logistical Considerations in Combined Research Designs Conclusion and Summary II. Sampling, Selection, and Recruitment 7. Sampling for Surveys Probability Samples Nonprobability Samples When Should You Try to Improve Response Rates? How Big Should Your Sample Be? Conclusion 8. Identifying and Recruiting People for Interviews How Interview Strategies Are Shaped by Research Questions Making Basic Decisions about Interview Sampling Conclusions on Selecting People to Interview 9. Sampling, Recruiting, and Assigning Participants in Experiments Randomized Controlled Trials Alternatives to RCTs Controlling for Covariates Conclusion: Sampling, Recruiting, and Assigning Cases in Experiments 10. Searching and Sampling for Observations Overview of Searching and Sampling Concerns in Observational Research Appropriateness and Relevance of the Sample Accessing Observation Sites Decisions Influenced by Resources and Other Practical Considerations Four Basic Sampling Decisions Sampling and the Five Types of Research Questions Conclusion and Summary 11. Sampling from Archival Sources When Do You Search and When Do You Sample? Sampling Research Literature to Build Upon and Synthesize It Database Archives Organizational Records Textual Studies of Documents New Media, Including Various Internet Sources Conclusion 12. Sampling and Recruiting for Combined Research Designs When Should You Use Probability Samples in Your Combined Design Study? When Should You Use Purposive Samples in Your Combined Design Study? When Should You Use Both Probability and Purposive Samples in Your Study? Conclusion and Summary III. Research Ethics: The Responsible Conduct of Research Responsibilities toward the Persons Being Studied Responsibilities toward Other Researchers Responsibilities toward the Broader Society/Community 13. Ethics in Survey Research Consent: Informed Participants Willingly Joining the Research Project Harm: Preventing Injury to Respondents Privacy: Ensuring Respondents' Anonymity and/or Confidentiality Conclusion 14. Ethics in Interview Research Consent: Informed Participants Willingly Agreeing to Be Interviewed Harm: Preventing Injury to Interviewees during the Interview Privacy: Ensuring Interviewees' Confidentiality Conclusion 15. Ethics in Experimental Research Consent: Informed Participants Willingly Joining the Research Project Harm: Preventing Injury to Experimental Participants Privacy: Ensuring Participants' Anonymity and/or Confidentiality Conclusion 16. Ethics in Observational Research Seeking and Acquiring Informed Consent to Observe Avoiding and Minimizing Harm to Participants While Conducting the Study Ensuring Participant Privacy Conclusion 17. Ethical Issues in Archival Research Ethical Practice in Reviews of the Research Literature Ethical Practices in Employing Database Archives Ethical Obligations When Using Institutional Records Ethical Issues When Using Documents, Including Public Documents Ethical Issues When Using Blogs and Other Sources Published On-line When Might the Honest, Correct Reporting of Archival Research Cause Harm? Conclusion 18. Ethical Considerations in Combined Research Designs Consent Harm Privacy Conclusion: Culmination of Design, Sampling, and Ethics in Valid Data Coding When to Use Qualities or Quantities, Names or Numbers, Categories or Continua? What Methods to Use to Code Concepts with Reliability and Validity What Methods to Use to Improve Reliability What Methods to Use to Enhance Validity What to Use to Code Concepts Validly Coding Decisions Shape Analytic Options Glossary


Abstract Magnetic techniques have so far been under exploited in the petroleum industry. Recently scientists have published some results on laboratory based magnetic susceptibility data for reservoir rock minerals which show strong correlations with key petrophysical parameters including permeability. However, such laboratory based experiments are not representative of in-situ reservoir conditions. Part of this thesis investigates the in-situ magnetic properties of reservoir rocks and minerals at reservoir temperatures via laboratory experiments to model downhole conditions. The shapes of hysteresis curves at various temperatures and the shapes of temperature dependent susceptibility (TDS) curves for individual minerals (paramagnetic, diamagnetic, ferromagnetic) were used to identify the type of magnetic minerals present, their concentrations, phase transitions and changes in mineralogy. For paramagnetic minerals, magnetic susceptibility decreases with an increase in temperature, whereas diamagnetic susceptibility is shown to be independent of temperature. Ferromagnetic substances can show a variety of thermomagnetic changes depending on the type of ferromagnetic minerals present. Changes in the domain state of ferromagnetic carriers with temperature were also observed, which either resulted from the formation of new ferromagnetic components and/or variations in grain size. Theoretical and experimental data on the thermomagnetic properties of reservoir rock minerals are also presented. A downhole sonde capable of taking magnetic susceptibility measurements in-situ downhole has been designed and tested in this thesis. Since the laboratory based methods have demonstrated correlations between the magnetically derived mineral contents and petrophysical parameters, the downhole magnetic susceptibility sonde can potentially provide in-situ predictions of these parameters. Model boreholes were prepared in the laboratory using powder samples and by drilling through solid blocks of rock. Tests were performed on these model boreholes using the magnetic susceptibility sonde.


This thesis examines the work of the National Society of the Church of England in Religious Education, with particular reference to the use of illustrated material in Religious Education textbooks and pupils' books at the end of the nineteenth century. It begins with an outline of the National Society's early development and the start of its publishing house, The Depository, in 1845.
It then looks at some aspects of teacher training, curricula for Religious Education and the importance attached by the National Society to the moral and Christian training of teachers who later taught in Board Schools as well as Church of England schools.
The thesis briefly discusses the reasons for the National Society's publications in the light of contemporary Victorian ideas and then considers in details the following publications: The life of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, The Childhood of Christ, The Ministry of Christ, The Passion of Christ and The Resurrection of Christ, the first of these being written by F.T. Palgrave and the others by an unknown author 'R.E.H', all being illustrated with twenty-four chromolithographs of Italian Renaissance Christian paintings dating from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries.
Later materials, produced by the National Society and other publishers are then examined, in order to demonstrate the significance of The Life and The Stories.
In revealing this part of educational history the thesis demonstrates that these publications were precursors for modern books, considered a success by contemporary teachers, in order to meet their own standards and the demands of the government regulations.
The method used has been archival research into written sources and art historical research into the illustrations, with historical and theological method applied where appropriate.


We present results from a long-term monitoring campaign on the TeV binary LSI +61° 303 with VERITAS at energies above 500 GeV, and in the 2–10 keV hard X-ray bands with RXTE and Swift, sampling nine 26.5 day orbital cycles between 2006 September and 2008 February. The binary was observed by VERITAS to be variable, with all integrated observations resulting in a detection at the 8.8σ (2006/2007) and 7.3σ (2007/2008) significance level for emission above 500 GeV. The source was detected during active periods with flux values ranging from 5% to 20% of the Crab Nebula, varying over the course of a single orbital cycle. Additionally, the observations conducted in the 2007–2008 observing season show marginal evidence (at the 3.6σ significance level) for TeV emission outside the apastron passage of the compact object around the Be star. Contemporaneous hard X-ray observations with RXTE and Swift show large variability with flux values typically varying between 0.5 and 3.0 ×10−11 erg cm−2 s−1 over a single orbital cycle. The contemporaneous X-ray and TeV data are examined and it is shown that the TeV sampling is not dense enough to detect a correlation between the two bands.


Enterprise mobility is emerging as a fast-growing trend worldwide. Numerous risks originate from using mobile devices for business-related tasks and most of these risks pose a significant security threat to organisations' information. Information Technology (IT) governance frameworks can provide guidance in managing these risks at a strategic level, but these frameworks do not effectively govern on a technical operational level. Implementation of these frameworks may also be inefficient, as they are generic and do not necessarily cover all the risks relating to a specific technology. This study provides organisations with guidance on how to govern these enterprise mobility security risks in an effective manner at both a strategic and an operational level. Using three IT governance frameworks, this study identified 12 practices that companies can employ to mitigate significant mobility security risks.


This case study analyses the approach, practice and lessons emerging from the work of Thusanang Trust in building the capacity of Early Childhood Development (ECD) practitioners and parents in rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The document is in three main parts. Part 1 explores the policy, strategy and challenges of providing ECD in South Africa. Part 2 is an exploration of the approach and practice of Thusanang Trust in building capacity to increase effective ECD services in rural communities. Part 3 discusses three emerging lessons based on the Thusanang experience. A Conclusion recognises the importance of integrating the work of ECD practitioners with parents, families, institutions, and the wider community, and is supported by a comprehensive listing of references. This case study profiles Thusanang Trust, an NGO based in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, which has built the capacity of ECD practitioners through formal training for more than 20 years, and is very aware of the limitations of the work. In response to these challenges, Thusanang developed a programme to raise awareness and train parents on how to support the work of ECD practitioners at home, so maximising development opportunities for children. This document is one of a number of publications highlighting NGO good practice and emerging issues from partner organisations supported by Oxfam in South Africa.


Photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching technique has been proven to be an effective method to etch GaN. Despite its success, investigations on etching-induced damage are still scare. In this work, the damage induced by PEC etching of GaN in KOH electrolyte was studied. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was used to explore the origin of etching-induced damaged layer. From the variable temperature PL measurements, the origin of etching-induced damage was attributed to be the defect complex of VGa-ON (gallium vacancy bonds to oxygeon on nitrogen antisite). With determination of the defect origin, the electronic transition in the etch damage-related yellow luminescence (YL) band was suggested to be deep donor-like state to shallow-acceptor transition. In addition, a post-treatment method with boiled KOH chemical etching was developed to remove the thin damaged layer. In this method, crystallographic etching characteristics of boiled KOH was observed to assist in the formation of smooth sidewall facets. As revealed by the reduction of yellow luminescence, we propose this novel technique as a near damage-free etching method.


It's motivational, it's inspiring, it's fun! It's Running Made Easy! And, quite simply, it's the friendliest running book on the block. Running Made Easy is designed to get everyone who thought they could never run on their way to a better body, bags of confidence and soaring energy levels. Its revolutionary running programme involves just 60 seconds of running at a time - and will take you from couch potato to fit and fab in just 10 weeks. It'll encourage you to knock aside every excuse you've ever made and celebrate every step you take towards a fitter, happier you. Packed with amazing real-life running and weight-loss success stories and advice, Running Made Easy also includes a highly motivating running diary and colourful fill-in charts to help you track your progress and see just how well you're doing. If you're ready to take up running, this book's ready to become your best friend.


This paper investigates the sum-rate capacity of a cognitive multiple access (MAC) sensor network. The multiple access network consists of K sensors communicating to a common base station. Outside of the network exists another user of the radio spectrum. Each sensor of the MAC network is aware (i.e. cognitive) of this user, denoted the primary user, and transmits in a manner to avoid any interference to this user. No interference transmission is achieved using the dirty-paper coding technique. The sum-rate capacity is the theoretical maximum of the sum of the simultaneously achievable rates of each sensor within the network. Using a recently derived iterative algorithm, we quantify the sum-rate capacity of this network and investigate its behavior as a function of the number of sensors, cognitive signal-to-noise ratio (CSNR) and primary SNR (PSNR) in a Rayleigh fading environment. We also derive bounds and scaling results for the ergodic sum-rate capacity.


The World Exhibition held in Paris in 1900 demonstrated Rudolph Diesel's eponymous engine running on groundnut oil. Vegetable oils were used in diesel engines for the next 20 years before being replaced by cheaper fossil-fuel-derived alternatives (Smith and Searchinger 2012). Fluctuating oil prices, growing concerns about climate change and potential contributions to rural development have resulted in a more recent and growing interest in expanding the production and use of first-generation (1G) liquid biofuels from crops such as oil palm, sugar cane, soy and jatropha. Several countries have now established targets for biofuels as part of broader efforts to promote the production and use of renewable energy sources. The European Union's Renewable Energy Directive (EU RED), adopted in 2009, mandates each member state to ensure that at least 10% of fuel consumed in the transport sector is derived from renewable sources— including biofuels—by 2020 (see http://ec.europa.eu/energy/ renewables/index_en.htm). The demand for land to expand the production of biofuel feedstocks grew throughout the period 2000 -2010. However, there were large variations by region and type of feedstock. Global production and trade in biofuels is currently dominated by Brazil, Argentina, USA and the European Union (Figure 1). Only 9% of vegetable oils produced globally are used to make biofuels (May-Tobin et al. 2012). An estimated 16% of biofuels produced in tropical regions were exported in 2009. However, in the same year, only 5% of oil palm production was used as feedstock for biofuels. Similarly, soy is grown predominantly for animal feed, with less than 15% by weight used in biofuel


Digital platforms are not just software-based media, they are governing systems that control, interact, and accumulate. They also solidify markets; that is, social networks of exchange that do not necessarily leave data traces, into infrastructure, that is, material arrangements of traceable activity. This article examines the forms of domination found in this digital platform model, and corrects some existing simplistic theoretical conclusions about digital platforms. It first provides a schematic overview of digital infrastructures of governance, and the attendant systemic mechanics they engender. It then argues that we need a more syncretic, interdisciplinary approach to the platform-based economy. The shifting emphases of different academic disciplines in relation to digital platforms are only partially grounded in their different normative biases; they can also be attributed to use of different disciplinary lenses. The field of information systems management and design studies is chiefly concerned with direct, technical interplatform affordances and connections, and with providing observations of certain systemic attributes of digital platforms. Critical political economy, by contrast, mainly considers the emerging transnational, geopolitical formations of platform capitalism. The interplay between these different systemic mechanics is summarized and presented here in the concept of "platform logic."


The University of Miami Law Review's 2014 Symposium, Leading from Below, honored Judge Jack B. Weinstein for his extraordinary career as a private practitioner, government lawyer, advisor to legislators and executive officials, major legal scholar, and federal district judge for over forty-seven years. It also offered the possibility of pausing for several days to consider the significance of the federal district courts more generally.This article is intended to look at the career of one very well regarded judge through spectacles that offer a different vantage point on a judicial career. Those spectacles-the concept of judicial entrepreneurship - seem to be particularly apt when applied to Judge Jack B. Weinstein.


Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process typically restricted to low volume and high value products. Ceramic SPF dies have a lower production cost than conventional metal tools, and have short lead-times, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for SPF applications. Suitable surface treatments have a remarkable effect on wear resistance; hence, the working surface of the die can be improved by the application of appropriate coatings, increasing the lifetime of the SPF ceramic dies. This dissertation describes a method for the investigation of surface degradation mechanisms in ceramic dies during SPF process at laboratory scale. A test protocol has been developed and it is presented in this dissertation. The test protocol is composed of three stages: sample preparation, experimental test and sample analysis. In order to conduct the test protocol, a test rig has been identified within the University of Strathclyde. The test rig has been upgraded with new tooling in order to be able to deal with ceramic materials. The design of the tool is described in the dissertation. The implementation of the test protocol enabled the Advanced Forming Research Centre (AFRC) to test ceramic material at SPF conditions and shows it is possible to monitor the surface wear of the ceramic die during repeated SPF cycles, through the analysis of the surface morphology of the superplastically deformed titanium samples.


There is no doubt that the textile industry - the production of clothing, fabrics, thread, fibre and related products - plays a significant part in the global economy. It also frequently operates with disregard to its environmental and social impacts. The textile industry uses large quantities of water and outputs large quantities of waste. As for social aspects, many unskilled jobs have disappeared in regions that rely heavily on these industries. Another serious and still unresolved problem is the flexibility textile industry companies claim to need. Faced with fierce international competition, they are increasingly unable to offer job security. This is without even considering the informal-sector work proliferating both in developing and developed countries. Child labour persists within this sector despite growing pressure to halt it. Fashion demands continuous consumption. In seeking to own the latest trends consumers quickly come to regard their existing garments as inferior, if not useless. "Old" items become unwanted as quickly as new ones come into demand. This tendency towards disposability results in the increased use of resources and thus the accelerated accumulation of waste. It is obvious to many that current fashion industry practices are in direct competition with sustainability objectives; yet this is frequently overlooked as a pressing concern.It is, however, becoming apparent that there are social and ecological consequences to the current operation of the fashion industry: sustainability in the sector has been gaining attention in recent years from those who believe that it should be held accountable for the pressure it places on the individual, as well as its contribution to increases in consumption and waste disposal. This book takes a wide-screen approach to the topic, covering, among other issues: sustainability and business management in textile and fashion companies; value chain management; use of materials; sustainable


The present article critically discusses how the relations and roles of doctors and nurses have changed over the last 40 years, and how these have been re-shaped by a growing focus on improving patient care while preserving and improving the economics of the health service. It suggests that the emphasis on more efficiency and more accountability has changed both the roles and span of control of doctors and nurses. Yet, it also argues that stereotypes held by doctors and nurses about one another remain difficult to change. Managers have emerged as new actors in the healthcare system, and have contributed to these role shifts. Overall, the relation between doctors and nurses has changed, over the last 40 years, from being a relation based on status, to a more balanced one, based on mutual trust and leadership, resulting in the emergence of more complex psychological processes between the main actors of the healthcare system.


This paper presents a very simple and effective approach to using parallel corpora for automatic bilingual lexicon acquisition. The approach, which uses the Random Indexing vector space methodology, is based on finding correlations between terms based on their distributional characteristics. The approach requires a minimum of preprocessing and linguistic knowledge, and is efficient, fast and scalable. In this paper, we explain how our approach differs from traditional cooccurrence-based word alignment algorithms, and we demonstrate how to extract bilingual lexica using the Random Indexing approach applied to aligned parallel data. The acquired lexica are evaluated by comparing them to manually compiled gold standards, and we report overlap of around 60%. We also discuss methodological problems with evaluating lexical resources of this kind.


Abstract In this paper, we present prospects for using the Jagiellonian positron emission tomograph (J-PET) detector to search for discrete symmetries violations in a purely leptonic system of the positronium atom. We discuss tests of CP and CPT symmetries by means of ortho-positronium decays into three photons. No zero expectation values for chosen correlations between ortho-positronium spin and momentum vectors of photons would imply the existence of physics phenomena beyond the standard model. Previous measurements resulted in violation amplitude parameters for CP and CPT symmetries consistent with zero, with an uncertainty of about 10−3. The J-PET detector allows to determine those values with better precision, thanks to the unique time and angular resolution combined with a high geometrical acceptance. Achieving the aforementioned is possible because of the application of polymer scintillators instead of crystals as detectors of annihilation quanta.


[1] Although the current Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite passive remote sensing midvisible aerosol optical thickness (AOT) products are accurate overall to about 0.05 or 20%, they differ systematically on a global, monthly average basis, by about 0.03 to 0.05. Some key climate change and other applications require accuracies of 0.03 or better. The instruments are sufficiently stable and well characterized, and have adequate signal-to-noise, to realize such precision. However, assumptions made in the current standard aerosol retrieval algorithms produce AOT biases that must be addressed first. We identify the causes of AOT discrepancies over dark water under typical, relatively low AOT conditions and quantify their magnitudes on the basis of detailed analysis. Examples were selected to highlight key issues for which there are coincident MISR, MODIS, and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations. Instrument calibration and sampling differences, assumptions made in the MISR and MODIS standard algorithms about ocean surface boundary conditions, missing particle property or mixture options, and the way reflectances used in the retrievals are selected each contribute significantly to the observed differences under some circumstances. Cloud screening is also identified as a factor, though not fully examined here, as are the relatively rare high-AOT cases over ocean. Specific algorithm upgrades and further studies indicated by these findings are discussed, along with recommendations for effectively using the currently available products for regional and global applications.


We propose a convex optimization formulation with the nuclear norm and $\ell_1$-norm to find a large approximately rank-one submatrix of a given nonnegative matrix. We develop optimality conditions for the formulation and characterize the properties of the optimal solutions. We establish conditions under which the optimal solution of the convex formulation has a specific sparse structure. Finally, we show that, under certain hypotheses, with high probability, the approach can recover the rank-one submatrix even when it is corrupted with random noise and inserted as a submatrix into a much larger random noise matrix.


Student retention has risen high on the political agenda in the UK as part of the government's priorities to widen participation in higher education, in particular among groups traditionally under-represented in the sector. These concerns have been reflected in policies of the funding bodies in the UK. In turn Universities across the UK have become increasingly active in developing processes and procedures to meet the challenges of improving student retention while simultaneously widening access and participation in the context of rising student numbers overall. This has led to the desire for accurate data and reliable statistical analysis on which to inform policy at the University of Aberdeen. The purpose of this report is to answer the question: "To what extent can the probability of drop out of a student be explained by student characteristics?" Are mature students more likely to drop out? Is there an empirical distinction between younger and older mature students? Are male students more prone to dropping out? To what extent can the level of entry qualifications explain dropouts? Are there any differences in the impact of below core entry qualifications between male and female students? Do students who performed unsatisfactorily in their first year and who were allowed to repeat this first year drop out less or more often than other students? Have there been any significant trends over time? It is clear that any associations of these characteristics with drop out rates may have important policy implications for the University as it may allow the identification of those potentially "at risk" before they join the University and hence facilitate the targeting of support once students start their studies.


Autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by abnormal social cognition. A core feature of ASC is disrupted Theory of Mind (ToM), our ability to take the mental perspective of others. ASC is also associated with alexithymia, a trait characterized by altered emotional interoception and empathy. Here, we applied structural MRI covariance analysis to assess whether ASC and alexithymia differentially affect structural brain networks associated with sociocognitive and socioaffective functions. Based on previous functional MRI findings, we expected disrupted ToM networks (centered on dorsomedial prefontal cortex [dmPFC], and temporo-parietal junction [TPJ]) in ASC, while alexithymia would affect networks centered on fronto-insular cortex (FI), regions associated with interoception of emotion and empathy. Relative to controls, ASC indeed showed reduced covariance in networks centered on dmPFC and TPJ, but not within FI networks. Irrespective of ASC, covariance was negatively modulated by alexithymia in networks extending from FI to posterior regions. Network findings were complemented by self-reports, indicating decreased perspective taking but normal empathic concern in ASC. Our results show divergent effects of ASC and alexithymia on inter-regional structural networks, suggesting that networks mediating socioaffective processes may be separable from networks mediating sociocognitive processing.


It is expected that future transportation technologies will positively impact how passengers travel to their destinations. Europe aims to integrate air transport into the overall multimodal transport network to provide better service to passengers, while reducing travel time and making the network more resilient to disruptions. This study presents an approach that investigates these aspects by developing a simulation platform consisting of different models, allowing us to simulate the complete door-to-door trajectory of passengers. To address the future potential, we devised scenarios considering three time horizons: 2025, 2035, and 2050. The experimental design allowed us to identify potential obstacles for future travel, the impact on the system's resilience, and how the integration of novel technology affects proxy indicators of the level of service, such as travel time or speed. In this paper, we present for the first time an innovative methodology that enables the modelling and simulation of door-to-door travel to investigate the future performance of the transport network. We apply this methodology to the case of a travel trajectory from Germany to Amsterdam considering a regional and a hub airport; it was built considering current information and informed assumptions for future horizons. Results indicate that, with the new technology, the system becomes more resilient and generally performs better, as the mean speed and travel time are improved. Furthermore, they also indicate that the performance could be further improved considering other elements such as algorithmic governance.


Essential oils are natural volatile substances that can be found in a variety of aromatic plants especially spices. This study was performed to provide data and compare the chemical composition, anti-oxidation, anti-microbial, mosquito repellency activities and toxicity of essential oils extracted from some common aromatic plants from the family of Lauraceae and Zingiberaceae namely Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon citratus, Cinnamomum iners, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Hedychium coronarium, Alpinia galanga, Kaempferia galanga, and Etlingera punicea using a hydrodistillation method. The essential oils yielded range from 0.82 to 1.88%, and consisted of monoterpene,• monoterpenoid, sesquiterpene and sesquiterpenoid as the dominant constituents as analysed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The C. iners essential oil demonstrated the most potent anti-oxidation activity as evaluated using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, possibly due to the present of eugenol as the major component. The anti-microbial property was evaluated against both Gram-positive bacteria [Bacillus cereus (6 43/04 6) and Staphylococcus aureus (S 277)] and Gram negative bacteria [Escherichia coli (E 91/026), Salmonella typhimurium (S 1000) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145)] using a disc-diffusion method. In general, the essential oils (C nardus, C citratus, C iners, Z officinale, A. galanga and E. punicea) containing high abundance of terpene, terpenoid, and fatty alcohols exerted potential anti-microbial effects against the Gram-positive bacteria with inhibition range from 8.72 to 22.87 mm. The essential oils of C. nardus, C. citratus and Z. officinale exhibited potential activities against adult mosquitoes compared to the effectiveness of DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) at 500 and 1000 ppm. The acute (6 hour exposure) and chronic (24 hour exposure) toxicities of the essential oils were determined using a brine shrimp lethality assay. The results showed that C. iners was distinctively toxic (77.27 to 81.66 ppm and 26.42 to 39.92 ppm respectively) while K. galanga exhibited weak toxicity (995.41 to 1169.50 ppm and 283.79 to 321.37 ppm respectively). In conclusion, the essential oils belong to the species in Laureceae family generally were more bioactive than those in the Zingiberaceae. These essential oils may be beneficent as natural ingredients for functional foods, perfumery and pharmaceutical products.


Is the idea of the "Middle East" simply a geopolitical construct conceived by the West to serve particular strategic and economic interests—or can we identify geographical, historical, cultural, and political patterns to indicate some sort of internal coherence to this label? While the term has achieved common usage, no one studying the region has yet addressed whether this conceptualization has real meaning—and then articulated what and where the Middle East is, or is not. This volume fills the void, offering a diverse set of voices—from political and cultural historians, to social scientists, geographers, and political economists—to debate the possible manifestations and meanings of the Middle East. At a time when geopolitical forces, social currents, and environmental concerns have brought attention to the region, this volume examines the very definition and geographic and cultural boundaries of the Middle East in an unprecedented way.


Use of a gradient-index (GRIN) substrate is proposed as a novel signal-propagation medium for planar optics. The GRIN substrate provides planar optics designers not only a three-dimensional light propagation space but also smart optical diffraction-limited imaging. Experimental results on the imaging of an input signal to multiple destinations by the GRIN planar optics are presented.


We demonstrate the systematic implementation of recently-developed fast explicit kinetic integration algorithms that solve efficiently N coupled ordinary differential equations (subject to initial conditions) on modern GPUs. We take representative test cases (Type Ia supernova explosions) and demonstrate two or more orders of magnitude increase in efficiency for solving such systems (of realistic thermonuclear networks coupled to fluid dynamics). This implies that important coupled, multiphysics problems in various scientific and technical disciplines that were intractable, or could be simulated only with highly schematic kinetic networks, are now computationally feasible. As examples of such applications we present the computational techniques developed for our ongoing deployment of these new methods on modern GPU accelerators. We show that similarly to many other scientific applications, ranging from national security to medical advances, the computation can be split into many independent computational tasks, each of relatively small-size. As the size of each individual task does not provide sufficient parallelism for the underlying hardware, especially for accelerators, these tasks must be computed concurrently as a single routine, that we call batched routine, in order to saturate the hardware with enough work.


Emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies have enabled the creation of intentionally non-flat PV modules for energy generation. Doing so however has significant implications to the power electronics since these cells are not coplanar by design. Non-uniform insolation from cell-to-cell gives rise to non-uniform current density which limits the ability to series-connect these cells without bypass diode or other ways to shunt current, well known in the maximum power tracking literature to limit energy harvest. This paper presents a modeling approach to determine and quantify the variations in generation of energy due to intentionally non-flat PV geometries. This in turn will enable the power electronics circuitry to be optimized to harvest maximum energy from PV pixel elements - clusters of cells with similar operating characteristics and thus able to be interconnected in series/parallel combination. This paper systematically compares different geometries with the same two-dimensional projection "footprint" for energy harvest throughout the day. The results show that for the same footprint a semi-cylindrical surface harvest more energy over a typical day than a flat plate. These results have broad application to a variety of energy scavenging scenarios in which either total energy harvested needs to be maximized or unusual geometries for the PV active surfaces are required, including building-integrated PV. This paper serves as a first step towards analyzing the potential gain in energy harvest the implication the design of the power electronics circuits and control algorithms.


The purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize the current component-based software development (CBSD) literature, to derive a research taxonomy, and to propose an agenda for conducting future research. Due to the rapidly changing nature of technology, increasing development cost, and decreasing development time, researchers and practitioners alike are considering alternatives to traditional development approaches that have been in use and effective for many years. The following research question is examined: Does component-based software development (CBSD) represent a distinct information systems development approach (ISDA), or is it simply an iteration of existing approaches, therefore more accurately representing an information systems development methodology (ISDM)? Based on the review of literature and using Iivari, Hirschheim, and Klein's four-tiered framework for classifying information systems development as a theoretical lens, a taxonomy is created, six propositions are developed, and future research is recommended.


The diffraction pattern which represents the image of a luminous point produced by an instrument free from aberrations and having a circular aperture, when observed out of focus, has been calculated by A. E. Conrady, A. Buxton, and G. Lansraux. Conrady and Buxton used numerical integration. Such a process yields a sequence of values of the complex amplitude at a particular point in the diffraction pattern for a particular lack of focus, and for any given integration, the distance W of the point under consideration from the center of the pattern, and the lack of focus ψ, are functions of the upper limit of integration. If ψ is plotted against W, the path obtained is a parabola, ψ = aW2.The author has found a method whereby any desired path can be followed instead of a parabola. In particular, if the point of observation is near the edge of the purely geometrical diffusion disk and remains at a constant distance from it as ψ changes, then, for large values of ψ, the form of the diffraction fringes is approximately independent of ψ and their intensity is inversely proportional to ψ2.


The success of cloud computing as a platform for deploying webapplications has led to a deluge of applications characterized by small data footprints but unpredictable access patterns. An autonomic andscalablemultitenant database management system(DBMS) is therefore an important component of the software stack for platforms supporting these applications. Elastic load balancing is a key requirement for effective resource utilization and operational cost minimization. Efficient techniques for database migration are thus essential for elasticity in a multitenant DBMS. Our vision is a DBMS where multitenancy is viewed as virtualization in the database layer, and migration is a first class notion with the same stature as scalability, availability etc. This paper serves as the first step in this direction. We analyze the various models of database multitenancy, formalize the forms of migration, evaluate the offthe-shelf migration techniques, and identify the design space and research goals for an autonomic and elastic multitenant database.


Rockbolting telltales are now an internationally established means of providing preemptive warnings of roof falls. The dual height telltale, providing an immediate visible measurement distinguishing between movement above and below the rockbolted height, is the most widespread version. The dual height telltale was first developed by British Coal in the early 1990's as rockbolting was introduced to replace steel arch support and the success of this support system in deep coal mines has been widely ascribed to the use of this safety device. Since its adoption, many permutations and improvements on the basic design have been developed and applied worldwide to suit different mining circumstances; for instance, triple height telltales are commonly used where a combination of roofbolts and longer tendons are installed at the face of the heading. The choice of appropriate movement action levels is vital for safety. Experience has also shown that systematic management of the application of the telltale warning system is required to ensure that appropriate action (usually the installation of additional support) is taken in time when action levels are exceeded. In Australia, this is exemplified in the TARP approach. Another major development has been an intrinsically safe remote reading dual height telltale system which allows up to 100 electronic telltales to be connected with a twin core cable and read, using either a portable readout, from the end of the roadway, or a surface PC via a telephone cable connection. In the latter configuration, a real time display of roof condition is obtained whilst retaining the immediate visual indication underground. A recent development is the "Autowarning" telltale. This provides a warning of impending goafing in depillaring operations via high visibility, flashing LEDs. The paper describes these and other telltale developments and provides case histories of their application worldwide, including UK, India, and USA.


A chronostratigraphic framework based on foraminiferal biostratigraphy, integrated with carbon-isotope stratigraphy, has been generated for the Upper Albian - Lower Campanian interval of the eastern and western basins of northern Venezuela. The successions are composed of occasionally phosphate-rich calcareous sandstones and shales to the SSW, and foraminiferal organic-rich mudrocks and limestone in more northern areas (Alpuf-6 and TOT-3 wells in the west; Chimana Grande Island and Querecual River sections in the east). Biostratigraphic resolution is very poor in the SSW areas due to deposition in shallow-water conditions. To the north, a palaeoslope reconstruction of the Cretaceous passive margin, integrated with foraminiferal biofacies and abundances of planktonic foraminifera morphotypes, indicates that bathyal conditions prevailed, with dysaerobic or anoxic bottom-waters being caused by high rates of surface-water productivity. These were associated with an intermittent upwelling regime and palaeobathymetric barriers that restricted circulation, causing stratification and accumulation of vast quantities of organic-rich sediments. These adverse conditions caused a paucity of keeled planktonic foraminifera and impoverished benthonic faunas, resulting in low-resolution biostratigraphy for the Querecual and La Luna formations, which range in age from Late Albian 'Roralipora ticinensis' Zone to Santonian 'Dicarinella asymetrica' Zone.

A chemostratigraphic study demonstrates that the highest TiO[sub]2. A1[sub]2O[sub]3 and Fe[sub]2O[sub]3 percentages are observed in the Upper Albian, Cenomanian and Santonian, whereas Sr/Ca ratios, despite diagenetic effects, show increasing trends in the Cenomnanian and decreasing trends from the Santonian up to the Campanian in most sections. Organic-rich facies exhibit high (>20%) TOC values, particularly in the Upper Albian to mid-Cenomanian and in the Turonian. A stable carbon-isotope reference curve for organic matter ([sigma][sup]13C[sub]org) generated for the Upper Albian - Lower Campanian interval, shows the [sigma][sup]13C Albian-Cenomanian Boundary, MCEI, CTB, Holywell, Lulwoth, Ruund Down, Glynde, Pewsey and Hitch Wood isotope events, and other Coniacian and Santonian events identified in England. Despite difficulties arising fromn the use of different biostratigraphic schemes in Boreal and Tethyan sections, the [sigma][sup]13C reference curves from England and Venezuela display remarkably similar trends that confirm the usefulness of [sigma][sup]13C chemostratigraphy, combined with biostratigraphy, as a powerful basin analysis and correlation tool.


This groundbreaking book examines the relationship between the development of the consumer society and the rise of collecting by individuals and institutions. Rusell Belk considers how and why people collect, as individuals, corporations and museums, and the impact this collecting has on us and our culture. Collecting in a Consumer Society outlines the history of museum collecting from ancient civilizations to the present. It also looks at aspects of consumer culture - advertizing, department stores, mass merchandizing, consumer desires, and how this relates to the activity of collecting. Collecting in a Consumer Society is the first book to focus on collecting as material consumption. This is a provocative and engaging book, essential reading for anyone involved with the process of collecting.


This paper examines the effects of review arousal on perceived helpfulness of online reviews, and on consumers' emotional responses elicited by the reviews. Drawing on emotion theories in psychology and neuroscience, we focus on four emotions – anger, anxiety, excitement, and enjoyment that are common in the context of online reviews. The effects of the four emotions embedded in online reviews were examined using a controlled experiment. Our preliminary results show that reviews embedded with the four emotions (arousing reviews) are perceived to be more helpful than reviews without the emotions embedded (non-arousing reviews). However, reviews embedded with anxiety and enjoyment (low-arousal reviews) are perceived to be more helpfulness that reviews embedded with anger and excitement (high-arousal reviews). Furthermore, compared to reviews embedded with anger, reviews embedded with anxiety are associated with a higher EEG activity that is generally linked to negative emotions. The results suggest a non-linear relationship between review arousal and perceived helpfulness, which can be explained by the consumers' emotional responses elicited by the reviews.


Solar panels can be found practically all over the world and represent a standard surface that can be colonized by microbial communities that are resistant to harsh environmental conditions, including high irradiation, temperature fluctuations and desiccation. These properties make them not only ideal sources of stress-resistant bacteria, but also standard devices to study the microbial communities and their colonization process from different areas of Earth. We report here a comprehensive description of the microbial communities associated with solar panels in Berkeley, CA, United States. Cultivable bacteria were isolated to characterize their adhesive capabilities, and UV- and desiccation-resistance properties. Furthermore, a parallel culture-independent metagenomic and metabolomic approach has allowed us to gain insight on the taxonomic and functional nature of these communities. Metagenomic analysis was performed using the Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencing platform, revealing that the bacterial population of the Berkeley solar panels is composed mainly of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, as well as lower amounts of Deinococcus-Thermus and Firmicutes. Furthermore, a clear predominance of Hymenobacter sp. was also observed. A functional analysis revealed that pathways involved in the persistence of microbes on solar panels (i.e., stress response, capsule development, and metabolite repair) and genes assigned to carotenoid biosynthesis were common to all metagenomes. On the other hand, genes involved in photosynthetic pathways and general autotrophic subsystems were rare, suggesting that these pathways are not critical for persistence on solar panels. Metabolomics was performed using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach. When comparing the metabolome of the solar panels from Berkeley and from Valencia (Spain), a very similar composition in polar metabolites could be observed, although some metabolites appeared to be differentially represented (for example, trigonelline, pantolactone and 5-valerolactone were more abundant in the samples from Valencia than in the ones from Berkeley). Furthermore, triglyceride metabolites were highly abundant in all the solar panel samples, and both locations displayed similar profiles. The comparison of the taxonomic profile of the Californian solar panels with those previously described in Spain revealed striking similarities, highlighting the central role of both selective pressures and the ubiquity of microbial populations in the colonization and establishment of microbial communities.


The physical processes that control the partition of released magnetic energy between electrons and ions during reconnection is explored through particle‐in‐cell simulations and analytical techniques. We demonstrate that the development of a large‐scale parallel electric field and its associated potential controls the relative heating of electrons and ions. The potential develops to restrain heated exhaust electrons and enhances their heating by confining electrons in the region where magnetic energy is released. Simultaneously, the potential slows ions entering the exhaust below the Alfvénic speed expected from the traditional counterstreaming picture of ion heating. Unexpectedly, the magnitude of the potential and therefore the relative partition of energy between electrons and ions is not a constant but rather depends on the upstream parameters and specifically the upstream electron normalized temperature (electron beta). These findings suggest that the fraction of magnetic energy converted into the total thermal energy may be independent of upstream parameters.


In recent years, librarians in various sectors have been moving forward a conversation on the distinct information needs and information-seeking behavior of our lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ) patrons and how well the profession recognizes and meets those needs. Health sciences librarianship has been slower than other areas of the profession in creating an evidence base covering the needs of its LGBTQ patrons, with, until recently, only very limited literature on this subject. LGBTQ health sciences librarianship is now starting to attract new interest, with librarians working together to bring this emerging specialization to the attention of the broader professional community. In this paper, the authors report on a dedicated panel discussion that took place at the 2016 joint annual meeting of the Medical Library Association and Canadian Health Libraries Association/Association des bibliothèques de la santé du Canada in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; discuss subsequent reflections; and highlight the emerging role for health sciences librarians in providing culturally competent services to the LGBTQ population. Recommendations are also provided for establishing a tool kit for LGBTQ health sciences librarianship from which librarians can draw. We conclude by highlighting the importance of critically reflective practice in health sciences librarianship in the context of LGBTQ health information.


ABSTRACT There is wide variability in settings where students with intellectual disability are taught and a dearth of research related to district special education administrators, their roles and responsibilities, and their perceptions of barriers to and policies and practices that promote access to general education environments for these students. This study was designed to collect information to identify trends related to differences between districts that included no students with intellectual disabilities and those that were more inclusive. Data were collected via an online survey. We conducted descriptive analyses to identify trends among the districts and chi-square analyses to compare two types of districts. We found that there is very little diversity among administrators, who were primarily White women. We found that less inclusive districts spent more time engaged in due process and litigation activities than inclusive districts, and administrators identified external factors as barriers to more inclusive practice. We discuss administrator responsibilities in the context of student outcomes in the state and implications for policy implementation.


Southern pine forests are important fiber and wood sources, and critical to local, regional, and national economies in the United States. Recently, certain areas of southern pine forests, especially those dominated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), have been reported to exhibit abnormally high levels of tree dieback and mortality. However, causal agents either have not been well defined or are controversial in their impacts on tree health. We assessed various abiotic (e.g., slope, aspect, soil characteristics) and biotic (e.g., tree species, stand characteristics, presence of root fungi) factors in 37 healthy (asymptomatic) and unhealthy (symptomatic) sites to elucidate specific factors affecting loblolly pine health in Alabama and Georgia. Soil nutrient content did not differ statistically between healthy and unhealthy sites, but manganese contents were slightly greater, and nitrogen and carbon contents were slightly lower in healthy sites. Unhealthy sites did have a higher silt content than did healthy sites. Pine stems and basal area were greater on unhealthy than on healthy sites, whereas opposite trends were observed for the incidence of stem cankers and mechanical damage. An increased incidence of the root fungal pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare, the causal agent of Heterobasidion root disease, was found on unhealthy sites, but incidence of Leptographium spp. did not differ between the two site types. Thus, soil attributes, stand structure, and management history seem to be the most critical factors affecting loblolly pine health, at least at the local level. Further, some of these factors may be improved through appropriate silvicultural techniques, emphasizing the importance of silviculture in maintaining pine health throughout the southern region.


This paper will map the emergence of black art in Britain through two exhi-bitions curated by Pakistan-born artist/writer/curator and activist Rasheed Araeen: Creation for Liberation (1984), a small open show at the Brixton Art Gallery, London; and The Other Story (1989), a groundbreaking exhibition of black British art at the Hayward Gallery. While the Brixton exhibition was part of the minority push to highlight local and community perspectives, the purpose of the latter exhibition was to install black British art, hitherto neglected by the ethnocentric art establishment, as a part of the story of British modernism. Thus the exhibition at the Hayward Gallery in London sought to address the lack of visibility concerning black art.


In accordance with a decree issued by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Algeria in August 2000, an electronic copy of every Master's and PhD thesis defended in all academic institutions must be deposited at the CERIST Research Centre. Deposit is a condition for getting the diploma. CERIST is then entrusted with the mission to build a database of Algerian theses and to update the national inventory of current theses and research. However a serious problem of archiving and preserving these Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) has emerged. From December 2001 to November 2002 a great number of ETDs has been deposited and constitutes a set of more than 1000 floppy disks and 100 CD-ROMs. What guarantees that these digital materials deposited by students are preserved and safeguarded? What guarantees that the content of these materials are preserved and accessible at any time regardless of machine, operating system and software. This paper explores the problem of the long-term conservation and preservation of electronic theses in the Algerian context, and shows how international recognised standards and techniques for setting up and organising the local ETD's archives may be applied.


This paper proposes a new geo-location algorithm to improve the accuracy of the positioning estimation of an unknown radio transmitter. We utilize received signal strength difference (RSSD) and angle of arrival (AoA) with the factor graph (FG) technique, the so-called RSSD-AoA-FG algorithm, to attain higher positioning accuracy. With the proposed algorithm, we can not only estimate the location of an unknown radio transmitter and eliminate the error effect from heterogeneous radio transmitting devices but also avoid ignoring the important AoA information of the radio transmitter. The simulation results show that RSSD-AoA-FG algorithm can obtain the best positioning performance compared with the RSSD-FG and AoA-FG techniques.


The work reported in this thesis is based around substitutions into bismuth oxide, which has proven to be highly adaptable chemically as it can accommodate a wide variety of substituents. The synthesis and characterisation of stabilised \(\delta\)-Bi\(_2\)O\(_3\) related materials containing small amounts of Ca, Ga, Nb and Re are described. A body of work is presented exploring the structural and physical properties of such materials, characterised by neutron powder diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction, extended X-ray absorption of fine structure measurements, differential thermal analysis and impedance spectroscopy. The structure of two new fluorite-related materials, Bi\(_6\)Ca\(_3\)ReO\(_{15.5}\) and Bi\(_{10}\)Ca\(_5\)ReO\(_{23.5}\), were studied. Bi\(_6\)Ca\(_3\)ReO\(_{15.5}\) formed a face-centred cubic fluorite-related structure and Bi\(_{10}\)Ca\(_5\)ReO\(_{23.5}\) a body-centred cubic material that is a 4 x 4 x 4 superstructure of the Bi\(_6\)Ca\(_3\)ReO\(_{15.5}\) phase. The structure of novel isostructural materials Bi\(_{20}\)Ca\(_7\)NbO\(_{39.5}\) and Bi\(_{10.75}\)Ca\(_{4.375}\)GaO\(_{22}\) were also investigated. Both materials formed distorted \(\delta\)-Bi\(_2\)O\(_3\) related superstructures, derived as a monoclinic supercell based on a fluorite-related hexagonal subcell. Detailed structural analysis and local environments of cations in the ordered monoclinic fluorite-related superstructure of Bi\(_9\)ReO\(_{17}\) are also explored. All materials synthesised in this thesis have structures related to that of \(\delta\)-Bi\(_2\)O\(_3\), which is known to have high oxide ion conducting properties at elevated temperatures. Oxide ion conducting properties are therefore also described.


The sugarcane sector in Brazil has been achieving large increases in production since the beginning of the 2000s, owing to the deregulation of its two main products: sugar and ethanol. This growth has been driven more by the ethanol production, which grew at a rate of 13% per annum (between 2000 and 2009), than by sugar, which grew at an annual rate of 8% over the same period. Nevertheless, instability in the supply of ethanol is still a problem in the industry. Structural changes, such as the mechanization of sugarcane harvesting, are also in progress. Taking into account the future demands for sugar and ethanol and structural changes in projections, made by industry representatives for the years 2015 and 2020, this article employs inuput-output analysis to estimate the impact of these projections on the Brazilian economy. The results show that in 2010, with a production of R$ 66.6 billion for sugar and R$ 36.2 billion for ethanol (at 2010 prices), the total impact on the economy was about R$ 374.6 billion in Total Output (TO), R$ 210 billion in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), R$ 62.4 billion in remuneration to employees, and a gain of 5.1 million jobs, per annum. For 2015, the estimated economic impact on TO, GDP and employee earnings was 56% higher than the values for 2010. As for 2020, the projections showed that the increases were in the range from 109 to 117% in scenario 1, or 91 to 98% in scenario 2. For job numbers, the impact in 2015 was 48% higher than that reported for 2010, while in 2020 it was between 82 to 99% higher. It was also observed that the income effect of the shocks in the ethanol and sugar sectors was the most significant part of the predicted impact on the number of jobs created in the economy. The results showed, therefore, the importance of the sugarcane industry in the economy, emphasizing the need for government policies to foster the growth of this sector.


During three of its first five orbits around the Sun, Parker Solar Probe (PSP) crossed the large-scale heliospheric current sheet (HCS) multiple times and provided unprecedented detailed plasma and field observations of the near-Sun HCS. We report the common detections by PSP of reconnection exhaust signatures in the HCS at heliocentric distances of 29.5–107 solar radii during encounters 1, 4, and 5. Both sunward and antisunward-directed reconnection exhausts were observed. In the sunward reconnection exhausts, PSP detected counterstreaming strahl electrons, indicating that HCS reconnection resulted in the formation of closed magnetic field lines with both ends connected to the Sun. In the antisunward exhausts, PSP observed dropouts of strahl electrons, consistent with the reconnected HCS field lines being disconnected from the Sun. The common detection of reconnection in the HCS suggests that reconnection is almost always active in the HCS near the Sun. Furthermore, the occurrence of multiple long-duration partial crossings of the HCS suggests that HCS reconnection could produce chains of large bulges with spatial dimensions of up to several solar radii. The finding of the prevalence of reconnection in the HCS is somewhat surprising since PSP has revealed that the HCS is much thicker than the kinetic scales required for reconnection onset. The observations are also in stark contrast with the apparent absence of reconnection in most of the small-scale and much more intense current sheets encountered near perihelia, many of which are associated with "switchbacks". Thus, the PSP findings suggest that large-scale dynamics, either locally in the solar wind or within the coronal source of the HCS (at the tip of helmet streamers), plays a critical role in triggering reconnection onset.


Deaf children lag behind their hearing peers in mathematical attainment. The reasons for this delay
remain unclear. Two methods were used to identify the causes for this underachievement: a
longitudinal investigation of predictors of mathematical attainment, and comparison with hearing
children. In order for a cause of delay to be identified, both investigative strategies must produce
positive results. The deaf children must lag behind the hearing children on the measures and the
same measures must predict deaf children's mathematics attainment.
The comparative study: The participants were: a) 42 hearing impaired (HI) children age range from
7;2 years to 9;1 years attending units and special schools located on eight different sites around
London; b) 73 hearing children aged from 7;2 years to 8;11 years, classmates of some HI children
attending a unit based in a mainstream school. A standardised maths test, a measure of their
understanding of additive composition (the Shop Task), a memory scan task and tasks assessing
understanding of time concepts were administered to all the children. The last two assessments were
developed for the study. The performance by the HI children on standardised assessments was also
compared to norms standardised on hearing populations.
The deaf obtained significantly lower scores on nearly all of the tasks. In the maths test the
mean standardised score for the hearing children was 92.68 and for the deaf children was 78.31.
There were also significant differences on the memory scan task — the accuracy rates were lower,
memory capacity sizes were smaller and the number processing speed was slower for the deaf
children. On the time concept tasks the hearing children obtained significantly more correct
responses on the tasks assessing change, ability to infer and order events.
When the HI children's performance was compared to the norms of standardised
assessments, a similar picture emerged. The mean Number Age was 1;1 year behind the hearing
norms. The mean WISC score obtained was one standard deviation below the published mean. Raw
scores obtained on the reading comprehension task were too low to be standardised. In assessments
of receptive language, the HI children obtained standardised scores that were 1 standard deviation
below the mean. It was concluded that all of these variables could be examined as predictor variables
in the longitudinal study.
The longitudinal study: The HI children participating in the comparison study were assessed twice
again over the academic year. The outcome measures were scores on standardised mathematics
assessments. The predictors were demographic and medical background; intelligence, language;
understanding of time; memory capacity and number processing speed; numerical skills such as
counting and additive composition.
The only demographic variable consistently associated with mathematics scores was age.
Analyses using fixed order multiple regression explored the relationships between the various
cognitive, numerical and linguistic predictors and mathematics attainment. After controlling for age
and non-verbal IQ, only three predictors remained significant: the language assessments, Shop Task,
the Change and Inference Required time concepts tasks. When controlling for age, non-verbal IQ
and language ability, only the Shop Task added a significant amount of variance in the equation.
This equation explained 44% of the variance in a concurrent analysis and 66% and 64% of the
variance in longitudinal predictions 4 and 7 months later, respectively.
Conclusions: The present study confirms that HI children are behind their peers in mathematics
achievement. Explanations for this delay were sought by identifying areas where their performance
is poorer than that of hearing children and predictive of their own progress in mathematics. Although
the HI children achieved lower scores in the majority of the assessments in the comparative study
only the language measures and the Shop Task satisfied both criteria and added a significant amount
of variance in the regression equations in the predictive study. It is concluded that these may be
causally related to HI children's delay in mathematics.


This volume complements earlier work on English as a lingua franca (ELF) by providing an in-depth study of the phenomenon from a decidedly European perspective. Distancing itself from more traditional approaches to the study of English in Europe (linguistic imperialism and "Euro-English"), the study is theoretically grounded in more recent approaches, namely the ELF paradigm and the postmodernist conceptualisation of "English". Methodologically speaking, the study analyses language use in Eurovision Song Contest press conferences as a community of practice of European salience. The ethnographically based analyses focus on various linguistic levels, thereby producing a comprehensive picture of European ELF as a discursive formation. Various qualitative and quantitative methods are used to shed light on the following aspects: code-choice practices in ELF talk, participants' metalinguistic comments on the use of ELF, complimenting behaviour via ELF and relativisation patterns. On the basis of this data, the concluding section advances discussions revolving around the conceptualisation of ELF in general, the connection between ELF and Europeanness, and implications for European language policies.


Since mortality rates observed in new cork oak plantations are relevant for future productivity, it is important to be able to find out the locations where cork oak finds best conditions for development. As these conditions are related to edaphic, soil and climate local parameters, this work aims at modeling the proportion of dead trees in young plantations of cork oak, using a set of permanent plots established in different regions of Portugal (Coruche, Evora, Ponte de Sor and Castelo Branco). Three logistic regression models that allow the prediction of the proportion of dead trees (%) as a function of soil and/or climate variables were fitted, their difference lying in the need of opening a soil profile and the capacity to determine the presence of a waterproof layer were adjusted. The resulting parameters showed a reduction of dead tree proportion in stands when higher the site index, higher soil depth and in the presence of medium soil textures. The increase of the proportion of dead trees with the increase of medium annual temperature and in the presence of a waterproof layer was also demonstrated. The adjusted models will be included in the SUBER growth and yield model.


Ultraviolet photo-lithography is employed to introduce two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PC) structure on the top surface of GaN-based light emitting diode (LED). PC patterns are transferred to 460-nm-thick transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching. Light intensity of PC-LED can be enhanced by 38% comparing with the one without PC structure. Rigorous coupled wave analysis method is performed to calculate the light transmission spectrum of PC slab. Simulation results indicate that total internal reflect angle which modulated by PC structure has been increased by 7 degrees, which means that the light extraction efficiency is enhanced outstandingly.