This thesis mainly covers the design and analysis of asynchronous
parallel algorithms that can be run on MIMD (Multiple Instruction
Multiple Data) parallel computers, in particular the NEPTUNE system at
Loughborough University. Initially the fundamentals of parallel computer
architectures are introduced with different parallel architectures being
described and compared. The principles of parallel programming and the
design of parallel algorithms are also outlined. Also the main
characteristics of the 4 processor MIMD NEPTUNE system are presented,
and performance indicators, i.e. the speed-up and the efficiency factors
are defined for the measurement of parallelism in a given system.
Both numerical and non-numerical algorithms are covered in the
thesis. In the numerical solution of partial differential equations,
a new parallel 9-point block iterative method is developed. Here, the
organization of the blocks is done in such a way that each process
contains its own group of 9 points on the network, therefore, they can
be run in parallel. The parallel implementation of both 9-point and 4-
point block iterative methods were programmed using natural and redblack
ordering with synchronous and asynchronous approaches. The
results obtained for these different implementations were compared and
analysed.
Next the parallel version of the A.G.E. (Alternating Group Explicit)
method is developed in which the explicit nature of the difference
equation is revealed and exploited when applied to derive the solution
of both linear and non-linear 2-point boundary value problems. Two
strategies have been used in the implementation of the parallel A.G.E.
method using the synchronous and asynchronous approaches. The results
from these implementations were compared. Also for comparison reasons
the results obtained from the parallel A.G.E. were compared with the ~
corresponding results obtained from the parallel versions of the Jacobi,
Gauss-Seidel and S.O.R. methods. Finally, a computational complexity
analysis of the parallel A.G.E. algorithms is included.
In the area of non-numeric algorithms, the problems of sorting and
searching were studied. The sorting methods which were investigated
was the shell and the digit sort methods. with each method different
parallel strategies and approaches were used and compared to find the
best results which can be obtained on the parallel machine.
In the searching methods, the sequential search algorithm in an
unordered table and the binary search algorithms were investigated and
implemented in parallel with a presentation of the results. Finally,
a complexity analysis of these methods is presented.
The thesis concludes with a chapter summarizing the main results.


Allegations of fraud have marred recent elections around the world, from Russia and Italy to Mexico and the United States. Such charges raise fundamental questions about the quality of democracy in each country. Yet election fraud and, more broadly, electoral manipulation remain remarkably understudied concepts. There is no consensus on what constitutes election fraud, let alone how to detect and deter it. E lection Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation brings together experts on election law, election administration, and U.S. and comparative politics to address these critical issues. The first part of the book, which opens with an essay by Craig Donsanto of the U.S. Department of Justice, examines the U.S. understanding of election fraud in comparative perspective. In the second part of the book, D. Roderick Kiewiet, Jonathan N. Katz, and other scholars of U.S. elections draw on a wide variety of sources, including survey data, incident reports, and state-collected fraud allegations, to measure the extent and nature of election fraud in the United States. Finally, the third part of the book analyzes techniques for detecting and potentially deterring fraud. These strategies include both statistical analysis, as Walter R. Mebane, Jr. and Peter Ordeshook explain, and the now widespread practice of election monitoring, which Alberto Simpser examines in an intriguing essay.


The conversion of red oak small diameter timber (SDT) into solid wood products was investigated. The objectives of this research were to 1) determine the yield of lumber, pallet and container parts, and residues from SDT and the market potential for these products; 2) determine the economic feasibility of a SDT sawmill and pallet part mill located in Southwest Virginia; and 3) develop a business plan for a SDT sawmill and pallet part mill located in Southwest Virginia. The methods for this research consisted of resource, yield and economic analyses, and the development of a business model. The resource analysis indicated an ample supply of red oak SDT available in Southwest Virginia. The yield analysis used red oak SDT logs, which were manufactured into lumber, container parts and wood residues. The yield of 3" wide container parts from cants varied from 63% to 66%. The 1" nominal lumber produced was mainly 2A and 3A, 74%, and 24% was 1 common. The economic analysis utilized break even, net present value and internal rate of return analyses to determine the economic feasibility of utilizing red oak SDT. The results of the study indicated that the sawmill-only processing level scenario is not economically feasible given the specified conditions and assumptions. However, the results showed that the sawmill and pallet part mill, actual yield scenario at $35/ton delivered log cost is economically feasible. The hypothetical business model for Southwest Custom Hardwoods was economically feasible. The final net present value was calculated to be over $750,000 and the final internal rate of return was 11%. Future yield studies should weigh logs so that the yield of residues and solid wood products can be directly compared. Future research into the utilization of hardwood SDT should include yield studies of other species and other product mixes.


Peace agreements may inadvertently increase selective violence against civilians when they are incomplete in two key dimensions. First, only a fraction of the existing armed groups participates of the agreement. Second, the legitimate government fails to establish institutional presence in the areas previously controlled by those who do participate. Under these two conditions, the resulting vacuum of power may attract active armed groups who engage in selective civilian victimization to obtain control. Studying the recent Colombian experience, we find that the permanent ceasefire declared by the FARC insurgency in 2014 led to a surge in the targeting of community leaders in former FARC strongholds, perpetrated by armed groups excluded from the peace process, with the goal of consolidating their dominance in those areas. Critically, selective victimization is attenuated by state capacity and exacerbated in places which are more valuable as proxied by the existence of recent land conflicts.


This paper provides a minimalist derivation of the gravity equation and uses it to identify three common errors in the literature, what we call the gold, silver and bronze medal errors. The paper provides estimates of the size of the biases taking the currency union trade effect as an example. We argue that the best estimator involves time-varying country dummies, a time dummy and time-invariant pair dummies.


Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in neonates. Early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) is a severe condition with high mortality rate. EONS commonly caused by maternal microorganism before or during the delivery process. Moreover, mother's genital tract microorganisms also contribute in EONS incidence. Objective: To identify the relationship between the mothers with vaginal pathogenic bacterial colonization and occurs of EONS. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted in Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital and its network hospital from April until August 2015. Samples included inpartu mothers who met the inclusion criteria, and the babies who were followed up for the development of EONS. Results: Out of 90 samples, there were 56 (62.2%) mothers with pathogenic vaginal colonization. The bivariate analyses result showed that there was no significant difference for EONS occurrence in babies born from mother with vaginal bacterial colonization and those who were not (p=0.399). The frequency of newborn from mothers with vaginal pathogenic bacteria colonization who had EONS was 4 (7.1%), while the frequency of newborns from mother without vaginal pathogenic bacteria colonization was 1 (2.9%). There was no significant correlation between the kind of vaginal pathogenic bacteria colonization and EONS incidence (p=0.163). The pathogenic vaginal colonization was dominated by negative gram bacteria (77.97%). Conclusion: There was no correlation between vaginal bacterial colonization and EONS incidence.


The risk of hip fracture in people with type one diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is reported to be 7 to 12 times greater than in those without T1DM, and this increased risk is evident in both children and young adults. This fracture risk is higher than expected bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, which indicates the likelihood that other skeletal factors, not captured by DXA, may contribute toward increased fracture risk. There is increasing evidence that alteration in trabecular bone microarchitecture and increased bone marrow adiposity (BMA) are causes for excess skeletal fragility, yet these data are lacking in people with T1DM. Recent technological advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have allowed the quantification of trabecular bone architecture. In addition, MRI can quantify the amount of intra-abdominal fat, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can also be used to assess BMA. These advances may enhance our understanding of the underlying causes of diabetic osteopathy which may lead to improved fracture risk predictors and preventive measures in patients with T1DM beyond that provided by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
The overall objective of this thesis was to improve the understanding of the bone pathology of young adult women with childhood-onset T1DM by using high resolution MRI.
A cross-sectional study was first carried out to assess trabecular bone microarchitecture of the tibia, vertebral BMA and abdominal adiposity in patients with childhood onset T1DM (n=30) compared with healthy controls (n=28). Additionally, the biochemical markers of bone turnover, adiposity and GH/IGF-1 axis (IGF-1, IGFBP3, and ALS) were examined to evaluate the underlying mechanism that might result in bone deficit in this group of people. We found that young women with childhood onset T1DM had reduced apparent trabecular bone volume (appBV/TV) and apparent trabecular number (appTbN) and greater apparent trabecular separation (appTbSp) than women without T1DM. Interestingly, these differences remained significant after adjustment for multiple confounders. Furthermore, these abnormalities were markedly obvious in those with microvascular complication compared with those without microvascular complication. Although women with T1DM had greater abdominal adiposity compared with healthy controls, there was no significant difference in BMA between the groups. However, BMA showed positive significant association with current glycaemic control (r= 0.45, p=0.02). Women with T1DM had lower bone turnover and decreased GH/IGF axis compared with healthy controls. Osteocalcin and ALS were negatively correlated with trabecular separation in women with T1DM.
III
Next, a one-year prospective study was conducted in a subset (n=28) of the participants involved in the cross-sectional study. The aim of this study was to compare one year changes in trabecular bone microarchitecture and BMA in women with and without T1DM. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of glycaemic control on these changes over this period. After adjustment for relevant confounders, the cases (n=17) had a lower median appTbN and a higher median appTbSp at baseline and 12 months compared with healthy controls (n=11). Although the sample size was small at follow-up, the trabecular bone deficits were clearly noticeable in those with retinopathy compared with those without retinopathy. Similarly, there was no difference in median BMA which was 26.2% (12.1, 62.1) and 22.4% (9.6, 41.9) in cases and controls, respectively (p=0.57). Additionally, over the 12 month period, there was no significant change in MRI-measured parameters in cases or in controls, and no differences in the change of these variables between the two groups. Mixed model effect analysis showed that age was a negative predictor of percent changes of appBV/TV, appTbN and appTbSp in both cases and controls (p=0.02, p=0.02, p=0.002, respectively). Interestingly, there was a strong correlation between change in HbA1c and change in BMA (r=0.8; p=0.002).
In the third study, we aimed to assess adiposity-based determinants of bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture in healthy young women and women with T1DM. Additionally, we aimed to compare the feasibility of using DXA and MRI-measured bone parameters to differentiate women with and without T1DM. In addition to high resolution MRI we used DXA scans to measure BMD and body composition from the same participants (n=26) involved in the longitudinal study. Vertebral BMA was positively correlated with VAT. Additionally, we demonstrated evidence of an inverse association of vertebral BMA and DXA-measured bone parameters of femoral neck, lumbar spine and total body independent of demographics and body composition in healthy young women and women with T1DM. These finding support the hypothesis that BMA is linked with low bone density, and may contribute to excess bone fragility. Moreover, this study suggested that MRI-measured trabecular bone measurements were able to differentiate between T1DM with and without microvascular complication compared with DXA-measured BMD.
In summary, differences in MRI-measured trabecular microarchitecture parameters identified in this body of work provide preliminary explanations for elevated fracture risk in young women with childhood onset T1DM. Additionally, these findings provide potential insight into a number of possible underlying mechanisms of diabetic osteopathy.


Over the past decade, environmental sustainability has emerged as a prominent theme in the community development literature. In fact, the concept has become a standard feature of most economic and social development plans. Most models of sustainable community development stress the importance of widespread participation in the decision-making process. Unfortunately, community studies document numerous barriers to broad involvement and the high level of activeness envisioned by proponents of sustainable community development. In searching for ways to overcome these barriers, scholars and policymakers have embraced the idea that we can enhance efforts to create more sustainable communities by increasing the local stock of social capital. We examine this line of reasoning in light of what we view as the most important conceptual issues surrounding the relationship between social capital and sustainable community development. We conclude that before social capital is endorsed as a central component of public policy, much work remains to be done in terms of developing a more precise definition of the concept, situating it within extant theories of community, constructing better measures of social capital, documenting the activities and networks most important in building social capital, and gaining a better understanding of the forms of social capital that are most important in developing sustainable communities.


The functional generalized additive model (FGAM) was recently proposed in McLean et al. (2012) as a more flexible alternative to the common functional linear model (FLM) for regressing a scalar on functional covariates. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian version of FGAM for the case of Gaussian errors with identity link function. Our approach allows the functional covariates to be sparsely observed and measured with error, whereas the estimation procedure of McLean et al. (2012) required that they be noiselessly observed on a regular grid. We consider both Monte Carlo and variational Bayes methods for fitting the FGAM with sparsely observed covariates. Due to the complicated form of the model posterior distribution and full conditional distributions, standard Monte Carlo and variational Bayes algorithms cannot be used. The strategies we use to handle the updating of parameters without closed-form full conditionals should be of independent interest to applied Bayesian statisticians working with nonconjugate models. Our numerical studies demonstrate the benefits of our algorithms over a two-step approach of first recovering the complete trajectories using standard techniques and then fitting a functional regression model. In a real data analysis, our methods are applied to forecasting closing price for items up for auction on the online auction website eBay.


To determine the extent, severity and cause of cankers in Corymbia calophylla (marri) throughout the south west of Western Australia, field work was undertaken at three regions: Brunswick Junction, Perup and north west of Walpole. At each region, transects of stands of remnant vegetation (on private property or road verges), and in state forest allowed quantification of canker incidence, site and tree features. Cankers were sampled for potential fungal pathogens at these six sites, as well as cankered trees in state forest and roadsides east of Rocky Gully, and a railway siding in Balingup.

Cankers were severe and widespread throughout the south west of W. A., and of the 300 trees assessed, 31.7% (95 trees) had at least one canker. Cankers were present on trunks, main branches, smaller branches, and as small lesions on twigs. Girdling cankers had caused tree death at five of the six sites. There were significantly (p<0.05) more cankered trees at the remnant sites than in state forest (47.3% and 16%, respectively).

Though tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and crown ratings and health could be used as significant predictors of cankers occurring on a particular tree, these factors accounted for only 14% of the variation in the number of cankers predictable from the linear combination of the tree features (R2=0.141, F=16.78 (3, 306), p<0.0001).

There was no significant (p>0.05) relationship between rainfall or trunk aspect and canker frequency.

 Damage caused by gall forming weevils, leaf feeding insects and shoot death contributed to tree decline, however, there was no correlation (p>0.05) between the presence of insect galls and cankers.

Twenty two species of fungi were isolated from the 42 intensively sampled trees. Four fungal species, Cytospora eucalypticola (55%), Endothiella sp. (50%), Favostroma sp. (37.5%) and a Fusarium-like species (12.5%) were regularly isolated from cankers in all regions. A Ramularia sp. was isolated from leaves of Corymbia maculata at the Brunswick Junction property site, and from marri shoots and leaves in the adjacent state forest. A selective medium (half strength potato dextrose agar with the addition of 10 g/L chloramphenicol and 10 g/L rose bengal) was developed for the isolation of Ramularia, and while it provided an efficient method for isolation of the pathogen from infected leaf material, its effectiveness with infected woody tissue remains to be verified.

Examination of the Endothiella sp. isolates showed conidia size was similar to that of Endothiella gyrosa, however this identification must be verified with molecular work. A great deal of variation was observed in colony morphology. Attempts to catogorise isolates on the basis of colony morphology were unsuccessful, as it was highly unstable, even within colonies from single spore isolates. A vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG) trial showed extremely high genetic variation, with 23 VCGs from 24 isolates, and isolates from more than one VCG present from a single canker. The genetic variation is only tentatively described as large, and molecular tools are recommended for further population studies.

An inoculation trial using three Endothiella sp. isolates from marri cankers into marri seedlings defoliated at 0, 50 and 100% showed the fungus caused significantly (p 0.05) larger than those of 50% defoliated seedlings. Variation in pathogenicity was observed between the Endothiella sp. isolates.

A winter field inoculation trial using two to three year old marri saplings showed that after four months, isolates of Cytospora eucalypticola, Botryosphaeria sp. and especially Endothiella sp. were pathogenic. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in pathogenicity between the two Endothiella sp. isolates, with one being particularly aggressive, causing long and sometimes girdling lesions. Of two Favostroma isolates, only one produced significantly (p<0.05) longer, but not wider, lesions than controls. A Fusarium-like species, and an isolate of Ramularia from the Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) culture collection did not produce significant lesions.

While it is tentatively suggested that there is a current canker epidemic being caused by Endothiella sp., the possibility of the involvement of a fastidious primary pathogen is not ruled out. It also appears likely that the decline of marri is a disease of complex etiology, with a range of contributing factors including insect damage, possibly introduced and endemic pathogens, and a range of environmental stresses. There is a pressing need for further research to determine the causes, and to enable the development of strategies for the control and management of marri decline.


Beginning teachers struggle during their first years, which is shown in the number of beginning teachers that leave the profession. 25 percent leaves within five years. This is worrying, as there is a lack of teachers. Beginning teachers experience multiple problems, such as high workload. Which is largely caused by parent teacher contact. In this study, the relation between the amount of work experience in primary education, and the positive or negative experiences with parent teacher contact is studied. Interviews with primary school teachers from six elementary schools in the Northern part of the Netherlands are conducted by the method of storytelling, which is a form of narrative inquiry. Ten beginning teachers and ten experienced teachers were selected. Through these interviews, multiple stories were found, which were coded inductively and deductively. Content analysis showed some differences between beginning and experienced teachers. Beginning teachers seem to feel more insecure than experienced teachers, caused by their lack of experience and having no children themselves. Thereby, beginning teachers feel less appreciated by parents than experienced teachers do. However, similarities between beginning and experienced teachers are many times as large as the differences. Beginning and experienced teachers have the same ideas about cooperating with parents. Both see a decrease of teacher authority and an increase of critical parent attitude. Both experience many support of their colleagues or coach at work.


Roads are a pervasive cause of habitat fragmentation around the world. Roads can present barriers to movement through direct mortality, behavioral avoidance, or by acting as an impassable physical object in the landscape. The barrier effect of roads has been demonstrated for species from multiple taxa. Species inhabiting the interior of forests may be particularly sensitive to roads because of their inability or disinclination to traverse gaps in forest cover. We combined telemetry and molecular genetic techniques to examine the effects of a high-speed, high-volume highway on the movement and population genetic structure of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in the Cascade Mountains of Washington, USA. During 2009 and 2010, we trapped and radiotracked flying squirrels (n = 17) to gather data on movement within their home ranges and to detect movement across the highway. Additionally, we tested for effects of the highway on genetic variation in the study area using DNA extracted from cheek cells of 59 squirrels and genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. Seven of the 17 radio-tracked squirrels crossed the highway at least once during their nightly movements. The width of the gap between forest edges across the highway appeared to negatively influence crossing rates and no crossings were observed at a site where the average gap width exceeded 80 meters. Genetic analysis provided no evidence that either geographic distance or the presence of the highway was associated with genetic differences between sites at the landscape scale. Results suggest that populations on either side of the highway are well connected demographically and genetically, and that connectivity can be maintained if gaps in forest canopy associated with the highway are kept to a width within the gliding range of flying squirrels.


Health monitoring and e-Inclusion significantly increase the quality of healthcare since they allow patients to live at home while nevertheless receiving treatment and care immediately, when needed. However, health monitoring and e-Inclusion also impose several challenges to the underlying information infrastructure. These challenges are stemming from data streams that are generated by smart sensors attached to the patients and to their augmented environment. Essentially, these streams need to be processed with near real-time constraints. In addition, also the mobility of users and patients has severe consequences on the information infrastructure. Disconnections and reconnections have to be handled transparently to the user/patient and data stream processing has to be dynamically adapted to the actual processing resources.


This thesis is concerned with a central question in any construction-based, usage-based theory of language acquisition: how children get from more concrete and item-based constructions to more abstract constructions. The overall approach places central importance on meaning and the role of cognition to categorise chunks of linguistic experience into conventional grammatical units. Chapter 1 outlines the historical and conceptual foundations in the field of language acquisition and justifies the usage-based approach taken in this thesis. Chapter 2 then considers what usage-based theories mean when they characterise language acquisition as ?a developing inventory of constructions that are more-or-less schematic?. By bringing together findings from categorisation and analogy, social cognition and construction grammar the aim is to show how argument-structure constructions are learnable. Chapter 3 investigates the topic of how infants construct grammatical categories by taking a cross-linguistic look at the transitive construction in the context of a prototype theory of categorisation. Chapter 4 applies the theoretical investigations of previous chapter to an empirical experiment, specifically, making developmental comparisons of the prototypical semantics of the transitive construction in English. Chapter 5 considers further the role of different cues in children understanding of argument-structure constructions by examining the role of pronoun frames in early comprehension of transitive constructions in English. Chapter 6 focuses on how infants and mothers actually use language in a corpus study. It begins by looking at the role of skewed distribution and cognitive anchoring in schematising the Subject Verb Object construction in English. It then presents a usage-based acquisition model of argument productivity in subject-verb-object constructions. Chapter 7 concludes the thesis by summarising the experimental and theoretical work; identifying some cognitive features and properties of the input that seem to be important in all the studies; providing a critique of the usage-based approach; and finally, suggesting some key issues that future work in usage-based approaches to the acquisition of grammar needs to address.


Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for major outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) throughout the world. The mortality associated with EHEC infections stems from the production and release of a potent Shiga toxin (Stx) by these bacteria. Stx induces cell death in endothelial cells, primarily in the urinary tract, causing HUS. Stx was first described in Shigella dysenteriae serotype I by Kiyoshi Shiga and was discovered later in EHEC. Multiple environmental cues regulate the expression of Stx, including temperature, growth phase, antibiotics, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and quorum sensing. Currently, there is no effective treatment or prophylaxis for HUS. Because antibiotics trigger Stx production and their use to treat EHEC infections is controversial, alternative therapeutic strategies have become the focus of intense research. One such strategy explores quorum sensing inhibitors as therapeutics. These inhibitors target quorum sensing regulation of Stx expression without interfering with bacterial growth, leading to the hypothesis that these inhibitors impose less selective pressure for bacteria to develop drug resistance. In this review, we discuss factors that regulate Stx production in EHEC, as well as novel strategies to prevent and/or minimize the development of HUS in infected subjects.


Abstract Between 1989 and 1994 two large engineering site investigation projects in the United Kingdom at Dounreay in Caithness and the Sellafield area in West Cumbria were carried out for the study of possible locations for a deep underground facility for low-level and intermediate-level radioactive waste. In the geophysical domain, management of a diverse range of specialist services required initial desk studies, survey design, acquisition and processing supervision, interpretation, reporting and archiving. Document creation (design intent memoranda, tenders and contracts, Quality Assurance, technical reviews and reports) together with technical control during the data acquisition phase was followed by involvement in the interpretation of the results. A range of geophysical methods were employed including onshore and offshore seismic reflection with associated gravity acquisition, transition zone seismic, airborne geophysics (utilizing spectroscopy, magnetics and VLF) and ground electromagnetic surveys. At the peak of activity, responsibility for the geophysical operations involved the simultaneous management of five field crews - two land seismic with some gravity, one marine seismic with gravity and two helicopters acquiring airborne data - as well as ongoing VSP in the deep, fully cored, boreholes. Some of the work undertaken for each of these disciplines will be described in relation to both projects.


Abstract The species of the Neotropical genus Cephaloleia Chevrolat, 1836 are revised. We present a key to the known larvae of Cephaloleia (8 species), a key to the 95 species known to occur in Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, and a key to the 138 species known to occur in South America. All identification keys were translated to Spanish. Descriptions for the 214 known species of Cephaloleia as well as illustrations for 212 species are presented. The following species are removed from Cephaloleia: C. bipartita Pic, 1926c is transferred to Hybosispa Weise, 1910; C. minasensis Pic, 1931 and C. viridis Pic, 1931 are transferred to Stenispa Baly, 1858. The following species are described as new: C. abdita sp. n. from Brazil; C. amba sp. n. from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; C. angustacollis sp. n. from Ecuador; C. brevis sp. n. from French Guiana; C. calathae sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. chica sp. n. from Peru; C. conforma sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. crenulata sp. n. from Ecuador; C. gemma sp. n. from Bolivia and Brazil; C. horvitzae sp. n. from French Guiana; C. interrupta sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. kressi sp. n. from Costa Rica; C. lenticula sp. n. from Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, and Suriname; C. nana sp. n. from Ecuador; C. ochra sp. n. from Ecuador; C. stainesi sp. n. from Costa Rica; and C. susanae sp. n. from Brazil and Ecuador. Cephaloleia simoni Pic, 1934 is treated as Incertae sedis. The larvae of C. erichsonii Baly, 1858 and C. puncticollis Baly, 1885 are described and illustrated.


Cooling and ventilation of office spaces by displacement ventilation and chilled
ceiling panel systems is potentially more energy efficient than conventional air
conditioning systems. Heat transfer in this type of system is characterised by
the presence of vertical temperature gradients and significant radiant asymmetry.
The room heat transfer models used in current building simulation methods do
not allow adequate representation of this type of system due to their reliance on
a single node to define the internal air temperature. The overall aim of the work
described in the thesis has been to develop a model of this type of system that
is suitable for use in annual building energy simulation. The model presented,
is intermediate in complexity between a CFD numerical model and the current
single air node models, having ten air nodes.
The operating characteristics of displacement ventilation systems, used both with
and without chilled ceiling panels, have been studied by making experimental
measurements in a test chamber and by reference to published experimental data.
Numerical calculations of the flow and temperature fields have been made with
a coupled flow and radiant exchange CFD code. Steady state calculations have
been made of displacement ventilation using a conjugate heat transfer method.
Interesting oscillations in the flow and temperature field of displacement ventilation
operating with a chilled ceiling have been found through adopting a fully
transient calculation procedure.
The thesis describes how the experimental and numerical data has been used to
develop the structure and define the parameters of a simplified nodal model. The
logical development of the model structure, from the most elementary model to one
which is able to capture the effects of the temperature gradients and incomp1ete
mixing of the air in the room is described. A method is also presented whereby
the parameters of the model are found directly from the experimental data by
solving the heat and mass balance equations of the nodal model. The parameters
of the model have been generalised by analysing these calculations and by making
use of established convection coefficient correlations.
The performance of the model is demonstrated by firstly making comparisons of
the experimental and numerical data under steady state conditions, and also by
demonstrating that the model is able to reproduce the characteristics of displacement
ventilation and chilled ceiling systems under different operating conditions.


Ice-sheets and their Accumulation. VIEWS OF OTHERS AND OF THE AUTHOR. In writing of the history of the Ice age, the growth and culmination of the ice-sheets, and their action in eroding, transporting and depositing the glacial drift, terms have been often used which imply or definitely assert an advance, incursion or invasion by the border or somewhat steep front of the ice, extending itself thus over new territory. In North America, especially where the ice-covered area at the maximum stage of glaciation was about 4,000,000 square miles, the language of glacialists frequently brings before us a picture of a thick ice-sheet amassed by snowfall upon its central areas of outflow in Canada, as on the Laurentide highlands north of the Saint Lawrence river, over the basin of James and Hudson bays, on the country extending westward to the Athabasca, Reindeer and Winnipeg lakes, and west of the Rocky mountains . . .


Within the last several years, the field of terahertz science and technology has changed dramatically. Many new advances in the applications of terahertz imaging have been developed. We present a pulsed terahertz real-time imaging with dynamic subtraction technique. The reflective image of a Nikon camera cap is obtained. The multiwavelength imaging and polarization imaging methods are also shown in the paper. At the end, we give the result of continous-wave (CW) standoff imaging with the imaging distance of 50m.


In this paper, we decompose return premia into day and night components based on a sample of more than 48,000 stocks from 35 countries including the United States. Day returns are higher than night returns, but have similar volatility. Payoffs to value- or equally-weighted investment strategies based on size, book-to-market, momentum, long-term reversals, accruals, net share issuances, asset growth, and profitability tend to be positive for day returns, but negative or zero for night returns. Fama-MacBeth tests show that the well-known relationships between total returns and lagged firm characteristics are the result of their relationships with day returns, while their relationships with night returns are of opposite signs. While contemporaneous, independent work by Lou et al. (2015) also documents that U.S. price momentum occurs overnight, this result is the exception rather than the rule, since price momentum as well as most other anomalies are driven by day returns outside the United States. Results are robust across countries and subsamples, although there are variations in the magnitude of the strategy payoffs across countries.


A bilayer film composed of an upper-layer of aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) film and a lower-layer of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) film (designated as AZO/ITO) has been successfully fabricated using an atmospheric pressure-based electrospraying method and studied as an excellent transparent electrode, efficient field-emitter and the dye-sensitized solar-cell (DSSC) electrodes in order to develop a cost-effective alternative fabrication method. The morphological, optical and electrical properties were examined for the single layer of an ITO, an AZO and the bilayer AZO/ITO film. The composition of the films was confirmed with the help of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photospectroscopy (XPS). The bilayer AZO/ITO film presented an enhanced optical transparency of 95% with improved electrical performance, exhibited a resistivity of 9.3 × 10−5 Ω cm and a mobility of 49.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 compared to single layer TCO films that might be useful for optoelectronic devices. Moreover, the lowest turn-on field of ∼3.8 V μm−1, and highest emission current density of 3.9 mA cm−2 was obtained for bilayer AZO/ITO film under the field of 7.6 V μm−1, and the highest field enhancement factor (β) was estimated to be 3315 ± 2, compared with AZO and ITO single layer films. Furthermore, films exhibit good long period emission current stability with a variation of less than 4% during 30 h under a field of 7.6 V μm−1. For DSSCs, the photoanode composed of AZO film only showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as low as 0.57% with a short-circuit photocurrent density (JSC) of 2.5 mA cm−2 and an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 425 mV. The photoanode with ITO film only exhibited higher PCE (0.84%) because of higher JSC (4.0 mA cm−2), whereas VOC (375 mV) was lower than that of AZO film. Compared to AZO and ITO single layer films, the bilayer structured AZO/ITO film demonstrated much higher PCE (2.4%) because of both higher JSC (7.4 mA cm−2) and VOC (600 mV). Addition of an AZO layer over the ITO layer significantly improved the electron transport and lifetime compared to the ITO only film. One order of magnitude slower charge recombination rate for the bilayer film than for the ITO film was found to be a major factor for the improved efficiency. The fabricated cells show highly durable cell performances, even after 40 days under atmospheric conditions. The proposed atmospheric pressure-based electrospraying film fabrication method was well suitable for the deposition of bilayer AZO/ITO films which found multi-applications as an excellent transparent electrode, efficient field-emitter and improved DSSC when compared with other vacuum-based methods.


The EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) was launched in 2005 to cap CO2 emissions from large industrial facilities and electricity producers. The European Commission is currently designing the post 2012 EU ETS, as outlined in COM(2008)16. Novel to this system is that a greater part of the rights will be auctioned. Auctioning in general assures a greater deal of efficiency compared to (certain types of) free allocation, lowers the administrative costs and prevents eventual windfall profits. However, auctioning also implies a potential loss of competitiveness for industry. If no international agreement on future climate policies is reached, firms may not be able to pass on the higher costs to their customers and may be faced with a loss in profitability and the threat of import substitution. In any emission trading scheme with an absolute cap, a relocation of production that is not covered by CO2 targets implies an increase in global CO2 emissions. This phenomenon has been labelled as 'carbon leakage'. To prevent carbon leakage, the Commission has proposed to exempt exposed sectors from auctioning and allocating them rights freely on the basis of a benchmark. A severe loss of competitiveness is here the main criterion against which it is decided whether sectors will be subject to auctioning or free allocation. This study has investigated which industrial sectors of the Dutch economy possibly face a loss of competitiveness from auctioning. The competitive position is determined by the combination of significant potential cost price increases and substantial imports and export flows to countries that have no comparable climate change policy. It appears that especially in the aluminium, fertilizer, iron and steel , inorganic and other base chemicals sectors relatively high cost price increases can be expected which may not be fully passed on to their customers. Profitability in these sectors may be reduced and the risk of carbon leakage increased. However, in terms of impacts on the national economy (i.e. GDP) the effects are probably small. The direct costs of EU ETS are 0,2% of GDP (for an emission price of €20/ton CO2) of which about half can be passed on to the customers. Impacts on the competitive position may occur in the vulnerable sectors but these sectors are in general the smaller sectors of the Dutch economy - with the exception of the iron and steel industry (in total 1,1% of GDP). In addition, if international climate policy until the year 2020 will result in more countries agreeing on binding reduction targets, impacts on competitiveness will be smaller than analyzed here.


Digital platforms hold a central position in today's world economy and are said to offer a great potential for the economies and societies in the global South. Yet, to date, the scholarly literature on digital platforms has largely concentrated on business while their developmental implications remain understudied. In part, this is because digital platforms are a challenging research object due to their lack of conceptual definition, their spread across different regions and industries, and their intertwined nature with institutions, actors and digital technologies. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the ongoing debate in information systems and ICT4D research to understand what digital platforms mean for development. To do so, we first define what digital platforms are and differentiate between transaction and innovation platforms, and explain their key characteristics in terms of purpose, research foundations, material properties and business models. We add the socio‐technical context digital platforms operate and the linkages to developmental outcomes. We then conduct an extensive review to explore what current areas, developmental goals, tensions and issues emerge in the literature on platforms and development and identify relevant gaps in our knowledge. We later elaborate on six research questions to advance the studies on digital platforms for development: on indigenous innovation, digital platforms and institutions, on exacerbation of inequalities, on alternative forms of value, on the dark side of platforms and on the applicability of the platform typology for development.


The ancient Olympic Games began in 776 BC and ran for over 1000 years, waning during the Roman Empire and the advent of Christianity. The ancient games were imbued with a sacred significance. This book brings together some of the objects associated with these ancient games, including sculptures, grave markers, ceramic vases and sporting equipment. These objects originate from a broad geographical area, falling at one time or another into the Greek sphere. Despite their diversity of styles the objects remain connected by a group of uniting factors. They all relate to the theme of sport, most have a religious rather than secular significance and they all stand as rare examples of their kind.


The natural vanilla essence is obtained principally from the fruits of the species Vanilla planifolia , a member of the Vanilla aromatic clade, and native to the neo-tropics. Colombia is an important center of diversity for the genus with 22 Vanilla species reported, of which 18 belong to the aromatic clade. Colombian native Vanilla species comprise important genetic resources for the vanilla crop. Although there is no tradition of cultivation of vanilla in the country, these species have potential for establishment in sustainable agroforestry systems. Nonetheless, Vanilla , like many orchid species, is subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic conservation threats. This article outlines an integrated strategy for conservation, incorporating in situ , ex situ and circa situm measures to ensure the conservation of Vanilla species in Colombia, and to promote their sustainable use in community-based cultivation programs. This proposed strategy is also relevant for conservation managers in other countries with native Vanilla species.


A comparative spatial history combining historical narrative, geographical thinking, and spatial analysis of historical data offers new perspectives on railway expansion and its effects in France and Great Britain during the long nineteenth century. Accessible rail transport in the rural regions of both countries opened new economic opportunities in agriculture, extractive industries, and service trades, helping to revitalize rural communities and decrease their rates of out-migration. In France, long-standing economic disparities between the developed north and the less-productive south gradually reduced. These conclusions are based, in part, on the use of historical geographical information systems (hgis) and spatial statistics, illustrating a component of spatial history.


ABSTRACT:Interventions that offer growth monitoring and nutrition counseling services to families with young children are one of the cornerstones of nutrition policy in developing countries. By raising caregivers' awareness and encouraging recommended feeding, health, and hygiene practices, these programs seek to improve children's growth, measured in terms of height and weight. We explore the effects of one such intervention that conducted home visits and community meetings with mothers of children under two years old in El Alto, a city of high poverty concentration in Bolivia. Project eligibility was limited to just over 400 households residing within a strictly defined geographical area. We exploit the resulting geographical discontinuity to identify impacts. Three years after the project started, we find that caregivers in the intervention area show substantial gains in health- and nutrition-related knowledge (0.327σ) and practices (0.273σ) relative to their peers just outside the project boundary. We find no detectable impacts on children's height, but observe a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight children. For contexts such as El Alto, with high prevalence of stunting and increasing risk of overweight in the same population, these results suggest that nutrition promotion interventions should reassess both content and behavioral change strategies to reduce stunting while concurrently preventing excess weight gain in children.


Development of a family of products that satisfies different market niches introduces significant challenges to today's manufacturing industries—from development time to aftermarket services. A product family with a common platform paradigm offers a powerful solution to these daunting challenges. This paper presents a new approach, the Comprehensive Product Platform Planning (CP 3) framework, to design optimal product platforms. The CP 3 framework formulates a generalized mathematical model for the complex platform planning process. This model (i) is independent of the solution strategy, (ii) allows the formation of sub-families of products, (iii) allows the simultaneous identification of platform design variables and the determination of the corresponding variable values, and (iv) seeks to avoid traditional distinctions between modular and scalable product families from the optimization standpoint. The CP 3 model yields a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, which is carefully reformulated to allow for the application of continuous optimization using a novel Platform Segregating Mapping Function (PSMF). The PSMF can be employed using any standard global optimization methodology (hence not restrictive); particle swarm optimization has been used in this paper. A preliminary cost function is developed to represent the cost of a product family as a function of the number of products manufactured and the commonality among these products. The proposed CP 3 framework is successfully implemented on a family of universal electric motors. Key observations are made regarding the sensitivity of the optimized product platform to the intended production volume.


The piano teachers from specialized music schools have been often criticized for a lack of psychological and pedagogical competences, i.e. emotional instability, proneness for engendering fear, inability to motivate pupils etc. This paper deals with the following questions: How do piano teachers self evaluate their professional competences? Will their self-assessment be the same as this of their supervisors? The theoretical framework is provided by the theory of self-efficacy and teacher self-efficacy. The main findings indicate that 130 surveyed piano teachers have a very high level of self-efficacy. At the same time the results reveal contradiction between the piano teachers' self-efficacy level and the evaluation of their supervisors, who assessed their teachers much lower. The findings confirm the piano teachers' shortage of motivational skills. However, the psychological competences in which the surveyed teachers feel most confident correspond with the weakest aspects, as identified by previous research and the opinions of musical experts.


INTRODUCTION During editorial work for the Journal of Micropalaeontology, a discussion arose between authors, reviewers and editors on the correct spelling of a technical term in palynology: 'archeopyle' or 'archaeopyle', the germination aperture in dinoflagellate cysts. One opinion was that there is only one correct spelling, namely 'archeopyle', with a single 'e' in the middle of the word, irrespective of the use of British English or American English. The other opinion was that spelling of the word should follow the language used in the rest of the text – allowing for 'archeopyle' with 'e' in American English and 'archaeopyle' with 'ae' in British English. This Notebook illustrates the reasons for this controversy and argues for the alternative spellings of the word according to American or British English spelling used. THE CAUSE OF THE 'PROBLEM' AND LINE OF ARGUMENT The term 'archeopyle' was introduced in 1961 by William R. Evitt in one of his seminal papers on the morphology of fossil dinoflagellates, in which he recognized that many organic microfossils, then called 'hystrichospheres', showed a germination opening and were actually of dinoflagellate affinity. As derivation of the word he gave the following information: '... the presence of this opening (pyle – gate, orifice) in fossil (archeo – ancient) dinoflagellates ...' (Evitt, 1961, p. 389). Since then, the term has become accepted and used widely by palaeontologists and biologists alike. Definitions and descriptions of the word itself and derivative terms can be looked up in the latest glossary of terminology by Williams et al. (2000)… .


Shipsides and Beggs ProjectsCollectif R, L'Atelier, Nantes. FranceSTILL NOT OUT OF THE WOODS - NottamunThis show began with an invitation to show as part of a 10th year celebration of the Collectif R project in Nantes.We began with a basic premise to take existing works such as the wooden bombs and bones, (which began through an initiation between Collectif R and Neal for a work called How The West Was Won, 2011) and develop new works from there for an installation and performance in the large atrium space of the gallery.We had already been working on ideas around mixing popular and folk songs into soundscapes (many of which originate from topographical data around borders, boundaries, mountains and summits) and combining these with drawings and imagery from popular culture, current affairs and mythology – much of it connecting with ideas around political, spiritual and physical partitions, fences and the metaphor of the 'wire'. Much of the material draws from previous works, for example, the idea of a summit cross and a weaponised summit connects with the work YUPA STAR, 2012 which draws upon a mountaineering trip to an WW1 exploded summit in the Italian Dolomites – where now on the blasted summit plateau stands a cross. The summit cross of course also echoes the romantic summit cross paintings of Casper Friedrich and others. The cross has been substituted by a barbed wire carved wooden stake topped with the globe. The barbed-wire and banjo links to other works (e.g. Bivacco, 2011) where a collision is made between the idea of fences or barriers and the principle of stringed popular music. Here the wire acts as both an agent of emancipation and an agent of oppression. Set into the base of the mound are a set of six playable handmade drums, making the whole sculpture a percussive soundwork. A crankie (an early device of moving image storytelling) is also set into the base of the summit arsenal. It features a hand drawn narrative of threat, strife, crisis, werewolves, zombies and drone strikes. It is cartoon-like and playful but also dark and ridiculous – a child's fantasy of life, death and destruction. A video constructed from the crankie and re-edited with kaleidescopic footage of the crankie re-tells the story with special effects on a small screen in the door in the back of the mount of bombs and bones. The whole work, Mass of The World, has a strange voodoo-ness to it.Another aspect that we introduced was the device of the wolf. A discovery of the exisitence of 'wolf catching gardens' fuelled this direction. After the Hundred Year War the hinterlands became wilder and the wolf population grew so that townspeople built gardens to protect from the wolves. The fences of these gardens were designed to allow wolves in and crucially also to prevent them leaving – so that the wolf could be easily killed by arrow and thereby diminishing the wolf threat. Lumiere de Loup is essentially a playful mobile which balances images of childlike drawings of wolves projected onto screens balanced on the tip of an arrow-point on the tip of a wooden bomb. The screen gently rotates, dips and rises as the branch moves on the tip of the arrow. The wolf here is at least double coded; On one hand, as a wild creature, a natural force that brings great biodiversity, a creature of awe and beauty – then on the other hand an anthropomorphizing of fear, a metaphor for fascism and a construction of threat or evil. The device of the light projecting an image onto screen locates the screen and images as key to constructing an enemy, a threat or an 'other' separated from ourselves.The third aspect of the installation is a sculptural sound work based on using a tractor tyre inner-tube as the lungs or bellows for two melodicas (wind operated reed organs). The melodicas only operate when the keys are played – so that when played they release the loss of air from the inflated tube. The origin of this idea came from the idea of precarious floatation devices, made notorious in the tragic occurrences of Mediteranean sea migrations where people fleeing war and economic deprivation take incredible risks to enter Europe. The work imagines the songs of freedom such floatation devices might offer – but also countenances the tragic potential of the tune of life's last breath.A pedestal record player artwork Kill Kill For Peace (2011) carved from a tree trunk – featuring the lyrics of the1966 song, Kill for Peace by the Fugs - resonates with much contemporary geopolitical rhetoric and stands with and connects with the musical counter-culture of political protest and commentary of the 1960's.A final element of the show was a performance which wove together a topographical elevation soundscape work based on the descent from Mont Blanc (Europe's highest summit) with the popular songs; Dylan's Masters of War, Black Sabbath's War Pigs and the tradition folk song Nottamun Town (the song which Dylan's Masters of War is based on). Nottamun Town relates to festival periods where social power, norms and impunities are upturned – such as the Feast of Fools festivals and Mummers Plays. In this there is a kind of playful carnivalesque sense to much of the work in this installation – we were keen to understand and work with quite dark and difficult ideas from the perspective and potential of allowing our children to encounter it.The work overall offers lots of rich readings or encounters. We prefer the idea of 'encounters' to 'readings' – as the work is very actual, it is present and made of things with 'thinglyness'. There was no clean fixed idea from the start so hopefully it has allowed a very rich and complex set of things and encounters to happen. Playful but dark.


Currently we see a plethora of learning object repositories that address the need to share learning content with peers within and across educational institutions. We also observe a growing interest in standards and tool functionality to model didactic scenarios describing the social, spacial and temporal configuration of learning arrangements. These scenarios also specify physical resources, software tools as well as communication and cooperation services used thereby. For didactic scenarios, however, possibilities for sharing, reuse and adaptation are currently limited to communities relying on the official standard IMS Learning Design and tools that conform to it and to communities using the same learning activity management tool, e.g., LAMS. The particular contribution of our research is an extensible e-learning environment, edu-sharing, that supports sharing and reuse both of content and didactic scenarios across heterogeneous learning and authoring environments. We illustrate these capabilities through a case study in course design based on a method including the steps: finding, reusing, and adapting predefined didactic scenario templates. These templates representing mature learning arrangements found in literature or best practice experiences contributed by experts. The alignment of learning content with externalized knowledge about educational processes reduces the dominance of content in technology-enhanced learning and emphasizes didactic and social aspects of teaching and learning.


Hatching and larval development of the semiterrestrial tropical brachyuran Sesarma angustipes were studied in relation to salinity in laboratory experiments. Adults were found in southern Brazil living in terrestrial habitats and in freshwater creeks. When a free choice was offered in the laboratory, females liberated their larvae indiscriminately in freshwater or seawater. Rearing experiments were carried out at 0, 3, 10, 20, and 32% S. Unlike in other marine and brackish water species, freshly hatched zoea I larvae remained actively swimming in freshwater, where they survived for almost 2 d. Maximum survival time of zoea I exposed to 3% S was ca 3.5 d. The larvae were able to pass through some or all developmental instars (4 zoeal stages and 1 megalopa) only at higher salinities.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To identify nurse perceptions on the potential value of general and specific nursing approaches to improving physical health outcomes of people with serious mental illness.

BACKGROUND
People diagnosed with serious mental illnesses experience heightened rates of physical illnesses and can be supported better via healthcare system prevention and management. Nurses working in mental health are a critical part of a system-wide approach to improving physical health care, but there is little known on their views on specific approaches within Australia (e.g. screening for risks, stigma reduction).

DESIGN
A national, cross-sectional and nonrandom survey study delivered online.

METHODS
Members of the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses (n = 643), representing nurses employed in mental healthcare services across Australia (71·6% from public mental health services). Participants were asked to rate the potential of nine nurse-based strategies for improving physical health (options: 'yes', 'no', 'not sure') and the potential value of 10 nursing and general strategies for improving physical health (rating from 'negative value' to 'significant value').

RESULTS
There was a high endorsement of all nine nurse-based strategies for physical health (e.g. lifestyle programmes, screening, linking services), although there was less support for reducing antipsychotics or advocating for fewer side effects. Participants mainly viewed all strategies as of moderate to significant value, with the most promising value attached to colocation of primary and mental care services, lifestyle programmes and improving primary care services (reduce stigma, train GPs).

CONCLUSIONS
Australian nurses working in mental health services view a range of nurse-based strategies for improving physical healthcare services and standards as important.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nurses collectively need to work with consumers, health agencies and the general public to further define how to organise and implement physical health integration strategies, towards more comprehensive health care of people with serious mental illness.


Education is a main player in social mobility, however, it remains unclear through which channel the high observed intergenerational correlations of educational attainment are produced. The literature proposed very different mechanisms that could drive these correlations. This paper uses a structural equation model and data from Mexico to estimate the relative importance of the main channels simultaneously. The results sustain all of the most commonly proposed mechanisms and underline the importance to look at them simultaneously. The economic situation of a family has a large direct effect on children's schooling attainment, even when controlling for all other possible channels. Parental education has direct and indirect effects through the economic situation. Together, these two findings clearly reject the hypothesis that the educational correlations are only the fruit of a transmission of ability from one generation to the next and sustaining the idea that some inequality of opportunity is present.


Why do some peace agreements after intra-state war fail, while others succeed? The dissertation focuses this question, with specific attention to intra-state wars in regional security complexes. The aim of this comparative study is theory building. Propositions, indicators and research questions are derived from a typology of explanatory variables. The research design is applied to eight conflict resolution processes in Southern Africa. An analysis of bivariate covariation, variable interaction and causal patterns in the cases is used to transform the typology into a preliminary theory.Conflict resolution is a phased process: power-related factors-such as military, diplomatic and economic pressures-tend to bring about a peace agreement, while peace-related factors-such as genuine political will and increased trust between former belligerents-need to be added for the agreement to hold. While there are different paths to conflict resolution, the study identifies common causal patterns. It takes more to end a war, than to start one. A positive interaction between several variables at different levels of analysis was needed to produce a 'No War'-outcome. Specifically, interaction between experiential learning, the regional conflict dynamic, military support, leadership consolidation aspects and third party behaviour is found to have a causal impact on the dependent variable.The attitudes of primary parties to mechanisms for distribution of political power after a war is more important than the specific nature, such as 'power sharing', of the political mechanism. If parties opt for a mechanism they can live with if they lose by it, peace is more likely to be durable. If they seek a mechanism that will maximize their advantage if they win by it, then the likelihood of a return to war increases. This underlines the role of experiential learning and political will for durable resolution of intra-state conflicts.


Earthworms originating from Europe (e.g., Lumbricus spp., Aporrectodea spp.), which are common in the United States and southern Canada can create hazardous conditions at airports by attracting birds that pose a threat to aircraft. These nonnative earthworms are also considered pests on golf courses and sports fields, as well as having detrimental effects on temperate boreal forests. No toxicants or repellents are currently registered for earthworm control in the United States. Our purpose was to identify products that could be used to repel or suppress nonnative earthworms on airports or other managed sites where they pose a hazard or nuisance. We conducted experiments on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Plum Brook Station, Ohio, USA, and at an area about 15 km south of this site, during 2007–2013. We hypothesized that either abrasiveness or extreme low or high pH levels would be characteristic of an efficacious repellent. Ammonium sulfate fertilizer (an acidic treatment) repelled Lumbricus terrestris in choice tests. However, 6 applications of ammonium sulfate over 2 years only reduced the field density of Aporrectodea spp., and not Lumbricus spp. Application of tea-seed cake pellets (TSP), a saponin-rich byproduct of tea oil (Camellia oleifera) manufacture that causes earthworms to come to the surface and desiccate, temporarily reduced densities of both Lumbricus and Aporrectodea spp. in field plots. However, several applications per year would probably be needed for sustained control. Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) showed no apparent adverse effects over a 48 hour period from feeding on TSP-killed earthworms.We discuss potential value and limitations of TSP and other methods for managing earthworms to reduce airport bird-strike hazards. 2015 The Wildlife Society.


cyclodextrin (-CD) is a kind of cyclic oligosaccharide with a unit of D-glucopyranose. It shows good molecular recognition ability for its unique physical and chemical properties and suitable cavity structure. It also is an important supermolecule. It is easy to be derived to get a variety of functional monomers which could be used for chromatographic solid phases and molecularly imprinted polymers. A novel mono-(6-N-allylamino-6-deoxy)--CD was synthesized by using mono-(6-p-toluenesulfonyl)-β-cyclodextrin (6-OTs-s-CD) and allylamine as reactants in the solvent of allylamine. The reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, molar ratio of reactants and reaction time, were optimized. And the yield of 83.9% could be obtained based on the optimized conditions. The product was characterized by FT-IR, MS and 1HNMR. The characterization results further confirmed that the target product of mono-(6-N-allylamino-6-deoxy)--CD was successfully synthesized. The product was a novel functional monomer. It could be used for the preparation of polymers for further adsorption study.


This essay considers the Commerce Clause broader regulatory scheme doctrine. Lower courts have adopted this doctrine, mentioned twice in United States v. Lopez, to uphold a wide range of federal noncommercial regulation from statutes that cover drug, gun, and child pornography possession to environmental and endangered species regulations. As a result, Lopez and United States v. Morrison thus far have not turned out to be the landmark cases they first seemed. Despite the central role the broader scheme doctrine has played in defining post-Lopez Commerce Clause power in lower court decisions, commentators surprisingly have overlooked it almost entirely. The one academic article to focus on the doctrine correctly argues that it creates perverse legislative incentives for Congress but makes only that limited contribution. As broader scheme cases work their way toward the Supreme Court, the oversight is especially significant. This essay provides the first thorough examination of the broader scheme doctrine, argues that the prevailing interpretation by lower courts is misguided, and proposes a new framework for analyzing broader scheme questions. The analysis reveals that lower courts have upheld noncommercial activity by mistakenly relying on Wickard v. Filburn in their interpretation of the broader scheme doctrine. Instead, the broader scheme doctrine finds its roots in cases like Maryland v. Wirtz and Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association. I propose a new framework for analyzing broader scheme questions based on the Wirtz and Hodel enterprise theory. This framework adheres to Lopez's substantive limits against federal regulation of purely local, noncommercial activity by permitting Congress to regulate noncommercial activity only when performed as part of an economic enterprise.


The work presented here ranges from small-scale interventions on Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk virtual crowdsourcing job board to collaborations with the Turkers (workers) for exhibition and festival play. Virtual job boards have a tendency to commodify digital labor, often resulting in exploitative practices. In these works, the author offers the Turkers a reprieve from the tensions between play and labor (play/bor) with an opportunity to express themselves while being paid for their creativity.


This study was concerned with the identification of the services provided by elementary school counselors in Kansas during the 1966-67 school year. Procedure: Books, Periodicals, and other publications were reviewed to provide background material for developing a questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire contained items dealing with personal data and job description. The second part was divided into four categories concerning the services actually provided by the elementary counselors. The four categories were: (1) services to the administration; (2) services to the teachers; (3) services to the parents; (4) services to the pupils. On the first part of the questionnaire, each counselor was asked to provide information concerning personal data and job description. This required giving yes or no responses and numerical or short phrase answers to specific questions. The counselor was asked in the second part of the questionnaire to determine the services provided by circling the correct response, yes or no. If the "yes" response was given, the counselor was asked to check the ways that explained how the service was actually provided. The information given on the personal data and job description section of the questionnaire was tabulated and summarized in paragraph form. The yes and no responses on the questionnaire concerning the services provided were tabulated and given in both the total number and percent. The questionnaire was mailed to the thirty-seven certified elementary school counselors who were residing in Kansas. Of the thirty-seven questionnaires mailed, two were returned unanswered, having not reached the addressee. Seven questionnaires were not returned; one was returned with no responses given; six were returned by inexperienced counselors; and twenty-one were answered and returned by experienced elementary counselors who were serving in this capacity during the 1966-67 school year. This study was based on the responses of these twenty-one counselors. Results: The study showed that three out of every four experienced counselors in Kansas were women who had left the classroom to enter the counseling field. The women were older, had more teaching experience, and more experience in counseling than the male counselors. The most common school organization in which counselors were assigned was K-6. The counseling load varied from 222 to 2,000 pupils per counselor. Of the forty-four services listed on the questionnaire, seventy-five percent or more of the counselors agreed that they actually provided twenty-seven of the services (Table I) and that they did not provide three of the services (Table II). Using the standard of seventy-five percent or more, counselors agreed on thirty of the forty-four services. There was a lack of unanimity on fourteen of the forty-four services (Table III). The greatest diversity was in the area of services to the administration. Counselors disagreed on eight of the fifteen services listed. The other six services that were disagreed upon were in the categories of services to teachers and pupils, three in each category. The counselors were in agreement on all the services provided to parents.


One new form of liberalism is a doctrine that might be called Constitutional Welfare Liberalism. It stands in some continuity with the varieties of welfare and equality oriented liberalism that emerged in the Nineteenth Century and which found expression in the U.S. in political movements like the New Deal of F.D.R. and the Great Society of L.B.J. Constitutional Welfare Liberalism differs somewhat from earlier versions of Welfare Liberalism in that it claims to be solidly grounded in the fundamentals of the liberal tradition and of the American Constitution. Advocates of Constitutional Welfare Liberalism would replace what they call the "negative-liberties model" of the Constitutional order with a "benefits model." They rest their case on an analysis of rights that denies the meaningfulness of the common distinction between negative and positive rights. Some advocates of Constitutional Welfare Liberalism also base their claims on the positive empowerments and ends of government as expressed in the Preamble to the Constitution. It is shown here via an analysis of the negative/positive rights distinction that the distinction is indeed meaningful when understood more accurately than Constitutional Welfare Liberalism theorists do. Likewise it is shown that neither the general character of the Constitution as an empowerment of government, nor the particular goals stated in the Preamble imply the benefits model.


AIM
To describe the accuracy, completeness and comprehensiveness of information on pressure ulcers documented in patient records.

DESIGN AND SETTING
A cross-sectional descriptive study performed in 29 wards at a university hospital in Iceland. The study included skin assessment of patients and retrospective audits of records of patients identified with pressure ulcers.

PARTICIPANTS
A sample of 219 patients was inspected for signs of pressure ulcers on 1 day in 2008. Records of patients identified with pressure ulcers were audited (n = 45) retrospectively.

RESULTS
The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 21%. Information in patient records lacked accuracy, completeness and comprehensiveness. Only 60% of the identified pressure ulcers were documented in the patient records. The lack of accuracy was most prevalent for stage I pressure ulcers.

CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of documentation to record, communicate and support the flow of information in the patient record was not met. The patient records lacked accuracy, completeness and comprehensiveness, which can jeopardise patient safety, continuity and quality of care. The information on pressure ulcers in patient records was found not to be a reliable source for the evaluation of quality in health care. To improve accuracy, completeness and comprehensiveness of data in the patient record, a systematic risk assessment for pressure ulcers and assessment and treatment of existing pressure ulcers based on evidence-based guidelines need to be implemented and recorded in clinical practice. Health information technology, including the electronic health record with decision support, has shown promising results to facilitate and improve documentation of pressure ulcers.


ABSTRACT Migrant houses in countries of origin, referred to as 'remittance houses', are a visible marker of emigration. Case studies from diverse geographic contexts have explored their functions. Unlike the surrounding built environment, these houses span the local and transnational realities of migrant lives, while being grounded in specific places. We argue, first, for the need to move beyond locally-oriented reifying descriptions of what is a global phenomenon; second, for the need to analyse migrant remittance houses as part of a broader agenda for unravelling the practical and emotional significance of 'home' in migration studies. The paper unveils the constitutive dimensions of migrant houses: their roles as symbols of migration; their significance as economic investments; their presence as physical structures necessitating follow-up locally; their function as second homes for holidays and reminders of (elusive) return migration. Researching remittance houses is a source of insights on questions of broader theoretical relevance, like the temporality of migration, the reach and sustainability of migrant transnationalism and the forms of cultural diffusion associated with it. This calls for a distinctive methodological agenda to advance research, based on a typology of transnational housing investments, which differentiates the locations, functions and rationales of migrant houses.


Abstract. Drought is a stochastic natural hazard that is caused by intense and persistent shortage of precipitation. The initial shortage of rainfall subsequently impacts the agriculture and hydrology sectors. Marathwada region of India comes under highly drought prone area in the country. Recent times have shown the increase in occurrence of agricultural drought in the non-monsoon season. The deviation from normal rainfall in the month of October causes soil moisture deficit which triggers an agricultural drought in the early-Rabi season. The traditional remote sensing based agricultural drought monitoring indices lack in identifying the early-season (ES) drought. An attempt has been made in the present study, to map ES agricultural drought in the Aurangabad district of Marathwada region using remote sensing. The meteorological deficit in the month of October, has been assessed using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Impact of meteorological fluctuations on agricultural system in terms of dryness/wetness was evaluated using the Shortwave Angel Slope Index (SASI) derived using MODIS (Terra) Level-3, 8 daily, surface reflectance data for the October months of 2001–2012. It was observed that the area experiences moderate to severe drought 5 times with 12 years of study period (2001–2012). SASI and its parameters were estimated for each week of October month. SASI maps were further classified in four categories viz. moist vegetation; dry vegetation; moist soil and dry soil. The detailed analyses if these maps indicate that agricultural stress occurs in this area even if there is no meteorological stress. However, whenever, there is meteorological stress the area under agricultural stress exceeds more than 50% of the study region. A frequency distribution map of ES drought was prepared to identify the most drought prone area of the district and to alternately identify the irrigated area of the district.


"Sexual assault and sexual harassment are intolerable; they undermine women's basic rights and, when perpetrated against students, can negatively impact their ability to learn and continue their education. As we approach the 40th anniversary of Title IX this year (2012), incidents of sexual assault on our college campuses remind us of the continuing critical importance of the law to reduce barriers in education. Our goal is to determine whether there are violations of federal law and if we find a problem, work cooperatively with [universities] to ensure that all students ... feel safe in their communities, regardless of sex. --Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division "Let me say this respectfully and with as much clarity as I can: you do not know my work. You do not know what I face every day in responding to a student culture of alcohol-infused hook-ups, where regrettable sex is a daily occurrence.... [The administrator's] voice has been missing from this debate ... [No university wants the Office of Civil Rights] knocking on our doors, Title IX complaint in hand, ready to put [our university] under the microscope...." (2) --Anonymous Student Affairs Professional INTRODUCTION Every university and college across the nation--with the exception of three (3)--accepts federal financial assistance. Consequently, in the world of higher education, the impact of administrative regulation and compliance that accompanies federal funding cannot be overstated. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities operated by recipients of federal financial assistance. (4) The text of Title IX states that "[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." (5) Since its enactment in 1972, Title IX most often has been associated with bolstering the participation of female students in athletics. (6) Title IX has generally been associated with the athletic arena, although the statute does not expressly address athletics. (7) Until relatively recently, however, Title IX's application to sexual harassment was less well known. A superficial reading of the text does not immediately evidence inclusion of claims of sexual violence on college campuses. In fact, nothing in Title IX's legislative history indicates congressional intent to reach claims of sexual misconduct at all. (8) The idea that Title IX covers sexual misconduct took root years after the passage of the statute. Nonetheless, the legal proposition that sexual harassment can constitute discrimination on the basis of sex under Tide IX is now well settled, as the Supreme Court, in Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District, noted explicitly that "sexual harassment can constitute discrimination on the basis of sex under Tide IX." (9) Moreover, it is clear that Title IX also requires schools and colleges to protect students from sexual misconduct, sexual harassment, and sexual violence, and to take seriously all reports of sexual harassment. (10) It is with this background that we arrive at the current Title IX landscape. The evolution of sexual harassment standards in the law and in Title IX compliance has had an immense impact on higher education. The Department of Education (DOE) is authorized and directed to carry into effect Title IX's nondiscrimination mandate by issuing rules and regulations consistent with achieving the statute's objectives. (11) The DOE delegates to the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) responsibility for enforcing Title IX and ensuring that institutions receiving federal funding comply with Title IX. (12) But the DOE and OCR have not published rules or regulations in the area of sexual harassment. Instead, OCR has issued guidance and "Dear Colleague" letters (DCLs). …


Multimodal user interface (MUI) allows users to interact with a computer system through multiple human-computer communication channels or modalities. Users have the freedom to choose one or more modalities at the same time. MUI is especially important in mobile devices due to the limited display and keyboard size. In this chapter, we provide a survey of the MUI design in mobile technology with a speech-centric view based on our research and experience in this area (e.g., MapPointS and MiPad). In the context of several carefully chosen case studies, we discuss the main issues related to the speechcentric MUI in mobile devices, current solutions, and future directions.


Abstract Korea has twenty nuclear power plants and a nuclear research reactor in operation. Out of the twenty plants, four are CANDU reactors at the Wolsong Nuclear Power Site. In the CANDU reactors, deuterium (heavy water) is used as a moderator and as the primary heat transport from the nuclear fuel. The nuclear research reactor, HANARO, in KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) uses heavy water as a neutron reflector. Tritium is formed by a neutron capture from the deuterium. If left to accumulate, tritium oxide would become a hazard to the operating staff and public. The primary purpose of a Tritium Removal Facility (TRF) is to reduce tritium concentration in a heavy water moderator. Operation of a TRF commenced at the Wolsong Nuclear Power Site on July 26th, 2007. Korea shared in the construction of the ITER fuel cycle plant with the EU, Japan, and US, and is responsible for the supply of an SDS (Tritium Storage and Delivery System). KAERI has been developing tritium technologies related to the Wolsong TRF, HANARO, and nuclear fusion fuel systems. We thus present details on the recent development status of the tritium systems.


Thrombocytosis (raised platelet count) has recently been identified as a prediagnostic risk marker of cancer; however, the association has not been fully investigated. This thesis aimed to explore the relationship between thrombocytosis and a future diagnosis of cancer through three complementary pieces of research. Firstly, a systematic review was carried out which aimed to identify studies that had investigated thrombocytosis as a diagnostic marker of cancer. Four case-control studies were identified that had found thrombocytosis to be a significant predictor of lung, oesophago-gastric, uterine, and renal cancer. A further four studies found that thrombocytosis did not predict pancreatic, breast, ovarian, or colorectal cancer. One further study had collected, but not analysed, platelet count data. Data from all nine studies were included in a meta-analysis. The findings of the review suggest that thrombocytosis is a marker of some, but not all, types of cancer. The second study used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and the English cancer registry. This cohort study examined the relationship between thrombocytosis and cancer using two groups of patients. The first included 40, 000 patients with a raised platelet count (a platelet count of > 400 × 109/L). The second cohort included 10, 000 patients with a normal platelet count (150 400 × 109/L) who were age, sex, and practice matched to a random quarter of the first cohort. This study found that the risk of cancer was greater in patients with thrombocytosis compared to those with a normal platelet count. The one year cancer incidence was 11.6% (95% CI 11.0 12.3) for male patients with thrombocytosis, and 4.1% (95% CI 3.4 4.9) in males with a normal platelet count. In female patients, the one year cancer incidence was 6.2% (95% CI 5.9 6.5) for those with thrombocytosis and 2.2% (95% CI 1.8 2.6) for those with a normal platelet count. Lung and colorectal cancer were more likely to be diagnosed in patients with thrombocytosis than in patients with a normal platelet count, and breast and prostate cancer less likely. In patients with a sustained increase in platelet count over six months, the risk of cancer increased to 18.1% in males (95% CI 15.9 20.5) and 10.1% in females (95% CI 9.0 11.3). Around a third of patients with lung or colorectal cancer and thrombocytosis had no other symptoms prior to diagnosis that would have prompted investigation for cancer as per current NICE guidance. The third study compared cancer recording in the CPRD and in the English cancer registry. The aim of this study was to examine the validity of cancer recording in the CPRD using cancer registry recording as the gold standard, and to estimate predictors of concordance between the two data sources. A sensitivity analysis repeated the primary analysis from the second study to estimate the effect of including unverified CPRD cancer diagnoses. The CPRD identified 5,924 of 7,785 cancers recorded in the cancer registry (sensitivity 76.1%, 95% CI 75.1 77.0). 36,255 patients with no record of cancer in the CPRD also had no cancer record in the cancer registry (specificity 97.0%, 95% CI 96.1 97.2). 5,924 of 7,028 CPRD cancer diagnoses were confirmed by the cancer registry data; the positive predictive value (PPV) of a CPRD recorded diagnosis was 84.3% (95% CI 83.4 85.1). Male cancers, those in younger patients, and those recorded from 2005 onwards were more likely to be recorded in both sources. In a sensitivity analysis, the exclusion of cancer diagnoses that were only recorded in the CPRD did not significantly alter findings from the cohort study described above. The findings from this thesis show that thrombocytosis is an important predictor of undiagnosed cancer in adults aged 40 years and over. Patients with thrombocytosis are more likely to be diagnosed with lung and colorectal cancer than other types. These results suggest that cancer should be considered as an underlying diagnosis in patients with unexpectedly raised platelets, even if cancer was not suspected at the time that the blood test was ordered. For at least a third of patients with thrombocytosis and cancer, there will be no other clinical features of malignancy; for this proportion, thrombocytosis has great potential to expedite diagnosis and improved survival.


So far, studies of Swedish 20th-century social policy have emphasized the differences between the voluntary aid common around 1900 and the solidarity of welfare policy at mid-century. Means tests have been described as central instruments in the voluntary social work, while the welfare state was built on general principles of care. The question is, however, if the differences between the earlier and later forms of social policy can be characterized in such simple terms. A comparison has been made of departure points found in the social policies of the two periods. The results confirm that a significantly new way of thinking had taken shape in the years around the Second World War, but the study also shows that that the ideas concerning the welfare state contain threads that can be traced back to the scientific philanthropy of a few years earlier. The idea of social engineering was nothing new, and the idea that rights could be exchanged for duties had still not been deserted in the 1940s. In conclusion it can be said that the welfare state and the welfare politics of solidarity in several respects were built upon the principles of care that were formulated in about 1900.


An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a sequence of key events from a molecular‐level initiating event and an ensuing cascade of steps to an adverse outcome with population‐level significance. To implement a predictive strategy for ecotoxicology, the multiscale nature of an AOP requires computational models to link salient processes (e.g., in chemical uptake, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and population dynamics). A case study with domoic acid was used to demonstrate strategies and enable generic recommendations for developing computational models in an effort to move toward a toxicity testing paradigm focused on toxicity pathway perturbations applicable to ecological risk assessment. Domoic acid, an algal toxin with adverse effects on both wildlife and humans, is a potent agonist for kainate receptors (ionotropic glutamate receptors whose activation leads to the influx of Na+ and Ca2+). Increased Ca2+ concentrations result in neuronal excitotoxicity and cell death, primarily in the hippocampus, which produces seizures, impairs learning and memory, and alters behavior in some species. Altered neuronal Ca2+ is a key process in domoic acid toxicity, which can be evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, results of these assays would be amenable to mechanistic modeling for identifying domoic acid concentrations and Ca2+ perturbations that are normal, adaptive, or clearly toxic. In vitro assays with outputs amenable to measurement in exposed populations can link in vitro to in vivo conditions, and toxicokinetic information will aid in linking in vitro results to the individual organism. Development of an AOP required an iterative process with three important outcomes: a critically reviewed, stressor‐specific AOP; identification of key processes suitable for evaluation with in vitro assays; and strategies for model development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:9–21. © 2010 SETAC


This paper introduces a formalism for modeling interaction and control of partially observed discrete event systems (DESs), called prioritized synchronous composition under mask (PSC/M). In PSC/M, each system is associated with an event priority set and an observation mask. The existing formalisms have their limitations and what we propose is a general canonical mode of interaction that is suitable for control under partial observation as well as for modeling a variety of interaction modes such as strict/prioritized synchronization, interleaving, hiding, and renaming. In PSC/M, an event is globally enabled if it is locally enabled by all the interacting systems. The tracking of a globally enabled event is done by executing a transition on an indistinguishable event. PSC/M possesses the useful properties of commutativity and associativity. PSC/M can be applied to compose local controller modules having limited sensing and actuation capabilities to obtain an equivalent global controller module. PSC/M can itself be employed as a control mechanism, in which case it helps remove the control and the observation compatibility requirements of a controller. We study the PSC/M-based control problem where both the plant and the supervisor have their own control and observation limitations. The plant and the specification models need not be at the same level of abstraction and so new classes of control problems can be solved in the framework. The existence condition is the achievability with respect to an augmented plant, which is weaker than controllability and observability combined. The weaker condition is required since we allow supervisors to be nondeterministic, which also facilitates the existence and synthesis to be performed polynomially in the size of the plant and the specification. Note to Practitioners-This paper presents a mechanism of composition for modeling the interaction of DESs. To form the composition one needs to identify for each system the events that it can control (actuator events) and the events that it can observe (sensor events). The composition ensures that a system never blocks its uncontrollable events and never reacts differently to events that are observationally indistinguishable. An event is executable in the composition if it is enabled by all participating systems and either trackable or executable in some participating system. An event is enabled by a participating system if it is either currently executable or a nonpriority event, whereas an event is trackable by a participating system if it is observable and indistinguishable to some currently executable event. A state update on an event, executable in the composition, occurs by executing an indistinguishable event by each participating system in which the event is trackable, whereas the other participating systems retain their current states. The composition is commutative and associative, supporting incrementality. We obtain a condition under which a given system (plant) can be controlled to exhibit the desired behaviors when the proposed mechanism is employed to compose the plant and a controller. The plant and the desired behavior models may differ in their levels of abstraction. The condition can be polynomially verified and a controller can be synthesized in linear complexity.