In this paper, we demonstrate eddy formation in the Philippine archipelago using clay island models installed in a water tank, and a wind forcing of 3 m/s placed at the northeast side of the tank to simulate Amihan season. To observe the eddies in our experiments, a star-trail-photography-based software was used, while the velocity profile of each particle was computed using PIVlab in Matlab. The comparison of experimental and simulated results indicates that ocean eddies can be simulated using correct island scale models. However, the effect of the boundary conditions of the wave tank must be minimized in order to acquire accurate results.


Open any magazine, click on a television news channel, or surf the net and you are likely to find global health highlighted as one of the foremost challenges of new millennium. First, this article will consider the meaning and measures of global health and detail the path to improved health and development prescribed by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Second, it will trace the development of international human rights law as it relates to health. Third, it demonstrate how human rights and health, long traversing parallel routes, are in fact converging in the 21st Century quest for global health - a quest that is simultaneously being driven by evolving international rights and norms related to trade, labor, the environment and human security. The article will conclude that global health and human rights are products of new international norms of governance borne of our interdependence and ongoing multilateral collaboration.


The color flow convergence method for calculating volume flow through regurgitant or forward flow restrictive orifices has gained significant interest and a number of in vitro studies have suggested that this method is accurate, even in pulsatile models. Clinical application of the method over a wide range of conditions will require improved understanding of the effect of orifice size, flow geometry, and flow rate on the flow convergence geometry. In this study, we performed laser particle tracking investigations to allow visualization of streamlines into stenotic orifices. These streamlines are theoretically perpendicular to the isovelocity surfaces used for flow convergence calculations. We compared those observations to color flow map, flow convergence images obtained with a Toshiba 160A for orifices 5 to 15 mm2 with flow rates of 1.5 to 9.7 L/min. Our results show that for large orifices, low flow rates, and/or low pressure gradients, more oblique streamlines in the velocity of the orifice correspond to nonhemispherical, but more elliptical, flow convergence geometries. This can be corrected for by using lower Nyquist limits and calculating flow convergence at greater distances from the orifice. Under high flow and high gradient conditions, increased Nyquist limits and shorter aliasing radii are more suitable. Our studies yield insights into flow convergence geometry and yield corrective procedures to improve volume flow calculation.


The first World Manga series offers a premise where the hero must grapple with social problems of a global magnitude that are set in the real world. Fifteen year-old orphan Rei survives by his wits and guts on the mean streets of the world. His fortunes take a strange turn when he meets a trainer wielding some powerful transformational magic who offers to coach him to achieve his dream of becoming the greatest marital artist in the world! But it seems Rei's trainer is more interested in developing his mind, spirit and ugh! Heart than his thrashing, raging, and fighting moves! The stakes get higher when Rei meets a young woman fighting just to survive! Can Rei meets vanquish the specter of poverty? This publication includes some of the following headings: poverty - a ray of light; HIV/AIDS - first love; child soldiers of boys and men; global warming - the lagoon of the vanishing fish; girl's education - life lessons; corruption - broken trust; and interview with the author of the first World Bank Manga (passage one to passage six).


a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom. But the tumult soon subsides. Time makes more converts than reason.


Scaling down of MOS device dimensions is accompanied by a decrease in gate-oxide thickness and an increase in substrate doping density. When gate oxide thickness becomes less than 2 nm, a subtantial current follows through gate-oxide due to direct tunneling. In order to reduce this current, International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has suggested replacement of SiO2 gate insulator layer by high-K dielectrics. For a given equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), high-K dielectrics offer greater physical thickness. The direct tunneling (DT) current and the gate capacitance for an inverted n-MOS device with different dielectrics used as gate insulator is studied. Coupled Schrodinger's and Poisson's equations are solved self-consistently. Open boundary conditions, taking account the wavefunction tail inside the gate dielectric within the self-consistent loop are used to solve Schrodinger's equation. DT current increases exponentially with the decrease of conduction band offset for electrons travelling from silicon substrate to dielectric. As general trend of dielectrics is to decrease of conduction band offset with the increase of dielectric constant, use of high-K material as gate insulator results in prominent influence of direct tunneling of carriers on potential profile. Therefore in DT current calculation effect of wavefunction penetration on potential profile is incorporated within self-consistent loop. Results of this simulation is compared with published experimental results and also with the results of the simulation where penetration effect on potential profile is neglected. Results show that neglect of wavefunction penetration effect on potential profile causes underestimation of DT current. A comprehensive analysis of the effect of wavefunction penetration on the gate capacitance of the MOSFETs with high-K dielectrics is also done. Gate capacitance from conventional modeling is found to be independent of dielectric materials for a given EOT. The study reveals that accounting for wavefunction penetration into the gate dielectric causes gate capacitance to vary from material to material for a given EOT. Consequently wavefunction penetration effects must be considered to determine properties of future generation devices where high-K dielectrics will be employed as gate insulator.


Patients on a known dying trajectory quite frequently present to the emergency department (ED), unprepared for some of the common and inevitable crises related to their disease process, and most of them have not prepared an advance directive. Near end-of-life (EOL) patients who present to the ED with an emergent need for symptom management may instead be faced with an incongruent treatment plan focused on lifesaving interventions. Time constraints, lack of prior patient-provider relationship, vague and misleading terminology, and patient misconceptions about attempted resuscitation interfere with discussions about EOL care preferences in the ED. Questions sometimes posed by ED providers such as "If your heart stops beating, do you want us to try and start it again?" or "If you stop breathing, do you want us to put in a breathing tube?" or the more loaded question "Do you want us to do everything?" are problematic because patients are offered no tangible alternatives; in essence, the choice they are presented with is between doing everything and doing nothing. Realistically, who will choose nothing? There is a growing movement toward using more precise language to discuss attempted resuscitation and allowing natural death. The purpose of this project was to explore the language used during patient-provider conversations about attempted resuscitation versus allowing natural death. A case study was used to interview emergency department physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. Twelve topics emerged during the interviews regarding how providers discuss attempted resuscitation versus allowing a natural death. The interviews revealed areas where patient-provider communication may be improved, and highlighted the need to replace ambiguous language with more frank and detailed discussions of EOL care options. ED providers need to become more comfortable discussing EOL care, and give patients and families the full benefit of making informed decisions in line with their goals of care.


The inspection of specular surfaces differs significantly from the case of non-specular surfaces. In contrast to the non-specular case, the appearance of a specular surface is dominated by the reflections of the environment that are visible in it. The transfer of this observation into automated visual inspection is called deflectometry. The main principle of deflectometric surface acquisition is to use a highly controllable environment, where a screen on which a well-defined pattern is presented is observed via the specular reflecting surface. Knowing that pattern, it is possible to inspect the surface qualitatively and - at least with certain additional knowledge - to reconstruct the surface under test. In this paper, we introduce the theoretical background of deflectometry. After presenting some properties of the deflectometric inspection itself, we describe the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the deflectometric observation in detail. We will show that an inspection of specular and partially specular objects is feasible in an industrially applicable inspection system. For complexly formed and/or large objects, we propose a robot-based inspection setup.


The paper proposes two econometric models of inflation for Azerbaijan: one based on monthly data and eclectic, another based on quarterly data and takes into account disequilibrium at the money market. Inflation regression based on monthly data showed that consumer prices dynamics is explained by money growth (the more money, the higher the inflation), exchange rate behaviour (appreciation drives disinflation), commodities price dynamics ("imported" inflation) and administrative changes in regulated prices. For the quarterly model, nominal money demand equation (with inflation, real non-oil GDP and nominal interest rate on foreign currency deposits as predictors) and money supply equation were estimated, and error-correction mechanism from money demand equation was included into inflation equation. It is shown that disequilibrium at the money market (supply higher than demand) drives inflation together with money supply growth and nominal exchange rate depreciation and administrative changes in prices. No cost-push variables appeared to be significant in this equation specification. Both models give similar inflation projections, but sudden changes in money demand (2012) lead to significant differences between the projections. It is shown that money is the most important inflation determinant that explains up to 97.8% of CPI growth between 2012 and 2015, and that in order to keep inflation under control the Central Bank of Azerbaijan should link money supply to real non-oil GDP growth.


Recent environmental and climate change issues make it imperative to persistently approach research into the development of technologies designed to ensure the sustainability of global mobility. At the European Union level, the transport sector is responsible for approximately 28% of greenhouse gas emissions, and 84% of them are associated with road transport. One of the most effective ways to enhance the de-carbonization process of the transport sector is through the promotion of electric propulsion, which involves overcoming barriers related to reduced driving autonomy and the long time required to recharge the batteries. This paper develops and implements a method meant to increase the autonomy and reduce the battery charging time of an electric car to comparable levels of an internal combustion engine vehicle. By doing so, the cost of such vehicles is the only remaining significant barrier in the way of a mass spread of electric propulsion. The chosen method is to hybridize the electric powertrain by using an additional source of fuel; hydrogen gas stored in pressurized cylinders is converted, in situ, into electrical energy by means of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The power generated onboard can then be used, under the command of a dedicated management system, for battery charging, leading to an increase in the vehicle's autonomy. Modeling and simulation results served to easily adjust the size of the fuel cell hybrid electric powertrain. After optimization, an actual fuel cell was built and implemented on a vehicle that used the body of a Jeep Wrangler, from which the thermal engine, associated subassemblies, and gearbox were removed. Once completed, the vehicle was tested in traffic conditions and its functional performance was established


This paper examines the relationship between intellectual capital and different product innovation strategies based on a longitudinal study of Austrian firms assuming that intellectual capital is an important complementary asset for innovation activities. The data was collected in 1995 and 2003 using the same questionnaire among a firm sample of 91 small and medium-sized firms in manufacturing industries. The study delivers evidence for a positive association between human capital and product innovativeness. Moreover, firms, which have strength in both human and structural capital have a higher likelihood to be highly innovative. In addition, the research reveals that intellectual capital discriminates more strongly between highly and less innovative firms while the traditional measure of R&D expenditure has a stronger explanatory power in differentiating between not innovative and less innovative firms.


In 2012, air pollution in both cities and rural areas was estimated to have caused 3.7 million premature deaths, 88% of those in at risk communities. The primary pollutant was small airborne particulate matter of 10 microns or less in diameter which led to the development of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In response, we developed MyPart, the first personal, portable, and accurate particle sensor under $50 capable of distinguishing and counting differently sized particles. We demonstrate how MyPart offers substantial enhancements over most existing air particle sensors by simultaneously improving accessibility, flexibility, portability, and accuracy. We describe the evolution and implementation of the sensor design, demonstrate its performance across twenty everyday urban environments versus a calibrated instrument, and conduct a preliminary user study to report on the overall user experience of MyPart. We also present a novel smart-phone visualization interface and a series of simple form factor adaptations of our design.


The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks in an encoder-decoder configuration. The best performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on attention mechanisms, dispensing with recurrence and convolutions entirely. Experiments on two machine translation tasks show these models to be superior in quality while being more parallelizable and requiring significantly less time to train. Our model achieves 28.4 BLEU on the WMT 2014 English-to-German translation task, improving over the existing best results, including ensembles by over 2 BLEU. On the WMT 2014 English-to-French translation task, our model establishes a new single-model state-of-the-art BLEU score of 41.8 after training for 3.5 days on eight GPUs, a small fraction of the training costs of the best models from the literature. We show that the Transformer generalizes well to other tasks by applying it successfully to English constituency parsing both with large and limited training data.


The medieval cloister complex the Theutonic House in Utrecht is situated on the west side of Springweg. From 1811 to 1990 a Military Hospital was established here. The basic principle of the restoration, which was started in 1993, was that the eastern gable of the 14th-century main building had to be restored.
The information still available in the building itself made a reconstruction without guesswork possible, although the central government was not in favour of it. However, architect Aart Oosting decided to restore the fourteenth-century form, also because the articulation of the brickwork of the upper floor left little room for inventing something explicitly new that was not artificial.
The effect of the new facade with its large staircases and daylight access for the upper-floor space, extending up to the roof, is completely in line with the wish to create a hall of great architectonic character. It was expressly decided, however, to paint the external plaster of the facade white, in harmony with the 'empire' finishing of the southern facade and the facades of the former dwelling of the land commanders.
The light openings of the windows on the upper floor and the new windows on the ground floor obtained modern glazing. In this case the decisions in the scope of the restoration are the result of intensive building-historical research and a substantial contribution of the researcher during the many building meetings.


Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have been intensively exploited as remarkable liquid sensing materials based on variations in their conductivity under liquid stimuli. However, most advances in liquid sensing CPCs are limited to bulk materials. Due to the slow permeation of liquids into the compact CPCs, sluggish responses are inevitable for most existing CPC-based liquid sensing materials. Here, we developed a new class of liquid sensing materials via a hierarchical structure design. Specifically, a thin CPC layer with a segregated conductive network was coated on porous polyurethane (PU) skeletons by layer-by-layer assembly, forming an elaborately designed hierarchical structure in the prepared CPC@PU composites. With this hierarchical structure, the CPC@PU composites exhibited ultrafast responses (0.05-0.15 s) to solvent stimuli, which are ∼3 orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art composites. After liquid sensing, quick regeneration (within 10 s) could be achieved under hot-air. Accordingly, organic liquid and gas sensors and liquid-sensing electronic skins were fabricated. Furthermore, we prepared smart and fast leak-plugging materials using the CPC@PU composites based on the swelling-induced blocking of micropores in the materials. This structural strategy proposed here opens up exciting avenues towards manufacturing real-time liquid sensing and plugging materials, revealing potential applications in oilfield exploitation, solvent storage/transportation, environmental monitoring, etc.


Abstract. The Faroe Bank Channel (FBC) is the deepest passage across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (GSR) and there is a continuous deep flow of cold and dense water passing through it from the Arctic Mediterranean into the North Atlantic and further to the rest of the world ocean. This FBC overflow is part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which has recently been suggested to have weakened. From November 1995 to May 2015, the FBC overflow has been monitored by a continuous ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler) mooring, which has been deployed in the middle of this narrow channel. Combined with regular hydrography cruises and several short-term mooring experiments, this allowed us to construct time series of volume transport and to follow changes in the hydrographic properties and density of the FBC overflow. The mean kinematic overflow, derived solely from the velocity field, was found to be (2.2 ± 0.2) Sv (1 Sv  =  106 m3 s−1) with a slight, but not statistically significant, positive trend. The coldest part, and probably the bulk, of the FBC overflow warmed by a bit more than 0.1 °C, especially after 2002, increasing the transport of heat into the deep ocean. This warming was, however, accompanied by increasing salinities, which seem to have compensated for the temperature-induced density decrease. Thus, the FBC overflow has remained stable in volume transport as well as density during the 2 decades from 1995 to 2015. After crossing the GSR, the overflow is modified by mixing and entrainment, but the associated change in volume (and heat) transport is still not well known. Whatever effect this has on the AMOC and the global energy balance, our observed stability of the FBC overflow is consistent with reported observations from the other main overflow branch, the Denmark Strait overflow, and the three Atlantic inflow branches to the Arctic Mediterranean that feed the overflows. If the AMOC has weakened during the last 2 decades, it is not likely to have been due to its northernmost extension – the exchanges across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge.


This paper examines the relationships between salient beliefs and intention to shop online based on TRA model. Over 140 students of a Malaysian university completed a 4-page questionnaire consisting of 26-items measuring salient beliefs (convenience, information, product perception, shopping experience, customer service and customer risk) and 4-items measuring intention to shop online for 18 product categories. Regression analysis of factor scores (resulting from factor analysis of salient beliefs) shows that convenience, information and product perception jointly explain 43.5 percent variance in intention to shop online. The finding implies that online shopping is becoming more popular amongst students due to its convenience, ease of getting information and positive product perceptions. This implies that E-commerce operators should continue to make their presence known on the web. Limitations and practical implications of the findings are also discussed in the paper.


This project described the vegetation of a stretch of the Parana River and investigated which natural or human-imposed factors might be controlling its characteristics, its capacity for biodiversity support and its potential to provide an economic resource. This information is of value in the planning of management strategies aiming to conserve biodiversity and develop sustainable ways in which the floodplain resources can be utilised.

Central to this study were the surveys of vegetation and environmental characteristics of aquatic, terrestrial and transitional habitats of the Parana floodplain near Porto Rico. These produced extensive data sets which helped to reveal the types of vegetation-environment relationships structuring the floodplain plant communities. To complement this investigative approach, three aspects of the functioning of floodplain vegetation were chosen for closer study. These were the impacts of livestock grazing on wetland and island vegetation, competitive interactions between pairs of free-floating aquatic plant species and the role of aquatic macrophytes in contributing carbon to aquatic food webs.

Three major community types were identified in the aquatic habitats of the floodplain, one which included Eichhornia azurea in mixture with several free-floating and emergent species, a second in which E. azurea was strongly dominant and a third comprised purely of submerged species. Two strongly contrasting broad vegetation communities were identified at bank and shore environments. Polygonum and Ludwigia species were important in one group and Poaceae, creepers, woody plants and ferns in the other group. Sub-groups of these communities could also be suggested, but these are less distinct. Most of the floodplain sites supported a Poaceae-creeper community type with the remaining sites supporting a community indicated by Polygonum species. The Poaceae group was comprised of a number of sub-communities in which the importance of Poaceae relative to other species varied.

The aquatic vegetation communities differed structurally with contrasting community biomass, canopy height, canopy cover, species richness and stem density. They were associated with waterbodies with different water depth and pH and different sediment nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Water flow rate category and underwent light availability also differed between the sites that tended to support the different vegetation types. The two major bank and shore vegetation communities differed in canopy cover, in the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium levels with which they were associated and in the steepness of the bank on which they tended to grow. Floodplain vegetation communities contrasted in species richness and differed in the soil nitrogen and calcium levels and river systems with which they were associated.


GPU computing is at the forefront of high-performance computing, and it has greatly affected current studies on parallel software and hardware design because of its massively parallel architecture. Therefore, numerous studies have focused on the utilization of GPUs in various fields. However, studies of GPU architectures are constrained by the lack of a suitable GPU simulator. Previously proposed GPU simulators do not have sufficient simulation speed for advanced software and architecture studies. In this paper, we propose a new parallel simulation framework and a parallel simulation technique called work-group parallel simulation in order to improve the simulation speed for modern many-core GPUs. The proposed framework divides the GPU architecture into parallel and shared components, and it determines which GPU component can be effectively parallelized and can work correctly in multithreaded simulation. In addition, the work-group parallel simulation technique effectively boosts the performance of parallelized GPU simulation by eliminating the synchronization overhead. Experimental results obtained using a simulator with the proposed framework show that the proposed parallel simulation technique has a speed-up of up to 4.15 as compared to an existing sequential GPU simulator on an 8-core machine providing minimized cycle errors.


The city planning of La Chaux-de-Fonds, they way we know it today, is the result of a long evolution. It starts the day after a fire which, in 1794, practically devastated the whole village. With the human and material loss which the fire caused, this disaster offered the possibility to reconstruct on a new basis. The fear of fire and the demands of the watch industry, will dictate the policy of city planners and architects. As of this event, the urban expansion of La Chaux-de-Fonds is characterised by three major stages. All three are continuous and interrelated. Each is the product of a particular person. Their coming corresponds to a precise period in time and a given context. The resulting "urban matrix", called massif, will serve for a long period of time as a model for the extension of the city. The continuous use of this model will serve until to the beginning of the 20th century and will only be abandoned at the end of the 1st world war. The present study comprises two distinctive parts, complementary and of equal importance: - A written part and - An illustrated part The choice of these two means for the research is to insure a better understanding of complex subject: - Stage 1: 1794-1795: The reconstruction of the burned down village is assigned to Moise Perret-Gentil (1744-1815) with the introduction of the first elements of orthogonal planning. It initiates the system of the grid plan which will define future works. - Stage 2: 1831-1835: The continuous and accelerated development of the watch industry pushes the local authorities to hire the engineer Charles-Henri Junod (1795-1843) to plan an extension at a larger scale. The document is named the "General Plan of Alignments". Thanks to its singularity and its urban impact, the Junod plan occupies a significant place in this doctorate thesis. - Stage 3: 1854-1859: The arrival of the railroad, the Industrial Jura, will profoundly modify the urban configuration. The intervention of Charles-Frederic Knab (1822- 1874) is based on the works of his predecessor. It includes the railroad as a complete part of his Plan of Alignments. It results from this study that the city plans of La Chaux-de-Fonds conceived by the engineers Charles Junod and Charles Knab are not just a simple grid plan applied at random. Their characteristics are far from the image of a checker board plan to which La Chaux-de-Fonds is usually associated to. Instead, these plans result respectively from a combination of refined imbrications of grids which perfectly connect to the existing urban tissue. Behind their apparent regularity, the Junod and Knab plans, hold a series of irregularities which insure at the same time their complexity and their richness. The works of these two engineers constitutes an exemplary case of an urban transformation, a model for a remarkable case of city planning.


We present a detailed study on the charge ordering transition in a GdBaCo2O5.0 system by combining highresolution synchrotron powder/single-crystal diffraction with electron paramagnetic resonance experiments as a function of temperature. We found a second-order structural phase transition at T-CO=247 K (Pmmm to Pmma) associated with the onset of long-range charge ordering. At T-min approximate to 1.2T(CO), the electron paramagnetic resonance linewidth rapidly broadens, providing evidence of antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. This likely indicates that, analogously to manganites, the long-range antiferromagnetic order in GdBaCo2O5.0 sets in at approximate to T-CO. Pair distribution function analysis of diffraction data revealed signatures of structural inhomogeneities at low temperature. By comparing the average and local bond valences, we found that above T-CO the local structure is consistent with a fully random occupation of Co2+ and Co3+ in a 1:1 ratio and with a complete charge ordering below T-CO. Below T approximate to 100 K the charge localization is partially melted at the local scale, suggesting a reentrant behavior of charge ordering. This result is supported by the weakening of superstructure reflections and the temperature evolution of electron paramagnetic resonance linewidth that is consistent with paramagnetic reentrant behavior reported in the GdBaCo2O5.5 parent compound.


Background We previously found that children of parents with depression showed impaired performance on a task of emotional categorisation. Aims To test the hypothesis that children of parents with depression would show abnormal neural responses in the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region involved in the integration of emotional and cognitive information. Method Eighteen young people (mean age 19.8 years) with no personal history of depression but with a biological parent with a history of major depression (FH+ participants) and 16 controls (mean age 19.9 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing an emotional counting Stroop task. Results Controls showed significant activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex to both positive and negative words during the emotional Stroop task. This activation was absent in FH+ participants. Conclusions Our findings show that people at increased familial risk of depression demonstrate impaired modulation of the anterior cingulate cortex in response to emotionally valenced stimuli.


This essay, part of a special issue on the Warburg Institute and Library, offers personal recollections of scholars whom the author encountered there as a student in the early 1970s, including E. H. Gombrich, Otto Kurz, Michael Baxandall, Frances Yates, D. P. Walker, A. I. Sabra, Michael Podro, Michael Screech, Arnaldo Momigliano, and Nikolaus Pevsner. The author's focus is on differences between the milieu of the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg, as it had been in Hamburg, and the ethos of the Warburg Institute in London. The key document for establishing this contrast is an anonymous review—by Edgar Wind—attacking Gombrich's biography of Aby Warburg, which was published in 1970. Wind found the new Warburg circle "Lilliputian" in comparison with the old Hamburg circle, to which he had belonged. This essay disputes Wind's finding, based on its author's own experience, as well as on his sympathy with the reasoned empirical approach of Gombrich, Baxandall, and others at the London Warburg to issues that Aby Warburg had raised when the Library was in Germany.


Cardiac left ventricular (LV) segmentation from short-axis MRI acquired 10 minutes after the injection of a contrast agent (LGE-MRI) is a necessary step in the processing allowing the identification and diagnosis of cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction. However, this segmentation is challenging due to high variability across subjects and the potential lack of contrast between structures. Then, the main objective of this work is to develop an accurate automatic segmentation method based on deep learning models for the myocardial borders on LGE-MRI. To this end, 2.5 D residual neural network integrated with a squeeze and excitation blocks in encoder side with specialized convolutional has been proposed. Late fusion has been used to merge the output of the best trained proposed models from a different set of hyperparameters. A total number of 320 exams (with a mean number of 6 slices per exam) were used for training and 28 exams used for testing. The performance analysis of the proposed ensemble model in the basal and middle slices was similar as compared to intra-observer study and slightly lower at apical slices. The overall Dice score was 82.01% by our proposed method as compared to Dice score of 83.22% obtained from the intra observer study. The proposed model could be used for the automatic segmentation of myocardial border that is a very important step for accurate quantification of no-reflow, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, among others.


Background: The orbit is an important site for primary and secondary diseases. Various tissue types such as osseous, vascular, neural, muscular, and glandular may be involved with specific pathologies. Tumors can secondarily invade the orbit from the periorbital regions including the paranasal sinuses, eyelids, and intracranial region. Objectives: (i) To assess the histomorphology of various orbital lesions. (ii) To determine the frequency, age, and sex distribution of various orbital lesions in our study population and compare them with the other studies. Materials and Methods: The study involved 135 patients of either sex presenting with orbital lesions reporting to a tertiary care hospital. Results: Among the 135 cases, we observed a slight female predominance, with a female-to-male ratio being 1.17:1. Most of the patients were in their fifth decade and presented with exophthalmos. Histopathologically, cystic lesions were most frequent followed by lymphoproliferative lesions. About 25% of lesions were malignant and included lymphomas, lacrimal gland malignancies, and rhabdomyosarcomas predominantly. We came across a rare case of intravenous papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Conclusion: Orbital lesions arise primarily from soft tissues and bones. The frequency of orbital lesions varies among different series depending on age group, source institution, medical specialty, and geographic areas. Histopathology remains the mainstay of diagnosis. In addition to determining the malignant potential of a lesion, it reveals its exact nature and structure, thereby influencing management and prognosis.


Formal declarations of war have long been out of fashion. But when a state of war ... is recognized as such by all the countries involved in it, persons who kill innocent civilians (e.g., by bombing raids) are not regarded as murderers and may even be militarily decorated. If caught by the enemy they are entitled to be treated, not as criminals but in the special category of prisoners of war. But what happens when one side holds that a state of war exists and the other does not? The IRA believe themselves to be at war with the United Kingdom and they use the language appropriate to a state of war, speaking of a "truce" or "renewed hostilities." We on the other hand deny that a state of war exists and convict their bombers as murderers like anyone else who kills intentionally. Who then is to decide when the parties themselves do not agree when a war is not a war? The reverse side of the coin is now apparent in a protest ... against the privileged treatment of prisoners in Northern Ireland signed by a large number of offenders serving long sentences for "ordinary" crimes in one of our top security prisons.... --Lady Wooton of Abinger (1) WHEN THE BRITISH Government applied the counterinsurgency tactics it developed in the colonies to political violence in the 1970s during "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland, legal problems arose. (2) The Irish Republican Army (IRA) claimed it was at war. Was it? And if so, what rights could the IRA claim and what duties did it owe? If The Troubles was not a war, what were the legal consequences, and who defined those consequences? Ultimately, the government's tactics were reviewed by the European Court of Human Rights. (3) The Court's ruling, binding only on those states within its jurisdiction, serves as a benchmark to evaluate U.S. practices and emphasizes the gap between peacetime human-rights law and wartime humanitarian law. This gap is of particular importance to the U.S. military, which is fighting in ill-defined legal territory and has been criticized for not complying with the rule of law. The Troubles Each August the Protestant majority in Northern Ireland commemorates the victory at Londonderry over Catholic King James II's invading army in 1689. The culmination of The Marching Season of 1969 was marked on 12 August by the traditional appearance of a Protestant crowd on the ramparts of the city and the token tossing of pennies on the Catholic Bogside area below. That year the Catholics, whose traditional marches had been banned, responded with stones, bricks, and marbles propelled by catapults. (4) Police attempts to break up the riot failed and by the following day similar Catholic demonstrations--earmarked by the erection of barricades, attacks on police stations, and disruption of traffic--occurred throughout the province. Subsequently troops were deployed to restore law and order as pitched battles took place between Catholic and Protestant mobs. The Catholic community originally welcomed the Army's intervention because the Army was seen to be politically neutral, unlike the Royal Ulster Constabulary, which was overwhelmingly Protestant and perceived to support the status quo. The minority community's attitude toward the Army changed, however, when they realized its mission was to maintain the Protestant unionist government. Meanwhile, in January 1970, IRA members who supported violence left the main organization and formed the Provisional IRA. The Provos led violence against the government, the Army, and police. The Protestant community responded by forming vigilante groups. Violence escalated, climaxing on Bloody Sunday, 30 January 1972, when (under circumstances that remain controversial) paratroopers fired on a crowd in Londonderry's Bogside killing 13 persons less than 19 years of age and wounding 13 adults, including a woman. By 1984, when the Army withdrew from major operations in Northern Ireland, the number of dead included 377 Army soldiers, 146 from the Ulster Defense Regiment (similar to our National Guard). …


On August 24, 2016, a sudden MW 6.0 seismic event hit central Italy, causing 298 victims and significant damage to residential buildings and cultural heritage. In the days following the mainshock, a macroseismic survey was conducted by teams of the University of Padova, according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98). In this contribution, a critical analysis of the collected macroseismic data is presented and some comparisons were performed with the recent 2012 Emilia sequence.


The results of reconnaissance gravity and magnetic
traverses in the Red Hill area of Tasmania
confirm the structure postulated as most likely on
geological evidence. The granophyre which occurs
in the higher parts of the Red Hill Dyke has arisen
by differentiation of dolerite in situ, but the gravity
work shows that it is unlikely that the dyke continues
to a depth sufficient for all the granophyre
to have been produced solely by differentiation of
the vertical column of dolerite, so that some migration
of acid residuum from the underlying dolerite
sheet into the dyke has probably taken place.
The measurements illustrate how geophysical
methods can be helpful in structural problems
where dolerite has intruded less dense sediments,
but show that caution is necessary when interpreting
the results of magnetic surveys.


In recent years, teachers' self-efficacy has demonstrated a profound influence on the daily lives of teachers and their students. However, little is known about the relationship between teachers' personality traits and their self-efficacy. To gain more insight into this area, this study sought to explore the interface between 100 male and female EFL instructors' personality and their self-efficacy at 11 English language institutes in Bandar Abbas, Iran. In order to glean data, two instruments were applied: the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFIR), and Second Language Teaching Efficacy Scale (SLTES). Moreover, to see whether there was a significant relationship between the variables under study, Spearman Rank Order Correlation was applied to analyze the data. At the end, the results revealed a significant relationship between EFL instructors' personality and their self-efficacy. In addition, it is concluded that there is a meaningful and positive relationship between Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and the traits of self-efficacy; nevertheless, the relationship between Neuroticism and each trait of self-efficacy turns out to be negative. Moreover, the results revealed that Agreeableness is the best predictor for student engagement, extraversion is the most important predictor for instructional strategies and classroom management, and the best predictors of self-efficacy are classroom management for extraversion and student engagement for agreeableness.


In this study, we discuss the development of an instrument to examine subjects' awareness of and intentions to behave in accordance with what has become known as the 'green movement'. Environmental friendliness and sustainability are the major concerns of green products, green manufacturing and service, and green organisations. Recent commentary in the literature has suggested that there may be 'disconnects' between subjects' expressed support of the movement and their behaviours and perhaps that the movement itself is becoming less powerful. In this study, we begin by discussing instrument design and development and then report initial findings for a group of subjects. We do, in fact, report possible 'disconnects' in several areas and suggest that the instrument may be useful in further examination of facets of the green movement.


PREMISE OF THE STUDY
Over one-third of the native flowering plant species in the Hawaiian Islands are listed as federally threatened or endangered. Lack of sufficient pollination could contribute to reductions in populations, reproduction, and genetic diversity among these species but has been little studied.

METHODS
We used systematic observations and manual flower treatments to quantify flower visitation and outcrossing dependency of eight native (including four endangered) plant species in a dryland ecosystem in Hawaii: Argemone glauca, Bidens menziesii, Dubautia linearis, Haplostachys haplostachya, Sida fallax, Silene lanceolata, Stenogyne angustifolia, and Tetramolopium arenarium.

KEY RESULTS
During 576.36 h of flower observations, only insects visited the flowers. Out of all recorded flower visits, 85% were performed by non-native species, particularly the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and flies in the family Syrphidae. Some plant species received little visitation (e.g., S. angustifolia received one visit in 120 h of observation), whereas others were visited by a wide diversity of insects. The endangered plant species were visited by fewer visitor taxa than were the common native plant species. For six of the focal plant species, bagging of flowers to exclude pollinators resulted in significant reductions in seed set.

CONCLUSIONS
The flower visitor community in this system, although heavily dominated by non-native insects, appears to be facilitating pollination for multiple plant species. Non-native insects may thus be sustaining biotic interactions otherwise threatened with disruption in this island ecosystem. This may be particularly important for the studied endangered plant species, which exhibit fewer partners than the more common plant species.


In the present study, a systematic analysis of the influenza (Flu) PR8 determinants recognized by H-2b mice was undertaken. A single Db-restricted immunodominant epitope (NP(366)) was previously known in this system. Twenty-three different Flu PR8-derived peptides that bound either Kb or Db molecules in vitro were identified. Sixteen were immunogenic following peptide immunization of C57BL/6 mice, yet CTL induced by peptide immunization recognized PR8-infected target cells only in the case of the NP(366) and NS2(114) epitopes. Similarly, CTL responses following whole-PR8 virus immunization were detected only for the same two determinants. CTL recognizing these dominant epitopes had high avidity for peptide-pulsed target cells, with 5 to 200 pM of peptide required for 30% specific lysis. In contrast, most (80%) of the remaining epitopes were recognized with lower avidity (30% effective concentration in the range of 0.4-50 nM). Repeated in vitro stimulation of primary CTL cultures revealed one additional Kb-restricted epitope (M1(128)). This peptide bound Kb with high affinity (4.6 nM) and induced CTL that effectively recognized PR8-infected cells. These results suggest that 1) this epitope is produced by natural processing in relatively high amounts and 2) low precursor frequency might be related to the subdominant status of the M1(128) epitope. Taken together, these results illustrate the crucial contributions of MHC-binding capacity, and T cell repertoire availability, to the shaping of the repertoire of CTL specificities for Flu Ag virus.


The goal of International Perspectives is to share the views of nurse leaders, from countries other than the United States, on global healthcare issues. The focus is on identifying healthcare management problems and their implications, research priorities, policy development, and ethicalmoral dilemmas faced by nurse administrators. You are encouraged to send the names and addresses of international nurse leaders who might be interested in participating, as well as your ideas, for format and content of the department.


A cellular pre-mRNA undergoes various post-transcriptional processing events, including capping, splicing and polyadenylation prior to nuclear export. Splicing is particularly important for mRNA nuclear export as two distinct multi-protein complexes, known as human TREX (hTREX) and the exon-junction complex (EJC), are recruited to the mRNA in a splicing-dependent manner. In contrast, a number of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic mRNAs lack introns and are exported by the virus-encoded ORF57 protein. Herein we show that ORF57 binds to intronless viral mRNAs and functions to recruit the complete hTREX complex, but not the EJC, in order assemble an export component viral ribonucleoprotein particle (vRNP). The formation of this vRNP is mediated by a direct interaction between ORF57 and the hTREX export adapter protein, Aly. Aly in turn interacts directly with the DEAD-box protein UAP56, which functions as a bridge to recruit the remaining hTREX proteins to the complex. Moreover, we show that a point mutation in ORF57 which disrupts the ORF57-Aly interaction leads to a failure in the ORF57-mediated recruitment of the entire hTREX complex to the intronless viral mRNA and inhibits the mRNAs subsequent nuclear export and virus replication. Furthermore, we have utilised a trans-dominant Aly mutant to prevent the assembly of the complete ORF57-hTREX complex; this results in a vRNP consisting of viral mRNA bound to ORF57, Aly and the nuclear export factor, TAP. Strikingly, although both the export adapter Aly and the export factor TAP were present on the viral mRNP, a dramatic decrease in intronless viral mRNA export and virus replication was observed in the absence of the remaining hTREX components (UAP56 and hTHO-complex). Together, these data provide the first direct evidence that the complete hTREX complex is essential for the export of KSHV intronless mRNAs and infectious virus production.


BACKGROUND
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to determine the effect of quercetin administration on blood pressures and endothelial function among patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders.

METHODS
We searched systematically online databases including Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science to identify the relevant RCTs until December 2018. Q-test and I2 statistics were applied to assess heterogeneity among included studies. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the overall effect size.

RESULTS
Out of 284 citations, 9 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. We found a significant reduction in systolic plod pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.54; 95% CI: -2.94, -0.13) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) (WMD: -23.52; 95% CI: -40.48, -6.56) following the intake of quercetin supplements. However, quercetin supplementation did not significantly affect diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: -2.15; 95% CI: -4.52, 0.21), E-selectin (WMD: 0.71; 95% CI: -0.97, 2.39), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (WMD: 1.90; 95% CI: -6.67, 10.47) and endothelin-1 (WMD: -0.08; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.00).

CONCLUSIONS
In summary, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that quercetin supplementation significantly reduced SBP and VCAM-1 levels, yet did not affect DBP, endothelin-1, E-selectin and ICAM-1 among patients with MetS and related disorders.


We study the behaviour of cubic blue phases under shear flow via lattice Boltzmann simulations. We focus on the two experimentally observed phases, Blue Phase I (BPI) and Blue Phase II (BPII). The disclination network of Blue Phase II continuously breaks and reforms under steady shear, leading to an oscillatory stress response in time. At larger shear rates, the structure breaks up into the Grandjean texture with a cholesteric helix lying along the flow gradient direction. Blue Phase I leads to a very different response. Here, oscillations are only possible for intermediate shear rates; very slow flow causes a transition of the initially ordered structure into an amorphous network with an apparent yield stress. Larger shear rates lead to another amorphous state with a different structure of the defect network. At even larger flow rates the same break-up into the Grandjean texture as for Blue Phase II is observed. At the highest imposed flow rates both cubic blue phases adopt a flow-aligned nematic state. Our results provide the first theoretical investigation of sheared blue phases in large systems, and are relevant for the understanding of the bulk rheology of these materials.


Abstract The collaborative processes of jazz improvising are of considerable academic interest as a unique form of creativity. While recent work highlights the utility of interviewing practitioners with the aim of gaining an authoritative view, there is still a need for research to apprehend the gamut of what can be constituted as "jazz". A previous study has shown how understandings of the music arising in focus group interviews with jazz improvisers are shaped by the need to establish identities (MacDonald and Wilson, 2005; Wilson and MacDonald, 2005). This paper reports on a further series of semi-structured individual interviews with 10 (6 male and 4 female) professional UK jazz musicians on the theme of jazz and musical identity. Specifically, the interviews investigated the social and psychological implications of the collaborative nature of this music. Discursive analysis of the interview transcripts shows how understandings of the music were constructed in relation to identity positions for the speaker. Identity as a jazz musician was negotiated with other individual identities; the relationship between gendered identities and identity as a jazz musician is examined as an instance of how conflict between these identities may allow hegemonic influences to operate. These findings are discussed in relation to current debates in identity theory, and implications for music education.


This thesis seeks to make three related contributions to our understanding of the causes and implications of downward nominal wage rigidity, the nature of money illusion on behalf of workers, and the theoretical treatment of irreversibility in factor demand and wage setting. Chapter 1 seeks to contribute to the literature on downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR) along two dimensions. First, I formulate and solve an explicit model of wage- setting in the presence of worker resistance to nominal wage cuts - something that has previously been considered intractable. In particular, I show that this resistance renders wage increases (partially) irreversible. Second, using this model, one can explain why previous estimates of the macroeconomic effects of DNWR have been so weak despite remarkably robust microeconomic evidence. In particular, one can show that previous studies have neglected the possibility that DNWR can lead to a compression of wage increases as well as decreases. Thus, the literature may have been overstating the costs of DNWR to firms. Using micro-data for the US and Great Britain, I find robust evidence in support of the predictions of the model. In the light of this evidence, Chapter 1 concludes that increased wage pressure due to DNWR may not be as large as previously envisaged, but that the behavioural implications of DNWR in respect of the reaction of workers to nominal wage cuts remain significant. Chapter 2 then contrasts the implications of two proposed models of downward nominal wage rigidity - those based on the form of market contracts (MacLeod and Malcomson [1993]; Holden [1994]), and that based on money illusion explored in Chapter 1. In particular, I identify a method of distinguishing between these two foundations empirically, by observing how the distribution of wage changes varies with the rate of inflation. I find evidence that at least part of the observed rigidity cannot be easily explained by contract models, but can be explained in the context of a model with money illusion. Finally, Chapter 3 extends some of the theoretical developments of Chapter 1 with respect to models of irreversibility. In particular, Chapter 3 presents analytical results for models of dynamic factor demand in the presence of irreversibility in discrete time. It builds on previous work on irreversibility in the investment (Dixit and Pindyck [1994]) and labour demand (Bentolila and Bertola [1990]) literatures which use a continuous time. Brownian framework. I show that, whilst there are parallels between the discrete time models and their continuous time counterparts, the analytics in discrete time allow a more general treatment, principally by allowing the relaxation of the assumption of shocks following a unit root. I then explore the effects of relaxing this assumption on optimal factor demand.


In a biorefinery context it is an advantage to fractionate and extract different wood components in a relatively pure form. However, one major obstacle for efficient extraction of wood polymers (lignin, polysaccharides etc.) is the covalent lignin-polysaccharide networks present in lignified cell walls. Enzymatic catalysis might be a useful tool for a controlled degradation of these networks, thereby enhancing the extraction of high molecular weight polymers. In this work, a methanol-alkali mixture was used to extract two different wood samples treated with endoxylanase and gammanase, respectively. Wood chips were pretreated with alkali prior to enzymatic treatment to enhance the cell-wall accessibility to enzymes. Extractions were also carried out on non-enzyme-treated samples to evaluate the enzymatic effects. Results showed that the enzymatic treatment increased the extraction yield, with gammanase as the more efficient of the two enzymes. Furthermore, polymers extracted from xylanase-treated wood had a higher degree of polymerization than the reference.


In the American university system for most of this century, the academic reward system has been blamed for both the neglect of teaching and a glut of uninspiring research. The salaries for faculty at institutions that place special emphasis on teaching are lower than those for faculty at institutions where both teaching and research are expected. In Marginal Worth, Lionel S. Lewis examines the contemporary academic labor market to explain why teaching--which is almost universally acknowledged both off and on campus to be at the center of the American educational experience--is not at the center of the academic labor market, and why it is only modestly rewarded. The evidence collected and analyzed by Lewis suggests that this is the case because teaching is not a particularly productive activity, and its quality is hard to measure. Teaching does not generate automatic prestige, most students do not learn a great deal, and in many instances other matters absorb the attention of faculty. Fifteen anonymous academic administrators and faculty members from around the country provided Lewis with the many letters, reports, and other documents he used in his analysis. By examining the material justifying merit salary awards, he reveals how merit is defined in academia. The focus of the letters is on teaching, research, administration, and service; teaching is not always seen as central to the academic role. For several years and from all sides, American institutions of higher learning have been called to account for a variety of failures. Significantly, the one indictment most often heard is that classrooms have been abandoned for laboratories and libraries, where faculty pursue interests to further their careers. Lewis argues that restoring the balance between teaching and research is too simple a solution to the problem. We need to better understand how disciplinary and institutional reward structures affect teaching, how and why faculty allocate their tune, and why teaching appears to be neglected and underappreciated. Lewis applies tenets of the neoclassical labor market model to the academy, and considers what might be done to strike a better balance between expectations and circumstances in the academic marketplace. This candid look into the political economy of higher education will be enlightening reading for all concerned with the future of American higher education: professors, administrators, students, and parents.


'This is a text that should accompany every student teacher of English and find its way on to the shelf of all practising teachers. This book excited me. It is written in a style that makes you want to try out activities and take up challenges. This book will encourage the student teacher to embrace the subject of English along with its associated values and debates' - ESCalate `If I was training to teach English today, this is the book I would want - an extraordinarily professional handbook of good practice ' - Geoff Barton, Times Educational Supplement, Teacher Magazine This essential companion for aspiring secondary English teachers has been extensively reworked to help students meet the very latest professional and academic standards, while also equipping them with the knowledge and skills they will need for the beginning of their teaching career. Focusing on the essentials needed to be a successful English teacher, the authors combine subject knowledge with ideas, examples and approaches for creating an effective, vibrant learning environment, and real examples of lesson plans and schemes of work. Each chapter clearly links practice to theoretical and critical perspectives on teaching, making this an ideal text for students working towards M-level credits or a Masters in Teaching and Learning. There are also brand new chapters which explore in greater depth specific areas of contention and challenging issues, including: - Diversities, including global perspectives on teaching English - The application and implications of using ICT - Multi-agency provision in personalising learning - Research methodologies - Transition from the training year and the first year as a teacher The latest requirements for Qualified Teacher Status are clearly signposted throughout, and activities at the end of each chapter help to reinforce knowledge and encourage reflection. Written by a team of highly respected authors, this new edition should be on every secondary English student's bookshelf.


News headlines highlighting the loss of at least 30 million jobs (so far) underscore the massive shock that has hit the U.S. economy and the dislocation, hardship, and stress it has caused for so many American workers. But how accurately does this number actually capture the number of net job losses? In this post, we look at some of the statistical anomalies and quirks in the weekly claims series and offer a guide to interpreting these numbers. What we find is that the relationship between jobless claims and payroll employment for the month can vary substantially, depending on the nature, timing, and persistence of the disaster.


We present observations of the topside ionosphere made at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory in March and September 2013, made using a full‐profile analysis approach. Recent updates to the methodology employed at Jicamarca are also described. Measurements of plasma number density, electron and ion temperatures, and hydrogen and helium ion fractions up to 1500 km altitude are presented for 3 days in March and September. The main features of the observations include a sawtooth‐like diurnal variation in ht, the transition height where the O+ ion fraction falls to 50%, the appearance of weak He+ layers just below ht, and a dramatic increase in plasma temperature at dawn followed by a sharp temperature depression around local noon. These features are consistent from day to day and between March and September. Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation data from the Communication Navigation Outage Forecast System satellite are used to help validate the March Jicamarca data. The SAMI2‐PE model was able to recover many of the features of the topside observations, including the morphology of the plasma density profiles and the light‐ion composition. The model, forced using convection speeds and meridional thermospheric winds based on climatological averages, did not reproduce the extreme temperature changes in the topside between sunrise and noon. Some possible causes of the discrepancies are discussed.


Background: Current treatment modalities are limited in their approach and success for hair loss. QR 678 & QR 678 Neo are new formulations, consisting of a combination of growth factors and peptides. This study demonstrates safety analysis of QR 678 & QR 678 Neo formulation, using in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo animal efficacy. Methods: Factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, keratinocyte growth factor, and copper tripeptide 1 (QR 678) or their biomimetic peptides (QR678 Neo) were suspended in a sterile injectable vehicle. The 3-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to explore the cytotoxic effects of each factor used in the compositions in human keratinocyte cell and human fibroblast cell assays. An in vivo analysis, wherein study animals were given intradermal QR 678 & QR 678 Neo injections, was conducted to assess whether the formulations produce hair growth. Also, hair follicle viability was checked by intradermal injection of the pharmaceutical compositions in secondary alopecia. Results: In both formulations, a positive response was observed with respect to the number of mice exhibiting hair growth at the injection sites. The injections caused retention of hair in a 0.25-cm radius around the injection site. On cytotoxicity study, all the factors were found to be safe in human keratinocyte cell and human fibroblast cell assay. A positive response was demonstrated in animals on treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent. Conclusions: Intradermal injections of QR 678 & QR 678 Neo hair growth factor formulations are a safe and efficacious option for alopecia. Results seem encouraging enough to warrant a trial in humans with secondary alopecia, post cancer chemotherapy.


Background: There is little evidence of research outcome data or studies into self-reported back pain in Middle Eastern or Gulf region countries. Within HMC there is anecdotal evidence that suggests that back pain in nurses working in critical care environments accounts for a significant percentage of all sick cause leave. This has the potential to impact on productivity, patient care and quality of life in nurses working within critical care in environments. Methods: A cross center mixed methodology study looking at back pain in nurses working in critical care environments data collection included demographic, occupational, and health characteristics and a Likert questionnaire. This comprised of 10 questions relating to manual handling education, equipment, staffing levels and ergonomics and was distributed in critical care and emergency departments across five hospital sites responses rate n = 450. Results: Outcome data identified 65% of the respondents reported experiencing back pain over the last year with subsequent negative impact on quality of life. There was statically significant association between gender and quality of life p = 0.001; with more women verbalizing a negative impact on quality of life secondary to back pain. There were also statically significant relationships between age with younger age group reporting negative impact on quality of life p = 0.001 and length of time employed in HMC with respondents who have been employed between 1–5 years experiencing the greatest impact p = 0.001. Conclusions: Back pain is an under reported occupational health concern that impacts on productivity and quality of life. Mandatory training in manual handling should feature in corporate educational agenda. Occupational health initiatives' are essential in the management of chronic health conditions.


The use of prebiotics in aquaculture aims at increasing the numbers of beneficial microbes in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes. However, the true effect of prebiotics exert on the fish microbiome is for the most part unknown. This study aimed at investigating the effects of the commercial prebiotic Previda® and the feed supplement saponin on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). We used 454 pyrosequencing to characterize the gut microbiome of fish fed diets containing Previda®, saponin, a combination of both, and a control diet. After data normalization, 98,300 sequence reads were analyzed resulting in 331 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Three phyla were present in all samples: Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Fusobacteria was the predominant phylum in all samples accounting for more than 80% of the OTUs. Within the Fusobacteria, the predominant genus was Cetobacterium with more than 76% of the sequences being ascribed to that species. Barnesiella was the second most common genus with more than 6% of the total sequences. Overall, there was not a significant difference in the composition of the gut microbiomes regardless of the diet. The overwhelming numbers of Cetobacterium sp. present in the gut of Nile tilapia could overshadow the effect of the treatments on other genera.


Editors' introduction One important aspect of the nature of texts is the way in which the flow of information through the text is managed. The writer or speaker typically aims to signal to the addressee the status of each 'chunk' of information that is given — how it fits in with the rest of the information around it in terms of its degree of newness or familiarity to the addressee. In this paper Fries focuses on two concepts related to this issue: participant entry and information structure. Participant entry concerns the way in which entities are referred to in the text: whether an entity is to be taken as identifiable by the addressee at that point in the text or not. Using Martin's (1992) terminology, Fries distinguishes between presenting and presuming reference. If a nominal group has presenting reference, it signals that the addressee is not expected to be able to identify the entity referred to from their own knowledge. Presenting reference typically involves indefiniteness ('a', 'some', etc.). Presuming reference, on the other hand, signals that the addressee is expected to identify the entity, and typically involves definiteness ('the', etc.). The two following utterances exemplify the difference: There's a car parked outside [presenting: 'you don't know the car I'm referring to'] Do you need the car today? [presuming: 'you know the car I'm referring to — ours'] Information structure concerns the 'pulse' of information in a stretch of text. Speakers signal through intonation how the information is to be segmented into chunks (see also Thompson & Thompson in this volume), and they also signal what is newsworthy in each chunk and what is to be taken as already known to the listener or as not needing as much attention. The New in each chunk is centred around the tonic syllable (the syllable which is most prominent), and typically comes at or near the end of the chunk. The Given has less prominence and typically comes at the beginning of the chunk. Since Given and New are signalled by intonation, they are usually associated with spoken language. However, Fries argues that the concepts can be usefully applied to written text as well, and he describes how this can be done. There is clearly a relationship between participant entry and information structure, in that presuming reference and Given both concern something that the addressee already 'knows', while presenting reference and New both concern something that the addressee does not 'know'; and in many cases, they are indeed matched. Fries demonstrates, however, that they need to be distinguished because the matching is far from straightforward: presuming reference can occur in New and presenting reference can occur in Given. It might be expected that participant entry and information structure would depend primarily on the addressee's actual state of knowledge: that if the addressee cannot identify an entity the speaker will use presenting reference, and if the addressee does not know some information the speaker will present it as New. Again, Fries shows that this is too simple a picture. He argues that speakers always have the choice of how to present information. Even when they are aware that an entity is identifiable to their addressees they may use presenting reference, as if it were not. Similarly, even when they are aware that information is obvious to their addressees they may present it as New. Through a range of examples including extracts from a biography, conversation, poetry, a research presentation and advertisements, Fries explores the kinds of factors which can lead speakers to make such choices (his analysis of written advertisements forms an interesting comparison with Thompson & Thompson's analysis of spoken advertisements). His central argument is that we cannot understand information flow in text if we assume that it is determined by external 'facts': instead, we must see it as constructed through motivated language choices. This in particular ties his paper in with the rest of this volume: texts have a life of their own and, like any other living organism, they need to be studied not just in terms of their parts (clauses, etc.) but as wholes that are influenced by their environment (the world around them) but are not determined by it.


Most research on media effects in political science deals with the news media or political campaigns. Although some recent work looks at the effects of soft news on beliefs and opinions, little attention has been paid to the potential consequences of media that are fictional. Although viewers typically watch fiction for entertainment, the themes, plots, and dialogue may nevertheless influence their thoughts about politics. This article examines the effects of fiction on political beliefs. We do this in the context of an experimental design, where subjects in the treatment group watched the outlandish movie, Wag the Dog. The results show that those who watched the film were more likely to believe in a far-fetched conspiracy, namely that the U.S. government has and will fabricate a war for political gain. The findings stretch the boundaries of fictional influence by focusing on extreme, conspiratorial beliefs. We suggest that political science and communications scholars should focus greater attention on the implications of fiction for beliefs and attitudes, as the consequences can be perverse.


Extending deep into the caverns of humanity's oldest memories, beyond 60,000 years of history and into the Dreamtime, this collection of Australian Aboriginal myths has been passed down through the generations by tribal storytellers. The myths were compiled at the turn of the century by K. Langloh Parker, one of the first Europeans to realize their significance and spiritual sophistication. Saved from drowning by Aboriginal friends when she was just a child, Parker subsequently gained unique access to Aboriginal women and to stories that had previously eluded anthropologists. In the stories, women tell of their own initiations and ceremonies, the origins and destiny of humanity, and the behavioral codes for society. Included are stories of child-rearing practices, young love in adversity, the dangers of invoking the spiritual powers, the importance of social sharing, the role of women in male conflicts, the dark feminine, and the transformational power of language. "Wise Women of the Dreamtime" allows us to participate in the world's oldest stories and to begin a new dream of harmony between human society and nature.


A girl was born at 30 weeks of gestation by spontaneous vertex delivery. The pregnancy had been uneventful apart from detection of group B streptococcus at nine weeks of gestation. This was treated with a course of oral ampicillin for five days.

Although the mother's membranes ruptured 26 hours before delivery, she remained well throughout labour (which lasted for one hour) and there were no signs of infection. The baby's birth weight was 1440 g and she had Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at one and five minutes, respectively. Although she showed no signs of sepsis, because of the history of prolonged rupture of membranes, a septic screen was performed and she was started on intravenous amoxicillin and cefotaxime for 48 hours until the cultures were confirmed as negative; C reactive protein (CRP) and peripheral white cell count remained normal during this time. She needed supplemental oxygen, via nasal continuous positive airway pressure, for three days because of surfactant deficiency related respiratory distress syndrome. When she was 6 days old, she developed recurrent apnoea associated with oxygen desaturations, which required endotracheal intubation. Her chest radiograph was normal. A repeat septic screen was performed, including analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and further blood cultures, and she was started on cefotaxime and teicoplanin. Her blood CRP remained normal throughout and the cerebrospinal fluid sample (day 7) and postnatal blood cultures (days 1, 7, and 9) were all negative for bacterial infection.

At 9 days of age she developed 3-5 mm vesicular skin lesions, mainly on her face and chest. She continued to have further eruptions on her trunk and a few lesions on the hard palate during the second week. The skin lesions progressed from being clear vesicles to pustules, and during the …


The purpose of this study was to analyze PETE teacher educators' views about the application of concepts and content reflecting social justice pedagogies in preparing teacher candidates. Participants were eight PETE teacher educators from five universities in the Northeastern region of the United States. The research paradigm was qualitative descriptive using a multisite interview design (Gay, 1996) positioned in the theoretical orientations of cultural responsiveness and relevancy in teaching (Gay, 2000; Ladson-Billings, 1992). The primary data source was interviewing. Interview data were analyzed with constant comparative method (Merriam, 1998). The following thematic clusters were extracted from the data: (a) views about student difference, (b) neglects, fears, and uncertainties, and (c) strategies approaching cultural responsiveness. These interrelated thematic clusters had influence on the educators' praxis. Moreover, their views ranged from ethnocentric to transitional toward cultural awareness and had salient influence. The findings and recommendations are discussed.


We introduce an approach to convert mono audio recorded by a 360° video camera into spatial audio, a representation of the distribution of sound over the full viewing sphere. Spatial audio is an important component of immersive 360° video viewing, but spatial audio microphones are still rare in current 360° video production. Our system consists of end-to-end trainable neural networks that separate individual sound sources and localize them on the viewing sphere, conditioned on multi-modal analysis from the audio and 360° video frames. We introduce several datasets, including one filmed ourselves, and one collected in-the-wild from YouTube, consisting of 360° videos uploaded with spatial audio. During training, ground truth spatial audio serves as self-supervision and a mixed down mono track forms the input to our network. Using our approach we show that it is possible to infer the spatial localization of sounds based only on a synchronized 360° video and the mono audio track.


In this article, the authors apply cutting-edge machine learning algorithms to one of the oldest challenges in finance: predicting returns. For the sake of simplicity, they focus on predicting the direction (either up or down) of several liquid exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and do not attempt to predict the magnitude of price changes. The ETFs serve as asset class proxies. The authors employ approximately five years (from January 2011 to January 2016) of historical, daily data obtained through Yahoo Finance. Using supervised learning classification algorithms, readily available from Python's Scikit-Learn, they employ three powerful techniques: (1) deep neural networks, (2) random forests, and (3) support vector machines (linear and radial basis function). They document the performance of the three algorithms across four information sets: past returns, past volume, dummies for days/months, and a combination of all three. They use a gain criterion to compare classifiers' performance. First, they find that these algorithms work well over one- to three-month horizons. Short-horizon predictability, over days, is extremely difficult, and thus the results support the short-term random walk hypothesis. Second, they document the importance of cross-sectional and intertemporal volume as a powerful information set. Third, they show that many features are needed for predictability because each feature makes very small contributions toward predictability. The authors conclude that ETF returns can be predicted with machine learning algorithms, but practitioners should incorporate prior knowledge of markets and intuition on asset class behavior.


"A pathbreaking book on an important subject which, surprisingly, has been paid little attention by social scientists. Zerubavel writes with both learning and lucidity. His book is a pleasure to read." (Peter Berger). "Others have written about the structuring of time, but few so insightfully and compellingly as Zerubavel." (Neil J. Smelser). "This is a jewel of a book, one of the most important contributions to cultural sociology in recent years. Professor Zerubavel's easy blend of history, religion, science, politics, and social values makes this a study a delightful voyage of unexpected discovery and new awareness. It hink the title has misled some people into thinking this is a book on music or something of the sort. All the more reason to rejoice at this reissue in paperback." (David S. Landes). "Hidden Rhythms is an exciting study of a subject that has net yet gained the attention it deserves among sociologists and other social scientists ...Zerubavel's book has the distinctive merit to discuss earlier approaches to the study of schedules and calendars and to add a series of extremely shrewd observations and calendars to add a series of extremely shrewd observations of his own on the sociology of time. His work seems indispensable for all those social scientists who have become conscious of the central position of the temporal dimension in the life of people and their society." (Lewis A. Coser). "Eviatar Zerubavel's Hidden Rhythms is an original and highly imaginative analysis of the role time schedule plays in social life. Continuing the distinctive focus on social time Zerubavel develops in Patterns of Time in Hospital life, he provides in Hidden Rhythms more penetrating and profound analysis of the subtle and diverse significance of time in organizing our social relationships and lives. A joy to read." (Peter M. Blau).


The denoising of color images is an increasingly studied problem whose state-of-the-art solutions employ a variety of diffusion schemes. Specifying the correct diffusion is difficult, however, in part because of the subtleties of color interactions. We address this difficulty by proposing a perceptual organization approach to color denoising based on the principle of good continuation. We exploit the periodic chromatic (hue) component of the color in its representation as a frame field. We derive two hue curvatures and use them to construct a local model for the behavior of the color, which in turn specifies consistency constraints between nearby color measurements. These constraints are then used to replace noisy pixels by examining their spatial context. Such a contextual analysis (combined with standard methods to handle the scalar channels, saturation and lightness), results in a robust noise removal process that preserves discontinuities, singularities, and fine chromatic structures, including those that diffusion processes are prone to distort. We demonstrate our approach on a variety of synthetic and natural images.


Organized crime satisfies a demand for necessary social services in the absence of effective government institutions. This paper examines the rise of the Sicilian mafia. Using system dynamics, we model this system and test various policies to determine what factors have the greatest impact on mafia power. Based on the experiments, the most effective policies for reducing mafia power are those that decrease the demand for private protection services by reducing the threat of banditry in society, and not those policies that act against the mafia directly. We also examine historical examples of other mafia-type organizations and discover that our findings apply not just to Sicily, but also to other societies including present-day Iraq and Afghanistan.


The problem investigated in this paper is identification of sensor that was used to obtain a given digital image. We show that the high-medium frequency component of the sensor pattern noise is an equivalent of "bullet scratches" for digital images and can be used for reliable forensic identification. For each sensor, we first calculate its reference pattern (an estimate of the sensor pattern noise) by averaging the noise component from multiple images. This pattern serves as a unique identification fingerprint whose presence in a given image is established using a correlation detector. The proposed identification technique was tested on several thousand images obtained by nine digital cameras. In all cases, we were able to correctly identify the camera that took the image. We also show that it is possible to identify the camera from images subjected to combined processing, including lossy JPEG compression, gamma correction, recoloring, and resizing.


In the context of terminology, phraseology is considered to be the linguistic study of particular terms and their environment, and terminological phraseologism is understood to be a combination of lexemes which is neither totally fixed nor completely free (e.g. of the type: N+Adj, N+V, V+N) , with the term as its stable core. The author maintains that any research in the area of terminological phraseology should recognize the fact that all kinds of specialized texts are characterized in equal measure by terminology specific to the field in question, and by special phraseology both marked by frequency of usage, specific concentration, usage peculiar to a given field or discipline. Translators of specialized texts should be aware of these peculiarities. It is thus natural that they expect theoreticians authors of mono-, bi- and multilingual studies in the area of terminological phraseology to provide them with tools which would make it possible to identify these special entities; it is also understandable that they expect terminographers to supply them with phraseological data banks.


The paper presents the concept of reconstructing the ideological space in parliament on the basis of the MPs' voting. Problems arising during the study of ideology in political science were discussed. A concept of "ideology in action" was presented on the basis of the texts of the classics of modern theories of democracy. The concept was presented as contrasted with a traditional concept of ideology as the project of reality. The theoretical and empirical arguments justifying ex-post modeling of the ideological space were presented. The properties and interpretation of the ideological distances defined in accordance with the proposed approach were described. The results of the ideological space in the Sejm of sixth and seventh term were presented. Further analytical capabilities offered by the proposed approach were discussed as well.


BACKGROUND
Delay to breast cancer diagnosis following an abnormal screening result is associated with anxiety and personal disruption. We assessed the patterns and timeliness of diagnostic follow-up after breast cancer screening for women with abnormal results who attended organized screening programs in 7 provinces.

METHODS
Using data from the Canadian Breast Cancer Screening Database, we identified 203,141 women aged 50-69 years who underwent screening in 1996 through provincially organized breast cancer screening programs in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. We prospectively followed women with an abnormal screening result through to the completion of the assessment process. We evaluated the waiting times from screening examination to first assessment, from screening examination to first imaging, from screening examination to diagnosis and from first assessment to diagnosis for 13,958 women, stratified according to screening program, mode of detection, whether a biopsy was performed and whether cancer was diagnosed.

RESULTS
We observed considerable variations between and within programs in the time to diagnosis. The median time from screening examination to first assessment was 2.6 weeks. The median time from screening examination to diagnosis was 3.7 weeks; this time increased to 6.9 weeks for women undergoing biopsy. Even when no biopsy was performed, 10% of the women waited 9.6 weeks or longer for a diagnosis, as compared with 15.0 weeks or longer for 10% of the women undergoing biopsy. Among the women who had a biopsy, the use of core biopsy was associated with a shorter median time to diagnosis than was open biopsy, and those found to have cancer had shorter waiting times than women with benign biopsy findings.

INTERPRETATION
Women undergoing assessment of an abnormal breast cancer screening result waited many weeks for a diagnosis, especially when a biopsy was performed. To ensure that targets for timeliness, adopted nationally in 1999, are realized, improved models of care or dissemination of existing efficient techniques to reach a diagnosis will be needed.


This paper studies the surface instability of an elastic thin solid film lying on a rigid substrate and subjected to van der Waals-like surface interactions. The effect of film–substrate interfacial slippage is accounted for by using a simplified linear cohesive interface model. It is found that the interfacial slippage generally plays a destabilizing role in the surface instability of the thin film. For highly compressible films with Poisson's ratio smaller than 0.25, the surface wrinkling behaviour previously inconceivable in the case of a perfectly bonded interface is now feasible if film–substrate interface slipping is permitted. In addition, our linear perturbation analysis shows that the critical conditions for the onset of surface instability can be modulated by adjusting the slippery stiffness of the interface. The result might be helpful for developing novel techniques to create micro-/nanosized surface patterns.


Third World liberation movements are very much alive. These struggles are in fact intensifying as political and economic conditions deteriorate. While the decade of the '80s did not produce as many successful revolutions as the '70s, the victory in Namibia and advances in the struggles in South Africa and El Salvador provide a sense of continuing forward movement. These movements are still mainly Marxist in orientation. Marxism remains the preferred tool of political and economic analysis. But the alternative futures proffered and the strategy and tactics applied are very diverse. They range from mass movement-based, electoral tactics of the Partido dos Trabalhadores (the PT or Workers' Party) of Brazil to the underground guerill strategy of the National Democratic Front in the Philippines. Intense debate within these movements provide the base for this creative and dynamic diversity.


Since upholstery leather is considered a very high-tech product, a long service life is expected by the costumer. However, this type of leather can undergo extreme environmental conditions that may cause
premature ageing. This work deals with the study of the effect of temperature, relative humidity, and UV radiation on leather ageing. Leathers with chrome tannage were exposed to weathering effects using a climatic chamber in order to identify the most important variables affecting this weathering process and to check for interactions. Both a multilevel centralized factorial experimental design and
an analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been employed as statistical tools for estimating the effects of the parameters.


PURPOSE
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) manifests substantial interpatient heterogeneity in rates of thrombosis, hemorrhage, and disease transformation. Bone marrow histology reflects underlying disease activity in ET but many morphological features show poor reproducibility.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We evaluated the clinical significance of bone marrow reticulin, a measure previously shown to have relatively high interobserver reliability, in a large, prospectively-studied cohort of ET patients.

RESULTS
Reticulin grade positively correlated with white blood cell (P = .05) and platelet counts (P = .0001) at diagnosis. Elevated reticulin levels at presentation predicted higher rates of arterial thrombosis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.9; P = .01), major hemorrhage (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.9; P = .05), and myelofibrotic transformation (HR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 18.4; P = .0007) independently of known risk factors. Higher reticulin levels at diagnosis were associated with greater subsequent falls in hemoglobin levels in patients treated with anagrelide (P < .0001), but not in those receiving hydroxyurea (P = .9). Moreover, serial trephine specimens in patients randomly assigned to anagrelide showed significantly greater increases in reticulin grade compared with those allocated to hydroxyurea (P = .0003), and four patients who developed increased bone marrow reticulin on anagrelide showed regression of fibrosis when switched to hydroxyurea. These data suggest that patients receiving anagrelide therapy should undergo surveillance bone marrow biopsy every 2 to 3 years and that those who show substantially increasing reticulin levels are at risk of myelofibrotic transformation and may benefit from changing therapy before adverse clinical features develop.

CONCLUSION
Our results demonstrate that bone marrow reticulin grade at diagnosis represents an independent prognostic marker in ET, reflecting activity and/or duration of disease, with implications for the monitoring of patients receiving anagrelide.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze if there is any gap in the employee perception on employee engagement and what is available at the workplace as employee engagement activities, so that employee engagement can be used as a tool for talent management. Survey was conducted among the employees of a travelling company of India to measure employee perception on various factors of employee engagement which was compared with the organization perception. The findings say that there is a gap in the employee perception and what is available at the organization. Considerable gap is seen in Work, Total rewards & Company practices and related factors. The results will help the organization shape continuous improvement efforts related to attracting, developing, and retaining talent as well as suggest opportunities for process improvement. When employees are effectively and positively engaged with their organization, they form an emotional connection with the company. This article focuses on identifying the gap between the employee perception on employee engagement vs. available at workplace in a travels company. The research evidence across both public and private sectors supports the view that staffs, who are engaged, bring higher productivity and organizational performance, which is visible through increased operating and net profit, improved customer focus, lower levels of absenteeism and higher retention. The article will be the value addition in the field of talent management research and how employee engagement can be used for the retention of talent.


Refrigeration equipments, in particular domestic refrigerators, are devices that are present in our day to day. Often, these devices are very close to our workplaces, laser or rest, where the noise produced by such sources can be intense enough to cause discomforting sensations, fatigue, or even to prejudice the communication between the people. Thus, the concern with the noise produced from these devices has gained a great importance both for consumers and for manufacturers of refrigerators. Thinking in area of control of noise and vibrations, is of great importance the precise knowledge about the dynamic behavior of the components of the refrigerator, and the iteration between them, so that efficient designs and / or optimization can be realized. Many difficulties have been encountered in the identifying the main means of propagation of vibration energy and acoustic energy in a refrigerator. Thus, this paper presents a study about identification of energy path in the interaction between compressor and refrigerator, using experimental techniques of "elimination" of energy paths from compressor. The results and conclusions, related to the end of the work, show the level of importance of the contribution of each path in the total noise of a refrigerator, showing goods evidences of the main paths to invest and reduce the total noise.


The involvement of dopamine receptors present at different sites in the hypotensive and bradycardic actions of lergotrile was investigated. Intravenous administration of lergotrile to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs decreased blood pressure, heart rate and renal vascular resistance and increased renal blood flow. These effects were prevented by prior treatment with sulpiride or with hexamethonium plus atropine. When administered to phentolamine-treated animals, lergotrile failed to alter either blood pressure or renal blood flow, but exerted and an enhanced bradycardic effect. Lergotrile significantly inhibited the positive chronotropic and renal vasoconstrictor effects elicited by cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve stimulation, which could be prevented by prior treatment with sulpiride, suggesting that stimulation of presynaptic dopamine receptors was responsible for the inhibition of sympathetic nerve function caused by lergotrile. Administration of lergotrile into the vertebral artery did not produce any cardiovascular changes, whereas i.c.v. lergotrile caused a transient tachycardia followed by a bradycardia of greater magnitude and duration than that seen after i.v. administration. These studies suggest that lergotrile exerts its hypotensive and bradycardiac effects via stimulation of presynaptic dopamine receptors resulting in subsequent inhibition of sympathetic nerve function. Dopamine receptors present in the brain may contribute to the bradycardia, but vascular dopamine receptors do not appear to be involved in the cardiovascular actions of lergotrile.