We propose a three-message superposition coding scheme in a cognitive radio relay network exploiting active cooperation between primary and secondary users. The primary user is motivated to cooperate by substantial benefits it can reap from this access scenario. Specifically, the time resource is split into three transmission phases. The first two phases are dedicated to primary communication, while the third phase is for the secondary's transmission. We formulate two throughput maximization problems for the secondary network subject to primary user rate constraints and per-node power constraints with respect to the time durations of primary transmission and the transmit power of the primary and the secondary users. The first throughput maximization problem assumes a partial power constraint such that the secondary power dedicated to primary cooperation, i.e. for the first two communication phases, is fixed apriori. In the second throughput maximization problem, a total power constraint is assumed over the three phases of communication. The two problems are difficult to solve analytically when the relaying channel gains are strictly greater than each other and strictly greater than the direct link channel gain. However, mathematically tractable lowerbound and upperbound solutions can be attained for the two problems. For both problems, by only using the lowerbound solution, we demonstrate significant throughput gains for both the primary and the secondary users through this active cooperation scheme. We find that most of the throughput gains come from minimizing the second phase transmission time since the secondary nodes assist the primary communication during this phase. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of our proposed scheme compared to a number of reference schemes that include best relay selection, dual-hop routing, and an interference channel model.


This study aims to determine the condition of LQ45 index futures prices and basis of decision making. The existence of futures contracts is very useful for financial managers for the absence of futures contracts, money managers will only have one trading location to change the portfolio's position at the time they receive new information which was expected to change the value of managed assets in cash market or spot market. In this study, the author took the hypothesis is assumed that the value of LQ45 index futures in the period of this study is not fair (undervalued / overvalued). This study uses the period 2007 until the year 2009. Data analysis tools used to determine pricing futures and testing hypotheses is a pricing model that futures contracts do not provide income to the formula F0 = S0erT. Theoretical futures price can be higher than the market price in cash (the premium) or lower than the market price in cash (at a discount. Futures pricing model is very influential on futures prices. Efficiency of stock index futures market occurred while the stock index futures prices fluctuated or the price level will adjust so that prices quickly reflect the new information form. Movement or change in price as a proof that the markets function well and get the information efficiently. Based on the results of research showing LQ45 index futures prices are not reasonable (undervalued / overvalued) proves that occurred in the efficiency of stock index futures market because of movement / change in price. Based on data analysis using futures pricing model using the model contract does not provide income to show that the LQ45 index futures prices from January 2007 to December 2009 there were 36 times the transaction (transactions monthly). Things futures price is not reasonable because all year in 2007 stated that 25% in 75% overvalued and undervalued in the state. In the year 2008 states that in 16.67% 83.33% overvalued and undervalued in the state. Similarly in 2009 the conditions LQ45 index futures price of 16.67% in 83.33% overvalued and undervalued in the state. From the above description, it can be concluded that the conditions LQ45 index futures prices are undervalued in the conditions of registration for 80.55% and 19.45% are overvalued conditions, so the majority of conditions LQ45 index futures prices in the period 2007 until 2009 have


In this paper we propose a theory of investment and energy use to study the response of macroeconomic aggregates to energy price shocks. In our theory this response depends on the interaction between the energy efficiency built in capital goods (which is irreversible throughout their lifetime) and the growth rate of Investment Specific Technological Change (ISTC hereafter). We show that ISTC is a sort of energysaving technical change and, therefore, a substitute of energy efficiency: it rises the productivity of capital without rising energy use, which increases effective energy efficiency (i.e., the amount of energy use required per unit of quality-adjusted capital). Hence, our theory can account for the fall of energy use per unit of output observed during the 1990s, a period in which energy prices fell below trend. By increasing investment in the years of high ISTC growth, the economy was increasing the average efficiency of the economy (the capital-energy ratio), shielding the economy against the impact of the 2003-08 price shock.


Graphite oxide (GO) was effectively prepared by Hummers and Offeman method and it possesses different types of oxygen functionalities which allows GO to interact with organic and inorganic materials in covalent, noncovalent or ionic manner. The GO was reduced by hydrazine hydrate and sodium borohydride as reducing agents to obtain graphene as end product. Characterization of both GO and G was carried out by SEM, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR. Due to this the sp 3 hybridization of GO will convert to sp 2 hybridizaton by removing oxygen from GO. Graphene has various applications, however water soluble graphene could be better option for biomedical applications.


During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals face the concurrent challenges of maintaining routine services while attending to COVID-19 patients This article shares approaches taken in six countries to resume hospital care after the first wave of the pandemic by surveying country experts and using data extracted from the COVID-19 Health Systems Response Monitor (HSRM) Four strategies were observed in all six countries: prioritisation or rationing of treatments, converting clinical spaces to separate patients, using virtual treatments, and implementing COVID-19 free hospitals or floors Clear guidance about how to prioritise activities would support hospitals in the next phases of the pandemic


A study on the boring sponges infesting the brown mussel
population of the southwest coast of India was initiated in
1998, and bored shells collected from five major mussel
fishing centres along the coast were analysed on a regular
basis. It could be seen that out of 5,600 shells examined
during 1998-2000 period, 997 shells were found
infested with boring sponges registering an overall
incidence of 17.8%, and this, when compared with 3-8 %
noticed in natural molluscan beds was too high. The total
number of boring sponge species recorded from mussel is
nine, and these fall under two families and four genera,
the most speciose genus being Cliona with five species.
The Enayam centre accounted for all the nine species, and
the two new infiltrants, Pione margaritifera and C. lobata
formed a common factor with high specific incidence (%)
in all the centres surveyed. Out of three conventional
species, only two viz. Cliona celata and Pione vasitifca
were present in all the centres surveyed with subdued
activity and lower incidence %. Pione carpenteri, the third
conventional species, could be collected only from Enayam
and Kadiyapatnam. Cliothosa hancocki, Thoosa armata
and Siphonodictyon minutum were present only at Enayam
and were new records to brown mussel. Another species,
Alectona wallichii, is also recorded from Enayam. During
the present study it could be ascertained that P. vastifica,
a conventional boring species of molluscs, has succeeded
in colonizing the estuarine realms of Ashtamudi Lake,
Kollam due to its euryhaline nature, and hence form a
major threat to any molluscan culture farm along this
estuary in future. Systematics, description, distribution of
all the nine species along with illustrations are given in this
paper.


A core technology in proteomics is mass spectroscopy (MS) that permits the measurement of thousands of proteins/peptides simultanously. Sophisticated data mining methods are necessary to identify highly predictive proteomic biomarker candidates in generated MS spectra that are specific to a certain disease. However, before analysis can be started the preprocessing of raw mass spectra is an essential task, mainly due to the presence of background signals in the spectra such as electrical and chemical noise. In this work we present a new data mining workflow for the identification of proteomic biomarker candidates using mass spectrometry data. The workflow includes two major steps: 1) the preprocessing of raw spectra, and 2) the identification of highly discriminating candidate masses using a 3-step feature selection approach by combining the advantages of efficient filter and effective wrapper techniques. With the proposed workflow we were able to identify putative candidate biomarkers in a lifethreatening human disease using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging MS (MALDI-IMS).


Quantile regression provides sports economists with a powerful research tool. Unlike least squares, it is not tied to restrictive assumptions about the distribution of the error term, which makes it particularly valuable in settings with highly skewed distributions, like sports labor markets. It allows investigators to check for heteroskedasticity and to avoid censored variable bias. Researchers can use it simulate the distribution of incomes or profits, not just their mean values. Still, few sports economists use quantile regression, and, when used, it is frequently misinterpreted. This article provides a user-friendly introduction to quantile regression that will stimulate its use in the sports economics literature.


Sowing density is very important to ensure the optimum nutrition at the area of crop plants, in order that the production of quality of barley. On the other hand, the time of sowing is very important in how the plants resistant to the environment in winter and to the attack of pathogens and pests, by spring. Experience presented in this paper, shows how sowing density and sowing time influences the production of barley, of Cardinal variety in the climatic conditions of the agricultural year 2012 - 2013, Chiscani Experimental Center, the Agricultural Research and Development Station of Braila on a typical chernozem soil type. For this, we used seven experimental factor graduations for sowing density and five experimental factor graduations for sowing time. During the vegetation were made biometric measurements on plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of grains per ear, grain weight per ear and yield of each experimental plot at harvest. Based on the results, and analysis of variance were performed for the two experimental factors and correlations were established between the experimental factors and biometric measurements. Synthesis results show that the experience of winter barley crop in the climatic conditions of Braila, the best sowing density is 550 g.s/m2 and optimum sowing period is 3-20 October.


This presidential address argues that there is a pressing need in the UK to build educational research capacity at system level and to do so collaboratively. It advances three main arguments for doing so. These are (i) the increasing concentration of research resources; (ii) the dangers of increasing separation of research and initial teacher education; and (iii) the complexity of the links between research, policy and practice. Drawing on evidence about research quality and on demographic trends of academic staff in education departments, it illustrates one approach to collaborative capacity building in Scotland, the Applied Educational Research Scheme. It concludes by drawing attention to the nascent Strategic Forum for Research in Education as an important forum for monitoring the health of educational research. †. Presidential address at BERA Annual Conference, 5–8 September 2007, University of London, London.


Subject orientation is generally viewed to be a cross-linguistic core property of long distance anaphors (LDAs). This property has an important bearing on theories of Chinese LDA which predict only subject antecedents. However, the claim that LDAs are strictly subject-oriented has been discredited in at least Korean, where recent experimental studies have demonstrated that Korean caki can potentially take an object as antecedent. The current study explores the non-subject antecedent potential of the Cantonese LDA, which has not been experimentally studied in the Chinese literature. Two experiments involving forced-choice tasks were conducted to investigate if jihgei could potentially take a non-subject antecedent. It was found that jihgei indeed has non-subject antecedent potential in certain syntactic and logophoric environments, thus greatly weakening syntactic approaches that cannot predict non-subject antecedent potential. It was also found that some amount of competing subject preference remained in cases where a non-subject antecedent was possible. The study concluded that jihgei's subject preference is not categorical, but is modulated by


It is an undeniable fact that nurses have an important role in the provision of health services. The psychological well-being of nurses is associated with an improvement in their job performance. The aim of this research was to survey the relationship between spiritual and moral intelligence and the psychological well-being of nurses. This was a descriptive-correlational study conducted on 128 nurses working in hospitals of Bojnourd during 2013. The subjects were selected through availability sampling and responded to King's Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, Lennick and Kiel's Moral Competency Inventory and Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis using SPSS software version 18. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between spiritual and moral intelligence and psychological well-being (P<0.01). The regression analysis showed that spiritual and moral intelligence could significantly predict 26 percent of the variance of psychological well-being (P<0.01). Based on the positive relationship between spiritual and moral intelligence and the psychological well-being of nurses, it is recommended that these factors be taken into consideration in programs designed to promote nurses' mental health.


The Sonderkommandos of Auschwitz-Birkenau consisted primarily of Jewish prisoners forced by the Germans to facilitate the mass extermination. Though never involved in the killing itself, they were compelled to be the "members of staff" of the Nazi death-factory. This book, translated for the first time into English from its original Hebrew, consists of interviews with the very few surviving Sonderkommandos, men who witnessed at first hand the unparalleled horror of the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. Some of these men had never spoken of their experiences before. Over a period of years, Gideon Greif interviewed intensively all Sonderkommando survivors living in Israel. They describe not only the specific technical details of the German-Nazi killing programme but also the moral and human challenges they faced while fulfilling their appalling work. The book provides direct testimony about the "Final Solution of the Jewish Problem", but it is also a unique document on the boundless cruelty and deceit practised by the Germans on their victims. It documents the helplessness and powerlessness of the one-and-a-half million people, 90 percent of them Jews, who were brutally murdered in the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau. "This is a book that must be read by all who dare draw close to the killing, those who dare to come close - as close as non-survivors can come - to the inferno." Michael Berenbaum