This is the introductory chapter of the collective volume X. Contiades (ed.), Constitutions in the Global Financial Crisis, (Ashgate 2013), which is the first book to address the multi-faceted influence of the global financial crisis on the national constitutions of the countries most affected. By tracing the impact of the crisis on formal and informal constitutional change, sovereignty issues, fundamental rights protection, regulatory reforms, jurisprudence, the augmentation of executive power, and changes in the party system it addresses all areas of the current constitutional law dialogue and aims to become a reference book with regard to the interaction between financial crises and constitutions. The book includes contributions from prominent experts on Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Spain, the UK, and the USA providing a critical analysis of the effects of the financial crisis on the constitution. The volume's extensive comparative chapter pins down distinct constitutional reactions towards the financial crisis, building an explanatory theory that accounts for the different ways constitutions responded to the crisis. How and why constitutions formed their reactions in the face of the financial crisis unravels throughout the book.


One of the mathematical cornerstones of modern data ana- lytics is machine learning whereby we automatically learn subtle patterns which may be hidden in training data, we associate those patterns with outcomes and we apply these patterns to new and unseen data and make predictions about as yet unseen outcomes. This form of data analytics al- lows us to bring value to the huge volumes of data that is collected from people, from the environment, from commerce, from online activities, from scientific experiments, from many other sources. The mathematical basis for this form of machine learning has led to tools like Support Vector Machines which have shown moderate effectiveness and good efficiency in their implementation. Recently, however, these have been usurped by the emergence of deep learning based on convolutional neural networks. In this presentation we will examine the basis for why such deep net- works are remarkably successful and accurate, their similarity to ways in which the human brain is organised, and the challenges of implementing such deep networks on conventional computer architectures.


This article reports the two extensive aircraft noise annoyance surveys subsequently carried out among residents in the vicinity of Zurich Airport in 2001 and 2003 in order to update and validate existing exposure-effect relationships for aircraft noise and annoyance in Switzerland. Logistic and polynomial approximations of the exposure-annoyance relationships for both the years 2001 and 2003 are presented for the L(dn), L(den), and L(A,eq24) noise metrics. The results confirm other recently published international research and provide further evidence that community annoyance due to aircraft noise has increased over the past decades. Between the two survey years, a considerable amount of early morning and late evening flight operations have been relocated to use an other runway than before; thus both the effects of a recent step decrease and recent step increase on the exposure-annoyance relationship could be investigated. Residents that experienced a step increase elicited a quite pronounced over-reaction of annoyance which correlated with the magnitude of the change. Two logistic regression models are provided to forecast the effects of changes in exposure during shoulder hours in the early morning and the late evening.


Speed is a very important factor in websites and other types of applications and almost all applications stores some type of data, normally in a database. For an example a blog typically saves users, posts and comments. There's a high risk that as the amount of data in the database grows, the time for inserting and requesting specific data increases. If it takes more than some seconds to view a specific page, a user will normally leave the site. However, it's a fact that the database will grow while the application will become more popular but it's possible to save a lot of time if using right database, and structure. In this thesis MongoDB and MySQL will be compared with focus on time consumption. SQL (Structured Query Language) is the language which most databases use. This kind of database stores data in structured tables and noting can be added to them if the type of data is incorrect. SQL also support relations between tables. MySQL is a very popular relational database management system (RDBMS) which for example websites frequently makes use of. NoSQL is a new type of databases where the data is stored in collections without any kind of structure, unlike the well known SQL databases where the data is stored in structured tables. Because of the non-structure, these types of databases are designed to be fast and scalable over multiple machines. Mongodb is a such kind of NoSql-database. Tests has been done both on inserting and processing when handling up to 4 millions entities, MongoDB performs better in almost every test. Results shows that the processing time is shorter using MongoDb in the cases that this thesis is covering, and that it's possible to implement a much fast application when using MongoDb instead of Mysql as database.


There is growing awareness among web users that online organisations are collecting vast amounts of information about them and their activities. With this awareness is an implicit expectation that such data, generally called consumer data, should also be made accessible to the users themselves, and for their own benefit. Generally, it is considered not only fair that such data is not kept locked and out of user's reach, but also that it would lead to greater transparency and accountability of the organisations collecting them. As with any process which publishes data, there is a strong expectation that eventually it would lead to potentially complex privacy issues. In this paper, we focus on what we believe is significant and yet the least explored data type: consumeractivity data, i.e., data (Web access logs) generated by an organisation which tracks the usage and interactions of its online services and resources. We conducted a qualitative study with the goal to investigate the consequences of making such consumer-activity data available to the users who generated them, especially on the privacy challenges that might emerge, both from the organisation's point of the view and that of the individuals who were being tracked. This was achieved by exposing a group of 12 users to a prototype personal analytics dashboard, giving them access to information about their own usage and interactions with the online systems of a large educational organisation (The Open University in the UK). Although, the findings of the study showed that there are potential benefits for the users, it also identified several privacy risks and challenges which needs to be addressed.


Surface modification of titania surfaces with dispersed metal oxide nanoclusters has the potential to enhance photocatalytic activity. These modifications can induce visible light absorption and suppress charge carrier recombination which are vital in improving the efficiency. We have studied heterostructures of Mn4O6 nanoclusters modifying the TiO2 rutile (110) and anatase (101) surfaces using density functional theory (DFT) corrected for on-site Coulomb interactions (DFT + U). Such studies typically focus on the pristine surface, free of the point defects and surface hydroxyls present in real surfaces. In our study we have considered partial hydroxylation of the rutile and anatase surfaces and the role of cation reduction, via oxygen vacancy formation, and how this impacts on a variety of properties governing the photocatalytic performance such as nanocluster adsorption, light absorption, charge separation, and reducibility. Our results indicate that the modifiers adsorb strongly at the surface and that modification extends light absorption into the visible range. MnOx-modified titania can show an off-stoichiometric ground state, through oxygen vacancy formation and cation reduction spontaneously, and both modified rutile and anatase are highly reducible with moderate energy costs. Manganese ions are therefore present in a mixture of oxidation states. Photoexcited electrons and holes localize at cluster metal and oxygen sites, respectively. The interaction of water at the modified surfaces depends on the stoichiometry and spontaneous dissociation to surface bound hydroxyls is favored in the presence of oxygen vacancies and reduced metal cations. Comparisons with bare TiO2 and other TiO2-based photocatalyst materials are presented throughout.


The thermal performance of the triple vacuum glazing was simulated using a finite volume model. The simulated triple vacuum glazing comprises three 4 mm thick glass panes with two vacuum gaps, with one to four internal glass surfaces coated with a low emittance (lowe) coating. The two vacuum gaps are sealed by an indium based sealant and separated by an array of stainless steel pillars with a height of 0.12 mm and a diameter of 0.3 mm spaced at 25 mm. The simulation results show that increasing the emittance of the low-e coatings from 0.03 to 0.18 increases the total glazing heat transmission Uvalue by 50% for a 0.5 m by 0.5 m triple vacuum glazing; while for 1 m by 1m triple vacuum glazing, the U-value is increased by 36%. The centre-of-glazing U-value for both sizes is increased by 134.6%. The simulation results indicate that when using three low-e coatings in the triple vacuum glazing, the vacuum gap with two low-e coatings should be set to the direction facing the hot side environment, while the vacuum gap with one coating should face the cold environment. When using two low-e coatings in the triple vacuum glazing, the U-value of the total triple vacuum glazing with one low-e coatings in each of the vacuum gaps is 10.3% less than that with two low-e coatings in the outdoor side vacuum gap and 3.47% less than that with two low-e coatings in the indoor side vacuum gap. One coating should be set in both vacuum gaps rather than both coatings in the same vacuum gap.


: The majority of trucks is equipped with an external sun visor. The design of this product has not changed significantly since its first introduction around 1950. Despite the availability of alternative products such as tinted windows, users often make the decision to purchase this optional part. The truck industry is focusing increasingly on aspects such as comfort, safety and efficiency and the question arises if, and how improvements can be made to the sun visor. The result of this project is a new sun visor combination for a DAF CF truck. A broad analysis that was performed was based on four pillars: Influence on Efficiency, Aesthetics, Materialization and Visibility & Sun Protection. This analysis resulted in various criteria, opportunities and insight in the deficiencies of the current DAF CF sun visor. An opportunity was found to satisfy the criteria of the four pillars with a combination of an external and interior part. Sun protection & Visibility is improved by an interior sun protection while the exterior sun visor improves Efficiency, Materialization and Aesthetics.


Adaptive management is at the heart of 'Doing Development Differently'. It emerges from stakeholders' calls for development programmes to be more flexible and responsive to their contexts. Whether it becomes a mainstreamed practice depends on how much it is embraced by donors and implementers alike, especially in funding, design, monitoring, evaluation, and learning cycles. This report was developed by a group of students from the London School of Economics as part of their Master's degree programme, in partnership with Oxfam Great Britain. It presents a collection of case studies from Oxfam and other agencies to illustrate concrete examples of how programmes can incorporate adaptive practices at different stages of the planning cycle. It also offers practical suggestions to development actors to support adaptive practices. It argues that PMEL for adaptive management entails flexible funding mechanisms; iterative design processes; developing locally owned approaches; and creating an enabling environment for learning.


KillerRed is the first genetically encoded photosensitizer that can induce cytotoxicity upon light exposure. Nevertheless, its phototoxicity is still lower than that of chemical photosensitizers, and the efforts to further develop KillerRed variants with enhanced phototoxicity have been impeded because the mechanism by which it generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) has remained elusive. To shed light on this issue, we employ quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) modeling with statistical free energy analysis to examine the photo-induced electron transfer reaction occurring in KillerRed. We identify a deprotonated tyrosine residue (Tyr110) as an electron donor and further show that adjacent glutamate and serine residues play essential roles in deprotonating Tyr110. We also show that water mediation is important in the proton transfer and that protein fluctuations importantly govern the fate of the excited system. We provide clues about why KillerRed can only exhibit a low ROS yield and suggest future directions of mutagenesis toward an enhanced phototoxicity.


In today's process systems, operators must consider an overwhelming amount of information which is passed to them via automated systems, and make decisions very quickly. Since the decision-making in a time-critical situation is extremely complicated, the use of automated systems to aid decision making is highly recommended. This paper proposes a hybrid Bayesian network (HBN) to support process operators in hazardous situations. The proposed HBN includes three parts: an evidence preparation, a situational network, and risk estimation. The evidence preparation part provides soft evidence based on the online conditions and process monitoring system. The situational network is developed based on dynamic Bayesian networks to model the hazardous situations, and the risk estimation part calculates the risk level of every situation dynamically to show whether the risk level of situations is acceptable or not. The threefold HBN is explained through a case from U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) investigation report. According to the CSB report, following an operator error at a paint manufacturing plant, the explosion and subsequent fire destroyed a facility, injured ten residents, and heavily damaged dozens of nearby homes and businesses. Finally a sensitivity analysis is presented to evaluate the proposed HBN.


I have been making a series of geometric sculptures from laser-cut plywood parts that are held together with cable ties. This method has many advantages for use in group "sculpture barn raisings": (1) Laser cutters are extremely accurate, so allow for very precise fabrication. (2) Laser cutters are becoming widely accessible through maker spaces, universities, and online service bureaus. (3) The template files can be distributed via internet, allowing others to replicate the process widely. (4) Readily available plywood is inexpensive and cuts cleanly. (5) Cableties are inexpensive and easy to use by participants with no special training. (6) Unlike glued wood joints, cableties can be easily undone with wire snips if a mistake is made. (7) Cable-ties adapt to any desired dihedral angle between the plywood parts, so no special brackets are required. (8) As illustrated below, the resulting sculptures look very crisp, creating a 3D volume from 2D panels and highlighted 1D edges, and can incorporate laser-cut designs etched on the surface. I have been exploring variations of this technique, leading teams of students and the public in making intricate geometric sculptures and taking the opportunity to informally present mathematical ideas. I encourage others to replicate these designs and this paper provides enough details to make this possible.


The multiple proposal methods represent a recent simulation technique for Markov Chain Monte Carlo that allows several proposals to be considered at each step of transition. Motivated by the ideas of Quasi Monte Carlo integration, we examine how strongly correlated proposals can be employed to construct Markov chains with improved mixing properties. We proceed by giving a concise introduction to the Monte Carlo and Markov Chain Monte Carlo theory, and we supply a short discussion of the standard simulation algorithms and the difficulties of efficient sampling. We then examine two multiple proposal methods suggested in the literature, and we indicate the possibility of a unified formulation of the two methods. More essentially, we report some systematic exploration strategies for the two multiple proposals methods. In particular, we present schemes for the utilization of well-distributed point sets and maximally spread search directions. We also include a simple construction procedure for the latter type of point set. A numerical examination of the multiple proposal methods are performed on two simple test problems. We find that the systematic exploration approach may provide a significant improvement of the mixing, especially when the probability mass of the target distribution is ``easy to miss'' by independent sampling. For both test problems, we find that the best results are obtained with the QMC schemes. In particular, we find that the gain is most pronounced for a relatively moderate number of proposal. With fewer proposals, the properties of the well-distributed point sets will no be that relevant. For a large number of proposals, the independent sampling approach will be more competitive, since the coverage of the local neighborhood then will be better.


Life cycle assessment (LCA) can aid in quantifying the environmental impacts of whole buildings by evaluating materials, construction, operation and end of life phases with the goal of identifying areas of potential improvement. Since buildings have long useful lifetimes, and the use phase can have large environmental impacts, variations within the use phase can sometimes be greater than the total impacts of other phases. Additionally, buildings are operated within changing industrial and environmental systems; the simultaneous evaluation of these dynamic systems is recognized as a need in LCA. At the whole building level, LCA of buildings has also failed to account for internal impacts due to indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The two key contributions of this work are 1) the development of an explicit framework for DLCA and 2) the inclusion of IEQ impacts related to both occupant health and productivity. DLCA was defined as "an approach to LCA which explicitly incorporates dynamic process modeling in the context of temporal and spatial variations in the surrounding industrial and environmental systems." IEQ impacts were separated into three types: 1) chemical impacts, 2) nonchemical health impacts, and 3) productivity impacts. Dynamic feedback loops were incorporated in a combined energy/IEQ model, which was applied to an illustrative case study of the Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation (MCSI) building at the University of Pittsburgh. Data were collected by a system of energy, temperature, airflow and air quality sensors, and supplemented with a post-occupancy building survey to elicit occupants' qualitative evaluation of IEQ and its impact on productivity. The IEQ+DLCA model was used to evaluate the tradeoffs or co-benefits of energy-savings scenarios. Accounting for dynamic variation changed the overall results in several LCIA categories - increasing nonrenewable energy use by 15% but reducing impacts due to criteria air pollutants by over 50%. Internal respiratory effects due to particulate matter were up to 10% of external impacts, and internal cancer impacts from VOC inhalation were several times to almost an order of magnitude greater than external cancer impacts. An analysis of potential energy saving scenarios highlighted tradeoffs between internal and external impacts, with some energy savings coming at a cost of negative impacts on either internal health, productivity or both. Findings support including both internal and external impacts in green building standards, and demonstrate an improved quantitative LCA method for the comparative evaluation of building designs.


The relationship between citizens and local government in urban areas has had a colorful history. Here we ask how communication channels—interpersonal and mass—and organizational involvement affect citizen attempts to influence their local government through grassroots activities such as personal contacts, letter writing, attending meetings. Data from a survey of a metropolitan area in the Midwest are analyzed to examine the influence of these measures of social capital. Analyses support the importance of organizational involvement, neighborhood communication networks, and attention to public affairs content in the media as stimulants for grassroots attempts to influence local governance in urban areas.


BACKGROUND
Positron emission tomography (PET), a new noninvasive imaging modality, utilizing 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), has demonstrated increased FDG uptake in lung tumors.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the diagnostic efficacy of PET-FDG imaging in differentiating benign from malignant solitary pulmonary nodules.

PATIENT SELECTION
A prospective study of 30 patients who presented with indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in size based on chest radiograph and computed tomographic (CT) scan.

SETTING
Two tertiary care medical centers in Omaha, Neb: Creighton University Medical Center and the Omaha Veterans Administration Medical Center.

MEASUREMENTS
Positron emission tomographic imaging of the lung was performed 1 h after intravenous injection of 10 mCi of F-18-FDG. Qualitative analysis of the images was performed independently by two observers by visual identification of the areas of increased FDG uptake in the lung nodules. Semiquantitative analysis was performed using computation of differential uptake ratio (DUR). Histologic specimens were obtained in 29 patients (thoracotomy 20, transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy 8, bronchoscopy 1).

RESULTS
Positron emission tomographic imaging correctly identified 27 of 30 pulmonary nodules. Diagnostic accuracy was high with sensitivity of 95 percent and specificity of 80 percent. The positive and negative predictive value of PET imaging for solitary pulmonary nodules was 90 percent and 89 percent, respectively. The DUR values were significantly higher for malignant nodules (mean +/- SD, 5.55 +/- 2.79) than benign nodules (mean +/- SD, 0.95 +/- 0.99) (p < 0.001). There was one false-negative result in a patient with a 1-cm nodule identified as a scar adenocarcinoma. There were two false-positive cases and both had caseating granulomas with active inflammation and Histoplasma organisms.

CONCLUSION
PET-FDG imaging of the lung, a new noninvasive diagnostic test, has a high degree of accuracy in differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. PET-FDG imaging could complement CT scanning in the evaluation and treatment of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules.


The research was conducted to analyze the activities implemented by the
 Government of Nepal to deal with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. The basis of the analysis was the
 National Avian Influenza Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plan (NAIPPRP). This plan was
 compared to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and the United States preparation
 plans. The H1N1 situation in Nepal, between 2009 April to 2010 March, was analyzed considering
 the country's profile on the basis of data available online and document provided by WHO-Nepal.
 The first reported outbreak of H1N1 occurred in Mexico in early April 2009 and soon spread to
 the United States (US), and then globally. In the US, the outbreak occurred primarily in the
 border-states. The Government immediately took necessary steps to mitigate the effect in all the
 states preparing the country for the next pandemic wave. However, Nepal with capacity
 constraint, few financial resources, low manpower and limited technology, political instability
 has undergone challenges to implement a plan. Issues such as an under-developed health care
 system, the topography of the country, economic remoteness, difficulties in enhancing literacy
 among the female and rural populations, conservative social custom and traditions and lack of
 central planning and administration has contributed to the implementation problems. The Avian
 Influenza Control Project (AICP) has made an endeavored to improve and implement mitigation
 measures to deal with the H1N1. However due to existing challenges; country's associated
 constraints and uncertainty in the development of the health care system, the capability and
 effectiveness of the diagnostic laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) and the
 surveillance measures implemented, issues following the mitigation measures applied remains.
 Transparency to gain public confidence and assure the citizens of their safety and capability
 enhancement in the health sector is necessary.


Just about any social need is now met with an opportunity to "connect" through digital means. But this convenience is not free—it is purchased with vast amounts of personal data transferred through shadowy backchannels to corporations using it to generate profit. The Costs of Connection uncovers this process, this "data colonialism," and its designs for controlling our lives—our ways of knowing; our means of production; our political participation. Colonialism might seem like a thing of the past, but this book shows that the historic appropriation of land, bodies, and natural resources is mirrored today in this new era of pervasive datafication. Apps, platforms, and smart objects capture and translate our lives into data, and then extract information that is fed into capitalist enterprises and sold back to us. The authors argue that this development foreshadows the creation of a new social order emerging globally—and it must be challenged. Confronting the alarming degree of surveillance already tolerated, they offer a stirring call to decolonize the internet and emancipate our desire for connection.


In recent years the electricity sector has undergone a number of changes that all point in the direction of liberalization and decentralization of control. However, a number of technological challenges have to be addressed before the desired degree of decentralization is obtained. Currently, most of the decisions about the operation of a power system are still made in control centers in a centralized fashion. We present in this paper a distributed optimization method that allows several power plant operators to schedule preventive maintenance on their generation units in a distributed fashion. This method does not require the centralization of private data of the power plant operators (like available capacities, internal maintenance schedules, maintenance and operation costs, etc). Furthermore, the method guarantees globally optimal schedules while observing the power generation demand at all times. The problem is modeled as a constraint satisfaction/optimization problem, which is a powerful paradigm for solving numerous tasks in distributed AI, like planning, scheduling, resource allocation. The algorithm that we use is a complete method for distributed constraint optimization, based on dynamic programming. It requires a linear number of messages, whose maximal size depends on a parameter of the constraint graph, called induced width. This makes our algorithm well suited for large but loose problems. We conjecture that this method has applications in power systems well beyond this scheduling scenario.


This thesis aims to offer a perspective on the history of mental health in the Ottoman Empire with a special focus on modernization. It is designed to be a modest contribution towards studying social history of medicine relying on the Foucauldian theoretical framework. It first provides a literature review to delineate the changes in the Ottoman medical history writing and the origins of the Ottoman social history of medicine. Originally being a purely institutional history, Ottoman medical historiography has become transformed in the late 1970's by discussing social effects of medicine. This thesis then intends to portray the transition from traditionalism to modernism. It investigates the limits of medical modernization and asks the question as to what degree medical knowledge was used as a disciplinary mechanism. It searches for how modernization shaped mental health in the Ottoman Empire with respect to confinement practices and state control. With this regard this thesis is aimed to show a comparative perspective between pre-modern and modern mechanisms in terms of confinement practices and state control. Up until the commencement of medical modernization confinement practices were not standardized, and were not necessarily under the control of the state. Religious institutions as well as and family and neighborhood members did play decisive roles in confinement practices. However, from the second half of the nineteenth century, medical knowledge was used as a disciplinary mechanism to a degree in which effective organizational structures were established. Mental treatment, hospital conditions and confinement practices were left to state control. This project aims to show that state control was increased and confinement was used as a disciplinary mechanism to a degree in which the required effective organizational structures to be established. Discipline imposed upon individuals was not experienced homogenously due to differences in the level of institutional effectiveness and modernization throughout the Empire.


"The concept of literary epiphany has received surprisingly little theoretical attention in recent years," writes Ashton Nichols. "Privileged moments of secular revelation have become a literary commonplace in poems and prose narratives, but only a handful of scholars have considered the wider implications of the technique derived from William Wordsworth's 'spots of time' and first called 'epiphany' by James Joyce" (Nichols 467; the very recent collection of essays edited by Tigges may be a harbinger of welcome change in this regard). This oversight may be an aftereffect of New Criticism, whose stress on "organic unity" made it seem heretical for the critic to study an epiphany apart from its context in the tightly unified work one hoped to find. The mysterious or nonrational effect produced by epiphanies may also have discouraged theorists from thinking of a given writer's epiphanic moments as a class of constructed objects amenable to systematic study. But if we have a multifarious depth psychology to help u s grasp the puzzling logic of dream constructions, we need a complementary epiphanology to reveal the less-than-obvious logic of epiphany patterns. Each epiphany maker establishes a uniquely individual recurrent pattern that correlates with a personal configuration of psychological concerns, fears, and desires. In creating epiphanies, as the example of Elizabeth Bishop testifies, one becomes most intensely who one is. No attempt has yet been made to analyze the distinctive pattern of Bishop's powerful verse epiphanies. In two brief, overlapping essays, Sybil Estess finds certain of Bishop's lyrics epiphanic because they are "meditative," show rich "powers of association," offer descriptions in "minute detail," and are "tentative" while expressing the "spirit of wonder" ("Shelters" 53, 55, 59; "Toward the Interior" uses similar phrasing). [1] But these remarks barely begin to distinguish Bishop's epiphanies from her lyric utterances generally, much less to define what makes her epiphanies different from those of other poets. In the following analysis of the most complete and strongest epiphanies in the poetic work of Elizabeth Bishop, I will apply a method worked out in my Patterns of Epiphany (1997) and further tested in recent papers on Philip Larkin (1999) and J. D. Salinger (2000). Here, as in those studies, I begin by using three criteria to define a literary epiphany. (1) It is a moment that affects us as exceptionall y intense in feeling. (2) It is expansive in meaning, appearing to signify more than such a brief experience would have any right to mean. (3) And it is mysterious in effect because its intensity and expansiveness are unaccountable by any rational explanation in the writer's text. [2] My technique for study of epiphany borrows from French phenomenologist Gaston Bachelard a threefold focus on (1) elements, namely earth, water, air, fire--along with elementally related imagery such as rainbows; (2) motions--vertical or horizontal, rapid or gentle, sudden or gradual; and (3) shapes--often geometric, such as circles or spheres. My methodology differs from the techniques of close analysis used by New Critics and offers advantages for psychological analysis as well. New Critical study of imagery tended to ignore such components of the epiphanies because these components are semi-abstract, not obviously picturelike. In my method, the motion pattern is sought regardless of what moves, the geometric shape identified independently of what fills it, the element studied whatever the variety of its endless shapes or chaotic defiances of form. The semiabstract nature of these components of epiphanies may actually take us deeper than New Critical analysis into structures of an individual's mental functi oning. At the same time, however, the components of the patterns of epiphany that I study are far less generalized than, say, the images of cyclicity (lunar, diurnal, seasonal) systematized by Northrop Frye (158-62). …


We present, visualize and analyse the similarities and differences between the controversial topics related to "edit wars" identified in 10 different language versions of Wikipedia. After a brief review of the related work we describe the methods developed to locate, measure, and categorize the controversial topics in the different languages. Visualizations of the degree of overlap between the top 100 list of most controversial articles in different languages and the content related geographical locations will be presented. We discuss what the presented analysis and visualizations can tell us about the multicultural aspects of Wikipedia, and, in general, about cultures of peer-production with focus on universal and specifically, local features. We demonstrate that Wikipedia is more than just an encyclopaedia; it is also a window into divergent social-spatial priorities, interests and preferences.


We present the results from an all-sky search for short-duration gravitational waves in the data of the first run of the Advanced LIGO detectors between September 2015 and January 2016. The search algorithms use minimal assumptions on the signal morphology, so they are sensitive to a wide range of sources emitting gravitational waves. The analyses target transient signals with duration ranging from milliseconds to seconds over the frequency band of 32 to 4096 Hz. The first observed gravitational-wave event, GW150914, has been detected with high confidence in this search; the other known gravitational-wave event, GW151226, falls below the search ' s sensitivity. Besides GW150914, all of the search results are consistent with the expected rate of accidental noise coincidences. Finally, we estimate rate-density limits for a broad range of non-binary-black-hole transient gravitational-wave sources as a function of their gravitational radiation emission energy and their characteristic frequency. These rate-density upper limits are stricter than those previously published by an order of magnitude.


Professor T. N. George congratulated the authors on the high refinement of their analyses of sediments that, in their vertical and lateral variations, provided the sedimentological evidence for close palaeogeographical reconstruction. A particular problem arose in the frame of the physical context in which the sediments accumulated. The basin of deposition appeared to be in more or less degree walled-in on three sides, with access of detritus limited to comparatively narrow routes. The analogy with tongues of the Mississippi delta could therefore only be a general one, with specific elements in the sediments offering similarities with incidental and small-scale spreads of Mississippi muds and silts. While the cycles of sedimentation were clearly defined by carbonaceous layers, it was also a problem to relate marine incursions to such a basinal environment without invoking very considerable variations in the source area of the incoming sediments, but it would be interesting to know if Dr. Read was prepared to link the rhythmic changes as pulses of subsidence, with corresponding pulses of uplift in the hinterland. Moreover, the sustained influence of structures within the basin of sedimentation, as revealed by the parallel changes in thickness and facies seen at successive horizons, suggested that tectonic controls were built into the detailed frame of the basin and were not buried to the point of elimination as the cover of sediments thickened. Analogy with elements in the Mississippi was again at best only approximate, for clearly the growth of the Scottish Namurian deltas wasnot by simple


The statistical framework of Part 1 (Sundberg et al., 2012), for comparing ensemble simulation surface temperature output with temperature proxy and instrumental records, is implemented in a pseudo-proxy experiment. A set of previously published millennial forced simulations (Max Planck Institute – COSMOS), including both "low" and "high" solar radiative forcing histories together with other important forcings, was used to define "true" target temperatures as well as pseudo-proxy and pseudo-instrumental series. In a global land-only experiment, using annual mean temperatures at a 30-yr time resolution with realistic proxy noise levels, it was found that the low and high solar full-forcing simulations could be distinguished. In an additional experiment, where pseudo-proxies were created to reflect a current set of proxy locations and noise levels, the low and high solar forcing simulations could only be distinguished when the latter served as targets. To improve detectability of the low solar simulations, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio in local temperature proxies was more efficient than increasing the spatial coverage of the proxy network. The experiences gained here will be of guidance when these methods are applied to real proxy and instrumental data, for example when the aim is to distinguish which of the alternative solar forcing histories is most compatible with the observed/reconstructed climate.


The human brain is an extraordinarily complex biological system underpinning cognition and experience. This complexity is evident at all levels, from genetics to molecular, cellular, network and systems constituents. This article provides an overview of these constituents, their organization and the processes in which they are engaged. We discuss the shaping influences of development and evolution, and describe the brain's structure and function at several levels: cellular features, the organization of neurons into functional systems, the gross anatomy of the nervous system and the specific structural and functional properties of the cerebral cortex. There is considerable evidence that cortical activity – though not all cortical activity – is correlated with conscious experiences, but exactly which activities constitute consciousness is unclear.


This chapter is based on events recorded through the videos, audio-tapes and diary kept by Evelyn Arizpe to record her daughters' bilingual language development and their relationship to books. While there have been case studies on the linguistic progress of young bilingual children and case studies of monolingual children's developing literacy and relationship with literature through books, illustrations and stories, there have been no detailed observations of similar development in a bilingual household. The case study highlights how the children's responses to the complex interweaving of two languages through a trail of books and stories within a highly literate household supported and reflected their emotional development in the first 3 years of life.


Abstract Robert Neild (born 1924) has made a major contribution to economics and to peace studies. This paper provides a brief sketch of Neild's life and work. While noting his research in economic policy and peace studies, this essay devotes more attention to his largely unnoticed contributions to institutional and evolutionary economics since 1984. These are important in their own right, but they are especially notable because Cambridge heterodox economists have been devoted mainly to other approaches, including Marxism and post-Keynesianism. Neild's distinctive contribution is partly explained by his closeness to both Nicholas Kaldor and Gunnar Myrdal. Myrdal made explicit his adherence to the original American institutionalism: Neild extended that link to Cambridge.


On December 19, 1991, President Bush signed into law the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Improvement Act of 1991. Although President Bush supported a broad reform package, Congress, after much debate, proposed a very limited bill to the President that provided no new opportunities for the banking industry. Figure 1 presents a summary of the provisions of the Act by providing the titles of the sections and subsection headings, in addition to a brief overview of the subsections. (Figure 1 omitted)While providing an additional $25 billion of borrowing for the FDIC's Bank Insurance Fund (BIF), as well as additional borrowing authority based on fair market values of BIF assets, the provisions of the Act contained much verbiage dealing with accounting and auditing issues. Some of these matters include requiring "large" institutions to provide additional financial disclosures and management of certain financial institutions to issue assertions as to the adequacy of their firms' internal controls. Also, independent auditors will be required to report whether they perceive that these controls are operating properly, whether the financial institution complies with certain laws and regulations, and to issue annual audit and quarterly review reports for certain sized financial institutions. The Act requires outside directors to form audit committees to oversee the financial reporting process, with specific limitations regarding the independence and competence of these members. Additionally, the Act will require "appropriate" federal banking agencies to establish financial reporting, operational and managerial standards for certain financial institutions which could even supersede generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The purpose of this article is to highlight key portions of these new accounting and auditing standards and to provide advice on how to minimize any adverse effects.REQUIRED DISCLOSURES BY MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSThe 1991 Act significantly increases FDIC-insured financial institutions' financial reporting requirement disclosures. For example, financial institutions will now be classified into five levels of capital categories --well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalize--with lower level institutions facing more difficulty in borrowing funds from federal reserve banks, as well as more stringent regulatory supervision. Undercapitalized institutions must also file capital plans with federal regulators and face limits on their levels of interest payments, "risky" investments, and asset growth. Thus, financial institutions must provide timely financial information to federal regulatory agencies so that they can assess the appropriateness of their assigned capital categories.While FDIC-insured institutions must continue providing annual, publicly available audit reports of their financial events and transactions, the Act adds many new reporting requirements.First, the chief executive and financial officers of institutions, other than subsidiaries of holding companies, with assets exceeding $150 million must provide signed statements of management's financial affairs. That is, they must disclose their primary responsibility for preparing valid and reliable financial statements, establishing and maintaining adequate and effective internal control structures over the financial reporting process, and complying with their own and applicable federal safety and soundness regulations. This disclosure clarifies the critical distinction between management's responsibilities for preparing the financial statements, including the contents and assertions contained therein, and the independent auditor's responsibility for providing reasonable assurance of these financial statements and expressing an opinion on their fairness.Furthermore, FDIC-insured subsidiaries of holding companies with assets exceeding $9 billion, or whose assets fall between $150 million and $9 billion and received certain risk assessments in their latest appropriate federal agency examination, must separately satisfy these accounting disclosure requirements both at the subsidiary and holding company levels. …


[1] The Columbia River plume (CRP) is an ecologically important source of nutrients, pollutants, and fresh water to the Oregon/Washington shelf. It is traditionally under-sampled, with observations constrained to ships or moorings. High-spatial- and temporal-resolution observations afforded by satellites would increase sampling if the plume could be quantitatively detected in the imagery. Two empirical algorithms are presented using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate sea surface salinity in the region of CRP. Salinity cannot be detected directly, so a proxy for fresh water is employed. Light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) is inversely proportional to salinity and linear because of conservative mixing of CDOM-rich terrestrial runoff with surrounding ocean water. To estimate synthetic salinity, simple linear (salinity versus aCDOM) and multiple linear (salinity and temperature versus aCDOM) algorithms were developed from in situ measurements of aCDOM collected on the Coastal Ocean Processes–River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems cruises. These algorithms were applied to MODIS 250 m resolution data layers of sea surface temperature and absorption by colored dissolved and detrital matter (aCDM) estimated at 350 nm and 412 nm from the Garver-Siegel-Maritorena model version 1 algorithm. Validation of MODIS-derived synthetic salinity with coincident in situ measurements revealed significant correlation during both downwelling (simple, β1 = 0.95 and r2 = 0.89; multiple, β1 = 0.92 and r2 = 0.89) and upwelling periods (simple, β1 = 1.26 and r2 = 0.85; multiple, β1 = 1.10 and r2 = 0.87) using the 412 nm data layer. Synthetic salinity estimated using the 350 nm data layer consistently overestimated salinity. These algorithms, when applied to aCDM at 412 nm, enable synoptic observations of CRP not permitted by ships or moorings alone.


To avoid hole stability problems in an increasingly fierce drilling environment, the demand for accurate control of the pressure profile during drilling operations is rising. As standard instrumentation of drilling rigs have poor measurement of the bottom hole pressure, there is a need for estimation. However, a precise model of a drilling process is difficult to obtain, so a competent observer, using a simpler, lower order model, should be satisfactory. In this master thesis several approaches on estimation are discussed together with a suggested improvement in the annular friction model. The estimators tested are: First, the moving horizon observer, which is presented together with prior work by the author and Marcel Paasche; Second, the unscented Kalman filter, which is a new estimation candidate introduced together with regularization to compensate for the slow update and lack of availability in bottom hole pressure measurements. Last, different combinations of the two observers are proposed. All observers are tested in simulations and good performance is found for both the MHE and UKF. Parameter adaptation is found to be effective for both observers, but the UKF encounters some minor observability issues when the system is not sufficiently exciting. Different combinations of the two observers increase computational complexity, unfortunately without achieving better accuracy in estimates. The estimates are deteriorated when the alternative friction model is tested, and it is thus considered a failed attempt to improve the simple third order Kaasa model.


Zoonotic simian foamy viruses (SFV) establish lifelong infection in their human hosts. Despite repeated transmission of SFV from nonhuman primates to humans, neither transmission between human hosts nor severe clinical manifestations have been reported. We aim to study the immune responses elicited by chronic infection with this retrovirus and previously reported that SFV-infected individuals generate potent neutralizing antibodies that block cell infection by viral particles. Here, we assessed whether human plasma antibodies block SFV cell-to-cell transmission and present the first description of cell-to-cell spreading of zoonotic gorilla SFV. We set-up a microtitration assay to quantify the ability of plasma samples from 20 Central African individuals infected with gorilla SFV and 9 uninfected controls to block cell-associated transmission of zoonotic gorilla SFV strains. We used flow-based cell cytometry and fluorescence microscopy to study envelope protein (Env) localization and the capacity of plasma antibodies to bind to infected cells. We visualized the cell-to-cell spread of SFV by real-time live imaging of a GFP-expressing prototype foamy virus (CI-PFV) strain. None of the samples neutralized cell-associated SFV infection, despite the inhibition of cell-free virus. We detected gorilla SFV Env in the perinuclear region, cytoplasmic vesicles and at the cell surface. We found that plasma antibodies bind to Env located at the surface of cells infected with primary gorilla SFV strains. Extracellular labeling of SFV proteins by human plasma samples showed patchy staining at the base of the cell and dense continuous staining at the cell apex, as well as staining in the intercellular connections that formed when previously connected cells separated from each other. In conclusion, SFV-specific antibodies from infected humans do not block cell-to-cell transmission, at least in vitro, despite their capacity to bind to the surface of infected cells. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03225794/.


Individuals with depression commonly complain about cognitive deficits such as memory loss and poor decision making ability (Lahr, Beblo, & Hartje, 2007). However, despite considerable research, no single profile of cognitive deficits in depression has emerged (Ravnkilde et al., 2002). This may be a result of heterogeneity within the diagnostic category of depression. While typically diagnosed as a single disorder, the symptoms of depression may stem from different neurobiological causes leading to different profiles of cognitive deficits. Shenal, Harrison, and Demaree (2003) theorised that subtypes of depression could arise from dysfunctional brain activity in each of the quadrants of the brain (right frontal, left frontal, right posterior, and left posterior). For example, reduced left frontal activity in depression may be associated with impairments in tasks reliant on left frontal regions. Little research has directly investigated the possible link between variability in cognitive deficits and different patterns of dysfunctional brain activity in depression. The current paper reviews evidence for this link by describing depressed individuals' performance on lateralised cognitive tasks, and discusses possibilities for future


The Rossland Volcanic Group is a dominantly clastic succession that accumulated in a back-arc sedimentary basin in Lower Jurassic time. The lava-types preserved are predominantly augite- and plagioclase-phyric basalts and low-SiO(_2) andesites, but with some localised and conspicuous ankaramitic varieties. Amphibole is a less common but significant phenocryst in basaltic and andesitic compositions. Whole-rock and primary mineral (augite and amphibole) chemical data indicate that the Rossland volcanics are of island-arc affinity. However, rather than being a normal calc-alkaline association, they compare more favourably, in some respects, with the recent, ankaramitic associations of the New Hebrides and New Georgia island-arcs. The presence of primary amphibole in the basalts, and the rare occurrence of primary biotite in one low SiO(_2) andesite, also indicate a mildly alkaline, or high-K(_2)O affinity. Comparison with the sparse data on contemporaneous (Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic) volcanics of the Canadian Cordillera, indicates that magmatism similar to that in the Rossland area was also operative along the Upper Triassic, Nicola-Takla axis. In the Lower Durassic, the bulk of the volcanics in north-central British Columbia were somewhat different, being more evolved in nature and representing the change of the continental margin to that of an Andean type. The chemistry of the Rossland representatives indicates an upper-mantle origin for the magmas, though only rarely were unmodified partial melts extruded. Rather, as would be expected from the strongly porphyritic nature of the volcanics, mostmagmas suffered a degree of polybaric olivine fractionation(during ascent from around 30Kb) and crustal level (2-7 kb)fractionation of olivine + Cr-spinel + clinopyroxene +amphibole + Ti-magnetite + plagioclase. Metamorphism of the volcanics occurred in Middle Jurassictime, during the early phases of the Columbian orogeny. Consideration of the secondary-mineral assemblages and chemistry, indicates that a progressive regional metamoprhism affected the volcanics, varying from the prehnite-pumpellyite facies, through the greenschist, to the epidote-amphibolite facies. This gradation is from south to north and probably culminates, north of the area, in the Valhalla gneiss dome of the Shuswap complex. Oxygen isotope ((^18)o/(^16)o) data further show that during metamorphism the volcanics exchanged oxygen considerably with a pervasive hydrothermal fluid, enriching them in (^18)0 (δ(^18)0=8-11 o/oo) relative to their original magmatic values (δ(^18)0=6o/00)), The origin of the hydrothermal fluid is enigmatic, but is most probably either extremely (^18)0-enriched meteoric water or is water released during prograde metamoprhism of deeper level sediments and which percolates upwards.


Creativity is the crowning jewel of human cognition, the ability that most uniquely characterizes our species. At the heart of subjective accounts of creativity are three deeply paradoxical features. First, creative acts are widely considered acts of self-expression, yet by many accounts the creative experience is selfless and only partially volitional. Second, creative activity is often hypnotically engrossing, while psychological theories about creativity emphasize loose, defocussed thinking. Third, loose associations during creative acts might be profligate and degenerate, but creative products are often highly specific and optimal. Here we present two novel hypotheses which might explain the paradoxical nature of subjective accounts of creativity. First, we suggest that creativity requires a "quiet mind," simultaneously focused and disinhibited. Second, we describe how this paradoxical activity in the cerebral cortex might support the Darwinian selection engine, a previously-proposed network-level mechanism for organizing and developing mental representations.


Article deals with problem of consequences of the crime and notion of criminal liability. There are two consequences of the crime provided in Penal Code of Lithuania: criminal liability and remission from criminal liability. Criminal liability is considered as a normal consequence of the offence, provided for in criminal code. The term "criminal liability" is a common term frequently, used by practitioners. However, theoretical notion of the term for a long time was problematic. Present legislation uses two terms: criminal liability and the punishment. However, correspondence between the given terms wasn't clear. However as both terms are being used in criminal legislation, we must give explanation of the terms and use them in proper way. Terms "criminal liability" and "punishment" have different meaning and should be used in different situations. Criminal liability as obligation to bear negative consequences of committed offence arises from the moment of committing the offence. However, realization of the obligation starts from the moment of sentencing. The sentence, where is proclaimed defendants guilty in committing crime is the first element of criminal liability. For a long time pretrial detention was included in the notion of criminal liability. The punishment is the second element of criminal liability. The conviction is the third element.(Conviction in Lithuanian criminal law is considered as defined period of time after serving the penalty. Committing the new crime within this period has impact on application of various legal consequences provided for in criminal code). What issues derive from this short study? First, pre-trial coercive measures are not criminal liability. Second, real punishment is not the necessary element of the criminal liability. There are two forms of criminal liability: criminal liability with determining the punishment and enforcing it and criminal liability with remission from punishment. Both types of criminal liability should be included into the new criminal code as different legal consequences of the offence.


Our goal was to investigate the effect of contrast medium injection duration on pulmonary artery peak enhancement and time to peak enhancement. Fourteen dogs were allocated into one of seven predefined weight categories, each category contained two dogs. Dogs in each weight category were assigned to group A or B. Animals in each group received a different contrast medium injection protocol. In group A, a fixed injection rate of 5ml/s was used. In group B, the contrast injection rate was calculated as follows: flow rate1⁄4contrast volume/scan durationþ10s. Time to peak enhancement and peak enhancement of the main left and right pulmonary arteries were measured on single-level, dynamic CT images for a fixed time of 30 s. Rank correlation (Spearman's) coefficients between injection duration and time to peak enhancement and between body weight and peak enhancement were calculated. For group A, there was a significant negative correlation between peak enhancement and weight (r1⁄4


Geothermal mining from brines becomes increasingly important with the increasing demand for rare earth elements in various engineering applications. Geothermal fluids contain valuable minerals and metals such as silica, zinc, lithium, and other materials that can be processed to recover these products. Solution mining by nature is challenging because of variable composition as well as the concentration of the interfering ions, particularly calcium and magnesium, and the presence of interfering ions increases the recovery costs requiring additional steps. The aim of this study is the fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube functionalized electrospun chitosan, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber mats. Effect of polymer type, dilution factor, and surface modification on the sorption of lithium ( QUOTE ) ions was investigated. The maximum sorption performance was obtained with SWCNT functionalized PAN (15 wt%) fiber mats and they have sorption percentage as 55% at diluted (1/100) brine samples.


What are the benefits of limiting the global warming to 1.5 degree with respect to pre-industrial conditions for the vulnerable region of West Antarctica which might be prone to positive feedback mechanisms between ocean circulation, melting of shelf ice and instabilities of the ice sheet? There are indications that West Antarctic ice sheet instabilities have occurred in the Last Interglacial around 125.000 years ago. At that time the polar surface temperature was about 2K warmer than today. The question under which circumstances a tipping point may be reached and if this may happen again is therefore highly relevant, especially since a disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet could cause a global sea level rise between 3 and 5 m. Here we address this question with variable resolution, global coupled ice sheet - shelf ice - ocean - atmosphere multi-century simulations. With our innovative ocean modelling approach in the Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model FESOM it is possible to refine the ocean resolution to up to 3 km in the Amundsen Sea and 10 km around the whole Antarctica while keeping it relatively coarse in the order of a couple of hundred km in dynamically not very active regions such as the subtropical regions. This means that we can simulate the feedback between ocean and ice in the relevant regions highly resolved given that the ice sheet model runs at a resolution of 5 to 10 km. Three different emission scenarios are applied up to 2100, two of them limiting the global mean temperature increase to 1.5 ◦ C and 2 ◦ C respectively and one of them assuming business-as-usual conditions (IPCC SRES RCP8.5 scenario). The simulations are extended to 2400 with the greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations kept constant at 2100 levels, respectively, to be able to simulate the long-term implications of different global warming levels.


We describe the design of finite-size linear-phase separable kernels for differentiation of discrete multidimensional signals. The problem is formulated as an optimization of the rotation-invariance of the gradient operator, which results in a simultaneous constraint on a set of one-dimensional low-pass prefilter and differentiator filters up to the desired order. We also develop extensions of this formulation to both higher dimensions and higher order directional derivatives. We develop a numerical procedure for optimizing the constraint, and demonstrate its use in constructing a set of example filters. The resulting filters are significantly more accurate than those commonly used in the image and multidimensional signal processing literature.


The work presented in this thesis describes the research, modelling and experimentation which were carried out so as to explore the use of electromagnetic pulse induction for the detection of nearby or on-body threat items such as handguns and knives. Commercially available finite difference time domain electromagnetic solver software, Vector Fields, was used to simulate the interaction of a low frequency electromagnetic pulse with different metal objects. The ability to discriminate between objects is based on the lifetime of the induced currents in the object, typically around 100 (μs). Lifetimes are different for a different objects, whether they are weapons or benign objects. For example hand grenades, knives, and handguns are clearly threat objects whereas a wrist watch, mobile phone and keys are considered benign. Electromagnetic pulse Induction (EMI) relies on generating a time-changing but spatially uniform magnetic field, which penetrates and encompasses a concealed metallic object. The temporally changing magnetic field induces eddy currents in the conducting object, which subsequently decay by dissipative (i.e. resistive) losses. These currents decay exponentially with time and exhibit a characteristic time constant (lifetime) which depends only upon the size, shape and material composition of the object, whilst the orientation of the object is irrelevant. This aspect independence of temporal current decay rates forms the basis of a potential object detection and identification system. This thesis investigates the possibility of detecting, resolving and identifying multiple objects if they are close together, for example located on an individual. The mathematical analysis used for the investigation implements the generalised pencil of function (GPOF) method. The GPOF algorithm decomposes the signal into a discrete set of complex frequency components; providing the capability to obtain the time constants from data. It was possible to effectively count and identify multiple metallic objects carried in close proximity providing that the objects do not have very similar time constants. The simulation results, which show that multiple objects can be detected, resolved and identified by means of their time constants even when they are close together, are presented.


We have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short‐lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS ( ClyVSLS ) between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4), trichloroethene (C2HCl3), and 1,2‐dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), we infer a 2013 ClyVSLS mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for ∼83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS‐derived organic products, phosgene (COCl2, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric ClyVSLS increased by ∼52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7 ppt Cl/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH2Cl2—the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.


This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of differential fault analysis (DFA) attacks on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) from an information-theoretic perspective. Injecting faults into cryptosystems is categorized as an active at tack where attackers induce an error in operations to retrieve the secret internal information, e.g., the secret key of ciphers. Here, we consider DFA attacks as equivalent to a special kind of passive attack where attackers can obtain leaked information without measurement noise. The DFA attacks are regarded as a conversion process from the leaked information to the secret key. Each fault model defines an upper bound for the amount of leaked information. The optimal DFA attacks should be able to exploit fully the leaked information in order to retrieve the secret key with a practical level of complexity. This paper discusses a new DFA methodology to achieve the optimal DFA attack by deriving the amount of the leaked information for various fault models from an information-theoretic perspective. We review several previous DFA at tacks on AES variants to check the optimality of their attacks. We also propose improved DFA attacks on AES-192 and AES-256 that reach the theoretical limits.


This paper introduces a new approach to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) that pursues robustness and accuracy in large-scale environments. Like most successful works on SLAM, we use Bayesian filtering to provide a probabilistic estimation that can cope with uncertainty in the measurements, the robot pose, and the map. Our approach is based on the reconstruction of the robot path in a hybrid discrete-continuous state space, which naturally combines metric and topological maps. There are two fundamental characteristics that set this paper apart from previous ones: 1) the use of a unified Bayesian inference approach both for the metrical and the topological parts of the problem and 2) the analytical formulation of belief distributions over hybrid maps, which allows us to maintain the spatial uncertainty in large spaces more accurately and efficiently than in previous works. We also describe a practical implementation that aims for real-time operation. Our ideas have been validated by promising experimental results in large environments (up to 30 000 m2, a 2 km robot path) with multiple nested loops, which could hardly be managed appropriately by other approaches.


Featuring work by ten artists from Australia and New Zealand, PLAY explored the relationship between the documentary aspects of video and its formal, fluid qualities to capture the performative elements of everyday life. The works on show were selected for the small disturbances they made to the conventional ways in which we see and experience the world around us.

Each of the artists in this exhibition explore the pervasive presence of video in contemporary culture. It is as an aesthetic style, a personal record and a form of social and commercial communication, that includes home movies, fiction, advertising, documentary and reality television.

The artists also share an interest in the extent to which our personas are influenced by a consciousness of the omnipresent lens, and the persistent practice of 'looking' in contemporary society. These artists, however, seek to reinvest this world-weary televisual condition with both personal meaning and small acts of social revelation.

The works in PLAY explored patterns of engagement, linking individual experience and consciousness with the structures of public space and social conventions. Crucially, each artist achieves this through their skilful understanding of the complex materiality of video, and how it acts as a mode of representation that can potentially transform our experience of the world.

Featured works by artists:

Mladen Bizumic
Steve Carr
David Cross
Shaun Gladwell
Emil Goh
Ronnie van Hout
Angelica Mesiti
Kate Murphy
Rachael Rakena
Tony Schwensen


The increasing success of multimedia services poses a serious challenge to both network operators and service providers. Traditional copper-based access technologies are being replaced by fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) deployments in order to meet this increasing bandwidth demand of individual users. However, the growing traffic volume in the access segment may overload the existing aggregation part of the network, therefore creating a bandwidth bottleneck in the core. To address this problem the traffic should be kept as much as possible in the access network, taking advantage of the high-capacity fiber infrastructure. Since multimedia traffic is dominating the network, locality-aware approaches to video content distribution can represent a good solution. In this work, we propose and evaluate a network-managed, peer-to-peer based caching scheme for multimedia distribution. Our results show that such a system is able to reduce core traffic compared to the traditional content delivery network (CDN) based strategies, while at the same time decreasing the overall power consumption of the network and offering cost-saving opportunities for operators.


With a full-color design and concise, easy-to-read chapters, Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials and a Bit More covers the core elements of critical care, with a unique focus on the pathophysiology underlying clinical disorders and how pathophysiologic concerns affect treatment options. There is much here that's new: brand-new content, expanded discussions, and more graphical elements than ever before. Chapters follow a consistent structural template, with discussions of diagnosis, instrumentation, treatment and management techniques, and more. Expertly and succinctly captures all the fundamentals of the field! Designed primarily for use by students and residents, but also helpful for anyone already in practice. Emphasizes the pathophysiologic elements and treatments of illness and injury. Now with updated drug info and more substantial coverage of interventional radiology, pregnancy care, and organization of critical care. Adds new, brief summaries that present opposing arguments of controversial points. Topics range from intubation, ventilation, and pharmacotherapy, as well as drug overdoses, sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and other crisis care scenarios. Enhance Your eBook Reading Experience: Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone. Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.


In educational contexts, certain issues are perceived as controversial, since they reflect conflicts of interest and reveal divergent views. This is especially evident in debates related to religion in societies regarding themselves as secular but whose population is multi-religious. The aim of this article is to analyse how some issues that are considered controversial in the public debate are represented in the teaching of non-denominational and integrative Religious Education in a Swedish multicultural classroom practice, where the majority of students have a Muslim cultural background. The ethnographic empirical material consists of classroom observations of Religious Education lessons in upper secondary school. The analysis is based on the debate about how controversial issues ought to be taught—as empirically or politically open/settled or in a directive/non-directive way. The results indicate that a number of issues—divergent interpretations of religious narratives and religiously motivated rules, holidays, views of forgiveness, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and abortion—were regarded as open political issues in classroom practice and these were taught in an open, non-directive way. Issues represented as settled were value-oriented issues related to female genital mutilation, forced marriage and child marriage and gender equality. The arguments supporting these values were mainly rooted in religion.


Abstract: Tracks attributable to small ornithischian dinosaurs (thyreophorans and cerapodans) are generally rare in comparison with those representing large individuals. Here we report a presumed stegosaur track (ichnogenus Deltapodus) only 5.7 cm long originating from the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group of Xinjiang Province, China, co-occurring with the tracks of larger individuals. This track is only 15% as long as the type of Deltapodus curriei from the same locality. This is the smallest convincing example of a Deltapodus currently known. Reports of purported diminutive stegosaur tracks from the Jurassic of North America have been refuted. A review of well-known ornithischian track ichnogenera reveals that small tracks, less than 11.0–12.0 cm are rare, with only one previous report of a Deltapodus only 8.0 cm long. Most other reported tracks of these ichnogenera represent large individuals with footprint lengths mostly in the range of 30–50 cm. The scarcity of small ornithischian tracks contrasts with the relative abundance of small theropod tracks. The reasons for this paucity of small ornithischian tracks may be due to paleobiological (ontogenetic or paleoecological) or non-paleobiological (preservational) factors.


Sibling rivalry and intergenerational conflict are not limited to human beings. Among seals and piglets, storks and burying beetles, in bird nests and beehives, from apples to humans, family conflicts can be deadly serious, determining who will survive and who will perish. When offspring compete for scarce resources, sibling rivalry kicks in automatically. Parents sometimes play favourites or even kill their young. In More Than Kin and Less Than Kind, Douglas Mock tells us what scientists have discovered about this disturbing side of family dynamics in the natural world. Natural selection operates primarily for the benefit of individuals (and their genes). Thus a family member may profit directly, by producing its own offspring, or indirectly, by helping close kin to reproduce. Much of the biology of family behaviour rests on a simple mathematical relationship called Hamilton's rule, which links the benefits and costs of seemingly altruistic or selfish behaviour to the degree of relatedness between individuals. Blending natural history and theoretical biology, Mock shows how Hamilton's rule illuminates the study of family strife by throwing a spotlight on the two powerful forces - cooperation and competition - that shape all interaction in the family arena. In More Than Kin and Less Than Kind, he offers a rare perspective on the family as testing ground for the evolutionary limits of selfishness. When budgets are tight, close kin are often deadly rivals.


Wireless sensor networks (WSN) behave as a digital skin, providing a virtual layer where the information about the physical world can be accessed by any computational system. As a result, they are an invaluable resource for realizing the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, it is necessary to consider whether the devices of a WSN should be completely integrated into the Internet or not. In this paper, we tackle this question from the perspective of security. While we will mention the different security challenges that may arise in such integration process, we will focus on the issues that take place at the network level.


This paper focuses on the side activities of non-farmers in rural areas in the Netherlands and more specifically on their impact on rural development. Empirical evidence from 36 Dutch municipalities on three key aspects was examined: economy, social and physical environment. The findings indicate that although side activities do not have a large direct impact on the local economy and employment, their contribution in terms of local collaboration and promoting rural tourism is highly valued. Furthermore, side activities have an important role in building and strengthening social capital in rural communities. Where their impacts on physical environment is concerned, side activities are not perceived to damage or alter rural morphology but are considered a reinforcement of the character of rural areas.


In vitro meat has recently emerged as a new concept in food biotechnology. Methods to produce in vitro meat generally involve the growth of muscle cells that are cultured on scaffolds using bioreactors. Suitable scaffold design and manufacture are critical to downstream culture and meat production. Most current scaffolds are based on mammalian-derived biomaterials, the use of which is counter to the desire to obviate mammal slaughter in artificial meat production. Consequently, most of the knowledge is related to the design and control of scaffold properties based on these mammalian-sourced materials. To address this, four different scaffold materials were formulated using non-mammalian sources, namely, salmon gelatin, alginate, and additives including gelling agents and plasticizers. The scaffolds were produced using a freeze-drying process, and the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of the scaffolds were evaluated. The most promising scaffolds were produced from salmon gelatin, alginate, agarose, and glycerol, which exhibited relatively large pore sizes (~200 μm diameter) and biocompatibility, permitting myoblast cell adhesion (~40%) and growth (~24 h duplication time). The biodegradation profiles of the scaffolds were followed, and were observed to be less than 25% after 4 weeks. The scaffolds enabled suitable myogenic response, with high cell proliferation, viability, and adequate cell distribution throughout. This system composed of non-mammalian edible scaffold material and muscle-cells is promising for the production of in vitro meat.


Summary This case study illustrates the use of an exploration method that leverages modern exploration techniques for deep-seated VMS and Ni-Cu deposits in a 978 km2 survey area in the highly prospective Areachap Belt, South Africa. The exploration method comprises the use of a high power helicopter TEM ("HTEM") system, a large fixed loop TEM ("FLTEM") ground system and drilling that are employed in a staged process to keep down risks and costs and more importantly to optimize the chances of discovering viable economic mineral resources. Based on the HTEM survey 19 high priority VMS targets were detected for ground follow up with FLTEM. The FLTEM data confirmed all of these targets, and 2D plate modelling refined the parameter for optimal drilling of the targets. The first result of the drilling campaign led to the discovery of a significant Ni-Cu deposit. The prospect of this case study is that the employed method may be useful for certain types of mineral exploration. Provided that the electrical conductivity contrast between the mineralisation and the host rock is sufficient then the use of HTEM and FLTEM is a viable choice. The staged exploration process ensures that potential resources are detected and that risks and costs at each step are kept down.


Various approaches exist for quantitative or qualitative predictions of seismically thin beds and their physical properties. The evolving definition of thin beds, the use of seismic attributes indicative of thin beds, thin-bed imaging on geologic-time surfaces, and thin-bed thickness estimation represent some of the most active aspects of the research and application. We reviewed some theoretical and technological developments in thin-bed analysis over recent decades. We also reviewed the data processing steps that affect seismic resolution and thin-bed evaluation.


Abstract. The current on-going boom in the field of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and 3D GIS is widely being explored for vast urban related applications, analyses and simulations. Large amount of 3D city models are created using various sources of data. Substantial studies are carried out for above-surface features in 3D city models. This ensures providing relevant information about various spatial analyses over the urban systems and environment. Relevant researches explored the numerous applications of 3D GIS such as disaster management, city administration, urban and environment planning, environmental studies, etc. Utility infrastructures (overhead, subsurface or on-surface) play the critical role in the urban space; still they are not considered in 3D city models. OGC CityGML is acting well behind these applications by integrating the geographic information, semantics and the various interdependencies information with the 3D city model. Moreover, comparative studies over the existing network data models make Utility Network ADE as the perfect approach for data modelling. This research proposes the methodology for 3D semantic modelling of subsurface water supply network along with its various "subsurface, overhead and on-surface" utility network components with the help of OGC CityGML Utility Network ADE. This study is conducted for Dehradun area. As a result, semantically modelled utility network data is utilised for successful implementation of use cases such as 1) areas affected by utility failure; 2) street space affected by utility maintenance; and; 3) visualisation. These cases are investigated along with urban space.


Dense video understanding requires answering several questions such as who is doing what to whom, with what, how, why, and where. Recently, Video Situation Recognition (VidSitu) is framed as a task for structured prediction of multiple events, their relationships, and actions and various verb-role pairs attached to descriptive entities. This task poses several challenges in identifying, disambiguating, and co-referencing entities across multiple verb-role pairs, but also faces some challenges of evaluation. In this work, we propose the addition of spatio-temporal grounding as an essential component of the structured prediction task in a weakly supervised setting, and present a novel three stage Transformer model, VideoWhisperer, that is empowered to make joint predictions. In stage one, we learn contextualised embeddings for video features in parallel with key objects that appear in the video clips to enable fine-grained spatio-temporal reasoning. The second stage sees verb-role queries attend and pool information from object embeddings, localising answers to questions posed about the action. The final stage generates these answers as captions to describe each verb-role pair present in the video. Our model operates on a group of events (clips) simultaneously and predicts verbs, verb-role pairs, their nouns, and their grounding on-the-fly. When evaluated on a grounding-augmented version of the VidSitu dataset, we observe a large improvement in entity captioning accuracy, as well as the ability to localize verb-roles without grounding annotations at training time.


ABSTRACT.
 Establishment of sampling frameworks to monitor the occurrence of ecological indicators and to identify the covariates that influence occurrence is a high-priority need for natural resource restoration and management efforts. We utilized occupancy modeling to identify patterns of beaver occurrence and factors influencing these patterns (i.e., type and amount of vegetation cover) in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River ecosystem. We used rafts and kayaks to access a stratified random sample of sites (i.e., 100-m-long sections of riverbank) and used repeated sampling procedures to sample for beaver sign (i.e., lodges, cuttings, tracks, and beaver sightings). We quantified the type and amount of vegetation cover at each sampled section by using a GIS database of remotely sensed information on the riparian vegetation in the Grand Canyon. We first modeled occurrence of beaver sign as a function of the total amount of vegetation cover (summed across classes) and then determined the relative importance score for each of the 7 vegetation classes. Detection probability (p) was 2 times higher when observers traveled in kayaks (0.61) than when they traveled in rafts (0.29). Occurrence of beaver sign (&psgr;) in sampled transects was widespread throughout the Grand Canyon (&psgr; = 0.74, SE = 0.06) and positively associated with total vegetation. The relative importance scores for Tamarix and Pluchea vegetation classes were 1.5–2.5 times larger than those for all other vegetation classes, indicating that occurrence of beaver sign was most strongly associated with the cover of these 2 vegetation classes. Our results imply that quantifying the amount of riparian vegetation in close proximity to a river helps determine the occurrence of an important ecological indicator in riparian systems. The results also demonstrate a useful and cost-effective method for monitoring riverine species' usage patterns by explicitly accounting for detectability.


The aim of the present study was to investigate metabolite alterations in the hippocampal formation as they relate to aggression in high-functioning adults with autism. We measured concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr) in the hippocampal formation by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 12 non-medicated male subjects with autism and 12 age- and sex-matched controls. Aggression was scored in the autistic subjects using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. The concentrations of Cho and Cr+PCr in the hippocampal formation in autistic subjects were significantly higher than the corresponding values in control subjects, and a significant positive correlation was observed between the concentrations of these metabolites in the hippocampal formation and scores on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire in autistic subjects. Results suggest that high-functioning adult subjects with autism have abnormal metabolite concentrations in the hippocampal formation, which may in part account for their aggression.


Don't Let the Real Test Be Your First Test! Fully updated for the CEH v8 exam objectives, this practical guide contains more than 650 realistic practice exam questions to prepare you for the EC-Council's Certified Ethical Hacker exam. To aid in your understanding of the material, in-depth explanations of both the correct and incorrect answers are provided for every question. A valuable pre-assessment test evaluates your readiness and identifies areas requiring further study. Designed to help you pass the exam, this is the perfect companion to CEH Certified Ethical Hacker All-in-One Exam Guide, Second Edition. Covers all exam topics, including: Introduction to ethical hacking Reconnaissance and footprinting Scanning and enumeration Sniffing and evasion Attacking a system Hacking web servers and applications Wireless network hacking Trojans and other attacks Cryptography Social engineering and physical security Penetration testing Electronic content includes: Test engine that provides full-length practice exams and customized quizzes by chapter PDF copy of the book


Active and collaborative learning provides a powerful mechanism to enhance depth of learning, increase material retention, and get students involved with the material instead of passively listening to a lecture. In this paper, a research using web-based active and collaborative learning in the theory of computation and related fields is presented. The twofold contribution of this work is a novel use of existing technology to improve learning and a longitudinal quasi-experimental evaluation of its use in context. As a first contribution, we introduce an integrated environment that is designed to meet the active learning preferences of computer engineering learners, in addition to a support for collaborative learning. For the second contribution: several classroom experiments are carried out. The analysis of the experiments' outcomes and the students feed back show that our integrated environment is useful as a learning tool, in addition to enhancing learners' motivation to seek more knowledge and information on their own.


Background: The five-factor model is the most prominent theory in personality science which aspire to understand the thoughts, feelings and behavior of individuals, determined by five relatively stable domains. Neuroticism, defined as a higher threat reactivity and susceptibility to negative affect, is one domain which has proven problematic for well-being, and has estimated societal costs of approximately 2.5 times that of common mental disorder per 1 million inhabitants. Problem: The neural correlates of neuroticism could supply research with a fundamental base of understanding the trait, however, due to scattered founding's of segregated activity in brain structures relative to neuroticism, meta-analyses argue that increased understanding of global rather than local organization, could be more fruitful for the investigation. Methodology: Since neuroticism is convergent with emotional instability, two structures of interest with regards to global organization are the amygdala, crucial for emotion generation, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), responsible for emotion interpretation and emotion regulation. Reviewing brain imaging research conducted with emphasis on integrative communication between the amygdala and the PFC in individuals with high trait neuroticism has therefore been the main objective of this thesis. Results/conclusion: According to the investigated research there is compromised structural integrity correlated with neuroticism, while the research on functional communication between the structures explored is not yet sufficiently covered to supply a satisfactory answer. Some of these neurobiological findings are in line with personality science observation in neuroticism, and could hence contribute to the investigation. However, more research is warranted in this field of neuroscience.


The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is activated in response to a broad spectrum of DNA lesions, including bulky lesions induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Expression levels of NER factors and resistance to chemotherapy has been examined with some suggestion that NER plays a role in tumour resistance; however, there is a great degree of variability in these studies. Nevertheless, recent clinical studies have suggested Xeroderma Pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein, a key regulator of the NER pathway that is essential for the repair of DNA damage induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutics, as a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker for response to treatment. XPA functions in damage verification step in NER, as well as a molecular scaffold to assemble other NER core factors around the DNA damage site, mediated by protein–protein interactions. In this review, we focus on the interacting partners and mechanisms of regulation of the XPA protein. We summarize clinical oncology data related to this DNA repair factor, particularly its relationship with treatment outcome, and examine the potential of XPA as a target for small molecule inhibitors.


The welfare of agricultural research animals relies not only on measures of good health but also on the presence of positive emotional states and the absence of aversive or unpleasant subjective states such as fear, frustration, or association with pain. Although subjective states are not inherently observable, their interaction with motivational states can be measured through assessment of motivated behavior, which indicates the priority animals place on obtaining or avoiding specific environmental stimuli and thus allows conclusions regarding the impact of housing, husbandry, and experimental procedures on animal welfare. Preference tests and consumer demand models demonstrate that animal choices are particularly valuable when integrated with other behavioral and physiological measurements. Although descriptive assessments of apparently abnormal behavior such as stereotypies and "vacuum behaviors" provide indications of potentially impoverished environments, they should be used with some caution in drawing welfare conclusions. The development of stereotypies may in some cases be linked to psychiatric dysfunction and reflect underlying neurophysiological impairments, which have implications for the ability to perform flexible behavior and thus the quality of research data provided by this kind of behavioral measurement (e.g., in pharmaceutical research). Environmental modifications, commonly termed "enrichment," can have diverse consequences for cognitive function, physiological responses, health, psychological welfare, and research data. Simple practical modifications of housing, husbandry, and experimental design are suggested to improve the psychological welfare of agricultural research animals in accordance with the principles of refining, reducing, and replacing (the "3Rs"), which underlie US Public Health Service Policy, and prevailing public ethics.


Between 2010 and 2012, as part of the Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW) initiative, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded 50 states, six US territories, and 50 communities to support high-impact, evidencebased, population-wide strategies to create healthy environments for their residents. CPPW is a locally driven initiative with a primary focus on prevention and control of tobacco use and obesity. As part of this initiative, CDC also funded an implementation evaluation to describe and understand how evidence-based, community-level improvements are applied in the field and contribute to improvements in health. We conducted this evaluation using multi-case study methods that best captured the local context and implementation processes. Large, cross-case evaluations present challenges that single or small multi-case evaluations do not. These challenges include creating flexible, but standard data collection instruments; ensuring the feasibility and utility of instruments and processes through pilot testing; promoting consistent data collection and quality; and managing a large qualitative data set and coding team. In this report, we document some strategies regarding data collection, management, and analysis that should be beneficial to other organizations supporting public health initiatives and to investigators in designing the strongest possible evaluations using large multi-case design.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of early-onset conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by deficits in social interactions and communication, as well as by restricted interest and repetitive behaviors. Among the proteins associated with this spectrum of disease there are Caspr2, α-NRXN1, NLGN1-4. Caspr2 is involved in the clustering of K+ channels at the juxtaparanodes, where it is proposed to bind TAG-1. Recent works reported a synaptic localization of Caspr2, but little is know on its role in this compartment. NRXNs and their ligand NLGNs, instead, have a well-defined role in the formation and maintenance of synapses. Among the neuroligins, NLGN2 binds NRXNs with the lowest affinity, suggesting that it could have other not yet characterized ligands. The aim of this work was to better characterize the binding of Caspr2 to TAG-1 and to identify new potential binding partner for Caspr2 and NLGN2. Unexpectedly, using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and co-immunoprecipitation experiments the direct association of the first two proteins could not be verified and the results indicate that the first evidences reporting it were biased by false-positive artifacts. These findings, together with the uncharacterized synaptic localization of Caspr2, made the identification of new potential binding partners for this protein necessary. To find new proteins that associate with Caspr2 and NLGN2, affinity chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry experiments were performed. Interestingly, about 25 new potential partners were found for these two proteins and NLGN1, that was originally included as a control: 5 of those, namely SFRP1, CLU, APOE, CNTN1 and TNR, were selected for further investigations. Only the association of CLU to NLGN2 was confirmed. In the future, screenings of the remaining candidates have to be carried out and the functional role for the proposed NLGN2-CLU complex has to be studied.