Four high-quality seismic reflection profiles through the southern Illinois Basin, totaling 245 km in length, provide an excellent regional subsurface stratigraphic and structural framework for evaluation of seismic risk, hydrocarbon occurrence, and other regional geologic studies. These data provide extensive subsurface information on the geometry of the intersection of the Cambrian Reelfoot and Rough Creek rifts, on extensive Proterozoic reflection sequences, and on structures (including the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex and Hicks Dome) that underlie a transitional area between the well-defined New Madrid seismic zone (to the southwest) and a more diffuse area of seismicity in the southern Illinois Basin.

Our principal interpretations from these data are listed here in order of geologic age, from oldest to youngest:

1. Prominent Proterozoic layering, possibly equivalent to Proterozoic (∼1 Ga) Middle Run Formation clastic strata and underlying (1.3–1.5 Ga) volcanic rocks of the East Continent rift basin, has been strongly deformed, probably as part of the Grenville foreland fold and thrust belt.

2. A well-defined angular unconformity is seen in many places between Proterozoic and Cambrian strata; a post-Grenville Proterozoic sequence is also apparent locally, directly beneath the base of the Cambrian.

3. We infer a major reversal in Cambrian rift polarity (accommodation zone) in the Rough Creek Graben in western Kentucky.

4. Seismic facies analysis suggests the presence of basin-floor fan complexes at and near the base of the Cambrian interval and within parts of a Proterozoic post-Grenville sequence in several parts of the Rough Creek Graben.

5. There is an abrupt pinchout of the Mount Simon Sandstone against crystalline basement beneath the Dale Dome (near the Texaco no. 1 Cuppy well, Hamilton County) in southeastern Illinois, and a more gradual Mount Simon pinchout to the southeast.

6. Where crossed by the seismic reflection line in southeast Illinois, some faults in the Wabash Valley Fault System produce discrete offset in Ordovician and younger strata only; one of the Wabash Valley faults cuts the top of the Precambrian on this seismic profile.

7. The data show clear evidence of late Paleozoic reverse faulting along both boundaries of the Rough Creek Graben in western Kentucky, although significant unreactivated Cambrian rift-bounding faults are also preserved.

8. Chaotic reflection patterns in the lower and middle Paleozoic strata near Hicks Dome, southern Illinois, are related to a combination of intrusive brecciation, intense faulting, and alteration of carbonate strata by acidic mineralizing fluids, all of which occurred in the Permian.

9. Late Paleozoic(?) reverse faulting is interpreted on one flank of the Rock Creek Graben, southern Illinois.

10. Permian and Mesozoic(?) extensional faulting is clearly imaged in the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex; neotectonic studies suggest that these structures were reactivated in the Quaternary.


Microwaves heat food rapidly and foods are prepared in less time. However, due to non-uniform heating nature of microwave cooking, there exists a serious concern over complete elimination of pathogens in the food. There has been an increase in interest to accurately understand the behavior of different food materials in a microwave field and microbial inactivation during microwave cooking. Recent research showed that fat content in muscle food plays an important role in microbial inactivation by increasing the inactivation level with an increase in the fat level. It was also demonstrated that muscle food heats up differently than a vegetable food product. Cooking food in a microwave oven either by covering the food container or not results in significantly different temperature profiles. The current research attempts to use modeling techniques to analyze impact of these factors on microwave heating. Mathematical modeling is faster, easier and economically better than actual experiments in determining heating behavior of a microwave-cooked food. Though modeling cannot completely replace actual experiments, it can be used as a tool to understand the effects of various factors influencing the microwave cooking. A factor that is highly important during microwave processing is dielectric properties of the material. The interaction of microwave with the food is mainly based on its dielectric properties, which can change with temperature. Therefore, determination of dielectric properties of food with respect to temperature becomes critical. The current research project has two parts. One to determine the dielectric properties of food being tested and another is to employ mathematical modeling techniques to analyze the effect of fat content, food type and the effect of cooking food by covering the bowl using the lid and not covering bowl. Dielectric properties of ground beef patties at 4%, 9%, 20% fat levels and frozen broccoli were determined using an open-ended, 3.6 mm diameter, semi-rigid coaxial line with copper conductors, connected to a network analyzer. The properties were determined at various temperatures. Foods were measured in triplicate. Results showed that dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of low fat ground beef were higher than that of high fat level ground beef. In addition, the dielectric properties of florets were lower than that of stem parts for frozen broccoli. A 1,200W, household type microwave oven was used in this study to heat the food. Food was placed in a microwave-safe glass bowl and cooked for 120 seconds. One headspace and three internal temperature measurements were recorded for every 0.6 seconds. Five replications were performed. Finite element method was used as modeling technique and temperatures were predicted. Experimental and predicted temperature values were compared. Results showed that the model used in the study was more suitable for modeling the uncovered cooking than covered cooking process. Modeling results also revealed that high fat ground beef patties reached higher temperature than low fat patties. In high fat meat products, fat content also contributed to increase in temperature during microwave heating. In vegetable products and low fat meat food, moisture content is mainly responsible for microwave heating. A more extensive study on critical fat level above which fat content helps in increasing temperature is needed. In addition, inclusion of steam properties in the headspace for modeling the covered cooking is recommended.


Summary Annual forages are an important crop in the High Plains, yet the region lacks recommended annual forage rotations compared to those developed for grain crops. Forages are important for the region's livestock and dairy industries and are becoming increasingly important as irrigation capacity and grain prices decrease. Forages require less water than grain crops and may allow for increased cropping system intensity and opportunistic cropping. A study was initiated in 2012 at the Southwest Research-Extension Center near Garden City, KS, comparing several 1, 3-, and 4-year forage rotations with no-tillage and minimum-tillage. Data presented are from 2013 through 2017. Tillage generally increased winter triticale yields 1,250 lb/a compared to no-till yields, due in part to increased plant available water. Plant available water at planting winter triti-cale averaged 5.2 in./a in min-till and 3.4 in./a in no-till. Double-crop forage sorghum yielded 22% less than full-season forage sorghum and yields were not affected by tillage. Oat yields were lower than forage sorghum or winter triticale yields. Subsequent years will be used to further compare forage rotations, develop crop-water relationships, and establish partial enterprise budgets.


The aim of this article is to report the results of a study examining salaried payment for general practitioners (GPs) in Scotland. The study examines 'paragraph 52' salaried payment, where GPs can employ a GP as a member of practice staff and claim reimbursement from the health board. The paper reports results of 18 semi-structured interviews with managers at two health boards, and at seven general practices who have a salaried GP. The paper also presents quantitative data about the nature of the salaried contracts and presents a comparison of practices with a salaried GP with other practices in Scotland. Seventeen practices employed a salaried GP 18 months after the scheme began. Ex-fundholders and training practices were more likely to have been selected by health boards to employ a salaried GP. The two health boards took different approaches to the scheme. The first selected those practices that were more likely to have identified specific service developments as part of their bid for a salaried GP. This approach might reward those practices that were already innovative, thus potentially increasing inequality in service provision between practices. The second health board used the scheme to maintain and support practices in rural areas, and was less concerned with service development, thus potentially reducing inequalities in access. Salaried GPs were ex-GP registrars and ex-locums who wanted more stability and less responsibility, and administration. Some were happy in their post, while others saw it as a stepping stone to a partnership. Most practices used the salaried GP to release the time of partners to engage in practice development. Some practices mentioned the financial benefits of the scheme and benefits in terms of enabling service development. Compared to using locums, it was suggested that referral rates of salaried GPs may be lower, and continuity of care higher. Participants felt strongly that the scheme should continue. The paragraph 52 scheme was used little, but was potentially valuable in introducing stability and experience for younger GPs who do not want a partnership. Health boards had different interpretations of the objectives and use of the scheme reflecting different local circumstances. The potential of the scheme to address inequalities in the distribution of GPs is uncertain.


Rayleigh matroids are a class of matroids with sets of bases that satisfy a strong negative correlation property. Interesting characteristics include the existence of an efficient algorithm for sampling the bases of a Rayleigh matroid [7]. It has been conjectured that the class of Rayleigh matroids satisfies Mason's conjecture [14]. Though many elementary properties of Rayleigh matroids have been established, it is not known if this class has a finite set of minimal excluded minors. At this time, it seems unlikely that this is the case. It has been shown that there is a single minimal excluded minor for the smaller class of binary Rayleigh matroids [5]. The aim of this thesis is to detail our search for the set of minimal excluded minors for ternary Rayleigh matroids. We have found several minimal excluded minors for the above class of matroids. However, our search is incomplete. It is unclear whether the set of excluded minors for this set of matroids is finite or not, and, if finite, what the complete set of minimal excluded minors is. For our method to answer this question definitively will require a new computer program. This program would automate a step in our process that we have done by hand: writing polynomials in at least ten indeterminates as a sum with many terms, squared.


The world-class Jiaodong gold district of northeast China contains many large Mesozoic gold deposits hosted by the Archean–Paleoproterozoic North China Craton. Peak metamorphism and devolatilisation of the cratonic basement occurred at 1.8 Ga, resulting in a gap of more than 1.5 b.y. between metamorphism and mineralisation, thereby excluding the possibility that metamorphic fluids played a role in the ore-forming system. Mineralisation in the Jiaodong district instead appears to represent a unique style of Au mineralisation that is related to widespread Mesozoic magmatism associated with reactivation of the eastern North China Craton. This thesis explores the mineralogical and geochemical signatures of the Jiaodong magmatic-hydrothermal system, and 1) provides the first detailed mineralogical and paragenetic characterisation of several of the largest gold deposits in the region, 2) evaluates the Jiaodong district in terms of modern genetic models for gold mineralisation, such as orogenic and intrusion-related systems, and 3) identifies the regional tectonic processes that were essential to forming the Jiaodong deposits. These findings are used to consider other areas worldwide that may be prospective for Jiaodong-style mineralisation. The mineralogy of gold deposits within the Jiaodong area records the evolution of the ore-forming hydrothermal system; initial barren pyrite precipitation changed to gold + base-metals precipitation geochemically focused in and around pre-existing pyrite, culminating in the formation of iron-oxide and sulfate minerals. This progression reflects the control of a 'self-oxidising' magma source for hydrothermal fluids. The prevalence of fracture-hosted gold in pyrite is ascribed to localised adsorption and reduction of gold on the surface of pyrite, which had the effect of concentrating gold in zones of pre-existing disseminated pyrite. The trace element bulk geochemistry of ore-zone pyrite illustrates the broadly Ag-, base-metal-, Bi-Te-rich and As-poor nature of Jiaodong ores. Gold occurs as As-facilitated invisible gold, which formed during sulfide growth, and as As-independent gold grains, which formed after pyrite formation. Development of post-sulfide gold grains was the main gold enrichment event. He-Ar isotope analyses of pyrite indicate that ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal fluids included mantle-derived components and a radiogenic Ar contribution generated by partial melting and incorporation of Archean basement into the magmatic system. It is proposed that the evolving mineralogy and geochemistry of the Jiaodong deposits sets them apart from modern genetic models for gold mineralisation. Crustal melting of Archean basement is interpreted to have been the key to accumulating world-class gold endowment in this area. Given that the extensive crustal melting was driven by loss of the Archean lithospheric keel in this part of the North China Craton, such delamination is considered here to have been another important factor in ore genesis.


As the traffic volume on the Internet increases exponentially, so does the demand for fast switching of packets between asynchronous high-speed routers. Although the optical fiber can provide an extremely high capacity, the Internet switches still remain the main point of traffic bottleneck. The packet switching time may run up to nanoseconds in such routers with more than thousands ports, each processing at 10 GB/s. Even modern extremely fast processing units are not capable to satisfy these needs. It is well known that switching of such a high volume of traffic from input to output requires large buffers and fast processors to perform the header processing, complex scheduling and forwarding functions. Although a large number of switching architectures is presented on the market, the considerable part of them is either not scalable or reach their limits in power consumption and complexity.
Therefore, novel and extremely scalable switching systems are essential to be investigated.
The load-balancing switching approach is simple, and therefore, may be capable of performing the switching and forwarding from all inputs to all outputs simultaneously with low complexity and high scalability. Since this simple approach has distributed topology (each component of the switch is controlled by an individual chip) and do not require fast switch control units, primarily because each stage is independent and it makes its own distributed calculations, it becomes a perfect candidate for the future practical deployment.
The load-balancing switching architecture, considered in this thesis, is proved to have high potential to scale up while maintaining good throughput and other performance characteristics. Additionally, the load-balancing switching architecture can effectively resolve the important problem of packets mis-ordering which can appear due to the distributed structure of the system. Unfortunately, in the research conducted previously, some of the mentioned characteristics were obtained under a set of strong assumptions. In particular, it was assumed that all the packets transmitted through the system have equal length, traffic is admissible and central stage buffers are infinite. On the other hand, due to the distributed control the switch is not able to control and maintain a necessary amount of traffic transmitted from stage to stage inside the switch.
The following Ph.D. thesis analyzes behavior of the load-balancing switch equipped with finite central stage buffers. Due to this fact the LB switch will always have a possibility to drop a packet due to an overflow. In this work we first analyze the packet loss probability in the central stage buffers while considering packets of the same length (data cells). The analysis will be performed for both admissible and inadmissible traffic matrices. The obtained results show that the packet loss can have a significant influence on the overall LB switch performance if inputs of the switch are overloaded.
In order to present more realistic scenario, the packet loss analysis was performed in the switch with variable size packets. It is considered that most of the internet switches are operating on the cell-based level (to increase buffer utilization), that means that arriving variable size packets are segmented at inputs and reassembled at outputs. The issue of possible cell and correspondingly a packet loss inside the switch can introduce some significant posterior problems to the load-balancing switch reassembly unit. In order to evaluate packet loss we assumed Markovian behavior to be able to use numerically efficient algorithms to solve the model. The mathematical model characterizing inhomogeneous input traffic presented inside the thesis gives the most precise way of packet loss probability
evaluation. Unfortunately, the high complexity of this model results in irresolvable complex Markov chains even in case of very small switches. Consequently, as a next step, we performed the analysis with fast solution procedures using a restrictive assumption of identical stochastic processes at all inputs. The final results allowed us to conclude that a single cell drop at the central stage buffers cause the whole packet removal and, the packet loss probability inside the system can be extremely high in comparison with the corresponding cell loss. Another important issue observed from the analysis is the difference in packet loss probabilities depending on the traffic traversing path, e.g. sequential number of input, central stage buffer and output of the switch. This property makes more complex the evaluation of the loss probabilities for large switch sizes. The last but not the least issue observed by our analysis was the instability, congestion and large delays appearing at output re-sequencing and reassembly unit due to the the central stage packet loss.
In order to cope with such a behavior, we proposed the novel algorithms which are able to efficiently minimize/avoid packet loss at the central stage buffers of the switch. For instance, the novel minimization protocol is introducing an artificial buffering threshold at the central stage buffers in such a way that packets at the input stage are are dropped in case the actual central stage buffers occupancy is above the threshold. The results show that due to possible packet removal at the input stage of the switch, the overall packet loss probability is significantly reduced. Similarly to the loss minimization service protocol, the novel NoLoss load-balancing switch operates while using information from both inputs and central stage buffers, and allows a packet transmission through the switch only if the central stage buffers have enough space to accept it during the current and the following time slots. In order to minimize communication overheads, the algorithm was implemented by means of centralize controller. Finally, such kind of management helped us to reach the lower boundary in the overall packet loss probability and resolve some other important issues of the switch, like, for instance, the congestion problem of the output reassembly unit.


Cultivation analysis focused attention on television viewing of general consequences of television audience in a long period of time. Cultivation theory strove to understand and explain television dynamics as characteristic and strength of dominant cultures nowadays. Cultivation analysis applied a survey instrument that administratively represented respondents. Responses of television viewing were analyzed using variables of demography including gender%2C age%2C race%2C education%2C income%2C and political views %28liberal%2C moderate%2C and conservative%29. The cultivation analysis was a part of cultural indicators in a project research of Gerbner and his colleagues in which cultural indicators were data about reports related to reality conceptions through television viewing on any particular program. %0D%0AIn other words%2C violence behavior as shown in television was reflection of events around us. If the violence acts reflected legal rules that could not cope with situations as depicted in television acts%2C it could be the real ones. Violence that was presented on television considered as violence that took place in the world. The applicable legal rules to cope with criminal behaviors presented on television could be stated such as the case with our laws. Analysis of television cultivation therewith provided cultural homogenization or cultivation both in mainstreaming and resonance. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : analysis+of+cultivation%2C+mainstreaming%2C+resonance


LJGS is a lightweight Java core calculus with a gradual security type system. The calculus guarantees secure information flow for
sequential, class-based, typed object-oriented programming with
mutable objects and virtual method calls. An LJGS program is
composed of fragments that are checked either statically or
dynamically. Statically checked fragments adhere to a security type
system so that they incur no run-time penalty whereas dynamically
checked fragments rely on run-time security labels. The programmer
marks the boundaries between static and dynamic checking with casts
so that it is always clear whether a program fragment requires
run-time checks. LJGS requires security annotations on fields and
methods. A field annotation either specifies a fixed static
security level or it prescribes dynamic checking. A method
annotation specifies a constrained polymorphic security signature.
The types of local variables in method bodies are analyzed
flow-sensitively and require no annotation. The dynamic checking of
fields relies on a static points-to analysis to approximate implicit
flows. We prove type soundness and non-interference for LJGS.


The production of hydrogen gas, through the process of water splitting,is one of the most promising concepts for the production of clean andrenewable fuel.The introduction of this thesis provides a brief overview of fossil fuelsand the need for an energy transition towards clean and renewable energy.Hydrogen gas is presented as a possible candidate fuel with its productionthrough artificial photosynthesis, being described. However, the highlykinetically demanding key reaction of the process – the water oxidationreaction – requires the use of a catalyst. Hence, a short presentation of differentmolecular water oxidation catalysts previously synthesized is also provided.The second part of the thesis focuses on ruthenium-based molecularcatalysis for water oxidation. Firstly, the design and the catalytic performancefor a new series of catalysts are presented. Secondly, a further study onelectron paramagnetic resonance of a catalyst shows the coordination of awater molecule to a ruthenium centre to generate a 7-coordinated complex atRuIII state. Finally, in an electrochemical study, coupled with nuclear magneticresonance analysis, mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, wedemonstrate the ability of a complex to perform an in situ dimerization of twounits in order to generate an active catalyst.The final part of this thesis focuses on immobilisation of first rowtransition metal catalysts on the surface of electrodes for electrochemical wateroxidation. Initially, a copper complex was designed and anchored on a goldsurface electrode. Water oxidation performance was studied byelectrochemistry, while deactivation of the electrode was investigated throughX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing the loss of the copper complexfrom the electrode during the reaction. Finally, we re-investigated cobaltporphyrin complexes on the surface of the electrode. Against the backgroundof previous report, we show that the decomposition of cobalt porphyrin intocobalt oxide adsorbed on the surface is responsible for the catalytic activity.This result is discussed with regard to the detection limit of various spectroscopic methods.


Effects of hysteresis with air entrapment on water content and head distributions, surface fluxes, and water balance components are investigated by finite element simulations of flow in one- and two-dimensional spatial domains. Results of one-dimensional analyses indicate that effects of hysteresis are markedly influenced by surface boundary conditions and to a lesser extent by initial conditions. Stipulation of flux-controlled boundary conditions results in minimal hysteretic effects, while potential-type boundary conditions produce substantial deviations between hysteretic and nonhysteretic simulations. The latter effects are attributable in large part to differences in surface conductivity associated with air entrapment. Predicted water content distributions for nonhysteretic simulations using main drying functions deviated much more from hysteretic model results than did predicted water content distributions for nonhysteretic simulations based on main wetting functions. For two-dimensional problems, predicted infiltration, evaporation, and seepage fluxes and soil water storage changes were much higher for nonhysteretic simulations using main drying functions than for hysteretic simulations; predictions based on main wetting functions deviated less markedly from hysteretic simulations. Introduction of heterogeneity in the porous medium diminished effects of hysteresis on infiltration and seepage but accentuated differences in evaporation due to interactions between evaporation and seepage boundaries, suggesting that the influence of heterogeneity on hysteretic effects will be problem-specific.


We examined the protection effect of a long-established fisheries protection zone by studying the demersal communities and the biomass size spectra of specific taxonomic groups. The results and the relevant management implications of the community analysis are discussed within the context of the MEDITS trawl survey program, from which the data was derived. The demersal fishery resources on the muddy bottoms of Maltese trawling grounds were found to be stratified in four main depth ranges: 83 to 166 m (outer continental shelf), 140 to 230 m (shelf break), 270 to 440 m (shallow slope), and 466 to 701 m (deep slope). Significant differences were detected between the inside and outside zones of the outer continental shelf. Stations from this stratum inside the protected zone had twice as much biomass as those outside as well as larger individuals of some species (e.g. elasmobranchs). The depth strata identified do not coincide with those sampled in existing trawl survey programmes in the Sicilian Channel, which were set up without reference to demersal assemblage structure and its relation to depth. It is therefore clear that characterisation of the biotic assemblages is important in order to obtain a better sampling representation of each depth-stratum/assemblage type, and this should be considered in the survey design.


In the present study, we compare factor analytic models of post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) in terms of their fit and predictive utility with regard to external correlates such as
comorbid diagnoses and other psychosocial outcomes. Competing models were compared and
validated in an epidemiological dataset (N = 23,936). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using
models from prior literature with four through seven factor solutions were conducted. The seven
factor Hybrid model, the six-factor Anhedonia model, and the six-factor Externalizing Behaviors
model were the first, second, and third best-fitting models, respectively; however, the
inconsistency of associations with external correlates and high factor intercorrelations suggested
that higher-factor solutions may sacrifice parsimony for minimal gains in utility. The Anhedonia
and Hybrid models' separate Anhedonia and Negative Affect factors (a core difference from
other models) demonstrated limited utility in differentially associating with distinct constructs
under the internalizing umbrella. Anhedonia and Negative Affect also correlated highly with each
other and nearly perfectly with the factors composed of their combined symptoms (e.g. the
Externalizing Behaviors model's Numbing factor), suggesting a "lumped" factor would be more
parsimonious. The Externalizing Behaviors model showed predictive utility in accounting for
externalizing comorbidities as well as differentiating among constructs within the internalizing
spectrum; however, it lacked robust associations with externalizing behavioral outcomes such as
frequency and quantity of drinking. These results give reason for concern that predominant
structural models of PTSD may not be adequate for discriminating among or predicting
functional outcomes related to PTSD symptomatology in trauma-exposed populations.


Disclaimer These guidelines do not aim to provide a comprehensive review of all the pertinent literature comprising the evidence base and, as such, should be utilised in conjunction with other guidelines as well as the responsibility of practitioners to maintain a high level of personal knowledge and expertise. Despite the known efficacy of treatment and the substantial costs of untreated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), access to healthcare and treatment is not a given for many patients in South Africa (SA). In SA, there is poor identification and treatment of common mental disorders at primary healthcare level and limited access to specialist resources with a service delivery and treatment gap of up to 75%. Medication options are also often limited in emerging markets and in SA psychiatrists, and patients do not have access to the medication armamentarium available in established markets. Furthermore, the majority of South Africans currently utilise the public healthcare sector and may not have access to treatment options referred to in these guidelines. These guidelines should therefore not be seen as a policy document. The process The South African Society of Psychiatrists' Special Interest Group (SIG) for adult ADHD was launched on 25 September 2015, with doctors Rykie Liebenberg and Renata Schoeman as convenor and co-convenor, respectively. The overall objective of the ADHD SIG is to improve the basket of care available to patients with ADHD. This is only possible through a combined and concerted effort of individuals with a special interest in and passion for ADHD to improve knowledge about and funding for the care of individuals with the disorder. One of the specific aims of the ADHD SIG was to develop South African guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD specifically and update guidelines for the treatment of child, adolescent and adult ADHD. Dr Schoeman has recently completed her MBA at the University of Stellenbosch Business School with a thesis entitled 'A funding model proposal for private health insurance for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the South African context'. This is first South African study exploring the situation with regard to the prevalence and treatment of adult ADHD. Dr Schoeman was tasked by the SIG with the drafting of guidelines. Dr Liebenberg provided valuable input. The guidelines were then circulated to the SIG members, as well as the Chair of the Public Sector SIG, for written feedback and evidence-based suggestions which were then incorporated into the guidelines. The final guidelines were circulated for written approval by the SIG members, followed by formal approval at a SIG meeting held on 14 August 2016, after which it was submitted to the South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP) and Psychiatry Management Group (PsychMG) boards for recommendation and ratification.


In order to truly understand software and the software development process, software measurement must be better understood. A beginning step toward a better understanding of software measurement is the categorization of the measurements by some meaningful taxonomy. The most meaningful taxonomy would capture the basic nature of the object-oriented (O-O) space. The interesting characteristics of object-oriented software offer a starting point for such a categorization of measures. A taxonomy has been developed based upon fourteen characteristics of object-oriented software gathered from the literature. This taxonomy allows us to easily see gaps and redundancies in the O-O measures. The taxonomy also clearly differentiates among taxa so that there is no ambiguity as to the taxon to which a measure belongs. The taxonomy has been populated with thirty-two measures that have been validated in the narrow sense of Fenton (1991) using measurement theory with Zuse's (1996) augmentation.


Introduction The ongoing financial and economic crisis raised a number of new questions and challenges to be addressed by academics and state officials both on the global and national levels. What are the primary causes of the crisis? What lessons should be learnt? How to adjust the global financial system and prevent such negative consequences in future? Those questions became subject for political discussions at the highest levels, such as the G20 Summits and the World Economic Fora in Davos. The global crisis has many particular traits. One of them is the unequal distribution of the crisis impact across world regions. Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is believed to be among the regions most severely hit by the crisis. According to the IMF assessments the overall GDP decline in the region in 2009 was around 8,4%. At the same time the region is anticipated to recover quite soon. The IMF forecasts the region to have a positive output starting already in mid 2010 and reaching 4,0% GDP growth in 2012 (2). Meanwhile, individual countries in the region were also unevenly hit by the crisis. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania were the most harshly damaged, registering a GDP decline in 2009 of -4,0%, -18,0%, and respectively -18,5%. At the same time, the Czech Republic (-4,3%), Slovakia (-4,6%) and Slovenia (-4,7%) suffered the least, withe the Polish economy experiencing a 0,97% growth in 2009 (3). The explanations for these differences in crisis impact across countries vary. Diverse macroeconomic and financial vulnerabilities, as well as national policy responses to the crisis are among them. Central and Eastern European countries in times of the crisis became subject to a number of academic and policy studies and debates. Authors focused on the main causes of the crisis (Anders Aslund (4)), lessons to be learnt (Agnes Benassy-Quere, Benoit Coeure, Pierre Jacquet, Jean Pisani-Ferry (5)), or the role of the EU in dealing with the crisis (Zsolt Darvas, Bela Galgoczi (6)). Ukrainian authors are mostly focused on theoretical approaches to explain root causes of the crisis, its global imperatives and impact on the Ukrainian economy (Umantsiv Y., Shevchenko V Shelud'ko N, Shklyar (7)) . This paper comes to complete the existing literature in the field by analyzing the main successes and failures in policy responses to the crisis in Central and Eastern Europe on the global, regional and domestic levels, and thus revealing relevant lessons for Ukraine. The paper argues that despite the failure to prevent the crisis at all levels, coordination of actions at global and EU levels and high discipline of the CEE countries in national policy supported their efforts to manage the crisis efficiently. First of all, the paper presents key data on the extent to which CEE countries were affected by the crisis. Second, it introduces the main findings on successes and failures in policy responses to the financial crisis in CEE countries on global, EU and domestic levels. It finally reveals key obstacles to successful resolution of the crisis in Ukraine and draws recommendations for Ukraine. CEE countries in crisis: heavy damages but fast recovery Central and Eastern Europe was among the regions that were the most severely hit by the financial crisis. In 2009 the regional GDP declined by 8,4%, which was the lowest among all emerging and developing regions (Figure 1.) (8) This was to a large extent influenced by the growth in trade and financial links of the region with the rest of the world and especially with the EU after accession of the twelve new member states in 2004 and 2007. As the Director of the IMF's European Department Marek Belka said "because Europe is very open in terms of trade, and because its financial sector is so closely integrated with the rest of the world, the region cannot avoid being significantly impacted by the financial crisis" (9). Indeed, market reforms in times of transition, liberalization of trade and financial markets and fast-growing economies of the region spurred international trade, attracted new investments and foreign capital. …


Investigating the complex history of visual art's engagement with literature, this collection demonstrates that the art of the book is a fully interdisciplinary and distinctly modern form. The essays in the collection develop new critical approaches to the analysis of twentieth-century bookworks and explore ways in which European writers and painters challenged the boundary between visual and linguistic expression in the content, production, and physical form of books.

The Art Book Tradition in Twentieth-Century Europe offers a detailed examination of word-image relations in forms ranging from the livre d'artiste to personal diaries and almanacs. It analyzes innovative attempts to challenge familiar hierarchies between texts and images, to fuse different expressive media, and to reconceptualize traditional notions of ekphrasis. Giving consideration to the material qualities of books, the works discussed in this collection also test and celebrate the act of reading, while locating it in the context of other sensory experiences. Essays examine works by Dufy, Matisse, Beckett, Kandinsky, Braque, and Ponge, among other European artists and writers active during the twentieth century.


Accumulation of atmospheric CO 2 is increasing the temperature and concentration of CO 2 in near-shore marine systems. These changes are occurring concurrently with increasing alterations to local conditions, including nutrient pollution and exploitation of selected biota. While the body of evidence for the negative effects of climate change is rapidly increasing, there is still only limited recognition that it may combine with local stressors to accelerate degradation. By recognizing such synergies, however, it may be possible to actively manage and improve local conditions to ameliorate the effects of climate change in the medium-term (e.g., by reducing nutrient pollution or restoring populations of herbivores). Ultimately, however, the most effective way to increase the sustainability of near-shore marine systems into the future will be to decrease our reliance on carbon-based sources of energy to reduce the negative effects of climate change.


Heterostructured nanomaterials, generally have physicochemical properties that differ from those of the individual components, and thus have potential in a wide range of applications. New platinum (Pt)/nickel bicarbonate (Ni(HCO3 )2 ) heterostructures are designed for an efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Notably, the specific and mass activity of Pt in Pt/Ni(HCO3 )2 are substantially improved compared to the bare Pt nanoparticles (NPs). The Ni(HCO3 )2 provides abundant water adsorption/dissociation sites and modulate the electronic structure of Pt, which determine the elementary reaction kinetics of alkaline HER. The Ni(HCO3 )2 nanoplates offer a platform for the uniform dispersion of Pt NPs, ensuring the maximum exposure of active sites. The results demonstrate that, Ni(HCO3 )2 is an effective catalyst promoter for alkaline HER.


I begin with the deliberatively provocative proposition that the approach of the High Court of Australia to amicus applications in constitutional cases is fundamentally flawed. Why? Because the Court determines amicus applications from the narrow perspective of adversarial litigation. This perspective fails to give adequate and necessary recognition to the Court's role as Australia's final appellate court and Australia's constitutional court. It fails adequately to recognise the Court's lawmaking function. Most importantly, it fails adequately to recognise the broader dimensions of constitutional litigation as public interest litigation affecting the wider community. On this basis, the questions the Court should properly address are whether it is in the public interest that the proposed amicus submissions be heard, in particular, whether they are relevant and important and whether there is any good reason why the amicus application should not be allowed. The High Court Rules and the Court's procedures should be adapted to facilitate rather than obstruct amicus applications.


Lanthanum carbonate is an efficacious noncalcium, nonresin phosphate-binder that is being increasingly used in chronic kidney disease stage 5 (CKD-5) dialysis patients. Available evidence has indicated that QT interval changes correlate with mortality in healthy subjects and in dialysis patients. Experimental studies have suggested the possibility that lanthanum carbonate may produce prolongation of the QT interval. This is not accepted by other authors. There is no data confirming this in prospective clinical studies. The goal of this study was to verify the effect of lanthanum carbonate on the QT interval of the electrocardiogram (EKG) tracing. Material and methods We studied 25 hemodialyzed patients. After a six-month run-in period, with aluminum-hydroxide, lanthanum carbonate was administered at increasing doses: 500 mg twice a day for week 1; 750 mg, twice daily during week 2; 1000 mg twice daily during week 3; and 1000 mg three times daily during week 4. EKGs were recorded on patients prior to and 3 hours following each dialysis treatment. Assessments were made of differences in body weight; systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure; length of PR and QRS complex; heart rate; QT; QT-c; QT-d; and axis of wave P, QRS complex and T using lanthanum carbonate at increasing doses. Results QT-c is before dialysis session during run-in 431 ± 20 msec with variation by −9 to + 1 msec (P = not significant [NS]) during lanthanum use; and 437 ± 25 msec after dialysis session with variation by −6 to −1 msec (P = NS) during lanthanum use. Any difference was observed during study among before and after dialysis session in QT-c (difference by 0.09 to 3.2%) (P = NS); and QT-d (difference by 8.6 to 9.1%) (P = NS). Conclusion Our study shows that lanthanum carbonate administration, at increasing doses, did not modify the EKG parameters. This effect is observed both in predialysis and in postdialysis recordings. Further studies are necessary with more prolonged observations.


Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are limited in their applicability in everyday settings by the current necessity to record subjectspecific calibration data prior to actual use of the BCI for communication. In this paper, we utilize the framework of multitask learning to construct a BCI that can be used without any subject-specific calibration process. We discuss how this out-of-the-box BCI can be further improved in a computationally efficient manner as subject-specific data becomes available. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated on two sets of experimental EEG data recorded during a standard two-class motor imagery paradigm from a total of 19 healthy subjects. Specifically, we show that satisfactory classification results can be achieved with zero training data, and combining prior recordings with subjectspecific calibration data substantially outperforms using subject-specific data only. Our results further show that transfer between recordings under slightly different experimental setups is feasible.


Phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) is often associated with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis -related expansile pneumonia, possibly because
of nerve entrapment by healing fibrosis.
Mohan and Jayaswal 1 postulated that pressure on the left
phrenic nerve by an enlarged hilar lymph node caused unilateral
diaphragmatic paralysis in a 6-year-old boy who developed
PNP during the course of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Gie et
al. 2 described 6 childhood cases of PTB complicated by unilateral
PNP. The children did not recover on antituberculosis
drugs and steroids, or in 1 case, after surgical decompression.
Therefore the theory of glandular compression alone does not
adequately account for PNP as a complication of PTB. Our case,
in which the fate of the phrenic nerve was confirmed, provides
strong evidence that destruction of the phrenic nerve by the tuberculous
inflammatory process is involved in the pathogenesis
of diaphragmatic paralysis, which may influence the clinical
management of these children. South African Medical Journal Vol. 97 (8) 2007: pp. 572-573


Prior research in the realm of marketing and voting behaviors have indicated how voice pitch can have an impact on consumers' and voters' perception of personality characteristics. With the rise of online lectures, this study examined the impact of voice pitch, gender of a professor, and the subject taught on professor evaluation and student learning. The study simulated an online lecture where participants listened to a prerecorded lesson of Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Standard Deviation. This study looked to see if different voice pitch (high pitch, low pitch) of opposing genders (male, female) would have an effect on a student's perception of the professor and comprehension of the material. By examining the results of a self-created professor evaluation and a self-created quiz based on the lecture, this study suggested voice pitch, gender of a professor, and subject taught have a significant effect on the student's evaluation of the professor. However, no significant interaction effect was found. In addition, the subject taught and the interaction between the subject and gender of a professor had a significant effect on the student's comprehension of the lecture. This study provides insight into the realm of online education identifying voice pitch, gender, and subject may have an effect on a student's evaluation of a professor and comprehension of the material.


Preterm birth is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the susceptibility to preterm birth, but despite many investigations, the genetic basis for preterm birth remain largely unknown. Our objective was to identify rare, possibly damaging, nucleotide variants in mothers from families with recurrent spontaneous preterm births (SPTB). DNA samples from 17 Finnish mothers who delivered at least one infant preterm were subjected to whole exome sequencing. All mothers were of northern Finnish origin and were from seven multiplex families. Additional replication samples of European origin consisted of 93 Danish sister pairs (and two sister triads), all with a history of a preterm delivery. Rare exonic variants (frequency <1%) were analyzed to identify genes and pathways likely to affect SPTB susceptibility. We identified rare, possibly damaging, variants in genes that were common to multiple affected individuals. The glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway was the most significant (p<1.7e-8) with genes containing these variants in a subgroup of ten Finnish mothers, each having had 2–4 SPTBs. This pathway was replicated among the Danish sister pairs. A gene in this pathway, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1 like (HSPA1L), contains two likely damaging missense alleles that were found in four different Finnish families. One of the variants (rs34620296) had a higher frequency in cases compared to controls (0.0025 vs. 0.0010, p = 0.002) in a large preterm birth genome-wide association study (GWAS) consisting of mothers of general European ancestry. Sister pairs in replication samples also shared rare, likely damaging HSPA1L variants. Furthermore, in silico analysis predicted an additional phosphorylation site generated by rs34620296 that could potentially affect chaperone activity or HSPA1L protein stability. Finally, in vitro functional experiment showed a link between HSPA1L activity and decidualization. In conclusion, rare, likely damaging, variants in HSPA1L were observed in multiple families with recurrent SPTB.


This project encompassed a research effort to establish the durability of pavement markings in an on-road installation. Six marking technologies were installed on a portion of Route 460 in Blacksburg, Virginia. A human factors experiment in natural rain conditions was performed to establish the visibility needs of the driver. The retroreflectivity of the markings was measured at intervals of 2 to 5 months, with six measurements over the course of 23 months. The numbers of snow plow crossings and chemical treatments were also measured. Although all markings lost a considerable amount of retroreflectivity after the first winter, the markings installed in grooves or in rumble strips were shown to retain more retroreflectivity and receive less damage than markings installed on the surface of the roadway. Twenty-three months after installation, the retroreflectivity for all markings in active rain conditions had dropped below the 150 mcd/m²/lx minimum recommended from previous research. The reflective tape was the closest to maintaining the minimum with a mean retroreflectivity of 137mcd/m²/lx in 1 in./hr rain. Several other markings maintained a retroreflectivity above 84 mcd/m²/lx; this may still provide a benefit over standard paint. The study recommends that the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) Traffic Engineering Division install pavement markings in grooves or in rumble strips. VDOT will determine where the use of grooves or rumble strips is appropriate. Because pavement marking visibility is more critical for high-speed roadways such as interstate roadways and major arterials, these roads should be the highest priority. Grooved markings may also be desired for high-volume roadways where markings may be exposed to higher levels of wear from traffic. The study markings on Route 460 in Blacksburg should be monitored for two more years. The study team should make the measurements after each winter through 2013 and report the findings to VDOT in a brief report. VDOT staff should perform additional cost-benefit analyses to address standard VDOT policy, procedures, and practices and possible supplier warranties.


In this paper, we study the different forms of spanning tree-based topologies that could be used for efficient broadcasting in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this context, we consider the minimum distance-based, predicted link expiration time-based and the minimum velocity-based broadcast topologies, respectively referred to as MD-BT, LET-BT and MV-BT. The LET and minimum velocity- based broadcast topologies are characteristic of MANETs as the two topologies are constructed using link criterion that are based on the mobility of the nodes. We conduct extensive simulation study of these three broadcast topologies for different conditions of network density and node mobility. We identify the topology that could be used to optimize MANET performance with respect to critical quality-of-service parameters such as energy efficiency, stability and delay, measured respectively through metrics such as the edge distance ratio, tree lifetime and diameter. We observe tradeoffs between the different broadcast topologies with respect to the above three performance metrics. The MD-BT, LET-BT and MV-BT are best to optimize energy efficiency, stability and diameter respectively. There is no single broadcast topology that could optimize all the above three performance metrics for MANETs.


The euro is the only major currency to be created in the 20th century; it now stands on the brink of becoming one of the world's two reserve currencies in the 21st century. The euro's use and development shape the entire agenda for ever-closer union in Europe and for transatlantic relations. As the currency bearing the brunt of the US dollar's decline from its overvaluation of the late 1990s, the euro's value and management is critical to the successful adjustment of international imbalances. And as a long-run competitor and collaborator with the dollar, the euro creates the potential for a bipolar international monetary system, offering unprecedented challenges and opportunities to economic policymakers. The papers and commentaries in this book explore the euro's international role, its record thus far, and its future.


Abstract. Environmental monitoring practices support decision makers of different government / private institutions, besides environmentalists and planners among others. This support helps them act towards the sustainability of our environment, and also take efficient measures for protecting human beings in general, but it is difficult to explore useful information from 'OGD' and assure its quality for the purpose. On the other hand, Monitoring itself comprises detecting changes as happens, or within the mitigation period range, which means that any source of data, that is to be used for monitoring, should replicate the information related to the period of environmental monitoring, or otherwise it's considered almost useless or history. In this paper the assessment of information extraction and structuring from Open Government Data 'OGD', that can be useful to environmental monitoring is performed, looking into availability, usefulness to environmental monitoring of a certain type, checking its repetition period and dependences. The particular assessment is being performed on a small sample selected from OGD, bearing in mind the type of the environmental change monitored, such as the increase and concentrations of built up areas, and reduction of green areas, or monitoring the change of temperature in a specific area. The World Bank mentioned in its blog that Data is open if it satisfies both conditions of, being technically open, and legally open. The use of Open Data thus, is regulated by published terms of use, or an agreement which implies some conditions without violating the above mentioned two conditions. Within the scope of the paper I wish to share the experience of using some OGD for supporting an environmental monitoring work, that is performed to mitigate the production of carbon dioxide, by regulating energy consumption, and by properly designing the test area's landscapes, thus using Geodesign tactics, meanwhile wish to add to the results achieved by many efforts to make OGD useful In General and specifically for Environmental Monitoring purposes.


This paper presents a methodology for assessing the visual quality of agricultural landscapes through direct and indirect techniques of landscape valuation. The first technique enables us to rank agricultural landscapes on the basis of a survey of public preferences. The latter weighs the contribution of the elements and attributes contained in the picture to its overall scenic beauty via regression analysis. The photos used in the survey included man-made elements, positive and negative, agricultural fields, mainly of cereals and olive trees, and a natural park. The results show that perceived visual quality increases, in decreasing order of importance, with the degree of wilderness of the landscape, the presence of well-preserved man-made elements, the percentage of plant cover, the amount of water, the presence of mountains and the colour contrast.


BACKGROUND & AIMS
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is an epithelial cell-specific growth factor. Previous reports demonstrated that KGF induces differentiation of epithelial cells of gastrointestinal tract in vivo, especially goblet cell-specific lineage stimulation. Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) is selectively expressed in intestinal goblet cells and its expression correlates with intestinal goblet cell differentiation. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of KGF modulation of goblet cell differentiation through characterization of its effects on ITF gene expression.

METHODS
Subclone H2 of the human colonic epithelial cell line HT-29, which can be induced to intestinal goblet cells, was treated with KGF and characterized by Northern and Western blot analyses, transient transfection assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs).

RESULTS
KGF promoted differentiation of H2 cells to goblet cells as reflected by induced ITF expression. Transient transfection assays revealed that KGF regulates mouse ITF transcription through the goblet cell silencer inhibitor (GCSI) element, which is essential for goblet cell-specific expression of ITF. EMSAs showed that KGF induces GCSI binding protein (GCSI-BP).

CONCLUSIONS
KGF promotes goblet cell differentiation through the induction of GCSI-BP, a goblet cell-specific transcription factor. GCSI-BP may play a central role in intestinal goblet cell differentiation.


Hepatic expression of the protooncogenes c‐fos and c‐myc occurs within 2 h after partial hepatectomy, and these immediate early genes are thought to prime the hepatocytes for subsequent proliferation. To examine whether such gene activation occured in the setting of hepatocyte proliferation after toxic liver injury, protooncogene expression was examined during the regenerative response following liver injury from carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) or galactosamine (GaIN). The pattern of protooncogene expression after CCI4 mirrored that seen after partial hepatectomy, with rises in c‐fos and c‐myc mRNA content within 2 h, and then a rapid return to baseline levels. In contrast, early c‐fos and c‐myc expression did not occur after GaIN injury. Instead GaIN‐induced regeneration led to a delayed and prolonged c‐fos an c‐myc activation which peaked 24–48 h after injury. Increase in c‐jun, jun‐B, and jun‐D mRNA levels also occured in both models at times similar to the rises of c‐fos and c‐myc expression. Although the timing of DNA synthesis was identical after GaIN or CCI4 treatment the proliferative response after GaIN injury was significantly less than that of CCI4, and marked by the histologic appearance of oval cells. The coadministration of 2‐acetylaminofluorene, an inhibitor of differentiated hepatocyte proliferation, together with CCI4 altered the usual pattern of post‐CCI4 protooncogene expression to one resembling that seen after GaIN injury. Thus, the timing of protooncogene expression during liver regeneration may vary considerably. These variations may influence the nature of the proliferative response in terms of which cell types(s) proliferates, and the amount of regeneration that ensures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Synopsis New geological maps of the Highland Border Complex (HBC) at four classical localities across Scotland – Stonehaven; River North Esk; Loch Ard Forest, Aberfoyle; and North Glen Sannox, Arran – are presented as part of this study. Cherts sampled from the HBC at these localities have rare earth element (REE) profiles and La–Th–Sc values that are comparable with published data from past and present-day oceanic settings. These new data are used to determine the palaeoenvironment, and plate tectonic setting, of the Highland Border cherts, and to shed further light on the controversial relationship between the HBC and the Neoproterozoic–(?)Lower Ordovician Dalradian Supergroup (ss) on the SE margin of Laurentia. Bedded cherts from the HBC at Loch Ard and Glen Sannox preserve REE profiles and La–Th–Sc values characteristic of continental margin/arc deposits sourced from a cratonic area with granites and gneisses, whereas cherts from Stonehaven originated from close to a mid-ocean ridge. Conversely, jaspers from the North Esk yield non-systematic results. Whilst not resolving the HBC controversy, the REE and La–Th–Sc results demonstrate that bedded cherts preserve a geochemical record of their depositional environment, despite having been strongly deformed, cut by penetrative fabrics and microveins, and affected by greenschist facies regional metamorphism.


ToxT is the central regulatory protein involved in activation of the main virulence genes in Vibrio cholerae. We have identified transposon insertions in central metabolism genes, whose disruption increases toxT transcription. These disrupted genes encode the primary respiration-linked sodium pump (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or NQR) and certain tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes. Observations made following stimulation of respiration in the nqr mutant or chemical inhibition of NQR activity in the TCA cycle mutants led to the hypothesis that NQR affects toxT transcription via the TCA cycle. That toxT transcription increased when the growth medium was supplemented with citrate, but decreased with oxaloacetate, focused our attention on the TCA cycle substrate acetyl-CoA and its non-TCA cycle metabolism. Indeed, both the nqr and the TCA cycle mutants increased acetate excretion. A similar correlation between acetate excretion and toxT transcription was observed in a tolC mutant and upon amino acid (NRES) supplementation. As acetate and its tendency to decrease pH exerted no strong effect on toxT transcription, and because disruption of the major acetate excretion pathway increased toxT transcription, we propose that toxT transcription is regulated by either acetyl-CoA or some close derivative.


This paper explores the contemporary strength of two of last century's most emphatic voices: Ludwig Wittgenstein and Samuel Beckett. The following mottos are brought together with special attention: nothing is hidden, by Wittgenstein (Philosophical Investigations, §435); and nothing to express, by Beckett (Three dialogues with Georges Duthuit, I). Wittgenstein's saying is frequently taken as indication that he renounces his earlier distinction between what can be said and what can only be shown (Tractatus, Preface, 6.522). Beckett's saying is, in turn, often seen as evidence of a skeptical take on language, whereas it is, so to speak, doomed to self-reference. These interpretations tend to be linked to the widespread perceptions that Wittgenstein writes the ordinary, whereas Beckett writes the absurd. I question some aspects of these two productive readings, arguing that, in a somewhat debilitating manner, they tend to ignore, or perhaps pacify, a strangeness that insists in saying-showing itself in the poetic prose of both authors.


The main site for protein degradation along the endosomal pathway is believed to be the late endosome. Lysosomes are thought to be storage organelles that, when necessary, inject proteases into the late endosome. It was hypothesised that differences in the lumenal redox environments between the two organelles could be responsible for their functional differences. In an attempt to quantify this potential difference, the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B was isolated by an improved purification procedure. Several intracellular reducing agents were used to activate cathepsin B, the most effective being cysteine. Cysteine was used to activate cathepsin B under various pH conditions in order to model endosomal conditions. An inverse relationship was found between the pH and the concentration of cysteine required to activate cathepsin B. This suggested that cathepsin B may have an optimal redox potential. In order to determine this potential, cysteinexystine redox buffers were made up and used in determination of the activity of the enzyme against a synthetic and a whole protein substrate (haemoglobin). No distinct redox potential could be determined using either substrate, but it was found that cystine stimulated proteolysis of haemoglobin. A similar stimulatory effect was observed for cathepsin D and papain hydrolysis of haemoglobin. This effect is possibly due to the ability of cystine to promote substrate structure, effectively increasing the substrate concentration. These findings and other results obtained from the literature have been used to create a model of how proteolysis may be regulated along the endosomal system.


The determination of the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids (ILs), such as density and refractive index, is essential for the design of processes that involve ILs. Density has been widely studied in ILs because of its importance whereas refractive index has received less attention even though its determination is rapid, highly accurate and needs a small amount of sample in most techniques. Due to the large number of possible cation and anion combinations, it is not practical to use trial and error methods to find a suitable ionic liquid for a given function. It would be preferable to predict physical properties of ILs from their structure. We compile in this work different methods to predict density and refractive index of ILs from literature. Especially, we describe the method developed by the authors in a previous work for predicting density of ILs through their molecular volume. We also correlate our experimental measure‐ ments of density and refractive index of ILs in order to predict one of the parameters knowing the other one as a function of temperature. As the measurement of refractive index is very fast and needs only a drop of the ionic liquid, this is also a very useful approach.


Abstract:Does Archaic Biblical Hebrew really exist? The scholarly trend favoring later compositional dates for the texts composing the Hebrew Bible has been challenging long-held presumptions about the diachronic linguistic profile of Classical Hebrew. Significant questions have emerged concerning the character—and even the existence—of any authentically archaic (versus archaizing) Biblical Hebrew stratum within the canon, entailing substantial implications for philological and historical investigations. I employ an evolutionary paradigm as the functional matrix for historical linguistics, in efforts to advance the investigation into Archaic Biblical Hebrew beyond traditional methodological parameters. Promising interrelated avenues of inquiry include the gestural origins of language, deixis, grammaticalization, and thetical grammar. I demonstrate how these avenues permit us to gain deeper access into the diachronic trajectory of Classical Hebrew, thereby enabling us to calibrate more finely and firmly the (relative) chronology of biblical texts.


This case study introduces a corporate e-learning initiative in an India-based multinational company in the IT sector. The company provides consulting, enterprise, and telecom solutions across various industries such as banking and finance, energy and utilities, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing, public sector and government, retail, media and entertainment, travel, transportation and logistics, and telecommunications and information technology. It employs more than 95,000 employees across 51 countries and has an established talent management and development program in place. In the recent years, the company has effectively incorporated e-learning in the training and development of a selected pool of talent that is being groomed to take up various leadership positions within the corporation.


Computerized assessment is playing a major role in IT education, with
extensive utilization of the multiple choice question (MCQ) format. This is
mainly due to the ease of adaptation of MCQs into the internet environment,
offering extensive advantages to both the student and the instructors. This
study analyzes the results of students' grades using an alternative web-based
assessment tool and the more traditional modes of assessment, being
Multiple Choice Questions, Short answers and Problem Solving (Scenario)
questions. The Multiple Choice Questions with Confidence Measurement
(MCQCM) is a web based assessment tool that permits the student to register
their level of confidence in their answer, and was included as a revision tool
for the duration of the semester and as a component of the final exam.
Additionally the exam also contained questions using more traditional
methods for assessment. A total 43 students sat the final exam producing
some interesting results. The statistical analysis indicated that the correlation
between the MCQCM and the other alternatives ranges from strong to
medium. In addition it appears that the MCQCM demonstrated equal to
slightly stronger convergence of validity compared to the traditional MCQ
method and the other alternative assessment methods.


In this paper we propose a practical study and demonstration of time series similarity search in modern distributed data processing platforms for stream data. After an intensive literature review, we implement a flexible similarity search application in Apache Flink, which includes the most commonly used distance measurements: Euclidean distance and Dynamic Time Warping. For efficient and accurate similarity search we evaluate normalization and pruning techniques developed for single machine processing and demonstrate that they can be adapted and leveraged for those distributed platforms. Our final implementation is capable of monitoring many time series in real-time and parallel. Further, we demonstrate that the number of required parameters can be reduced and optimally derived from data properties. We evaluate our application by comparing its performance with electrocardiogram data on a cluster with several nodes. We reach average response times of less than 0,1 ms for windows of 2 s of data, which allow fast reactions on matching sequences.


The genus Pseudacanthicus currently comprises the following six species distributed in the Amazon and Tocantins basins, and coastal drainages from Guyana to French Guyana: P. serratus, P. fordii, P. histrix, P. spinosus, P. leopardus, P. pitanga, and P. pirarara. Herein we describe P. major, from rio Tocantins basin, one of the largest loricariid species known. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: having body color pattern with dark brown background without spots or blotches and dorsal and caudal fins with transversal white bands; anterior process of compound pterotic with no contacting with the posterior margin of the orbit and by the absence of a conspicuous crest on the posterior edge of parieto-supraocciptal. Other osteological characteristics are further used to diagnose P. major from others congeners. A discussion on gigantism and miniaturization in freshwater fish, ornamental fisheries activities, threats and conservation of the new species are also provided.


In the ancient books of traditional medicines, medicinal mushrooms were occupying the headlines, and the main topics were confirming to their miraculous therapeutic powers. The presence of various phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and terpenoids and other compounds, is the reason for their potent biological activities as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiaging, hepatic protective, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and much more biological activities are discovered every day. Many mushroom genera are famous for their promising therapeutic capabilities. One of the mushrooms genera attracting attention is Cordyceps which has long been used in Asian countries for maintaining long and healthy life. Numerous studies on different metabolic activities of Cordyceps have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. This review describes the importance of medicinal mushrooms with focus on Cordyceps as an example of globally commercialized mushrooms.


We have successfully demonstrated a ZnO nanorod-based 3D nanostructure to show a high sensitivity and very fast response/recovery to hydrogen gas. ZnO nanorods have been synthesized selectively over the pre-defined area at relatively low temperature using a simple self-catalytic solution process assisted by a lithographic method. The conductance of the ZnO nanorod device varies significantly as the concentration of the hydrogen is changed without any additive metal catalyst, revealing a high sensitivity to hydrogen gas. Its superior performance can be explained by the porous structure of its three-dimensional network and the enhanced surface reaction of the hydrogen molecules with the oxygen defects resulting from a high surface-to-volume ratio. It was found that the change of conductance follows a power law depending on the hydrogen concentration. A Langmuir isotherm following an ideal power law and a cross-over behavior of the activation energy with respect to hydrogen concentration were observed. This is a very novel and intriguing phenomenon on nanostructured materials, which suggests competitive surface reactions in ZnO nanorod gas sensors.


"The Future of Drug Discovery: Who decides which diseases to treat?" provides a timely and detailed look at the efforts of the pharmaceutical industry and how they relate, or should relate, to societal needs. The authors posit that as a result of increasing risk aversion and accelerated savings in research and development, the industry is not developing drugs for increasingly prevalent diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, untreatable pain, antibiotics and more. This book carefully exposes the gap between the medicines and therapies we need and the current business path. By analyzing the situation and discussing prospects for the next decade, the "The Future of Drug Discovery" is a timely book for all those who care about the development needs for drugs for disease. This thought-provoking book is the first to: provide an in-depth, broad perspective on the crisis in drug industry; expose the disconnect between what society needs and what the drug companies are working on; analyse and project over 10 years into the future; explain what it means for scientists and society; and determine what is needed to be done to make sure that the industry responds to society's needs, remains commercially attractive and answers the question as to who decides which diseases to treat.


Anaerobic digestion is a widely used process for waste treatment and energy production. This natural process takes place in a controlled environment, anaerobic digesters. Mixing is one of the main operating parameters. The understanding of the flows during the agitation of the medium is crucial for the optimization of the process yield. In fact, the mass and heat transfers are enhanced by the agitation. However, the complex biochemical reactions can be inhibited with overly vigorous agitation. A detailed and in-depth understanding of the phenomena occurring during agitation requires modeling studies. In this chapter, we propose a general approach, based on computational fluid mechanics (CFD), to analyze the mechanical mixing of an anaerobic reactor. We apply this work to the anaerobic digestion of the sugarcane vinasse, which is a liquid waste generated during the production of alcohol. The single-phase Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations of mechanical agitation of Newtonian fluids for different rotational speeds are presented. The equations system is closed with the standard k-epsilon turbulence model. The flow field is analyzed with the velocity profiles, the Q and Lambda2 fields, the pressure and the vorticity.


This study was supported in part by the
Office of Water Research and Technology,
U.S. Department of the Interior under
Project A-O57-OHIO


There is no question that the digital age is upon us. For many of us, the trans-formation to the digital age has been gradual; and, most often, welcomed. In the classroom, we have developed many useful and innovative applications technolo-gy-based pedagogies. Outside of the classroom, we use routinely rely on tech-nology to communicate with our students. However, not all of us grew up with 24/7 access to information that the internet and today's technologies provide. Perhaps the impact of technology on those of us that teach is a bit different from the impact on our students. Many of our students today are members of the mil-lennial generation, which is sometimes referred to as Generation Me (GenMe). Members of GenMe have literally grown up with technology and the instantane-ous availability of information right at their fingertips. Computers, smart phones, iPads, and other technologies offer their users immediate access to information. Might these technologies be seen as a significant distraction to whatever the task at hand might be? Could these distractions be to blame for the perception of many in GenMe that they must multitask in order to get everything done? Might instant access to information be casting a cloud on student learning? If so, does this cloud have a silver lining? This paper addresses these and other questions through the use of a survey given to students in a second-level physics course in spring 2016. Results reveal that nearly all students feel the need to maintain this 24/7 connection using their smart phones. The impact that this level of connect-edness may have on our students will be discussed.


We numerically study the morphology of fluid membrane vesicles with the prescribed volume and surface area in confinement. For spherical confinement, we observe axisymmetric invaginations that transform into ellipsoidal invaginations when the area of the vesicle is increased, followed by a transition into stomatocyte-like shapes. We provide a detailed analysis of the axisymmetric shapes and investigate the effect of the spontaneous curvature of the membrane as a possible mechanism for shape regulation. We show that the observed morphologies are stable under small geometric deformations of the confinement. The results could help us to understand the role of mechanics in the complex folding patterns of biological membranes.


SUMMARY We conducted a series of experiments under laboratory conditions to evaluate the feasibility of using a neem-based (Azadirachta indica) insecticide to control varroa (Varroa jacobsoni). The experiments included studies of anti-feeding effects of azadirachtin, the active ingredient of neem-based insecticides, on adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera); toxicity of azadirachtin to adult workers, worker larvae and associated mites; and the effects of azadirachtin on female V. jacobsoni reproduction. Both commercially formulated and purified azadirachtin were used in the experiments. The results of adult feeding experiments showed that azadirachtin significantly reduced syrup consumption by worker bees (P < 0.05) and exhibited a dose response in mortality: with an oral LC50 of 10.87 μg/ml in mite-free bees, 13.69 μg/ml in mite-infested bees, and 41.87 μg/ml for associated mites. The topical LC50 of azadirachtin was 12.53 μg/ml in mite-free bees, 12.31 μg/ml in mite-infested bees, and 35.43 μg/ml in the associated mites. The results of larval feeding experiments showed that worker larvae were more sensitive to azadirachtin than adult worker bees: exhibiting an LC50 of 180.92 μg/ml to purified azadirachtin and 100.13 μg/ml to formulated azadirachtin. More than 90% of treated, normal-appearing, white prepupae and pupae showed precocious and abnormal pigmentation on their mouthparts and other appendages. LC50's of topical applications of formulated azadirachtin were 104.91, 99.12 and 171.37 μg/ml for mite-free worker larvae, mite-inoculated larvae and associated mites, respectively. In addition, feeding host larvae with azadirachtin significantly reduced the fecundity of mother mites (P < 0.001) as well as egg hatching rate (P < 0.001). However, more research is needed to evaluate the reproductive effects of azadirachtin on drones, queens, and varroa under hive conditions.


Although emissions in North America and South and Central America fell by 2% and 2.4% in 2016, those in the Asia Pacific region increased by 0.9% as did those in the Middle East 1.6% and Africa 1.1%. This resulted in a net global increase of 0.1%. The emissions from the Asia Pacific region were almost equal to those of the rest of the world reflecting a dependency on coal. The US emissions at 1,925 MtCO2/year were less than those of China at 2,943 MtCO2/year. The United Kingdom had a target to reduce emissions from 247 MtCO2/year by 34% and has already exceeded this with levels of 112 MtCO2/year i.e. about 4% of those of China. Electricity production is responsible for 37% of the emissions in the USA compared to 34% in the United Kingdom. This reflects a continuing reliance on coal for electricity production in the USA.


Much has been written on the determinants of input and technology adoption in agriculture, with issues such as input availability, knowledge and education, risk preferences, profitability, and credit constraints receiving much attention. This paper focuses on a factor that has been less well documented: the differential ability of households to take on risky production technologies for fear of the welfare consequences if shocks result in poor harvests. Building on an explicit model, this is explored in panel data for Ethiopia. Historical rainfall distributions are used to identify the counterfactual consumption risk. Controlling for unobserved household and time-varying village characteristics, it emerges that not just exante credit constraints, but also the possibly low consumption outcomes when harvests fail, discourage the application of fertiliser. The lack of insurance causes inefficiency in production choices. JEL classification: O12, O33, Q12, Q16


Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 26 compounds belonging to chemical group 3 (α,β‐unsaturated straight‐chain and branched‐chain aliphatic primary alcohols, aldehydes, acids and esters). They are all currently authorised as flavours in food. The FEEDAP Panel was unable to perform the assessment of non‐2(cis)‐en‐1‐ol [02.112] in the absence of data on its purity. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that hex‐2‐en‐1‐ol [02.020], pent‐2‐en‐1‐ol [02.050], 2‐dodecenal [05.037], nona‐2,4‐dienal [05.071], trans‐2‐nonenal [05.072], hex‐2(trans)‐enal [05.073], 2,4‐decadienal [05.081], hepta‐2,4‐dienal [05.084], deca‐2(trans),4(trans)‐dienal [05.140], dodec‐2(trans)‐enal [05.144], hept‐2(trans)‐enal [05.150], non‐2‐enal [05.171], undec‐2(trans)‐enal [05.184], trans‐2‐octenal [05.190], trans‐2‐decenal [05.191], tr‐2, tr‐4‐nonadienal [05.194], tr‐2, tr‐4‐undecadienal [05.196], hex‐2(trans)‐enyl acetate [09.394] and hex‐2‐enyl butyrate [09.396] are safe at the proposed maximum use level of 5 mg/kg feed for all animal species; nona‐2,6‐dien‐1‐ol [02.049], trans‐2, cis‐6‐nonadien‐1‐ol [02.231], nona‐2(trans),6(cis)‐dienal [05.058], nona‐2(trans),6(trans)‐dienal [05.172], allyl heptanoate [09.097] and allyl hexanoate [09.244] are safe at the proposed normal use levels of 1 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest safe levels in feed. In the absence of studies to assess the safety for the user, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the users when handling the additives. No environmental risk is foreseen for these compounds at the concentrations considered safe for the target species. Since the 25 compounds are used in food as flavourings and their function is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary.


This article makes a bridge between the theory of optimal auditing and the scoring methodology in an asymmetric information setting. Our application is meant for insurance claims fraud, but it can be applied to many other activities that use the scoring approach. Fraud signals are classified based on the degree to which they reveal an increasing probability of fraud. We show that the optimal auditing strategy takes the form of a "red flags strategy," which consists in referring claims to a special investigative unit (SIU) when certain fraud indicators are observed. The auditing policy acts as a deterrence device, and we explain why it requires the commitment of the insurer and how it should affect the incentives of SIU staffs. The characterization of the optimal auditing strategy is robust to some degree of signal manipulation by defrauders as well as to the imperfect information of defrauders about the audit frequency. The model is calibrated with data from a large European insurance company. We show that it is possible to improve our results by separating different groups of insureds with different moral costs of fraud. Finally, our results indicate how the deterrence effect of the audit scheme can be taken into account and how it affects the optimal auditing strategy.


We describe a method of representing human activities that allows a collection of motions to be queried without examples, using a simple and effective query language. Our approach is based on units of activity at segments of the body, that can be composed across space and across the body to produce complex queries. The presence of search units is inferred automatically by tracking the body, lifting the tracks to 3D and comparing to models trained using motion capture data. We show results for a large range of queries applied to a collection of complex motion and activity. Our models of short time scale limb behaviour are built using labelled motion capture set. We compare with discriminative methods applied to tracker data; our method offers significantly improved performance. We show experimental evidence that our method is robust to view direction and is unaffected by the changes of clothing.


With the direct measurement of the quantum oscillatory magnetization M of a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in an InGaAs/InP asymmetric quantum well we discover a frequency anomaly of the de Haas–van Alphen effect which is not consistent with existing theories on spin-orbit interaction (SOI). Strikingly, the oscillatory magnetoresistance of the same heterostructure, that is, the Shubnikov–de Haas effect conventionally used to explore SOI, does not show the frequency anomaly. This explains why our finding has not been reported for almost three decades. The understanding of the ground state energy of a 2DES is evidenced to be incomplete when SOI is present.


Buffalo's rumen bacteria (BRB) are potential in digesting fiber feed. BRB already adapted well with low quality forages and agricultural byproducts. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of buffalo's rumen bacteria (BRB) consortium inoculated into preweaning Frisian Holstein calves on nutrient digestibility, physiological status, mineral uptake, and blood profile. This study used 14 isolates of bacteria isolated from rumen fluid of four local buffalos. The research units consisted of seven Frisian Holstein calves at two weeks old with the average body weight of 43.6±4.5 kg. Calves were inoculated with 20 mL of buffalo's rumen bacteria isolates [4.56 x 10 9 cfu/mL] every morning for 10 weeks. The calves were divided into two groups i.e., three calves received bacterial inoculation and four calves without any inoculation. The variables which were analyzed in the preweaning and weaning period were feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), rumen fermentation characteristics, body weight, physiological status, blood profile, and mineral status. Data were analyzed statistically using t-test. The results showed that inoculation of buffalo's rumen bacteria into Frisian Holstein calves effectively increased feed intake, characteristics of leukocytes and neutrophils, and cobalt (Co) uptake during the weaning period. Inoculation of rumen bacteria improved rumen pH during preweaning and weaning periods. Inoculation of rumen bacteria also had no negative effects on digestibility, feed conversion (FCR), average daily gain (ADG), and physiological status. Key words: buffalo rumen bacteria, digestibility, physiological status, blood profile, Pennisetum purpureum


This Commentary by Daniel Gros looks at the acronym recently coined by financial markets to sum up troubled eurozone states – 'Pigs', for Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain – and finds it misleading, given its preoccupation with fiscal policy. In determining the sustainability of public debt, he argues that one should not look only, perhaps not even mainly, at today's fiscal accounts, but at the resource balance for the entire country. It is one thing to provide financing to a country that is generating strong internal cash flows and got into trouble only because of excessive investment (the case of Ireland and Spain). But it is quite a different proposition to prop up one whose equity is being eroded because internal cash flow is not even sufficient to maintain the capital stock (the case of Greece and Portugal).


How should we understand the cultural politics that has surrounded the development of international human rights? Two perspectives frame contemporary debate. For 'cultural particularists', human rights are western artefacts; alien to other societies, and an inappropriate basis for international institutional development. For 'negotiated universalists', a widespread global consensus undergirds international human rights norms, with few states openly contesting their status as fundamental standards of political legitimacy. This article advances an alternative understanding, pursuing John Vincent's provocative, yet undeveloped, suggestion that while the notion of human rights has its origins in European culture, its spread internationally is best understood as the product of a 'universal social process'. The international politics of individual/human rights is located within an evolving global ecumene, a field of dynamic cultural engagement, characterized over time by the development of multiple modernities. Within this field, individual/human rights have been at the heart of diverse forms of historically transformative contentious politics, not the least being the struggles for imperial reform and change waged by subject peoples of diverse cultural backgrounds; struggles that not only played a key role in the construction of the contemporary global system of sovereign states, but also transformed the idea of 'human' rights itself. In developing this alternative understanding, the article advances a different understanding of the relation between power and human rights, one in which rights are seen as neither simple expressions of, or vehicles for, western domination, nor robbed of all power-political content by simple notions of negotiation or consensus. The article concludes by considering, in a very preliminary fashion, the implications of this new account for normative theorizing about human rights. If a prima facie case exists for the normative justifiability of such rights, it lies first in their radical nature—in their role in historically transformative contentious politics—and second in their universalizability, in the fact that one cannot plausibly claim them for oneself while denying them to others.


Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a key strategy employed worldwide to mitigate biodiversity loss and maintain marine ecosystem services. However, the efficacy of MPAs in achieving biological and socioeconomic goals is highly variable; a significant factor impeding their success is a lack of consideration and understanding of associated human systems. This is particularly true for MPAs designed under Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP), currently the foremost paradigm employed in the design of protected areas. Despite a flurry of activity in the SCP literature advocating the need to better understand and incorporate socioeconomic factors into design and management of protected areas, in practice, socioeconomic factors continue to be oversimplified and treated as secondary to biological factors. Given the ongoing expansion of MPAs globally, there is a pressing need to better understand and incorporate socioeconomic factors into design and management.

The overarching goal of my thesis is to improve our understanding of critical socioeconomic factors relevant to MPAs, and to provide guidance on how this knowledge can be incorporated into MPA design and management. I set out to achieve this goal through three research objectives, which are to:

1. Investigate the socioeconomic impacts of MPAs, and whether these vary according to social subgroup

2. Identify socioeconomic factors related to individual participation of local people in MPA management

3. Test alternative approaches to incorporating socioeconomic factors into spatial prioritisation of MPAs under a SCP approach.

The first objective of my thesis seeks to contribute to building the evidence base for the socioeconomic impacts of protected areas, which is currently weak, particularly in relation to whether impacts differ according to social subgroups. I address this objective by assessing the short-, medium- and long-term impacts of a MPA project on three key domains of poverty (i.e. security, opportunity, and empowerment) over fifteen years (chapter 2), including whether impacts differed by social subgroup (chapter 3). The studied MPA project was designed to achieve the dual goals of conservation and poverty alleviation, and was implemented over five years in four villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using social data from villages with and without MPAs, I found in chapter 2 that positive impacts spanned all three poverty domains, but appeared to occur mostly during the implementation period and subsided when external funding was withdrawn. These findings question the efficiency of the short-term approach taken in many international donor-assisted MPA projects, which are often designed with the expectation that management activities will be sustained and related benefits will continue to accumulate after external support is terminated.

In chapter 3, I assessed whether the socioeconomic impacts of the MPA project examined in chapter 2 differed according to social subgroups defined by age, gender, and religion. I found little empirical evidence that impacts on five indicators of poverty differed according to social subgroups. Environmental knowledge was the only indicator for which I found heterogeneous impacts; over the medium and long terms, younger people and Muslims showed greater improvements compared to older people and Christians, respectively. My findings elucidate some of the pathways through which socioeconomic impacts of MPAs may occur, and hence, may be used to improve targeting of management activities in the study region. Further, the research sheds light on the potential for heterogeneous socioeconomic impacts of protected areas, which is of critical importance given that social inequity can create conflict and impede poverty reduction, thus jeopardising biological and socioeconomic objectives of protected areas.

The second objective of my thesis seeks to contribute to our limited understanding of the factors affecting human behaviour associated with use and management of natural resources. I address this objective in chapter 4 by assessing how individual- and community-scale socioeconomic factors are related to individuals' participation in the management of 13 community-based MPAs in North Sulawesi and Bali, Indonesia. I take an interdisciplinary approach to the latter and draw from literature on human behaviour from social psychology, political science, and behavioural economics. I found three key factors that were related to participation of local people: subjective norms, structural elements of social capital, and nested institutions. There was also suggestive evidence that participation was related to people's cooperative behavioural disposition, which I elicited using a public goods game. My findings highlight the importance of considering multiple-scale interventions other than those designed to appeal to self-interested concerns, such as regulations and material incentives, which are typically employed to encourage participation of local people in management of natural resources.

The third objective of my thesis seeks to address the existing lack of a rigorous evaluation of how the design of protected areas can be affected by treating socioeconomic factors as costs or objectives in spatial prioritisation following a SCP approach. I address this objective in chapter 5 by assessing how treating socioeconomic considerations as costs or objectives, and stakeholders (i.e. fishers) as a single or multiple groups, affect MPA design in terms of trade-offs between biodiversity, livelihood and social equity objectives. I found that the achievement of fisheries objectives and equity tended to trade-off concavely with increasing biodiversity objectives, indicating that it is possible to achieve low to mid-range biodiversity objectives with relatively small losses to fisheries and equity. Importantly, the extent of trade-offs depended on the method employed for incorporating socioeconomic data, and were least severe when objectives were set for each stakeholder group explicitly.

My thesis contributes to SCP theory and practice by elucidating key socioeconomic factors relevant to protected areas and how they can be incorporated into the design and management of MPAs. My results demonstrate the importance of conceptually and theoretically broadening the way socioeconomic factors are considered in SCP, in both the spatial and non-spatial components of planning. Better understanding and incorporation of socioeconomic considerations in design and management of protected areas will help ensure this conservation tool contributes to human well-being and increase the likelihood of gaining local stakeholders' support, on which conservation success is predicated.