Robotic surgery provides many benefits such as reduced invasiveness and increased dexterity. This comes at the cost of no direct contact between surgeon and patient. This physical separation prevents surgeons from performing direct haptic exploration of tissues and organs, imposing exclusive reliance on visual cues. Current technology is not yet able to both measure and reproduce a realistic and complete sense of touch (interaction force, temperature, roughness, etc.). In this paper, we put forward a concept based on multimodal feedback consisting of the integration of different kinds of visual and tactile cues with force feedback that can potentially improve both the surgeon's performance and the patient's safety. We present a cost-effective tactile display simulating a pulsating artery that has been integrated into a haptic workstation to combine both tactile and force-feedback information. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of different feedback types, including tactile and/or visual cues, on the performance of subjects carrying out two typical palpation tasks: (1) exploring a tissue to find a hidden artery and (2) identifying the orientation of a hidden artery. The results show that adding tactile feedback significantly reduces task completion time. Moreover, for high difficulty levels, subjects perform better with the feedback condition combining tactile and visual cues. As a matter of fact, the majority of the subjects in the study preferred this combined feedback because redundant feedback reassures subjects in their actions. Based on this work, we can infer that multimodal haptic feedback improves subjects' performance and confidence during exploratory procedures.


Storms dominate solute export budgets from catchments and drive hydrogeochemical changes in the near‐stream environment. We captured near‐stream hydrogeochemical dynamics during an intense storm (Hurricane Sandy, October 2012), by instrumenting a riparian‐hyporheic zone transect of White Clay Creek in the Christina River Basin Critical Zone Observatory with pressure transducers, redox probes, and pore water samplers. In the floodplain aquifer, preferential vertical flow paths such as macropores facilitated rapid infiltration early in the storm. Water table rose quickly and promoted continuous groundwater discharge to the stream. Floodplain‐hillslope topography controlled poststorm aquifer drainage rates, as the broad, western floodplain aquifer drained more slowly than the narrow, eastern floodplain aquifer adjacent to a steep hillslope. These changes in groundwater flow drove heterogeneous geochemical responses in the floodplain aquifer and hyporheic zone. Vertical infiltration in the floodplain and hyporheic exchange in the streambed increased DOC and oxygen delivery to microbially active sediments, which may have enhanced respiration. Resulting geochemical perturbations persisted from days to weeks after the storm. Our observations suggest that groundwater‐borne solute delivery to streams during storms depends on unique interactions of vertical infiltration along preferential pathways, perturbations to groundwater geochemistry, and topographically controlled drainage rates.


Background: Cognitive function might be affected by the subjects' emotional reactivity. We assessed whether behavior in different tests of emotional reactivity is correlated with performance in aversively motivated learning tasks, using four strains of rats generally considered to have a different emotional reactivity.


We review recent advances in distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) and their applications. The scattering mechanisms in glass, which are exploited for reflectometry-based DFOS, are Rayleigh, Brillouin, and Raman scatterings. These are sensitive to either strain and/or temperature, allowing optical fiber cables to monitor their ambient environment in addition to their conventional role as a medium for telecommunications. Recently, DFOS leveraged technologies developed for telecommunications, such as coherent detection, digital signal processing, coding, and spatial/frequency diversity, to achieve improved performance in terms of measurand resolution, reach, spatial resolution, and bandwidth. We review the theory and architecture of commonly used DFOS methods. We provide recent experimental and field trial results where DFOS was used in wide-ranging applications, such as geohazard monitoring, seismic monitoring, traffic monitoring, and infrastructure health monitoring. Events of interest often have unique signatures either in the spatial, temporal, frequency, or wavenumber domains. Based on the temperature and strain raw data obtained from DFOS, downstream postprocessing allows the detection, classification, and localization of events. Combining DFOS with machine learning methods, it is possible to realize complete sensor systems that are compact, low cost, and can operate in harsh environments and difficult-to-access locations, facilitating increased public safety and smarter cities.


There is a link missing between pulp properties and machinemade paper properties. The aim of this paper is to close a part of this gap by proposing an engineering model which, based on pulp or stock properties, makes it possible to predict the resulting anisotropic material behaviour of a multiply paper or board based on any given fibre anisotropy and drying restraint. An anisotropic model for the shrinkage and stiffness interaction between the individual plies in a multiply structure is formulated. The input data to the model is the isotropic restrained dried and free dried stiffness, the free shrinkage strain and the density of each ply in the multiply structure. The basis weight, fibre anisotropy and total strain after drying are variables in the model. This means that besides the standard handsheet procedure only measurement of shrinkage and stiffness for one extra free dried handsheet is needed for the calibration of the model. The proposed model is validated with a series of anisotropic 13th Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge, September 2005 241 Preferred citation: T. Wahlström and P. Mäkelä. Predictions of anisotropic multiply board properties based on isotropic ply properties and drying restraints. In Advances in Paper Science and Technology, Trans. of the XIIIth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 2005, (S.J. I'Anson, ed.), pp 241–281, FRC, Manchester, 2018. DOI: 10.15376/frc.2005.1.241. handsheet trials. Various combinations of single ply anisotropic handsheets were couched together into seven different multiply boards, which were dried freely and restrained. The isotropic input data of the individual plies were used to predict the free and restrained dried tensile stiffness index and bending stiffness of the multiply boards. The agreement between the experimental and predicted results showed good agreement. The model constitutes a useful tool in engineering predictions and parametric investigations of the mechanical behaviour of multiply boards. As a demonstration of the use of the model, the relation for tensile and bending stiffness versus total strain accumulated during drying was predicted for different board compositions. The basis weight and fibre anisotropy were varied in one of its plies. As another example the MD and CD stiffness profiles of a multiply board were simulated based on a given MD stretch and CD shrinkage profile.


In a climate of rapid technological change, it is important to evaluate policies on the innovation incentives that result from the introduction of intellectual property rights as they relate to agricultural genetic resources. In this paper, we use a stylized model of cumulative innovation to explore the dynamics of introducing patent protection with licensing agreements, and then we contrast those results with the comparative-statics viewpoint. We also investigate the dynamic effects of claims on behalf of farmers on the profits of private crop breeders whose output is newly protected by patents. We show that the choices about patent life and licensing share that optimize worldwide dynamic social welfare can be quite different from the values that maximize steady-state social welfare. Further, recognition of farmers' rights entails a dynamic welfare loss to producers and consumers that is not revealed in a comparative-statics analysis.


This thesis aims to explore the processes of translating by focusing on the translating of poetic metaphor. The methodology used is the application of George Lakoff's theory of conceptual metaphor to two case studies, in which problems of translating will be identified, and a theoretical conclusion will be formulated.

The Introduction sets out the author's basic assumptions on the process of translating, the cognitive approach to metaphor, and the adoption of Lakoff's cognitive models of metaphor in the following case studies.

Part I deals with the translating of metaphors of sickness in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Chapter one attempts to construct cognitive models of sickness as seen in contemporary English against which concepts of sickness in the Elizabethan age are compared. Chapter two undertakes a detailed examination of selected Chinese translations of metaphors of sickness in Hamlet organized in accordance with the cognitive models identified earlier. Chapter three draws preliminary conclusions on the translatability of basic metaphors common to English and Chinese and the difficulties encountered in others, which can be traced to cosmological differences between the two cultures.

Part II studies metaphors of love in Sylvia Plath's poetry. Chapter four presents Plath's model of love on the basis of Zoltan Kovecses' model, and discusses its conflicts with traditional Chinese concepts of love. Chapter five analyses problems involved in Chinese translations, mainly of the 'perverted' model of love in Plath's poetry. A preliminary conclusion reached in chapter six points to cultural incoherence as the main obstacle in the translating of her innovative metaphors.

After reviewing current opinions on the translation of metaphor, the author proposes a model of the translating of poetic metaphor in the hope that the findings from the case studies may contribute towards a general theory.


The paper presents a theoretical model that seeks to answer the question of why former squatter settlements tend to upgrade/redevelop at a slower pace than otherwise similar settlements originating in the formal sector. We argue that squatter settlers' initial strategy to access urban land creates a 'legacy effect' that curtails settlement upgrading possibilities even after the settlements are granted property titles. We test our model using the case of Cochabamba, Bolivia and obtain results consistent with our theoretical model prediction. Our results suggest that the commonly used 'benign neglect while keeping the threat of eviction' policy has profound impacts on how land is developed in the informal sector and this poses costly consequences for local governments after legalization.


Ferredoxin from Azotobacter chroococcum has been studied by low-temperature magnetic-circular-dichroism and electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy. When aerobically isolated ferredoxin contains a [3Fe-4S] and [4Fe-4S] cluster. Anaerobic treatment with dithionite in the presence of ethanediol reduces the [3Fe-4S] cluster to give two spectroscopically distinct forms RI and RII which are reversibly interconvertible with a pKa 7.5. The higher-pH form, RII, has a high affinity for ferrous ion and converts readily to a [4Fe-4S]1+ cluster, scavenging iron from the medium. The presence of the iron chelator EDTA inhibits this conversion.


The Old English poems attributed to Cynewulf, who flourished some time between the eighth and tenth centuries, are unusual because most vernacular poems in this period are anonymous. Other than the name, we have no biographical details of Cynewulf, not even the most basic facts of where or when he lived. Yet the poems themselves attest to a powerfully inventive imagination, deeply learned in Christian doctrine and traditional verse-craft. Runic letters spelling out the name Cynewulf appear in four poems: Christ II (or The Ascension), Juliana, The Fates of the Apostles, and Elene. To these a fifth can be added, Guthlac B because of similarities in style and vocabulary, but any signature (if one ever existed) has been lost because its ending lines are missing. What characterizes Cynewulf's poetry? He reveals an expert control of structure as shown from the changes he makes to his Latin sources. He has a flair for extended similes and dramatic dialogue. In Christ II, for example, the major events in Christ's life are portrayed as vigorous leaps. In Juliana the force of the saint's rhetoric utterly confounds a demon sent to torment her.


Section 29A of the Alienation of Land Act
After a long time of uncertainty due to opposing court decisions in Sayers v Khan and Section Three Dolphin Coast v Gowar, the supreme court of appeal gave some clarity in the Gowar case on the effect of non-compliance with sections 2(2A) and 29A of the Alienation of Land Act and on who should be the protected by this act. The supreme court of appeal came to the conclusion that in the case of noncompliance with section 2(2A) the contract will be voidable and that the act only protects a specific group of consumers, which can be identified by referring to the definition of "land" in the act. Although the court clarified this issue, which was one of the major issues with regard to section 29A, there are still issues which have not been addressed. This includes, amongst others, the unsatisfactory position of buyers who buy "off plan". The legislator should also, in light of the supreme court of appeal's decision, make it clearer who should be protected when by this act. If the purpose of the act is to protect first-time buyers of low-cost housing, measures should be taken to limit the protection afforded by this act, to first-time buyers only.


The online popularity of a few exceptional candidates has led many to suggest that social media have given politicians powerful new ways of communicating directly with voters. Examining whether this is happening on a significant scale, we find that, based on analysis of 224 major party candidates running in competitive districts for the U.S. House of Representatives during the 2010 congressional elections, most politicians online are, in fact, largely ignored by the electorate. Citizens' attention to candidates online approximates power-law distributions, with a few drawing many followers and most languishing in obscurity. Because large-scale direct online communication between politicians and ordinary people via these platforms is a rare, outlier phenomenon—even in the case of high-stakes, well-resourced campaigns—we suggest that the most relevant political implications of social media take the form of (a) new forums for indirect communication about politics and (b) institutional changes in political communication processes.


Environmentalists often predict an Apocalypse is coming: The earth will heat up like a greenhouse. We will run out of energy. Overpopulation will lead to starvation and war. Nuclear winter will kill all plants and animals. During the past fifty to one hundred years, Americans have heard many prophecies of doom, such as the Club of Rome report predicting the world economy would crash about the year 2020. These do not come as complete surprises without any warnings. Sometimes the United States simply ignores the threats, but other times it makes plans to prevent them. This provocative book asks whether American planning is different for dangers that are truly apocalyptic-ones that could end life on the planet or at least modern economic prosperity. This provocative book begins by asking whether American planning is different for dangers that are truly apocalyptic-ones that could end life on the planet or at least modern economic prosperity. It goes on to ask why Americans ignore so many problems like the greenhouse effect or an oil shortage or nuclear war, problems that have been forecast many times. Then when the United States does plan, why do those plans often go astray?


Updating Leadership for the Information AgeOur leadership models are stuck in an Industrial Age, top-down mentality. But in our complex, data-drenched, 24/7 world, there is simply too much information coming from too many different directions too quickly for any one leader or group to stay on top of it. Hierarchy is breaking down everywherewhy should leadership be any different?Inspired by the peer-to-peer model of computing used in social networking and crowdsource technologies, Mila Baker shows a new way to lead. Organizations, she says, must become networks of ""equipotent"" nodes of powerpeer leaders. The job of the leader is now to set the overall goals and direction and optimize the health of that network, not tell it what to do. In these organizations, leadership roles shift rapidly to fit the needs of any given situation. Information flows freely so those who need it can find it easily and act on it immediately. Feedback becomes an organic part of the workflow, enabling rapid course corrections.Baker shows how companies like Gore and Herman Miller have achieved long-term success practicing these principles and provides a structure that any organization can adapt to build flexibility, resiliency, and accountability.


This study aims to investigate how pre-service teachers' visual literacy skills are affected by their use of online photo management and sharing applications like Flickr. Two approaches are used to develop the visual literacy skills of pre-service teachers through Flickr. The first is to help them decode visuals through practicing analysis techniques, and interpreting and creating meaning from visual stimuli. The second is to help them encode visuals as a tool for communication. Visual literacy tests, participants' logs, photograph evaluation instruments, and interviews are used to assess the improvement in the participants' visual literacy skills. The results of the analysis revealed that the pre-service teachers' skills in interpreting, understanding, and appreciating the meaning of visual messages were enhanced through online exchange and interaction by means of photo management and sharing applications. They were able to communicate more effectively through applying the basic principles and concepts of visual design.


This investigation starts from the hypothesis that a new approach to new product development is required to meet the future requirements and expectations of customers and consumers and product and service providers. The investigation focuses upon domestic food refrigeration and its position within the retail food supply chain, with the domestic refrigerator as an example of a mature product, the future development of which, it is argued, may depend upon a new approach to new product development.
A review of established and emerging new product development strategies suggests that such future requirements might be met through collaboration between organisations from different industrial sectors and across supply chains, and that existing strategies would not support such collaborations. A new methodology, Collaborative Envisioning is proposed which engages the business of academia and the tools of the designer to facilitate multidisciplinary trans-sectoral collaboration.
It is further proposed that a demonstration project, Beyond the Fridge, is the most effective test for the methodology. Key participants in Beyond the Fridge are
Sainsbury's, Electrolux, 3M, University College Northampton and University of East
London.
Results from Beyond the Fridge suggest that the Collaborative Envisioning methodology is effective in bringing together partners from different industrial sectors and uniting them around a shared and mutually supported vision of future business. However, the low start-up cost and high level of concept realisation
inherent in the methodology have led to some overestimation of the tactical
deliverables from an essentially strategic process.
In the light of Beyond the Fridge it is recommended that structures are established
at the initiation of a Collaborative Envisioning project so that tactical solutions which may be derived from the strategic objective are differentiated and separately funded from the core project.
The reflection upon Beyond the Fridge, and the recommendations for future work derived from it, is followed by reviews of evolving consumer demographics and perceptions of food storage and preparation in the home, and recent initiatives to
integrate new technologies into domestic and personal products, thus establishing
the historical and social context for Beyond the Fridge.


The roles of tin in two silicate based glass systems have been investigated by
NMR and Mossbauer spectroscopies and by physical property measurements of the
glasses.
The first glass system investigated was the stannous silicate (binary SnO-Si02)
glass. Glasses with SnO contents ranging from 17 to 72 mol.% have been made by
melting pelleted powder in an alumina crucible. It was found that alumina crucibles are
unsuitable for making glass with <20 mol.% SnO because of attack on the crucible at the
high melting temperature (_>_1600°C). Silica crucibles will not withstand such high
temperature and tin will attack a platinum crucible. The ability of this system to form glass
past the orthosilicate composition has been discussed in terms of the polarizing power of
Sn2+ and the structure of SnO. The 119Sn NMR results did not give much structural
information due to the high chemical shift anisotropy of Sn 2+ site but they showed that
the glass also contains trace amounts of Sn4+species. The 29Si MAS NMR results
showed that SnO does not depolymerise the silicate network to the same extent as Na20
or even Pb0. Computer simulations of the 29 Si MAS NMR spectra showed that, for SnO
<-30 mol.%, the disposition of Qn species is consistent with the binary model, which
means that SnO is acting the role of modifier. For compositions > 30 mol.% SnO, the Qn
distribution follows the statistical model and this has been interpreted as SnO now acting
as an intermediate. The 119Sn MOssbauer results confirmed this interpretation. The Sn2+
isomer shift decreases with increase of SnO which is indicative of increasing covalent
character of the Sn—O bonds while the larger quadrupole splitting suggests distortion of
the SnO polyhedral structure in the glass. The relation of the Sn 2+ isomer shift to the
quadrupole splitting and the temperature dependence of the isomer shift of Sn2+ indicate
the formation of Si—O—Sn linkages at high SnO contents. The decrease of the viscosity
of the glass with increasing SnO is small when compared to the decrease of the viscosity
in alkali metal and alkaline-earth oxides silicates when the respective modifier oxide is
increased in those glasses. The variation of the density, thermal expansion and refractive
index with SnO content showed discontinuities in the region of 30-45 mol.% SnO. This
has been interpreted as being the point where SnO changes its role from that of modifier
to intermediate.
The results of differential thermal analysis and devitrification of SnO-Si02 glasses
showed that glass with 40 mol.% SnO can be heat treated in the temperature range of
570° to 680 °C to produce metastable SnSiO3 crystals. SnSiO 3 decomposed to
SnO + Si02 at temperatures above —700°C and, at temperatures greater than 720°C,
oxidation of SnO to Sn02 and Si02(glass) to Si02 (cristobalite) took place.
The second glass system is tin-doped float glass. This is glass of the float
composition remelted with tin(II) oxalate in silica crucibles under normal atmosphere
conditions. In this way it has been demonstrated that we can mimic the tin oxide
distribution found within the tin diffusion region in float glass. Synthesis of the glass has
shown that both Sn2+ and SO+ can be assimilated simultaneously in the glass but there is
a solubility limit for SO+. The 1195n Mbssbauer results showed that Sn2+ and SO+
played different structural roles in the glass. The environment of Sn2+ in glass is similar
to that in amorphous SnO while the SO + structure in glass does not change significantly
compared to crystalline Sn02. The Debye temperatures and recoil free fractions showed
that Sn2+ is less rigidly bound to the network modifier site while SO + is rigidly bound at
network former sites in the glass. The different structural roles of 5n 2+ and SO+ in the
glass were reflected in the some of the physical properties of the glasses.


AIM
This article presents the core concept of 'visible-ness' that emerged from an ethnographic study, which explored the nature of communication, for children (for ease of reading children refers to children and young people), admitted to a children's hospital in the Republic of Ireland.

BACKGROUND
The importance of engaging with both child and family has been espoused as fundamental in promoting 'family'-centred care. To date, studies have almost exclusively explored parents' and nurses' perspectives of the nature of parent participation and nurse-parent interactions and relationships. Although there is evidence of an emerging body of knowledge, which explores children's perspectives of their information, and communication needs, little is known empirically about the communication process between children and members of the health care team in inpatient hospital settings.

DESIGN
The principles of ethnography underpinned the study design.

METHOD
Fieldwork took place over four months in one 35-bedded children's ward. Forty-nine children, ranging in ages from 6 to 16 years with a variety of medical and surgical conditions, participated. Various modes of data collection were employed, namely semi-participant observations, unstructured interviews, draw and write technique and a child-friendly 'stick a star' quiz.

RESULTS
The core concept to emerge was that of 'visible-ness'. 'Visible-ness' existed along a continuum consisting of two polar ends, 'being overshadowed' and 'being at the forefront'. These polar ends illuminated the degree to which children were, or wanted to be, included in the communication process and the extent to which children's agenda was addressed.

CONCLUSION
This study provides empirical insight into children's experiences of communication in an inpatient hospital setting. A key recommendation calls for the development of communication assessment strategies to determine the 'ideal' position children would like to occupy, at any given point in time, along the 'visible-ness' continuum.

RELEVANCE TO PRACTICE
This study emphasises the need for all health professionals to embrace the individualism of each child patient with regard to their specific communication needs.


The paper explores the consequences of reinterpreting OT pragmatics of Zeevat (2009) as a Bayesian account of natural language interpretation, not unlike Bayesian accounts of vision. In such accounts, a model of the most probable interpretations in the context is combined with a model of NL production to give the most probable interpretation of a given form. It is argued that pragmatics can be equated with the model of probability maximisation of interpretations while "grammar" can be equated with the human capacity of mapping thoughts to utterances or any theoretical model of that capacity. The Bayesian model by itself does not give communicative success, it is merely a better model for estimating the most probable interpretation. It is essential that the speaker also estimates the most probable interpretation of her utterance, to see if the hearer will get her right. This allows alternative formulations with an increased probability of being understood as intended. One claim of this paper is that this self-monitoring is partially automatised and accounts for such phenomena as particle insertion and word order freezing. The simplest brain architecture is as two associative processes, one leading from forms to interpretations, the other from intentions to forms that can inhibit each other. A form that in the interpretation process does not assign the strongest activation to the speaker intention is inhibited, an interpretation that does not most strongly activate the form is inhibited. This dual inhibition model assigns a natural temporal structure to the development of linguistic skills. The production skills must be good before they can contribute to communicative success in their role of inhibiting interpretation. Similarly, the interpretational skills must be well developed before they can be useful role in production.


Compacted bentonite is the main candidate for buffer material in several plans for spent nuclear fuel repositories. One of its important properties is high swelling capacity, which is caused by interaction between water molecules and exchangeable cations. This interaction makes bentonite behave differently from capillary materials. In this article, a model for thermo-hydro-mechanical state of partially water saturated bentonite is presented. It couples the water retention and swelling properties with introduction of the swelling factor in effective strain. The Helmholz energy density determines the state with a relatively small set of independent parameters: swelling pressure, swelling factor, maximum confined water content and the reference state. The model parameters are determined from experimental data for FEBEX bentonite, and as a simple consistency check, confined suction curves are calculated and compared to test results. Consistency of the model with observations on nano- and microscale of bentonite is also discussed.


Abstract We reexamine Mustard and Lott's controversial study on the effect of "shall-issue" gun laws on crime using an empirical standard error function randomly generated from "placebo" laws. We find that the effect of shall-issue laws on crime is much less well-estimated than the Mustard and Lott (1997) and Lott (2000) results suggest. We also find, however, that the cross equation restrictions implied by the Lott-Mustard theory are supported. A boomlet has occurred in recent years in the use of quasi-natural experiments to answer important questions of public policy. The intuitive power of this approach, however, has sometimes diverted attention from the statistical assumptions that must be made, particularly regarding standard errors. Failing to take into account serial correlation and grouped data can dramatically reduce standard errors suggesting greater certainty in effects than is actually the case. We find that the placebo law technique (Bertrand, Duflo and Mullainathan 2002) is a useful addition to the econometrician's toolkit.


In recent years, the importance of the quality in health sector is more and more acknowledged. In broader terms the literature on quality in health care contributed to this, and stressed the importance of meeting the needs of the service recipient. Safety and quality in health care constitute a multi-dimensional parameter and involve many factors and various resources. Safety is positively associated to the quality, as the existence of the one ensures the improvement of the other. Thus, there is a great effort to create a framework, through guidelines and instructions that could contribute to the protection and development of quality and safety. It is important that this framework includes many features that have been expressed as requests by the patients themselves and which can contribute to the development of realistic and effective recommendations for improvement. Greek reality reveals certain gaps in safety and quality of services delivered, so the main attention has to be focused on developing an integral national health policy; the development of guidelines and the appropriate evaluation of their implementation could be a first effective approach. Formulating an institutional framework about safety and quality in health sector should be incorporated in the culture of all health organizations. To this end, the involvement of health professionals is a vital and strategic point. Health care practitioners should incorporate safety and quality culture in their daily routine and health managers should enact efficient ways of evaluation and control mechanisms in order to achieve better outcomes. Motivation to this direction and active participation should be encouraged with positive approaches, away from any kind of sanction. Any mistakes, adverse effects and deviations should be identified, reported, analyzed and formulate the base of the corrective action. In conclusion, safety and quality in health sector are essential and strongly associated with health services users' satisfaction and quality of life; thus stakeholders and health professionals should focus on these basic conditions in order to achieve the "Health for All" goals in a national, international and universal perspective.


Sub-Saharan Africa is no longer an outlier in the global 'fitness revolution'. In cities across the continent, a growing number of people are adopting a more active lifestyle. In Mozambique – where only a few years ago, gyms and joggers were few and far between, and not many people would have considered working out at all, let alone in public – exercising is now remarkably popular. Based on ethnographic research carried out in various fitness sites in Maputo, this article examines the new urban rhythms and temporal orientations fostered by the growing popularity of fitness in the region and extends genealogies of the self-improving subject by situating the pursuit of fitness in relation to successive colonial and post-colonial regimes that promoted various forms of body-work as part of broader ethical projects of the self. I argue that, while it might be tempting to dismiss the growing popularity of fitness as the mere encroachment of neoliberal ideals of the self-improving subject, doing so would not only gloss over significant historical continuities but risk overshadowing the ways in which the pursuit of fitness is enhancing the quality of life of many. In recognising the ethical value that these projects have for those who pursue them, the article sheds light on the appeal of fitness in a specific space–time, while moving away from what are often contemptuous assessments of this global trend. I show how, as an aspirational pursuit that operates at the intersections of health and beauty, fitness creates a particular orientation towards the future that borrows from socialist registers of discipline and struggle while, in turn, highlighting the continued relevance of such registers within contemporary imaginaries. At a time when global health priorities are shifting, ethnographic accounts like the one presented here are needed to help to complicate understandings of the articulation between health and moral imaginaries of self-improvement.


Herein, diffuse-type seminoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in an 18-year-old male camel are described. The seminoma was located on the right testis (11 × 8.5 × 4.5 cm) and the cut surface of the tumor had a lobulated appearance. The tumor cells disseminated diffusely in the tumoral stroma with hemorrhages, and multiple necrotic foci were seen with microscopic examination. Additionally, the liver was enlarged, firm, and grayish-white; multiple lesions were observed both on the serosal surface and in the cut surface of the liver. Microscopically, the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was composed of gland-like structures and/or solitary islands of neoplastic cells in the tumoral stroma. This is the first reported case of these 2 tumors simultaneously presenting in a camel.


In May of 2009, the United States Supreme Court accepted two cases that raise the question of whether sentencing juvenile offenders who commit non-homicide crimes to life without the possibility of parole is cruel and unusual punishment. This report is focused exclusively on these juvenile offenders who received life without parole sentences for non-homicide crimes. It compares the sentencing trends in Florida, where both these cases originated, to the rest of the United States. Researchers surveyed the state departments of corrections around the country and relay their findings in this report. Florida's practice of sentencing juvenile offenders to life without parole for non-homicide crimes is unique among American states. The data presented in this report show that Florida far exceeds the rest of the nation in number of juvenile offenders sentenced to life without parole for non-homicide offenses. The total estimated number of juvenile offenders serving life without parole sentences for only non-homicide crimes in the United States is 109. Seventy-seven of these juvenile offenders are in Florida. Thirty-nine states have no juvenile offenders who have been sentenced to life without parole for non-homicide crimes.


The session will take a broad overview of Information Literacy in the workplace, especially its unique characteristics and the challenges it poses for researchers and information professionals.

IL evolved 'academically'. The locus of information retrieval was the 'library', and the dynamics of IL were thought to involve the use and application of the 'academic' literature with its value and significance based on academic citation. Research in the academic sense - solving abstract questions and problems– was also kept well in mind in the early attempts to map the scope and meaning of IL.

What are the parameters of IL outside the academic sphere? As the focus of interest in IL spreads from the university out into the world of work, can librarians and theoreticians be confident that they can continue to apply existing understandings and definitions? There has been a comparatively small but influential body of research into workplace IL. That research has shown how unexpected and dislocating workplace IL is in the context of the academic perspective. Examples include studies that have looked at the personal experiences of information literate employees: Lloyd (2005; 2009) (Firefighters; ambulance drivers); Forster (2015) (Nurses); Sayyad Abdi, Partridge, and Bruce (2016) (web designers), often with the awareness of that dislocation and the intention of improving resources and Information Literacy education for professionals and students of the professions.

What is workplace IL? Studies such as Lloyd (2005) and Forster (2015) suggest that information might be unrecognisable from an academic perspective, even non-documentary or non-verbal. Information use is not only task oriented but pervasive and universal. Information is used in many different contexts: not only to better complete a work task or project but to learn as an individual, to establish relationships with colleagues, customers and clients, to operate as part of a team, and as part of a leadership and teaching role. Crucially, the deployment and use of information underpins drives to meet organisational objectives and achieve competitive advantage.

The workplace thrives on, and is dependent on, knowledge. Information is sought to plug knowledge gaps in organisational, strategic, project developmental and day to day contexts. Workplace IL can depend on networking and informal communication, physical demonstration and conversation.
Workplace IL is fundamental to effectiveness in the constantly evolving workplace environment. As the nature of the workplace diversifies away from physical spaces to more virtual ones (Sayyad Abdi, Partridge, and Bruce, 2016) and from fixed procedure to knowledge-accumulating evolutionary development, the Information Literate worker is likely to be the most valuable and effective. How can IL in the workplace be developed? How can IL help address the challenges of the rapidly changing nature of work, characterised by atomisation, precarity and the evolution of the gig economy? What future research and what educational interventions based on that research, can be developed and applied?

Forster, M. (2015) An investigation into Information Literacy in nursing practice - how is it experienced, what are its parameters, and how can it be developed? Doctoral thesis, University of West London.
Lloyd, A. (2005) Information literacy: Different contexts, different concepts, different truths? Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 37(2), pp.82-88
Lloyd, A. (2009) Informing practice: information experiences of ambulance officers in training and on-road practice. Journal of Documentation, 65(3), pp.396-419.
Sayyad Abdi, E., Partridge, H. and Bruce, C. (2016) Web Designers and Developers Experiences of Information Literacy: a phenomenographic study, Library & Information Science Research, 38 (4), pp.353–9.


Since the value of information is constantly growing more and more businesses are in need for information system to aid them with information gathering and processing. The most important issue that arises here is how to ensure safety of this data that may be held on servers, personal computers or PDAs. This is where access control comes in. The main role of access control is to ensure that no unauthorized user will be able to gain access to resources and be able to copy or modify them. The paper deals with the process of access control administration in information systems with the use of usage role-based control approach. The presented process is based on the role engineering concept that includes the creation of security schema of access control divided between two actors application/system developer and security administrator. They realize their tasks during two main phases that allow to define the complete access control schema for information systems of an organization and to ensure the access control coherence on the global level.


Osteosarcoma remains the most common primary malignant bone cancer affecting children and adolescents. Although the combination of systemic chemotherapy and surgery enables long‐term survival in most cases, the poor prognosis of patients with metastatic or recurrent disease and the lack of establishment of second‐line chemotherapy suggest that novel therapeutic strategies for this tumor are needed. Here we show that fenretinide, a synthetic derivative of all‐trans‐retinoic acid, is active against osteosarcoma in vitro, at concentrations identical or lower to those detectable in breast cancer patients plasma during chemopreventive clinical trials. Cell lines were HOS and MG63, known to be resistant to methotrexate and cyclophosphamide, drugs in use in osteosarcoma treatment. We demonstrate for the first time that fenretinide is active in this tumor and that the molecular basis of fenretinide activity is the inhibition of cholesterol esterification, with down‐regulation of ACAT and MDR1 mRNA, followed by downregulation of caveolin‐1 protein expression. This result is in line with our recent results obtained in VSMC and in leukemia cells. The confirmation and extention of these data to different human tumors will provide evidence of a novel mechanism of either cancer or human vascular proliferation disease control by the inhibition of cholesterol esterification. Grants from MIUR, Carisbo Foundation, Pallotti9s Legacy for Cancer Research and University of Bologna. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C84.


Reaction of an aqueous solution of NaVO3 or a methanol solution of [VO(acac)2] with 2,5-bis((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)hydroquinone, H6bdeah, results in the formation of two major vanadium species characterized by X-ray crystallography: the [(V(5+)O)2(bdeah)] and the [(V(4.5+)O)2(bdeas)S2] (S = DMSO or MeOH). The vanadium ions in the two species have a trigonal pyramidal and an octahedral coordination sphere respectively. Variable temperature UV-Vis and (51)V NMR spectroscopy as well as EPR and electrochemistry showed a temperature induced electron transfer. The diamagnetic [(V(5+)O)2(bdeah)] is the main species at high temperature. At low temperature one electron is transferred from the bdeah(6-) to the two vanadium centers resulting in the [(V(4.5+)O)2(bdeas)S2] species [H5bdeas = 2,5-bis((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-1,4-semiquinone]. The thermodynamic parameters of this intramolecular electron transfer were calculated by UV-Vis (ΔH = -36 ± 2 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS = -129 ± 5 J mol(-1) K(-1)) and (51)V NMR spectroscopy (ΔH = -37 ± 2 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS = -109 ± 5 J mol(-1) K(-1)). The electron transfer is a result of the large change of entropy which is associated with the ligation of the solvent molecules and the geometry change. EPR spectroscopy shows that most of the electron density in [(V(4.5+)O)2(bdeas)S2] is mainly located on the two vanadium ions.


This thesis presents a body of work aimed at increasing the current understanding of the dynamics of collisions at the gas-liquid and related interfaces. In particular, collisions of open-shell radicals (oxygen atoms in the electronic ground state and hydroxyl radicals) with hydrocarbon surfaces have been investigated. Translationally hot radicals were scattered from liquid hydrocarbons and related surfaces. The products of inelastic scattering and hydrogen abstraction reactions (OH radicals) were detected, with translational and internal-state resolution, by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The radicals were used as a 'chemical probe' of the interface, providing unique information on the structure and reactivity of the surface, and how this relates to the bulk composition. Key results include the establishment of the relative reactivity towards oxygen atoms of liquid hydrocarbons and alkylthiol SAMs and the penetration depth of O atoms into the SAM surfaces. This was achieved through systematic studies involving custom-synthesised site-selectively deuterated SAMs. It was found that hydrogen abstraction can occur deeper within the monolayer than previously believed but still emerge as OH (or OD) without reacting further to form water. The reactivity of O( 3 P) atoms towards a technologically important family of ionic liquids ([Cnmim][Im]) was measured. It was found that the reactivity increased nonlinearly as a function of alkyl chain length, to an extent which far exceeded any anticipated increase in reactivity based on stoichiometry alone. The interface in this case was found to differ greatly from the bulk composition, with preferential occupation by the alkyl units at the surface. The energy transfer and reactive uptake of OH radicals at a variety of hydrocarbon surfaces was investigated. There was significant transfer of the initial translational energy to all the surfaces as well as substantial translational-to-rotational energy conversion. This energy conversion was dependent on the functional groups present in the liquids as was the reactive uptake of OH. Reactive uptake coefficients (γ) were obtained for alkane, alkene and carboxylic acid-containing organic liquids. The results are discussed in terms of the relevance to the aging of organic particles in the troposphere.


This paper introduces the systematic approach currently used by the Department of Computer Science and Automatic Control of the Spanish University of Distance Learning (UNED) to develop Web-based laboratories for distance learning of topics with high technical contents such as control engineering. This approach differentiates two layers in the construction of web- based laboratories: the experimentation layer and the e-learning layer. For the experimentation layer, LabVIEW and data acquisition boards from National Instruments are used to create the server-side applications and Easy Java Simulations for the client-side interfaces. For the e-learning layer, the eMersion environment is used to support the required flexible educational scheme. This paper describes the programming techniques implemented and the design considerations that justify these particular choices. As an llustrative case-study, an example of development of a web-based application is discussed, in which an electrical drive servo-motor is introduced as a convenient setup to practice with motion control applications. Other significant examples of web-based experiments developed by the authors are also reported.


This paper is about interaction in the clinic of Dr. Song Yujin, a physician who practices "Chinese medical psychology" in Beijing, China. In particular, we highlight how Dr. Song challenges deep-seated ideas about family, personhood, and healing among his patients. Through close study of one interaction that Dr. Song has with a patient and her family, we demonstrate how Dr. Song draws upon prosody, gaze, teaching talk, and terminology to construct a local metapragmatic framework within which his utterances, gestures, and other semiotic devices can be interpreted as appropriate and familiar yet also strange and challenging. By examining Dr. Song's approach as it occurs in a contentious clinical "border zone" involving texts, bodies, and medical practices, we demonstrate how an emphasis on the micropolitics of interaction in specific clinical contexts can complement the scholarly study of cultural, social, medical, and personal change over time. This approach, we argue, has broad implications for the ways in which linguistic anthropology can contribute to the ethnographic study of cultural change as it emerges in complex interactions that often hinge on the tension between cooperation and resistance. [Chinese Medicine, psychology, China, doctor– patient communication, innovation]


This paper is a theoretical study of a radial standing wave, which can be applied in the so-called traveling wave reactor (TWR). Two-dimensional cylindrical core geometry is considered and the fuel is assumed to drift radially, which corresponds to a radial fuel shuffling scheme in practice. A one-group diffusion equation coupled with burn-up equations is set up, where the burn-up solution is obtained numerically. The uranium-plutonium (U-Pu) conversion cycle with pure 238U as fresh fuel is considered under conditions of a typical sodium cooled fast reactor with metallic uranium fuel loaded. The asymptotic problem is solved by a time-stepping iteration scheme and the radial standing wave solution is obtained together with certain eigenvalue keff.The neutron flux, the neutron fluence and the net neutron generation cross section are presented and discussed for the inward fuel drifting motion.


This paper, drawing on travel narratives of a journey to Spain in the eighteenth century, seeks to explore the role of travellers as cultural interpreters, by examining how they presented themselves as providers of new knowledge about "distant" or "exotic" countries (even within Europe); how their images of the territories they visited were the product of a negotiation between their literary and philosophical background, and actual experience, and how those visions were appropriated by eighteenth-century philosophers to build their own theories about human nature, the workings and "progress" of societies, and the rules governing "national characters"; more specifically, how they contributed to redefine European identity and its internal


Purpose: With this article we aim to lay out the results of an investigation on the development and protection of economic competition in Kosovo, focusing specifically on the analysis of the level of competition in the Gjilan region. We deal with the legislative aspects of the competition in the sensitive sectors (banks, insurance, gas stations and pharmacies) where the competition is damaged and present the measures for improvement based on the EU practices. Design/Methodology/Approach: The used method is to lay out a realistic picture of (1) the level of competition development, (2) the areas where competition is undermined, (3) the general business knowledge about the functioning and enforcement of the law on competition protection, and (4) the concrete measures to be taken in order for competition to function based on the rules of the market economy. Findings: Results show that on average, respondents believe that their sector is relatively well-regulated and competitive, although there are clear areas of improvement, notably with regards to the difficulties encountered when doing business, the effectiveness of Kosovo's existing legislative framework and the existence of monopoly power within most sectors. Practical Implications: The role of competition authorities in curbing anti-competitive practices needs strengthening, as attested by the results obtained, and more needs to be done when it comes to tackling collusive business practices, particularly among pharmacies and banks. Originality/Value: The most vulnerable areas where competition is violated are telecommunications, transport, insurance, energy, procurement, petroleum products, banking and financial services and pharmacies sectors. Therefore, there is a need for inter-institutional cooperation, especially cooperation with and empowerment of, economic regulators.


The recent rapid worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has established a pandemic of potentially serious disease in the highly susceptible human population. Key issues are whether humans have preexisting immune memory that provides some protection against SARS-CoV-2 and whether SARS-CoV-2 infection generates lasting immune protection against reinfection. Our analysis focused on pre- and postinfection IgG and IgG memory B cells (MBCs) reactive to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Most importantly, we demonstrate that infection generates both IgG and IgG MBCs against the novel receptor binding domain and the conserved S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Thus, even if antibody levels wane, long-lived MBCs remain to mediate rapid antibody production. Our study results also suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection strengthens preexisting broad coronavirus protection through S2-reactive antibody and MBC formation. ABSTRACT The high susceptibility of humans to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reflects the novelty of the virus and limited preexisting B cell immunity. IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, which carries the novel receptor binding domain (RBD), is absent or at low levels in unexposed individuals. To better understand the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we asked whether virus-reactive memory B cells (MBCs) were present in unexposed subjects and whether MBC generation accompanied virus-specific IgG production in infected subjects. We analyzed sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-SARS-CoV-2-exposed healthy donors and COVID-19 convalescent subjects. Serum IgG levels specific for SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S, including the RBD and S2 subunit, and nucleocapsid [N]) and non-SARS-CoV-2 proteins were related to measurements of circulating IgG MBC levels. Anti-RBD IgG was absent in unexposed subjects. Most unexposed subjects had anti-S2 IgG, and a minority had anti-N IgG, but IgG MBCs with these specificities were not detected, perhaps reflecting low frequencies. Convalescent subjects had high levels of IgG against the RBD, S2, and N, together with large populations of RBD- and S2-reactive IgG MBCs. Notably, IgG titers against the S protein of the human coronavirus OC43 were higher in convalescent subjects than in unexposed subjects and correlated strongly with anti-S2 titers. Our findings indicate cross-reactive B cell responses against the S2 subunit that might enhance broad coronavirus protection. Importantly, our demonstration of MBC induction by SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests that a durable form of B cell immunity is maintained even if circulating antibody levels wane. IMPORTANCE The recent rapid worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has established a pandemic of potentially serious disease in the highly susceptible human population. Key issues are whether humans have preexisting immune memory that provides some protection against SARS-CoV-2 and whether SARS-CoV-2 infection generates lasting immune protection against reinfection. Our analysis focused on pre- and postinfection IgG and IgG memory B cells (MBCs) reactive to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Most importantly, we demonstrate that infection generates both IgG and IgG MBCs against the novel receptor binding domain and the conserved S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Thus, even if antibody levels wane, long-lived MBCs remain to mediate rapid antibody production. Our study results also suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection strengthens preexisting broad coronavirus protection through S2-reactive antibody and MBC formation.


Medieval Muslim mystic and thinker Ibn al-'Arabi (d. 1240) claims all meanings drawn from within the semantic boundaries of the language of the Qur'an are intended by God. If so, how do Muslims concerned about violence against women reconcile their faith with verses such as 4:34 which can be read as a prescription to beat women to control their rebelliousness? This paper will explore the problem posed by the existence of verse 4:34 in the Qur'an through the lens of Ibn al'Arabi's ontology and ethics and the traditionally received example of the Prophet Muhammad. God's self-disclosure through the macrocosm, logocosm, and microcosm demands the full expression of his beautiful and terrible attributes as well as the human responsibility to cultivate the proper balance between the two. I argue that Muhammad's example demonstrates that cultivating that balance requires resisting divine prescriptions that are ultimately not worthy of us as children of Adam.This article can be downloaded for free through your public or university library electronic resources link.


The thesis arises from a belief that more attention needs to be
given to methods of improving evaluation theory and practice.
Metaevaluation - or the evaluation of evaluation - would seem to be a
potentially significant element in the determination of evaluation quality,
which is accepted as a major metaevaluation criterion. The study is
concerned, therefore, with demonstrating the extent of this potential by
evolving an approach to evaluation based on insights emerging both from
the research literature and from the situation in which the study is
conducted.
This approach, implemented through a case study of a primary
evaluation which is in turn evaluated, produces a range of conclusions
and implications of relevance to the betterment of evaluation. The study
is significant because it is the first formal metaevaluation, in a n
Australian post-secondary context at least, of an evaluation of a course
innovation, using the Joint Committee Standards as a basis for
assessment. As such, the study initiates an approach to metaevaluation,
and in so doing contributes to knowledge of how metaevaluation relates
to evaluation in a practical setting. It also derives a number of
conclusions and implications for the conceptualisation of metaevaluation,
and suggests directions for further research. The review of research indicates the uneven development of
evaluation theory and practice in recent decades, partly as a result of
proponents of 'traditional' and 'alternative' paradigms defining or redefining
their respective positions in reaction to each other. This led to
the proposition that one's epistemological assumptions in some way
determined the research method or evaluation techniques available;
further analysis revealed that one's methodology is not pre-determined in
this manner, because of the absence of a sustainable - logical or causal -
link between ideology, paradigm, and method-type.
Acceptance of this point of view facilitated the adoption of a case
study approach to the design and implementation of the evaluation and
metaevaluation which formed the case study element of the overall
study. Evidence of the need for an exploratory study of the type reported
on in this thesis, was found in the literature and particularly in requests by
the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation,
concerning the need for research efforts which would test the validity and
utility of current metaevaluation standards in field settings.
In general terms, the problem examined in the study was proposed
as follows:
1. What is the contribution of metaevaluation to the improvement
of evaluation theory and practice?
2. What is the most appropriate method of facilitating
this investigation?
2 The case study method suggested in the review of The case study method suggested in the review of literature, and
suited to the context of the overall research study, employed the
techniques of questionnaire, interview, and checklisting to gather data.
The analysis of these data in turn produced insights of relevance to the
development of metaevaluation procedures, as well as to their role in the
improvement of evaluation.
The results of the case study were presented and analysed with
the outcomes of the formative evaluation being recorded by means of a
summary of the periodic evaluation reports prepared during the three
years of the case study. At the end of this 'formative' period, an external
metaevaluation assessed the impact and validity of the primary
evaluation, and this was supplemented by an internal metaevaluation
using a checklist based on the Joint Committee Standards referred to
above.
Finally, the results of this analysis were related to the focus
provided by the literature review and the research design for the study.
As a result, it was concluded that metaevaluation had demonstrated its
potential for monitoring and assessing the quality of a particular
evaluation, and as well, had indicated its contribution to the development
of evaluation theory and practice. Insofar as this had been established,
the purpose of the study was achieved.


This article deals with Latvian becoming the dominant language in Latvia. The results of the study show that the proportion of Latvians increased from 52% in 1989 to 57.7% in 2000 and to 59.3% in 2009. The percentage of the entire population who are speakers of Latvian increased from 61.7% in 1989 to 79% in 2000 and 93% in 2008 (Latvijas 2000. gada tautskaites rezultāti 2002, Valoda 2008). Since regaining independence, many positive changes regarding the de facto functioning of Latvian have taken place in Latvia e.g. the proportion of non-Latvians purporting to possess good knowledge of Latvian increased 10–15% between 2000 and 2008, whilst a similar decrease is registered for those whose knowledge of Latvian is weak. The most dramatic increase in Latvian speakers is in the 15–34 age group, which must be attributed to bilingual education; Latvian is becoming a more frequent tool of communication between Latvians and ethnic minorities. At present, the favourable conditions for the strengthening of the state language are contrary to common world practice.


Power transformer efficiency is dependent on various losses. Efficiency is simply a ratio of the power output to power input. Due to losses the efficiency of a power transformer is always less than 100 per cent. Moreover, the transformer's performance slightly varies under different loads because of load-dependent losses (winding losses). The main objective of this thesis is to find the optimum load which maximises the efficiency and minimises the voltage regulation on a power transformer operated at its rated voltage. The complete equivalent circuit of a power transformer is developed with various losses taken into account such as winding losses, leakage fluxes, core losses, and magnetisation currents. The model parameters are found by carrying out laboratory measurements. Once the complete equivalent circuit is developed, it is used to calculate the efficiency and the voltage regulation under different loading cases. A simulated model on ICAP is also used to validate the experimental results. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted in this project to see the effect of variations in the parameters on the transformer's performance.

Finally, the design parameters of a power transformer that can be optimized to reduce losses are considered in this project. The design parameters are related to the electrical parameters of the transformer by mathematical models. The effect of those design parameters on the transformer's performance is supported by some papers related to design optimisation. This involves the evolution of power transformers design throughout history and the research being carried out for loss reduction. Other factors such as cost and operation environment are not taken into account in this project as it is only focused on efficiency optimization.

The key findings of this project can be summarized as follows; the resistive load has the poorest voltage regulation. The capacitive load has the lowest voltage regulation and it is always negative. The transformer's maximum efficiency is observed at 60 per cent of the rated load. This is proved by laboratory based experiments and ICAPS simulations. The key design parameters that can be optimized to improve the efficiency are the core lamination thickness, material electrical resistivity, and maximum flux density.


This article explores dramatic changes in trade union movement across Europe due to the expansion of multinational corporations (MNC). Intensified internationalization – more free and bigger in scope international trade, transnational investment and financial globalization –increased the vulnerability of unions, ended the relative isolation of national political economies. Transnationalization lowers the exit costs of capital and reduces corporate loyalty to the nation state. Unions as mature social movement organizations are engaged in continuing strategic interactions with their constituents and principal interlocutors in the economy and the state. The shift of the decision-making process from the level of nation states to the MNC headquarters inevitably reduces bargaining power of national trade unions and stresses the vital importance of working out their new strategy. As markets, expanded unions have to enlarge their strategic domain to keep workers from being played off against each other, undermining wage and labor standards. On the basis of cross-national approach article examines responses of union movements to the challenges of globalization.


Hyperparameter learning has traditionally been a manual task because of the limited number of trials. Today's computing infrastructures allow bigger evaluation budgets, thus opening the way for algorithmic approaches. Recently, surrogate-based optimization was successfully applied to hyperparameter learning for deep belief networks and to WEKA classifiers. The methods combined brute force computational power with model building about the behavior of the error function in the hyperparameter space, and they could significantly improve on manual hyperparameter tuning. What may make experienced practitioners even better at hyperparameter optimization is their ability to generalize across similar learning problems. In this paper, we propose a generic method to incorporate knowledge from previous experiments when simultaneously tuning a learning algorithm on new problems at hand. To this end, we combine surrogate-based ranking and optimization techniques for surrogate-based collaborative tuning (SCoT). We demonstrate SCoT in two experiments where it outperforms standard tuning techniques and single-problem surrogate-based optimization.


The EM and 1 K-Means algorithms are two popular search techniques that converge to a local minimum of their respective loss functions. The EM algorithm uses partial assignment of instances while the K-Means algorithm uses exclusive assignment. We show that an exclusive random assignment (ERA) algorithm that performs exclusive assignment based on a random experiment can outperform both EM and K-Means for mixture modeling. We show that the ERA algorithm can obtain better maximum likelihood estimates on three real world data sets. On an artificial data set, we show that the ERA algorithm can produce parameter estimates that are more likely to be closer to the generating mechanism. To illustrate the practical benefits of the ERA algorithm we test its ability in a classification context. We propose Latent Variable Classifier (LVC) that combines latent variable analysis such as mixture models and classification models such as Naive Bayes classifiers. For each mixture component (cluster) a classification model is built from those observations assigned to the component. Our experiments on three UCI data sets show LVC's obtain a greater crossvalidated accuracy than building a single classifier from the entire data set and probabilistic search out-performs the EM algorithm.


In Australia, members of a political party are expected to vote as a block on the instructions of their party. Occasionally a 'conscience vote' (or 'free vote') is allowed, which releases parliamentarians from the obligation to maintain party discipline and permits them to vote according to their 'conscience.' In recent years Australia has had a number of conscience votes in federal Parliament, many of which have focused on bioethical issues (e.g., euthanasia, abortion, RU486, and embryonic/stem cell research and cloning). This paper examines the use of conscience votes in six key case studies in these contested areas of policy‑making, with particular attention to their implications for promoting democratic values and the significance of women's Parliamentary participation.


The main purpose of this paper is to develop a Statistical Downscaling Method (SDM) based on a set of statistical spatial and temporal pattern description techniques. Among such techniques that are first used in this paper are the Spatial Dependence Function (SDF) for spatial downscaling and the White Markov Process (WMP) for temporal similarity and their combination in an effective manner over Turkey. This methodology provides a common basis to compare 'low', 'medium' and 'high' rainfall amounts during the past and future 30-year periods. As for the 'low' rainfall amounts, there are slightly increasing trends in the 'low' rainfall occurrences.


Neonates are more susceptible than adults to viral and bacterial diseases. We hypothesized that plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the cells that provide large amounts of IFN-α in response to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, are defective in neonates. To assess the intrinsic functionality of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from neonates we compared IFN-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells derived from neonates versus adults in both whole blood and in purified plasmacytoid dendritic cells. TLR9-stimulation of whole blood from adults and neonates resulted in comparable amounts of IFN-α production. However, we observed small but significant differences in IFN-α production from purified CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells from neonates after stimulation with the TLR9 ligand CpG-DNA. Furthermore, we assessed surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules on plasmacytoid dendritic cells after stimulation. While purified CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells from adults up-regulated co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 with IL-3 alone those from neonates required the addition of CpG-DNA to reach adult levels. Therefore, the intrinsic deficiencies of neonatal plasmacytoid dendritic cells can be mitigated by TLR9 agonists. These results are consistent with the observation that vaccines that effect strong adjuvant activity on dendritic cells can induce protective responses in neonates.


The Two-Way Shape Memory Effect (TWSME) has been widely studied in the literature. However, little attention has been paid about the out-of-equilibrium behavior of the TWSME. This paper reports some experiments, which were performed on specimens, previously trained in bending according a constrained temperature cycling process. Once the training process was done, specimens were deformed in their martensitic state such as a permanent deformation remains. In other words, specimens were set in a position that is out their stable path previously introduced by the TWSME procedure. By heating up, samples recover their original shape, thus clearing the effect of the perturbation. However, the transformation back to the stable cycle exhibits some unusual behavior. For instance, the shape change starts at a temperature well below the material transformation temperatures. Considering the macroscopic motion of the specimen, a two-step motion is observed. While heating, the material changes its shape, going back to the TWSME-induced martensitic shape, until the martensite-to-austenite transformation temperature is reached after what the specimen follows the original trained path and transforms to the austenite shape. This two-step transformation is thoroughly described in this paper.


Continuing professional
development (CPD) is one of the principal means by which health professionals
(Nurses and midwives) maintain, improve, and broaden the knowledge and skills
required for optimal patient care and safety, to be more specific reduction of
maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. However, the lack of a widely
accepted instrument to assess the impact of CPD activities on clinical practice
thwarts researchers' assessment of the effectiveness of CPD activities. The
objective of the study is to develop a theory and practice-based, valid,
reliable national instrument to assess the impact of accredited CPD activities
on reducing maternal and neonatal mortality in Kenya using an integrated model
for the study of healthcare professionals' behavior through environmental
scanning of the factors that promote good performance. The researcher will
analyze the instruments identified in a systematic review of factors motivating
and demotivating nurses and midwives' behaviours using criteria that reflect
the literature on measurement development of CPD leaders and providers'
priorities. The outcome of this phase will be an inventory of instruments using
a competence-based model. Working from this inventory, the most relevant items
for assessing the concepts listed will be selected. Then, the researcher will
verify whether these items are acceptable or need modification, what aspects
need revision, and whether important items are missing and should be added. The
outcome of this phase will be a new national instrument integrating the most
relevant tools to fit our integrated model of healthcare professionals'
behavior. Two data collections are planned: 1) pretesting of the new
instrument, to assess its reliability and validity and 2) a study using the
instrument before and after CPD activities with randomly selected groups, one
acting as control group to assess measurement effect. The researcher will
conduct individual interviews and focus groups with CPD providers and leaders
to identify anticipated barriers and enablers for implementing the new
instrument in CPD practice. Drawing on the results from the previous phases, we
will use consensus-building methods with the decision makers to develop a plan
to implement the new instrument.


As the dairy industry becomes more customer-focused dairy farmers are being encouraged to adopt a formal approach to quality management. At the same time milk processing companies are examining the procedures used to ensure milk collected from farms is of the "finest" standard as part of their strategy to move from commodity sales to added-value products. In addition, milk quality and milk payment parameters have changed over the last decade to reflect the more valuable components of milk (protein versus fat), the pattern of production through the year (shoulder milk premiums) and the absence of quality faults (grades). Animal welfare and resource management are also important quality 'factors' in the dairy industry. As New Zealand seeks to enhance its "clean green" image, farmers are coming under the scrutiny of quality conscious customers seeking to ensure that the highest standards of animal husbandry, land management and food production are practiced. Parameters for milk quality at the vat (farm-gate) are well documented and strict testing procedures are in place at milk processing sites. However, procedures and practices necessary to consistently produce finest quality milk are not so obvious. To address this shortcoming a study was conducted to design and implement a Total Quality Management (TQM) programme at Massey University's No.4 dairy farm, a 450 cow seasonal supply dairy farm. A monthly management calendar was developed to aid in consistently achieving key farm management activities. A supplementary monthly diary sheet was also designed to allow comprehensive recording of farm and herd data that are pertinent to the assurance of product quality. Computer software was utilised to model, record and monitor farm physical and financial performance. The key attribute of the TQM programme was to ensure that staff were willing and able to implement the management systems put in place for assuring quality milk production. This required staff training and development, and recognition for tasks completed well. The implementation of a TQM programme can lead to measurable rewards in improved physical and financial performance. The programme also ensures compliance with the legislation governing animal welfare, resource management, employment and occupational safety and health. Job satisfaction for staff and assured milk quality are seen as a key benefits.


Launched in 2017, the Collection of Greek Ritual Norms provides an openaccess commentary on selected ancient Greek inscriptions which define parameters of ritual practice. These short notes address two issues superficially concerning the name of the Collection of Greek Ritual Norms, but more deeply engaging with what one means by the notion of 'ritual norm' and what one implies in considering such norms 'Greek'. A term like 'cult regulation' might conveniently be used to replace the misnomer 'sacred law', but this encompasses a similarly broad and miscellaneous group of inscriptions. By contrast, the category of 'ritual norm' aims to reframe the discussion by focussing on normativity – paradigms and exceptions – with regard to two key rituals, sacrifice and purification. It thus only partly reprises the corpus of 'sacred laws', while also including other inscriptions or excerpts from them. Calling such norms 'Greek' is not intended as an 'ethnic' designation of the rituals they describe but rather as a reference to the language of the inscriptions. The label 'Greek ritual norms' is thus programmatic, allowing for a wider investigation of the normative characteristics of rituals within the religious 'middle grounds' of the ancient Greek world.


We apply reparameterization and the maximum likelihood method to a specific fluorescence-mediated tomography problem where the solution is known a priori to be extremely sparse (i.e., all image values are zero except for one). Our algorithm performs significantly better than a standard image reconstruction method, particularly for deep-seated targets, and achieves close to 150 μm accuracy in a 3 mm diameter cross-sectional area with only 12 measurements. Moreover, results do not depend on the selection of a regularization parameter or other ad hoc values, and since reconstructions can be computed very quickly, the algorithm is also suitable for real-time implementation.


Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute form of severe alveolar-capillary disease that evolves after a direct or indirect lung injury. It is characterized by impaired oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2 < 200), bilateral pulmonary densities detectable by radiography and a pulmonary wedge occlusion pressure of less than 18 mmHg. Mortality remains high among children with ARDS, particularly in the presence of serious underlying conditions such as sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Here, we report five children with ARDS who were also diagnosed as either severe or combined immunodeficiency. Surfactant was given to four patients and mechanical ventilation was performed in all children. Although one responded temporarily, all patients died due to ARDS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In conclusion, if pneumonia and ARDS develop in a patient with combined immunodeficiency, it usually ends with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome leading to mortality.


A combination of technical advances (most notably heterologous cell fusion, high resolution G-banding, and molecular cloning) has contributed to an accelerated advance in genetic analysis in mammals. The present human genetic map contains over 400 gene assignments and the map is growing rapidly as each new molecular clone or immunological reagent is developed. In our laboratory, we have developed a panel of rodent X human somatic cell hybrids that have been utilized in chromosome assignment of several classes of genes including oncogenes (ras, raf) and endogenous human retroviral sequences (ERVL, 2, etc). Using similar techniques, a biochemical genetic map of the domestic cat has been derived. The cat has 19 chromosome pairs and, to date, 40 genes have been mapped to 16 linkage or syntenic groups. Comparison of linkage relationships between homologous enzymes has revealed a striking conversation of chromosomal linkage association between cat and man. A comparison of syntenically homologous, highly extended high resoultion G-banded chromosomes between the two mammalian families revealed that 20–25%, by length, of the human karyotype can be precisely aligned (chromomere to chromomere) between cats and man despite the evolutionary divergence of the species nearly 80 million years ago.

Moderately repetitive families of retrovirus-related DNAs exist within the feline and the human genomes. We have isolated molecular clones of several members of the feline RD-114 retrovirus family from a genomic library of normal cat cellular DNA. The endogenous sequences analyzed were similar to each other in that they were colinear with RD-114 proviral DNA, were bounded by long terminal redundancies, and conserved many restriction sites in the gag and pol regions. Several sequences were apparently deleted, relative to the previously characterized inducible RD-114 genome. The env regions of a number of endogenous RD-114 sequences examined were substantially deleted or diverged; a subset of these sequences contained information at the position of the env region that was not homologous to inducible RD-114. The RD-114 virogenes were dispersed to several cat chrosomes that were localized using a panel of rodent x cat somatic cell hybrids. A comparison of the genetic properties of endogenous human retroviral sequences revealed several similarities between the human and feline status of endogenous retroviruses.


The experiment aimed to determine the rate and duration of grain filling period of triticale in Santa Maria region -RS. Five cultivars (BR l, BR 2, CEP 15. CEP 18 and IAPAR 23) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design in 1988 and 1989. The duration from anthesis to physiological maturity was 45 days, while the duration of the life cycle from seeding to physiological maturity was 156 days, corresponding to 676 and 1637 accumulated growing degree days, respectivelly. The rate of dry matter accumulation m the grain of triticale was 0.694mg/day, and the mean dry weight estimated at physiological maturity was 31.3mg. The cultivars were different in terms of the rate of dry matter accumulation, wich is possible to suggest the use of this trait to cultivar recommendation in regions where normally occur high temperatures in the end of the filling period. The mean grain weight was associated with the rate of dry matter accumutation and not wich the grain filling period.


The velocity of the pantothenase-catalysed hydrolysis of pantothenate was studied over pH5.5-9, and in the presence of oxalate or oxaloacetate as an inhibitor. The pH-dependence of the reaction can be described by a kinetic equation containing two ionizations of the enzyme, with one ionizable group located at the substrate-binding site, and the other at the inhibitor-binding site. The Km value of pantothenase to pantothenate depends on the buffer used, and phosphate tends to give somewhat lower values than other buffers. Km also depends on pH, the best activities being observed at basic pH values. The pH-independent Km is 7.6mM in phosphate buffer at 20 degrees C; the corresponding Kapp.m value at pH7 is 15 mM. The pK value of the ionizable group at the substrate-binding site was measured by two methods: from the pH-rate profile and from the pH-Km rofile. pK is 7.0 in phosphate buffer at 20 degrees C, ranging in various buffers between 6.9 and 7.3. The van't Hoff enthalpies of substrate binding and H+ ion binding were--14kJ/mol respectively. The inhibition by oxalate or oxaloacetate is of non-competitive type and depends on pH, the inhibitors being effective at acidic pH values. The pK value of the ionizable group at the inhibitor-binding site was derived from the measurements of the K1 values over the pH range 6-7.5. The pK value was 6.4 in oxaloacetate inhibition, the pH-independent K1 being 0.36mM, and the corresponding Kapp.m about 1.8mM at pH7. Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride was capable of inactivating pantothenase.


This book is a practical guide for theory-based empirical analysis in economics that guides the reader through the first steps when moving between economic theory and applied research. The book provides a hands-on introduction to some of the techniques that economists use for econometric estimation and shows how to convert a selection of standard and advanced estimators into MATLAB code. The book first provides a brief introduction to MATLAB and its syntax, before moving into microeconometric applications studied in undergraduate and graduate econometrics courses. Along with standard estimation methods such as, for example, Method of Moments, Maximum Likelihood, and constrained optimisation, the book also includes a series of chapters examining more advanced research methods. These include discrete choice, discrete games, dynamic models on a finite and infinite horizon, and semi- and nonparametric methods. In closing, it discusses more advanced features that can be used to optimise use of MATLAB, including parallel computing. Each chapter is structured around a number of worked examples, designed for the reader to tackle as they move through the book. Each chapter ends with a series of readings, questions, and extensions, designed to help the reader on their way to adapting the examples in the book to fit their own research questions.


Chemotherapy for AML is currently dosed using body surface area (BSA) formulas. For overweight patients (defined as actual body weight >20% that of ideal), calculations based on ideal body weight (IBW) are used in order to limit potential toxicity [1]. However, an analysis of the consequences of this adjustment on leukemic and normal bone marrow hematopoietic (HC) cells hasn9t been performed. We have developed a mathematical model to simulate personalized chemotherapy for AML [2,3]. The model is used to predict outcomes with standard 3+10 DA treatment [3 doses of 60mg/m2 daunorubicin (DNR) 1h on days 1-3-5 and 2 pulses a day of cytarabine (Ara-C) 100mg/m2 days 1-10]. In this study, we focus on the impact of using ideal vs actual body weight (ABW) for the calculation of BSA using Mosteller9s equation on both leukemic and normal HC based on simulating treatment response with our mathematical model. Data were obtained from patients with AML undergoing standard chemotherapy with DA. Cell cycle kinetics of 12 patients was obtained based on matching the % blasts measured on BM biopsies before chemotherapy start and after recovery, which correlates with total cell number in the cell cycle model. Treatments were then simulated based on drug dosage for IBW and ABW. The outcomes (number of leukemic cells remaining) in both cases are recorded after the resting period (Fig. 1). According to these results, patients with ABW closer to IBW will have the same outcome since the BSA is similar; patients with higher ABW will have a better outcome when the ABW is used for the BSA dose-based chemotherapy calculation compared with the outcome obtained by using the IBW; patients with lower ABW than IBW will have a better outcome compared with that obtained with the IBW drug calculation. Seven additional hypothetical patients were simulated in order to validate the results obtained with actual patients; they all fell within the 95% confidence region of the logarithmic fit observed. In order to determine toxicity, as defined by time to normal cell recovery after chemotherapy, HCs were simulated for all 12 patients on both IBW and ABW dosage schemes (Fig. 2). For most patients, the final HC outcome on the ABW was within 10% of the outcome on the IBW dose. Only for one patient was the outcome using ABW significantly lower (25%) than for that using IBW. Put together with the information from Figure 1, these results suggest that DA chemotherapy based on ABW instead of IBW calculations for patients whose weight is over 20% of IBW have a positive impact on reducing leukemic burden, while not significantly affecting HC recovery. Only for very extreme cases (e.g. P12), is the HC recovery impaired, in which case DA dosage based on IBW instead of ABW is preferable. There is an unmet need to standardise dosing of chemotherapy to achieve the best anti-leukemic effect and to quantify (and limit) potential toxicities. The use of IBW for dosing of chemotherapy in AML patients may result in under-treatment and poorer outcomes. Our model suggests that the use of ABW for dose-determination could improve treatment outcomes in AML in terms of leukaemia cell kill but not at the expense of normal HC recovery, except in extreme cases. Ultimately, the use of mathematical models predicting disease progression and targeted treatment outcomes will be critical to realise the potential of precision medicine for the treatment of AML and other cancers. References 1. Berger, N.A., A time to stop, a time to start: high-dose chemotherapy in overweight and obese patients. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2015. 50 (5): p. 617-8. 2. Panoskaltsis, N., et al., Optimized Patient- and Leukemia-Specific Chemotherapy Protocols For The Treatment Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Blood, 2013. 122 (21). 3. Fuentes-Gari, M., et al., A mathematical model of subpopulation kinetics for the deconvolution of leukaemia heterogeneity. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 2015. 12 (108): p. 20150276. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Programming systems should be both responsive (to support rapid development) and efficient (to complete computations quickly). Pure object-oriented languages are harder to implement efficiently since they need optimization to achieve good performance. Unfortunately, optimization conflicts with interactive responsiveness because it tends to produce long compilation pauses, leading to unresponsive programming environments. Therefore, to achieve good responsiveness, existing exploratory programming environments such as the Smalltalk-80 environment rely on interpretation or non-optimizing dynamic compilation. But such systems pay a price for their interactiveness, since they may execute programs several times slower than an optimizing system.
SELF-93 reconciles high performance with responsiveness by combining a fast, non-optimizing compiler with a slower, optimizing compiler. The resulting system achieves both excellent performance (two or three times faster than existing Smalltalk systems) and good responsiveness. Except for situations requiring large applications to be (re)compiled from scratch, the system allows for pleasant interactive use with few perceptible compilation pauses. To our knowledge, SELF-93 is the first implementation of a pure object-oriented language achieving both good performance and good responsiveness.
When measuring interactive pauses, it is imperative to treat multiple short pauses as one longer pause if the pauses occur in short succession, since they are perceived as one pause by the user. We propose a definition of pause clustering and show that clustering can make an order-of-magnitude difference in the pause time distribution.


This is the first volume in the The New Rich in Asia series which examines the economic, social and political construction of the 'new rich' in the countries and territories of East and South East Asia, as well as their impact internationally. From a western perspective the rise of the emergent business and professional class may seem very familiar. However, it is far from clear that those newly enriched by the processes of modernization in East and South East Asia are readily comparable with the middle classes of the West. For example, civil and human rights seem to play a different role in social, political and economic change, and the State is clearly more central as an agent of economic development. This volume is the essential introduction to the series, and identifies the 'new rich' phenomenon in Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The contributors demonstrate that the key to understanding the 'new rich' is to realise that they are neither a single category or class, but in each setting a series of different socio-political groups who have a common inheritance from the process of rapid economic growth.


The Middle East Conference (MEC) envisaged by the international community for 2012 is to discuss the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction and of their delivery vehicles (WMD/DVs). For a classical Track II project like the ACADEMIC PEACE ORCHESTRA MIDDLE EAST, this is a historic opportunity to provide timely ideas, concepts, and background information for the relevant addressees in the region, the UN and the embassies, and especially for the Facilitator, Finnish Ambassador Jaakko Laajava and his staff. The security dilemma as a starting point and the presented Cooperative Security Concept as a way of lowering this dilemma with an important role of a forum such as the MEC – these are the vital components of the entire cycle of ORCHESTRA workshops over the next years and the basis for discussion and publication of our series of POLICY BRIEFS. Three guiding questions will be addressed: fi rst, how can the political will be created to make the MEC happen, successful, and sustainable? Second, under what circumstances can the crucial decision-makers be induced to adopt a cooperative security approach? Third, how to outline an incremental reduction path culminating in a WMD/DVs Free Zone in the Middle East? 


Mahesh Dattani's Brief Candle deals with the life of cancer patients and is set in a hospital where cancer patients are about to stage a comic play to raise fund for their hospice. The play-within-the-play is a farce containing explicit sexual overtones, jokes and funny dialogues. In using the play-within-the-play technique Dattani is following a Shakespearean tradition. The research paper makes an in-depth thematic study of the play and analyses the philosophy of life that emerges from the play. Death is the predominant theme of Brief Candle. Faced with the fear of oblivion, Vikas, an AIDS patient who dies of cancer, realises the philosophy of life and rightful living and he spreads his understanding of life to everyone onstage and offstage. Every moment lived with enthusiasm, vitality and mirth is every moment denied death.


This paper examines the way dictionaries describe metaforms, items that refer to the linguistic system itself (e.g., pronouns and indexicals). The paper first shows the inconsistent grammatical classification of metaforms, which are usually and incorrectly categorized as adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, or interjections. It is then argued that metaforms should be classified in their currently known grammatical categories: discourse marker (now), focus particle (even, like), quotative (like), and so on. Discussion then turns to the definitions of metaforms, with illustration of their incorrect or misleading semantic characterization and suggestions for capturing their denotations consistently. This examination of the lexicography of metaforms is ultimately a case study in how dictionary making might be informed by judicious use of current grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic theory.


Safety and health at work is about people. It is about people who plan for work, organise work and perform work. It is about those who come in contact with the workplace and those who are responsible for the workplace. There are wider ranging safety and health obligations that are imposed on the industry stakeholders that span all phases of the production process. In all cases, those responsible for discharging the obligations must ask the questions: Is what we propose safe?, can it be done safer? and are we sure? What we learn from recent legal cases before the courts is that it is essential that all stakeholders work together in a collaborative way when discharging these obligations. Safety and health at work cannot become an issue that is viewed only through the eyes of a single stakeholder group. The reason for this is quite simple. The interrelatedness of the responsibilities that are imposed on each of the stakeholder groups, means that the performance based legislation simply wont work, where an active model of communication and consultation is not in place.


ABSTRACT Strawberry anthracnose was observed for the first time in Israel in 1995. The disease reached epidemic proportions in Israeli nurseries and production fields in 1995 and 1996. Using morphological and cultural characteristics, the species responsible for anthracnose was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum. A reliable semi-selective medium, amended with iprodione and lactic acid, was used to isolate the fungus from infected tissues. In addition, C. acutatum was subsequently isolated from necrotic roots of stunted, chlorotic plants that exhibited no symptoms of anthracnose. High levels of the pathogen from naturally infested field soil and perlite growth substrate were quantified from the rhizosphere of diseased plants on the iprodione-amended medium. Both foliar- and rootinfecting isolates were equally pathogenic to strawberry, causing 95 to 100% plant mortality, when inoculated on roots and foliage. In complementation (heterokaryon) tests using nitrate nonutilizing mutants, 113 out of 115 isolates from different plant parts and locations belonged to a single vegetative compatibility group. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA using four repetitive-motif primers produced nearly uniform amplified DNA banding patterns for 141 of the Israeli strawberry isolates from different sites, plots, plant tissues, and cultivars. When compared to reference isolates from the US, these band patterns suggested that a single introduction of C. acutatum was responsible for strawberry anthracnose on foliage and necrosis of roots in Israel.