An emerging view from a broad array of fields is that there should be greater use of evaluations of public policies in general, and the use of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), where feasible, in particular to test the effectiveness of new policies for which there is limited or no evidence about their likely impact. This is because of the potential for RCTs to provide reliable estimates of the causal impacts of the policy being trialled and considered for wider application. There is less evidence, however, on the level of support for such trials as a tool for policy among the general population. In this paper, we provide a summary of an online survey experiment that tested the level of support, and factors associated with support, for policy trials, and RCTs in particular. We found that about half the population supported a trial for a (hypothetical) policy intervention as opposed to introducing the policy to everyone at once. However, only around one-fifth of the population supported implementation of that trial through random assignment. We also found that (randomly assigned) policy area, support from experts for the policy, and party background of the policy instigator had large and significant associations with the level of public support for trials. We conclude that experts and policy makers who support trials in general and RCTs in particular need to engage with the community to explain the benefits, and to learn from community concerns.


We present a multi-view change detection approach aimed at being robust with respect to common "disturbance factors" yielding image changes in realworld applications. Disturbance factors causing "slow" or "fast-and-global" image variations, such as light changes and dynamic adjustments of camera parameters (e.g. auto-exposure and auto-gain control), are dealt with by a proper single-view change detector run independently on each view. The computed change masks are then fused into a "synergy mask" defined into a common virtual top-view, so as to detect and filter-out "fast-and-local" image changes due to physical points lying on the ground surface (e.g. shadows cast by moving objects and light spots hitting the ground surface).


V Factor is a new programme at the Natural History Museum in London. It offers volunteers the chance to work in public view alongside Museum scientists on collection-based research and curation projects, taking them from visitor to proactive volunteer. It aims to involve a volunteers project manager, scientists, curators, volunteers and the public in the museum's research. Volunteers work alongside scientists on a research project whilst benefiting from a unique, informal and fun learning experience. Visitors are able to observe the processing of samples and interact with those involved. The management of this volunteer programme is described in this paper. The pilot project was 'Throughflow'; an international study of Southeast Asian fossil corals as a means to describe the high biodiversity of their ecosystem and the effects of environmental change. Volunteers have successfully assisted with the cleaning of specimens so that they may be curated. At the same time, they have been discussing with experts project-related information, collections care, and the role of museums today. The programme has been continuously evaluated and changed as felt necessary. By March 2013, 45 volunteers were involved. Outcomes have included improved volunteer talent and education management, excellent assistance with scientific work and novel means of attracting the public to the museum's work.


Background: Plasma carotenoid concentrations reflect intake of vegetables and fruits, the major food sources of these compounds. This study compared the ability of 2 measures of dietary intake (24-hour diet recalls and food frequency questionnaires [FFQs]) to corroborate plasma carotenoid concentrations in a subset of women participating in a diet intervention trial. Methods: Plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes, estimated from 24-hour diet recalls and FFQs, were examined at baseline and 1 year later in a subset of 395 study participants (197 intervention and 198 comparison group). We used longitudinal models to examine associations between estimated intakes and plasma carotenoid concentrations. These analyses were stratified by study group and adjusted for body mass index (BMI), plasma cholesterol concentration, and total energy intake. We conducted simulations to compare mean-squared errors of prediction of each assessment method. Results: In mixed-effects models, the estimated carotenoid intakes from both dietary assessment methods were strongly associated with plasma concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein. Furthermore, modeling the 2 sources of intake information as joint predictors reduced the prediction error. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of using multiple measures of dietary assessment in studies examining diet–disease associations.


AIM
Our aim in this paper is to explain a methodological/methods package devised to incorporate situational and social world mapping with frame analysis, based on a grounded theory study of Australian rural nurses' experiences of mentoring.

BACKGROUND
Situational analysis, as conceived by Adele Clarke, shifts the research methodology of grounded theory from being located within a postpositivist paradigm to a postmodern paradigm. Clarke uses three types of maps during this process: situational, social world and positional, in combination with discourse analysis.

METHOD
During our grounded theory study, the process of concurrent interview data generation and analysis incorporated situational and social world mapping techniques. An outcome of this was our increased awareness of how outside actors influenced participants in their constructions of mentoring. In our attempts to use Clarke's methodological package, however, it became apparent that our constructivist beliefs about human agency could not be reconciled with the postmodern project of discourse analysis. We then turned to the literature on symbolic interactionism and adopted frame analysis as a method to examine the literature on rural nursing and mentoring as secondary form of data.

FINDINGS
While we found situational and social world mapping very useful, we were less successful in using positional maps. In retrospect, we would argue that collective action framing provides an alternative to analysing such positions in the literature. This is particularly so for researchers who locate themselves within a constructivist paradigm, and who are therefore unwilling to reject the notion of human agency and the ability of individuals to shape their world in some way.

CONCLUSION
Our example of using this package of situational and social worlds mapping with frame analysis is intended to assist other researchers to locate participants more transparently in the social worlds that they negotiate in their everyday practice.


Fieldwork, mapwork and the use of pictorial material are all techniques which are advocated for teaching geography both at the primary and secondary levels of education. To be educationally beneficial, however, each must be adapted to the group of children for which it is intended. In the first instance, the learning activities must be related to the stages of the mental growth and development of children.1 Secondly, we ought to accept what Scarfe calls the ""theory of concentric development"", that is, that geography should be taught as a consecutively developing topic growing rather like a biological organism and that a programme of geographical studies should be planned which provide for a sequential development of increasingly difficult concepts or ideas as a method of introducing pupils to the study of geography and of developing their skill in using the methods and tools of that discipline.2 Thirdly, we must have some clear ideas as to what constitutes the core of school geographical education whose development has to be partly promoted through successive stages of fieldwork programme.


In this article, we introduce a new class of ideal convergent sequence spaces using an innite matrix, Musielak-Orlicz function and a new generalized dierence matrix in locally convex spaces. We investigate some linear topological structures and algebraic properties of these spaces. We also give some relations related to these sequence spaces.


Formal theories of collective action face the problem that in large groups a single actor makes such a small impact on the collective good that cooperation is irrational. Critical mass theorists argue that this 'large group problem' can be solved by an initial critical mass of contributors, whose efforts can produce a 'bandwagon' effect, making cooperation rational for the remaining members of the population. However, critical mass theory requires an explanation of how a critical mass can form in the first place. I present a model of collective action that solves this problem by showing how aspects of social structure – including network topology, homophily, and local coalition formation – can allow rational actors to endogenously form a critical mass. The findings indicate that as the mobilization effort becomes more 'complex', clustered networks and homophily become increasingly important for critical mass collective action.


Abstract. An operative methodology for rainfall thresholds definition is illustrated, in order to provide at critical river section optimal flood warnings. Threshold overcoming could produce a critical situation in river sites exposed to alluvial risk and trigger the prevention and emergency system alert. The procedure for the definition of critical rainfall threshold values is based both on the quantitative precipitation observed and the hydrological response of the basin. Thresholds values specify the precipitation amount for a given duration that generates a critical discharge in a given cross section and are estimated by hydrological modelling for several scenarios (e.g.: modifying the soil moisture conditions). Some preliminary results, in terms of reliability analysis (presence of false alarms and missed alarms, evaluated using indicators like hit rate and false alarm rate) for the case study of Mignone River are presented.


The paper presents empirical results on an import prices equation for the case of the small open Hellenic economy, during its course to the European Monetary Union, in the 1980s until mid–1990s. The analysis employs cointegration theory to examine the long–run co–movements of prices, effective exchange rate of GRD and unit labour cost of the European countries which export to Greece. Innovation accounting is also used so as to detect the dynamics of the data set. We found slight evidence to support long run equilibrium, however, it was only the Hellenic inflation rate which was adjusting to the deviations from this. The fragile stability of the system is confirmed by the impulse response functions examination where the exchange rate of the GRD does not converge to its long–run values, even after a 3 year period from the one unit–shock in various innovations. The determinant role of the growth rate of the unit labour cost and therefore of European countries' prices to the exchange rate of GRD, to the Hellenic inflation rate, and less to the growth rate of the import prices is (1) justified by its high proportion to their variance decomposition and (2) became apparent approximately after 9 months. The latter seems to amount to the "contract–period" in the Magee's terminology


Grief and loss are universal parts of the human experience. They are also some of the most profound experiences that a human being encounters in life. In addiction treatment, grief and loss must be addressed in order for an individual to successfully journey into recovery. In recovery, individuals must have the skills to cope with grief and loss to successfully maintain their sobriety when life happens. Integrated grief and loss is the ultimate objective. Treatment should focus on "stuck points" without pathologizing the individual's experience. This presentation is the beginning of a discussion about best practices when addressing grief and loss in addiction treatment and the types of interventions that have proven most successful.


The analysis aims at identifying the potential of solar energy, grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal, contributing covering day-time peak demands in Queensland (Qld) Australia. Given the high demand for air-conditioning and industrial activities, this study shows the ability of solar energy to satisfy those diurnal demands achieving a moderate load profile and improved economics at lower energy cost. Further more, the solar energy being located on site offers the advantage of avoiding transmission losses and voltage drops throughout the network. Life-time energy cost calculations for solar equipment indicate the ability of the solar system to provide competitive prices to cover demand peaks. The research incorporates grid-connected photovoltaic and evacuated tube solar water heaters in order to cover electrical and thermal loads respectively. The results quantify the power able to be waived by using solar systems in Qld.


The economic gains brought by digital payments are significant. Greater financial inclusion and less friction in commerce lead to increased spending on goods and services. This, in turn, creates a virtuous economic cycle whereby increased consumption translates into more jobs and higher income. Moody's Analytics estimates that increasing electronic payments contributed an additional $296 billion to consumption between 2011 and 2015, or a 0.1% cumulative increase in global GDP during the period. They also created 2.6 million jobs on average each year. By harnessing payments innovation, Asia can further accelerate its economic growth.


Abstract Vegetatively propagated clones accumulate somatic mutations. The purpose of this study was to better understand the consequences of clonal propagation and involved defining the nature of somatic mutations throughout the genome. Sixteen Zinfandel winegrape clone genomes were sequenced and compared to one another using a highly contiguous genome reference produced from one of the clones, Zinfandel 03. Though most heterozygous variants were shared, somatic mutations accumulated in individual and subsets of clones. Overall, heterozygous mutations were most frequent in intergenic space and more frequent in introns than exons. A significantly larger percentage of CpG, CHG, and CHH sites in repetitive intergenic space experienced transition mutations than genic and non-repetitive intergenic spaces, likely because of higher levels of methylation in the region and the disposition of methylated cytosines to spontaneously deaminate. Of the minority of mutations that occurred in exons, larger proportions of these were putatively deleterious when they occurred in relatively few clones. Repetitive intergenic space is a major driver of clone genome diversification. Clonal propagation is associated with the accumulation of putatively deleterious mutations. The data suggest selection against deleterious variants in coding regions such that mutations are less frequent in coding than noncoding regions of the genome.


Achieving Sustainable Communities in a Global Economy: Alternative Private Strategies and Public Policies. Edited by Ralph D. Christy. London and Singapore: World Scientific, 2004. Pp. 239. The chapters in this book are based on papers presented at a symposium titled "Achieving Sustainable Development in a Global Economy", which was held at Cornell University during the fall of 2002. The editor's twofold goals are to identify and assess key processes by which globalization has an impact on smallhold agricultural communities in rural settings, and to identify and propose micro- and macro-level economic policies and strategies designed to deal with the problem. The study proceeds in three parts containing ten chapters written by the editor and eighteen other scholars and practitioners from private and public sector institutions. Part 1 analyses the relatively new roles that the private sector can be encouraged to play (and in some cases now plays) in achieving sustainable community development. One role is to encourage, to the extent possible, multinational enterprise to participate in the process of sustainable income, output and employment generation in communities located within developing areas. Another role is to encourage the establishment of linkages among global economic power centres and community agribusiness strategies designed to sustain growth and eradicate poverty. While the volume's general focus is on sub-Saharan Africa, its contents are relevant to Southeast Asia. Following discussions that centre on encouraging the establishment of useful linkages, the book's second part poses and tries to answer this key question: "Do markets matter for the poor?" The contributors to Part 2 argue that markets can matter only if the poor have access to financial, physical, human, social, and natural capital and have the requisite political power to gain access to markets in which to sell their products. The rural poor also need political power that can be used to gain policy protection "from exploitation by middlemen and traders ... (and) with respect to state institutions, the poor report being harassed, ignored and unable to make their voices heard" (p. 55). They also require political power to deal with their "limited ability to cope with risk due to resource constraints and an absence of formal risk insurance markets, the poor are left vulnerable" (p. 55). Other contributors to Part 2 follow up these points with an evaluation of public policies and global and local private sector initiatives that could (and in some cases actually do) make the poor beneficiaries from national and global agricultural marketing activities. A range of policy and initiative failures and successes are analysed, including options "to manage risk and to deepen domestic financial markets by carefully sequencing liberalization, strengthening prudential norms and bank supervision capacities" (p. 154). The options strive to strengthen property rights, introduce new risk management techniques and widen the range of collateral acceptable to lenders, including global financial institutions. In Part 3, the contributors put forth the argument that global food markets are politically created and managed by powerful economic and political forces in developed, market economy countries. Philip McMichael argues that "whether corporate power is embodied in subsidized Northern exports dumped on the world market, or in the proliferation of agro-export platforms, they depend on WTO rules and IMF structural adjustment conditions". He contends that "these relations, embedded in the WTO regime, are justified in the name of broadening consumer choice via development efficiencies on a world scale" (p. 236). McMichael points out that the process of broadening choice in world food markets has resulted in low prices and a concurrent disregard for the impact that the process has on the sustainability of local community economies, cultures, and physical environments. …


Skill in organic chemistry nomenclature is fundamental for communicating more complex concepts. Interpreting and using functional group names is particularly important. With nomenclature101.com, students can create tailored interactive quizzes according to their learning needs; the tool is free and available in English and French. The present study investigated students' nomenclature learning in three different learning environments to determine (1) what learning gains participants make when using nomenclature101.com independently, when guided, or taught nomenclature through a traditional classroom tutorial and (2) students' perceptions of the usefulness, ease of use, and overall learning experience in each of the settings. We invited students from first and second semester organic chemistry courses at a large, research-intensive Canadian university to participate in a nomenclature workshop. When participants arrived, they were randomly sorted into one of three treatment groups: classroom tutorial, independent use of nomenclature101, or guided use of nomenclature101. Before the session, participants completed a pre-test; at the end, they completed a post-test and a questionnaire related to affective aspects of their experience. We analyzed participants' scores and questionnaire responses, and qualitatively analyzed their test answers, including errors. Learning gains were significant with large effect sizes for all three groups although there were no significant differences in learning gains between groups. The largest gains were observed in the ability to correctly identify and draw functional groups. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the post-workshop questionnaire about nomenclature101.com reliably measured participants' perceptions about two latent factors: usefulness and ease of use. Based on questionnaire results, most participants liked the learning tool and found it useful and easy to use. Participants in all groups reported enjoying their learning experience. Few participants postdicted their quiz grades accurately, suggesting that metacognitive skillfulness was lacking among workshop participants. The large learning gains observed after using nomenclature101.com or learning in a classroom setting for just one hour shows the potential that instruction has to help students learn functional group identification skills, which ideally will mitigate barriers to communication and understanding. These results offer flexibility to educators as they make instructional choices such as teaching nomenclature in a course period or tutorial setting or asking students to learn nomenclature independently with nomenclature101.com. Students have the flexibility to work outside of class in the manner of their choosing.


Seagrasses are coastal and marine flowering plants that inhabit thetropical and temperate coastal and marine areas around the globe. They havemany important functions and values, physically, ecologically andeconomically. Physically, seagrass contribute to coastal protection as theyattenuate wave energy and stabilizing sediments. Through this, neighboringecosystem may benefit because water movement is reduced and suspendedsediment to settle, thereby decreasing water turbidity. Moreover, this results in apositive feedback to the seagrass, as it sustains light intensity for plants'photosynthetic activity. Ecologically, seagrass can function as habitats forvarious marine organisms as their feeding, nursery and/ or as their breedingground. This way, seagrass meadows sustain both biodiversity as well ascommercially valuable species. However, regrettably, our seagrass ecosystemsare declining around the globe. Anthropogenic activities are the major cause forthis decline, rather than natural events. Yet, due to climate change, extremeweather events (such as increasing storm frequencies and intensities) areexpected to increase, which may worsen the current condition. We have stillmuch to learn about how seagrass can cope with these environmental stresses,in order to better manage our seagrass ecosystems and to reduce their loss.Hence, we studied how seagrass respond physiologically, morphologically andbiomechanically to a range of environmental stresses: being exposed to low andhigh nutrients, high hydrodynamic and reduced light.In nature, seagrasses encounter a mixture of inorganic and organicnitrogen containing substances with varying bioavailability in lowconcentration. Yet, seagrass research had mainly focused on nitrogen uptake ona single nitrogen substrate at a time. By using a combination of one of 15Nlabeledsubstrate and one 14N-unlabelled background substrate we demonstratedseagrass "constitutive preference" for ammonium uptake over other substrates(i.e., nitrate as the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and urea or glycine as thedissolved organic nitrogen). However, substrate uptake was always independentfrom the background nutrient (which occurred both in above and belowgroundplant parts), implying that there was no down- or up-regulation that favouredone nitrogen source over the other (induced preference). This was probably dueto the low (but realistic) concentration used in the experiment as compared toother studies that showed both "constitutive" and "induced" preferences ofammonium on nitrate uptake. For the dual labeled (15N and 13C) urea andglycine, a strong relationship existed between nitrogen and carbon uptake, butwith deviations from expectations under complete uptake of the molecules. Insummary, we may conclude that at realistically low (ambient) nutrientconcentrations, seagrasses can use inorganic as well as organic nitrogen sourcesChapter 7128and do not differentiate between substrates. In other words, seagrasses arecapable to take up whatever is available (chapter 2), yet the eventualcontribution of different sources in the overall nitrogen uptake may furtherdepend on the relative concentrations of the different sources. Indeed, havingthe capability to take up whatever is available may serve as an advantage forseagrass exposed to low nutrient environment.Apart from the benefit to be able to take up whatever is available in lownutrient environments, seagrass mechanical performance also benefits from lownutrient conditions. That is, under low nutrient conditions, seagrasses are strong(having higher specific-force-to-tear, FTS) as shown for Halophila ovalis(chapter 3), Zostera noltii (chapter 5) and Enhalus acoroides (chapter 4). Incontrast, under high nutrient concentrations, seagrass can easily be broken.Light deprivation is another environmental stress that can cause seagrass toeasily break (chapter 3). Both high nutrient and light deprivation causedseagrass (Halophila ovalis) leaves to be weakened by having lower breakingstress (FTS) even though the absolute breaking force (FMAX-a size-dependentmaterial property) stayed the same. Under nutrient enrichment, however,seagrass Zostera noltii had lower breaking stress (FTS) as well as lower breakingforce (FMAX) This may imply that leaf mechanical resistance may result fromacclimation to any environmental heterogeneity by both morphological andmechanical changes (chapter 3). Seagrass Halodule uninervis however, did notshow any prominent changes in their morphology and mechanical performancedue to environmental changes. Thus, mechanical responses are species-specificwhich was also observed in seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassiahemprichii (chapter 4). Apart from being mechanically species-specific,seagrass also possessed intra-species specificity in terms of their morphologiesand mechanical properties. Leaf and sheath tissues have obvious differences intheir morphology. Similar differences exist for the mechanical properties. Forexample, sheaths of Enhalus acroides exhibit higher extensibility (by being ableto extend more before they break) than their leaves. This is probably due to thesofter meristematic tissues that form the sheaths that still bear elastic cell walls.Yet, in contrast, sheaths of Thalassia hemprichii had a lower breaking forcethan their leaves. Because the sheaths are short and (most of the time) are in thesediment, hence having stronger leaves for Thalassia hemprichii is probablymore necessary than having stronger sheaths.Apart from seagrass mechanical and morphological responses to (single)environmental stresses as mentioned above, in this thesis, we also revealedexciting new findings on the effects of interacting wave and nutrient stress(chapter 5). Wave and high nutrient stress decrease survival of seagrass Zosteranoltii. However, waves independently reduce seagrass length and belowgroundbiomass, whereas high nutrient concentrations reduce seagrass strength andSummary129stiffness. The latter was in agreement with our observations for Halophila ovalis(chapter 3). These specific responses of seagrass Zostera noltii to interactingstress of waves and high nutrient conditions may be expected to induce negativefeedbacks that may eventually result in meadow collapse. For example, adecrease in leaf length and aboveground biomass due to waves can reduce waveattenuation capacity of the bed hence can increase stress to seagrass by a furtherreduction of aboveground biomass and leaf length. This condition, however, canbe exacerbated by an increasing loss by uprooting. In addition, high nutrientstress can result another potential negative feedback for weakening the plantswhich eventually can increase plant losses. Obviously, in combination, thesesnegative feedbacks enforce each other even further, accelerating potentialcollapse.With respect to mechanical properties, some important generalizationsarise from comparing all chapters. There seem to be a general trend where slowgrowingseagrass have a higher leaf resistance (FMAX) and are stronger (i.e.,higher breaking stress, FTS) compared to fast-growing ones. The slow-growingspecies apparently compensate their low leaf turn-overrate by having strongerleaves that allow for a longer leaf life span. To be long-lived, it may be aprerequisite to have strong leaves in order to cope with environmental stresses(abiotic and biotic).Understanding the mechanical properties for living materials such asseagrass tissue, is more complex than obtaining such understanding for mostengineered material. This thesis aimed at increasing our understanding of thecomplexity of seagrass mechanical traits in response to environmental stressesand to contribute to our knowledge on the function and ecological significanceof biomechanical properties.


'Sounding Out The Museum II FRANCIS BACON,' is a series of works which explored the practices of performance within Gallery settings. The project built upon the successful Sounding Out the Museum performance in Nimes in June 2008 in which new works were performed in the atrium of the Musee des Beaux Arts as a response to the Between Two Heads exhibition by Peter Seddon. The Hugh Lane Gallery in Dublin is the site for the famous Francis Bacon Studio. In 1998, John Edwards, Francis Bacon's sole heir, donated the entire contents of Bacon's studio at 7 Reece Mews to the Hugh Lane Gallery. The studio was subsequently transported, speck by speck to Dublin andreassembled in the Hugh Lane Gallery. In his book 'Inside the White Cube' Brian O' Doherty defends the 'real life of the world against the sterilized operating room of the white cube – defends time and change against the myth of the eternality and transcendence of pure form'. The Francis Bacon studio is one such example of the changing landscape of museums and galleries in which the chaotic, the banal, the ad hoc take their place amongst the permanent, stable and the fixed. Consequently, the Studio raises questions for museology. The artist's studio is a place of trial and error, a place for testing new materials, a place of discarded projects. It is the site in which work is made, but it is not the work. In creating the Francis Bacon Studio at Hugh Lane Gallery, new boundaries are defined in the practices of museology. It is into this context that ensemble Scratch the Surface were invited by the Hugh Lane Gallery to curate a performance which explored through sound and movement questions of hybrid practices in Gallery spaces raised by the Francis Bacon Studio. Hugh Lane Gallery presents Bacon's studio as a site for artistic and aesthetic interest, similarly the work mounted by ensemble Scratch the Surface raised specific questions around sound, museology and hybrid practices in terms of site and genres. The work 'upon the place beneath' by Claudia Kappenberg explored a fascination with 'process' through oblique approaches to movement and sound. The project examined the role of 'preparation' and 'chance' within music improvisation. Similarly, the performance work of Conall Gleeson and Jean Martin examined the role of 'preparation' in the production of sound, investigating the process by which sound is produced prior to its performance as well as the production of new sound during the performance, as is the case during music improvisation.


An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model, incorporating incoming shortwave radiation and albedo, is presented. The model is an attempt to combine the high temporal resolution and accuracy of physically based melt models with the lower data requirements and computational simplicity of empirical melt models, represented by the 'degree-day' method and its variants. The model is run with both measured and modelled radiation data, to test its applicability to glaciers with differing data availability. Five automatic weather stations were established on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, between May and September 2001. Reference surface melt rates were calculated using a physically based energy-balance melt model. The performance of the enhanced temperature-index model was tested at each of the four validation stations by comparing predicted hourly melt rates with reference melt rates. Predictions made with three other temperature-index models were evaluated in the same way for comparison. The enhanced temperature-index model offers significant improvements over the other temperature-index models, and accounts for 90–95% of the variation in the reference melt rate. The improvement is lower, but still significant, when the model is forced by modelled shortwave radiation data, thus offering a better alternative to existing models that require only temperature data input.


EU sustainable food and nutrition security is no sure-fire success. The future of the agro-food system is uncertain and subject to different macro-level trends. Previous analysis revealed the role of food system drivers creating challenges and opportunities for dietary and environmental improvements under certain future constellations. However, these challenges and opportunities need to be addressed by policies to allow for actual improvements in the sustainability performance of EU food systems, for people, planet and profit. In this deliverable, an assessment and pre-test of potential policy measures is carried out. The policy analyses are contrasted to a 'business-as-usual' baseline scenario with current trends of food system drivers. We apply the SUSFANS modelling toolbox in order to test relevant policy measures in four distinct aqua-agro-food policy sectors. Regarding health and nutrition of the EU population, we provide a ranking of potential dietary policies and interventions based on their effectiveness, implementation costs and restrictiveness for consumers and producers. Based on this overview, options for health and nutrition policy are designed containing a mixture of different policy instruments. These apply – in line with the allocation of policy responsibilities in the EU - at the level of individual member states and not at the realms of an EU policy. In the context of the Common AgriculturalPolicy (CAP), we assess the impact of a livestock density restriction on EU Agricultural areas. Results indicate a reduction of soil nutrient surpluses (-9 to -13%) and of greenhouse gas emissions (-9%) at EU average and considerably stronger in the livestock density and over-fertilization hotspots. Trade openness restricts the impact on food consumption and dietary change of EU consumers. Three Common Fisheries Policies (CFP) are tested with the newly developed fish modules of GLOBIOM and CAPRI: Directing capture in EU waters to levels that keep fish stocks at the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), or at the maximum economic yield (MEY), and the implementation of national aquaculture growth plans composed by EU member states. Our results show limited policy impacts due to the rlatively small size of the EU fish producing sector with some trade but limited consumption changes. Finally, different storage policies are tested with the new short-term volatility module of GLOBIOM. The scenarios reveal that storage availability and intervention prices reduce price volatility caused by yield shocks. The assessments illustrate that individual, yet unaligned policy measures can already contribute significantly to reaching sustainable food and nutrition security. On the way to the final foresight assessment extensions are require regarding a) metrics quantifiability, b) the harmonization of metrics computation approaches, and c) smaller model improvements


In the sheet metal forming industry, there is increasing demand to lower manufacturing costs while also providing a decrease in product development turnaround period as well as lighter weight products. These demands have put increasing pressure on the development and use of predictive numerical simulations and in the design and optimization of new forming technologies. In this paper, two of the primary in-process failure modes of sheet metal, wrinkling and tearing, are examined followed by construction of an advanced forming technology-Variable Binder Force-using numerical tools. Specifically, a methodology of capturing the onset of wrinkling and postbuckling behavior proposed in Cao and Boyce (1997) is used to predict wrinkling failure in conical and square cup forming. The results obtained from simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is not only accurate, but also robust. A tearing criterion based on Forming Limit Diagrams of non-proportional loading paths is then developed and again shows excellent predictability. Finally, a Variable Binder Force ( VBF) trajectory for conical cup forming is designed using simulations which incorporate feedback control to the binder based on the predictions of wrinkling and tearing of the sheet. Experiments using this predefined VBF trajectory show a 16 percent increase in forming height over the best conventional forming method, that is, constant binder force. The uniqueness of this paper is that numerical simulation is no longer utilized only as a verification tool, but as a design tool for advanced manufacturing process with the help of the predictive tools incorporated directly into the numerical model.


BACKGROUND
While the atypical antipsychotics should ultimately reduce the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia, it is likely to remain a significant clinical problem for a long time to come. No strategy has clearly emerged as the treatment of choice for tardive dyskinesia. Atypical antipsychotics have reduced propensities for producing acute extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and possibly tardive dyskinesia and may be effective in treating patients with established tardive dyskinesia.

METHOD
This 12-month, randomized, investigator-blinded study compared the efficacy of quetiapine (N = 22) and haloperidol (N = 23) in treating patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and established tardive dyskinesia. Dyskinesia was assessed using the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) dyskinesia subscale scores and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) dyskinesia scores. Other EPS, weight, serum prolactin level, and glycosylated hemoglobin level were also assessed. Subjects were enrolled in the study between April 2000 and March 2002.

RESULTS
Mean endpoint doses were 400 mg/day of quetiapine and 8.5 mg/day of haloperidol. Compared with the haloperidol group, the quetiapine group showed significantly greater improvements in ESRS dyskinesia (6 and 9 months [p <or=.01]) and CGI dyskinesia (from 6 months onward [p <.05] and with repeated-measures analysis [p =.002]). Response rate (>or= 50% symptom reduction) was greater with quetiapine than haloperidol (64% [9/14] and 37% [6/16] at 6 months; 55% [6/11] and 28% [4/14] at 12 months). Other EPS decreased significantly with quetiapine at 3 (p =.01), 6 (p =.01), and 9 (p =.002) months. Serum prolactin levels decreased with quetiapine but increased with haloperidol, differing significantly between the groups at endpoint (p =.005). No significant changes in weight or glucose metabolism were recorded in either group.

CONCLUSION
Quetiapine effectively reduces the severity of tardive dyskinesia and is well tolerated in patients with established tardive dyskinesia.


Many bimodal bilinguals are immersed in a spoken language-dominant environment from an early age and, unlike unimodal bilinguals, do not necessarily divide their language use between languages. Nonetheless, early ASL-English bilinguals retrieved fewer words in a letter fluency task in their dominant language compared to monolingual English speakers with equal vocabulary level. This finding demonstrates that reduced vocabulary size and/or frequency of use cannot completely account for bilingual disadvantages in verbal fluency. Instead, retrieval difficulties likely reflect between-language interference. Furthermore, it suggests that the two languages of bilinguals compete for selection even when they are expressed with distinct articulators.


In a seminal paper, Ahrne and Brunsson coined the word 'meta-organization'. More than a label, this word describes a challenging and stimulating concept that can be valuable for management studies when approached with different units of analysis and research methodologies. 'Meta-organization' refers to a central phenomenon in the contemporary world, namely the increasing importance of collective action at the level of organizations, ensuing from major issues related to sustainable development, human rights and corporate responsibility. The concept calls for new forms of theorizing of global collective action. The diversity and heterogeneity of meta-organizations raise methodological issues that require original approaches. In this paper, we show the novelty of the concept of metaorganization; we then address the methodological difficulties and propose a research agenda on meta-organizations for management studies.


What can be done to improve future parameters? Company X is a large firm with 1,300 full-time employees and 35 branches throughout Japan. Data collected from questionnaires showed that as the president of the company made site visits to the company's branches, which created opportunities for dialog with employees, these efforts led to greater expectations for the future and improved those branches' future parameters vis-à-vis branches that were not visited. This study found that this impact was even greater as employees' attendance at social gatherings involving employees following these conversations was more than 80%. However, this impact disappeared when the company got a new president and this practice was discontinued. In other words, future parameters are not constants; hence, maintaining them requires constant attention.


OBJECTIVES
This study intended to determine the effect of varying degrees of lossy Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression on detection of coronary angiographic features. Background Compression of digital coronary angiograms facilitates playback of images and decreases cost. There are little data on the effect of compression on the accuracy of coronary angiography.

METHODS
At six centers, 71 angiographers each reviewed a set of 100 angiographic sequences. The 100 sequences were divided into four, 25-sequence subsets. Each subset of 25 was displayed either as original images or at one of three compression ratios (CRs) (6:1, 10:1 or 16:1). The effect of lossy compression on the sensitivity and specificity for detection of diagnostic features was determined. The effect of compression on subjective measures of image quality graded by the angiographers was also examined.

RESULTS
Lossy compression at a ratio of 16:1 decreased the sensitivity for the detection of diagnostic features (76% vs. 80%P=0.004). The largest effect was in the detection of calcification (52% vs. 63% at 16:1 compression vs. original images, P<0.001). Subjective indicators of image quality indicated a reduction in confidence in interpretation at CRs of 10:1 and 16:1.

CONCLUSIONS
With increased ratios of lossy compression, a degradation of digital coronary angiograms occurs that results in decreased diagnostic accuracy. The sensitivity for detection of common diagnostic features was decreased, and subjective assessment of image quality was impaired. Caution is warranted in the interpretation of coronary angiograms that have been subjected to lossy JPEG compression beyond a ratio of 6:1.


Magnesium metal matrix composite (MMC) is an excellent candidate for moving engine components and airframes due to its low density. Magnesium's lightweight and natural
affinity for wetting to ceramic particle reinforcements such as silicon carbide (SiC) make it one of the best choices as a matrix metal. However, magnesium alone without
reinforcement is not suitable for mechanical applications due to its low wear resistance performance. The magnesium matrix composites used in this study were produced by
powder metallurgy technique. The wear resistance of SiC/AZ91 composite reinforced with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% SiC were studied. Pin- n-disk dry sliding wear tests were
carried out to study the volumetric wear, wear rate and wear mechanisms. The magnesium matrix composites were used as pins while the counter face consisted of mild steel disks. Worn surfaces of pins and the wear debris were investigated by using Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). The wear resistance
performance of magnesium matrix composites was found to improve with increasing
volume fraction of SiC. Volumetric wear was found to increase with sliding distance and
the wear rate was greatly reduced after the wear-in phenomenon. For AZ91 Mg-SiCp/
steel dry sliding wear system, 2D-wt.% SiC/AZ91 magnesium composite was found to
have the best wear resistant performance. During the wear-in period, abrasion was
predominant during the wear-in stage. In the corrosion study, corrosion behavior of Mgbased
metal matrix composites SiC particulate reinforced AZ91 (SiC/AZ91) with
reinforcement weight fraction of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% as well as the monolithic AZ91
alloy was studied. The galvanic effect of SiC reinforcement on the matrix alloy was also
investigated. The studies were carried out under temperature of 30° ± 1°C and pH 7 in
aerated 0.1 M NaCI solution. The materials were studied by using electrochemical
corrosion test, weight-loss measurement of corrosion rate, elemental analysis, X-ray
diffraction and microscopic examination. The corrosion rates of the composites increased
with the increase of SiC weight fraction. The significance of galvanic effect of SiC on the
matrix alloy was proven where intersection of superimposed Tafel curves between
sintered SiC and monolithic AZ91 occurred at higher corrosion current density (i...,) and
lower corrosion potential (E...,). The corrosion was found localized at low SiC weight
fraction, and gradually change to general corrosion. The corrosion rates of the composites
were at least three times higher than the monolithic AZ91, due to galvanic effect of SiC
on the matrix alloy and detachment of SiC particles from the materials.


Recently the ecological footprint (EF) analysis has been developed into a method of assessing human being's utilization and the sustainable development of natural resource by measuring area in a quantitative way. The application of this method in tourism can be called tourism ecological footprint (TEF), which quantitatively reflects the impact of tourism on the ecological environment and the sustainable development situation of tourism. Based on ecological footprint theory and taking Loudi, Hunan as an example, the study assesses the sustainable development of tourism in Loudi by analyzing the dynamic variation of TEF and tourism ecological capacity (TEC) from 2005 to 2012. The empirical study shows that the rapid development of tourism industry has brought tremendous pressure to the tourism ecological environment and the tourism ecological contradiction between supply and demand is prominent in Loudi. So the sustainable development strategies of regional tourism are as follows: firstly, adjusting the tourism structure to promote its transforming and upgrading; secondly, changing the traditional concept of tourism planning to make plans from the perspective of ecological security and strengthening the security control to establish the ecological compensation mechanism; thirdly, improving the utilization rate of resource to control the demand of TEF; finally, promoting the land productivity to increase TEC.


Noise-like pulses of 0.3 ns duration and 15-nm bandwidth are used generate a Raman signal. A flat Stokes spectrum spanning a wavelength range from 1530 nm to 1650 nm was obtained in a 4.5-km length of SMF-28 fiber. Numerical calculations using Intrapulse Raman Scattering show good agreement with experimental results.


The Pollution From Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (POLINAT) projects were undertaken to investigate the impact of aircraft engine exhaust emissions on the state of the atmosphere in the North Atlantic flight corridor. Changes in the composition of the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere from aircraft emissions are identified from combined measurements and model analyses. Measurements were performed using the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt Falcon research aircraft and a Swissair B-747 over the North Atlantic covering the altitude range 6 to 13 km in November 1994 and June/July 1995 and from August to November 1997. The measurements include those of nitrogen oxides, nitrous and nitric acids, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, acetone, carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, carbon monoxide, aerosols, and meteorological parameters. The atmospheric composition was found to be highly variable, and emissions from sources at the surface or from lightning discharges also contribute strongly to the nitrogen oxides abundance and ozone formation. Contributions from aircraft emissions have been measured and identified in single and multiple plumes of several hours ages, and accumulation of such nitrogen oxides and particles emissions can be identified under certain conditions in and downstream of the flight corridor region. Acetone was found at high mixing ratios. The global and regional models predict ozone increases of 3 to 6% by current air traffic at the flight corridor altitude north of 30°N, in agreement with previous model analyses but too small to be measurable. In autumn, the upper troposphere is often humid with water vapor concentration far above ice saturation, providing conditions for persistent contrails.


We study the interaction of an electromagnetic field with a non-absorbing or absorbing dispersive sphere in the framework of complex angular momentum techniques. We assume that the dielectric function of the sphere presents a Drude-like behavior or an ionic crystal behavior modelling metallic and semiconducting materials. We more particularly emphasize and interpret the modifications induced in the resonance spectrum by absorption. We prove that ``resonant surface polariton modes" are generated by a unique surface wave, i.e., a surface (plasmon or phonon) polariton, propagating close to the sphere surface. This surface polariton corresponds to a particular Regge pole of the electric part (TM) of the $S$ matrix of the sphere. From the associated Regge trajectory we can construct semiclassically the spectrum of the complex frequencies of the resonant surface polariton modes which can be considered as Breit-Wigner-type resonances. Furthermore, by taking into account the Stokes phenomenon, we derive an asymptotic expression for the position in the complex angular momentum plane of the surface polariton Regge pole. We then describe semiclassically the surface polariton and provide analytical expressions for its dispersion relation and its damping in the non-absorbing and absorbing cases. In these analytic expressions, we more particularly exhibit well-isolated terms directly linked to absorption. Finally, we explain why the photon-sphere system can be considered as an artificial atom (a ``plasmonic atom" or ``phononic atom") and we briefly discuss the implication of our results in the context of the Casimir effect.


Zoonoses are a persistent threat to global human health.
Today, more than 200 diseases occurring in humans and animals are known to be mutually transmitted. Classic infectious diseases such as rabies, plague, and yellow fever have not been eradicated despite major efforts.
New zoonotic diseases are appearing due to global conditions such as overpopulation, wars, and food scarcity, which facilitate human contact with rodents, stray animals, and their parasites. In addition, humans are unwittingly becoming accidental hosts and new links in an infectious chain by engaging in activities such as survival training, which involves camping in open areas, and consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked food.
Zoonotic infections cause a variety of symptoms that often do not provide clear evidence of a known disease. Zoonoses, Fourth Edition, describes most occurring worldwide zoonoses and facilitates the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of zoonotic infections.
Written by a team of doctors, medical microbiologists and veterinarians, this revised and updated edition—translated from the noted German reference Zoonosen—covers all aspects of the epidemiology and prevention of zoonotic diseases supported by clear descriptions of various illnesses. Specifically, this fourth edition covers zoonoses caused by:
iruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites infections caused by animal bites infections and intoxications by animal foods iatrogenic transmission of zoonotic pathogens
Zoonoses is an indispensable reference for both clinicians and laboratorians.
Paperback, 532 pages, full-color illustrations, index.


Introduction Article 5.3 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) aims to prevent tobacco industry interference with public health policy. The degree of protection depends on several factors: the interpretation of Article 5.3 by governments; the presence of codes of practice; and the effectiveness of industry lobbying versus public health advocacy. We examine these factors with reference to the Dutch government's interpretation of Article 5.3. Methods We searched the Dutch Tobacco Industry Special Collection, part of the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents archive, containing more than 1100 Dutch government documents. Results Between 2007 and 2012, under consistent pressure from the industry, an initial strict view of Article 5.3 gave way to increased contact with the industry. The industry tried to shift the governance of tobacco policy back to the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Around 2010, Dutch public health advocates began to use Article 5.3. Efforts included naming and shaming government contact with the industry, parliamentary questions about industry–government contact, a report outlining how Article 5.3 should be observed and, most importantly, a court case. In response to this, the government produced a formal code of practice, which was used to prevent industry involvement in the development of a new National Prevention Accord. Discussion The Dutch government's initial decision not to codify Article 5.3 created an administrative environment in which health ministers' interpretation of Article 5.3 was able to shift according to their political beliefs. The findings support the recommendation that Parties to the FCTC take a strict approach and formally codify Article 5.3 to ensure effective implementation.


This article suggests approaches to dealing with the current anti-union climate in the American workplace. Building on examples of what union-side lawyers did when faced with the challenge of representing labor unions in Southern textile mills, the article makes a number of specific suggestions to counter what observers have termed a relentless assault on labor involving unchecked corporate power accompanied by income inequality and a decline in the well-being of working Americans. The article recommends, among other things, imposition of employer fiduciary responsibility for workers, a more clarion collective voice in the Supreme Court for working people, and increased use of state laws and federal antitrust laws to combat inequities in the workplace.


Abstract. Air quality modeling associated with emission scenarios has become an important tool for air quality management. The set-up of realistic emission scenarios requires accurate emission inventories including the whole methodology used to calculate the emissions. This means a good description of the source characteristics including a detailed composition of the emitted fluxes. Two main approaches are used. The so-called bottom-up approach that relies on the modification of the characteristics of the sources and the top-down approach whose goal is generally to reach standard pollutant concentration levels. This paper is aimed at providing a general methodology for the elaboration of such emission scenarios and giving examples of applications at local and regional scales for air quality management. The first example concerns the impact of the installation of the urban tramway in place of the road traffic in the old centre of Strasbourg. The second example deals with the use of oxygenated and reformulated car fuels on local (Strasbourg urban area) and regional (upper Rhine valley) scales. Finally, we analyze in detail the impacts of the incoming European emission regulation for 2015 on the air quality of the upper Rhine valley.


This case provides students with an in-depth look at various risk measurements in portfolio management. The primary issues examined in this case are: 1) Review pertinent concepts of describing and summarizing a bath of numerical data in the context of identifying portfolio properties. Although these concepts have been covered in basic statistics courses, it is important enough to go over again so that students may be better prepared for discussions regarding various risk measurements in portfolio management; 2) A distinction between use of geometric and arithmetic return data; 3) How risk is measured in investments, and what some of the measures of risk are used. In particular, it is recommended that a spreadsheet model be used to compute these various risk measurements. Differentiate between different types of risk; namely, total risk, systematic risk, and nonsystematic risk; 4. Demonstrate that the true betas tend to move toward 1.0 over time. With more advanced students, it is recommended that they use the Excel spreadsheet, (or some other statistical software, i.e., SAS or Minitab), to run the single-index regression model and verify these beta estimates. This case has a difficulty level appropriate for senior or first year MBA students. It is designed to be taught in a single class period (60 to 80 minutes). With more advanced students, the case can be assigned as a team project. The team presents their findings and conclusions to the class. If the case is used as a team presentation project, approximately 2 to 3 hours of student preparation time should be adequate for most students depending on their computational ability.


This paper describes a Web-based geographical information system (GIS) for mapping voting patterns, at the 2004 Australian federal election, at the polling booth level. The locations of polling booths are geocoded and linked with national digital datasets, including the 2001 census. The Web-based GIS can generate maps displaying patterns of voting for political parties across polling booths with overlays of data showing the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of populations within the surrounding polling booth catchments. A classification functionality consisting of equal interval, quantile, median-based natural breaks and location quotient may be used in order to generate different map displays. The Web-based GIS has been developed as an information dissemination and analysis tool to not only benchmark voting outcomes but also to visualise relationships between voting patterns and local demographic and socio-economic data.


The authors wish to correct errors in "Recent Case Reports of Levant Blunt-Nosed Viper Macrovipera lebetina obtusa Snakebites in Iran" by Kazemi and others (https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1640). In six places in the manuscript, the authors mistakenly refer to 1-mL vials of polyvalent anti-snake venom manufactured by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Karaj, Iran. This should have said 10-mL vials. In addition, in the top right column on page 1871, the authors state that the patient received a dose of "1mL of polyvalent anti-snake venom which was available as lyophilized equine immunoglobulins" when this should have read "10 mL of polyvalent anti-snake venom which is derived from equine hyperimmune serum." The authors and the Journal regret these errors.


We generalize the cointegrated vector autoregressive model of Johansen (1988, 1991) to allow for structural breaks. We derive the likelihood ratio test for structural breaks occurring at fixed points in time, and show that it is asymptotically chi-squared. Moreover, we show how inference can be made when the null hypothesis is presence of structural breaks. The estimation technique derived for this purpose can be applied to several other generalizations of the standard model, beyond the structural breaks treated here. For example, the new technique can be applied to estimate models with heteroskedasticity. We apply our generalized model to US term structure data, accounting for structural breaks that coincide with the changes in the Fed's policy in September 1979 and October 1982. Contrary to previous findings we cannot reject the long-run implications of the expectations hypothesis.


This document represents the first collaboration between 2 organizations-the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the Society of Critical Care Medicine-to describe best practices in nutrition therapy in critically ill children. The target of these guidelines is intended to be the pediatric critically ill patient (>1 month and 2-3 days in a PICU admitting medical, surgical, and cardiac patients. In total, 2032 citations were scanned for relevance. The PubMed/MEDLINE search resulted in 960 citations for clinical trials and 925 citations for cohort studies. The EMBASE search for clinical trials culled 1661 citations. In total, the search for clinical trials yielded 1107 citations, whereas the cohort search yielded 925. After careful review, 16 randomized controlled trials and 37 cohort studies appeared to answer 1 of the 8 preidentified question groups for this guideline. We used the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to adjust the evidence grade based on assessment of the quality of study design and execution. These guidelines are not intended for neonates or adult patients. The guidelines reiterate the importance of nutrition assessment-particularly, the detection of malnourished patients who are most vulnerable and therefore may benefit from timely intervention. There is a need for renewed focus on accurate estimation of energy needs and attention to optimizing protein intake. Indirect calorimetry, where feasible, and cautious use of estimating equations and increased surveillance for unintended caloric underfeeding and overfeeding are recommended. Optimal protein intake and its correlation with clinical outcomes are areas of great interest. The optimal route and timing of nutrient delivery are areas of intense debate and investigations. Enteral nutrition remains the preferred route for nutrient delivery. Several strategies to optimize enteral nutrition during critical illness have emerged. The role of supplemental parenteral nutrition has been highlighted, and a delayed approach appears to be beneficial. Immunonutrition cannot be currently recommended. Overall, the pediatric critical care population is heterogeneous, and a nuanced approach to individualizing nutrition support with the aim of improving clinical outcomes is necessary.


The AS topology incompleteness problem is derived from difficulties in the discovery of p2p links, and is amplified by the increasing popularity of Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) to support peering interconnection. We describe, implement, and validate a method for discovering currently invisible IXP peering links by mining BGP communities used by IXP route servers to implement multilateral peering (MLP), including communities that signal the intent to restrict announcements to a subset of participants at a given IXP. Using route server data juxtaposed with a mapping of BGP community values, we can infer 206K p2p links from 13 large European IXPs, four times more p2p links than what is directly observable in public BGP data. The advantages of the proposed technique are threefold. First, it utilizes existing BGP data sources and does not require the deployment of additional vantage points nor the acquisition of private data. Second, it requires only a few active queries, facilitating repeatability of the measurements. Finally, it offers a new source of data regarding the dense establishment of MLP at IXPs.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop an instrument that provides insight in the added value of a school for primary education, from the perspective of different stakeholders. The following groups are considered stakeholders: municipality, school board, environment, parents and children. An instrument like this is needed in order to be able to measure the effect of an intervention within an experiment. The intervention is about decentralizing the available financial resources from the municipality to the school boards.Design/Methodology/approach - In order to find a measuring instrument, a literature study has been done to the aspects on which added value can be rated for the different stakeholders. Since 'value' has a different meaning for the various stakeholders, these aspects have been searched for in literature related to various fields, namely Business Administration, Finance, CREM and FM. The instrument will be calibrated in a follow-up study using interviews. In addition, the Delphi method will be applied.Findings = The research has given information that can help build up a usefull and well founded instrument to measure the added value of school buildings for the different stakeholders. Apart from the financial issues (such as costs per square meter), which are interesting only to part of the stakeholders, other aspects were found that can help measure the perceived value for the other stakeholders (such as: employee satisfaction, innovations, flexibility, market share, etc). Furthermore, is seems desirable to apply real estate strategies with regard to (portfolios of) school buildings.Originality/value - There are no publications yet on instruments that measure the added value experienced by different stakeholders with regard to school buildings. In practice, financial exploitation of school buildings when it comes to value is only about book value and depreciations. By measuring the added value (for the other stakeholders) through other aspects as well, one gets a better overall picture of the actual output of the building. With the insights gained through this measurement, a more extensive initial investment in a school building might be justified. The instrument can also be of value during negotiations on spending/dividing financial means for housing between school boards and municipalities. Thus, the value of this instrument is more comprehensive than just the use of it in the experiment that will be carried out in the framewor


The goal of this work was to experimentally quantify the uncertainty of three-dimensional (3D) and three-component (3C) velocity measurements using tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomo-PIV). Controlled measurements were designed using tracer particles embedded in a solid sample, and tomo-PIV measurements were performed on the sample while it was moved both translationally and rotationally to simulate various known displacement fields, so the 3D3C displacements measured by tomo-PIV can be directly compared to the known displacements created by the sample. The results illustrated that (1) the tomo-PIV technique was able to reconstruct the 3D3C velocity with an averaged error of 0.8-1.4 voxels in terms of magnitude and 1.7°-1.9° in terms of orientation for the velocity fields tested; (2) view registration (VR) plays a significant role in tomo-PIV, and by reducing VR error from 0.6° to 0.1°, the 3D3C measurement accuracy can be improved by at least 2.5 times in terms of both magnitude and orientation; and (3) the use of additional cameras in tomo-PIV can extend the 3D3C velocity measurement to a larger volume, while maintaining acceptable accuracy. These results obtained from controlled tests are expected to aid the error analysis and the design of tomo-PIV measurements.


Extinction risk varies across species and is influenced by key ecological parameters, such as diet specialization. For predictive conservation science to be effective, we need to understand extinction risk factors that may have implicated recent species extinctions. Diet and feeding behaviour of the large extinct marsupial carnivore Thylacinus cynocephalus or thylacine have long been debated. Improved understanding of the skull's biomechanical performance and its limitations in a comparative context may yield important insights. Here, we use three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis to assess aspects of biomechanical performance in the skull of T. cynocephalus relative to those of two extant marsupial carnivores with known diets that occurred sympatrically with T. cynocephalus: the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, and spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus. Together, these three species comprised the large mammalian carnivore guild in Tasmania at the time of European settlement. The bone-cracking S. harrisii produced high bite forces for its size as expected, but the stresses induced were surprisingly high. A higher proportion of cancellous bone in the skull of this osteophage may act to absorb shock but decrease rigidity and hence raise stress. A relatively high bite force and rigid skull characterized D. maculatus, which may allow them to target prey of variable sizes. Compared with S. harrisii and D. maculatus, we found that the skull of T. cynocephalus was least well adapted to withstand forces driven solely by its jaw-closing musculature, as well as to simulations of struggling prey. Our findings suggest that T. cynocephalus likely consumed smaller prey relative to its size, which may have had implications for their survival.


SUMMARY: In construction, dimensional quality is critical but is very difficult to achieve, especially with built-in-place elements. As a result, dimensional Quality Assessment / Quality Control (QA/QC) must systematically be conducted, which often delays the value-adding work. Current methods for dimensional QA/QC are labor intensive, time consuming and therefore expensive. Comprehensive dimensional QA/QC approaches are thus often discarded for strategic ones, which may provide misleading dimensional QA/QC results, and result in future rework or failures. In the research presented here, the authors take advantage of new technologies available to the Architectural Engineering Construction & Facility Management industry – 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) engines, 3D positioning technologies and 3D laser scanners – to develop a method for automated retrieval of 3D CAD model objects in 3D laser scanner range images. This approach for automated CAD object retrieval allows for the automated and accurate segmentation of the as-built cloud corresponding to each project 3D CAD object, and it is robust with respect to occlusions. The quality of the output data is such that it is possible to use it to perform automated defect detection for dimensional QA/QC. In this paper, the authors first present the developed approach and demonstrate its efficiency through a simple experiment. Then, the authors discuss in more detail how the retrieval output data can be used to support automated dimensional QA/QC.


This study examines the determinants of capital structure of 182 Malaysian listed
firms utilizing panel data from 1986-2001. To enhance the capital structure model,
this study incorporated macroeconomics variables together with the traditional
financial ratios in determining the capital structure choice. Besides, this study also
employs the dynamic capital structure model, using panel data analysis, to estimate
the parameters of interest and the speed of adjustment of Malaysian listed firms
towards target level of leverage. In fact, this is the pioneer attempts in the
application of the dynamic analysis to capital structure model and utilization of
large data set of Malaysian listed firms. Thus the results would be of great
contribution especially in the context of the emerging market.
Empirical results show the following. First, the results of the static capital structure
model using the pooled OLS estimation and Fixed Effects (FE) models were
analyzed and compared. Of these static models, after correcting for
heteroscedasticity and auto correlation problems, the Generalised Least Square
(GLS) method is the best static model because it has the higher goodness of fit of
90.94% compared to 57.52% (i.e. comparison between the Lev6 of market value
model of GLS estimation and the Lev6 of market value model estimated by
Transformed Regression Model). Second, the dynamic capital structure model was
estimated using a must stronger estimation technique, Generalised Method of
Moments (GMM). Under the GMM estimation, this study deploys a consistent
estimation method as suggested by Anderson and Hsiao (1982) and Arellano and
Bond (1991). For comparison purposes, pooled OLS estimates were also obtained.
After comparing the results, this study concluded that Arellano and Bond's method
is the most appropriate for the dynamic model because the performance of its
estimators results in smaller variances than those associated with Anderson and
Hsiao's approach.
The final dynamic capital structure model reveals that 13 variables were
significantly related with the level of leverage and eight variables were not
significant. In addition to firm-specific characteristics, this study found that
macroeconomics variables are also important factor in determining the financing
decision. These empirical findings support the study hypothesis that
BPUET*AKAAN SULTAN A W L W
wmm m MALAYSIA
v
macroeconomics factors were also important and would affect capital structure
choice. The three most significant determinants are, (i) lagged leverage, (ii) nondebt
tax shield, and (iii) money supply. The sign of these relations suggest that
both the pecking order theory and the trade off theory are at work in explaining the
capital structure. The results also show that Malaysian firms adjust toward target
leverage but the speed of adjustment of 0.47 is slower compared to 0.57' for
developed countries such as United States and United Kingdom. Besides, it seems
that the cost of deviating from the target leverage is not generally large enough to
motivate costly external capital market transaction.
It was observed that the capital structure model reported in the literature especially
for Malaysian has only been short-term in nature because they are based on a static
snapshot framework. The empirical evidence of this study clearly indicates that the
findings from such studies were found to be seriously underestimating the impact
of the explanatory variables in the long-term equilibrium. This long-term outlook
and its finding is a new contribution to the issue in the Malaysian context.
In the second part, two corporate financial distress models were constructed for
Malaysian listed firms. Eight independent variables were used for the capital
structure prediction model (CS-prediction model), while nine selected literature
based variables were deployed for literature based prediction model (L-prediction
' This is an average sped of adjustment for United States and United Kingdom.
model) and observed the models' accuracy. The in-sample overall accuracy of the
CS-prediction model is 71.1% and the L-prediction model is 85.2%. The
Nagelkerke R~ of the CS-prediction is 45.50% while L-prediction model is
62.40%, which implies that relatively the literature based predictors of the model
significantly explained the contribution to the financial distress.
Further, the predictive power of both models was tested using the holdout samples.
Comparatively, for the first three years period prior to distress, this study found
that the L-model consistently outperformed the CS-model. In fact, the results of Lmodel
demonstrated excellent Type I accuracy2 of 1 OO%, Type 11 accuracy3 of
90% and overall accuracy of 95.00% one year prior to distress. It was also
observed that the overall accuracy remained high for the second year (94.99%) and
the third year (84.99%).
The estimation results of L-prediction model confirmed all the expectations. The
model indicates that declining profit margin on sales (T1) and operating efficiency
(T9) contributes significantly towards the firm becoming financially distressed,
while the total debt ratio (T6) and current liabilities to total assets ratio (T7) are
shown to have direct contribution to the financial distress. Of these significant
variables, the total debt ratio (T6) and current liabilities to total assets ratio (T7)
were found to be the two most significant factors in determining the outcomes of
* Correctly classify a financially distressed firm as distressed firm.
Correctly classify a healthy firm as healthy.
financial distress with the largest elasticity value of 14.1600 and 10.3480
respectively. In general, these results are consistent with the trade-off theory which
predicts that highly leveraged firm is vulnerable to financial distress. The results
also shed some light on the factors that caused financial distress to many
Malaysian listed companies. Following these results, the study concluded that firm
with less profit margin on sales (TI) and operating efficiency (T9) and high in total
debt ratio (T6) and current liabilities to total assets ratio (T7) would have higher
financial distress prospect in Malaysia. In sum, the L-prediction model is the
preferred corporate financial distress prediction model and is capable of providing
effective early warnings information of financial distress especially three years
period prior to distress.


At Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) a questionnaire amongst freshmen is carried outeach year since 2007. Aim of this poll is to check IT and Web 2.0 competences and skills of the newstudents coming to TU Graz in order to adapt the e-learning services for their study at TU Graz. Furthermorethe results mirror current trends and changing behaviors of young people said to be the net-generationoften postulated to which we and our teachers will face to. After five years of investigations time hascome to take a look back and reel up processes and progresses not only because five years match thestandard duration of a study at TU Graz. Which trends have been established, which assumptions did notarrive, what happened totally unexpected? This paper targets the main changes within the last five yearsdue to this subject. It compares the five study years and outlines the current study results of 2011 in. Oneof the main results over five years is that the net-generation did arrive but slowly adapt their study life towhat they are already used to do in private.


Current features of the course of postpartum purulent-inflammatory diseases, rise of erased and atypical forms require investigation of new ways of early diagnosis and further prognosis of the course of aforementioned diseases. Aim: To identify the main factors that enables the prognosis of the course of postpartum purulent-inflammatory diseases. Material and methods: The main group 170 women with postpartum purulent-inflammatory diseases, control group-40 women with an uncomplicated course of the postpartum period. We analysed 42 parameters such as the unique features of case history, the course of pregnancy, parturition, the data from clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination, including the results derived from the use of fluorescent spectroscopy (FS) in blood serum (BS) analysis. Results: Based on a thorough analysis and statistical processing of the results of investigation, the core predictive factors of the development of postpartum purulent-inflammatory diseases were established. It was found out that the common features across the main group of patients are extragenital pathology, gynecological conditions based on case history, a risk of miscarriage, complications during pregnancy, colpitis, TORCH-infections, duration of parturition for over 12 hours, presence of parturition anomalies and foetal distress. Additionally, concerning the main patient's cohort, a number of significant risk factors influencing emergence of postpartum endometritis were identified. These factors are: the presence of acute respiratory illnesses, a risk of miscarriage, including a number of surgical interventions, and genital tearing during parturition. Based on the results of blood serum (BS) investigation using fluorescent spectroscopy (FS) it was established that the main parameters used for prognosis of postpartum purulent-inflammatory diseases are a decline in fluorescent intensity and a presence of long-wave shift


The sustainability of infrastructure projects is becoming increasingly important issue in engineering practice. This means that in the future the construction materials will be selected on the basis of the contribution they can make to reach sustainability requirements. Geopolymers are materials based on by-products from industries. By using geopolymer concrete technology it is possible to reduce our waste and to produce concrete in the environmental-friendly way. An 80% or greater reduction of greenhouse gases compared with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) can be achieved through geopolymer technology. However, there are limited practical applications and experience. For a broad and large scale industrial application of geopolymer concrete, challenges still exist in the technological and engineering aspects. The main goal of GeoCon Bridge project was to develop a geopolymer concrete mixture and to upscale it to structural application. The outputs of projects provide input for development of recommendations for structural design of geopolymer based reinforced concrete elements. Through a combination of laboratory experiments on material and structural elements, structural design and finite element simulations, and based on previous experience with OPC concrete, knowledge generated in this project provides an important step towards a "cement free" construction. The project was performed jointly by three team members: Microlab and Group of Concrete Structures from Technical University of Delft and Technical University of Eindhoven.


Supporting chemical kinetics model development with robust experimental results is the job of shock-tube, rapid compression machine, and other apparatus operators. A key limitation of many of these systems is difficulty with preparation of a fuel vapor-air mixture for heavy liquid fuels. Previous work has suggested that the Cetane Ignition Delay (CID) 510 system is capable of providing data useful for kinetics validation. Specifically, this constant-volume combustion chamber (1) can be characterized by a single bulk temperature, and (2) uses a high-pressure diesel injector to generate rapid fuel-air mixing and thus create a homogeneous mixture well before ignition.
 In this study, initial experiments found relatively good agreement between experiments and kinetic models for n-heptane and poor agreement for iso-octane under nominally the same ignition delay ranges for ambient conditions under which the mixture is determined to be effectively homogeneous. After excluding potential non-kinetic fuel properties as causes, further experiments highlight the high pressure sensitivity of the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior. While this challenge is well known to kinetic mechanism developers, the data set included in this work (n-heptane at 5 bar and iso-octane at 5–20 bar, each for various equivalence ratios) can be added to those used for validation.
 The results and system characterization presented demonstrate that this combustion system is capable of capturing kinetic effects decoupled from the spray process for these primary reference fuels. Future work can leverage this capability to provide kinetics validation data for most heavy, exotic, or otherwise difficult to test liquid fuels.


A key determinant of the potential growth of an economy is the rate at which the labour force increases, which depends both on population growth and on changes in the participation rate. Cyclical factors related to the economic environment can play a significant role in affecting the participation rate, as can structural factors and demographic trends. From the mid-1970s to the end of the 1980s, the participation rate rose almost without interruption to a record high of 67.5 per cent. In contrast, between 1990 and 1995, it declined sharply and has been relatively steady at around 65 per cent since 1995. In this article, the author analyzes the participation rate of age and gender groupings in order to better understand the factors leading to these developments and their implications for future movements in the aggregate rate. While cyclical factors contributed to the decline in the participation rate in the 1990s, structural factors (such as an increase in school attendance rates and the increasing use of computer technology) and demographic trends (the aging of the population) have had a substantial impact. The conclusion reached is that, while some recovery is to be expected, the aggregate participation rate is unlikely to return to its 1989 peak over the next decade or so.


Henry Miller was one of the most distinctive voices in twentieth-century literature. Better known in Europe than in his native America for most of this career, he achieved international success and celebrity during the 1960s when his banned "Paris" books beginning with Tropic of Cancer were published here and judged by the Supreme Court not to be obscene. Until then he had toiled in relative obscurity and poverty. The Unknown Henry Miller recounts Miller's career from its beginnings in Paris in the 1930s but focuses on his years living in Big Sur, California, from 1944 to 1961, during which he wrote many of his most important books, including The Rosy Crucifixion trilogy, married and divorced twice, raised two children, painted watercolors, and tried to live out an aesthetic and personal credo of self-realization. Written with the cooperation of the Henry Miller, Anais Nin, and other estates, The Unknown Henry Miller quotes extensively from Miller's correspondence in order to offer the reader direct experience of the author and man. It also draws on material not available to previous biographers, including interviews with Lepska Warren, Miller's third wife, and revelations from unpublished portions of Anais Nin's diaries. Behind the "bad boy" image, the author finds a man with devoted friendships, whose challenge of literary sexual taboos was part of a broader assault on the dehumanization of man and commercialization during the postwar years. He puts Miller's alleged misogyny in the context of his satire of sexual mores in general, and makes the case for restoring this groundbreaking writer to his rightful place in the American literary canon. Skyhorse Publishing, along with our Arcade, Good Books, Sports Publishing, and Yucca imprints, is proud to publish a broad range of biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs. Our list includes biographies on well-known historical figures like Benjamin Franklin, Nelson Mandela, and Alexander Graham Bell, as well as villains from history, such as Heinrich Himmler, John Wayne Gacy, and O. J. Simpson. We have also published survivor stories of World War II, memoirs about overcoming adversity, first-hand tales of adventure, and much more. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home.


Objectives In many current guidelines, blood pressure (BP)-lowering drug treatment for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is based on absolute risk. However, in clinical practice, therapeutic decisions are often based on BP levels alone. We sought to investigate which approach was superior by conducting a post hoc analysis of the Australian National Blood Pressure (ANBP) cohort, a seminal study establishing the efficacy of BP lowering in 'mild hypertensive' persons. Design A post hoc subgroup analysis of the ANBP trial results by baseline absolute risk tertile. Setting and participants 3244 participants aged 35–69 years in a community-based randomised placebo controlled trial of blood pressure-lowering medication. Interventions Chlorothiazide500 mg versus placebo. Primary outcome measures All-cause mortality and non-fatal events (non-fatal CVD, congestive cardiac failure, renal failure, hypertensive retinopathy or encephalopathy). Results Treatment effects were assessed by HR, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat. Participants had an average 5-year CVD risk in the intermediate range (10.5±6.5) with moderately elevated BP (mean 159/103 mmHg) and were middle aged (52±8 years). In a subgroup analysis, the relative effects (HR) and absolute effects (absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat) did not statistically differ across the three risk groups except for the absolute benefit in all-cause mortality (p for heterogeneity=0.04). With respect to absolute benefit, drug treatment significantly reduced the number of events in the high-risk group regarding any event with a number needed to treat of 18 (10 to 64), death from any cause with 45 (25 to 196) and major CVD events with 23 (12 to 193). Conclusion Our analysis confirms that the benefit of treatment was substantial only in the high-risk tertile, reaffirming the rationale of treating elevated blood pressure in the setting of all risk factors rather than in isolation.


Shorter-wavelength surface-emitting laser sources are important for a variety of fields, including photonics, information processing, and biology. We report on the creation of a current-driven blue-violet photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser. We have developed a fabrication method, named "air holes retained over growth," in order to construct a two-dimensional gallium nitride (GaN)/air photonic-crystal structure. The resulting periodic structure has a photonic-crystal band-edge effect sufficient for the successful operation of a current-injection surface-emitting laser. This represents an important step in the development of laser sources that could be focused to a size much less than the wavelength and be integrated two-dimensionally at such short wavelengths.


The Reconfigurable Video Coding (RVC) framework was developed to specify video codecs as abstract and as much as possible implementation-agnostic descriptions, which are supposed to be processed by code synthesis tools to automatically generate implementations for different target languages and platforms. However, there are still questions about if the run-time performance of these automatically generated RVC-based codec implementations is good enough to run efficiently on different target platforms. In this paper, we present a performance benchmarking study on various RVC-based multimedia specifications (H.264/AVC and JPEG codecs, and four multimedia security systems based on these codecs), which covers the following two aspects: 1) the run-time performance against their corresponding non-RVC implementations on a single-core machine; 2) the performance gain these RVC-based implementations on a dual-core machine. Based on our benchmarking results, which show that RVC-based multimedia implementations achieve adequate/acceptable performance, we conclude that RVC has the potential to become a general-purpose but still performance-efficient development framework for many application domains.


Limited research exists on the long-term effect of fresh (FM) versus composted manure (CM) from beef cattle on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield and nutrient uptake. Barley was grown (1999-2007) as silage on an irrigated clay loam soil in southern Alberta where organic amendments and fertilizer were annually applied for 9 yr in the fall of 1998 to 2006. The treatments were three rates (13, 39, 77 Mg ha -1 dry wt.) of FM or CM containing either straw or wood-chip bedding, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and a nonfertilized control. Nine years of annual application ofFM and CM resulted in similar aboveground dry matter yield, and total N and total P uptake compared with inorganic fertilizer. However, apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) and phosphorus recovery (APR) were significantly lower for FM and CM (5-9%) than inorganic (22-47%). Barley dry matter yield, ANR, and APR were similar for FM and CM. Manure type influenced N and P uptake, but the effects varied with bedding type and year. The N and P uptake were greater for CM with straw than the other three treatments except FM with straw. The DM yield was similar for straw and wood bedding, but ANR was greater for straw (10%) than wood (7%). Bedding influenced N uptake, P uptake, and APR, but the effects varied with manure type, rate, and year. Based on the results of this study, producers converting from FM to CM, or from straw to wood-chip bedding, should suffer no loss in barley silage production.


Master alternative Big Data technologies that can do what Hadoop can't: real-time analytics and iterative machine learning. When most technical professionals think of Big Data analytics today, they think of Hadoop. But there are many cutting-edge applications that Hadoop isn't well suited for, especially real-time analytics and contexts requiring the use of iterative machine learning algorithms. Fortunately, several powerful new technologies have been developed specifically for use cases such as these. Big Data Analytics Beyond Hadoop is the first guide specifically designed to help you take the next steps beyond Hadoop. Dr. Vijay Srinivas Agneeswaran introduces the breakthrough Berkeley Data Analysis Stack (BDAS) in detail, including its motivation, design, architecture, Mesos cluster management, performance, and more. He presents realistic use cases and up-to-date example code for: Spark, the next generation in-memory computing technology from UC Berkeley Storm, the parallel real-time Big Data analytics technology from Twitter GraphLab, the next-generation graph processing paradigm from CMU and the University of Washington (with comparisons to alternatives such as Pregel and Piccolo) Halo also offers architectural and design guidance and code sketches for scaling machine learning algorithms to Big Data, and then realizing them in real-time. He concludes by previewing emerging trends, including real-time video analytics, SDNs, and even Big Data governance, security, and privacy issues. He identifies intriguing startups and new research possibilities, including BDAS extensions and cutting-edge model-driven analytics. Big Data Analytics Beyond Hadoop is an indispensable resource for everyone who wants to reach the cutting edge of Big Data analytics, and stay there: practitioners, architects, programmers, data scientists, researchers, startup entrepreneurs, and advanced students.


The number of senses we have as humans is a topic of in- credible uncertainty. After attempting to define the human senses for thousands of years, the thinkers of today believe the number of senses is somewhere between five and thirty-three. Without utilizing objective existence itself, the limited human perspective can cause mankind to lose sight of the complex mechanics that produce their field of view. In this article, I address the shortcomings of the currently accepted classification of senses and offer a recategorization that is founded on the nature of the energies being interpreted.


In this Master thesis we aim at studying some physiological and computational aspects of the excitation-contraction mechanisms in the heart muscle. This phenomenon exhibits many complexities at different spatio-temporal scales. The relevance and applicability of several recent phenomenological and physiologically detailed ionic models will be assessed. The choice of the treated models is based on an equilibrium between results that manage to reproduce correctly the complexity of the cardiac electrophysiology and a weak computational cost in order to solve the large set of ODEs which describe the dynamics of that ionic model. The preferred models include a large part of the more recent electrophysiological discoveries and understandings (e.g. L-type calcium and ryanodine channels) in order to reproduce at best the electrical conduction in the human cardiac tissue based on different experimental or computational measurements. According to these previous remarks, we will perform a thorough testing and quantitative comparison of these models and mechanical activation mechanisms in the framework of the LifeV finite element library. In a second step, a recent model for the description of crossbridge dynamics will be implemented. The importance of using good ionic models makes sense to identify correctly the possible influence on the muscle mechanics activation, which enable the heart to pump blood throughout the entire circulatory system.