Every enterprise evolves continuously, driven by changing needs or new opportunities. Most often this happens gradually, with small adjustments to strategy, organization, processes, or infrastructure. But sometimes enterprises need to go beyond minor fixes and transform themselves, in response to a disruptive event or dramatically changing circumstances—a merger, for example, or a new competitor. In this book, enterprise architecting experts Deborah Nightingale and Donna Rhodes offer a framework for enterprise transformation. Successful transformation, they believe, starts with a holistic approach, taking into consideration all facets of the enterprise and its environment rather than focusing solely on one factor—information technology, for example, or organizational structure. This is architecting the future enterprise: creating a blueprint for what the enterprise will look like after the transformation. Nightingale and Rhodes introduce the ARIES (Architecting Innovative Enterprise Strategy) framework, including a ten enterprise element model and an architecting process model, and show how to apply it, from start to finish. They explain how to create a holistic vision for the future enterprise and how to generate concepts and alternative architectures; they describe techniques for evaluating possible architectures, tools for implementation planning, and strategies for communicating with stakeholders. Nightingale and Rhodes offer real-world examples throughout, drawing on their work at MIT, with an extensive case study of enterprise transformation at a medical device manufacturer. An appendix offers two additional architecting projects. Seven Architecting Imperatives • Make architecting the initial activity in transformation. • Develop a comprehensive understanding of the enterprise landscape. • Understand what stakeholders value and how that may change in the future. • Use multiple perspectives to see the whole enterprise. • Create an architecting team suited to the transformation challenges. • Engage all levels of leadership in transformation. • Architect for the enterprise's changing world.


Proponents of soft security strive to ensure the goal of individual security without resorting to armed coercion. Given the extended scope of security sectors falling within the ambit of soft security regional co-operation is indispensable – a phenomenon most visible in European security architecture and that of Northern Europe in particular. Not only European decision-makers, however, pursue the soft security option. As Africa entered the twenty-first century, co-operation and an implicit realisation of the importance of soft security threats increasingly configured its regional security arrangements. A new wave of warfare simultaneously entered the African realm and any security approach had to contend closely with the inhumane profiles of these so-called new wars. Subsequently, African security architecture had to straddle the resultant hard-soft security domains more acutely than that of Europe. This required appropriate military options and the adjustment of African armed forces towards softer security policy instruments. For Africa in particular, the maintenance of a hard divide (even if only conceptually) between hard and soft security as imposed by Northern Europe in particular, remains more declaratory than real.


This case study documents how a structured group of library staff coordinates external communications and promotions activities at the University of Regina, a mid-sized liberal arts, publicly funded, post-secondary institution in Western Canada. The paper discusses the value of having promotions activities tied to objectives in a library's strategic plan. There is a discussion about promotions strategies undertaken within the library, with other academic and administrative units on campus, and with organizations off campus. Implementing an undergraduate library award has been the most ambitious project and, along with purchasing branded promotions items, has required the most funding. The author illustrates how library staff, having little or no promotions experience but possessing creativity and a desire to inform and collaborate, can run a successful external communications and promotions program.


Deformities in the mouthparts of non-biting midge larvae, particularly in the teeth of the mentum, were studied in cadmium polluted areas in Mae Tao Stream, Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Northern Thailand. Non-biting midge larvae were sampled together with water and sediment from 4 study sites: sites MT1 and MT2 were upstream to a zinc mine and unpolluted by cadmium; sites MT3 and MT4 were downstream and polluted with cadmium. From the water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, and orthophosphate, the stream water quality was classified as moderately clean. The cadmium concentrations MT3 and MT4 exceeded the European maximum permissible level of 3.0 mg/kg for agricultural soil. A total of 3067 larvae and 21 taxa representing 3 subfamilies (Chironominae, Orthocladiinae, and Tanypodinae) from the four sampling sites were screened for mentum deformities. The results indicated that the deformity incidence of larvae was 5% at MT3 and MT4 and 0.20% at MT1 and 0.75% at MT2. Hence the mouthpart deformities of non-biting midge larvae could be potentially used as a bio-indicator for cadmium pollution.


A novel electro-chemical capacitor was tried to synthesis by assemble carbon powder with manganese oxide using an ultra-sonication in KMnO4 solution. (ultrasonic sample). A reference sample was prepared by same condition except for radiation of ultra-sonication (settle sample). Both ultrasonic sample and settle sample show the composite of manganese oxide and carbon. Additionally, layered manganese oxide phase was observed in the ultrasonic samples. Surface atomic ratio of Mn/C decreased corresponding with increasing of used solution volume from 25 ml to 250 ml. The composite prepared using 100ml solution was greatly affected by the ultra-sonication. On the other hand, the amount of manganese on the surface has increased with the increasing of the irradiation of energy among the ultrasonic sample. The amount of manganese deposition was almost saturated with 100 mW/cm3. Cyclic voltammetry curves of the obtained composites were influenced by scanning speed. The ultrasonic sample shows higher electrical capacitance than the settle sample in various conditions.


Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards as well as physical changes in the product. The objective of the current investigation was to assess and compare the ability of imported and locally manufactured cough syrups to maintain minimum or no microbial growth after being challenged with different types of microbes. The growth of five microorganisms of known quanta of S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans was compared among five different cough products designated A through E. Two of the products (A and E) were locally manufactured while three (B, C and D) were imported products which contained different preservatives. Both A and E did not indicate the type of preservative used. Normal saline was used as a positive growth control. Growth of microorganisms into syrups was compared by counting the colony forming units (CFUs) from a subculture of inoculated syrups at zero, 3, 6, 24 and 48 hr intervals. 1) at time zero, growth of S. aureus was seen in all products except product B; 2) little or no growth of C. albicans, P. aeroginosa and E. coli was observed at time zero; 3) no growth of any of the tested microbes was seen when subcultures were done after 6 hours of inoculation; and 4) imported products showed lesser or no microbial growth compared to locally manufactured ones. Normal saline showed heavy growth of all tested microbes while unchallenged syrupsof the tested products showed no signs of microbial growth at all tested times.Despite the noticeable growth of S. aureus at time zero, all tested cough syrups passed the pharmacopeal guidelines regarding microbial challenge. Good manufacturing and packaging practices need to be implemented and maintained by local pharmaceutical companies. The Palestinian general public needs to be educated on the proper handling and storage of oral liquid pharmaceuticals to eliminate or reduce microbial contamination.


This work describes a novel continuous flow reactor concept for organic synthesis using heterogeneous catalysts. The concept is based on static mixers coated with a catalytic metal layer, which can be inserted into standard stainless steel reactor tubing. The static mixers were prepared by 3D metal printing, allowing for maximum design flexibility and thus can be tailored to a large number of chemical synthesis applications. The nickel or platinum catalysts were deposited either by metal cold spraying or electrodeposition, which allows for potential scale up and mass production and these techniques are compatible with a range of different catalytic metals. The catalytic flow reactor was evaluated for a series of continuous flow hydrogenations of alkenes and carbonyls.


Over the past twenty years, universities have increasingly employed credit-based modular curriculum structures in an attempt to cater to the needs of more diverse student groups and to allow students greater flexibility and choice in managing their studies. Scholars generally agree that modular degrees have many advantages for students in terms of their capacity to offer flexibility, choice, access and mobility. It is also widely argued that modular structures may be beneficial to universities in that they potentially allow institutions to better respond to the needs of employers, expand student markets, develop more efficient uses of resources and increase opportunities for curricula breadth. However, it is also argued that modularisation creates the possibility of fragmentation and incoherence of the educational experience, potentially weakens learning outcomes and comes with epistemological, structural and pedagogical challenges.


Abstract. Since 1857 more than 600 rock falls, rock slides, debris slides, and debris flows have been documented in Yosemite National Park, with rock falls in Yosemite Valley representing the majority of the events. On 26 December 2003, a rock fall originating from west of Glacier Point sent approximately 200 m3 of rock debris down a series of joint-controlled ledges to the floor of Yosemite Valley. The debris impacted talus near the base of Staircase Falls, producing fragments of flying rock that struck occupied cabins in Curry Village. Several years later on 9 June 2007, and again on 26 July 2007, smaller rock falls originated from the same source area. The 26 December 2003 event coincided with a severe winter storm and was likely triggered by precipitation and/or frost wedging, but the 9 June and 26 July 2007 events lack recognizable triggering mechanisms. We investigated the geologic and hydrologic factors contributing to the Staircase Falls rock falls, including bedrock lithology, weathering, joint spacing and orientations, and hydrologic processes affecting slope stability. We improved upon previous geomorphic assessment of rock-fall hazards, based on a shadow angle approach, by using STONE, a three-dimensional rock-fall simulation computer program. STONE produced simulated rock-fall runout patterns similar to the mapped extent of the 2003 and 2007 events, allowing us to simulate potential future rock falls from the Staircase Falls detachment area. Observations of recent rock falls, mapping of rock debris, and simulations of rock fall runouts beneath the Staircase Falls detachment area suggest that rock-fall hazard zones extend farther downslope than the extent previously defined by mapped surface talus deposits.


Observers of the European Company legislative process identified the then-competing political projects as being driven in one case by the desire for harmonization, whereas the other focused on a flexible approach to regulating employee participation. Since the European institutions have definitively adopted the latter approach in the meantime, this reading became obsolete. This ETUI Working Paper proposes to adopt a new analytical framework that will help give better insight into what is at stake in the drafting of European legal rules on corporate governance and worker participation, such as the pending European Private Company Statute. It argues that the regulatory game at European level is revealed by the competition between the players' two different world views: (1) one in which the economic and social spheres are viewed as being independent and disembedded, like the fields of company law and labour law; and (2) another in which, on the contrary, the two spheres are seen as being embedded in such a way that a comprehensive regulation should encompass both legal fields. Applying this analytical framework to an examination of the positions of the ETUC and the European Commission on regulating board-level employee representation at transnational level reveals the extent of the competition, hence explaining recent legislative difficulties.


As cartoons and animated features became an increasingly important part of the entertainment business, the production of cartoons industrialized to meet growing demands for the new global media. Artists adopted traditional union models to protect their jobs and working conditions, and a unique set of unions was born. "Drawing the Line" is the first labor history of an industry whose principal figures - Walt Disney, Chuck Jones, and Max Fleischer - helped define American entertainment. Author Tom Sito, Disney animator and former president of the Hollywood Animation Guild, draws on oral histories, archival information, and firsthand knowledge of the animation process to create an insider's history of a colorful group of labor unions. Sito describes the history and fiery personalities behind the formation of the Screen Cartoonists Union, the strikes and walkouts, the effects of Hollywood blacklisting, and the battles at the bargaining tables. He closes with a look at the changing nature of animation and the way in which current giants Disney and Dreamworks are again reshaping the relationship between studios and animators. Well illustrated with never-before-seen images from the backstage of classic "Hollywood", "Drawing the Line" will change basic assumptions about animation history and its place in the story of American labor.


LiFePO4/C was prepared through a facile rheological phase reaction method by using Fe3(PO4)2, Li3PO4 · 8H2O, and glucose as reactants. The LiFePO4/C samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical properties of the samples were investigated. The results show that the LiFePO4/C samples have single-phase olivine-type structure, and their particles feature a spherical shape. The carbon coating on the particles of LiFePO4 is about 1.8% of the LiFePO4/C by weight. The particle size was distributed from 0.2 to 1 µm. The initial discharge capacity of LiFePO4/C reached 154 mA h/g at 0.1 C. The retained discharge capacity of LiFePO4/C was 152.9 mA h g(-1) after 50 cycles. The LiFePO4/C also showed better cycling performance than that of the bare LiPeO4 at a higher charge/discharge rate (1 C). The LIFePO4/C prepared in this way could be a promising cathode material for lithium ion battery application.


Objective Most infections begin at mucosal surfaces. These surfaces are covered by the secretory proteins of the exocrine glands (eg, the salivary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal glands), which provide a first line of innate defense. The release of these secretory proteins is under neuroendocrine control and thus, in theory, sensitive to modulation by psychosocial stress. This was empirically tested by measuring the salivary secretion of cystatin S, lactoferrin, &agr;-amylase, the mucins MUC5B and MUC7, and total salivary protein in response to stressors known to evoke distinct patterns of cardiac autonomic activity. Methods Thirty-two undergraduate volunteers were each subjected to two laboratory stressors and a control condition. Stressors were an active coping memory test and a passive coping video presentation showing surgical procedures. In the control condition participants viewed a didactic video presentation. Results The stressors evoked the expected distinct patterns of cardiac autonomic activity. The memory test produced a strong increase in sympathetic activity (evidenced by a shortened preejection period), and a decrease in cardiac parasympathetic activity (evidenced by a decrease in heart rate variability). This active coping response was associated with an enhanced secretion (&mgr;g/min, controlling for salivary flow rate) of MUC7, lactoferrin, &agr;-amylase, and total salivary protein. Conversely, the surgical video produced an increase in cardiac vagal tone and a modest increase in sympathetic activity. This passive coping response was associated with an enhanced secretion of all proteins studied. These secretory responses were generally larger than the secretory responses during the active coping memory test. Correlation analyses indicated that for both stressors autonomic and cardiovascular reactivity was positively associated with an enhanced and prolonged secretory activity. Conclusions Stress-induced modulation of innate secretory immunity may be a contributing factor in the observed relationship between stress and susceptibility to infectious diseases. We further propose a more differentiated approach to acute stress by distinguishing among stressors with distinct autonomic nervous system effects.


Few doubt that executive compensation arrangements encouraged the excessive risk taking by banks that led to the recent Financial Crisis. Accordingly, academics and lawmakers have called for the reform of banker pay practices. In this Article, we argue that regulator pay is to blame as well, and that fixing it may be easier and more effective than reforming banker pay. Regulatory failures during the Financial Crisis resulted at least in part from a lack of sufficient incentives for examiners to act aggressively to prevent excessive risk. Bank regulators are rarely paid for performance, and in atypical cases involving performance bonus programs, the bonuses have been allocated in highly inefficient ways. We propose that regulators, specifically bank examiners, be compensated with a debt-heavy mix of phantom bank equity and debt, as well as a separate bonus linked to the timing of the decision to take over a bank. Our pay-for-performance approach for regulators would help reduce the incidence of future regulatory failures.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and young children worldwide and also forms a serious threat for the elderly. Vaccination could significantly relieve the burden of the RSV disease. However, unfortunately there is no licensed vaccine available so far. This is partly due to disastrous outcome of a clinical trial of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) in children in 1960s; leading to enhanced respiratory disease upon natural infection. These findings contributed significantly to the delay of RSV vaccine development. Other key obstacles in development of RSV vaccine such as a peak of severe disease at 2–3 months of age, challenging biochemical behavior of key vaccine antigens and dependence on animal models that may not truly reflect human disease processes. These challenges could be overcome through maternal immunization, structure-based engineering of vaccine antigens, the design of a novel platform for safe infant immunization, and the development of improved animal models. Currently, several vaccine candidates are in pre-clinical and clinical trials targeting the diverse age groups; young children or older adults from the infection or can reduce incidence, mortality and morbidity among the RSV infected individuals.


Using detailed data on the childhood living arrangements of children taken from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), the impact of multiple dimensions of parent histories on the likelihood of offspring divorce is investigated. Although past research is replicated by finding a positive impact of parental divorce on offspring divorce, the author also finds that living apart from both parents, irrespective of the reason, is associated with an increased risk of divorce. In particular, children who were born out of wedlock and who did not experience parental divorce or death experience a very high risk of marital disruption. However, neither the number of transitions in childhood living arrangements nor parental remarriage appear to substantially affect the risk of marital dissolution. Finally, variations in the timing of and circumstances surrounding marriage appear to mediate a substantial proportion of the effect of parent histories on offspring divorce.


Acerinox ACX 490 is an extra low-carbon, 17% chromium, ferritic stainless steel, that combines good corrosion, heat, and oxidation resistance with good formability and good mechanical properties. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-1327. Producer or source: Acerinox, S.A.


By means of a trachea divider the left and the right lung of the rabbit may be made to breathe gases of different oxygen content. If one lung is given a gas of low and the other one of high oxygen content, the saturation or the oxygen tension of the mixed arterial blood in the carotid artery depends on the mixing ratio of the blood from both lungs.

On switching one lung over to a gas of low oxygen content, the initial fall in saturation and in oxygen tension of the mixed arterial blood becomes spontaneously compensated to a major degree in about 8 hours.

Evidence is produced that this reaction results from a gradual increase in circulatory resistance of the hypoxic lung caused by a local action of the low oxygen tension. This conclusion is supported by the results of the measurement of the alveolar gas percentages in the rabbit.

To exclude an indirect action on the lung circulation caused by the effects of general hypoxaemia the influence of only slightly subnormal alveolar oxygen tensions was studied. Under these conditions the mixed arterial blood remained fully saturated. To this end a polarographic method was devised for measuring the oxygen tension of the blood.

Even at an alveolar oxygen percentage of approximately 12 per cent., which might normally be present in subventilated parts of the lungs, a distinct reaction occurs.

The increased vascular resistance may be abolished in about 4-5 hours by restoring the normal alveolar oxygen tension.


Abstract. Explosive volcanic eruptions are commonly characterized based on a thorough analysis of the generated deposits. Amongst other characteristics in physical volcanology, density and porosity of juvenile clasts are some of the most frequently used to constrain eruptive dynamics. In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of density and porosity data to statistical methods and introduce a weighting parameter to correct issues raised by the use of frequency analysis. Results of textural investigation can be biased by clast selection. Using statistical tools as presented here, the meaningfulness of a conclusion can be checked for any data set easily. This is necessary to define whether or not a sample has met the requirements for statistical relevance, i.e. whether a data set is large enough to allow for reproducible results. Graphical statistics are used to describe density and porosity distributions, similar to those used for grain-size analysis. This approach helps with the interpretation of volcanic deposits. To illustrate this methodology, we chose two large data sets: (1) directed blast deposits of the 3640–3510 BC eruption of Chachimbiro volcano (Ecuador) and (2) block-and-ash-flow deposits of the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano (Japan). We propose the incorporation of this analysis into future investigations to check the objectivity of results achieved by different working groups and guarantee the meaningfulness of the interpretation.


Numerical methods to improve the treatment of magnetic fields in smoothed field magnetohydrodynamics (SPMHD) are developed and tested. A mixed hyperbolic/parabolic scheme is developed which "cleans" divergence error from the magnetic field. The method introduces a scalar field which is coupled to the magnetic field. A conservative form for the hyperbolic equations is obtained by first defining the energy content of the new field, then using it in the discretised Lagrangian to obtain equations which manifestly conserve energy. This is shown to require conjugate first derivative operators in the SPMHD cleaning equations. Average divergence error is shown to be an order of magnitude lower for all test cases considered, and allows for the stable simulation of the gravitational collapse of magnetised molecular cloud cores. The effectiveness of the cleaning may be improved by explicitly increasing the hyperbolic wave speed or by cycling the cleaning equations between timesteps. In the latter, it is possible to achieve DivB=0 in SPMHD. The method is adapted to work with a velocity field, demonstrating that it can reduce density variations in weakly compressible SPH simulations by a factor of 2. A switch to reduce dissipation of the magnetic field from artificial resistivity is developed. Discontinuities in the magnetic field are located by monitoring jumps in the gradient of the magnetic field at the resolution scale relative to the magnitude of the magnetic field. This yields a simple yet robust method to reduce dissipation away from shocked regions. Compared to the existing switch in the literature, this leads to sharper shock profiles in shocktube tests, lower overall dissipation of magnetic energy, and importantly, is able to capture magnetic shocks in the highly super-Alfvenic regime. These numerical methods are compared against grid-based MHD methods by comparison of the small-scale dynamo amplification of a magnetic field in driven, isothermal, supersonic turbulence. We use the SPMHD code, Phantom, and the grid-based code, Flash. We find that the growth rate of Flash is largely insensitive to the numerical resolution, whereas Phantom shows a resolution dependence that arises from the scaling of the numerical dissipation terms. The saturation level of the magnetic energy in both codes is about 2-4% of the mean kinetic energy, increasing with higher magnetic Reynolds numbers. Phantom requires lower resolution to saturate at the same energy level as Flash. The time-averaged saturated magnetic spectra have a similar shape between the two methods, though Phantom contains twice as much energy on large scales. Both codes have PDFs of magnetic field strength that are log-normal, which become lopsided as the magnetic field saturates. We find encouraging agreement between grid- and particle methods for ideal MHD, concluding that SPMHD is able to reliably simulate the small-scale dynamo amplification of magnetic fields. We note that quantitative agreement on growth rates can only be achieved by including explicit, physical terms for viscosity and resistivity, because those are the terms that primarily control the growth rate and saturation level of the turbulent dynamo.


There exist many different generalization error bounds in statistical learning theory. Each of these bounds contains an improvement over the others for certain situations or algorithms. Our goal is, first, to underline the links between these bounds, and second, to combine the different improvements into a single bound. In particular we combine the PAC-Bayes approach introduced by McAllester (1998), which is interesting for randomized predictions, with the optimal union bound provided by the generic chaining technique developed by Fernique and Talagrand (see Talagrand, 1996), in a way that also takes into account the variance of the combined functions. We also show how this connects to Rademacher based bounds.


We detected des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, an abnormal prothrombin, in the serum of 69 of 76 patients (91 per cent) with biopsy-confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (the mean level of the abnormal prothrombin was 900 ng per milliliter). In contrast, levels of the abnormal prothrombin were low in patients with chronic active hepatitis (mean, 10 ng per milliliter) or metastatic carcinoma involving the liver (mean, 42 ng per milliliter), and undetectable in normal subjects. In five patients treated with vitamin K there was no reduction in abnormal prothrombin, indicating that its presence was not due to vitamin K deficiency. Surgical resection of tumors in two patients and chemotherapy in one patient markedly reduced abnormal-prothrombin concentrations, which later increased with recurrence of disease. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels correlated poorly with abnormal-prothrombin levels. Together, the assay for abnormal prothrombin and the alpha-fetoprotein assay identified 64 of 76 patients with hepatoma (84 per cent). Abnormal prothrombin may be useful in the laboratory diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma.


a roundtable series of "Scratching the Belly of the Beast: Cutting Edge Media in Los Angeles, 1922-1994" organized by Film Forum Los Angeles, CA February 23, March 9, 23 In her introductory essay in the catalog for the festival "Scratching the Belly of the Beast," Holly Willis defines transgression as a moment of excess, when an outside or beyond can be seen from within a particular boundary. In Los Angeles, the city of commodified excess, it is a challenging task to determine what could possibly lie beyond the swelled boundaries of the entertainment industry and the consumption that sustains it. Due in large part to its ethnic diversity and opposition to the entertainment industry L.A.'s alternative media scene is a model of multiple fronts, a multiplicity of efforts, and a continuous ad hoc community. Three roundtable discussions were held to explore the future of alternative media in L.A. Entitled "Changing Channels: Media Arts in the `90s," the series served as a reunion of longtime participants in the media arts community who have seen their already tight budgets stretched to the limit. It also included individuals who are developing new strategies in order to gain access to and maximize existing access to new technologies. The roundtable discussions provided a glimpse of what the future 6f alternative media might hold and also a wake up call for artists and filmmakers to recognize that public policy can influence who has access to new technologies. The catalog for the festival describes sponsor Film Forum's interest in creating a broad dialogue about both theoretical and practical issues. "It is our hope that such conversations will encourage the development of new coalitions and strategies to sustain and advance the region's rich media legacy." The catalog also raised questions such as: What will happen to the avant-garde in a historical moment that threatens to completely swallow it? What will the new developing technologies hold for artists? How can artists have/demand access to said technologies? The first roundtable panel entitled "Questioning on/the Cutting-edge" consisted of David Ehrenstein, John Goss, William Jones, and Erika Suderburg. Film critic Ehrenstein's remarks underscored the importance of the press as a sustaining element of avant-garde practice. More specifically, he discussed its role in creating interest in and publicity about film and video events. Ehrenstein argued that critical writing about the avant-garde is especially important because screenings are so limited that published writing about the films is far more likely to reach a larger audience. Goss, a painter turned media artist, discussed the collapse of support for alternative media arts practice. He expressed the desire of artists for larger budgets, and more access to equipment and distribution, especially in the context of Hollywood's co-option of avant-garde strategies. Filmmaker Jones, whose independent feature Massillon (1991) was shown at last year's Whitney Biennial, discussed the importance of making films you yourself would see. Jones argued that the monolithic avant-garde canon has ended and that there is now a multiplicity of avant-gardes and avant-garde practices, each with its own conflicting demands. Jones felt that the one thing that sustained all these practices as avant-garde was a notion of resistance. As the discussion turned from artist's practice to artists access there seemed to be a note of emergency and panic in the room. Given the current economic climate new strategies for the `90s need to be addressed. Multi-media artist and writer Suderburg asked "What would the new sites [of avant-garde practice! be?" She noted that they seem not to be sites of exhibition. Some examples that were suggested were electronic bulletin boards and community organizations such as Film Forum. Jones discussed the value of being satisfied with a small, more intimate audience, which could provide a more meaningful connection between the filmmaker and the viewer. …


The dominant hardware design paradigm is a synchronous (clocked) design style. Recent research has made asynchronous or self-timed systems attractive again. This paper introduces Balsa, a language and framework for synthesizing circuits using a technique of syntax direct translation. Balsa has been used to generate the DMA controller used in AMULET3i, an integrated asynchronous microprocessor design for embedded systems. This paper introduces the key features of the language.


Excerpt] The Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform Project (CAER) was designed to help AID and developing country governments to design, implement, monitor and evaluate economic policy reform. The project has provided AID access to economists and social scientists with extensive practical experience and outstanding educational credentials. CAER has been implemented by the Harvard Institute of International Development (HIID) since its inception in July 1989 and is scheduled to operate through June 25, 1994, with total authorized funding of up to $10.5 million. The CAER contract presents the project's objective as follows: AID is increasingly involved in assisting developing nations to introduce and maintain appropriate economic policies at the macro, sectoral, and project levels. The purpose of the AID contract is to obtain economic consultant and advisory services that will enhance AID's capacity to provide such assistance to developing nations.


[FIRST PARAGRAPHS] The hypothesis presented in this paper has already appeared in various fragmentary forms (Carver 1986,1993,1998b), but has not hitherto been drawn together, so it is fitting that I should try to do this in honour of my best teacher and most telling critic. After all, it would not do for Professor Cramp's Festschrift to be too burdened by flattering emulation; it should contain something exasperating as well. So I look forward to her leafing through these pages with growing despair, culminating in the tart response familiar from my carefree student days: 'really Mr Carver, I have no idea what you are talking about', meaning: 'actually, I know perfectly well; you on the other hand ...' In brief, the hypothesis concerns the history of the early medieval period in north-west Europe and our ability to read it from archaeology, or more ' specifically from its major investments such as burial mounds, churches, illuminated manuscripts and sculpture: the word 'monumentality' of my title is intended as shorthand for all these things. Confidence in the idea that monuments had (and have) a meaning beyond some vague celebration of an individual or propitiation of an unseen omnipotence has been growing among prehistorians (e.g. Bradley 1993), and is an accepted feature of the historic period. We know that monuments are more than passive memorials because written commentaries, poetry and inscriptions declare their active purposes for us. Monuments comprise the vocabulary of a political language, fossilized versions of arguments that were continuous and may have related more to what was desired than what had occurred (Carver 1993). At the same time, we need not suppose that the expression is necessarily so subtle, sceptical or to use a fashionable word, ironical, as to lose all hope of making equations between a society and its ideas. That architecture, sculpture, burial mounds and brooches have messages beyond the functional which are dependant on their social, economic and above all their ideological context was never an issue: to understand their real meaning is the goal and the aim of each generation that studies them. It is very likely that the motives I attach to the construction of the monuments to be discussed are equally inadequate characterizations of the profound stresses that motivated and were concealed by their makers. That said, the monuments are what survive, and our story must temporarily keep the candle burning untiI their story can be told.


GeometryNet can be considered as a lexical database for geometric entities and concepts. The idea is borrowed from WordNet, a popular knowledge repository often used for natural language processing tasks in AI applications. The basic objective behind the construction of a GeometryNet is to analyze and understand the geometric problems and draw relevant geometric figures automatically. Initial emphasis is put on machine understanding of problem statements that involve geometric constructions. School level geometry problems practiced by students of age group 13-16 are targeted. This paper explains different aspects of a GeometryNet, issues behind its construction, and its possible use for machine understanding of geometric problem statements.


We demonstrate the flexibility that a wavelength selective switch could offer to bandwidth provisioning of potential multi-user quantum key distribution networks based on entangled pair sources. We derive an analytical expression relating the coincidence detection rates of the photon pairs to the switch bandwidth characteristics. Experimentally measured coincidence rates verify the theory in three distinct network configurations.


Introduction With the development of the internet, it is now possible to easily access international newspaper, magazines, blogs, and other media in order to secure news and information from around the world. For instance, individuals in the United States who are interested in news about Korea and/or its citizens can go to Korean media outlets and access information about myriad topics concerning Korea. While finding news through Korean media outlets was fairly easy, finding Korean news stories in American television news programs or cable networks was relatively difficult and uncommon. (Yes, finding information was difficult) When Chan-Ho Park became the first Korean Major League Baseball (MLB) to be signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1994, and Se Ri Pak, became the first Korean to win the U.S. Open Tournament and advance to the LPGA (Ladies Professional Golf Association) Tour in 1998, the Korean people could get more news about them through American television programs or ESPN (Entertainment and Sport Programming Network) cable program. With South Korea's economy in shambles in 1998, Chan Ho Park and Se Ri Pak gave encouragement and hope to Korean people. When Chan Ho Park announced the starting pitcher for the L.A. Dodgers' game or Se Ri Pak would participated in one of the LPGA Tour tournaments, Korean television programs and big screens in Seoul city aired these game. As Korean people were watching Park and Pak's victories for the Major League baseball game and the LPGA Tour tournaments, Korean people felt some sense of satisfaction from them during the difficult Korean recession period (16). Most Korean people believed that when these two players were signed to go into a major sports league, they would fail, because of differences related to skill, physicality, culture, language, food, and a host of other potential challenges. However, Park and Pak overcame these supposed problems and were very successful in their respective sports. The success of Park and Pak gave great hope to the Korean people to also overcome their serious economic problems in the late 1990s (16). In addition, as Pak in her rookie season on the LPGA Tour collected four victories (including two major tournaments wins), other Korean female golfers began to complete and eventually join the LPGA Tour. As a result of the door opened by Pak and the record of her achievements, South Korea now has the largest international contingent on the LPGA Tour (14). One of the interesting things about the Korean female golfers on the LPGA Tour is that while the Korean players have a large number of victories, they have not turned out a dominant player since Pak burst on the scene a decade ago with victories in the 1998 McDonald's LPGA Championship and the U.S. Women's Open. Ten years after Pak's debut in 1998, 42 Korean players (i.e., Se Ri Pak, Mi-Hyun Kim, Grace Park, Shi-Hyun Ahn, Soo Yeong Kang, etc) are now playing on the LPGA Tour. Every year, Korean female players are increasing on the LPGA Tour. Nineteen-Koreans (i.e., Se Ri Pak, Mi-Hyun Kim, Grace Park, Hee Won Han, Jeong Jang, etc) have won 64 LPGA Tour events over the past decade. No other professional sports league in the world has as many Korean players. Only a few Korean female handball players are playing on professional teams in Japan and Europe, and only one basketball player has played for the WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association). The numerous Korean players and victories on the LPGA Tour is a unique phenomenon. One may wonder why Korean female players are so prevalent on the LPGA Tour and so good at the sport of golf. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the reasons why Korean female golfers have been successful in securing such a dominant position on the LPGA Tour. The History of the LPGA and the KLPGA The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) Tour is the longest running women's professional sport association (1). The LPGA Tour was founded in 1950 by 13 members (1). …


Abstract: This paper aims at reconstructing the largely unexplored administrative dimension of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), with particular reference to the growing web of functional, organizational and procedural interconnections between the EU, the Nato and the United Nations. Based on the results of the two main lines of research of administrative law beyond the State, namely European administrative law studies and the more recent «global administrative law» studies, the analysis of such interconnections suggests four main conclusions. First of all, the ESDP administration contributes to the exercise of a function resulting from the ever stricter integration of the functional disciplines of several international regimes and finding its anchorage in the global legal order. Secondly, in the exercise of such function, the ESDP administration acts as a component of a global organization, made up of a plurality of national and non national offices reciprocally interconnected by means of a variety of cooperation and integration mechanisms and jointly responsible for the carrying out of the world community security function. Thirdly, as for the discipline governing its functioning, the ESDP administration is subject to a body of European administrative law constituting a component of a wider global regulation aimed at making the joined action of the various competent offices possible. Fourthly, the reconstructed developments are characterized by deep functional and normative ambivalences.


Government-sponsored ethnic and racial profiling in the form of computerized and behavioral screening initiatives implemented as a response to 9/11 has led to the subjection of minorities to increased scrutiny and suspicion in American airports. In the name of national security, safety protocols are being enacted in non-uniform ways that disproportionally infringe on minority passengers' civil liberties and reinforce harmful racial stereotypes. Focusing on the dissonance between basic freedoms guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the security policies implemented by the federal government, this Note argues that the disparity in scrutiny received by minority travelers is counterproductive because it reinforces racism and ethnocentrism as social norms and fails to ensure a consistent level of protection for all passengers. This Note ultimately advocates for a federal government mandate that delineates a universal, race-blind standard for the level of scrutiny (and accompanying procedures) that all passengers should be subjected to while traveling aboard commercial aircraft.


This study constitutes a detailed analysis of the verbal morphology and syntax of the Maskilic Hebrew prose fiction written in Eastern Europe between 1857 and 1881. It is based on an extensive corpus of short stories and novels by prominent authors such as Peretz Smolenskin, Yehudah Leib Gordon, Abraham Mapu, and Shalom Jacob Abramowitz. The chief findings are that, although the maskilic authors expressly attempted to utilise only Biblical Hebrew, their Writing exhibits considerable influence from Rabbinic Hebrew, traces of Medieval Hebrew, certain resemblances to their native Yiddish, and similarities with Israeli Hebrew, as well as numerous innovative features and unprecedented uses of biblical and rabbinic forms. The authors' deviation from biblical norms may occasionally serve conscious semantic purposes such as the representation of vernacular speech; however, it often appears to be unintentional. These characteristics appear regularly throughout the corpus, making the maskilic verbal system a reasonably homogeneous entity that can be considered independent from other forms of Hebrew.
The first section of the thesis offers a selective examination of maskilic verbal morphology, which is composed of biblical features including the 2fp and 3fp yiqtol forms, rabbinic elements such as the nitpa'el and masculine plural qotel ending in nun, paytanic forms including the 3ms object suffix ה -in conjunction with the infinitive construct, and biblical/rabbinic forms such as yiqtolu used in original contexts.
The second section constitutes a thorough analysis of the functions of the maskilic qatal, yiqtol, qotel, periphrastic constructions, wayyiqtol, weqatal, cohortative, imperative, jussive, infinitive absolute, and infinitive construct.
The third section surveys selected features of maskilic verbal syntax, including the use of the qatal and wayyiqtol in narrative sequences, the role of the yiqtol and weqatal in the presentation of successive future actions, the negation of qotels and infinitives construct, imperative chains, and imperatives suffixed by נא.


Water and soil loss due to the mining activities make extremely serious ecological degradation. Vegetation restoration is a vital solution to the construction of ecosystem. However, vegetation recovery is a slow process, thus, it is crucial significant to master the distribution characteristics of vegetation and interspecific association of dominant species in different types of slopes. Compared with rocky and soilrocky slopes, soil slopes had the highest vegetation diversity indexes, in which the interspecific association of dominant species was the closest. In general, the vegetation restoration in soilrocky slopes was more efficient than that in the rocky slopes. Engineering measure, as a method of speeding up the succession process, showed a good effect during the early stage of vegetation restoration. As the succession process continued, interspecific competition got increasingly fierce so that the mid-term vegetation restoration had gained little improvement. At the later stage, the restoration effect in slopes which adopted engineering measures was superior to those in natural restoration, and the community characteristics of vegetation in these slopes had more similarities to the native vegetation's. Our experiment results would contribute to deepening the understanding of interspecific relationships in different site conditions and building a more stable ecosystem.


The study aimed to determine whether athletes who practice biofeedback are able to self-regulate by reaching resonance frequency and gaining physiological control quicker than if practice time integrates imagery or a rest period. Intervention effectiveness (e.g., intervention length, time spent training) was also explored. Twenty-seven university athletes were assigned to one of three groups: (a) biofeedback (i.e., continuous training), (b) biofeedback/imagery (i.e., interspersed with imagery), and (c) biofeedback/rest (i.e., interspersed with a rest period). Five biofeedback sessions training respiration rate, heart rate variability, and skin conductance were conducted. A repeated-measure analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between groups over time (p ≤ .05) for respiration rate, heart rate variability, and skin conductance, indicating that resonance frequency and physiological control was regained following imagery or a rest period. Postmanipulation check data found intervention length and training time to be sufficient. Combining imagery with biofeedback may optimize management of psychophysiological processes.


The use of mathematical models to study the transport of suspended sediments and heavy metals (HM) in water and riverbeds is of growing interest among the scientific community. A model of three partial differential equations solved by a numerical scheme of a third order was applied. The aim was to verify a numerical one-dimensional (1D) model for sediment and heavy metal concentrations in the water and bed applying analytical solutions, for three sedimentological conditions with a continuous source. The importance of the magnitude and sense of the diffusive process in the active bed sediment layer was studied. Differences between numerical and analytical results were quantified for: sediment concentration in the water column, total HM concentration in the water column and HM concentration in bed sediments. All these differences were less than 0.4% in all cases. Numerical results for two more complex scenarios were included. For the first scenario, water without HM flowing over a contaminated bed was assumed, whereas for the second one, the opposite – contaminated water with HM flowing over a clean bed − was adopted. A brief analysis of the initial conditions of HM concentration showed the importance of determining such initial conditions in actual environmental studies.


The shrinking student numbers in IS programs in developed countries have created a crisis for the IS profession. In this paper, we explore how offshoring is affecting the IS discipline both directly and indirectly and show some of the major causes behind the relocation of IS work. Our primary message is that while offshoring has impacted the location of some IS tasks, this has not led to the demise of the field. Indeed, in contrast to the public conception, the statistics show there are more IS jobs now than ever before in developed countries. We explore what can be done to better prepare the field for the offshoring challenge and to align the rather negative public perception of the future of the IS field with reality. While simple IS tasks such as coding can be commoditized and are therefore vulnerable to offshoring, other significant pieces of IS work (e.g., business modeling/IS business analysis) are "customer-facing" with high levels of complexity. The latter are less vulnerable to commoditization and consequently less likely to be offshored. We recommend that the academic IS community focuses more on producing these customer-facing IS personnel that organizations will increasingly look for. We offer some suggestions for stakeholder groups in the field to address the key challenges they face.


The neu oncogene, identified in ethylnitrosourea-induced rat neuroglioblastomas, had strong homology with the erbB gene that encodes the epidermal growth factor receptor. This homology was limited to the region of erbB encoding the tyrosine kinase domain. It was concluded that the neu gene is a distinct novel gene, as it is not coamplified with sequences encoding the EGF receptor in the genome of the A431 tumor line and it maps to human chromosome 17.


During migration, microtubules are stabilized at the cell's leading edge. At the same time, focal adhesions form in this region and integrins at the cell surface associate with the extracellular matrix to initiate adhesion-induced signals. Palazzo et al. (see the Perspective by Guan) report that a signaling pathway that manages microtubule stability through the small guanosine triphosphate-binding protein Rho is linked to an integrin-mediated signaling pathway at the leading edge. Specific membrane microdomains at the cell surface may serve as an intermediary to facilitate pathway interaction. Similar membrane microdomains are also targeted by the Rho-related protein Rac. Del Pozo et al. (see the Perspective by Guan) found that when cells detach from extracellular matrix, such membrane microdomains and their associated Rac are internalized, which prevents downstream signaling events in the integrin-Rac pathway that controls processes, such as cell migration. A. F. Palazzo, C. H. Eng, D. D. Schlaepfer, E. E. Marcantonio, G. G. Gundersen, Localized stabilization of microtubules by integrin- and FAK-facilitated Rho signaling. Science 303, 836-839 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text] J.-L. Guan, Integrins, rafts, Rac, and Rho. Science 303, 773-774 (2004). [Summary] [Full Text] M. A. del Pozo, N. B. Alderson, W. B. Kiosses, H.-H. Chiang, R. G. W. Anderson, M. A. Schwartz, Integrins regulate Rac targeting by internalization of membrane domains. Science 303, 839-842 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This teaching case study focuses on a method developed by the Centre for Entrepreneurship at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) for preparing students to enter the workforce as a Freelancer or Independent Consultant. This method has been carefully crafted, based on student feedback and calls for this type of training, bringing in to sharp focus the balance of policy, pedagogy and practice. The starting point is a reflection on constructivist philosophies of education, tested models that inform entrepreneurship education, and an evaluation of students' demand for a specific skill-set to face the freelancing economy. The questions that were posed and answered throughout the case study provide trigger points for reflection, where both educators and researchers can ask the same questions to evoke results at their own institutions. The model that emerged from this case study can also be applied, and adapted in its current form, providing educators with a robust pro forma for their own curriculum development. This model has implications for entrepreneurship education and pedagogy and for students hoping to freelance.


Significant greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from all sectors of human enterprise are necessary to avoid further effects and reduce the current effects of climate change. Agriculture and the global food system are estimated to contribute to one-third of all anthropogenic GHGs. In British Columbia, Canada, mandated GHG reduction targets and voluntary climate action programs are challenging local governments to include emission reduction targets, policies, and actions within official planning documents. At this early stage of GHG reductions, local government attention does not yet include agriculture but is directed toward the transportation, buildings, and waste management sectors. Given agriculture's contribution to GHG emissions and local government's engagement with GHG mitigation and food system planning, it seems reasonable to anticipate that over time, local governments should and will engage increasingly in reducing GHGs from agriculture. With the goal of advancing agriculture GHG mitigation by local governments, this paper reviews the jurisdictional powers governing agriculture and climate change within British Columbia. It examines how local governments can support mitigation within the sector through their roles in planning, policy, programming, and public engagement, and identifies potential research agenda items.


A novel kind of superimposed fiber Bragg gratings (SI-FBGs) named SI-sampled FBGs (SI-SFBGs) is proposed to control the phase relationship among SI sub-gratings by modulating the sampling periods. The realization of such phase-controlled SI-SFBGs just needs a single uniform phase mask and sub-micrometer precision moving stage. The success of phase-controll is expected to encourage SI-SFBGs' applications in more sophisticated fields. As a demonstration, their applications in spectral-phase en/decoding are testified by both simulation and experiment. The spectral-phase encoded (SPE) encoders with the longest code-length that FBG-based SPE encoders can achieve, i.e., 64-frequency bins, are experimentally fabricated for the first time. The results show the advantages accompanying the SI-SFBGs-based SPE encoders compared with the traditional methods.


This is the first book to describe in detail the principles of Outward Bound, told through the stories of former instructors and graduates who show how to apply them to create healthier, more effective teams, organizations, and communities.
 For nearly six decades Outward Bound USA's education programs have shaped the lives of tens of thousands of participants. Strangers are put in an unfamiliar and unpredictable setting, where to succeed they must develop a sense of teamwork, resilience, self-confidence, and a focus on the greater good. But, Mark Brown asks, isn't the modern world just as unpredictable and challenging as any mountain or desert? He shows how the same principles that bind people together in the natural world work just as well in cities, companies, and communities.
 This book explores the concept of Expeditionary Leadership through the stories of people such as third-generation business steward Laura Kohler, the Home Depot cofounder Arthur Blank, and former United States Senator Mark Udall, whose lives were touched by Outward Bound and who then went on to make a positive difference in the world. They show how each of us can, in our own way, use the Outward Bound philosophy to bravely face the wild unknowns in our daily lives.
 From training the first Peace Corps volunteers to partnering with thousands of educational institutions and corporations, Outward Bound has helped build the self-confidence and character of participants who have gone on to live richer, more fulfilling, and successful lives. Outward Bound internationally operates in thirty-three countries and impacts nearly a quarter of a million people annually.


Deep neuroevolution and deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) algorithms are two popular approaches to policy search. The former is widely applicable and rather stable, but suffers from low sample efficiency. By contrast, the latter is more sample efficient, but the most sample efficient variants are also rather unstable and highly sensitive to hyper-parameter setting. So far, these families of methods have mostly been compared as competing tools. However, an emerging approach consists in combining them so as to get the best of both worlds. Two previously existing combinations use either an ad hoc evolutionary algorithm or a goal exploration process together with the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm, a sample efficient off-policy deep RL algorithm. In this paper, we propose a different combination scheme using the simple cross-entropy method (CEM) and Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic policy gradient (td3), another off-policy deep RL algorithm which improves over ddpg. We evaluate the resulting method, cem-rl, on a set of benchmarks classically used in deep RL. We show that cem-rl benefits from several advantages over its competitors and offers a satisfactory trade-off between performance and sample efficiency.


SIVACI, A., R. BINZET, S. DUMAN and H. I. TEKE, 2015. The determination of total antioxidant activity, phenolics and pigments during vegetative and reproductive periods of Onosma species. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 261–265 This study was carried out in order to evaluate the changes in antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and pigments during the vegetative (April) and reproductive (May) periods of Onosma species (Onosma rascheyana and Onosma sericea). The antioxidant activity in vegetative period was higher (lowest activity) than reproductive period in O. sericea and O. rascheyana. In vegetative period, total phenolic compounds of O. rascheyana and O. sericea were lower than reproductive period. Pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) in reproductive period were higher than vegetative in both O. sericea and O. rascheyana.


In its original novel form and subsequent theatrical versions, Ellen Wood's East Lynne (1861) tells the story of Lady Isabel, who infiltrates her former home disguised as a servant. This essay explores Isabel in the context of other acting heroines of sensation novels by Mary Elizabeth Braddon and Wilkie Collins. These actresses give performances as servants as an unexpected means to gain access to the domestic space and to achieve personal independence. While the servant who acts and dresses above her station has been recognized as a stock character of sensation fiction, the lady-qua-servant merits equal attention. The servant and the actress share an ambiguity of class and the stigma of sexuality that make them a natural fit for sensation fiction's tropes of illicit behaviour, secret identities, and forbidden romance. The actress-servant is able to use her attention to costume, her emotional control, and her performance of helplessness to deflect suspicion from her true motives. While the other actresses largely use their servant roles for mercenary purposes, Isabel poses as a governess to reclaim her titles of 'mother' and 'wife', literalising the subservience she previously performed as a 'lady.'


Same-Sex Marriage: The Cultural Politics of Love and Law. By Kathleen E. Hull. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 294 pages. $75.00 cloth; $29.99 paper. Same-sex couples today rely on a variety of cultural practices to define their relationships as marriages-from public commitment rituals to private ring exchanges to the use of marriage-related terminology to refer to their partners or relationships. Such practices suggest that many same-sex couples embrace the cultural aspects of marriage even when they cannot obtain the legal status and benefits derived from state recognition. Drawing on data from interviews with more than 70 gays and lesbians in committed relationships, as well as participant-observation of commitment rituals and content analysis of public debates over same-sex marriage in Hawaii and Vermont, Hull provides a compelling analysis of how gays and lesbians understand the relationship between the cultural and legal dimensions of marriage. The book makes two main arguments. First, Hull argues that the case of same-sex marriage highlights law's distinctive cultural power, beyond its capacity to deliver specific rights and protections to individual citizens. In explaining their support for legal recognition of same-sex relationships, virtually all of the gays and lesbians in her study cited the practical benefits of legal marriage-access to health insurance or Social security benefits, tax benefits, and decisionmaking authority in hospitals. But many participants also spoke of the cultural legitimacy that legal marriage would bring to same-sex relationships, articulating the belief that equal legal treatment of their relationships would lead to greater social acceptance of gays and lesbians. Comparing these justifications for legal recognition with the arguments made in public debates over same-sex marriage, Hull makes the striking observation that same-sex couples' interest in the symbolic benefits of legal recognition was better represented in the public discourse of opponents than of supporters of same-sex marriage. Public advocates for same-sex marriage relied heavily on the rhetoric of rights and equality but frequently downplayed the cultural legitimacy effects of legal recognition. By contrast, opponents of legal recognition viewed the relationship between law and culture as obvious - indeed, it was precisely the cultural legitimacy conferred by legal recognition that they feared. In this sense, Hull finds an ironic parallel between the views of public opponents of same-sex marriage and those gays and lesbians who sought legalized marriage for its legitimating effects: both groups viewed the cultural message of state recognition as one of inclusion and acceptance, and while opponents acknowledged and feared this legitimacy effect, many gays and lesbians actively pursued it. That Hull's participants believed in law's perceived symbolic power to legitimize, normali/e, and equalize same-sex relationships is not in itself a novel rinding. This assumed causal relationship between official law and broader social transformation lies at the heart of Scheingold's 1974 articulation of the "myth of rights." But where some sociolegal scholars have argued that the cultural belief in the power of rights is something that can be mobilized as a political resource in social reform efforts, Hull's findings suggest that in the case of same-sex marriage, rights discourse alone-stripped of substantive arguments for marriage as a moral or social good-fails to fully resonate with many gays and lesbians. …


Conceptual innovations are a central feature of global environmental governance. Confronting degradation and unsustainability, scholars and practitioners turn to new concepts to identify, make sense of, and chart new directions towards meaningful governance solutions. But why do some concepts create lasting changes to governance institutions and governance practices, while others do not? Ideational theories of international relations highlight the importance of normative fit. In this paper we analysis the concept of ecosystem services to show that normative fit is just one dimension of governance fitness, which also includes practical fitness. Ecologists and economists coined the concept of ecosystem services to make biodiversity conservation intelligible to decision-makers versed in economic thinking. It has gained rhetorical traction, but ultimately failed to change how we treat nature because it lacks practical fitness. We interviewed fifty-six individuals working in twelve international organizations that have sought to translate the concept of ecosystem services into practice. Our analysis reveals forces limiting practical fit and constraining institutional uptake at three levels of analysis: structural, organizational, and agent. We present a cautionary tale that pushes scholars to carefully consider practical fit alongside normative fit when suggesting new concepts as organizing frames for how we govern global environmental challenges.


A central tenet of embodied artificial intelligence is that intelligent behavior arises out of the coupled dynamics between an agent's body, brain and environment. It follows that the complexity of an agents's controller and morphology must match the complexity of a given task. However, more complex task environments require the agent to exhibit different behaviors, which raises the question as to how to distribute responsibility for these behaviors across the agents's controller and morphology. In this work a robot is trained to locomote and manipulate an object, but the assumption of functional specialization is relaxed: the robot has a segmented body plan in which the front segment may participate in locomotion and object manipulation, or it may specialize to only participate in object manipulation. In this way, selection pressure dictates the presence and degree of functional specialization rather than such specialization being enforced a priori. It is shown that for the given task, evolution tends to produce functionally specialized controllers, even though successful generalized controllers can also be evolved. Moreover, the robot's initial conditions and training order have little effect on the frequency of finding specialized controllers, while the inclusion of additional proprioceptive feedback increases this frequency.


Methylation levels measured at defined sites across the genome have recently been shown to be correlated with an individual's chronological age. Age acceleration, or the difference between age estimated from DNA methylation status and chronological age, has been proposed as a novel biomarker of aging. In this study, the cross-sectional association between two different measures of age acceleration and cognitive function was investigated using whole blood samples from 2,157 African-American participants 47-70 years of age in the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Cognition was evaluated using three domain-specific tests. A significant inverse association between a one-year increase in age acceleration calculated using a blood-based age predictor and scores on the Word Fluency Test was found using a general linear model adjusted for chronological age, gender, and years of education (β = -0.140 words; p = 0.001) and after adding other potential confounding variables (β = -0.104 words, p = 0.023). The results were replicated in 1,670 European participants in the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (fully adjusted model: β = -0.199 words; p = 0.034). A significant association was also identified in a trans-ethnic meta-analysis across cohorts that included an additional 708 European American ARIC study participants (fully adjusted model: β = -0.110 words, p = 0.003). There were no associations found using an estimate of age acceleration derived from multiple tissues. These findings provide evidence that age acceleration is a correlate of performance on a test of verbal fluency in middle-aged adults.


Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domestic ruminants, caused by a Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae). It is widespread in Africa and has recently spread to Yemen and Saudi Arabia. RVF epidemics are more and more frequent in Africa and the Middle East, probably in relation with climatic changes (episodes of heavy rainfall in eastern and southern Africa), as well as intensified livestock trade. The probability of introduction and large-scale spread of RVF in Europe is very low, but localized RVF outbreaks may occur in humid areas with a large population of ruminants. Should this happen, human cases would probably occur in exposed individuals: farmers, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees etc. Surveillance and diagnostic methods are available, but control tools are limited: vector control is difficult to implement, and vaccines are only available for ruminants, with either a limited efficacy (inactivated vaccines) or a residual pathogenic effect. The best strategy to protect Europe and the rest of the world against RVF is to develop more efficient surveillance and control tools and to implement coordinated regional monitoring and control programmes.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to investigate the role of an exogenous Epidermal Growth Factor and a hyaluronic acid-based scaffold on fracture healing in a rat femoral fracture model Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar-Albino rats, each weighing a mean 392 grams (range= 350-450 grams) and aged 8.2 months (6-9 months), were used for this experimental study. All surgical procedures were performed on the left femur by a single surgeon. An open femoral fracture was created in all rats. The animals were randomly divided into one of the four groups: Control (12), EGF (12), HA (12) and Combined (12). In the 4th and sixth weeks, samples were processed and analyzed using biomechanical and histological methods.

RESULTS
Fracture healing was significantly improved in the Combined group compared to the control one, EGF and HA groups in all parameters at both experimental time points. At the fourth and sixth weeks after surgery, fracture healing in the EGF and HA groups was significantly increased at histological evaluation compared to controls. In addition, compared with EGF, HA and Control groups, a significant difference in callus tissue was detected in the Combined group at 4 and 6-week time points in biomechanical features.

CONCLUSION
This study has shown that combining local EGF and HA scaffold accelerates bone healing and strengthens the bony callus histologically and biomechanically. Using EGF-HA combined scaffolds may represent a possible future strategy in trauma surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
N/A.


CONDUCTING FIELDWORK AMONG SUBaltern populations in South India, I have come to define ethnomusicological fieldwork as an experience of dialogical exchange of music and its values. When feminist and Dalit (formerly so-called untouchable) politics are the central practice of the music culture studied, critical dialogue leading to social change by all actors, including the fieldworker, is expected and must be taken into account in the ethnographic process. (1) Jeff Titon defines ethnomusicological fieldwork as playing music with other individuals and the "field" as that shared experience. (2) This paper explores the negotiation of political ideas and the critique of musical practice as an inherent part of sharing music and creating an intersubjective musical understanding with my Indian collaborators in my study of Dalit liberation theology in Tamil folk music. I define fieldwork as a means to the creation of social change and the field as those relationships that reveal or negotiate the shared values that contributed to that change. Sharing with my Indian colleagues my feminist analysis of the performance practice of their music was an essential step toward gaining their trust in me as an activist, not just a scholar. The resulting rapport enabled my colleagues to relate to me their understandings of Indian caste and gender politics and thus the meaning of their music's relation to it. In the process of sharing my feminist analysis of women's roles in performance at the seminary where I conducted my ethnography I affected the practice of the music. This brought me face-to-face with the question, Should fieldwork and ethnography be a means to social and musical change? If so, how does the ethnographer theorize this process? I argue that while ethical dilemmas will undoubtedly present themselves through this method of engagement, I have balanced them by a focus in my writing on the agency expressed by my colleagues in this negotiation. I found that those with whom I had a political affinity engaged with the analysis and then consciously chose to change their teaching practice as a result. Those with whom I lacked this affinity chose not to engage with the criticism and continued to practice as before. Since 1993 my ethnomusicological fieldwork in South India has focused on the indigenization of Tamil Christian music. (3) Tamils are the primary ethnic and language group of Tamil Nadu, the southeasternmost state of India. Christians make up 6 percent of this population (almost 3 million people), with the first Tamils converting to Protestant Christianity at the turn of the eighteenth century. My original study of Tamil Protestant Christians is an ethnography of the production and transmission of Christian music at the Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary (NTS) in Madurai. While I focus on the transmission of liberation theology in folk music, the study also includes a survey of the history and range of indigenous musical styles, including karnatak (classical), film, and folk, used by the community. At TTS I participated in daily chapel worship, seminars, music classes, recording sessions, and political events while doing intensive interviews about the production and transmission of Christian music. My participation as a student of music and theology engaged me in the politics of liberation theology, caste, feminism, and various social movements that are at the heart of the mission of this seminary and its recent musical productions. Through experiencing the musical theology of the Reverend James Theophilus Appavoo (b. 1940) at TTS I encountered a language, musical style, content, performance, and transmission practice alternative to that used in mainstream liturgies of the Church of South India (CSI). Appavoo is a middle-class Dalit (politicized out-caste) who grew up in an urban area and only turned away from classical music to folk music as a possible means of transmitting liberation theology when he, as a priest, observed firsthand the oppression of rural Dalits. …


This paper reports on the development and formal certification (proof of semantic preservation) of a compiler from Cminor (a Clike imperative language) to PowerPC assembly code, using the Coq proof assistant both for programming the compiler and for proving its correctness. Such a certified compiler is useful in the context of formal methods applied to the certification of critical software: the certification of the compiler guarantees that the safety properties proved on the source code hold for the executable compiled code as well.


We perform a field experiment to measure racial discrimination in the labor market. We respond with fictitious resumes to help-wanted ads in Boston and Chicago newspapers. To manipulate perception of race, each resume is randomly assigned either a very African American sounding name or a very White sounding name. The results show significant discrimination against African-American names: White names receive 50 percent more callbacks for interviews. We also find that race affects the benefits of a better resume. For White names, a higher quality resume elicits 30 percent more callbacks whereas for African Americans, it elicits a far smaller increase. Applicants living in better neighborhoods receive more callbacks but, interestingly, this effect does not differ by race. The amount of discrimination is uniform across occupations and industries. Federal contractors and employers who list "Equal Opportunity Employer" in their ad discriminate as much as other employers. We find little evidence that our results are driven by employers inferring something other than race, such as social class, from the names. These results suggest that racial discrimination is still a prominent feature of the labor market. research assistance. We are also grateful to numerous colleagues and seminar participants for very helpful comments.


Nowadays, fuel ethanol is both used as a substitute and an additive to the conventional fossil fuels and the interest in converting lignocellulose to fuel ethanol has expanded in the last few decades. Lignocellulose is attractive as raw material due to its high abundance and low price. However, chemical hydrolysis or pre-treatment of lignocelluloses creates several components that are toxic to fermenting organisms and makes cultivation complicated. By using encapsulated yeast, one can overcome this problem. In encapsulation, the yeast cells are confined inside a capsule composed of an outer semi-permeable membrane and an inner liquid core (Fig. 1). Encapsulation is an attractive method since it can improve the cell stability and inhibitor tolerance, increase the biomass concentration, and decrease the cost of cell recovery, recycling, downstream processing, and fermentation time. Mechanical resistance is a key parameter together with permeability for the success of an encapsulation system. In order to improve the robustness of the capsules we are testing different cross linkers to introduce covalent bonds to the chitosan-alginate matrix. By treating chitosan covered alginate capsules with glutaraldehyde the capsules became harder and less elastic. One big disadvantage in using crosslinking agent is, however, that they are toxic for the yeast. If the encapsulated yeast is treated at too harsh conditions they will die. Although, to improve the capsules mechanical strength the membrane have to be crosslinked to a satisfying degree. We have examined different capsule-treatments and found some encouraging results when applying repetitive treatments with crosslinking agent.


The overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of geotechnical and geohydrological reports on EIA decision making. The relation between geohydrological and geotechnical specialist recommendations and mitigation measures in the EMP was examined, followed by an investigation of the relation between the EMP and the conditions and obl igations of the decision (Environmental Authorisation). A review package that consisted of 29 criteria was generated and applied to each role player namely the specialist, environmental assessment practitioner and the authority. The list of criteria relating to geotechnical and geohydrological aspects were grouped under Review areas 1 (criteria 1 13) and 2 (criteria 14 24) respectively. There were also several additional issues (Review area 3) that did not clearly fall into the geotechnical or geohydrological fields, but rather belong to other departments, such as architecture, health, safety, etc. The trail of decision making was systematically extracted from the specialist reports, EIA reports and finally what was recommended and required in the authorization. This delivered a data set of 3 x 29 review scores (A, B, C, F and N) for every report, which were analyzed by means of basic descriptive statistics. Scores were converted to S (success) and F (fail) to reflect the effect on decision making. Different permutations of successes (S) and failures (F) were investigated to relate cases, performance and role players to decision making. The ideal permutation, SSS (high score for all three role players) scored 79%, which suggested that the specialist reports are adequately reflected in conditions of authorization in the majority of cases. The remain ing fraction of cases is all some form of mismatch between the role players' recommendations. These are cases where good decisions followed weak specialist and/or EAP performances, and where good specialisUEAP performance was followed by poor decisions. Both the EAP and authority comply well with the specialist reports with a relatively low failure and the EIA process could be judged as successful. Specialist reports do influence decision making and results suggest that the use of specialist reports are essential in South African EIA.


BackgroundCritically ill trauma patients frequently require prolonged endotracheal intubation and ventilator support. After extubation, swallowing difficulties may exist in ≤50% of patients. We sought to determine whether performing a swallowing evaluation would reduce the incidence of postextubation aspiration and subsequent pneumonia. DesignRandomized, prospective clinical trial of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) vs. routine clinical management in patients after prolonged intubation. MethodsSeventy patients who were intubated for >48 hrs were randomized. FEES examinations were performed within 24 ± 2 hrs after extubation. Silent aspiration was defined as the appearance of liquid or puree bolus below the true vocal cords without coughing during a FEES examination. Clinical aspiration was defined as the removal of enteral content from below the vocal cords, usually during endotracheal tube placement. ResultsThere were five episodes of aspiration and pneumonia in the FEES group (14%, two silent) and two in the clinical group (6%, not significant, Fisher exact test). Patients aged >55 yrs and those with vallecular stasis on FEES examination were at significantly higher risk of postextubation aspiration. All patients with pneumonia had an associated aspiration episode. ConclusionsPatients with prolonged orotracheal intubation are at risk of aspiration after extubation. The addition of a FEES examination did not change the incidence of aspiration or postextubation pneumonia.


This paper considers whether the Government of Canada's proposed legislation addressing technological protection measures and rights management information would be constitutionally valid federal law and examines the provinces' role in the debate over these copyright reforms. The Constitution allocates exclusive legislative responsibility for various matters to either the federal or provincial governments. The constitutionality of the proposed provisions turns on their pith and substance, which seems to involve technological and contractual controls over terms of distribution of digital materials. For a list of reasons, qualifications on the legal effects, intended to tether the legislation to existing copyright doctrine, may not be sufficient to resolve the constitutional issues. The key point is not whether the provisions trace the scope of the existing Copyright Act, but whether they are in the nature of Copyrights laws for the purpose of the Constitution Act, 1867. In this context, one must consider not only the provisions' strict legal operation, but also their purpose and practical effects. A thorough study of the proposed provisions shows them to be "paracopyright" laws, the true character of which is quite different from traditional copyright legislation. Consequently, there are some doubts whether the provisions can be sustained as a matter within federal authority over Copyrights, Trade and Commerce, Criminal Law, or laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada. An argument can be made that this issue falls under the provinces' authority in respect of Property and Civil Rights. Certainly, the broader the provisions, the further they trench into the provinces' domain, and the more vulnerable they become. The federal Government should be reluctant to test the limits of the Copyrights clause by widening the proposed legislation before it is enacted, and courts ought to be wary of the constitutional concerns when interpreting the law once it is passed. The best way to avoid constitutional problems is to resolve current ambiguities so as to narrow the scope of the proposed provisions. Further study and consultation with the provinces is warranted before these provisions become law. Regardless of the federal Government's intentions, the provinces might be able to take jurisdiction over certain aspects of technological protection measures (TPMs) and rights management information (RMI). Provincial Attorney Generals must, therefore, contribute to this discussion. Doing so will facilitate democratic involvement in the law reform process and maximize opportunities for effective citizen participation. These are among the foremost goals, not only of copyright law, but also of the entire Canadian federal system.


10th of July 2017, the President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Government Regulation In Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2017 (known as 'Perppu Ormas') to revise the Law No. 17 of 2013 concerning Societal Organization (known as 'UU Ormas'), and finally legalized by the House of Representatives as a revised Law. This law is claimed to safeguard the state ideology of Pancasila by disbanding Anti-Pancasila societal organizations (SO). The first change is that previously only atheism and communism/Marxism-Leninism is considered as 'Anti-Pancasila'. Now it includes 'changing Pancasila and the constitution'. The second change is that previously to disband an SO would require a court ruling, now such court ruling is no longer required. With a doctrinal legal research, two things will be found: the first change is a minor one considering the framework of UU Ormas, while the second change is a major one because it is an issue of potential infringement of constitutional rights. Surely the Pancasila was never intended to violate a constitutional right. However, does the media do any better to defend the Pancasila? With a content analysis research, the extent of coverage Government online media on the Perppu Ormas issue will be observed. It is found that there is a tendency of Government online media to very heavily provide coverage of the first change is so heavily extensive, despite it being a minor change. It is found also that the second change receives very little coverage, despite it being a major change. With the same method, some online mainstream media is observed. It is found that there is still a tendency to highlight the first change more, but much less drastic. As shown above, this research is primarily a content analysis research but also combined with a doctrinal legal research. It is concluded that the contrast of coverage can distort and mislead the public in supporting the Perppu Ormas and newly revised UU Ormas. Further, the online media is doing a better but not sufficient role in this. Keywords—media coverage; perppu ormas; Indonesia; human rights; Pancasila


The footwall of the Wasatch fault in the Corner Creek area near Salt Lake City is hydrothermally altered and deformed quartz monzonite of the Oligocene Little Cottonwood stock. Secondary fluid inclusions are associated with hydrothermal alteration minerals and structural deformation. Thermometric measurements of fluid inclusion characteristics indicate entrapment of a CO2-H2O-NaCl fluid at minimum temperatures of 223–353 °C and minimum fluid pressures of 900–2800 bar. The 2800-bar fluid pressure is near lithostatic pressure at a depth of 11 km, the minimum displacement of the fault that is required for exhumation of the observed alteration and fluid inclusions and more than three times greater than most previous estimates. The large displacement estimate is supported by the occurrence of pyrophyllite in shales in the footwall, by the petrology of metamorphosed shale surrounding an unroofed pluton in the footwall, and by geologic reconstruction of the eroded footwall.


This paper presents Rtadf (right-tail augmented Dickey-Fuller), an EViews add-in that facilitates the performance of time series based tests that help detect and date-stamp asset price bubbles. The detection strategy is based on a right-tail variation of the standard augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test where the alternative hypothesis is of a mildly explosive process. Rejection of the null in each of these tests may serve as empirical evidence for an asset price bubble. The add-in implements four types of tests: standard ADF, rolling window ADF, supremum ADF (SADF; Phillips, Wu, and Yu 2011) and generalized SADF (GSADF; Phillips, Shi, and Yu 2015). It calculates the test statistics for each of the above four tests, simulates the corresponding exact finite sample critical values and p values via Monte Carlo methods, under the assumption of Gaussian innovations, and produces a graphical display of the date stamping procedure.


As we noted in the introduction we have chosen to produce a book about Mediterranean mass tourism. Not just mass tourism that happens to take place in the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean variety and inflection of mass tourism. With this choice we wanted to emphasize the fact that (even) mass tourism has histories and geographies. Moreover, the space of tourism has often been methodologically fragmented and marginalized as a side effect of two trends in research. First, research on tourism practices (as in many chapters in this volume) has often proceeded empirically through case studies of single destinations. Partly, this may be down to the logistics and funding of research, partly the difficulties of comparative work. Second, the space of tourism has been marginal both in academia conceptually but also on the ground – where resorts are often at the end of the line, and the edge of territories. Thus recent assessments on regeneration and decline in British resorts point to transport and communication links leaving them marginalized (Communities and Local Government Committee 2007), while for many traditions of area studies tourism areas are equally on the edge of the territory and the fading edge of the culture. This scale and focus is a variant of a methodological nationalism that is by no means confined to work on tourism. Indeed, in historiography it has often seemed that history only occurs at the scale of the nation state (Bentley 1999).
However, we also want to outline some cautions on the imagining of the Mediterranean. The anthropology of Mediterranean studies has all to often given a homogeneity to the region, indeed we might say defined the region through key attributes such as cultures of 'honour' and 'shame' (Albera 2006) and notions of cultural survivalism, where the antique survives into modernity (Mitchell 2002). Critics have argued with some force and justification that while Braudel and others have argued for the Mediterranean as 'an ecological unit', anthropology has seen it as a culture area characterized by the presence of codes of honour and shame in gender relations of a hierarchical nature and in so doing end up opposing the primitivism of the Mediterranean with the modernity of Europe (see examples in Albera 2006: 116). As such a regionalist anthropology has colluded with a literary trope that portrays the Mediterranean through a limited range of generally cultural stereotypes of its people (Shore 1995) and a geohistoire has spoken to a region grounded in climate and agriculture – which themselves ascribe a different temporality to the region. Indeed geography has long learnt to be wary of models of cultural areas that all too often suppress heterogeneity, internal conflicts between subcultures and tend to be founded on models of rustic society (Crang 1998: 21). Where tourism is addressed at all it is as a problem, for people, places and research, not as one of the engines forging a Mediterranean regional identity. So we begin by asking what it is that a Mediterranean focus offers, first in terms of destabilising the usual categories of nation and place by focusing upon a maritime imaginary like Homer's wine dark sea, second by looking at the analytic risks and commercial uses of fixing and exoticising the Mediterranean, and then, third, asking how mass tourism is refracted through Mediterranean practices and imaginations and the diversity of outcomes now emerging creating many Mediterraneans and many mass tourisms.


Abstract Objective. To determine the relationship between serum vitamin A and E and apolipoprotein levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Setting. Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Subjects and methods. One hundred and seventeen eligible type 2 diabetic patients who attended the Endocrine Research and Metabolism Center between 2002 and 2004 were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected after a 12 - 14-hour overnight fast for the measurement of serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein (apo) A1 and apoB, and vitamins A and E. Anthropometric indices were determined by physical examination. Data were analysed statistically using Pearson's coefficient, multiple regression, and partial and bivariate correlations. Results. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the subjects was 27.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2. The mean (± standard deviation (SD)) serum levels of vitamins A and E were 0.5 ± 0.1 µg/ml and 9.5 ± 2.6 µg/ml, respectively. There were no significant differences in the plasma levels of vitamins A and E in males and females. Mean serum levels of vitamins A and E were within the normal range for both sexes. Serum lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglyceride and apoB) correlated with serum levels of vitamin E (p < 0.05). Serum levels of vitamins A and E were also correlated (p < 0.05). Standardised vitamin E levels showed significant negative correlation with most studied lipid profiles (p < 0.05). Conclusion. This study found that mean serum levels of the natural antioxidants vitamin E, and especially vitamin A, were close to the lower end of the normal range of these antioxidants in type 2 diabetics. Also, serum vitamin E and standardised vitamin E levels were important predictors of serum apoA1 levels in these patients.