Simple summation and averaging methods were used to extrapolate 870 branch-scale measurements of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from 40 native Mediterranean plant species to give estimates of habitat-scale emission factors (EH ) for dunes, macchia, garrigue, forest, and riverside habitats in the northwest Mediterranean area. The summation method derived biomass-weighted VOC EH using local vegetation cover data and component species emission factors and leaf area indices (LAIs). The averaging method generated mean and median EH and LAI from component species. Summer biomass-weighted EH (ng m−2 s−1) for monoterpenes and isoprene, respectively, were 1700, 125 (forest, Italy); 460, 8 (macchia, Italy); 280, 40 (dunes, Italy); 160, 1600 (forest, southern France); 34, 550 (garrigue, southern France); 0, 12000 (riverside, Spain); 90, 240 (garrigue, Spain). Autumn biomass-weighted EH (ng m−2 s−1) for monoterpenes and isoprene, respectively were 700, 31 (dunes, Italy); 2030, 1620 (forest, southern France); 64, 110 (garrigue, Spain). In general, mean and median EH underestimated biomass-weighted monoterpene EH and overestimated isoprene EH . Habitat isoprene flux estimates followed an annual cycle with a peak in summer. An autumn peak for habitat monoterpene flux estimates may be due to drought relief following autumn rains. When extrapolated to the total area of land covered by natural habitats in the northwest Mediterranean area (71,300 km2), total monoterpene and isoprene fluxes were estimated to be 0.07 and 0.1 Tg yr−1, respectively. Within the limits of uncertainty, the VOC flux estimates presented here for the Mediterranean region agree with previously published work. However, there are indications that previous published studies may underestimate monoterpene fluxes from this area.


In most industrialized countries the majority of employed people are full-time employees with a non-temporary job and work at a workplace of the company in which they are employed. They are making careers at the employer they are employed by and most work-place changes are to other jobs of the same type. But it does not include large groups in the labour market. Many of those who have tenured positions work part-time, not full-time, and many both full-time and part-time workers have fixed-period contracts, contracts which only guarantee employment for a specified period of time. Some demographic groups are overrepresented among those with those types of jobs, young people, women, immigrants, ethnic minorities, and older workers, who to a large extent for different reasons do not have a very strong position in the labour market. In this paper two groups outside the core of full-time employees are analyzed: those employed in temporary employment agencies, and the selfemployed. The size and composition of both groups have changed during the last decade. The number employed by temporary employment agencies has increased in Western Europe as a consequence of deregulation of this sector in the 1990s, and the composition of the selfemployed has changed from mainly being farmers to being business-owners in various sectors. We will use Sweden as an example, but the Swedish experience is not unique. Other countries have similar and in many cases more of those types of employment.


The participation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their specific inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP), in both the formation and degradative recovery processes of liver fibrosis were mainly reviewed from the molecular biological aspect. Since authors first reported increased activity of interstitial collagenase in the early stage of hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by chronic CCl4 intoxication, in baboons fed alcohol chronically and in patients with alcoholic fibrosis, other investigators have also demonstrated increased activity biologically and histochemically. However, species‐specific differences in response have been found and gene‐level research on the rat model has not demonstrated increased mRNA transcription of collagenase. It has also been clarified that activated stellate cells can also produce matrix components. Very recently, authors observed the participation of interstitial collagenase in the recovery from experimental hepatic fibrosis by using polymerase chain reaction northern blotting and in situ hybridization. The in situ hybridization findings not only demonstrated the cells responsible for interstitial collagenase, but also suggested a great deal about the mechanism of recovery from fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are activated via the expression of c‐myb and nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) which is induced by oxidative stress, and inhibited by antioxidant (1‐α‐tocopherol) and butylated hydroxytoluene. The activation mechanism is now being revealed. The relationship between the activation mechanism of stellate cells and the production and secretion of MMP and TIMP in the formation and recovery process of hepatic fibrosis should be investigated from the promoter gene level. This approach might help develop a new strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis.


Internet-scale services like YouTube are provisioned by large Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), which push content as close as possible to the end-users to improve their Quality of Experience (QoE) and to pursue their own optimization goals. Adopting space and time variant traffic delivery policies, CDNs serve users' requests from multiple servers/caches at different physical locations and different times. CDNs traffic distribution policies can have a relevant impact on the traffic routed through the Internet Service Provider (ISP), as well as unexpected negative effects on the end-user QoE. In the event of poor QoE due to faulty CDN server selection, a major problem for the ISP is to avoid being blamed by its customers. In this paper we show a real case study in which Google CDN server selection policies negatively impact the QoE of the customers of a major European ISP watching YouTube. We argue that it is extremely important for the ISP to rapidly and automatically detect such events to increase its visibility on the overall operation of the network, as well as to promptly answer possible customer complaints. We therefore present an Anomaly Detection (AD) system for detecting unexpected cache-selection changes in the traffic delivered by CDNs. The proposed algorithm improves over traditional AD approaches by analyzing the complete probability distribution of the monitored features, as well as by self-adapting its functioning to dynamic environments, providing better detection capabilities.


The aim of this paper is to analyse the regional economic impacts of a prolonged period of recurrent droughts. The model used for analysis is TERM-H2O, a dynamic successor to the bottom-up, comparative static TERM (The Enormous Regional Model). We concentrate on the regions of the southern Murray-Darling basin. Large change simulations are a challenge for modellers. Drought brings substantial inward supply shifts for farm sectors. This paper outlines various theoretical modifications undertaken to improve the modelling of drought in a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework and then applies them to the period from 2005–06 on. In particular, we apply a theory of sticky capital adjustment to downstream processing sectors, whereby processors temporarily retire capital in response to scarcer farm products, limiting upward price movements in farm outputs and resulting in more realistic modelling of drought. Results are explained using a back-of-the-envelope approach. This framework allows us to estimate the economic impacts of allowing water trade. In addition, the approach provides some estimate as to the impact of prolonged drought on structural change in predominantly rural regions of south-eastern Australia.


BACKGROUND
There is limited evidence with regard to the effect of different sources of protein on appetite during weight loss. Vegetarian and meat-based high-protein diets may have contrasting effects on appetite and biomarkers of protein-induced satiety.

OBJECTIVE
The aim was to assess appetite response to meat or vegetarian high-protein weight-loss (HPWL) diets in obese men to monitor plasma amino acid profile and gut peptide response as potential satiety biomarkers.

DESIGN
Twenty obese [body mass index (in kg/m²): 34.8] men participated in a dietary intervention study. After 3 d of a maintenance diet, they were provided in a crossover design with either a vegetarian HPWL (Soy-HPWL) or a meat-based HPWL (Meat-HPWL) diet for 2 wk. Both diets comprised 30% protein, 30% fat, and 40% carbohydrate, provided to measured resting metabolic rate. Body weight and the motivation to eat were measured daily. Plasma satiety biomarkers were collected during a test-meal challenge (5 h) at the end of each diet period.

RESULTS
Over the 2 wk, subjects lost, on average, 2.41 and 2.27 kg with consumption of the Soy- and Meat-HPWL diets, respectively [P = 0.352; SE of the difference (SED): 0.1]. ANOVA confirmed that subjectively rated hunger (P = 0.569; SED: 3.8), fullness (P = 0.404; SED: 4.1), desire to eat (P = 0.356; SED: 3.7), preservation of lean body mass (P = 0.334; SED: 0.2), and loss of percentage fat mass (P = 0.179; SED: 0.2) did not differ between the 2 HPWL diets. There were differences in absolute concentrations of ghrelin and peptide YY between the 2 HPWL diets, although the response as net area under the curve was not different.

CONCLUSIONS
Appetite control and weight loss were similar for both HPWL diets. Gut hormone profile was similar between the diets, which suggests that vegetarian diets can be as effective as meat-based diets for appetite control during weight loss.


By following action research principles this study develops a comprehensive framework that enables more systematical data collection on the design and impact of edutainment applications, in particular serious games and gamification, from learning and learner's points of view. Schell's original game design framework including aesthetics, story, mechanics and technology dimensions was enhanced with pedagogy and player dimensions. Moreover, these abstract dimensions were decomposed into individual functional elements on the basis of prior findings in literature. The enhanced framework was tested with four serious games. The framework helped to gain deeper insight in design choices being made and reveals subtle differences between game designs. There is, however, room for improvement. Some elements seem to be partly overlapping; others do not seem to differentiate much across different games. More research is needed to fine-tune and operationalize the framework elements.


In multi/many-core System-on-Chips (SoCs), the performance is almost linearly scaling with the number of processing elements. In order to achieve higher performance, the many-core SoCs have to integrate more processing elements, which results in the communication between processing elements being a bottleneck for the performance improvement. A Network-on-Chip (NoC), with low network latency, high bandwidth, good scalability, and reusability, is promising communication fabric for the many-core SoCs. However, NoCs consume too much power in real chips, which constraints the utilization of NoCs in future large-scale many-core SoC. Meanwhile, with more advanced semiconductor technologies, applied in chip manufacturing, the static power consumption takes a larger proportion of the total power consumption of a NoC. Thus, in this thesis, we have focused our attention on reducing the static power consumption of NoCs in two directions: applying efficient power gating on NoCs to reduce the static power consumption and realizing a confined-interference communication on a simplified NoC infrastructure to achieve energy-efficient packet transmission.


This paper presents low-power systematic integration of the instrumentation amplifier and the low-pass filter for portable ECG monitoring systems. To reduce overall power consumption, the electrode offset cancellation was carried out by sharing one operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) between the amplifier and the filter. Dual loops were implemented to provide offset cancellation so that the cancellation rage is extended. The analog front-end circuit is designed and simulated in a TSMC 90nm CMOS process. The total power consumption is 3.8 μW from a 1-V supply voltage. Simulation results show that the achieved CMRR is 100.3 dB.


Commitment products are widely regarded as a remedy for self-control problems. However, imperfect knowledge about one's preferences implies that individuals may fail to anticipate their behaviour under commitment, and consequently choose ill-suited commitment contracts. I conduct a randomised experiment in the Philippines, where low-income individuals were randomly offered a regular-instalment commitment savings product. Individuals chose the stakes of the contract (a default penalty) themselves. A majority appears to choose a harmful contract: While the intent-to-treat effect on individuals' bank savings is large, 55 percent of clients default on their savings contract. A possible explanation that is supported by the data is that the chosen stakes were too low (the commitment was too weak) to overcome clients' self-control problems. Both take-up and default are negatively predicted by measures of sophisticated hyperbolic discounting - suggesting that partial sophisticates adopt weak commitments and then default, while full sophisticates are more cautious about committing, but better able to choose incentive-compatible contracts.


Objective: This paper investigates the impact of the 2020 Covid-19 related Spring Lockdown in Italy on families practicing shared physical custody (SPC) arrangements for their children.
Background: Those family configurations partly challenge the dominant 'mother as main carer model' that characterizes Italian society. Here, we consider the lockdown as a "challenge-trial" to analyze the strategies that these families have developed to cope with lockdown, and to reveal the overarching structures that contributed to shape this experience of lockdown.
Method: We draw on semi-structured interviews with 19 parents (9 fathers and 10 mothers), part of 12 families practicing SPC.
Results: We propose a typology of custody re-organizations during lockdown and how this affected the division of parental involvement based on a) change/no change in sleepover calendars in favor of mother/father; and b) similar/different arrangements for siblings – a new practice that emerged and also has implications for the division of childcare between parents. Four types are identified where we emphasize new parenting practices and the role played by material housing configurations, relations and tensions between family members, as well as balancing work, school and childcare.
Conclusion: We highlight the usefulness of applying a "challenge-trial" lens to the study of family life under lockdown, and the need to complexify research on gender equality in shared parenting and on sibling relationships in post-divorce families.


summary A great diversity of plants and fungi engage in mycorrhizal associations. In natural habitats, and in an ecologically meaningful time span, these associations have evolved to improve the fitness of both plant and fungal symbionts. In systems managed by humans, mycorrhizal associations often improve plant productivity, but this is not always the case. Mycorrhizal fungi might be considered to be parasitic on plants when net cost of the symbiosis exceeds net benefits. Parasitism can be developmentally induced, environmentally induced, or possibly genotypically induced. Morphological, phenological, and physiological characteristics of the symbionts influence the functioning of mycorrhizas at an individual scale. Biotic and abiotic factors at the rhizosphere, community, and ecosystem scales further mediate mycorrhizal functioning. Despite the complexity of mycorrhizal associations, it might be possible to construct predictive models of mycorrhizal functioning. These models will need to incorporate variables and parameters that account for dierences in plant responses to, and control of, mycorrhizal fungi, and dierences in fungal eects on, and responses to, the plant. Developing and testing quantitative models of mycorrhizal functioning in the real world requires creative experimental manipulations and measurements. This work will be facilitated by recent advances in molecular and biochemical techniques. A greater understanding of how mycorrhizas function in complex natural systems is a prerequisite to managing them in agriculture, forestry, and restoration.


The Escherichia coli product of the suhB gene, SuhB, is an inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) that is best known as a suppressor of temperature-sensitive growth phenotypes in E. coli. To gain insights into these biological diverse effects, we determined the structure of the SuhB R184A mutant protein. The structure showed a dimer organization similar to other IMPases, but with an altered interface suggesting that the presence of Arg-184 in the wild-type protein could shift the monomer-dimer equilibrium toward monomer. In parallel, a gel shift assay showed that SuhB forms a tight complex with RNA polymerase (RNA pol) that inhibits the IMPase catalytic activity of SuhB. A variety of SuhB mutant proteins designed to stabilize the dimer interface did not show a clear correlation with the ability of a specific mutant protein to complement the ΔsuhB mutation when introduced extragenically despite being active IMPases. However, the loss of sensitivity to RNA pol binding, i.e. in G173V, R184I, and L96F/R184I, did correlate strongly with loss of complementation of ΔsuhB. Because residue 184 forms the core of the SuhB dimer, it is likely that the interaction with RNA polymerase requires monomeric SuhB. The exposure of specific residues facilitates the interaction of SuhB with RNA pol (or another target with a similar binding surface) and it is this heterodimer formation that is critical to the ability of SuhB to rescue temperature-sensitive phenotypes in E. coli.


Fully Homomorphic encryption (FHE) has been gaining in popularity as an emerging means of enabling an unlimited number of operations in an encrypted message without decryption. A major drawback of FHE is its high computational cost. Specifically, a bootstrapping step that refreshes the noise accumulated through consequent FHE operations on the ciphertext can even take minutes of time. This significantly limits the practical use of FHE in numerous real applications.By exploiting the massive parallelism available in FHE, we demonstrate the first instance of the implementation of a GPU for bootstrapping CKKS, one of the most promising FHE schemes supporting the arithmetic of approximate numbers. Through analyzing CKKS operations, we discover that the major performance bottleneck is their high main-memory bandwidth requirement, which is exacerbated by leveraging existing optimizations targeted to reduce the required computation. These observations motivate us to utilize memory-centric optimizations such as kernel fusion and reordering primary functions extensively.Our GPU implementation shows a 7.02× speedup for a single CKKS multiplication compared to the state-of-the-art GPU implementation and an amortized bootstrapping time of 0.423us per bit, which corresponds to a speedup of 257× over a single-threaded CPU implementation. By applying this to logistic regression model training, we achieved a 40.0× speedup compared to the previous 8-thread CPU implementation with the same data.


Aural and visual cues can be automatically extracted from video and used to index its contents. The paper explores the relative merits of the cues extracted from the different modalities for locating relevant shots in video, specifically reporting on the indexing and interface strategies used to retrieve information from the Video TREC 2002 and 2003 data sets, and the evaluation of the interactive search runs. For the documentary and news material in these sets, automated speech recognition produces rich textual descriptions derived from the narrative, with visual descriptions and depictions offering additional browsing functionality. Through speech and visual processing, storyboard interfaces with query-based filtering provide an effective interactive retrieval interface. Examples drawn from the Video TREC 2002 and 2003 search topics and results using these topics illustrate the utility of multiple-document storyboards and other interfaces incorporating the results of multimodal processing.


A novel aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval algorithm is developed by integrating a kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model and the multi-satellite AOD retrieval model for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. As there is close coupling of AOD and surface reflectance in satellite signal, one will be traditionally assuming a prior in order to solve another one. However, we build a group of equations to solve both AOD and surface reflectance at the same time in our algorithm. Applying this new algorithm to Terra and Aqua MODIS data in Beijing, China, allows AOD and surface reflectance of this region to be retrieved. Results indicate that the MODIS AOD derived from the new method is consistent with AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), with correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.812 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.04 at 0.55 μm.


This paper reports the synthesis of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) assisted copper oxide (CuO) electrodes by a rapid hydrothermal technique. The effects of the capping agent (TOPO) on structural, morphological and electrochemical properties for different concentrations of the Cu precursor were investigated. Surface morphology was examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which showed a yarn ball-like morphological structure for a lower concentration of the Cu precursor and rising of leaves onto the yarn balls was observed for higher concentrations. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) study showed the highest specific capacitance of about 143 F g−1 for CuOT3 at 10 mV s−1 and an energy density of 18.1 W h kg−1 at 1 mA cm−2 with about 82% capacitance retention after 1000 CV cycles at 100 mV s−1 in 1 M aq. KOH. Also the statistical model for capacitance retention and specific capacitance using the fitted exponential model was studied. Therefore, the specific capacitance can be tailored by appropriate selection of concentrations of the Cu precursor and TOPO.


The study area is situated between the uplifting Alps and the subsiding Little Hungarian Plain, between 16°–17° E and 47°–47.5° N. The differential vertical motion implies neotectonic activity and some associated geomorphologic features (e.g. wind gaps, small streams in large valleys, etc.) may be observed as a result of drainage reorganization. After ∼8.7 Ma the area was characterized by a wide alluvial plain and a marsh zone. Later on, rivers spread their gravelly sediment over the whole area, creating gravel terraces in the west and an almost continuous gravel cover in the eastern, planar terrain. The drainage network in the hilly region is oriented to the NW–SE alluviation direction, but each river has several abrupt turns in its lower course. In order to identify wide and planar features some DEM-derived markers were used. First, two parameters were considered for each pixel: slope angle and relative height. Second, two parameters were used to classify wind gaps: incision of the valley bottom and relative elevation. In our case, the less uplifted, but more deeply incised valleys are the most obvious markers of drainage reorganization. Using the mentioned methods, terraced valleys, wide alluvial valleys and deeply incised valleys, as well as wind gaps, are recognizable and help interpretation of former river connections. The spatial pattern of the identified wind gaps suggests that drainage reorganization was significantly influenced by north-facing escarpments. Therefore, the map provides additional information to the scientific debate concerning the post-Miocene tectonic activity of the Eastern Alpine Foreland.


Babette Mangolte is well known today as the cinematographer for a number of major avant-garde and art films, including Lives of Performers (Yvonne Rainer, U.S., 1972) and Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (Chantai Akerman, Belgium, 1975). But her own films-What Maisie Knew (U.S., 1975), The Camera: Je (La Camera: I) (U.S., 1977), The Cold Eye (My Darling be Careful) (U.S., 1980), The Sky on Location (U.S., 1982), Visible Cities (U.S., 1991)-have received, with one notable exception, little critical attention since the late 1970s.1 This is perhaps because they eschew, as I argue here, the forms of American avant-garde film dominant in the 1970s and 1980s, even while they engage with and respond to many of the same concerns as these forms. For scholars and artists interested in finding distinct, original alternatives to the prevailing types of avant-garde filmmaking of this period, Mangolte's films constitute a compelling candidate.2 I First some ground-clearing. Mangolte first saw American avant-garde films on her arrival in New York City from her native France in 1970. The dominant form of the time had just been named "structural film" by P. Adams Sitney in an influential essay, the arguments of which continue to be debated to this day-including, most controversially, its claim that structural film continues, rather than breaks with, the "dialogue with the major issues of Romantic thought and art" supposedly initiated in American avant-garde film by Maya Deren in the late 1940s (Sitney 1979, 46). However, there is a consensus among scholars about the basic conventions Sitney was referring to using the name structural film, conventions that came to prominence in the late 1960s. Most importantly, structural films lack the expressivity (if not expressionism) of the forms of avant-garde nlmmaking dominant from World War II until the mid-1960s. As Sitney points out, unlike, say, the lyrical film perfected by Stan Brakhage, in which the viewer sees "what the film-maker sees; the reactions of the camera and the montage reveal his responses to vision" (Sitney 1979, 370), structural films employ a number of strategies to minimize if not eradicate any expressive connection between themselves and the filmmaker's vision, both mental and physical. Foremost among these is the use of structures, which constitute the primary "content" or "impression" of structural films. These structures, in the form of geometrical shapes or generative systems, remove, in Noel Carroll's words, "a great deal of moment-tomoment decision making and, therefore, expressivity" (Carroll 1985, 304). Rather than expressing the mental or perceptual state of the filmmaker or some other agent, their function is instead "ontological" and "apperceptive," encouraging the viewer to reflect on both the nature of film as a medium and the perceptual and cognitive capacities it engages. Other strategies that function similarly are "fixed camera position ..., the flicker effect, loop printing, and rephotography off the screen" (Sitney 1979, 370). A classic example is, of course, Wavelength (Michael Snow, U.S., 1967). The film consists of a slow, forty-five-minute zoom across a loft, starting from a long shot of the loft's space and progressing inexorably toward a close-up of a photograph of waves on the loft's wall. While continuous, the zoom is unsteady, punctuated by backward and forward jolts, superimpositions, flares, color filters, and different film stocks. The film's structure-the zoom-constitutes its primary content or impression, for although various "narrative" events occur in the loft, the forward zoom continues irrespective of them, until they are happening offscreen. According to commentators, the zoom toward and into the photograph encourages the viewer to reflect on the nature of cinematic space, its peculiar impression of both depth and flatness. And its unsteady forward progression asks the viewer to think about the nature of perception, the fact that every perceptual act involves, among other things, both recollection and anticipation. …


Drought severity and impact assessments are necessary to effectively monitor droughts in semi-arid contexts. However, little is known about the influence land use-land cover (LULC) has—in terms of the differences in annual sizes and configurations—on drought effects. Coupling remote sensing and Geographic Information System techniques, drought evolution was assessed and mapped. During the growing season, drought severity and the effects on LULC were examined and whether these differed between areas of land change and persistence. This study used areas of economic importance to Botswana as case studies. Vegetation Condition Index, derived from Normalised Difference Vegetation Index time series for the growing seasons (2000–2018 in comparison to 2020–2021), was used to assess droughts for 17 constituencies (Botswana's fourth administrative level) in the Central District of Botswana. Further analyses by LULC types and land change highlighted the vulnerability of both human and natural systems to drought. Identified drought periods in the time series correspond to declared drought years by the Botswana government. Drought severity (extreme, severe, moderate and mild) and the percentage of land areas affected varied in both space and time. The growing seasons of 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2015–2016 were the most drought-stricken in the entire time series, coinciding with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO). The lower-than-normal vegetation productivity during these growing seasons was evident from the analysis. With the above-normal vegetation productivity in the ongoing season (2020–2021), the results suggest the reversal of the negative vegetation trends observed in the preceding growing seasons. However, the extent of this reversal cannot be confidently ascertained with the season still ongoing. Relating drought severity and intensities to LULC and change in selected drought years revealed that most lands affected by extreme and severe drought (in descending order) were in tree-covered areas (forests and woodlands), grassland/rangelands and croplands. These LULC types were the most affected as extreme drought intersected vegetation productivity decline. The most impacted constituencies according to drought severity and the number of drought events were Mahalapye west (eight), Mahalapye east (seven) and Boteti west (seven). Other constituencies experienced between six and two drought events of varying durations throughout the time series. Since not all constituencies were affected similarly during declared droughts, studies such as this contribute to devising appropriate context-specific responses aimed at minimising drought impacts on social-ecological systems. The methodology utilised can apply to other drylands where climatic and socioeconomic contexts are similar to those of Botswana.


Ground‐truthing the stable isotope ratio of diatom frustule‐bound organic nitrogen (N) as a paleoceanographic proxy of phytoplankton nutrient consumption calls for studies of modern diatoms from cultures and the field. This work has been hindered by the lack of a method to prepare fresh diatom material, which has significant geochemical differences from sedimentary fossil diatom, for analysis. We tested and compared the performance of five oxidative treatment protocols in cleaning fresh diatom frustules of external organic material for isotopic analysis of diatom frustule‐bound N. We applied each treatment to diatom material from a T. weiss‐flogii culture and measured the diatom‐bound N content and isotopic composition (δ15N) of samples. A favored treatment is described that includes a multi‐step, progressive, oxidative cleaning. The results suggest that the application of H2O2 to fresh biogenic opal for more than 20 min increased the accessibility of the N within the opal matrix to subsequent chemical treatment, an effect not observed for diatom frustules from deep ocean sediments. We attribute this effect to structural alteration and dissolution of the diatom opal by the H2O2, consistent with previous observations regarding the high reactivity of fresh diatom opal and its subsequent chemical hardening in the sedimentary environment. In addition, the presence of high levels of organic matter upon treatment with H2O2 may exacerbate the chemical alteration of frustules. We find that the δ15N of diatom‐bound N is ~3 ‰ higher than that of the bulk culture biomass, consistent with expectations from surface sediment and down‐core measurements.


The first part of the paper analyses the main two antagonistic world orderings and highlights their major consequences reaching to deadlock. The centrally planned economy collapsed and the world failed to learn from the lesson of the recent economic crises and the capitalism in its current form does not fit the world around us. A global transformation is urgently needed focusing on reinstating a global sense of social responsibility. The Encyclical Letter 'Caritas in Veritate' of the Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI might be the right compass of the new world economic and social order. The second part of the paper summarises the current knowledge on Christian entrepreneurship. Christian entrepreneurs are the ones, who in addition to the business, real focus also in Christianity shares common goals and morals including social responsibility and sustainable economy. The paper presents the main entrepreneurial behaviours to the business in Christian way.


Over the last three years, the anti-trust environment in Europe has undergone major changes, as the so called process of modernisation gathers pace. In May 2004, the European Commission lost its exclusive jurisdiction to deal with restrictive agreements and dominance. As a result EU Member States' national competition authorities acquired the power to implement European competition rules, as embodied in Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. This decentralisation of power means that companies operating in several Member States must be aware of each jurisdictions' relevant competition rules to ensure full compliance. Those wishing to complain about anti-competitive practices can now choose between different national competition authorities. Being able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of different competition regimes is therefore important for both those who wish to ensure compliance and those who want to complain about anti-competitive activities. However by outsourcing the burden of implementing the anti-trust rules, some wonder whether the EU's competition regime has taken a step closer to the US regime. Since 1 May 2004 we have been waiting for an explosion of cases in the national courts based on breaches of the competition rules. To date this has not happened. Is this because of obstacles such as the lack of treble damages, class actions and contingency fees? As a result of the above changes, advising on competition issues in Europe requires not only an understanding of the competition rules in each jurisdiction, but also an understanding of how the national courts deal with competition cases. The second edition of "A Practical Guide to National Competition Rules across Europe" aims to address these issues. Firstly it provides practical information on the competition regimes (including merger control) in each of the EU member states as well as Norway and Switzerland. Secondly it analyses the civil procedure rules in each jurisdiction and considers the extent to which competition litigation is likely to increase in the future. Each country chapter has been prepared by experienced competition lawyers. The second edition of the guide also includes a comparable analysis of the competition rules in Europe with those in other jurisdictions including Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United States. Marjorie Holmes is an experienced competition lawyer and litigator and Lesley Davey, a competition lawyer, both from Reed Smith Richards Butler LLP, draw on the information provided in each of the country chapters to reach interesting and important conclusions and recommendations.


We present a synthesis of the active tectonics of the northern Atlas Mountains, and suggest a kinematic model of transpression and block rotation that illustrates the mechanics of this section of the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary. Neotectonic structures and significant shallow seismicity (with Mw >5.0) indicate that coeval E-W-trending, right-lateral faulting and NE-SW, thrust-related folding result from oblique convergence at the plate boundary, which forms a transpressional system. The strain distribution obtained from fault–fold structures and P axes of focal mechanism solutions, and the geodetic (NUVEL-1 and GPS) convergence show that the shortening and convergence directions are not coaxial. The transpressional strain is partitioned along the strike and the quantitative description of the displacement field yields a compression-to-transcurrence ratio varying from 33% near Gibraltar, to 50% along the Tunisian Atlas. Shortening directions oriented NNE and NNW for the Pliocene and Quaternary, respectively, and the S shape of the Quaternary anticline axes, are in agreement with the 2.24˚/Myr to 3.9˚/Myr modeled clockwise rotation of the small tectonic blocks and with the paleomagnetic data. The convergence between Africa and Eurasia is absorbed along the Atlas Mountains at the upper crustal level, by means of thrusting above decollement systems, which are controlled by subdued transcurrent faults. The Tell Atlas of northwest Algeria, which has experienced numerous large earthquakes with respect to the other regions, is interpreted as a restraining bend that localizes the strain distribution along the plate boundary.


In an era of accelerated international mobility, individuals have increased opportunities to confront values, practices and discourses linked to their national belonging with lifestyles, cultural scripts and social norms of receiving societies. This paper discusses how migrants who move between a relatively homogeneous society (Poland) and a superdiverse one (the UK), negotiate 'the national' and 'the foreign' in orientalist binary oppositions. It explores how Polish migrants' lived experience of difference in the UK context impacts on the construction of Poland. As such, it focuses on essentialist discourses of 'inferiority' and 'superiority' (of the UK to Poland and vice versa) that are mobilised while migrants negotiate what they believe are British values (i.e. tolerance and diversity) and Polish values (i.e. family). The article draws upon multiple interviews and audio-diaries from a wider study that explores Polish migrants' encounters with difference and the circulation of values and attitudes between Poland and the UK.


The reaction of a bis-imidazole ligand, N,N′-bis(3-(1-imidazolyl)propyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylicdiimide (BIPNDI), with either Mn(NO3)2 or Cu(NO3)2 affords coordination polymers of formula {[Mn(BIPNDI)3](NO3)2}∞ or [M(BIPNDI)2(NO3)2]∞ (M = Mn or Cu). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm the structures of supramolecular isomers of {[Mn(BIPNDI)3](NO3)2}∞ (1,2), both of which contain two-dimensional coordination polymer sheets, and a one-dimensional coordination polymer [Mn(BIPNDI)2(NO3)2]∞ (3). Reaction of either Mn(NO3)2 or Cu(NO3)2 with BIPNDI exploiting rapid precipitation affords sub-micron coordination particles of either rod-shaped (4, Mn) or spherical (5, Cu) morphology depending on the metal salt used. SEM and DLS studies were used to probe the morphology and solution behaviour of the coordination particles. Spectroscopic investigations indicate that the rod-shaped, Mn-based particles comprise two-dimensional coordination polymers in contrast to the spherical, Cu-based particles which are composed of one-dimensional coordination polymers.


The purpose of this study was to create a harmonious color model with fragrance, depending on the similarity of impressions from the color and the fragrance. This study consisted of two experiments. Experiment 1, our objective was to extract dimensions in fragrance impressions and consider harmonious/disharmonious colors with each fragrance. One hundred subjects were asked to evaluate their impression of eight fragrances (by the Semantic Differencial method) and to select harmonious colors and disharmonious colors with each fragrance from color chart consisted of 18 colors. By factor analysis, MILD factor and CLEAR factor were extracted for the dimensions of fragrance impressions. Also, by multiple regression analysis, we could construct predictive formulas of harmonious/disharmonious color for fragrance. Experiment 2, we confirmed the predictive formulas in Experiment 1 reversibly. We asked 80 subjects to evaluate their impressions, degree of MILD and CLEAR, of 15 fragrances by the Visual Analog Scale. Subjects were also asked to select harmonious colors and disharmonious colors with each fragrance from 18-color chart. To calculate the predictive rates of selection of harmonious/disharmonious colors with each fragrance, we applied the MILD and CLEAR scores of 15 fragrances to the predictive formulas in Experiment 1. We also calculated the correlation coefficient between those predictive rates and the actual rates of selection of harmonious/disharmonious colors that we get in Experiment 2. As a result, we found that the predictive formulas were quite accurate in most cases, suggesting that it is possible to develop a harmonious color model for fragrance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012


In this paper,we construct a nonparametric estimator of the distributions of latent factors in linear independent multi-factor models under the assumption that factor loadings are known. Our approach allows to estimate the distributions of up to L(L+1)/2 factors given L measurements. The estimator works through empirical characteristic functions. We show that it is consistent, and derive asymptotic convergence rates. Monte-Carlo simulations show good finite-sample performance, less so if distributions are highly skewed or leptokurtic. We finally apply the generalized deconvolution procedure to decompose individual log earnings from the PSID into permanent and transitory components.


Esports is competitive computer gaming in tournaments with professional gamers, mostly using the internet (online), but sometimes at special organized events (offline).

Esports is becoming a major industry, as the top gamers around the world battle each other, which is creating a huge spectator sport and is, therefore, attracting bigger sponsors. Also the developers of the games have an interest in tournaments with considerable prize money, because this increases the status of their games and the sale to amateur users.

Esports is the collective term for a wide range of games. The games can be played on various websites and can be seen on Twitch.com, YouTube.com and other websites. There are hardly borders for esports, the games are most popular in the USA and Asia, but also in Europe and other places.

Betting games, such as poker, are not considered as esports because in these games not the capacities of the players but the luck of the draw is most influential on the result of the game.
This article will discuss which esports games exist; how they are played; which types of income are relevant for the various games; and what the tax consequences may be.


This paper investigates the first demonstration of linearization of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) using feedforward linearization. To improve the linearity and suppressing the four-wave mixing (FWM) of SOA, the amplifier uses the feedforward technique. This technique should be applicable to any microwave or even millimeter frequency band and any externally modulated laser. Link performance was evaluated for single-tone noise reduction and two-tone FWM suppression. Theoretical simulation results are presented, showing a distortion cancellation produce by SOA of better than 20 dB over 1550-nm single-mode optical-fiber cable. This technique has been used to successfully transmit data, both directly and indirectly modulated, using a laser diode at a 2.5-Gb/s light-wave transmission system in simulation.


»Konstellationsanalyse als Werkzeug der interdisziplinären Innovationsforschung – Theoriebildung mit Bottom-up-Ansatz«. Constellation Analysis is a methodological approach of innovation research that aims at understanding highly complex processes of invention and diffusion. It was developed as a tool for interand transdisciplinary research on technology, sustainability and innovation. Its set of tools facilitates access to a scientific object from different perspectives, using different approaches. The methodology is characterized in particular by two factors: Heterogeneous factors of influence and their effectiveness in innovation processes are principally considered equivalent, existing in relation to one another and thus fitting together into constellations. Furthermore, the methodology facilitates a bottom-up approach, similar to the Grounded Theory Approach. According to this principle, constellations are described based on their singular units and their relationships to each other. The methodology is thus appropriate to the individual course of innovation processes. It enables the search for new patterns through the comparison of different innovation biographies and allows experimentation with strategic approaches as a special form of validation.


In the present work we examine both the linear and nonlinear properties of two related parity-time (PT)-symmetric systems of the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger (dNLS) type. First, we examine the parameter range for which the finite PT-dNLS chains have real eigenvalues and PT-symmetric linear eigenstates. We develop a systematic way of analyzing the nonlinear stationary states with the implicit function theorem. Second, we consider the case when a finite PT-dNLS chain is embedded as a defect in the infinite dNLS lattice. We show that the stability intervals for a finite PT-dNLS defect in the infinite dNLS lattice are wider than in the case of an isolated PT-dNLS chain. We also prove existence of localized stationary states (discrete solitons) in the analogue of the anticontinuum limit for the dNLS equation. Numerical computations illustrate the existence of nonlinear stationary states as well as the stability and saddle-center bifurcations of discrete solitons.


ABSTRACT Background: Proficient handwriting is critical for education and child's performance during academics. Students who struggle to acquire handwriting skills may experience frustration and anxiety, which in turn may negatively affect overall school performance. Studies of  handwriting for typically developing children in grades 1 to 5  have found the quality of handwriting develops quickly during grade one (ages 6-7y typically) and reaches a plateau by grade two (age 7–8y typically). It was found that grip force i.e. grip strength and motor coordination are underlying mechanism for poor handwriting. There is little known about the effectiveness of physiotherapy treatment on improvement of handwriting. So the need arise to find out the 'efficacy of grip strength and hand coordination training in improvement of handwriting in school children'. Objectives : The purpose of the study is to evaluate the  efficacy  of grip strength training and hand coordination training in the improvement of handwriting. Methodology: This study is a randomized controlled trial of 30 school going children who were having Handwriting problem  diagnosed from Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ).Children  are than randomly divided into 2 groups, Group A (experimental Group) which consists of a grip strengthening and motor coordination exercises. And Group B (Control Group) consists of Ergonomics advice on handwriting and was taught appropriate writing posture by therapist and teachers. An activity of this group includes writing activities with different pencils, grasps, papers etc. The Handwriting quality was evaluated using Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA). Results: The results of the present study showed that experimental group showed statistically significant results in improvement of handwriting. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a well planned physiotherapeutic program can help to improve the handwriting quality of school going children over a short period of time and thus help the child to improve his self-confidence and his academic results. Key words : Handwriting, Grip strengthening exercises, motor coordination exercises, Handwriting proficiency screening questionnaire, and Minnesota handwriting Assessment tool


This paper summarizes the development and current condition of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo (HLSR) shuttle bus service, known as the Rodeo METRO Express. The service was initiated in 1988 as a joint effort between the HLSR, METRO, Texas Department of Transportation, and the City of Houston. Since that time, utilization has grown to the point where over 16,000 patrons per day now consistently rely on the shuttle bus during the 17 days of rodeo each year. In 1995, the service carried over 15% of the total rodeo attendance. The highly congested traffic conditions in and around the Astrodome area during the HSLR continue to make the Rodeo METRO Express an extremely attractive travel alternative to the spectators in terms of reduced travel time and guaranteed access to the rodeo grounds. Because of these benefits, a higher fare structure that has been adopted by the HLSR officials has been accepted by the public and has resulted in a bus operating system that nearly pays for itself. Overall, the success of the Rodeo METRO Express can be attributed to many variables. These include the cooperation and coordination received from the many transportation agencies involved, the 600 volunteers that serve on the HLSR Public Transportation Committee, as well as the rodeo spectator's desire to arrive at the rodeo on time and avoid the frustration of the traffic congestion. Together, these forces have combined to create an extremely cost-effective special-event transportation operation.


Abstract These days more and more modern electrolysis cells are operated with new solid polymer membranes. These membranes prevailing DuPont's Nafion® are not only used for electrolysis but as well for the wide spectrum of fuel cells due to their good mechanical and chemical stability and the high proton conductivity. For that reason it is intended to use these solid polymer membranes for the electrolyzer units in the ITER Water Detritiation System (WDS). The influence of Tritium during water electrolysis to the membrane material is still not sufficiently investigated. Therefore long-term experiments of solid polymer membranes were performed at Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK). The chemical degradation and durability behavior of the used Nafion® 117 membrane are investigated in details under tritiated water conditions. For comparison a second cell was operated with demineralized water for the same period. In addition to the experimental rigs with single Nafion® membranes, two industrial electrolyzer units equipped with Nafion® membranes were operated during different tritium experiments at TLK. Before operation they had been modified to be compatible for tritium operation. After long operation period no degradation in the performance of the electrolyzers is observable.


On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the connotation and characteristics of sport demand, according to family Becker production function theory, through economic model analysis of the impact mechanism of age, income, leisure time, sport skills, wage rates and prices and other factors on the sport demand and consumption. Take Beijing city as an example. The collection of domestic sport demand and sport related consumption of the actual data, using Heckman two stage estimation of the econometric test on the theoretical expectations model, and then put forward the expansion of sport demand, increase the countermeasures and suggestions of sport consumption.


Dense captioning is a challenging task which not only detects visual elements in images but also generates natural language sentences to describe them. Previous approaches do not leverage object information in images for this task. However, objects provide valuable cues to help predict the locations of caption regions as caption regions often highly overlap with objects (i.e. caption regions are usually parts of objects or combinations of them). Meanwhile, objects also provide important information for describing a target caption region as the corresponding description not only depicts its properties, but also involves its interactions with objects in the image. In this work, we propose a novel scheme with an object context encoding Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to automatically learn complementary object context for each caption region, transferring knowledge from objects to caption regions. All contextual objects are arranged as a sequence and progressively fed into the context encoding module to obtain context features. Then both the learned object context features and region features are used to predict the bounding box offsets and generate the descriptions. The context learning procedure is in conjunction with the optimization of both location prediction and caption generation, thus enabling the object context encoding LSTM to capture and aggregate useful object context. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of our proposed approach over the state-of-the-art methods.


Abstract Techniques for improved detection of faults have been applied to 3D seismic data acquired over the central parts of the deepwater Niger Delta. A volume containing the dips and azimuths of the traces was first computed directly from the data. The data were enhanced by applying filters to compute two structurally improved volumes containing localized and subregional dips and azimuths of the traces. Multitrace similarity was then computed using the seismic reflectivity and subregional dip data as input. The attributes highlighted an east-northeast–west-southwest-trending zone of high dips and low-similarity anomalies representing the location of a major zone of strike-slip faulting separating a northwest-southeast-trending zone of thrusting into two compartments. Faults in the northern compartment consist of forethrusts and backthrusts verging in opposite directions, whereas faults in the southern compartment verge basinward. If the quality of data had not been improved by using these techniques, th...


Schizophrenia genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified over 150 regions of the genome that are associated with disease risk, yet there is little evidence that coding mutations contribute to this disorder. To explore the mechanism of non-coding regulatory elements in schizophrenia, we performed ATAC-seq on adult prefrontal cortex brain samples from 135 individuals with schizophrenia and 137 controls, and identified 118,152 ATAC-seq peaks. These accessible chromatin regions in brain are highly enriched for SNP-heritability for schizophrenia (10.6 fold enrichment, P=2.4×10−4, second only to genomic regions conserved in Eutherian mammals) and replicated in an independent dataset (9.0 fold enrichment, P=2.7×10−4). This degree of enrichment of schizophrenia heritability was higher than in open chromatin found in 138 different cell and tissue types. Brain open chromatin regions that overlapped highly conserved regions exhibited an even higher degree of heritability enrichment, indicating that conservation can identify functional subsets within regulatory elements active in brain. However, we did not identify chromatin accessibility differences between schizophrenia cases and controls, nor did we find an interaction of chromatin QTLs with case-control status. This indicates that although causal variants map within regulatory elements, mechanisms other than differential chromatin may govern the contribution of regulatory element variation to schizophrenia risk. Our results strongly implicate gene regulatory processes involving open chromatin in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and suggest a strategy to understand the hundreds of common variants emerging from large genomic studies of complex brain diseases.


Head segmentation in insects, as reflected by the model system Drosophila melanogaster, is less well understood in comparison to the trunk. While the gnathal segments (mandibular, maxillary, labial) are patterned in a way similar to the trunk, distinct molecular mechanisms underlie the metamerization of the anterior head region into the procephalic (ocular, antennal, intercalary) segment anlagen (reviewed in Rogers and Kaufman, 1997). In that context, actually a unique mode of establishment for each of the procephalic segments has been suggested based on anterior head segment-specific cross-regulatory interactions among segment polarity genes (Gallitano-Mendel and Finkelstein, 1997). So far it remains unclear how the establishment of the procephalic segment polarity gene expression is controlled, although a functional input from the head gap-like genes has been elucidated and a second level of regulation in patterning of the anterior head region has been implicated (Crozatier et al., 1999).In this thesis, a bottom-up approach was employed to identify key components of the head segmentation gene network by the detection and functional dissection of cis-regulatory regions of the segment polarity genes wingless, hedgehog (hh) and engrailed in Drosophila and in a comparative approach also in the short-germ band red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. During this study an intercalary-specific cis-regulatory element (ic-CRE) of Dm_hh was isolated, which further supports the theory of a unique establishment of each procephalic head segment. In silico analysis on the ic-CRE sequence identified a recognition site for the HLH-COE factor Collier. This binding site is essential for the function of the ic-CRE that also depends on collier activity. DNA-binding specificity of Collier to this endogenous sequence was further supported in vitro. Therefore, Collier directly controls expression of the segment polarity gene hh. Since collier itself is activated by the head gap-like gene buttonhead (Crozatier et al., 1999), Collier functions as a second order regulator in patterning of the intercalary segment.Furthermore, the ic-CRE also integrates temporal control; nested dissection led to the isolation of HMG-box binding sites required to ensure the early onset of expression. Regarding the means of restricting positive Collier activity to the posterior part of the intercalary segment, the effect of a physical interaction between Collier and the bZIP factor CncB was examined. The in vitro results indicate that CncB antagonizes DNA-binding of Collier to its target sequence, which is also reflected in vivo by a negative regulatory aspect of CncB misexpression on the ic-CRE-mediated expression. Moreover, functionality of the ic-CRE is exerted in vivo only in combination with the endogenous hh promoter, but not with a TATA-box basal promoter. This result indicates that the intercalary-specific transcriptional control of hh involves an enhancer-promoter specific interaction. However, the molecular basis of this mechanism remains to be further elucidated.


Transvenous placement of a right ventricular pacemaker lead through the artificial tricuspid valve is a known contraindication, and in this situation, epicardial pacemaker implantation is the procedure of choice. However, permanent pacemaker implantation is a subject for debate when the use of the epicardial route is impossible. This report describes alternate transvenous routes for a pacemaker lead in a patient with an artificial tricuspid valve and mitral valve in whom the epicardial lead and pacemaker generator must be removed because of resistant infection.


Hispanic females are a rapidly growing population and are now considered the largest group of ethnic minority girls in the United States. Yet research to guide their educational needs remains sparse. Addressing this concern, this investigation incorporated a strengths-based approach for examining school engagement among Hispanic middle school girls. A path model predicting school engagement was tested that included a neighborhood environment variable (e.g., neighborhood dangerousness) and variables to assess social capital (e.g., teacher support, friend support, and parent support). The hypothesized model was found to fit data from the sample and showed the positive and direct effects of teacher support, friend support, and parent support on school engagement, and further demonstrated that the perceived absence of neighborhood dangerousness was positively and directly associated with engagement in school. Implications for school-based interventions for Latina youth are discussed.


Software systems evolve over time due to changes in requirements, optimization of code, fixes for security and reliability bugs etc. Code churn, which measures the changes made to a component over a period of time, quantifies the extent of this change. We present a technique for early prediction of system defect density using a set of relative code churn measures that relate the amount of churn to other variables such as component size and the temporal extent of churn. Using statistical regression models, we show that while absolute measures of code chum are poor predictors of defect density, our set of relative measures of code churn is highly predictive of defect density. A case study performed on Windows Server 2003 indicates the validity of the relative code churn measures as early indicators of system defect density. Furthermore, our code churn metric suite is able to discriminate between fault and not fault-prone binaries with an accuracy of 89.0 percent.


This report sets out the results of the on-site visitor survey component of the Solent Disturbance and Mitigation project. The work was commissioned by the Solent Forum in response to concerns over the impact of recreational pressure on features of the Solent SPA, SAC and Ramsar Sites. Of particular concern are the cumulative impacts of recreational use arising from potential new housing
developments in the Chichester District and South Hampshire.
The visitor surveys were conducted during the winter 2009/2010 to assess the level and type of visitor use at selected locations along the Solent coastline. Overall it is likely that the number of visitors interviewed and counted during the survey period was lower than would be normally be expected given the especially cold 2009/2010 winter. With that in mind, there is the potential that
the monitoring could provide an underestimate of the absolute number visitors to the region.
However, the interviews were designed to elicit generic and site specific details from visitors and
although fewer individuals may have been recorded or interviewed because of the weather we can
assume that the general winter visitation pattern remained similar and the results very useful in
understanding who, where, when and why people use the coast.
Counts of people and interviews were conducted at 20 locations around the Solent coastline
(including the north shore of the Isle of Wight). A total of 16 hours of surveys were carried out at
each location, split equally between weekend (8 hours) and a weekday (8 hours). A total of 784
interviews were conducted, accounting for 1,322 people and 550 dogs. The average group size was
1.7 people.
There were differences in visitor numbers between survey locations, with the highest visitor
numbers recorded at Emsworth (1088 visitors were recorded using the site over 16 hours) while
Lymington (Boldre/Pylewell) was the least busy (33 visitors counted over 16 hours). Visitor numbers
per day were typically highest on weekend compared to weekdays. Holiday makers accounted for
6% of the total number of visitors recorded (80 visitors). Visitors were undertook a wide range of
activities, with walking (without a dog) and dog walking the two most frequently recorded activities
(44% and 42% of interviews). Across all sites and activities, visits were typically short, with 89%
lasting less than two hours. The main modes of transport used to reach sites were by car and on
foot, with the proportion of people arriving by each mode varying between sites. Across all sites
(and taking the data for non-holiday makers only), 51% of interviewees arrived by car and a further
46% arrived on foot. Home postcodes were used to identify the distance between interviewee's
home and the location where interviewed. Half of all visitors arriving on foot lived within 0.7km,
while half of all visitors arriving by car lived more than 4km away. Only 9% of foot visitors lived more
than 2km away compared to 80% of all car visitors.
Linear regressions using housing numbers within different distance bands of a location as a predictor
of visitor numbers for each location show a positive relationship between the number of houses
within 1km, 3km and 5km and number of visitors entering each survey location. Car park capacity at
the access points did not provide a good indication of the frequency of visitors arriving by car to each
location. The relationship is more complex, future modelling of visitor rates travelling to locations by
car should include potential road related parking (related to length of nearby roads around access
points) in addition to official and off road car parking capacity around the access points.
2
Route data were also collected for each interview, with lines drawn directly on maps during the
survey. These route data were analysed to determine which activities take place below Mean High
Water Mark (MHWM) and how far different groups go out into the intertidal. Across all the
interviews, 7% of the mapped routes did not go within 25m of MHWM and were therefore visitors
who did not actually make it to the beach (in some locations the survey point was set inland, for
example near to parking locations etc.). A further 78% were entirely within the band between 25m
above and 25m below MHWM, indicating routes that remained at the top of the beach, on the
seawall or similar. It was 14% of the mapped routes that went below 50m from MHWM, and these
included a range of activities, for example bait diggers, dog walkers, joggers, cyclists and people out
on a family outing.
The implications of the results for further modelling and in relation to the disturbance of birds on
the European Sites are discussed.


Systemic-functional linguistics (SFL) is used as a framework within which a child's 'cognitive' development can be seen in linguistic terms as the building of a meaning potential which gains realisation in texts. Data are then presented from a diary study of one child's speech between the ages of two and a half and five years, focussing on the child's use of 'mental' and 'verbal' clauses (such as I think or she said) in order to reveal the child's understandings about information exchange, which constitutes the basis of learning. The naturalistic data display various developments in the child's construals of semiotic exchange, including exploration of 'false' information and the status of perceptual evidence. A general pattern emerges whereby the child moves out from representing and exploring the 'I-you-now' of the ongoing interaction, to a later construal of the world beyond this 'deictic centre', suggesting an intersubjective rather than an 'egocentric' starting point to development.


Jersovec chert deposit is a part of the transitional zone between the internal and the external Dinarides. Tethyan cherts are often interlaid with fine-grained material, as is also the case in Jersovec, where chert beds interchange with several thin, up to 10 cm thick layers of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. The source of this material is often questionable and interpreted to be terrigenous, volcanogenic or even combination of both. In order to determine origin and depositional environment of fine-grained material, detailed mineralogical and geochemical analyses were performed. Fine-grained sedimentary rocks were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES) and mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). All samples are mineralogically very similar but differ in mineral ratios. They contain quartz and clay minerals, predominantly illite/muscovite and chlorite group minerals. SEM/EDS analysis additionally revealed zircon, monazite, Ti-oxide (probably rutile) and iron oxides/hydroxides in all samples, whereas chromite, ilmenite, xenotime, apatite and baryte were found only in some of them. The average sizes of accessory minerals range from 3–20 μm. Two samples differ from the others by their brown colour and higher Fe2O3 and lower SiO2 contents. All other samples are green. Chemical analysis showed that they consist mostly of SiO2 (46.3–69.3 %), Al2O3 (15–24.1 %) and minor contents of K2O (2.8–3.4 %), Fe2O3 (2.1–8.4 %), MgO (1.6–2.3 %), TiO2 (0.5–0.7 %), CaO (0.3–1.4 %), Na2O (0.1 %) and P2O5 (up to 0.5 %). Position of all samples in the Zr/TiO2 vs. (V+Ni+Cr)/Al2O3 diagram points to terrigenous origin and sedimentation on the continental margin. According to the chemical weathering indices (CIA and CIW) material has been subjected to the intense and long weathering, supported also by the index of compositional variability (ICV), which corresponds to the compositionally mature material, and by rounded zircon and ilmenite grains.


Musculoskeletal disorders are an important cause of morbidity in the military service. They represent a prevalent source of patient visits, lost work time, hospitalization and disability in the military personnel. The three most important areas that had pain were lumbar spine, shoulders, lower extremities. Most often musculoskeletal pain did not affect the daily activities. Nevertheless, it may be important to provide preventive measures to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders linked to a specific job and treatment at early stage. Chronically musculoskeletal disorders result in the disabilities needing long-term rehabilitation and functional impairment leading to premature discharge from the military service because of musculoskeletal problems. The nature of these problems suggests that it is a combination of ergonomic and individual/ organizational matters. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with the military environment and psychosocial factors may play a role in the development, exacerbation and maintenance of work disability in the military population. We have provided the evaluation of anthropometric characteristics for the military personnel going for retirement with a diagnosis of musculoskeletal pathology. Anthropometric characteristics of the military personnel (n=50) that goes to the reserve were collected during the period of two years (2011/2012). We have evaluated anthropometric characteristics: the height, the body mass anthropometric indices. Body fat ranges for standard adults were calculated according to NIH/WHO BMI Guidelines. The body mass index for the military personnel (61.3% of soldiers and 73.7% of officers) with musculoskeletal pathology surpasses the standard over 30%. It could be the one of intrinsic risk factors – the provocateur for developing spine pathology.


The development of the business environment in globalization era has been triggered an increasingly tight business competition. Every companies who have an established its own strategies to manage a variety of information, human resources, allocation of funds and others. Accounting information system is a great resources that very valuable to an organization for the smoothness management of the company's financial and decision making wheter it is to long term and short term, however there are several aspect that can be a factors the effectiveness of the accounting information system, that is manager's participation. The research is aimed to proves that manager's participation and manager's involvement had a positive influence on the effectiveness of accounting information system (AIS) at manufacturing company, especially in the industrial zone Batamindo Mukakuning Batam City. The research method is using regression analysis to proves are the manager's participation (independent variable) and manager's involvement (independent variable) gives effect to the effectiveness of information system (dependent variable) or not. The result of this research is shows that variable of manager's participation and manager's involvement has a significant influence to the effectiveness of information system. The method is using purposive sampling is done by taking a sampling of the population according to certain criteria.


The 3-D shear velocity structure beneath South India's Dharwar Craton determined from fundamental mode Rayleigh waves phase velocities reveals the existence of anomalously high velocity materials in the depth range of 50–100 km. Tomographic analysis of seismograms recorded on a network of 35 broad-band seismographs shows the uppermost mantle shear wave speeds to be as high as 4.9 km s–1 in the northwestern Dharwar Craton, decreasing both towards the south and the east. Below ∼100 km, the shear wave speed beneath the Dharwar Craton is close to the global average shear wave speed at these depths. Limitations of usable Rayleigh phase periods, however, have restricted the analysis to depths of 120 km, precluding the delineation of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary in this region. However, pressure–temperature analysis of xenoliths in the region suggests a lithospheric thickness of at least ∼185 km during the mid-Proterozoic period. The investigations were motivated by a search for seismic indicators in the shallow mantle beneath the distinctly different parts of the Dharwar Craton otherwise distinguished by their lithologies, ages and crustal structure. Since the ages of cratonic crust and of the associated mantle lithosphere around the globe have been found to be broadly similar and their compositions bimodal in time, any distinguishing features of the various parts of the Dharwar shallow mantle could thus shed light on the craton formation process responsible for stabilizing the craton during the Meso- and Neo-Archean.


Context. In 2007 we reported two comet-shaped sources in the vicinity of Sgr A* (0.8 �� and 3.4 �� projected distance), named X7 and X3. The symmetry axes of the two sources are aligned to within 5 ◦ in the plane of the sky, and the tips of their bow shocks point towards Sgr A*. Our measurements show that the proper motion vectors of both features are pointing in directions more than 45 ◦ away from the line that connects them with Sgr A*. This misalignment of the bow-shock symmetry axes and their proper motion vectors, combined with the high proper motion velocities of several 100 km s −1 , suggest that the bow shocks must be produced by an interaction with some external fast wind, possibly coming from Sgr A*, or from stars in its vicinity. Aims. We have developed a bow-shock model to fit the observed morphology and constrain the source of the external wind. Methods. The result of our modeling gives the best solution for bow-shock standoff distances for the two features, which allows us to estimate the velocity of the external wind, making certain that all likely stellar types of the bow-shock stars are considered. Results. We show that neither of the two bow shocks (one of which is clearly associated with a stellar source) can be produced by the influence of a stellar wind of a single mass-losing star in the central parsec. Instead, an outflow carrying a momentum comparable to the one contributed by the ensemble of the massive young stars can drive shock velocities capable of producing the observed comet-shaped features. We argue that a collimated outflow arising perpendicular to the plane of the clockwise rotating stars (CWS) can easily account for the two features and the mini-cavity. However, the collective wind from the CWS has a scale of >10 �� .T he presence of a strong, mass-loaded outbound wind at projected distances from Sgr A* of <1 �� in fact agrees with models that predict a


Hematopoietic stem cell niches are perhaps the best described niche system in mammals. The niches themselves, as well as their cellular and structural constituents and factors that play a role in maintaining the niche structure and function, are being refined on a more or less daily basis. Despite this, it seems as if the more we know the harder it gets to mimic the in vivo-situation using in vitro-systems. This is due to the fact that hematopoiesis is a multi step maturation process leading to HSC heterogeneity. Subpopulations of HSCs and niche supporting cells can be defined depending on characteristics such as their potency of leading to successful reconstitution of sub lethally irradiated mice in serial transplantation experiments or, with less scientific impact, clonogenic assays. Since the bone marrow obviously provides all necessary information to maintain the stem cell pool constant and to adapt the number of blood cells according to physiologic needs, it has been the goal to engineer artificial niches that display at least one or several of the major characteristics of the in vivo-situation to make use of these systems for not only fundamental research purposes but, moreover, also for clinical applications. This review will give an overview of approaches to engineering artificial hematopoietic niches with a focus on the complexity/dimensionality of the systems used.


One of the less attractive patterns in human behavior is our tendency to stereotype those with whom we disagree, those whose interests conflict with our own, or those who are simply different from ourselves. Such stereotypes create and reinforce prejudice, and they distort our politics, our policy debates, and our constitutional debates. These evils are of course well known; they are an important part of racism, sexism, and discrimination against lesbians and gays. But we do not appear to have generalized the lessons. Among the educated classes that have been most sensitized to the dangers of the most widely condemned stereotypes, other stereotypes and prejudices flourish. Respected academics and journalists, and respected journals who pride themselves on their tolerance, publish extraordinary statements about groups that have generally failed to engage the sympathies of intellectuals. In this brief comment, I wish to illustrate the point with a few clear examples. Some involve religion; one involves a potpourri of political and class biases. These are by no means the only examples; the problem is pervasive. Many of us-probably most of us-have acted on unstated and unexamined assumptions that would be as offensive as these if we committed them to print without the veil of euphemisms. Printed or unprinted, flagrant or veiled, these stereotypes are corrosive of the social fabric. The only way to resist is to highlight them and to sensitize ourselves to them.


Current methods for evaluating research are based on counting the number of citations received for publications. Thus, the more an article is cited and the more its impact is considered as important. In this article, we propose a new method for assessing the reputation of scientific journals, based on a web application in which the votes of expert researchers are gathered. The voting results indicate degrees ofpreference for a journal over another. Our system uses, in addition, the publications of an expert in order to quantify his expertise in specific fields. These values are coupled with those of votes to determine the pertinence, according to the field, of each journal in each topic. An iterative process of transferring values given to journals by experts to values of the experts themselves given their publications is used.


The use of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (TDB) has been suggested recently for cimetidine resistant duodenal ulcers. This study compares the efficacy of TDB with two different cimetidine dosages in the treatment of duodenal ulcer patients who failed to respond to an eight week therapy with H2-blockers. Fifty two patients (40 men, 12 women) were randomly allocated to one of the following three oral regimens: (1) TDB 120 mg quid, (2) cimetidine 400 mg tid, (3) cimetidine 400 mg with meals plus 800 mg at bedtime. Endoscopy was carried out after four weeks; if the ulcer had not healed patients continued with the same treatment for a further four week period when they were endoscopically reassessed. After four weeks similar percentages of ulcer healing were registered in the two cimetidine schedules (39% with 1.2 g and 44% with 2 g), whereas TDB resulted in a significantly higher healing rate (82%) compared with cimetidine 1.2 g (p = 0.01) and with cimetidine 2 g (p = 0.025). After eight weeks the cumulative percentages of healing were 65% on cimetidine 1.2 g, 75% on cimetidine 2 g, and 94% on TDB (TDB v cimetidine 1.2 p = 0.042). These results confirm previous data that resistant duodenal ulcers are more responsive to an agent which strengthens the mucosal defences than to antisecretory compounds.


Kenya's participation in the global trade as a result of liberalization has been evidently felt
by clothing GOnSlU11erssince the year, 1993. Many traders have since been able to import
goods at relatively lower costs than before, clothing items being among them. Consequently,
consumption of imported clothing items by Kenyans has been enhanced a great deal, a fact
evident on the streets of Nairobi city as consumers are dressed in varied clothing fashions
and designs. However, problems such as exploitation of consumers by traders, demonstrated
in anumber of ways still remain. The purpose of this research, therefore, was to identify the
psychological and socio-economic factors, which influence the selection and consumption
patterns of clothing by women in the liberalized market.
The study focused on the Central Business District of Nairobi City. This study adopted
the descriptive survey design. A sample of 233 female employees (156 and 77) was
obtained from Government of Kenya ministries and Private Employment Companies
respectively. 'Purposive sampling technique was used. A list of GOK ministries was
obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics, while the Nairobi Stock Exchange office
provided the list for the PEC.
Data were collected using "closed and open" ended questionnaire. Frequencies and
percentages were used to organize and analyse the data. An attempt to use Chi-square test of
relationship was made, but the results were presented and analysed at the cross-tabulation
level. The response rate was 89.6 percent. Results show that the psychological factors, which
strongly influenced the respondents' clothing selection/consumption, were: clothing
items in which one looked attractive, what was fashionable, the personal values or beliefs
of the respondents, the respondents' attitude towards clothing items in the liberalised
market, the cost of the clothing item in question, the quality of the clothing item, the
colour of the clothing items and the fitting characteristics of the clothing items. The
socio-economic factors were the amount of money available to them, the social activities
in which they engaged, what was approved by their peers/colleagues and family
members, the purpose/ use of the clothing items, and their employment status. The
market related problems, which also affected the consumers' clothing consumption, were:
uniform style of dressing, rapid rate of fashion change, exorbitant prices on clothing
items, which are otherwise unique, sale of imitation clothing for original ones by clothing
producers and retailers.
A high proportion of the respondents belonged to the low and middle-income groups
with only a few in the high-income group. They preferred imported clothing items to the
local ones. The results also show that clothing stores and boutiques selling new clothes
were the most preferred outlets from which the respondents selected their clothing items,
while the displays formed the most popular source of information concerning clothing.
Clothing items worn by other people also formed another popular source from which fashion was copied. In conclusion, there is a lot of exploitation of clothing consumers by sellers in the
liberalized market, which is based on the consumers' strong belief on imported items. It
is also clear that economic liberalization has helped Kenyan clothing producers to
improve on the standards of textile products. It is, therefore, recommended that the
Ministry of Trade and Industry, together with the KCO should constantly check that sales
are conducted genuinely, and use these finding to sensitise consumers on the
improvements on locally made items.


__ The evolutionary approach called Scatter Search, and its generalized form called Path Relinking, have proved unusually effective for solving a diverse array of optimization problems from both classical and real world settings. Scatter Search and Path Relinking differ from other evolutionary procedures, such as genetic algorithms, by providing unifying principles for joining solutions based on generalized path constructions (in both Euclidean and neighborhood spaces) and by utilizing strategic designs where other approaches resort to randomization. Scatter Search and Path Relinking are also intimately related to the Tabu Search metaheuristic, and derive additional advantages by making use of adaptive memory and associated memory-exploiting mechanisms that are capable of being adapted to particular contexts. We describe the features of Scatter Search and Path Relinking that set them apart from other evolutionary approaches, and that offer opportunities for creating increasingly more versatile and effective methods in the future. † Partially supported by the visiting professor fellowship program of the University of Valencia (Grant Ref. No. 42743).


Many Malagasy people combine Christianity and Traditional religions in their religious practices in Madagascar. They identify themselves as Christian but still perform practices related to Traditional religion. This paper aims to determine how this combination between two religions, which have different principals, is possible. Hudgson advances the concept of inculturation that is well adapted to our research. By using a comparative method between Christianity and Malagasy traditional belief, we are able to understand why Christianity did not face fierce resistance from natives who encounter the first missionaries, and also how Malagasy Christians did not abandon their traditional religion. Data used in this research is from an ethnographic field work undertook by two missionaries, but also coupled with my own field work conducted in Madagascar. The main findings in this paper are that Traditional Christianity and Malagasy Traditional religions have a lot of similarities and even sometimes complementary, which allow compromise between them. Nonetheless, a new form of Christianity does not allow any form of compromise with Malagasy Traditional religion, even more, it challenges the Traditional Christianity. This new form of Christianity adopts a radical perspective about religion.


International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 331-340, 2015. This study examined practical preand mid practice cooling interventions on running performance, perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation (TS) during soccer. During two formal pre-season practices female, NCAA Division II soccer players participated in three, 15 min scrimmage bouts followed by a 4th 10 min bout. Following the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bouts, 8 field position players completed competitive sets of two, 30 yard sprints against other team members with time recorded between 5 and 30 yards. After the 4th bout, players completed an indoor shuttle running beep test (BT). In the treatment group (COOL) ice towels (IT) were applied to the head and neck regions and draped across both legs for 10 min following a standardized warm-up and for 10 min during a 15 min break between the 2nd and 3rd scrimmage sessions. Sport beverage slurries (350 mL; -0.3 °C, ~6% carbohydrate) were also served during IT cooling for COOL; while the control (CON) received no IT and drank the same ,uncooled sport beverage. No main effect was found for sprint performance (COOL = 3.55 ± 0.16 s; CON = 3.51 ± 0.07 s; P = 0.51) or numbers of reps completed in the BT (COOL = 17.6 ± 5.6; CON = 17.3 ± 6.0; P = 0.88). RPE did not differ following any performance test, but TS was lower following the 3rd sprint bout (P = 0.04) and the BT (P = 0.005) for COOL. COOL promoted lower TS, but had no effect on performance.


The increase in temperature together with the reduction of rainfall in a large part of the national territory can generate unfamiliar and/or harmful environmental conditions, exposing workers to a new configuration of physical, chemical and biological agents; and thereby increasing labor morbidity. To coping with that problem, this article shows the process of designing a system for preventing diseases caused by climate change in the Chilean agrosilvopastoral sector during the 21st century. This process comprises these four sequential stages. 1) Characterization of the probable scenarios: based on secondary sources, the predicted climate states will be deployed with their respective probability of occurrence for at least five natural regions of the national territory, both insular and continental South American, and through a comparative geography it will predict the pattern of forestry, livestock and agriculture activity that best fits each new climate in each natural region. 2) Determination of causal relationships: through simulations with computational support whose inputs are experiences recorded in different parts of the world, it will identify the thresholds of variables of the scenario (climate - agrosilvopastoral activity) that generate the emergence of occupational diseases and/or increase the quantity, prevalence and/or severity of these. 3) Identification of alterations to scenarios: by means of dose-response heuristics, it will identify those variables of the scenario whose modification significantly reduces the labor morbidity, either in the severity of the disease, in the number of patients, in the appearance of new diseases and any other measurable harmful effect. 4) Assemblies of alterations: it will be assessed in monetary units both the cost of implementing each alteration and the avoided risk by reducing the occupational diseases through the alterations already identified for later, through a mathematical programming to achieve the optimal configuration of alterations.


The zebra mussel, a non-indigenous species in North American freshwater ecosystems, has received significant attention over the past two decades as a costly and damaging invader. In the USA, federal-, state-, and local-level policies designed to control and/or prevent the spread of this species remain flawed, in that they do not everywhere account for (or enforce regulations over) all potential anthropogenic dispersal pathways. Ballast water discharge is well-known as an important vector in the dispersal of aquatic invasive species in general, but for the zebra mussel its effects as a source of transmission have rarely been investigated. This article uses simple econometric techniques to measure the relationship between zebra mussel invasion in US states and domestic commercial navigation. Coefficient estimates suggest that incoming waterborne shipments from invaded states are an important determinant of the level of zebra mussel invasion in the receiving state. In designing a comprehensive framework for combating the spread of zebra mussels across US freshwater ecosystems, policy-makers may need to more carefully consider the monitoring and treatment of commercial ships' ballast water discharges as potentially effective strategies.


When I was posted to Wollongong as a first-year out teacher in 1969 I had never heard of the Mt. Kembla mining disaster even though it's identity, as the greatest land disaster in Australia's history, should have given it some status beyond Wollongong itself. Despite my involvement in Trade Union and Labor Party politics in subsequent years I had still not heard of it until its seventy-fifth anniversary in 1977. Around that time articles began to appear in the Mercury based on an inter-disciplinary study, conducted by Wollongong University, of the disaster and the way in which the people of the village at the time, Wollongong and Australia as a whole, responded to and coped with this traumatic event. This journal article is available in Illawarra Unity Journal of the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History: http://ro.uow.edu.au/unity/vol3/iss1/4


This paper describes the development of a hydraulic bridge exciter and its first pilot testing on a full scale railway bridge in service. The exciter is based on a hydraulic load cylinder with a capacity of 50 kN and is intended for controlled dynamic loading up to at least 50 Hz. The load is applied from underneath the bridge, enabling testing while the railway line is in service. The system is shown to produce constant load amplitude even at resonance. The exciter is used to experimentally determine frequency response functions at all sensor locations, which serve as valuable input for model updating and verification. An FE-model of the case study bridge has been developed that is in good agreement with the experimental results.


Examination of the prevalence of subclinical cardiovascular disease (SCD) may help us to delineate future trends of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. There are substantial differences in the prevalence of SCD in different population groups. Identification of explaining factors for the difference in SCD rates across different population groups can provide new preventive strategies for reducing CHD morbidity or mortality. Based on this, the EBCT and Risk Factor Assessment among Japanese and U.S. Men in the Post World War II Birth Cohort (ERA-JUMP) Study is an ongoing population-based-cross-sectional study to examine differences in SCD rates across Japanese, Japanese American, and U.S. white men, and Korean men aged 40-49 years. As a part of the ERA-JUMP study, the present study demonstrated that: 1) among middle-aged men, Koreans in South Korea had a significantly higher level of carotid intima-media thickness than the Japanese in Japan. Middle-aged Korean men may continue to be at more increased risk for CHD than Japanese men at least over the near future. 2) Of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the proportion of linoleic acid was significantly and inversely associated with unfavorable levels of lipoprotein subclasses in three population groups of Japanese, Japanese American, and white men; an inverse association of docoxahexaenoic acid occurred only in white men. 3) Associations between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and cardiovascular risk factors were segmental-specific among white men. Brachial-ankle PWV had a mixed characteristic of stiffness of the central and peripheral arteries, compared to carotid-femoral PWV having a characteristic of the central arteries.Public health importance of these findings is that: First, we can provide scientific information imperative to addressing a health-related problem (i.e., increasing risk for cardiovascular disease in South Korea). Second, the promotion of enriched intakes of linoleic acid (e.g., sunflower, corn, safflower oils) and fish-derived n-3 fatty acids (e.g., mackerel or salmon) should be addressed to public in habitual diet in the prevention of CHD by establishing practical guidelines. Finally, incorporation of both measures of brachial-ankle PWV and carotid-femoral PWV into the assessment of arterial stiffness should be considered when screening a high-risk group for cardiovascular disease.


A key skill for a journalist is the ability to assess the newsworthiness of an event or situation. To this purpose journalists often rely on news angles, conceptual criteria that are used both i) to assess whether something is newsworthy and also ii) to shape the structure of the resulting news item. As journalism becomes increasingly computer-supported, and more and more sources of potentially newsworthy data become available in real time, it makes sense to try and equip journalistic software tools with operational versions of news angles, so that, when searching this vast data space, these tools can both identify effectively the events most relevant to the target audience, and also link them to appropriate news angles. In this paper we analyse the notion of news angle and, in particular, we i) introduce a formal framework and data schema for representing news angles and related concepts and ii) carry out a preliminary analysis and characterization of a number of commonly used news angles, both in terms of our formal model and also in terms of the computational reasoning capabilities that are needed to apply them effectively to real-world scenarios. This study provides a stepping stone towards our ultimate goal of realizing a solution capable of exploiting a library of news angles to identify potentially newsworthy events in a large journalistic data space.


ABSTRACT. A 1995 surge of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, USA, is discussed in the context of its six 20thcenturypredecessors, especially the previous surge in 1982/83 which was studied in detail. The averagetime between surge initiations is 15 years. The 1995 surge was considerably weaker than itspredecessors, having a single phase or at most a very weak second phase. The 1995 surge confirmsthat there is a seasonal cycle, with surge initiation in winter and termination in the first part of the meltseason, and a correlation between weather and both surge termination date and surge extent. Two daysof record high temperature correlated with the termination of the 1995 surge. The most obvious issue isthe absence of a strong second surge phase (as there was in the 1982/83 surge) culminating in a surgeextent more in line with that of the predecessors. This is considered in the light of a simple criterion forsurge initiation and re-initiation which depends upon the evolving basal shear stress.