Community archives, a phenomenon that developed out of the 1960s – 1970s civil rights and social justice movements, came to the attention of Western archival academia in the 1990s. Discussion of the phenomenon focused on relationships between the mainstream archives and the community practitioners and a range of subjects in archival studies. Despite the growth of the community archives movement in the context of post-colonial countries in the West, literature suggests that this particular concept has not been hitherto recognised by communities in Thailand. Therefore, this thesis seeks to examine this concept via the Western literature as the basis for further investigation of the community-based heritage activities of the four case studies in the North-eastern (Isan) communities in order to examine the commonalities and differences between the findings from the Western literature and the field research, to identify whether the theoretical and practical models of Western community archives are helpful and applicable to the Thai community heritage activities. The research used qualitative methodologies with a case study approach, including semi-structured interviews, observation, and photographic recording to gain data from the field research. Eighteen interviewees were recruited based on their relevant roles in the communities, including religious and spiritual leaders, members of communities that led or participated in heritage activities, an individual collector, and organisation founders, as well as visitors to the repositories and the audience at community public events. Discussion of research findings is divided into the three main themes that emerged from the field data: motivation, provenance and sustainability. The main conclusions drawn from this research are that, first, the Thai communities focus on saving their heritage from devaluation and neglect rather than trying to fill a perceived gap in mainstream collections, a motivation often found in the relationship between mainstream and community archives suggested by the Western literature. Second, members of communities relied heavily on their leaders and the study revealed the risk to the community archives of over-dependency on individuals; and, despite the evidence that community members had positive views on volunteering, the cooperation from volunteers was primarily driven by the dedication and commitment of the leaders. Third, tangible and intangible heritage in Thai community archives are intertwined and both form important elements in community memory and identity, which the community sees as valuable to preserve and pass on to future generations. Fourth, community archives that are accepted by the Thai community as being a good representation of their heritage tend to be established in community spaces, with the exception of a formal organisation where the space is separated from the communities being represented which, as a consequence, became rather disadvantageous for the organisation. Fifth, ethnic provenance plays a significant part in heritage documentation in Thai communities, especially in the Isan region, where there is a diversity of ethnicity and the majority share similar cultures across the borders with neighbouring countries. Lastly, community archiving practices in Thailand are shown to be affected by their cultural context. This research argues that there are sufficient commonalities between the Western literature and the research findings for each to inform the other. At the same time, the findings from the four case studies have offered some alternative perspectives which can further develop mainstream (and Western) professionals' understanding of the range, variety and meaning of archival practices in a community context. It is possible to understand the Thai case studies as 'community archives' but care should be taken not to assume that they share all the same features as Western examples of the genre. Moreover, particular resonances in literature dealing with less 'Westernised' examples have been suggested by Western scholarship; nevertheless, it should be re-emphasised that care should be taken not to create an artificial binary of 'Western' and 'non-Western' community archives. Keywords: community archives, community-based archives, independent archives, Thai heritage activities, Thai community learning centre


Bohol, once considered among the poorest provinces in the Philippines, is striving to attain sustainable and self-sufficient agricultural food production. This journey has been made possible by efforts among multisectoral groups to join hands and collaborate for Bohol's progress. These groups mainly include nongovernment organizations, people's organizations (such as farmers', fishers', and women's organizations), consumer groups and cooperatives, the local church, the academe, and local government offices.


Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are attractive candidates for future low-cost lighting applications such as light-emitting smart tags, thanks to their simplicity, fully solution-based fabrication and flexibility. However, high brightness and efficiency in combination with satisfactory operation lifetimes need to be achieved for different emission colours bearing future device commercialization in mind. LECs emitting in the yellow-green spectral range, where the human eye is most sensitive are thereby particularly attractive. Here we present an improved hybrid LEC based on an Ir-iTMC, [Ir(4-Fppy)2(pbpy)][PF6] (4-Fppy = 2-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridinato, pbpy = 6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine) emitting at 557 nm. It features a luminance of 2400 cd m−2 when driven at a constant voltage of 4 V, and a lifetime of 271 h at a luminance of 1500 cd m−2 under pulsed current operation. The hybrid LEC shows an enhanced performance compared to a LEC solely based on the Ir-ITMC where operation lifetimes of 165 h at a luminance above 1200 cd m−2 under pulsed current operation conditions were observed. The performance improvement was achieved by addition of a solution-processed ZnO nanoparticle film on top.


This article addresses political-party organization in Estonia, especially candidate selection. Its first objective is to describe the ways in which the main parties chose their candidates before the 2011 parliamentary election. A second objective is to evaluate those procedures in light of expectations generated by established theory. The focus is on two conditions: the institutional framework, particularly the electoral system, and the relative youth of Estonian democracy. The evidence confirms these expectations only partially, which suggests that an individual party's ideological, organizational and strategic circumstances, in addition to structural and institutional conditions, are critical to understanding why it performs this basic function as it does.


The purpose of this research is to examine youth aged 13 through 15 eligible for waiver to Superior Court in North Carolina between 2005 and 2007 to determine if waivers vary by gender, race, and age when controlling for the legal variables of offense seriousness and prior record. Using the population of all youth eligible for waiver, I examine the relationship between each of the independent variables and waiver, and then again when controlling for each of the legal variables. The results suggest that the most operative factors in determining waiver are the legal variables of offense seriousness and prior record, although a juvenile's race and age also affect the likelihood of waiver.


Migratory songbirds use the geomagnetic field, stars, the Sun, and polarized light patterns to determine their migratory direction. To prevent navigational errors, it is necessary to calibrate all of these compass systems to a common reference. We show that migratory Savannah sparrows use polarized light cues from the region of sky near the horizon to recalibrate the magnetic compass at both sunrise and sunset. We suggest that skylight polarization patterns are used to derive an absolute (i.e., geographic) directional system that provides the primary calibration reference for all of the compasses of migratory songbirds.


The number of patients at risk of suffering invasive fungal infection (IFI) is increasing. Because of its high mortality, new rapid and accurate diagnostic tools are needed. Last advances in invasive candidiasis diagnosis comprise Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (PNA-FISH), direct MALDI-TOF or multiplex acid nucleic testing. While all of them rely in positive blood cultures, T2Candida uses PCR coupled with T2Magnetic resonance detection directly in whole blood, allowing detection of 1-3 UFC/mL of Candida in about four hours. Beyond galactomannan (GM), novelties in IFI caused by molds include the international standardization of PCR techniques, with several commercial kits available. A combination of GM and PCR appears to be a good diagnostic strategy for invasive aspergillosis. PCR coupled to electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry and detection of volatile organic compounds in exhaled air by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry are other promising approaches to IFI diagnostic that still need to be validated.


We present an algorithm that, with high probability, generates a random spanning tree from an edge-weighted undirected graph in (n5/3 m1/3) time. The tree is sampled from a distribution where the probability of each tree is proportional to the product of its edge weights. This improves upon the previous best algorithm due to Colbourn et al. that runs in matrix multiplication time, O(nω). For the special case of unweighted graphs, this improves upon the best previously known running time of Õ(min{nω,m√n,m4/3}) for m ⪢ n7/4 (Colbourn et al. '96, Kelner-Madry '09, Madry et al. '15). The effective resistance metric is essential to our algorithm, as in the work of Madry et al., but we eschew determinant-based and random walk-based techniques used by previous algorithms. Instead, our algorithm is based on Gaussian elimination, and the fact that effective resistance is preserved in the graph resulting from eliminating a subset of vertices (called a Schur complement). As part of our algorithm, we show how to compute -approximate effective resistances for a set S of vertex pairs via approximate Schur complements in Õ(m+(n + |S|)ε-2) time, without using the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma which requires Õ( min{(m + |S|)ε2, m+nε-4 +|S|ε2}) time. We combine this approximation procedure with an error correction procedure for handling edges where our estimate isn't sufficiently accurate.


A responsive case study evaluation approach utilizing interviews and focus groups collected student and faculty perspectives on examined how instructors and students utilized a newly redesigned active learning space at Iowa State University and the impact of this design on student engagement aspects of the classroom that influenced engagement.  The findings demonstrate how classroom design influences engagement through low-cost learning tools and a flexible, open, student-centered space that allowed for a variety of active learning strategies. In addition, this case study highlights the importance of conducting assessment on classroom redesign initiatives to justify and improve future classroom spaces.


This paper argues that in news headlines – owing to their high context sensitivity – modal verbs involve the reader mentally to a high degree. In order to understand the meaning of a headline containing a modal verb,the reader has to reconstruct the contexts selected by the author. He has to do this in the first place in interaction with his own contextualized stock of knowledge. Further, he will form a hypothesis about the degree of probability of the possible contexts. This process of reconstruction creates an expectation about the news itself. This basic function of modalverbs in news headlines is the same for the four languages considered in this paper (German, French, Portuguese and Spanish); nevertheless, there are some language-specific norms for their use and decoding. Themost salient example is the epistemic use of Portuguese poder 'can'/'may'and dever 'must' in the present tense.


The Interactive Video Data System (IVDS) project began with an initial abstract concept of achieving interactive television by transmitting hidden digital information in the audio of commercials. Over the course of three years such a communication method was successfully developed, the hardware systems to realize the application were designed and built, and several full-scale field tests were conducted. The novel coding scheme satisfies all of the design constraints imposed by the project sponsors. By taking advantage of psychoacoustic properties, the hidden digital signature is inaudible to most human observers yet is detectable by the hardware decoder. The communication method is also robust against most extraneous room noise as well as the wow and flutter of videotape machines. The hardware systems designed for the application have been tested and work as intended. A triple-stage audio amplifier buffers the input signal, eliminates low frequency interference such as human voices, and boosts the filtered result to an appropriate level. A codec samples the filtered and amplified audio, and feeds it into the digital signal processor. The DSP, after applying a pre-emphasis and compensation filter, performs the data extraction by calculating FFTs, compensating for frequency shifts, estimating the digital signature, and verifying the result via a cyclic redundancy check. It then takes action appropriate for the command specified in the digital signature. If necessary it will verbally prompt and provide information to the user, and will decode infrared signals from a remote control. The results of interactions are transmitted by radio frequency spread spectrum to a cell cite, where they are then forwarded to the host computer.


Abstract As a rapidly evolving sector the international wine industry represents an interesting subject for analysis. Over the past two centuries the industry has experienced a number of major innovations and direction changes. The organizational shifts involved in these changes have been profound. From a monopolization of wine culture through the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century by Europeans, to the emergence of New World operators and their democratic influence, the international wine industry now stands at the edge of another major paradigm shift. This paper traces the industry's historical changes and speculates on the implications of such issues as global production, distribution, technology transfer, branding and the escalation of mergers and alliances. It argues that with the increasing global tendency of the industry, 'New' and 'Old World' distinctions may blur and disappear. Furthermore, as the wine landscape continues to evolve, we may well see a new set of rules, where the emergence of localized branding, an enhanced role for small to medium enterprises and the decline of national industries results in an irrevocable reconfiguration of the industry.


This Article explores a great paradox at the heart of the prevailing paradigm of American antidiscrimination law: the colorblindness ideal. In theory, and often in practice, that ideal is animated by a genuine commitment to liberal, individualist, race-neutral egalitarianism. For many of its partisans, colorblindness entails not only a negative injunction against race-conscious decisionmaking, but also, crucially, an affirmative program for the achievement of true racial equality. For these proponents, scrupulously race-neutral decisionmaking both advances the interests of racial minorities and embodies the best aspirations of the civil rights movement. In this worldview, colorblindness offers the only true antidote for both racial inequality and racism itself, hastening the day when race will be, as the Supreme Court has put it, "truly irrelevant." And indeed, the logical simplicity and moral clarity of the colorblindness ideal give it a certain intuitive appeal.This Article argues that recent history in fact belies such claims. Critics of the colorblindness model have long observed that the Supreme Court's insistence on race-neutrality has proven a poor remedy for entrenched racial inequality. Remarkably - and here is the paradox - the Court's very enforcement of the colorblindness ideal has itself fueled the reproduction of racial difference. In the service of colorblindness, the Burger and Rehnquist Courts, in dialogue with a host of influential social scientists and public intellectuals, redefined racial inequality from a wrong in and of itself - and as such a presumptive object of civil rights enforcement - to a morally benign legal irrelevancy. The Court did so by reconstructing African Americans from a class characterized, for the purpose of civil rights enforcement, by the systematic social, economic, and political subordination endured by its members, to a class characterized by its ethnically distinctive culture. By unveiling this critically neglected racial project, this Article casts new light on how American antidiscrimination law, though unequivocally committed to racial equality in theory, has learned to live with racial inequality in fact.


The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extension The NW-SE striking extensional Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System is one of the most important active shear zones in Central Anatolia. This shear zone is comprised of semi-independent fault segments that constitute an integral array of crustal-scale faults that transverse the interior of the Anatolian plateau region. The WNW striking Eskişehir Fault Zone constitutes the western to central part of the system. Toward the southeast, this system splays into three fault zones. The NW striking Ilıca Fault Zone defines the northern branch of this splay. The middle and southern branches are the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones, which also constitute the western boundary of the tectonically active extensional Tuzgölü Basin. The Sultanhanı Fault Zone is the southeastern part of the system and also controls the southewestern margin of the Tuzgölü Basin. Structural observations and kinematic analysis of mesoscale faults in the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones clearly indicate a two-stage deformation history and kinematic changeover from contraction to extension. N-S compression was responsible for the development of the dextral Yeniceoba Fault Zone. Activity along this structure was superseded by normal faulting driven by NNE-SSW oriented tension that was accompanied by the reactivation of the Yeniceoba Fault Zone and the formation of the Cihanbeyli Fault Zone. The branching of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System into three fault zones (aligned with the apex of the Isparta Angle) and the formation of graben and halfgraben in the southeastern part of this system suggest ongoing asymmetric extension in the Anatolian Plateau. This extension is compatible with a clockwise rotation of the area, which may be associated with the eastern sector of the Isparta Angle, an oroclinal structure in the western central part of the plateau. As the initiation of extension in the central to southeastern part of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System has similarities with structures associated with the Isparta Angle, there may be a possible relationship between the active deformation and bending of the orocline and adjacent areas.


Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a trial did on the brain to record the electrical activity inside it. The neural structure of the brain can consist of various neurons in terms of lacs or crores. These neurons communicate by colliding among themselves and communicating data to each other. This collision leads to the generation of the very small amount of electricity. The electrical signal generated can then be recorded and carefully studied to solve many neurological disorder diseases for example epilepsy. About 1% of the total population in the world are affected by this disease. In this study, the behavior of the EEG signals was analyzed by extracting the required important features, as well as classifying the extracted features to detect epileptic seizures. This analysis was done using different machine learning techniques such as Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM).


This is an analytical exploratory research; its object is family health needs on child development apprehended by the dialectics between objective and subjective dimensions. Object interpretation was grounded on the theoretical background of Health Promotion, underpinned by the concept of empowerment. Objectives: 1. To characterize the potential for social development in health districts of Curitiba City/ Brazil. 2. To characterize social inclusion of families with children under 5 years of age in the coverage area of the Health Primary Unit. 3. To apprehend the perceived health needs by families and representatives of social agencies on child development. 4. To analyze data based on the theoretical background of Health Promotion. Methodology: This study was carried out in the city of Curitiba, at Bairro Novo Health District. Qualitative-quantitative techniques were used. Research subjects were members of families with children until 5 years of age, residents in the coverage area of the Health Unit and representatives of socialization agencies working with families in that area. In the objective dimension, secondary data were obtained at Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE) – Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics – from the census of 2000, in order to characterize social inequalities among Health Districts, using the construct of Social Inclusion Indicator and Home Quality Indicator. Data were clustered according to the census sectors that entail each Health District. Families' characterization was undertaken by means of a semi-structured interview with 49 families, entailing information on social inclusion. In the subjective dimension, data were obtained by means of a focal group undertaken with 21 families and by means of semi-structured interviews with 12 representatives of socialization agencies: Family protection council, Primary Health Care Unit, "Pastoral da Crianca (community-based organization run by the Catholic Church to provide help to mothers and children), day-care center and pre-school. Data were analyzed by means of the dialectic-hermeneutic method. Results: The municipality presented a Social Inclusion Indicator of 3.66; SII in Bairro Novo was 3.23, below municipality average. Families' characterization unveiled the social inequalities existent in the area. Data analysis disclosed families' health needs, showing differences in their apprehension as well as in their fulfillment. Contradictions were found in the practices of socialization agencies, subjects' control and autonomy, based on families' normative view. Families' idealized view hinders the realization of their "actual" needs, hampering the elaboration of social projects which really meet their needs. Families perceive themselves as refuge spots, able to protect their children from societal violence. The realization of families' health needs foster the possibility of designing intervention projects in Nursing Collective Health in order to strengthen family autonomy, bringing about family-centered care, committed to an emancipating, horizontal, dialogic action. However, it deems necessary to stress the power of public policies in order to strengthen families, broadening families' chances to promote child development so that they do not become – through their omission – a factor of vulnerability to children's health.


In binary-transaction data-mining, traditional frequent itemset mining often produces results which are not straightforward to interpret. To overcome this problem, probability models are often used to produce more compact and conclusive results, albeit with some loss of accuracy. Bayesian statistics have been widely used in the development of probability models in machine learning in recent years and these methods have many advantages, including their abilities to avoid overfitting. In this thesis, we develop two Bayesian mixture models with the Dirichlet distribution prior and the Dirichlet process (DP) prior to improve the previous non-Bayesian mixture model developed for transaction dataset mining.First, we develop a finite Bayesian mixture model by introducing conjugate priors to the model. Then, we extend this model to an infinite Bayesian mixture using a Dirichlet process prior. The Dirichlet process mixture model is a nonparametric Bayesian model which allows for the automatic determination of an appropriate number of mixture components. We implement the inference of both mixture models using two methods: a collapsed Gibbs sampling scheme and a variational approximation algorithm.Experiments in several benchmark problems have shown that both mixture models achieve better performance than a non-Bayesian mixture model. The variational algorithm is the faster of the two approaches while the Gibbs sampling method achieves a more accurate result. The Dirichlet process mixture model can automatically grow to a proper complexity for a better approximation. However, these approaches also show that mixture models underestimate the probabilities of frequent itemsets. Consequently, these models have a higher sensitivity but a lower specificity.


In Relators and Linkers, Marcel den Dikken presents a syntax of predication and the inversion of the predicate around its subject, emphasizing meaningless elements (elements with no semantic load) that play an essential role in the establishment and syntactic manipulation of predication relationships. One such element, the RELATOR, mediates the relationship between a predicate and its subject in the base representation of predication structures. A second, the LINKER, connects the predicate to its subject in Predicate Inversion constructions. Den Dikken argues that all subject-predicate relationships are syntactically mediated by a RELATOR and that predication relationships in syntax are configurationally asymmetrical and non-directional. Discussing the inversion of the predicate around its subject and the distribution of LINKER elements surfacing between the inverted predicate and the subject, den Dikken presents an in-depth analysis of Predicate Inversion from the perspective of the minimalist theory of locality.Among the features by which Relators and Linkers distinguishes itself from past studies of predication is a detailed investigation of predication and Predicate Inversion inside the complex nominal phrase that makes a carefully documented case for the existence of two types of qualitative binominal noun phrases, one exploiting a predicate-specifier structure and the other employing a predicate-complement structure cum Predicate Inversion. Empirical data includes examples not only from English and Dutch but also from Hungarian, Hebrew, French, Italian, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, and other languages. Den Dikken's analysis, cast in terms of the theory of generative grammar, fruitfully brings Chomskyan minimalist principles to bear on the discussion of predication and Predicate Inversion.


MANET is a self-organized, decentralized wireless network with mobility as core functionality. Routing is key in to enhance MANET performance. Routing in mobile ad hoc networks and some fixed wireless networks use multiple-hop routing. Routing protocols for this kind of wireless network should be able to maintain paths to other nodes and in most cases, must handle changes in paths due to mobility. AODV (27) (28) is most popular routing protocol among others. It is On-demand type routing protocol and its performance is better than other routing protocols in MANET environment. This paper focus on AODV routing protocol to enhanced the break avoidance mechanism using multipath extension in core AODV to avoid route break problem in existing AODV method.


Background: Anti-Mu¨llerian hormone (AMH) is a product of growing ovarian follicles. The concentration of AMH in blood may also reflect the non-growing follicle (NGF) population, i.e. the ovarian reserve, and be of value in predicting reproductive lifespan. A full description of AMH production up to the menopause has not been previously reported. Methodology/PrincipalFindings: By searching the published literature for AMH concentrations in healthy pre-menopausal females, and using our own data (combined n ~ 3,260 ) we have generated and robustly validated the first model of AMH concentration from conception to menopause. This model shows that 34% of the variation in AMH is due to age alone. We have shown that AMH peaks at age 24.5 years, followed by a decline to the menopause. We have also shown that there is a neonatal peak and a potential pre-pubertal peak. Our model allows us to generate normative data at all ages. Conclusions/Significance: These data highlight key inflection points in ovarian follicle dynamics. This first validated model of circulating AMH in healthy females describes a transition period in early adulthood, after which AMH reflects the progressive loss of the NGF pool. The existence of a neonatal increase in gonadal activity is confirmed for females. An improved understanding of the relationship between circulating AMH and age will lead to more accurate assessment of ovarian reserve for the individual woman.


In order to generate information to help scientists technicians and producers in the determination of cultivars to be grown in summer in Lavras region, the present work was carried out at the experimental area of Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil on a Red Latosol (LVdf), in 2002/2003 crop season. The experimental design was composed in randomized blocks with three replications. The 45 cultivars (treatments) used in the experiment were: Doko, Pioneira, Virtuosa, Conquista, FT-104, Monarca, Monsoy 108, Monsoy 109, FT-Abyara, Performa, Lideranca, Monsoy 8400, Confianca, Splendor, UFV-16, Garantia, Renascenca, IAC-19, FT-2000, IAC-21, CAC-1, Monsoy 8411, Suprema, Seguranca, Aventis 7002, Paiaguas, Carrera, Santa Rosa, BRS-Celeste, DM 339, BRS Carla, BRS Milena, BRS MG 68 (Vencedora), BR-9 Savana, Aventis 2056-7, STTE 02, Aventis 1043, Monsoy 8866, Monsoy 8329, Monsoy 9010, Embrapa 48, Emgopa 313, Emgopa 314, Tucano, BRS 136. All cultivars showed good grain yields, specially BRS MG 68 (4395 kg.ha -1 ), Paiaguas (3897 kg.ha -1 ), Aventis 2056-7 (3780 kg.ha -1 ), Monarca (3646 kg.ha -1 ) and FT 2000 (3498 kg.ha -1 ). Soybean plant and first pod height, taken by harvest time, was in the range of 0,68m to 1,53 m and of 0,08 m to 0,29m, respectively. Lodging indexes were also satisfactory for all cultivars tested. Seed quality of the cultivars were evaluated and ranged from 1,0 to 2,3 in a 1-5 scale.


In this article we illustrate how the piloting process has influenced two widely different studies within the educational sciences. These studies differ in design but have as a common denominator that they used piloting methods in their preparatory process. They are also similar in the intention of the main researchers of conducting research with a critical edge. In the first case study described, our solidarity lies with the disadvantaged school children of South Africa. In the second case study, our solidarity lies with a group of teachers who through an action research project wanted to question a school policy that they do not feel benefits all school children in the Norwegian lower secondary school. The two cases are presented separately and explore the change in conceptual and methodological emphasis in the research procedure. We emphasize how important the piloting and access processes are in order to learn from them and reduce mistakes in the main research design. We argue that both piloting and gaining access can be seen as a form of action research, in that the intention is to learn and to change future action; that is, the purpose is to find out how to conduct a project more effectively. A reflective piloting phase is likely to increase the validity of the research results and can in itself be viewed as action research. Through the piloting phase, learning that may prove invaluable for the later research process is likely to take place. As piloting can be of great value for research results, it should also be given much greater attention in the research literature in general. While the best case scenarios are overrepresented in the research literature, the learning from and of flaws and imperfections that are discovered in the piloting stages of research is equally important for the research community as well as for the actual participants in the researching process. Yet this is under utilized and often left under‐reported.


The transport of ballast caused by the overflowing of longitudinal drains is a prime example of the interactions between the railway track and its environment. In such conditions, water flowing from the platform, along with debris, may drag the ballast off the track foundation. The rate of ballast erosion rises when obstacles are placed along the platform. To better understand the phenomenon of ballast transport, research was undertaken in collaboration with Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL). Systematic tests were performed on a physical model, using a 1:3 scale factor, under both normal and severe operational conditions, as well as in the case of a platform obstructed by obstacles. Numerical simulations were also run to evaluate different optimised configurations for the drainage system of the platform. The obtained results have improved the understanding of the phenomenon of ballast transport and have made it possible to identify at risk areas where the overflowing may negatively affect the railway traffic.


Beruwala fishery harbour is one of the main fish-landing sites in Kalutara district in the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Skipjack tuna (Katsuwanus pelamis) is one of the major constituents of the catch of multi-day boats (MDRs) operated from this harbour. The marine fish catch landed in this district in 2001 was around 32110 mt. Recent studies based on sensory evaluation have shown that the post harvest loss of skipjack tuna at Beruwala fishery harbour is around 27±115%. Main objective of this study was to investigate the quality deterioration of skipjack tuna at different handling stages along the main commercial distribution channel starting from MDBs operating from Beruwala fishery harbour to final retailing stage that ends up at Matugama and Horana and to suggest remedial measures to reduce the quality deterioration along the handling chain. Mean Aerobic Plate Count (APC) of skinned fish from MDBs and pier were log 5.20±1.10 cfu/g and log 5.35±1.20 cfu/g respectively. APC of fish from transport vehicle, fish stall and retailed stage along Matugama channel were log 6.16±0.94 cfu/g, log 7.08±0.96 cfu/g and log 6.96±0.46 cfu/g respectively. In Horana distribution channel mean APC were log 5.14±0.71 cfu/g, log 6.13±t0.49 cfu/g and log 6.40±0.15 cfu/g in fish from vehicle, stall and retailed stage respectively. E.cail were positive (>10 cfu) in 17%, 43%, 50%, 87% and 100% of flesh (skinned) samples of skipjack tuna in MDB, at pier, in transport vehicle, at stall and retailed stage respectively. E.coli were found in skin-on samples from all stages and the range detected was 102-103cfu/g. The average ambient temperature recorded on board of the MDB during fishing trip was 29.8°C with a variation of ± 3.7°C. Core temperature of fish stored in fish hold in MDB, at pier, inside transport vehicle and stall in market were 2.7±2.1°C, 6.3±4.1 °C, 13.0±2.5°C and 17.0±2.4°C respectively. Fish is stored in fish hold of the MDB for about 7 days and after unloading, fish reaches retail shop within around 5 h. Based on criteria for levels of APC, six out of nine lots of fish were acceptable, in MDB, at pier and in vehicle. At retail stalls only three out of nine fish lots were acceptable. Average trimethyl amine (TMA) and total volatile base (TVB) contents of fish in all stages were found in the ranges of 7.67-11.89 mg/100g and 13.65-26.92 mg/100g respectively. Poor infrastructure and bad handling practices in boat, pier, transport vehicle, retail markets are found to be responsible for quality deterioration along distribution channel, which results in poor quality of fish available for consumers.


The Case for Centralized Federalism and its sister volume The Case for Decentralized Federalism are the outcome of the Federalism Redux Project, created to stimulate a serious and useful conversation on federalism in Canada. They provide the vocabulary and arguments needed to articulate the case for a centralized or a decentralized Canadian federalism. In The Case for Centralized Federalism, an array of experts condemns the federal government's submissiveness in its dealings with the provinces and calls for a renewed federal assertiveness. They argue that the federal government is best placed to create effective policy, support democracy and respond to issues of national importance.


There is a powerful rhetoric in all aspects of tertiary education today in favour of the adoption of, and increased role for, digital platforms and virtual learning environments in the design of course curricula. We are told that these tools will have a transformative effect and will lead to a blended learning experience. This paper argues that these platforms may not be the panacea suggested, and may in fact lead to a conflict of pedagogical values between local vocational, or Shulman, values and the wider pedagogical values behind the design of the platform or VLE. Using as a case study an alternative, analogue, supplementary educational platform used in the Cyberlaw class at the London School of Economics in 2013/14, the author argues that pedagogy, and indeed andragogy, must drive curriculum design not the availability of technology platforms or their adoption at institutional level. Keywords: Legal Education; Pedagogy; Andragogy; Blended Learning; Digital Platforms; Course Design


The electron localization function ELF has been proven so far a valuable tool to determine the location of electron pairs. Because of that, the ELF has been widely used to understand the nature of the chemical bonding and to discuss the mechanism of chemical reactions. Up to now, most applications of the ELF have been performed with monodeterminantal methods and only few attempts to calculate this function for correlated wave functions have been carried out. Here, a formulation of ELF valid for monoand multiconfigurational wave functions is given and compared with previous recently reported approaches. The method described does not require the use of the homogeneous electron gas to define the ELF, at variance with the ELF definition given by Becke. The effect of the electron correlation in the ELF, introduced by means of configuration interaction with singles and doubles calculations, is discussed in the light of the results derived from a set of atomic and molecular systems. © 2006 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2210473


We use your IP address to help diagnose problems with our server and to administer our website. Your IP address is also used to gather broad demographic information and track the number of visits to the site. From your IP address, we obtain the country from which you visited in addition to other information, such as operating system, web browser, monitor settings, and plug-ins. Detailed information is never distributed to third parties; however, the MSNICB may use broad demographic information in our website reports to our affiliates, partners and supporters.


During the last years the interest of supplying the energy needs by means of renewable energy sources has risen sharply. Among them is tidal stream energy, which taps the kinetic energy of the currents caused by the tide in the coastal areas. The objective of this work is to investigate the exploitability of the tidal stream energy resource present in the Galician rias, assessing in detail: (i) the available resource, (ii) the performance of the Tidal Energy Converters (TECs) and (iii) the potential impacts on the hydrodynamics (transient and residual flows) derived from the tidal stream energy exploitation.
First, a procedure based on four parameters: the site-specific turbine efficiency, the availability and capacity factors, and the annual energy output is presented to compare the performance of different TECs (Evopod and the Gorlov Helicoidal Turbine) in a particular site in Ria de Arousa. For this purpose, a 2DH model of the ria hydrodynamics is implemented and successfully validated based on field data of water levels and tidal flows. It is found that the Evopod takes better advantage of the available resource and yields a larger output. Finally, this procedure can be applied to any TEC and site of interest.
In order to investigate the potential impacts on the hydrodynamics derived from the tidal stream energy exploitation, Ria de Ribadeo is used as a case study. Again, a numerical model of the ria hydrodynamics is set up and validated. Then, the energy extracted by a tidal stream farm from the flow is accounted for by adding a momentum sink term in the equations of the model. The results obtained show that the disruptions caused on the water levels are negligible. On the other hand, the impacts on the transient and residual flows are much more noticeable both in magnitude and the size of the area affected, but their general structure is preserved.


In a stereo camera set-up for 3D cinema, much care is taken to ensure that the cameras are both the same model and use identical parameter values. But an imperfect adjustment, the use of beam splitters, as well as unavoidable differences in the characteristics of the cameras and lens systems, often cause visible differences in color among the two views. Many of these differences appear to be local and therefore cannot be fully removed by common color matching approaches, which are typically global methods. We propose a simple yet effective method for local color matching, that operates in three steps. First, one view is chosen as the target and morphed so that it becomes locally registered with the source view, the one whose colors will be modified. Next, color matching is performed on the source view by aligning each local histogram with the corresponding local histogram in the warped target view. Finally, Poisson editing [9] is applied on the source regions which have no correspondence in the target. For several professional, high quality examples of 3D sequences, we show that our algorithm outperforms four different conventional color matching approaches.


Diabetic sympathetic dysfunction may result from an adaptive response to excess circulating glucose. A major complication in diabetes is autonomic insufficiency, which can produce a range of symptoms, including cardiac arrhythmias and circulatory problems, pain and numbness in the extremities, defective thermoregulation, and gastrointestinal problems. Campanucci et al. showed that in both type 1 and type 2 mouse models of diabetes, nerve-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were reduced in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), which suggests that increased circulating glucose and not changes in insulin per se were influencing sympathetic responsiveness. Analyses of SCG neurons cultured in low or high concentrations of glucose showed that high concentrations of glucose resulted in increased production of reactive oxygen species and the accumulation of protein adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a product of lipid peroxidation. The neurons cultured in high concentrations of glucose, but not those cultured in low concentrations of glucose, also showed use-dependent reduction (rundown) in the activity of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a cationic channel responsible for cholinergic-mediated sympathetic nerve activity. Addition of antioxidants prevented the glucose-mediated rundown. The α3 subunit of the nAChR has a conserved cysteine (C239), and high concentrations of glucose failed to cause use-dependent rundown of an α3C239A mutant introduced into SCG from α3-null mice. Introduction of the α3C239A mutant into α3-null mice that were made diabetic by chemical destruction of the pancreatic β cells protected the mice from the reduction in EPSPs and also prevented the diabetes-associated reduction in two endpoints of sympathetic activity: sympathetic stimulation of heart rate and thermoregulation. As Diano and Horvath discuss, this reduction in sympathetic activity may be an adaptive response to chronically increased glucose as the body attempts to reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose release. Thus, it remains to be determined whether interfering with this reduction in sympathetic activity would be detrimental for glycemic control in diabetic patients, although it seems that it could improve the symptoms associated with autonomic insufficiency. V. Campanucci, A. Krishnaswamy, E. Cooper, Diabetes depresses synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia by inactivating nAChRs through a conserved intracellular cysteine residue. Neuron 66, 827–834 (2010). [Online Journal] S. Diano, T. L. Horvath, A sympathetic view on free radicals in diabetes. Neuron 66, 809–811 (2010). [Online Journal]


Following the report Knowledge Exchange Approach to Open Scholarship and in line with the recommendations resulting from the workshop Moving from Ambition to Reality, two interconnected activities have been dedicated to the Economy of Open Scholarship, one conceptual, one practical.

The practical activity - Insights into the Economy of Open Scholarship: A Collection of Interviews - have collected examples which illustrate how pioneering initiatives set up and operate new or alternative business models in the area of Open Scholarship.

Interviews with a selection of initiatives have been conducted to build this collection to illustrate the successes and challenges within the economy of Open Scholarship. The purpose of this practical investigation is to inform and inspire a transition to Open Scholarship. Through a collection of interviews, including highlights and currents trends, the collection displays how pioneers and early adopters of openness pave the way for unhindered access to research outputs in relation to research community needs and practices.

Interviews have been conducted with ten selected initiatives including:

1. Open Library of Humanities (OLH) (UK): Martin Paul Eve

2. OpenEdition (FR): Pierre Mounier

3. Opasnet (FI): Jouni Tuomisto

4. ASAPBio (US): Jessica Polka

5. ScienceOpen (GER): Stephanie Dawson

6. HRCAK (HR): Jadranka Stojanovski

7. Helsinki University Press (HUP) (FI): Leena Kaakinen

8. Impactstory (US): Heather Piwowar

9. Figshare (UK): Mark Hahnel

10. Zenodo (CH): Tim Smith

Full details of all interviews are available on the Knowledge Exchange website: http://www.knowledge-exchange.info/event/insights-into-open-scholarship


Ancient trench-fill deposits within erogenic eugeosynclinal sequences are best recognized by their stratigraphic position above older hemipelagic and pelagic deposits. Such coarsening-upward sequences reflect migration of an abyssal site toward and ultimately into the trench. Axial transport and continuity of turbidites may help to better define trench geometry and sedimentation patterns but alone are not strong evidence for trench sedimentation. Likewise, sandstone petrography, because it is influenced by such variables as tectonic and geologic peculiarities of the source area and transport of detritus from distant terrenes, is not a useful tool for recognition of trench deposits. Melanges and broken formations are best considered as evidence for gravity transport of material onto the trench floor or tectonic deformation of trench fill when they are part of a coarsening-upward sequence.


Summary for only given, as follows. Researchers have long investigated how people read, write, and speak about software on their computers to identify the skills, education, and practices needed need to acquire expertise and perform development duties effectively and efficiently. However, until now the methods used to study developer comprehension, expression, and communication has been limited and coarse-grained because there was no way to identify what a developer thought or felt unless it was expressed out loud. The world has changed. With the introduction of low-cost, widely available, high-fidelity biometric sensors, we can now more directly observe a software developer's cognitive and affective (emotional) processes. The ABCs of Software Engineering is a set of techniques that modernize classic approaches to program comprehension and human interaction by combining (A) principles governing the influence of human *affect* on behavior, (B) *biometric* sensors, and (C) models of *cognition* informed by advances in cognitive neuroscience. Technologies like electroencephalography (EEG), electro-dermal activity sensors (EDA), capacitive sensors, and eye trackers can reveal a software developer's internal emotional states, for example identifying when the developer is confused, frustrated, surprised, stressed, fatigued, or in a highly productive flow state. These affective states can be correlated with code quality, software complexity, development productivity, and effective communication - the same software outcomes already correlated with developer activities in other research areas such as mining software repositories (MSR) and cooperative and human aspects of software engineering (CHASE). By developing a better understanding of what programmers think and feel when they create and maintain software, we can design tools and interventions to improve their productivity and reduce the impact of their errors.


Attention was drawn in the first issue of this journal to the development at Jinja of the first steel rolling milling mill in East Africa. During 1963 plans for a number of other major industrial undertakings have been announced, which on completion will serve further to emphasize the position of Jinja as the foremost industrial centre of its kind in East Africa. Five major factors are involved in this development: firstly, the astute investment of very large sums of money by the Madhvani group of companies, a source that already underlies much of the economic life of the Jinja area in agriculture as well as industry; secondly, government support for Jinja's developing role as the industrial focus of Uganda; thirdly the availability of large quantities of power from the Owen Falls hydro-electric station, power that is cheaper at source for major plants than elsewhere in Uganda, together with the possibility of constructing a second dam a few miles downstream at Bujagali Falls should the need arise; fourthly, the general geographical situation of Jinja in the economically focal lake zone of Uganda, well served by communications; finally, the ready availability of plentiful supplies of labour, water and land for industrial use in Jinja and the immediate vicinity.


ABSTRACT Zhang, Y.; Liu, J., and Zhang, Y., 2015. Hydrochemical evolution of shallow and deep groundwater in Tongchuan city, China. In order to reveal the formation mechanism of hydrochemical characteristics in Tongchuan City, we collected and detected 39 samples of underground water. Correlation analytical method, hydrochemical method and ion ratio coefficient method were employed to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics, influencing factors and principles of changing. Results demonstrate that the main factors, controlling the shallow water salinization, are the SO42−, NO3−, Cl− and K+. The contents of SO42−, NO3− and Cl− are in great differences and other indexes are in relatively stable. The values of γNa/γCl demonstrate that the Na+ is released from the aquifer of soil in the process of runoff. There is an exchange between the Ca2+ in water and Na+ in soil, which leads to γNa>γCl. As the exchange time in deep water is longer than that of shallow water, the exchange and adsorption of ions are more sufficient. The value of γNa/(γNa+γCl) demonstrates that with the increasing of ground water depth, the level of cation exchange enhances, which leads to the dominant cation turns to Ca2+ from to Na+. The value of γHCO3+γSO4/γCa+γMg demonstrates the shallow water is mainly from atmospheric rainfall and the influence of cation exchange is more obvious on deep water. The types of shallow water in Tongchuan City are mainly HCO3·SO4-Ca. Its classification is relatively complex. Whereas, the deep water is mainly HCO3-Na and the category of underground water is simple. As for shallow water, the contents of alkaline earth metal is larger that of alkali metal. For the deep water, the content of weak acid group is larger than that of strong acid group. In the region of upper reaches, the feature of both shallow water and deep water are mainly weak acid and alkaline earth metal. The chemical composition mainly consists of carbonate leaching. With the flowing of underground water, the shallow water turns to be strong acid and alkaline earth metal and the deep water turn to be weak acid and alkali metal.


The parareal algorithm seeks to extract parallelism in the time-integration direction of time-dependent differential equations. While it has been applied with success to a wide range of problems, it suffers from some stability issues when applied to non-dissipative problems. We express the method through an iteration matrix and show that the problematic behavior is related to the non-normal structure of the iteration matrix. To enforce monotone convergence we propose an adjoint parareal algorithm, accelerated by the Conjugate Gradient Method. Numerical experiments confirm the stability and suggest directions for further improving the performance.


This thesis aims to reintegrate the communities of later Iron Age north-east of England (from roughly 300 BC) into wider narratives of later Iron Age and Roman-era Europe. Despite the significant contributions of George Jobey, Colin Haselgrove and others, the north-eastern Iron Age has been widely considered underpopulated and materially and culturally impoverished since such a view was put forward by Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggott in the 1950's. In light of this impression of the later Iron Age, the region has been seen as a 'blank slate' for the establishment of a Roman military zone which has then been interpreted without fully considering an indigenous, civilian population.
 Recent work on later Iron Age settlements and non-military Roman era settlements in the region has called these older views more directly into question by building on the work of Jobey and Haselgrove and demonstrating that a substantial Roman and pre-Roman civilian population must have been present across the region throughout the period in question. Thus, this study has sought to bring together the available artefactual, depositional and architectural evidence for later Iron Age communities as well as those Roman-era communities who maintained connections with indigenous traditions. Though there can be no clear separation of 'indigenous' and 'Roman' settlements from the mid first century onwards, this study has focused on those settlements which continue to make use of roundhouse architecture.
 Given the variable state of the evidence from the long tradition of investigation in the region, only well contextualized excavated evidence is considered in order to best shed light on the practice of daily life. Alongside considering the range of material culture in use, contextual analysis of this evidence demonstrates that the noted lack of recovered material culture, particularly ceramics, can be shown to be the result of deliberate choices in acquisition, use and deposition of material culture which reflect the priorities of this decentralized society rather than the result of an inability to produce or trade. Despite this however, it is clear that northeastern communities do appear to engage in similar depositional activities to other British and European Iron Age societies, albeit on a smaller scale which reflects the smaller scale of the communities involved, and a deep connectedness to wider traditions can be shown. Considered alongside this sometimes difficult dataset is the history of Iron Age studies in the region and how this has shaped research strategies. This is an illustrative example of the mechanisms through which older, broad brush understandings can continue to dominate regional archaeologies despite newer, more nuanced evidence.
 As well as a case study in the relevance of the history of archaeology to contemporary study, the narrative thus constructed provides a basis for understanding the north-eastern Iron Age within the expanding web of regionalization and connections which was Iron Age Europe. Additionally it provides a narrative of indigenous communities' interactions with and reactions to the dramatic changes related to the expansion of the Roman empire the early first millennium AD. This is ultimately key in order to better interpret the increasing evidence for non-military Roman era communities in the region and beyond.


The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) is a 4 meter class telescope for observation of the solar atmosphere currently in the construction phase. The Visible Broadband Imager (VBI) is a diffraction limited imaging instrument planned to be the first-light instrument in the ATST instrumentation suite. The VBI is composed of two branches, the "VBI blue" and the "VBI red", and uses state-of-the-art narrow bandwidth interference filters and two custom designed high speed filter wheels to take bursts of images that will be re-constructed using a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) optimized near-real-time speckle image reconstruction engine. At first light, the VBI instrument will produce diffraction-limited movies of solar activity at eight discrete wavelengths with a field of view of 2 arc minutes square. In this contribution, the VBI design team will discuss the capabilities of the VBI and describe the design of the instrument, highlighting the unique challenges faced in the development of this unique instrument.


Pramoedya Ananta Toer has been compared to John Steinbeck (The Washington Post), Nadine Gordimer (The Nation), and Charles Dickens (Publishers Weekly). He shares with Naguib Mahfouz the ability to "achieve what few writers today are able to accomplish: drawing the reader, body and soul, into another world" (Seattle Times). But the Chicago Tribune's comparison to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is particularly apt. Not only is Pramoedya a writer of staggering depth and power, he is also one of his country's most suppressed dissidents. All his work is banned in his native Indonesia; students have been sentenced to eight years in prison on charges stemming from an arrest for selling his books. In Child of All Nations, the reader is immediately swept up by a story that is profoundly feminist, devastatingly anticolonialist - and full of heartbreak, suspense, love, and fury. Pramoedya immerses the reader in a world that is astonishing in its vividness: the cultural whirlpool that was the Dutch East Indies of the 1890s. A story of awakening, it follows Minke, the main character of This Earth of Mankind, as he struggles to overcome the injustice all around him. Pramoedya's full literary genius is evident in the brilliant characters that populate this world: Minke's fragile Mixed-Race wife; a young Chinese revolutionary; an embattled Javanese peasant and his impoverished family; the French painter Jean Marais, to name just a few. Child of all Nations is the second in the series of four novels often called the Buru tetralogy. Many of the characters from This Earth of Mankind (the first volume) return to stunning effect in Child of All Nations. But this is a novel that can also be read entirely on its own.The Buru tetralogy was composed orally on Buru Island during the first half of the author's fourteen-year imprisonment without trial. Writing or reading anything but religious texts was strictly forbidden. Pramoedya would tell each installment to the people with whom he shared h


Before television, radio, and later the internet came to dominate the coverage of Australian politics, the Canberra Press Gallery existed in a world far removed from today's 24-hour news cycle, spin doctors and carefully scripted sound bites. This historical memoir of a career reporting from The Wedding Cake of Old Parliament House offers a rare insider's perspective on both how the gallery once operated and its place in the Australian body politic. Using some of the biggest political developments of the past fifty years as a backdrop, Inside the Canberra Press Gallery – Life in the Wedding Cake of Old Parliament House sheds light on the inner workings of an institution critical to the health of our parliamentary democracy. Rob Chalmers (1929-2011) entered the Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery in 1951 as a twenty-one-year-old reporter for the now-defunct Sydney Daily Mirror and would retire from political commentary 60 years later – an unprecedented career span in Australian political history. No parliamentary figure – politician, bureaucrat or journalist − can match Chalmers' experience, from his first Question Time on 7 March 1951 until, desperately ill, he reluctantly retired from editing the iconic newsletter Inside Canberra sixty years, four months and eighteen days later. As well as being considered a shrewd political analyst, Chalmers was a much-loved member of the gallery and a past president of the National Press Club. Rob Chalmers used to boast that he had outlasted 11 prime ministers; and a 12th, Julia Gillard described him as 'one of the greats' of Australian political journalism upon his passing. Rob Chalmers is survived by his wife Gloria and two children from a previous marriage, Susan and Rob jnr.


The aerodynamic sound generated by wind turbines was identified as a growing concern within the industry. Prior to performing wind turbine aeroacoustic research, however, a technique suitable for studying low speed airfoils needed to be designed, serving as the primary research objective. A review of aeroacoustic theory and literature indicated that low speed flows are best studied using experimental methods, leading to the design of a near field pressure measurement technique. To facilitate the near field pressure measurements, a custom piezoelectric sensor was developed, exhibiting a pressure and frequency range of approximately 67 to 140[dB], and 100 to 10 000[Hz], respectively. As a secondary research objective, a series of experiments were performed to validate the designed technique. The experiments were performed in a non-anechoic wind tunnel using a cylindrical test specimen. Using the near field pressure measurements, as well as a simple far field measurement, the sources of aerodynamic sound were effectively resolved. The Strouhal numbers corresponding to the contributing flow structures were generally within 1.5[%] of correlation based predictions. The near field pressures were consistently 10 to 15[dB] higher than the far field, quantifying the benefit of the near field technique. The method was also effective in detecting the decreasing coherence of the aeroacoustic sources with increasing Reynolds number. A minor deficiency was observed in which the ability to localize aeroacoustic sources was impeded, however, the cylinder experiments were particularly vulnerable to such a deficiency. Although the near field pressure measurements were shown to be effective in characterizing the aeroacoustic sources, a number of recommendations are presented to further improve the flexibility and measurement uncertainty of the experimental technique.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical safety and efficacy of the Posterolateral Interlaminar Approach (PIA) for treating Thoracic Disc Herniation (TDH). A total of 24 TDH cases were treated via PIA between January 2006 and August 2014. Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring, Otani grading, and the Bridwell criteria were used to evaluate treatment efficacy. Twenty-four patients were followed up for between 6 months and 3.5 y, and were reviewed in the clinic at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The preoperative JOA score was 4.4 ± 2.4 points, while postoperatively that at 3 months was 8.7 ± 2.3 points, and at the last follow-up was 9.0 ± 2.3 points. The comparisons over time were statistically significant (P<0.05). According to Otani grading, the treatment results of 9 cases were excellent, 11 cases were good, 2 cases were acceptable, and 2 cases were poor, with the excellent and good rate at 83.3%. All bone grafts achieved phase I healing within 9 months after surgery, and there were no occurrences of loosening of internal fixation, fracture, or segmental collapse during follow-up. PIA could obtain satisfactory clinical results in treating TDH.


The aim of present study to evaluate Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Alternanthera ficodia (Amaranthaceae) against in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Plant extract were administrated orally at 400 mg/kg body weight for 15 days. The effects was compared with oral dose of 0.5mg/kg of Glibenclamide. Blood glucose levels are determination by GOD-POD kit method. The result shows the alcoholic extract of Alternanthera ficodia Linn significantly lowered the blood glucose of hyperglycemic rats. From the toxicity study it was observed that ethanolic extract of Alternanthera ficodia Linn was nontoxic up to 2000g/kg body weight and phytochemical study showed the presence of phytosterols, flavonoids and glycosides. It is concluded that Alternanthera ficodia Linn extract has significant antidiabetic activity, which lowered the fasting blood glucose level and increase body wight in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats significantly increase antioxidant level and decreases the lipid peroxidation level and compared with untreated group.


Almost 25 years ago, Clawson, Bostrom, and Anson (1993) drew attention to the fact that the ability to facilitate diverse human and technological interactions will be one of the most essential skills for leading and contributing to all levels of the organization in the future (p. 547). Today, there is an increased interest in studying facilitated meetings, wherein facilitation is most commonly understood as the process of helping groups work effectively to accomplish shared outcomes. Nevertheless, little of the existing research has provided empirically-grounded insights into the practice of facilitation. This thesis aims to close this gap by means of providing a detailed analysis of how facilitators go about doing facilitation work in facilitated computer-supported workplace meetings. The data comprise 53 hours of audio- and video-recorded multi-party interactions among facilitator(s) and participants, occurring during facilitated meetings in a business setting. The data were analysed using conversation analysis to examine the talk and embodied conduct of facilitators and meeting participants, as these unfold sequentially.
The first analytic chapter reveals the macro-organization of the facilitated meetings, and it contrasts the practice view with the theoretical approach towards the organization of the facilitated meetings. The second analytic chapter investigates the interactional practices used by the facilitators to unpack participation that has already been elicited, captured, and displayed graphically on the public screen via the use of technology. In the third analytic chapter, I explore how the facilitators use computer software to build visual representations of the participants contributions. In the final analytic chapter, I investigate the practices of decision-making in meeting settings with multiple participants.
Overall, this thesis makes innovative contributions to our understanding of the practice of facilitated computer-supported workplace meetings. It challenges existing literature on facilitation by finding that facilitators can orchestrate participant input, questioning the facilitator s role as content-neutral , as proposed by leading practitioners in the field of facilitation (e.g., Kaner et al., 2014). At the same time, it shows how the manipulation of computer software is an accountable action and how the decision-making process occasions or constrains the production of alignment between participant(s) and facilitator(s). The thesis also contributes to conversation analytic research on questioning, as well as the action of unpacking participation. I show that the notion that open-ended questions better elicit participation than interrogatives is generally not supported empirically, at least in this context. The thesis contributes to existing literature on multi-party meeting interaction, showing how the departure from the canonical next-speaker selection technique which involves the use of address terms and address positions in an utterance takes place. Further, it enhances our understanding of how computer software constrains and/or affords progressivity in interaction. In this sense, I enhance our understanding of the concept of agency of artefacts. Finally, I contribute to knowledge on group decision-making, an under-researched yet core activity in facilitated and other types of meetings. Here, I contribute to the body of work on the interplay between deontics and epistemics in interaction.
This thesis shows the applicability of conversation analysis to the study of facilitation. By analysing talk and embodied conduct, communicative practices for accomplishing successful facilitated meetings are revealed and these should be of core interest to both professional and novice facilitators.


Land use patterns are the consequence of dynamic processes that often include important legacy issues. Evaluation of past trends can be used to investigate the role of path dependence in influencing future land use through a reference "business as usual" (BAU) scenario. These issues are explored with regard to objectives for woodland expansion in Scotland as a major pillar of climate change policy. Land use changes based upon recent trends and future transient scenarios to 2050 are used to assess viability of targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions using analysis based on net emission change factors. The BAU scenario is compared with alternative future scenarios incorporating policy targets and stronger spatial targeting of land use change. Analysis highlights recent trends in new woodland planting on lower quality agricultural land due to socioeconomic and cultural factors. This land is mainly in the wetter uplands and often on carbon-rich soils. Woodland planting following this path dependence can therefore result in net carbon emissions for many years into the future due to soil disturbance during establishment. In contrast, alternative scenarios with more lowland woodland planting have net sequestration potential, with greatest benefits when carbon-rich soils are excluded from afforestation. Spatial targeting can also enhance other co-benefits such as habitat networks and climate change adaptation.


This thesis states the tasks of the analyst: communicating with commercial customer to establish their requirements; reframing those requirements by negotiation in order that programmers can understand it to write the codes efficiently. Soft System Methodology (SSM) is an effective approach to identify the situation of the problem. In my thesis, I will improve a new business – oriented method that is called Process Improvement for Strategic Objectives (PISO) with SSM to make PISO have more efficiency and more quality. My first scientific contribution is to find the relationship between SSM and information system, explore how to adopt Soft System Methodology into a commercial information system analysis. Then I will do detailed research regarding how to improve PISO method with SSM.


Research indicates attributes and practices for mentor teachers that can be used for effective mentoring. Universities provide guidelines for preservice teacher (mentee) engagement in schools generally from anecdotal evidence, however, what are desirable attributes and practices for mentees? This qualitative study gathers data from 25 mentor teachers through extended response questionnaire and audio-recorded focus group discussions about attributes and practices for mentees. Findings showed that desirable attributes for mentees included: enthusiasm, being personable, commitment to children, lifelong learning/love of learning, open/reflective to feedback, develop resilience, and taking responsibility for their learning, while desirable practices included: planned and preparation for teaching, reflective practices, understanding school and university policies, knowing students for differentiated learning, and building a teaching repertoire (e.g. teaching strategies, behaviour management, content knowledge, and questioning skills). Preservice teachers need to consider teachers' suggestions on desirable attributes and practices that can help them achieve positive teaching experiences.


While the incipient internet was largely text-based, the modern digital world is becoming increasingly multi-modal. Here, we examine multi-modal classification where one modality is discrete, e.g. text, and the other is continuous, e.g. visual representations transferred from a convolutional neural network. In particular, we focus on scenarios where we have to be able to classify large quantities of data quickly. We investigate various methods for performing multi-modal fusion and analyze their trade-offs in terms of classification accuracy and computational efficiency. Our findings indicate that the inclusion of continuous information improves performance over text-only on a range of multi-modal classification tasks, even with simple fusion methods. In addition, we experiment with discretizing the continuous features in order to speed up and simplify the fusion process even further. Our results show that fusion with discretized features outperforms text-only classification, at a fraction of the computational cost of full multi-modal fusion, with the additional benefit of improved interpretability.


The glycosylation of cell surface proteins plays a crucial role in a multitude of biological processes, such as cell adhesion and recognition. To understand the process of protein glycosylation, the reaction mechanisms of the participating enzymes need to be known. However, the reaction mechanism of retaining glycosyltransferases has not yet been sufficiently explained. Here we investigated the catalytic mechanism of human isoform 2 of the retaining glycosyltransferase polypeptide UDP-GalNAc transferase by coupling two different QM/MM-based approaches, namely a potential energy surface scan in two distance difference dimensions and a minimum energy reaction path optimisation using the Nudged Elastic Band method. Potential energy scan studies often suffer from inadequate sampling of reactive processes due to a predefined scan coordinate system. At the same time, path optimisation methods enable the sampling of a virtually unlimited number of dimensions, but their results cannot be unambiguously interpreted without knowledge of the potential energy surface. By combining these methods, we have been able to eliminate the most significant sources of potential errors inherent to each of these approaches. The structural model is based on the crystal structure of human isoform 2. In the QM/MM method, the QM region consists of 275 atoms, the remaining 5776 atoms were in the MM region. We found that ppGalNAcT2 catalyzes a same-face nucleophilic substitution with internal return (SNi). The optimized transition state for the reaction is 13.8 kcal/mol higher in energy than the reactant while the energy of the product complex is 6.7 kcal/mol lower. During the process of nucleophilic attack, a proton is synchronously transferred to the leaving phosphate. The presence of a short-lived metastable oxocarbenium intermediate is likely, as indicated by the reaction energy profiles obtained using high-level density functionals.


We describe 15-mer peptide P8:F92-106 from the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that can act as an MHC class I-restricted (H-2K(d)) epitope for RSV-specific CD8(+) CTL. This peptide is interesting because not only is it the first murine CTL epitope to be identified in the F protein but also because it does not contain a known allele-specific motif, as all 15 amino acids appear to be required for effective presentation to CTL. In in vitro MHC class I refolding experiments, peptide P8:F92-106 induced complex formation with H-2K(d) heavy chains and beta2-microglobulin. Immunization of BALB/c mice with P8:F92-106 resulted in the induction of peptide and RSV-specific CTL responses as well as peptide-specific proliferative responses. Following intranasal challenge with RSV, P8:F92-106-immunized mice showed a significant reduction in viral load in the lungs compared to that seen in unimmunized mice. Furthermore, passive transfer of purified CD8(+) lymphocytes into BALB/c scid mice prior to challenge with RSV also resulted in a reduction in the virus load in lungs of challenged mice. These results indicate the potential of synthetic peptide epitopes for the induction of protective immune responses against RSV infection.


One of the most fundamental defenses to a criminal prosecution is that of nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege ("no crime without law, no punishment without law") (NCSL). Notwithstanding that respect for NCSL is a hallmark of modern national legal systems and a recurrent refrain in the omnibus human rights instruments, international criminal law (ICL) fails to fully implement this principle. The absence of a rigorous manifestation of NCSL within ICL can be traced to the dawn of the field with the innovations employed by the architects of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals. In the face of NCSL defenses, the judges of the Nuremberg Tribunal, in reasoning that was to be later echoed by their brethren on the Tokyo Tribunal, rejected the defense through a complex interplay of arguments about immorality, illegality, and criminality. These core arguments have been adapted to the modern ICL jurisprudence. Where states failed to enact comprehensive ICL in the postwar period, ICL judges have engaged in a full-scale - if unacknowledged - refashioning of ICL through jurisprudence addressed to their own jurisdiction, the elements of international crimes, and applicable forms of responsibility. Along the way, courts have updated and expanded historical treaties and customary rules, upset arrangements carefully negotiated between states, rejected political compromises made by states during multilateral drafting conferences, and added content to vaguely worded provisions that were conceived more as retrospective condemnations of past horrors than as detailed codes for prospective penal enforcement. A taxonomy of these analytical claims reveals the varied ways that today?s ICL defendants have been made subject to new or expanded criminal law rules. Collectively, these cases have the potential to raise acute concerns about whether the rights of defendants are adequately protected in ICL. This, in turn, raises important questions about the legitimacy of ICL as a field of criminal law. This Article argues that the methodology developed by the European Court of Human Rights to enforce the articulation of the NCSL principle in its constitutive document (the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) suggests that the NCSL jurisprudence has not compromised the fundamental fairness of ICL. Rather, even where new standards have been applied to past conduct, these cases have not infringed the higher order principles underlying the NCSL prohibition.Today's defendants were on sufficient notice of the foreseeability of ICL jurisprudential innovations in light of extant domestic penal law, universal moral values expressed in international human rights law, developments in international humanitarian law and the circumstances in which it has been invoked, and other dramatic changes to the international order and to international law brought about in the postwar period. As a prescriptive contribution, this Article argues that any lingering concerns about the rights of the defendants can and should be mitigated by sentencing practices - to a certain extent already in place and employed by the ad hoc criminal tribunals - that are closely tethered to extant domestic sentencing rules governing analogous domestic crimes.Although focused on the NCSL jurisprudence, this Article also presents a model of ICL formation and evolution that finds resonance in the origins and gradual demise of the common law crime in the United States and elsewhere. Common law crimes provided much of the substantive content for the nascent Anglo-American criminal justice system until they were gradually supplanted by legislative efforts. So too in ICL; common law international crimes have been crucial to building the infrastructure of a truly international criminal justice system. As in the domestic historical narrative, international crimes are increasingly finding expression in more positivistic sources of law, thus obviating the need for, and diminishing the discretion of, international judges to make law in the face of gaps or deficiencies. Collectively, the NCSL cases thus provide insight into the dynamics of ICL argumentation, the interpretive attitudes of ICL judges, and an emerging philosophy of the nature of ICL.


Current molecular water-oxidation photoelectrocatalytic cells have substantial kinetic limitations under normal solar photon flux where electron-hole recombination processes may outcompete charge buildup on the catalytic centers. One method of overcoming these limitations is to design a system where multiple light-harvesting dyes work cooperatively with a single catalyst. We report a porphyrin monomer/dyad array for analysis of lateral hole transfer on a SnO2 surface consisting of a free-base porphyrin that functions to absorb light and initiate charge injection into the conduction band of SnO2, which leaves a positive charge on the organic moiety, and a free-base porphyrin/Zn-porphyrin dyad molecule that functions as a thermodynamic trap for the photoinduced holes. By using transient absorption spectroscopy, we have determined that the holes on the surface-bound free-base porphyrins are highly mobile via electron self-exchange between close-packed neighbors. The lateral charge-transfer processes were modelled by treating the system statistically with a random-walk method that utilizes experimentally derived kinetic parameters. The results of the modelling indicate that each self-exchange (hop) occurs within 25 ns and that the holes are efficiently transferred to the Zn-porphyrin. This hole-harvesting scheme provides a framework for enhancing the efficiency of multielectron photoelectrocatalytic reactions such as the four-electron oxidation of water.


With more than 100,000 copies sold, The New American Poetry has become one of the most influential anthologies published in the United States since World War II. As one of the first counter-cultural collections of American verse, this volume fits in Robert Lowell's famous definition of the raw in American poetry. Many of the contributors once derided in the mainstream press of the period are now part of the postmodern canon: Olson, Duncan, Creeley, Guest, Ashbery, Ginsberg, Kerouac, Levertov, O'Hara, Snyder, Schuyler, and others. Donald Allen's The New American Poetry delivered the first taste of these remarkable poets, and the book has since become an invaluable historical and cultural record, now available again for a new generation of readers.


Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a non-linear step in glycolysis not required for the production of pyruvate. Dysfunction within TPI elicits a disease called TPI deficiency; a severe, rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neurological dysfunction, shortened longevity, and hemolytic anemia. Previous studies questioned whether this disease was caused by changes in metabolism or protein conformation. To address this, we have used a genomic engineering strategy in Drosophila to study the relationship between the structure of TPI and pathology. We have generated and analyzed novel high-resolution crystal structures of TPI mutant proteins, yielding basic insights into TPI dysfunction. Our data suggest the pathogenesis of TPI deficiency is unrelated to its general role in metabolism. Further, in vitro experiments demonstrate that a toxic Drosophila TPI allele is characterized by a defect in protein dimerization. Using our genomic engineering system, we have generated several novel TPI alleles that further support the hypothesis that a conformational change at the dimer interface is sufficient to elicit TPI deficiency. We have conclusively shown that gross TPI activity is not predictive of disease presence or severity. Finally, we have identified a synaptic defect caused by a dimer interface mutant that we propose is the source of neurological dysfunction in Drosophila and TPI Deficiency patients.


Hepatitis
C
VIruS
(HCY)
infection
is
characterized
by
a
broad
spectrum
of
clinical
outcomes.
An
estimated
14%-46%
of
individuals
exposed
to
HCY
are
able
to
clear
the
virus,
while
the
other
portion
develops
chronic
(persistent)
infections.
Among
the
individuals
with
chronic
HCY
who
are
treated
with
interferon-based
therapies,
only
a
portion
are
able
experience
sustained
virological
suppression.
Similarly,
a
number
of
chronically
infected
individuals
have
autoimmune
extrahepatic
manifestations
such
as
the
presence
of
autoantibodies.
The
pathological
mechanisms
behind
these
phenomena
are
not
known,
but
it
is
believed
that
host
genetic
factors
may
playa
role.
This
thesis
examines
the
hypothesis
that
host
genetic
factors
may
contribute
to
the
diverse
spectrum
of
HCY
clinical
outcomes.
In
addition,
it
examines
the
pathogenesis
of
antinuclear
antibodies
(ANA)
in
chronic
HCY,
and
the
effect
of
ANA
positivity
on
the
natural
history
of
HCY.
Correlations
were
observed
between
female
gender
and
geographic
location
and
ANA
positivity.
No
relationships
were
observed
for
an
effect
of
ANA
positivity
on
response
rates
to
interferon
therapy.
We
observed
a
trend
of
ANA
positivity
with
faster
progression
of
HCY-related
fibrosis,
although
t
his
failed
to
achieve
statistical
significance.
ANA-positive
individuals
tended
to
have
more
plasma
cells
in
their
liver
than
ANA-negative
individuals.
This
study
also
observed
a
number
of
correlations
between
genotypes
of
the
interferon
induced
genes
encoding
the
myxovirus
resistance
1
protein
(MxA),
2'-5'0Iigo-adenylate
synthase
1
(OAS-
I),
and
protein
kinase
(PKR),
as
well
as
genes
encoding
cytotoxic
T
-lymphocyte
antigen-s
(CTLA4),
and
inducible
nitric
oxide
synthase
(iNOS)
(encoded
by
the
NOS2A
gene)
with
several
outcomes
including
self-limiting
versus
chronic
HCY
infection,
along
with
the
response
to
interferon
therapy.
This
study
identified
several
factors
to
be
correlated
with
ANA
positivity
in
HCY.
These
factors
may
serve
as
future
points
for
investigation
by
basic
scientists
understanding
the
mechanisms
ofHCY-mediated
autoimmunity.
Importantly,
this
study
suggests
that
low
titre
ANA
positivity
should
not
be
a
contraindication
to
therapy.
This
study
also
highlighted
the
importance
of
several
genetic
pathways
in
HCY
infection.
These
may
serve
as
targets
for
future
pharmacologic
interventions
or
genetic
tests
designed
to
screen
for
those
who
will
not
benefit
from
interferon
therapies.


The success of biological control of insect pests depends not only on the isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity, but also on the success of the mass production of the microbial agents. The biological control strategy using entomopathogenic fungi like B. bassiana and M. anisopliae can only be useful if practical and economic methods of mass multiplication are available. Rice by-products like broken rice grains, rice hulls and their combination was evaluated for solid state multiplication of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. The influence of photoperiod and incubation time in the production of conidia was also evaluated. This study showed that, broken rice was the most productive substrate for conidial production of both fungal genera, with a yield of 4.62 x 107 and 2.22 x 106 conidia g-1 respectively. Also, under the evaluated solid state multiplication conditions, the best conidia production was achieved with a photoperiod of 24 h of light for B. bassiana (with 4.43 x 107 conidia g-1) and M. anisopliae (with 1.35 x 106 conidia g-1). The results here demonstrated that these two fungal species could viably be multiplied with good yields of conidia on agro-industrial by-products using solid-state culture and regulating some culture conditions.


The article explores some of the underlying factors leading to a toning down, and in some instances total exclusion, of the concept of teaching in the broader educational discourse, which as a result is alienating teachers as well as educational research with such foci. Therefore, what is argued in this article is that there is a need to re-invent teaching as a liberating force of education. The importance of teaching, we suggest, is that as a concept and practice it opens up for emancipation and change, while learning as it currently appears in educational discourse hinders both. We conclude the article by suggesting two important tasks ahead in order to re-invent teaching as a liberating force in education.


This book examines African Americans' strategies for resisting white racial violence from the Civil War until the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in 1968 and up to the Clinton era. Christopher Waldrep's semi-biographical approach to the pioneers in the anti-lynching campaign portrays African Americans as active participants in the effort to end racial violence rather than as passive victims. In telling this more than 100-year-old story of violence and resistance, Waldrep describes how white Americans legitimized racial violence after the Civil War, and how black journalists campaigned against the violence by invoking the Constitution and the law as a source of rights. He shows how, toward the end of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, anti-lynching crusaders Ida B. Wells and Monroe Work adopted a more sociological approach, offering statistics and case studies to thwart white claims that a black propensity for crime justified racial violence. Waldrep describes how the NAACP, founded in 1909, represented an organized, even bureaucratic approach to the fight against lynching. Despite these efforts, racial violence continued after World War II, as racists changed tactics, using dynamite more than the rope or the gun. Waldrep concludes by showing how modern day hate crimes continue the lynching tradition, and how the courts and grass-roots groups have continued the tradition of resistance to racial violence. A rich selection of documents helps give the story a sense of immediacy. Sources include nineteenth-century eyewitness accounts of lynching, courtroom testimony of Ku Klux Klan victims, South Carolina senator Ben Tillman's 1907 defense of lynching, and the text of the first federal hate crimes law.


The synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacryloxysuccinimide-graft-poly(ethylene glycol)) (PMMA-co-PMASI-g-PEG) via living free radical polymerization provides a convenient route to well-defined amphiphilic graft copolymers having a controllable number of reactive functional groups, variable length PEG grafts, and low polydispersity. These copolymers were shown to form PMMA-core/PEG-shell nanoparticles upon hydrophobic collapse in water, with the hydrodynamic size being defined by the molecular weight of the backbone and the PEG grafts. Functionalization of these polymeric nanoparticles with a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA) ligand capable of chelating radioactive 64Cu nuclei enabled the biodistribution and in vivo positron emission tomography of these materials to be studied and directly correlated to the initial structure. Results indicate that nanoparticles with increasing PEG chain lengths show increased blood circulation and low accumulation in excretory organs, suggesting the possible use of these materials as stealth carriers for medical imaging and systemic administration.


Drawing on literature from finance and strategic management, eight likely factors associated with the profitability and growth of unquoted, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are identified and evaluated. These factors are: leverage, liquidity, education, industry performance, low cost, differentiation, product focus and customer focus. The sample comprises 134 unquoted SMEs aged five years or more, operating in different sectors throughout the main districts of Portugal. Data are collected through face-to-face interviews and these are supplemented with secondary sources. Twenty-one independent variables are identified and LISREL is used to produce measurement equations relating the variables to factors. Hypotheses concerning the factors' impact on profit and growth are tested through structural equation modelling using LISREL. The results show that low debt, effective liquidity management, operation in a profitable sector, differentiation, the avoidance of low cost and customer focus favour SMEs' profitability. For high growth, although effective liquidity management and differentiation remain as key factors, they are joined by a product focus. These results carry a number of important implications for SME strategy most notably that there may not be one set of strategies that maximise both profitability and growth.


Combined heat and power (CHP) is becoming an important strategy to help buildings reduce energy costs and increase resiliency while achieving greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions on a system-wide level. NYSERDA's CHP Acceleration Program assists New York customers with installing CHP by offering a catalog of vetted systems in the small to medium size range. The outreach contractor for the program has been tasked with acquiring participants and assisting multifamily buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, and hotels with realizing the benefits of CHP as well as navigating the complex installation process. Unlike other programs, which often include a variety of technologies, the CHP Acceleration Program provides an incentive for a single technology, which is only viable when significant coincident electric and heat loads are present. In order to achieve wide-spread CHP adoption, the contractor has developed a comprehensive data-driven market assessment tool, based on building loads and geography, to identify buildings in New York City that would make ideal candidates for CHP. The tool provides information on key decision-makers at those buildings in order to facilitate program outreach. It also includes a preliminary screening analysis that simulates the energy and economic impacts of CHP installations of varying sizes on building loads and operating costs. The tool allows the team to engage in targeted outreach and to quickly screen buildings for CHP potential taking into account n+1 configurations, energy prices, and other factors. This paper describes the methodology for the tools and initial successes with their use through the NYSERDA program.


In severe falciparum malaria cytoadherence of parasitised red blood cells (PRBCs) to vascular endothelium (causing sequestration) and to uninfected red cells (causing rosette formation) contribute to microcirculatory flow obstruction in vital organs. Heparin can reverse the underlying ligand-receptor interactions, but may increase the bleeding risks. As a heparin-derived polysaccharide, sevuparin has been designed to retain anti-adhesive properties, while the antithrombin-binding domains have been eliminated, substantially diminishing its anticoagulant activity. Sevuparin has been evaluated recently in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria, and is currently investigated in a clinical trial for sickle cell disease. The effects of sevuparin on rosette formation and cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Thailand were investigated. Trophozoite stages of P. falciparum-infected RBCs (Pf-iRBCs) were cultured from 49 patients with malaria. Pf-iRBCs were treated with sevuparin at 37°C and assessed in rosetting and in cytoadhesion assays with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) under static and flow conditions. The proportion of Pf-iRBCs forming rosettes ranged from 6.5% to 26.0% (median = 12.2%). Rosetting was dose dependently disrupted by sevuparin (50% disruption by 250 μg/mL). Overall 57% of P. falciparum isolates bound to HDMECs under static conditions; median (interquartile range) Pf-iRBC binding was 8.5 (3.0–38.0) Pf-iRBCs/1000 HDMECs. Sevuparin in concentrations ≥ 100 μg/mL inhibited cytoadherence. Sevuparin disrupts P. falciparum rosette formation in a dose dependent manner and inhibits cytoadherence to endothelial cells. The data support assessment of sevuparin as an adjunctive treatment to the standard therapy in severe falciparum malaria.


In 1968, the Democratic Party of the United States held its convention in Chicago. Thousands of anti-war protestors arrived to picket the democratic process and voice their concerns over the Vietnam War for the upcoming presidential election. With prior knowledge of the coming protests, the Chicago Police Department and city administration expected violence and prepared themselves accordingly. As a result, the convention was plagued all week by violence in the streets as protestors clashed with the police. At the end, the violence was declared be the result of excessive police brutality. Scholarly works on the pre-existing conditions of Chicago that lead to violence have not been fully considered. In looking at the complexity of violent protest, this essay intends to examine the leaders and their intentions – on both sides of the conflict – and determine the causes and impact of one of the most iconic political clashes in twentieth century America.