Like oil and water, humor and trauma would seem to be as opposite as can be. This systematic narrative review set out to discover if and how humor interacts with the therapeutic treatment of trauma. Peer reviewed data was collected, analyzed, and organized in four levels; humor in trauma therapy, humor in therapy promoting behavior for the client, humor in therapy sustaining behavior for the clinician, and humor in trauma work outside of a therapeutic setting. Using conceptual models of Trauma-Informed Care and Resiliency Theory, each level of articles were analyzed for similarities and differences through identifying; the use of humor, physiological, cognitive and psychological, behavioral and relational effects of humor, connections of humor and trauma, connections of humor and culture, limitations of humor, and implications for the use of humor. Findings indicated that humor is an integral and unique part of the whole-person approach to health and well-being and was identified as a key element in promoting healing for individuals that have experienced trauma. Effects were shown to be most beneficial when the level of humor used and the bond and depth of the therapeutic relationship were aligned and were intentionally focused on helpful, not hurtful, interactions. Future empirical studies should focus on assessing specific types of humor interventions and/or longevity studies focusing on a specific population or shared experience. In a therapeutic capacity, focus should be given to initiating and maintaining an open dialogue about individual humor styles and how to incorporate them into a therapeutic setting as well as utilizing humor for on-going assessment of levels of psychological distress. Additionally, the use of humor should not be overlooked in its ability to offer a status assessment of the clinician and for its value in supporting healthy coping skills and resilience.


We tested for oxidative coupling of phenolic materials, including organic contaminants and tyrosine, in gut fluid from marine deposit‐feeding invertebrates. A phenolic metabolite (pyrenol) of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), which can arise during accumulation by deposit‐feeding invertebrates, was found to participate in oxidative coupling reactions to organic matter in gut fluid. Gut fluid from four species of marine deposit‐feeding invertebrates (three polychaetes and one holothuroid) catalyzed oxidative coupling of pyrenol (1‐hydroxypyrene) in rough proportion to their enzyme activity and dissolved organic matter levels. Nereis virens gut fluid also catalyzed coupling of tyrosine monomers to form dityrosine, a common marker of oxidative damage in proteins. An antioxidant enzyme activity, similar to that of heme peroxidase and capable of oxidative coupling, was tentatively identified in gut fluid from N. virens by protein precipitation, dye decolorization assays, and enzyme inhibitor studies. Unaltered N. virens gut fluid had high total oxyradical scavenging capacity, indicating the presence of fast‐acting antioxidants. Oxidative coupling of PAHs will reduce subsequent bioavailability, toxicity, and transport of these compounds in marine environments. Furthermore, oxidative coupling of PAHs represents a hitherto overlooked sink for organic contaminants in marine sediments and suggests a biological mechanism for formation of aquatic humic material.


Phoenix: Boldness in the rebirth of citizen subjectivy. Current research-intervention project (Thiollent, 1981; Brandao, 1981 and 1984), linked to the State University of Maringa, Maringa PR Brazil, presupposes praxis as a locus of knowledge production and truth criterion. The interacted population is attended by the Pope John XXIII Social Nucleus in the periphery of Maringa. The authors' insertion in this human group is based on the premise-denouncement by Martin-Baro (1987; 1989), according to which we live under the aegis of "the empire of the devaluation of human life", fabricated by the social and economical authoritarianism of capitalism and by mass consumer society produced by the former (Caniato, 1997; Martin & Schumann, 1999; Beinstein, 1999). Its excluding concerns are hidden beneath demagogic and ideological discourses of democratic political regimes. Our bearings come from "The authoritarian personality" by Theodor Adorno (1965), according to which biased trends, not always perceived by individuals, subjectively sustain the cruelty-carrying forms of organization. Basing ourselves on Adorno's doctrine as read in "Dialectic of Enlightenment" (1985) and "Education and Emancipation" (1995), we interacted since October 2000 with the population living at the Social Nucleus and experienced together the psychosocial suffering that the triviality of violence (Arendt, 2000) and injustice (Dejours, 1999) entails, together with certain forms of social insertion marked by fatalism and psychosocial alienation (Martin-Baro, 1987; Chaui, 1993). Supervisors and participating students of the Psychology Course of the State University of Maringa interact weekly with the above-mentioned inmates through problems-demands chiefly linked to their situation of excluded population. These problems are being theoretically analyzed by the members involved in the project and are then discussed with the population. It has to be emphasized that the contextual analysis and the concrete life conditions of the individuals that proposed them should never be discarded. On this occasion knowledge that we-they have previously obtained is broadened, which happens successively at all encounters. Through such interaction with the group we could acknowledge the immersion of these individuals in the values imputed by mass society and even certain resistance in exercising true citizenship. Since "the conscience of the people on this side is the fear of those on the other side", it is only through the development of critical conscience, chiefly of "threatened populations", that the transforming action of psychosocial reality will occur (Martin-Baro, 1987).


This paper is in two parts. The first part is about developments in the rules of evidence and particularly about developments in the federal rules of evidence, which has had a major impact on evidence rules in many states. This part turns out to be largely about the past because my sense is that the impact of changes in the formal rules of evidence, which were substantial, are largely historic. To be sure future changes in the formal rules, particularly those that may be made as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Crawford v. Washington (2004) that dramatically changed confrontation and may unleash hearsay reformulation, may be significant. The second part deals with my sense that technological and scientific advances may make have a dramatic impact in altering the way cases, particularly criminal cases, are proved and evaluated in the future. For example, the development and proliferation of a new type of "trace evidence" - electronic "trace evidence" - is providing dispositive proof of a larger and larger group of cases. As jurors come to understand such dispositive proof exists in many cases, they are suggestions they may come to expect it in all, potentially changing how proof in criminal cases is evaluated. Of course, this speculation - these rumblings in the future of proof - is just speculation. However, there are reasons to suspect at least that as a result of the accumulation of events brought on by scientific and technological change, something significant is beginning to occur.


This abridgement of the world's most authoritative dictionary of ancient Greek is based on the 1883 revision. It includes some discussion of word usage, citing examples and characteristic phrases. Generally speaking, only words used by late writers and scientific terms have been omitted from the full lexicon. From Homer downwards, to the close of Attic Greek, care has been taken to include all words, as well as those used by Aristotle, Plutarch in his Lives, Polybius, Strabo, Lucian, and the writers of the New Testament.


The pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus manipulates death and survival networks in host cells to ensure its survival. Vibrio survives by rewiring host cell signaling Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. para) is a major cause of food poisoning caused by eating raw or undercooked shellfish. Like other types of bacteria, V. para delivers effectors into host cells through type 3 secretion systems (T3SSs). Those delivered through T3SS1 cause nonapoptotic death in various cultured cells. De Nisco et al. analyzed the transcriptional response of primary human fibroblasts to infection with a strain of V. para that has an intact T3SS1, which enables the bacterium to survive in its natural habitat, but lacks T3SS2, which mediates gastroenteritis in humans. V. para T3SS1 induced a rapid, dynamic transcriptional response that initially suppressed cell death and stimulated cell survival networks. Later in infection, effectors delivered through T3SS1 inhibited prosurvival signaling posttranslationally and induced cell death. Bacterial effectors potently manipulate host signaling pathways. The marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. para) delivers effectors into host cells through two type 3 secretion systems (T3SSs). T3SS1 is vital for V. para survival in the environment, whereas T3SS2 causes acute gastroenteritis in human hosts. Although the natural host is undefined, T3SS1 effectors attack highly conserved cellular processes and pathways to orchestrate nonapoptotic cell death. To understand how the concerted action of T3SS1 effectors globally affects host cell signaling, we compared gene expression changes over time in primary fibroblasts infected with V. para that have a functional T3SS1 (T3SS1+) to those in cells infected with V. para lacking T3SS1 (T3SS1−). Overall, the host transcriptional response to both T3SS1+ and T3SS1− V. para was rapid, robust, and temporally dynamic. T3SS1 rewired host gene expression by specifically altering the expression of 398 genes. Although T3SS1 effectors targeted host cells at the posttranslational level to cause cytotoxicity, V. para T3SS1 also precipitated a host transcriptional response that initially activated cell survival and repressed cell death networks. The increased expression of several key prosurvival transcripts mediated by T3SS1 depended on a host signaling pathway that is silenced posttranslationally later in infection. Together, our analysis reveals a complex interplay between the roles of T3SS1 as both a transcriptional and posttranslational manipulator of host cell signaling.


BACKGROUND
We aimed to examine the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), static strength and explosive strength with cognitive functions in young males.

METHODS
Eighty-six young males (age 16-24 years) participated in the study and took part in a number of tests including: static strength (grip strength test), explosive strength (Sargent jump test), and CRF (via direct measure of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)). Static strength and explosive strength were scaled by allometrically modeled skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and height while VO2max was scaled by SMM and body mass (BM). Cognition was assessed by inhibitory control, simple and choice reaction time tasks using computerized Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). Central processing time was measured by surface electromyography changes in isometric contraction response to an audio stimulus.

RESULTS
VO2max scaled by BM (but not SMM), was associated with better central processing time and stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). Explosive strength was also associated with better central processing time independent of VO2max. However, static strength was not associated with cognition.

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that explosive strength is a better predictor of central processing than static strength or VO2max in young males. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether explosive strength training in youth would improve central processing time.


Abstract This paper proposes an explanation for the rise and fall of a 1pl imperative ending in the dialect of Mesocco, a Northern Italo-Romance variety from southern Switzerland. This ending cannot be explained with inherited 1pl morphology: rather, it is best accounted for by assuming the reanalysis of a 2pl imperative hosting a 1sg pronominal object clitic. This reanalysis, it is suggested, must have occurred in the syntactic context provided by the 'ethical' dative construction. It has been prompted by several factors, among which the crucial one is functional in nature, viz. the pragmatic homology between 1pl imperative – unmarkedly inclusive in meaning – and the ethical dative construction with a 2pl imperative. Comparative evidence is also adduced from studies in linguistic typology, showing that similar crossovers between 1st and 2nd person plural morphology, although unattested in Romance (or, more precisely, in the better-known standard Romance languages), are not without parallels cross-linguistically. Finally, a functional motivation is provided for the deacquisition of this 1pl imperative form in the dialect of the younger generations.


The paper analyses transnational flows of Pentecostalism between Australia and Brazil. It analyses the establishment of CNA, a Brazilian church that caters for the increasing number of Brazilian students in Sydney. It also investigates the ways in which Hillsong, an Australian Pentecostal megachurch, has influenced CNA and has been alluring young Pentecostal Brazilians to Australia. Scholars have paid little attention to how religious institutions in the host country may influence rituals and facilitate the establishment of the new church. I argue that churches created by migrants are not established in a deterritorialized diasporic vacuum. Reterritorialization engenders hybridity. Following an admiration for Australian churches due to Australia being part of the English-speaking developed world, CNA is a hybrid of a conservative Brazilian Baptist church and the very informal Hillsong church. I contend that it is precisely this hybridity that makes young Brazilians adhere to it since the church works as an effective bridge between Brazilian and Australian cultures. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the polycentric nature of Pentecostalism, as Australia is becoming a centre for the dissemination of Hillsong-style Pentecostalism in Brazil.


Student Perceptions of Effective Learning Strategies for National Council Licensure Examination Preparation by Lori J. Johnson MSN, Walden University, 2010 BSN, Roberts Wesleyan College, 1999 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Walden University May 2015 Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine efficacious instructional strategies that the New England Community College (NECC) nursing program could implement in the curricula to improve National Council Licensure Examination Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) first-time pass rates. Effective strategies from students and nursing program faculty had used were investigated. Such strategies support student nurses in their efforts to succeed on the first administration of the exit examination. The rationale for this study and resulting project was that they could improve NCLEX-RN first-time pass rates and positively impact the local hiring of qualified nurses. Guided by Knowles's adult learning theory, key results of the study and resulting project were developed from effective instructional strategies discovered from former NECC students. The central research question focused on identifying which teaching-learning strategies in the NECC nursing curricula improved students' critical thinking skills and problem solving skills. A qualitative case study design was employed with a purposeful sample of 15 former NECC nursing program graduates. Participant focus groups and annualThe purpose of this study was to examine efficacious instructional strategies that the New England Community College (NECC) nursing program could implement in the curricula to improve National Council Licensure Examination Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) first-time pass rates. Effective strategies from students and nursing program faculty had used were investigated. Such strategies support student nurses in their efforts to succeed on the first administration of the exit examination. The rationale for this study and resulting project was that they could improve NCLEX-RN first-time pass rates and positively impact the local hiring of qualified nurses. Guided by Knowles's adult learning theory, key results of the study and resulting project were developed from effective instructional strategies discovered from former NECC students. The central research question focused on identifying which teaching-learning strategies in the NECC nursing curricula improved students' critical thinking skills and problem solving skills. A qualitative case study design was employed with a purposeful sample of 15 former NECC nursing program graduates. Participant focus groups and annual program/accreditation documents were used to collect data to address how student nurses learn best in order to be successful on the exit examination. The project was the creation of a 3-day seminar in the first semester curriculum that focuses on effective licensure preparation instructional strategies to establish and maintain high NCLEX-RN pass rates. Implications for positive social change include, but are not limited to, improving students' problem solving skills and application of critical thinking strategies in order to positively impact the lives of the patients whom they will serve. Student Perceptions of Effective Learning Strategies for National Council Licensure Examination Preparation by Lori J. Johnson MSN, Walden University, 2010 BSN, Roberts Wesleyan College, 1999 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education


Anthony C. Yu's translation of "The Journey to the West", initially published in 1983, introduced English-speaking audiences to the classic Chinese novel in its entirety for the first time. Written in the sixteenth century, "The Journey to the West" tells the story of the fourteen-year pilgrimage of the monk Xuanzang, one of China's most famous religious heroes, and his four supernatural disciples, in search of Buddhist scriptures. An adventure rich with danger and excitement, this seminal work of the Chinese literary canon is by turns allegory, satire, and fantasy. With one hundred chapters written in both prose and poetry, "The Journey to the West" has always been a complicated and difficult text to render in English while preserving the lyricism of its language and the content of its plot. But Yu has successfully taken on the task, and in this new edition he has made his translations even more accurate and accessible. The explanatory notes are updated and augmented, and Yu has added much new material to his introduction, based on his original research as well as on the newest literary criticism and scholarship on Chinese religious traditions. He has also modernized the transliterations included in each volume, using the now-standard Hanyu Pinyin romanization system. Perhaps most important, Yu has made changes to the translation itself in order to make it as precise as possible.


The five parts of the ISO EN 13606 standard define a means by which health-care records can be exchanged between computer systems. Starting within the European standardisation process, it has now become internationally ratified in ISO. However, ISO standards do not require that a reference implementation be provided, and in order for ISO EN 13606 to deliver the expected benefits, it must be provided not as a document, but as an operational system that is not vendor specific. This article describes the evolution of an Extensible Markup Language (XML) Schema through three iterations, each of which emphasised one particular approach to delivering an executable equivalent to the printed standard. Developing these operational versions and incorporating feedback from users of these demonstrated where implementation compromises were needed and exposed defects in the standard. These are discussed herein. They may require a future technical revision to ISO EN 13606 to resolve the issues identified.


This thesis is concerned with stochastic perturbation theory of the symmetric eigen-value problem. In particular, we provide results about the probability of interchanges in the ordering of the eigenvalues and changes in the eigenvectors of symmetric matrices subject to stochastic perturbations. In this analysis we use a novel combination of traditional Numerical Linear Algebra, Perturbation Theory and Probability Theory. The motivation for this study arises from reliability of spectral clustering of networks, when network data is subject to noise. As far as we are aware, there is nothing comparable in the literature. Further, we make conjectures from which we derive an asymptotic relation between the distributions of the largest eigenvalue and the 2-norm of random symmetric ma- trices, whose entries above the main diagonal are independent, identically distributed random variables with probability density functions being symmetric with respect to zero, including matrices from the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE). As far as we know, some of these conjectures are not new (possibly only as conjectures) but we are not aware of any proofs. Also, we consider networks of coupled oscillators. In their analysis we use both, knowledge of dynamical systems and spectral properties of non-negative matrices. As a result, we present an algorithm, which uncovers the \master-slave" structure of the network. With its help, the analysis of the dynamics and the entrainment of the entire network can be reduced to considering only few of the oscillators, those whose dynamics determine the behaviour of the rest. This can be helpful in large networks exhibiting the \master-slave" structure. Finally, we consider similarities of spectral clustering with respect to di®erent matrices which can be associated with a given network. In particular, we compare clustering of products of Path graphs with respect to two di®erent matrices: the Laplacian and the Normalised Laplacian matrices of the graph. We make the comparison by constructing a Homotopy between two eigenvalue problems and, using some Linear Algebra techniques, we show that the two matrices give similar spectral clusterings when applied to products of Path graphs.


Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector is one of the main reasons why conventional energy sources are being replaced by renewables. Obviously, changes of state's energy balance will affect energy sector as well as contiguous sectors of economy.

We consider the issues of utilizing the renewables, in particular wood biomass in order to observe the impact on CO2 emissions changes in forestry and efficiency of implementation of emission reduction policies. It is necessary to find reasons and possible ways for changing the amount of utilized wood biomass as the primary energy source.

We developed three socio-economic scenarios to project possible directions of energy policy and economy development considering utilizing renewables and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We evaluate carbon dioxide emissions in forestry sector for the scenarios applying Global Forest Model (G4M) which was adopted for Ukraine.

Scenario A (initial). We assume that there are no significant changes in the law which can impact the amount of utilized renewables. Increase of biomass energy usage is slow and it is based on local incentives. Harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with EU directives towards environment protection is low. Carbon tax remains unchanged - 0.26 UAH per ton of carbon dioxide.

Scenario B (optimistic). Adopted legislative incentives will obtain encouraging conditions for utilizng renewables (improved "green tariff" for heat and electricity). The new goals for utilizing different energy sources will be set up as well. In paricular, the share of renewables in Energy Balance of Ukraine will increase due to proposed level of the new project of Energy Strategy of Ukraine till 2035. Carbontax may be increased.

Scenario D (agricultural). Development of agricultural sector of Ukrainian economy is a priority for the state. Therefore, production and export of agricultural commodities will increase. However, legislative incentives will target agricultural sector as well as energy sector, in particular increasing utilizing renewables (improved "green tariff" for heat and electricity). Carbon tax may be increased.

According to simulation results of G4M we can conclude that increasing of wood demand drives its production and reduces forest carbon sequestration. In particular, in 2030 with zero carbon price for Scenario A carbon sequestration is 4.76 MtCO2/year and for Scenario B sequestration is reduced to 1.19 MtCO2/year due to high wood demand. Reducing CO2 emissions in the energy sector by utilizing wood biomass causes reduction of carbon sequestration by forests. However, increasing the carbon taxes can cause increasing of carbon sequestration. Scenario B is the most sensitive to carbon taxes, additional sequestration can reach 7.2 MtCO2/year while in Scenario A it is not larger than 3.7 MtCO2year at 2030.

Increased carbon taxes force forest owners to sequester the carbon. In order to minimize negative effect of increasing wood production, it is reasonable to intensify forest management at the same time with increasing carbon taxes. Estimation of more accurate optimal carbon price requires additional studies.


Sleep disorder is one of the problems faced as a side effect to many disease liken depression, epilepsy, cardiac etc., It is generally treated either by means of sleeping pills or through psychotherapy which when taken for long time leads to health problems. In this project, attempted is to develop a device which provides a combination of audio visual entrainment therapy to induce sleep. This device provides drug-free treatment through a user friendly environment that enables relaxation of brain and muscles. Two audio signals at two different frequencies given to left and right ears. This results in binaural beat signal in delta band. Visual input (Red LED) is also given to two eyes through eye-mask to block the entry of external light. These two which when applied simultaneously suppresses alpha band frequency and increases delta band of brain signal and thus induces sleep. This when tried on controls and test subjects, subjects with sleep disorderness took 10 to 15 extra to enter into sleep state. Thus this device provides no discomfort to the user and also very cost effective.


We examine whether "imputed" interest rates obtained from bank financial statements are unbiased estimates of "offered" interest rates that the same banks report in surveys. We find evidence of a statistically significant amount of bias. However, the statistical bias that we document does not appear to be economically significant. When used as dependent variables in regression analysis, imputed rates and offered rates lead to the same policy conclusions. Our work has important methodological implications for empirical research that examines the product market competition among depository institutions.


We study the repair problem of distributed storage systems in erasure networks where the packets transmitted from surviving nodes to the new node might be lost. The fundamental storage-bandwidth tradeoff is calculated by multicasting analysis in erasure networks. The optimal tradeoff bound can be asymptotically achieved when the number of transmission (packets) goes to infinity. For a limited number of transmission, we study the probability of successful regenerating. Then, we investigate two approaches of increasing the probability of successful regenerating, namely, by connecting more surviving nodes or by increasing the storage space of nodes. Using more nodes may pose larger delay and in certain situation it might not be possible to connect to more nodes too. We show that in addition to reducing repair bandwidth, increasing storage space can also increase reliability for repair.


Robotics are a popular component of many introductory engineering and computer science courses. At Southern Adventist University, the School of Computing faculty decided to integrate robotics into a discipline- specific section of the University's first-year experience course. The integration of robotics into a first-year experience course has created a hands-on introduction to college life within the Computing discipline while introducing students to the problem-solving process. This paper will introduce a very low-cost robotic platform kit ($50-75) that has been developed for the first-year experience course. Student assessment data from the first offering of this course with the SouthernBot 2.0 kit shows that overall, students were engaged in the open-ended design projects completed during the building of the robot platform.


Title: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISINHIBITION AND METABOLIC CONTROL IN ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES Lisa M. Sanchez, Ph.D., 2006 Directed By: Associate Professor C.W. Lejuez, Department of Clinical Psychology Given that adolescence poses a high-risk period for diabetes mismanagement, and consequently, threats to long-term health status, it is important to examine factors that contribute to individual differences in the propensity to exhibit poor management and engage in health incompatible behaviors. Importantly, researchers have identified personality constructs related to disinhibition, including impulsivity, sensation seeking, and risk-taking propensity, to be prospectively linked to engagement in real-world risk behaviors such as use of alcohol, nicotine, illegal drugs, and risky sexual behavior (Lejuez et al., 2002, 2003). However, this relationship has yet to be explored in adolescents with diabetes. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine whether disinhibition was related to metabolic control, and the extent to which self-management behavior and drug/alcohol use mediated this potential relationship. The sample consisted of 43 subjects with Type 1 diabetes aged 13-18 years who were recruited from diabetes clinics at Children's National Medical Center. Teens were assessed with self-report and behavioral measures of risk-taking and participated in an interview regarding selfmanagement behaviors. Substance use and diabetes knowledge were measured by self report, and the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test was used as a proxy for metabolic control. Results of partial correlational analyses indicated that disinhibition was not directly related to behavioral adherence, engagement in health incompatible behaviors, or glycemic control after controlling for race, gender, and insulin regimen type. Rather, results of regressional analyses suggested that sample characteristics, particularly race and insulin regimen, are the key variables in assessing overall management in adolescence. Results may have important implications for the prevention and treatment of morbidity associated with diabetes. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISINHIBITION AND METABOLIC CONTROL IN ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES


Objective. To evaluate and compare the utility of commonly used outcome measures for assessing disease exacerbation or flare in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Data from the Dutch Potential Optimalisation of (Expediency) and Effectiveness of Tumor necrosis factor-α blockers (POET) study, in which 462 patients discontinued their tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor, were used. The ability of different measures to discriminate between those with and without physician-reported flare or medication escalation at the 3-month visit (T2) was evaluated by calculating effect size (ES) statistics. Responsiveness to increased disease activity was compared between measures by standardizing change scores (SCS) from baseline to the 3-month visit. Finally, the incremental validity of individual outcome measures beyond the Simplified Disease Activity Score was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results. The SCS were greater for disease activity indices than for any of the individual measures. The 28-joint Disease Activity Score, Clinical Disease Activity Index, and Simplified Disease Activity Index performed similarly. Pain and physician's (PGA) and patient's global assessment (PtGA) of disease activity were the most responsive individual measures. Similar results were obtained for discriminative ability, with greatest ES for disease activity indices followed by pain, PGA, and PtGA. Pain was the only measure to demonstrate incremental validity beyond SDAI in predicting 3-month flare status. Conclusion. These results support the use of composite disease activity indices, patient-reported pain and disease activity, and physician-reported disease activity for measuring disease exacerbation or identifying flares of RA. Physical function, acute-phase response, and the auxiliary measures fatigue, participation, and emotional well-being performed poorly.


Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a bioactive flavonoid compound extracted from the stems and leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata. Previous studies have indicated that DHM has antioxidation and antitumor capabilities, while the effect of DHM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyocyte injury has not been clarified. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of DHM on LPS-induced cardiomyocyte injury. In the present study, cardiomyocytes were randomized to the control (PBS), LPS and DHM + LPS groups. The LPS group was treated with 10 μg/ml LPS for 12 h and the DHM + LPS group was treated with 100 or 25 μM DHM 12 h prior to treatment with LPS. The protective effect of DHM on LPS-induced cardiomyocytes injury was evaluated by Cell Counting kit-8 assay, TUNEL staining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that LPS treatment led to cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and these effects were significantly attenuated by DHM. Furthermore, LPS treatment downregulated the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl-2) and induced increased expression of Bcl-2-associated X apoptosis regulator (Bax). Additionally, DHM treatment reversed LPS-induced changes in Bcl-2 expression and Bax expression in cardiomyocytes, and rescued cells from apoptosis. In addition, increased mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 induced by LPS were attenuated following treatment with DHM. Further investigation demonstrated that DHM suppressed the activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), which is involved in regulating the downstream signaling pathway of nuclear factor-κB (NF‐κB). DHM attenuated LPS-induced cardiomyocyte injury, the potential mechanism responsible for this effect may involve inhibition of TLR4 activation and subsequent regulation of the associated downstream signaling pathway of NF‐κB. The current study indicates that DHM may protect cardiomyocytes against LPS-induced injury by inhibition of the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway. The results of the present study may provide support for the development DHM as a strategy for the treatment of heart failure in septic shock.


In this work I answer the question, what is it for a perceiver P to see a
physical object x by having a visual experience E.
First of all, I consider whether a causal connection between x and E is
necessary, and I conclude that it is. I then consider various causal theories of
seeing. The best of these is Michael Tye's 'systematic variation' theory. Tye
holds that P sees x if there is a causal connection between x and E such that
varying certain of x's properties would produce systematic variations in certain
of E's properties.
I show that a deeper explanation of seeing can be given in terms of what I
call 'significant information'. I propose that P sees x when x causes P to have
a visual experience E which provides significant information about x for P. E
provides significant information about x for P when a perceiver of P's kind
can have a sufficient number of determinate true beliefs about x's properties on
the basis of E.
I then argue that there is no one kind of perceiver that P is, and this entails
that whether E provides significant information about x for P depends upon
what kind of perceiver P is being considered as. Thus, whether P sees x is
relative to what kind of perceiver P is being considered as.
I then show that the 'systematic variation' intuition underlying Tye's theory
is wrong. Rejecting this intuition allows me to overcome David Lewis's
'censor' problem, and what I call the 'idle mechanism' problem, which other
causal theories cannot do. Rejecting this intuition also raises some problems for my analysis. I show
that they can be overcome, and in doing so, I show that E provides significant
information about x to P only when it is most likely that there is only a small
range of properties that an object could have such that it could cause E in the
circumstances P is in, and x has such properties.
A problem for all causal theories is that in certain situations they entail that
P sees x when the ordinary person would not hold that P sees x. Rather than
adding conditions to rule out P seeing x in such situations, as Tye attempts, I
argue that we should accept that P sees x in these cases. I go on to show that
we should accept that P sees x by seeing television pictures of x and even
photos of x.
I also consider various other matters related to seeing, and I provide an
account of illusion and hallucination and strong and weak seeing. Finally, I reevaluate
the importance of seeing to epistemology.


We present the main findings of the 5th National Audit Project on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia. Incidences were estimated using reports of accidental awareness as the numerator, and a parallel national anaesthetic activity survey to provide denominator data. The incidence of certain/probable and possible accidental awareness cases was ~1:19 600 anaesthetics (95% CI 1:16 700–23 450). However, there was considerable variation across subtypes of techniques or subspecialties. The incidence with neuromuscular blockade was ~1:8200 (1:7030–9700), and without it was ~1:135 900 (1:78 600–299 000). The cases of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia reported to 5th National Audit Project were overwhelmingly cases of unintended awareness during neuromuscular blockade. The incidence of accidental awareness during caesarean section was ~1:670 (1:380–1300). Two thirds (82, 66%) of cases of accidental awareness experiences arose in the dynamic phases of anaesthesia, namely induction of and emergence from anaesthesia. During induction of anaesthesia, contributory factors included: use of thiopental; rapid sequence induction; obesity; difficult airway management; neuromuscular blockade; and interruptions of anaesthetic delivery during movement from anaesthetic room to theatre. During emergence from anaesthesia, residual paralysis was perceived by patients as accidental awareness, and commonly related to a failure to ensure full return of motor capacity. One third (43, 33%) of accidental awareness events arose during the maintenance phase of anaesthesia, most due to problems at induction or towards the end of anaesthesia. Factors increasing the risk of accidental awareness included: female sex; age (younger adults, but not children); obesity; anaesthetist seniority (junior trainees); previous awareness; out‐of‐hours operating; emergencies; type of surgery (obstetric, cardiac, thoracic); and use of neuromuscular blockade. The following factors were not risk factors for accidental awareness: ASA physical status; race; and use or omission of nitrous oxide. We recommend that an anaesthetic checklist, to be an integral part of the World Health Organization Safer Surgery checklist, is introduced as an aid to preventing accidental awareness. This paper is a shortened version describing the main findings from 5th National Audit Project – the full report can be found at http://www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP5_home#pt.


Adulthood today is undergoing profound transformations. Men and women wait until their thirties to marry, have children, and establish full-time careers, occupying a prolonged period in which they are no longer adolescents but still lack the traditional emblems of adult identity. People at midlife struggle to sustain relationships with friends and partners, to find employment and fulfilling careers, to raise their children successfully, and to resist the aging process."The Prime of Life" puts today s challenges into new perspective by exploring how past generations navigated the passage to maturity, achieved intimacy and connection, raised children, sought meaning in work, and responded to loss. Coming of age has never been easy or predictable, Steven Mintz shows, and the process has always been shaped by gender and class. But whereas adulthood once meant culturally-prescribed roles and relationships, the social and economic convulsions of the last sixty years have transformed it fundamentally, tearing up these shared scripts and leaving adults to fashion meaning and coherence in an increasingly individualistic culture.Mintz reconstructs the emotional interior of a life stage too often relegated to self-help books and domestic melodramas. Emphasizing adulthood s joys and fulfillments as well as its frustrations and regrets, he shows how cultural and historical circumstances have consistently reshaped what it means to be a grown up in contemporary society. "The Prime of Life" urges us to confront adulthood s realities with candor and determination and to value and embrace the responsibility, sensible judgment, wisdom, and compassionate understanding it can bring."


This study investigated the role of repetition on listener response. It tested the hypothesis that repetition, in the form of looping during an exposure phase, would make random sequences of tones sound more musical when rated later during a test phase. In Experiment 1, participants without special music training rated the musicality of random sequences of tones on a Likert-like scale from 1 to 7. Experiment 2 used the highest and lowest rated sequences as stimuli. In an initial exposure phase, participants heard half these sequences presented six times in a loop, and half of them presented only once. In a subsequent test phase, they rated the musicality of each sequence. Sequences that had been repeated were rated as more musical, regardless of whether they had received a high or low musicality rating in Experiment 1, but the effect size was small. These results, although limited in some respects, support a large body of literature pointing to the importance of repetition in aesthetic experiences of music.


In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the People's Republic of China appears intent on becoming a responsible great power. Beijing continues to insist--as it has for several decades--that "peace and development" are the key trends of the times. President Hu Jintao claims that China is focused on building a "harmonious" and "moderately prosperous society" at home and a "harmonious world" abroad. Beijing has taken great pains to stress that its growing power does not threaten any nation, and the world is witnessing China's "peaceful rise" or "peaceful development." (1) China is increasingly integrated into the global economy and embracing multilateralism in unprecedented ways. Yet, at the same time, observers are alternately alarmed and perplexed by the recurring harsh, threatening rhetoric of senior Chinese military leaders and the intermittent but provocative acts by the People's Liberation Army (PLA), as all branches of China's armed forces are collectively identified. Is there a civil-military gap in China's peaceful rise? The author suggests the answer is "yes." Perhaps the most infamous bellicose blasts were those uttered by Chinese generals in late 1995 and mid-2005. These remarks concerned bravado about nuclear weapons and the targeting of the United States. The most incendiary military actions were missile tests in 1995 and 1996 in the vicinity of Taiwan; a collision between PLA and US military aircraft in 2001; an incident involving a Chinese submarine and US aircraft carrier in 2006; and an unannounced antisatellite test in 2007. The hawkish verbiage of PLA generals seems part of a deliberate and calculated Chinese deterrence effort, and the periodic provocative acts by the Chinese armed forces reflect a civil-military relationship in which civilian control is loose and hands-off. Mixed Messages What explains the outspokenness of Chinese officers and the audacious actions of China's military? Why does the PLA appear so belligerent? These harsh words and apparent provocations could be counterproductive. Indeed, they seem to contradict the peaceable image Beijing so assiduously tries to cultivate around the world. China insists that it seeks to have good relations with all countries, especially the United States. Many China analysts assume that Chinese commanders are more hard-line--but not bellicose--toward the United States and the Taiwan issue than are civilian leaders, and that the PLA is tightly controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). (2) Outspoken officers and belligerent events, however, raise questions about these assumptions. Is there a significant chasm between the thinking of Chinese civilian and military leaders? Is there a worrisome laxity in civilian control of China's military? In other words, are there serious gaps in China's civil-military relations? The answers to these questions require an examination of China's civil-military relations. A Gap in Attitudes and Perspectives? The term gap is used in two ways: First, to refer to a possible serious difference or disconnect between the attitudes and perspectives of civilian and military elites based upon different career paths and life experiences and, second, to refer to possible loose civilian control of the military. (3) Members of a nation's armed forces are part of the larger society and hence share key aspects of its culture and values. Nevertheless, due to the nature of their profession they possess their own distinct culture with a set of core values and attitudes that are significantly different from those of the civilian world. (4) Samuel Huntington's depiction of a conservative, pessimistic, and realistic "military mind" is born out in empirical tests: Military personnel hold different perspectives and mind sets than civilian elites, especially political leaders who have never served in the armed forces. These differences include how they approach the use of military force. …


[Excerpt] Things are grim in South Chicago. Two years ago, Wisconsin Steel went bankrupt, leaving 4,000 steelworkers without jobs, pension plans, and their last paycheck. Then Pullman Standard closed, after United Steelworkers of America District Director Jack Parton's frantic efforts to save the plant failed. U.S. Steel's South Works itself is down to a crew of 950, one-seventh its size of two years ago. And the Republic Steel mill, scene of the Memorial Day Massacre of 1937, is down from 5,300 to less than 3,000 employees.


Since 2009, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regime has seen the emergence of several new political groups. This article analyses how the new political groups are positioning themselves in relation to the key UNFCCC principles (the North–South divide and 'common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities', CBDR/RC). Drawing on original data, including official statements and submissions, observations at COP 17, COP 18, COP 19, and interviews with delegates, the article analyses the BASIC group (Brazil, South Africa, India and China), the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF), the Cartagena Dialogue for Progressive Action (CD), the Durban Alliance (DA), the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC), and the Association of Independent Latin American and Caribbean States (AILAC). Modelled after Hendrik Wagenaar's approach to narrative policy analysis, the article draws a map of narrative positions based on the North–South and new CBDR/RC divisions. This framework reveals the embeddedness of narratives in practice as they unfold in the formation of new political groups. CVF, CD, DA and AILAC align on a narrative of 'shared responsibility across the North–South divide'. This meta-narrative challenges the hitherto dominant notion of CBDR/RC, which BASIC and LMDC defend through a meta-narrative of 'differentiated responsibility upholding the North–South divide'. Policy relevance As we approach the UNFCCC 2015 deadline, this article presents a study of the new political landscape for negotiations, specifically of six new political groups in relation to the core principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities' (CBDR/RC). Prior to COP 15, groups primarily organized based on the categorization of their members as either an Annex I (developed country) or non-Annex I (developing country) Party. This created two opposing understandings of CBDR/RC, especially regarding who has the responsibility to act on climate change. This article finds that some of the new political groups are challenging this North–South divide, contributing to a more complex relationship between Annex I and non-Annex I Parties on the CBDR/RC issue. This article provides practitioners and analysts with up-to-date knowledge on the developments of new political groups, which will necessarily form the basis of any policy analysis of the UNFCCC leading up to the 2015 deadline.


Resilience is essential to the ability of property to face transforming social and environmental change. For centuries, property has responded to such change through a dialectical process that identifies emerging disciplinary perspectives and debates conflicting values and norms. This dialectic promotes the resilience of property, allowing it to adapt to changing conditions and needs. Today the mainstream economic theory dominating common law property is progressively being intertwined with constitutionally protected property, undermining its long-term resilience. The coupling of the economic vision of ordinary property with constitutional property embeds the assumptions, choices, and values of the economic theory into both realms of property without regard for property's other relational planes.A real-life theory of property — one based on a theory-practice link — sees the property landscape as a function of interactions among possible property arrangements and other perspective-based systems, including natural systems. Understanding property as a function of those relational planes is important to preserving its resilience. Research on the dynamics of change in social-ecological systems provides important insight into how institutions, like property, that manage resources can promote resilience. The mainstream economic theory lacks the openness and interdisciplinary inclusion needed to handle complex disturbances, ignoring conflicting perspectives and alternative visions that have played a significant role in the evolution of property. Often presented as involving either/or choices, the mainstream theory takes a singular perspective that overlooks important dialectical interactions. As subsystems of larger natural systems, complex societies need a resilient property system open to different perspectives and new knowledge if they are to handle the serious challenges of the future.


Intercell interference (ICI) is one of the most critical factors affecting performance of cellular networks. In this paper, we investigate a joint link adaptation and user scheduling problem for a multicell downlink employing hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) techniques, where the ICI exists among cells. We first propose an approximation method on aggregated ICI for analyzing an effective signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) with the HARQ technique at users, which is known as identical path-loss approximation (IPLA). Based on the proposed IPLA, we propose a transmission rate selection algorithm maximizing an expected throughput at each user. We also propose a simple but effective cross-layer framework jointly combining transmission rate adaptation and user scheduling techniques, considering both HARQ and ICI. It is shown that the statistical distribution of the effective SINR at users based on the IPLA agrees well with the empirical distribution, while the conventional Gaussian approximation (GA) does not work well in the case that dominant ICIs exist. Thus, IPLA enables base stations (BSs) to choose more accurate transmission rates. Furthermore, the proposed IPLA-based cross-layer policy outperforms existing policies in terms of both system throughput and user fairness.


The purpose of this study was to explore the needs of women experiencing menopause. Since women at this time experience physical, social and emotional changes, they may have a special need for services. Doctors were selected as the population for study because they treat so many women at this age and because they are powerful transmitters of our culture. This exploratory study was designed to provide descriptive information about the doctors' perceptions. Results are reported from interviews with seventeen gynecologists from the Portland metropolitan area in Oregon. Attempts were made to interview all female gynecologists in the area. Male gynecologists were randomly sampled and the sample was stratified to ensure representation of doctors from a pre-paid medical plan. Doctors were questioned about definitions of menopause, treatment, and use of community resources. Overall, it was found that doctors hesitated to make generalizations about patients. This seemed especially true in regard to questions about the effects of menopause or the problems women experience. When speaking about both their definition of menopause and the types of problems associated with it, female physicians tended to limit responses to the biological aspects of menopause. Generally, it was the male doctors who stressed the social or emotional aspects. The major forms of primary treatment used by doctors were: hormone replacement therapy; talking to the patient (i.e. providing education or reassurance about menopause); or some combination of the two depending upon the individual patient's problem. Degree of hormone use varied among doctors. Yet, at some time, with some patients all doctors used some form of hormone treatment. Generally, Kaiser doctors appeared to use a lower rate of hormone therapy than doctors in private practice. Most doctors were aware of the existence of community resources. Kaiser doctors tend to most frequently use their own social service department or mental health clinic to handle the other-than-medical problems patients might experience. The community resources which received the highest mention overall were mental health clinics and members of the clergy. The next most frequent category was other mental health professionals. Six of the seventeen doctors interviewed named services, not now in existence, which they would use if available. Those most frequently mentioned were groups and information & referral services. Most doctors believed that the needs of women at the time of menopause were different from the needs of other women. Most frequently mentioned were changes in the women's family structure, changes in her activities, and feelings of being no longer needed. Several doctors who were interviewed echoed researchers such as Bernice Neugarten and Pauline Bart in stressing the negative attitudes which our society has towards women at the age of menopause. In addition, many of the gynecologists expressed awareness of social needs. The results of the study indicate that doctors' services are primarily involved with treatment of medical or biological concerns, and referrals are generally to mental health resources. Several doctors mentioned social needs of the women; and as has been noted, the need for attitudinal change. Social workers can play important roles to bring about these changes. TWo possible approaches are suggested: education to increase awareness of medical and social work professionals and the establishment of new resources to advocate for women at the time of menopause. Suggestions for further research are also given.


Abstract As a highly prolific legal mechanism that both predated and subsequently found form amid the development of Anglo-American capitalist societies, the modern-day trust operates across manifold private, commercial, domestic and international spheres. As a consequence of their complex legal, economic and political significance that informs, for example, the worlds of global corporate finance as well as public pensions, trusts play a remarkably important role in helping shape the wider socio-cultural domain of Anglo-American jurisdictions and beyond. Yet trusts remain under- or ill-considered juridical sites in terms of continuing critical-legal dialogues, and especially the dialogue between equity and psychoanalysis. This article will explore how the trust mirrors or recreates in an external juridical form the internal regulation of desire and enjoyment that occurs within the psychic space of the subject-as-trustee. In particular, via duties and obligations a trustee holds on behalf of the subject-as-beneficiary, and the resultant breach that is said to occur when such duties and obligations are not met. Using two key formulations this article will aim to assess the trustee as castrated by means of a (re)interpretation and (re)imagination of some fundamental and formal aspects of breach of trust from the perspective of psychoanalysis. The first formulation relates to the continuous force of unconscious desire (the death drive) that pushes the subject-as-trustee ever onwards towards the thing (das Ding) and surplus enjoyment (jouissance), thus producing an (inevitable) affective paradox or trap in which the trustee finds themselves caught. The second, albeit intimately connected with the first, relates to the internal regulatory or prohibitive psychical mechanisms that prevent or seek to prevent the subject-as-trustee from pushing past the limit on enjoyment imposed by the pleasure principle. To be exact, a limit that has been consciously and deliberately recreated in the trust mechanism, and by extension the so-called "onerous" duties of the subject-as-trustee, as a means of preventing a breach of trust.


We conducted a choice experiment presenting respondents with risk reductions for three types of illnesses related to air pollution—pollen allergy, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer—splitting the sample to test the effects of private-good and public-good contexts on the value of a statistical case (VSC) of each illness type. The results indicate that pollen allergy would be valued less than chronic bronchitis, which would be valued less than lung cancer. In terms of the private/public goods context, when exogenous rates of time preference/discount rates were applied to the estimation procedure, the VSC for a specific illness almost always was larger for the public-goods context. However, because estimated rates of time preference are far larger in the private-goods context (17% versus 1.3%), the benefits are lower, and, as they are the denominator in the VSC calculation, the VSCs are larger. We also find some effects that could be attributed to paternalistic altruism on the rate of time preference, as well as on willingness to pay for illness risk reduction. For instance, respondents with children were willing to pay more for pollen allergy risk reduction than respondents without children but less for lung cancer in the public-goods context.


Lice in the genus Pectinopygus parasitize a single order of birds (Pelecaniformes). To examine the degree of congruence between the phylogenies of 17 Pectinopygus species and their pelecaniform hosts, sequences from mitochondrial 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COI, and nuclear wingless and EF1-alpha genes (2290 nucleotides) and from mitochondrial 12S rRNA, COI, and ATPases 8 and 6 genes (1755 nucleotides) were obtained for the lice and the birds, respectively. Louse data partitions were analyzed for evidence of incongruence and evidence of long-branch attraction prior to cophylogenetic analyses. Host-parasite coevolution was studied by different methods: TreeFitter, TreeMap, ParaFit, likelihood-ratio test, data-based parsimony method, and correlation of coalescence times. All methods agree that there has been extensive cospeciation in this host-parasite system, but the results are sensitive to the selection of different phylogenetic hypotheses and analytical methods for evaluating cospeciation. Perfect congruence between phylogenies is not found in this association, probably as a result of occasional host switching by the lice. Errors due to phylogenetic reconstruction methods, incorrect or incomplete taxon sampling, or to different loci undergoing different evolutionary histories cannot be rejected, thus emphasizing the need for improved cophylogenetic methodologies.


Most studies of risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection have focused on overall HPV positivity and have not examined determinants for high-risk and low-risk HPV types separately. We studied risk determinants for genital HPV infection in 1000 randomly chosen women (20-29 years) with normal cervical cytology from Copenhagen, Denmark. All women had a personal interview, a Pap smear, and cervical swabs for HPV DNA detection using a PCR technique. On the basis of their association with cervical cancer, the HPV types were categorized as belonging to a high-risk group ("oncogenic types") or a low-risk group ("nononcogenic types"). The overall HPV detection rate was 15.4%. Of HPV-positive women, 74% had oncogenic HPV types, and 30% had nononcogenic HPV types. Younger age and lifetime measures of sexual activity (notably, number of partners) were the main risk factors for the oncogenic HPV types. Furthermore, a previous Chlamydia infection was associated with the high-risk HPV types. In contrast, the most important determinants for nononcogenic HPV infection were contraceptive variables related to the physical protection of the cervix (condom or diaphragm) and number of partners in the last 4 or 12 months. Our study confirms the venereal nature of HPV infection. We hypothesize that the low-risk HPV infection, which correlates with recent sexual behavior, may be more transient than infection with the oncogenic HPV types, which correlates with lifetime exposure measurements of sexual habits.


The recent detection of the metastable HOC+ isomer toward a wide range of interstellar environments has demonstrated abundances that cannot be explained within current chemical models. The abundance of HOC+ in these models relies heavily on the rate of the isomerization of HOC+ by H2 to the lowest energy isomer, HCO+. A variable temperature 22-pole ion-trap apparatus is employed to study the isomerization of HOC+ by H2 at 25 K. The observed rate coefficient for isomerization is (3.8 ± 0.5) × 10-10 cm3 s-1. This indicates that there is probably no temperature dependence in this reaction below 300 K, suggesting the absence of any significant energetic barrier on the lowest adiabatic H3CO+ potential surface. This result argues that in regions where abundant HOC+ is observed, the production of this isomer must be strongly favored or that there is a concomitant rapid physicochemical loss for the isomer HCO+. Some results for forming DCO+ are briefly mentioned.


Hierarchical scheduling frameworks (HSFs) are a means for composing complex real-time embedded systems from independently developed and analyzed applications. To support multiple modes in a two-level HSF, the multi-mode adaptive hierarchical scheduling framework MMAHSF has recently been presented supporting different mode-change mechanisms. Currently, we provide a formalization and verification of mode changes in MMAHSF using the UPPAAL model checker for certain mode-change mechanisms. The verification indicates that MMAHSF and the proposed mode-change mechanisms are deadlock-free and guarantee correct mode changes in bounded time.


This study examines the impacts of Child Development Accounts (CDAs) on account holding, saving, and asset accumulation for children, using data from the SEED for Oklahoma Kids experiment (SEED OK). SEED OK, a policy test of universal and progressive CDAs, provides a 529 college savings plan account to every infant in the treatment group with automatic account opening and an initial deposit. SEED OK also encourages treatment participants to open their own 529 accounts with an account opening incentive and a savings match. Using a sample of infants randomly selected from birth records (N = 2,670) and randomly assigned to treatment and control groups, this study runs probit and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions. Analyses show significant differences between treatment and control groups in all outcome measures in the targeted accounts. Nearly 100 percent of the treatment group accepted the automatically opened state-owned account. Compared to 1 percent of the control group, 16 percent of the treatment group hold a participant-owned account. On average, the treatment group has saved significantly larger amounts in participant-owned accounts, although a difference in savings amount is modest between the two groups ($47 vs. $13). A difference in total 529 assets of $1,040 is estimated between the treatment and control groups. These early findings from SEED OK suggest that CDAs have positive effects on savings and asset accumulation for children's future development. Further research is required to test long-term cost effectiveness of CDAs.


Within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics, the study of metaphor has received great attention mainly because of its conceptual character. This conception is at odds with traditional accounts, in which metaphor was merely a linguistic phenomenon endowed with a decorative function. One of the metaphors which has been the object of a greater amount of research is the EVENT STRUCTURE metaphor. It qualifies as a generic-level metaphor provided with a universal character. One of the main reasons for this is the image-schematic component which lies at the base of many of the expressions belonging to this metaphorical system. Image-schemas have long been postulated to emerge from everyday bodily experience (Johnson 1987; Lakoff 1987). It is thus argued that they are shared by people and cultures all over the world. As a consequence, any conceptual system based on them must be endowed with some universal character. We attempt to examine the image-schematic component which underlies the different specific metaphoric mappings which integrate the EVENT STRUCTURE metaphor both in the LOCATION and OBJECT branches.


Cross-border innovation clusters are some of the essential concepts of reinforcing regional innovation capacities. In accordance with the concept of Industrie 4.0, introduced in 2011 in the Hannower Messe as the next industrial revolution, there appear new opportunities to build innovation clusters, combining innovation with a networked manufacturing system. Its core property will be new network technology on which they would create new products and services. This new type of cross-border innovation clusters will be the result from innovation policies carried out in regions. The main advantage of this type of clusters is that they allow the re-industrialization of regions, the end of mass production monopoly, and, thus, a successful competition with corporations, and also prosumer-based production. To achieve these objectives, the cluster has to deal with economically efficient technology. One of the key instruments of innovation policy will be the evaluation of the economic potential of the cluster before its appointment. The aim of the article is twofold. Firstly, it is to introduce the idea of a cross border innovation cluster and a network that combines innovation with a network manufacturing system. Secondly, the goal is to provide the method for assessing the economic potential of a prospective cross border innovation cluster. The assessment of cluster's economic potential, based on the evaluation of the technology used in its development and the future products and services, developed in the prospect cluster, will be among the most important tools of innovation policy in regions. This issue is important because the methodology of such an economic potential assessment of prospect cross-border innovation clusters has never been developed. In this study, the authors have collected representative examples of the implemented Industrie 4.0 solutions. Using a QuickLook assessment methodology, developed at the University of Texas, USA, and transferred to the University of Lodz, Poland, as a part of the offset program established in 2003, the authors have found that it could be applied to both Cyber-Physical System based Industrie 4.0 initiatives and other network manufacturing initiatives, based on the new technology. On the basis of a case study, concerning Polish cluster initiative Green Cars, the article concludes that there are many potential applications of the presented methodology to the Lithuanian-Polish prospect manufacturing system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ss.81.3.5793


Based on insights from an ongoing research project on food sustainability, we argue that discussing sustainable diets in isolation from food systems poses risks. Among these risks are making healthy diets exclusive, or ignoring externalities like biodiversity loss, land concentration, and encroachment on commons. Case studies from Bolivia and Kenya show how marked shifts from traditional to more uniform diets rich in sugar, salt, and fatty acids come with a radical transformation of food systems. Systems formerly based on local knowledge, local inputs, and local labor relations become dependent on external inputs, heavy mechanization, and productive specialization. Making diets more sustainable requires policies that protect existing and strengthen new forms of family and community farming. We discuss critical links between sustainable diets and sustainable food systems with reference to five principles of food sustainability: food security, the right to food, reduction of poverty and inequality, environmental performance, and resilience. Our analysis provides a basis for more comprehensive research and policies that minimize trade-offs and maximize synergies between sustainable diets and food systems.


"Ultimately, the path of political and economic freedom presents the surest route to progress in sub-Saharan Africa, where most wars are conflicts over material resources and political access often tragically waged on the basis of ethnic and religious difference. The transition to the African Union with its stated commitment to good governance and a common responsibility for democratic political systems offers opportunities to strengthen democracy on the continent." 1


Transfer of cognitive information from right to left hemisphere was examined in patients with complete surgical section of the forebrain commissures. A simple new technique is described that allows lateralized presentation of visual input for prolonged viewing by a single hemisphere without attachments to the eye. This technique was applied in tests of the ability of two complete commissurotmy patients to name simple visual and tactual stimuli projected to the right hemisphere and to cross-compare bilateral input, in exception to characteristic disconnection effects. Special procedures and control tests were employed to determine the underlying mechanisms of such behaviors, and especially to assess the involvement of the left hemisphere. Three commissurotomy subjects were also tested for their ability to verbally describe pictures and printed nouns, corresponding to items associated with distinctive tastes and smells, presented for prolonged viewing in the left hemifield. The commissurotomy patients could sometimes name or cross-integrate the simple stimuli. Use of cognitive strategies and access to stimulus information by the left hemisphere was shown under these conditions. The subjects could not orally name more complex pictures and words. They could, however, provide relevant and appropriate verbal reports including evaluations, category and context cues and even distinct perceptual impressions and other specific associations but not the precise identity. Results demonstrate that certain cognitive aspects of right hemisphere processing can transfer to the left hemisphere through brainstem channels. Verbalizations in response to stimuli presented in the left visual field and other recent exceptions to symptoms of disconnection may result from this subcortical communication. Other possibilities including oral naming by the right hemisphere cannot account for these results. The name or identity of stimuli is not conveyed by these interhemispheric transmissions but rather, less specific information that is more connotative or orientational in nature. Such transmissions are presumed to function also in normal cognitive processing. The findings provide further evidence for relatively high-level cognitive processing by the right hemisphere.


In this third of a series of articles on wrongful conviction compensation statutes, Professor Jeffrey Gutman tackles the first statute attempted to be passed in the United States – the federal wrongful conviction compensation statute. Championed in concept by Edwin Borchard, it was in fact poorly drafted, and recommendations by Attorney General Homer Cummings to improve it were only partly successful. This Article retraces the long legislative history of the statute which is dotted with sloppy language and reasoning, unexplained amendments and an unfortunate focus on who was not to benefit from it, rather than who was. This tangled legislative history has resulted in two lines of cases, which either interpret it and the statute faithfully with poor results or rebel against it yielding better results as a matter of policy, but with dubious statutory support.

Based on his empirical research, Professor Gutman reveals that of 111 people listed in the National Registry of Exonerations as having been exonerated of federal crimes, only 2 have been awarded compensation under it. He demonstrates that a combination of unnecessary and ill-considered statutory language and an overreading of the legislative history have yielded results unmoored from Professor Borchard's modest vision of the statute.

Professor Gutman argues that the often-misread legislative history's concern about compensating those whose convictions were set aside on technical or procedural grounds has led several courts to misconceive the plaintiff's burden of showing their innocence. This manner of approaching the question of innocence, what Professor Gutman calls "room thinking" requires petitioners to disprove all evidence of guilt – the grounds upon which there remains "room" for concluding that the exoneree may still be guilty. He contends that this approach is inconsistent with the established preponderance of the evidence standard and should be replaced by a familiar burden shifting analysis that will result in more balanced judicial decision-making in difficult cases.

Last, Professor Gutman explores an ongoing petition for a certificate of innocence litigated in Wisconsin which provides a unique opportunity to stress-test each of the three principal prongs of the statute. The result of that case, which could have foundered on any of the required prongs, is surprising. Examination of that case and a comparison to state wrongful conviction compensation statutes, results in Professor Gutman's concrete proposals for the amendment of the statute and its administration truer to the visions of Borchard and Cummings.


This title is winner of the Louis Brownlow Book Award! The massive bureaucratic reorganization under the Department of Homeland Security was a response to the system-wide coordination problems brought to light on 9/11. Better planning, new leadership, and far-reaching reform were to demonstrate that the U.S. had learned its lessons well, that it would be prepared for the next attack or disaster. But the catastrophic response to Hurricane Katrina unequivocally showed how this restructuring has not brought about the kinds of long term policy changes that are necessary to deal effectively and efficiently with threats - whether manmade or natural. Is the system permanently broken? Should FEMA be removed from DHS or abolished altogether? Donald Kettl, in this thoroughly updated second edition, takes a hard look at the most recent stress on the system. He explores how the 9/11 Commission forever changed public discourse on the topic as well as discusses the ways in which FEMA might be reformed. The country faces solvable problems, he argues, yet is in dire need of new leadership at every level. In his brief, gripping narrative, Kettl assesses how well the U.S. political system responds under extraordinary pressure and asks if the focus will continue to be on fighting the last war. There is small chance the catastrophe that lies ahead will replicate the last one. Is the government ready to face that next challenge?


Introduction Tai Solarin University of Education (TASUED) former Tai Solarin College of Education (TASCE) was upgraded into first University of Education in Nigeria in 2005, its certificate of recognition as the 76th University in Nigeria was issued specifically in November, 2005 by the National Universities Commission (NUC). The University is owned and funded by Ogun State Government. The University has four (4) Colleges namely College of Applied Education Education and Vocational Technology (COAEVOT); College of Humanity (COHUM); College of Science and Information Technology (COSIT) and College of Social and Management Sciences (COSMAS). The University also has Center for part-time programmes (CEPEP), which runs part-time degree and Post Graduate Programmes. The university also has Vocational School that offer course vocational studies, Pre-Degree and Foundation Programme in Ososa annex. The University turned out its first set of graduates in December, 2009. Like any other Universities, its basic functions include teaching, research and community service. Right from the time immemorial, libraries have been seen as vital "engine" in realization of laudable objectives of Universities, hence, wherever Universities were established, and university libraries immediately took-off with them. As a result of foregoing, when Tai Solarin University of Education was established in 2005, a library started with it with the mandate of providing, organizing and making available print and non-print information resources for students, and faculty, non-academic and academic community to aid teaching, learning and research. Background Information The university Library is located within the main campus at Ijagun, with a seating capacity of about 2,000 users and about 20,000 volumes of books and E-Library resources. It has College of Science and Information Technology (COSIT) library and library for pre-degree programmes at Ososa campus of the University. The library services an estimated 250 faculty staff and over 11,000 students (full time, part-time and pre-degree programmes). There was problem of space with old library that were hitherto in use when the College was up graded to a University. The State Government built and commissioned a new library completed in year 2008 and the library moved to the new building in June 2008. In effort to build the library collocation to meet the challenges of its new status, majority of the old stock inherited from the former College of Education were withdrawn and transferred to Tai Solarin College of Education which was moved to Omu, Ijebu as a separate entity from the University in October, 2008 (Kadiri, 2009) Availability of library resources and their utilization by library patrons has ever been a major concern to library and information centers world - wide. The reason is not far-fetched as the provision of information services has been the primary focus of libraries irrespective of types and clientele they served. Besides, the basic law of Librarianship as put forward by Raganathan (1931) emphasizes that the library resources are for use. It then follows, that any library, no matter how big and rich its collection is has failed in its entirety if its resources are not exploited by its users. Popoola (2001) added that information availability does not mean accessibility and utilization. This assertion further reinforced the reason why all libraries should endeavor to make sure that their resources are fully utilized by patrons. User studies have ever been the interest of librarians. They become essential when a library has gone through significant change and need to assess how it affects users' views of service or significant change are contemplated and user input and support are critical. Ugah (2001) added that the era when University libraries assumed that they were providing excellent resources and services to users is over. …


Virtual Reality systems enable organizations to cut costs and time, maintain financial and organizational control over the development process, digitally evaluate products before having them created, and allow for greater creative exploration. In this book, VR developers Alan Craig, William Sherman, and Jeffrey Will examine a comprehensive collection of current,unique, and foundational VR applications in a multitude of fields, such as business, science, medicine, art, entertainment, and public safety among others.

An insider's view of what works, what doesn't work, and why, Developing Virtual Reality Applications explores core technical information and background theory as well as the evolution of key applications from their genesis to their most current form. Developmental techniques are cross-referenced between different applications linking information to describe overall VR trends and fundamental best practices. This synergy, coupled with the most up to date research being conducted, provides a hands-on guide for building applications, and an enhanced, panoramic view of VR development. Developing Virtual Reality Applications is an indispensable one-stop reference for anyone working in this burgeoning field.

Dozens of detailed application descriptions provide practical ideas for VR development in ALL areas of interest!

Development techniques are cross referenced between different application areas, providing fundamental best practices!

Includes a media-rich companion website with hours of footage from application demonstrations


The September 11 attacks on the US stunned Australians, as well as people all over the world, and the consequences have been far-reaching for both the West and the Muslim world. The subsequent War on Terror and its extension to Iraq, assaults on Muslims in many Western countries, and the recent bombing in Jakarta have brought to the fore many issues deserving attention and analysis. These include the prospects of conflict and co-operation between the Muslim world and the West - including Australia - and the future of Muslim communities in Australia. Islam and the West addresses these and other issues from a specifically Australian perspective.


For a long time, tourism has been to many scholars of management a less than optimal choice in their academic and research strategies. Some of them would have probably even denied to tourism the status of "industry". Even economists, including scholars of development, looked at tourism with skepticism. Low-tech, seasonal, knowledge-unintensive tourism was the worst of the possible post-industrial outcomes and no serious economic policy could be based on it. This scenario has changed very rapidly in recent years. Both internationally and in Italy, the number of scholars, institutes, journals, publications and teaching programs dealing with tourism has increased, involving several disciplines. Globalisation has also established new horizons in terms of tourism variety and development, encouraging the emergence of new tourist profiles. The traditional mass tourism model. has greatly changed, generating tourism supply and demand systems characterized by flexible production, organization and consumption models (dominated by the internet, the sharing economy, low-cost travel, B&Bs, etc.).


Majority Rule versus Consensus: The Political Thought of John C. Calhoun. By James H. Read. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009. Pp. 288. Cloth, $34.95.)Party over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848. By Joel H. Silbey. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009. Pp. 224. Cloth, $34.95.)Reviewed by Joshua A. LynnIn 1850, a dying John C. Calhoun looked on as a colleague read the South Carolinian's final address to the United States Senate. In his speech, Calhoun announced the weakening of the nation's "two great parties." This development, he claimed, endangered the Union, as the parties had functioned "to hold all its parts together."1 Although premature in his observation, Calhoun's linkage of the demise of the antebellum bisectional parties with unchecked sectionalism and disunion endures in accounts of the coming of the Civil War. At the same time, throughout his lengthy career Calhoun had regularly lambasted the parties for dulling sectional unity which, he argued, would actually strengthen the Union. The interaction of political parties with southern sectionalism thus proves more problematic than a simple inverse relationship in which partisanship diminishes as sectionalism increases. Two recent works on antebellum politics, taken together, highlight this dynamic and lead us to ask whether dedication to national political parties always benefited the Union, and whether southern sectionalists always sought to weaken it.Calhoun prescribed the institutionalized voice of a united South as a preservative of the Union. In Majority Rule versus Consensus: The Political Thought of John C. Calhoun, political scientist James H. Read analyzes the doctrines of this expansive thinker with both theoretical and historical subtlety. Read carefully explains Calhoun's theory of the "concurrent majority," whereby all interests in society would possess a veto and in which consensus would be enshrined as the model for government. Read finds that while theoretically unworkable - if not in fact dangerous - the concerns that informed the concurrent majority ought to be taken seriously. Calhoun's qualms with majority rule, manifest in a domineering North and a marginalized South, remain serious indictments of democratic government, but his solution represents a worse alternative. For Calhoun, certain minorities, especially the South, should be able to obstruct legislation, but in practice, the definition of who constituted a minority interest was itself exclusionary, and the goal of compromise could not guarantee actual consensus as opposed to inefficient deadlock.Read takes issue with the view of Calhoun as a dogmatic strict constructionist. Calhoun instead envisioned the proper functioning of government, utilizing the concurrent majority, in expansive terms, because legislation derived from consensus could only further the common good. Calhoun thereby reworked inherited political thought, discarding traditional categories of rule by one, the few, or the many, for a system of "rule by all" (1). Recovering his positive conception of government demolishes the image of Calhoun as the airy theorist simply trying to protect slavery behind ever more baroque formulations of state sovereignty.While the concurrent majority cannot be reduced to a simple defense of slavery, neither can Calhoun's thought be severed from his proslavery views. The chief strength of Read's work and its value for historians stems from his methodological approach of balancing theoretical inquiry with historical context. Read recognizes that slavery and race occupied significant positions in the South Carolinian's doctrines. Indeed, Calhoun's defense of slavery leads to holes in his theory, as when he places slavery beyond the limits of debate and compromise. Read thus probes the flaws of the concurrent majority on two fronts - its internal contradictions and its external reliance on a context in which slavery not only prompted its formulation but also remained intrinsic to its functioning. …


The goal of data mining is to mine interesting patterns that are actionable, i.e., support decision making. Various measures of interestingness that have been considered in the literature, such as classification accuracy, support etc., are based on intrinsic statistical properties of the data. Data mining algorithms typically operate by optimizing such measures. While researchers have looked at measuring the utility of discovered patterns in decision making, there has not been much work on using such utility measures for driving the mining process as such. In our work we propose a generic framework for ``closing the loop", i.e., using utility in decision making to drive the mining process. We use concepts from meta-learning in order to tune the hyper-parameters of mining algorithm thus influencing the patterns detected. We build on earlier work by Elovici and Braha, that uses decision theory for formulating an utility measure, to specialize the framework for classification tasks. We show empirical validation of the approach on a simple test domain.


The concept of constitutional construction is of central importance to originalist theory but is both underdeveloped and controversial among originalists. Some object that its apparent open-endedness undermines the constraining virtues of originalism and exposes citizens to arbitrary judicial power. In this Article, we respond to this challenge by presenting an originalist theory of constitutional construction that can guide and constrain judicial activity within the "construction zone." When combined with an originalist theory of constitutional interpretation, our approach yields a unified theory of originalism.
Our theory of constitutional construction draws upon a familiar common-law concept long used in contract and fiduciary law to handle the problem of opportunistic abuse of discretion: the duty of good faith. We contend that judges who take an oath to "support this Constitution" enter into a fiduciary relationship with private citizens—a relationship characterized by discretionary powers in the hands of judges and a corresponding vulnerability in the citizenry. As fiduciaries, judges are morally and legally bound to follow the instructions given to them in "this Constitution" in good faith. This means that judges engaging in constitutional construction (or "implementation") must seek to give legal effect to both the Constitution's "letter" (its original public meaning) and its "spirit" (the original function or purpose of the particular clauses and general structure of the text).
Therefore, when interpretation of original meaning is not sufficient to resolve a controversy, judges have a duty to employ good-faith construction. Good-faith construction consists of (a) accurately identifying the spirit—or "original function"—of the relevant constitutional provision at the time it was enacted and (b) devising implementing rules that are calculated to give effect to both the letter and the spirit of the text in the case at hand and in future cases. Conversely, bad-faith construction consists in opportunistically using the discretion inherent in implementing the Constitution to evade its original letter or spirit in pursuit of the judge's own extraconstitutional preferences.


Surface nuclear magnetic resonance is a geophysical technique providing non-invasive aquifer
characterization. Two approaches are commonly used to invert surface nuclear magnetic resonance
data: (1) inversions involving many depth layers of fixed thickness and (2) few-layer inversions
without predetermined layer thicknesses. The advantage of the many-layer approach is that it
requires little a priori knowledge. However, the many-layer inversion is extremely ill-posed and
regularisation must be used to produce a reliable result. For optimal performance, the selected
regularisation scheme must reflect all available a priori information. The standard regularisation
scheme for many-layer surface nuclear magnetic resonance inversions employs an L2 smoothness
stabiliser, which results in subsurface models with smoothly varying parameters. Such a stabiliser
struggles to reproduce sharp contrasts in subsurface properties, like those present in a layered subsurface
(a common near-surface hydrogeological environment). To investigate if alternative stabilisers
can be used to improve the performance of the many-layer inversion in layered environments,
the performance of the standard smoothness stabiliser is compared against two alternative stabilisers:
(1) a stabiliser employing the L1-norm and (2) a minimum gradient support stabiliser. Synthetic
results are presented to compare the performance of the many-layer inversion for different stabiliser
functions. The minimum gradient support stabiliser is observed to improve the performance of
the many-layer inversion for a layered subsurface, being able to reproduce both smooth and sharp
vertical variations of the model parameters. Implementation of the alternative stabilisers into existing
surface nuclear magnetic resonance inversion software is straightforward and requires little
modification to existing codes.


Nowadays, empowerment is considered as a useful tool for employees' qualitative enhancement or growth and as one of basic factors in increasing employees' productivity. This descriptive study aimed to investigate the effect of psychological empowerment on nurses' productivity in private hospitals of Bandar Abbas. The statistical population of this research included 508 nurses of private hospitals in Bandar Abbas, which finally 217 of those nurses were selected as statistical sample through using stratified random sampling and Cochran's sample size formula. To collect data, two validated questionnaires including Spreitzer Standard Questionnaire (1995) and Hersey-Goldsmith Questionnaire (1980) were used to measure psychological empowerment and productivity, respectively. The results revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between competency, confidence, impact, and autonomy and nurses' productivity and there is a reversed significant relationship between significance and productivity.


The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a key species in biology. Basic discoveries have been made investigating this mammal whose genome has been recently sequenced. The rabbit is a livestock, an animal model, a wild resource, a pest and a fancy animal and comprises a large number of breeding stocks/lines. This COST action will bring together experts in all rabbit research areas and in other complementary research fields (breeders, geneticists, bioinformaticians, physiologists, evolutionists, embryologists, immunologists, industry experts, etc.) in order to facilitate the transition of rabbit genomic information from experimental data into usable benefits and applications by means of networking expertise. Four Working Groups will be focused on i) the refinement of the European rabbit genome resource and the development of genome-based platforms, ii) genetic aspects in meat, fur and pet rabbits and biodiversity resources, iii) the rabbit as a model in basic biology and human diseases and as a tool for biotechnology applications and iv) genetic and comparative genomic aspects for the study, exploitation and management of wild lagomorphs. The outcome is a coordination of rabbit research activities and a transfer of knowledge which will produce a strong European added value across a broad spectrum of biology research fields.


The effect of three different cerium salts (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O, CeCl3·7H2O and Ce(OOCCH3)3·5H2O) on the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of a model diamine-based benzoxazine (4EP-pPDA) was investigated. With the incorporation of the cerium salts, the curing temperature of 4EP-pPDA is reduced substantially, and the glass transition temperatures of the resulting networks are increased significantly. The three cerium salts exhibit different catalytic activities, which were analyzed by FT-IR, NMR, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Ce(NO3)3·6H2O was found to exhibit the best catalytic effect, which seems to be related to its better dispersibility within 4EP-pPDA benzoxazine precursors.


Abstract Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the cytotoxic effects of ascorbate (VC), menadione (VK3), or a VC:VK3 combination on a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU145) following a 1-h vitamin treatment and a subsequent 24-h incubation in culture medium. Cell alterations examined by light and electron microscopy were treatment-dependent with VC + VK3 >VK3 > VC > Sham. Oxidative stress-induced damage was found in most organelles. This report describes injuries in the tumor cell nucleus (chromatin and nucleolus), mitochondria, endomembranes, lysosomal bodies (autophagocytoses) and inclusions. Morphologic alterations suggest that cytoskeleton damage is likely responsible for the superficial cytoplasmic changes, including major changes in cell shape and size and the self-excising phenomena. Unlike apoptotic bodies, the excised pieces contain ribonucleoproteins, but not organelles. These deleterious events cause a progressive, significant reduction in the tumor cell size. During nuclear alterations, the nuclei maintain their envelope during chromatolysis and karyolysis until cell death, while nucleoli undergo a characteristic segregation of their components. In addition, changes in fat and glycogen storage are consistent the cytotoxic and metabolic alterations caused by the respective treatments. All cellular ultrastructural changes are consistent with cell death by autoschizis and not apoptosis or other kinds of cell death.