Over the last two decades, honors programs and colleges have mushroomed throughout the Netherlands and elsewhere. Honors programs are intended to challenge the most academically gifted students to develop their full potential.The programs are developed by inspired teachers who are allowed freedom to create innovative learning environments, resulting in a diversity of instructional strategies believed to match the needs of high-ability students. However, much is still to be understood about the specific design of education for these students. The main research aim guiding this thesis was to examine appropriate instructional strategies for high-ability students at the university level (honors students). The aim of examining appropriate instructional strategies for honors students was based on the assumption that honors students differ from their non-honors peers in their potential for excellence, and therefore need differentiated instructional strategies. To test this assumption, we first inquired differences between honors and non-honors students with respect to the characteristics that are expected to be vital for excellence: intelligence, motivation and creativity. By means of a questionnaire, honors students and non-honors) at Utrecht University were assessed with a self-report questionnaire on these three characteristics. Results showed that the honors students differed significantly from the non-honors students in terms of the combined variables as well as for the separate variables, with the exception of 'persistence'. Since the results showed that honors students differed significantly from non-honors students, it seemed justifiable to assume that these students need distinct challenge to further develop these qualities. The next two studies sought answers to the questions of how to challenge high-ability students. Findings of the first case study showed that maximum effort and (perceived) learning were experienced when the perceived challenge exceeded the level of ability the most, and during which students felt worried and frustrated. These results indicate that a balance between ability and challenge is vital for enjoyment, but not necessarily for effort, persistence and learning. This finding was unexpected, given that negative emotions have been understood to impede intrinsic motivation and learning. As to the question of what constituted the challenge, we found a three-factor model of challenge: autonomy, complexity, and high teacher expectations. We investigated the generalizability of this three-factor model of challenge in a subsequent study, where we examined six honors courses, varying in level and discipline, questioning the factors in the learning environment that constituted (lack of) challenge for high-ability students. Results showed that students experienced the highest levels of challenge when three factors (autonomy, complexity, and high teacher expectations) occurred simultaneously, confirming the results of the case study mentioned above. Some of the courses in the multiple case study were not very challenging, This suggested the question why experienced teachers in similar settings made different choices with respect to the level of challenge they provided students. To address this question, we interviewed 12 teachers, examining their considerations regarding the choice whether or not to challenge students. Findings of this study revealed several dilemmas relating to challenge, showing that applying a significant educational objective such as challenge is not straightforward. For example, maximizing challenge was supposed to stimulate students to bring their talents to full bloom. But at the same time, teachers for example emphasized how high challenge might affect students' feelings of safety, and subsequently scare students away from contributing to class discussions.


Nations, particularly those with well-established infrastructure, have started to look for new, innovative solutions to address the expected, inevitable high demand for primary resources. The WEF (water–energy–food) Nexus approach, which holistically considers the dynamic interlinkages between water, energy, and food resources, has come to the forefront within scientific and practice communities. Supporters assert that sustainable solutions can be revealed though the use of this approach, rather than conventional approaches that often overlook the interlinkages. The authors developed a holistic framework to provide sustainable scenarios that include feasible infrastructure interventions. The framework focuses on water, includes a unique analytic tool for quantifying scenarios, and ultimately produces a sustainability analysis of each scenario. Optimal scenarios are offered that consider site-specific dynamic resource interlinkages. The platform was applied to the case study of Matagorda County, Texas, identified as one of the most water-stressed regions in the state of Texas by the Texas Water Development Board, the state's executive agency for water resources management. High demands from energy and agriculture sectors in the county and sharp population increase in the upper basins, which include the city of Austin, have put great pressures on the water resources of Matagorda County. Farmers have been forced to change their crops from high to lower water-demand crops, in spite of apparent and relatively abundant local water resources. The findings of the case study present a most sustainable scenario, including infrastructure interventions that will increase the annual income of agriculture sector from $188 million to $239 million. The approach also helps preserve resources while reducing annual water and energy demand by 22 million m3 and 21 million kWh, respectively, and does not sacrifice on-going municipal and industrial water use or energy production in Matagorda, Texas.


In the early part of this decade it appeared that California voters stood to use the devices of direct democracy - the initiative, referendum, and the recall - to take a more major role in crafting the state's public policy. After all, in 2003 California for the first time recalled a sitting governor, Gray Davis, and replaced him with actor-bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger. By the end of the decade, however, despite the promise of "hybrid democracy," it appears that voters remain the junior partners in governance in the Golden State. Schwarzenegger's boldest attempt to bypass the legislature and go directly to voters came in a special election he called in 2005. Though Schwarzenegger raised and spent $56 million supporting his package of measures (out of a total of an astounding $300 million spent on ballot measure activity in that election, all of the measures that Schwarzenegger backed went down to defeat, some by large margins.The 2005 experience was not isolated. One lesson of this decade is that the devices of direct democracy remain too blunt and expensive as tools for anything but interstitial governance. From 2002 through 2008 voters were asked to approve 63 ballot measures - 43 voter initiatives and 20 ballot measures proposed by the legislature. California voters approved 18 of the 20 legislative ballot measures (the large majority of them bond measures), a 90% approval rate. But they approved only 14 of 43 initiatives, a rate of 32.5%, lower than the rate in past decades. Proponents and opponents spent over $1.3 billion on ballot measure-related activity in California in the 2000-2006 period. Despite this flurry of activity, California's governance appeared in shambles for much of the decade, with the biggest problem being the inability of the California legislature to approve a state budget under the state constitution's tough rule requiring two-thirds approval of budgets, leading the state in 2008 to the verge of financial collapse. Moreover, the initiative process proved especially divisive in 2008 when California voters narrowly approved Proposition 8, a measure amending the California Constitution to bar gay marriage.This review essay considers the state of hybrid democracy in California through an examination of three worthy books: Daniel Weintraub, Party of One: Arnold Schwarzenegger and the Rise of the Independent Voter; Center for Governmental Studies, Democracy by Initiative: Shaping California's Fourth Branch of Government (Second Edition), and Mark Baldassare and Cheryl Katz, The Coming of Age of Direct Democracy: California's Recall and Beyond. The essay concludes that despite the hoopla about Governor Schwarzenegger as a "party of one" and a new age of "hybrid democracy" in California, the pattern in the 2000s appears mostly the same as that of past decades: California voters have occasionally passed important measures through the initiative process, but for the most part public policy in the state continues to be crafted by the state legislature and the governor. The best hope for increased "people power" through the initiative process is for initiative proponents to focus on good government measures that assure a better legislative process, such as open primaries, redistricting reform, and budget reform.


We present a silicon based single optical element that is able to automatically generate desired laser beam polarizations and intensities for the holographic fabrication of woodpile-type photonic crystal templates. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold based reflective optics element is fabricated for the generation of five-beam interferences where four beams are arranged four-fold symmetrically around a central beam. Silicon chips in the inner surfaces of the mold are used to reflect the circularly or elliptically polarized beam into four side beams that are linearly polarized with electric fields normal to the incident plane, and reduce their laser intensities. Photonic crystal templates are holographically fabricated in a photosensitive polymer through this silicon-on-PDMS based single optical element and single beam based configuration.


We calculate the effective electric permittivity of photonic crystals of spherical particles with substitutional disorder. The effective permittivity is obtained by using a coherent-potential approximation scheme for photonic crystals in the context of multiple-scattering theory. The method is applied to the case of dielectric spheres in air as well as to inverted structures, i.e., air spheres in a dielectric medium. The results are compared against the standard Maxwell-Garnett effective-medium theory and its variations.


This paper explores the implications of 'gradient dissimilation' (Jatteau & Hejná 2016) for the diachronic implementation of long-distance dissimilation (e.g. ChVCh > CVCh). Since dissimilation is usually considered as lexically sporadic, cases where it applies regularly throughout the lexicon should result from lexical diffusion. Against this assumption, we explore the hypothesis that gradient dissimilation may represent the phonetic precursor of completed, regular dissimilatory processes. Such cases might then be reanalysed as Neogrammarian types of change. To assess this question, we gather and analyse new data from Halh Mongolian, a language reported to show gradient dissimilation of the aspiration feature, and compare it to two completed patterns of aspiration dissimilation reconstructed within the Mongolic family: Chahar Mongolian and Monguor. The results suggest that the gradient dissimilation in Halh may represent the phonetic precursor of Chahar, but also that gradient dissimilation may be bidirectional for some speakers. An interesting difference between our Halh Mongolian results and the other patterns of the Mongolic family resides in the behaviour of /s/, which in our data does not pattern as expected with the aspirated stops.


This article examines the use of numismatic iconography by the British colonial administration of Cyprus in order, initially, to legitimise its possession of the island and, subsequently, to promote an Eteocypriot, an "authentic Cypriot", identity as counter-poison against Greek nationalism. In this endeavour of social engineering, archaeological items and other symbols from Cyprus' past played a prominent part. The outbreak of the Cypriot guerrilla war for union with Greece in 1955 highlighted the bankruptcy of this operation. Nevertheless, British efforts to evade Cyprus' overwhelmingly Greek past - and present - continued unabated, even after the formal recognition of the island's independence.


Generating dexterous grasping has been a long-standing and challenging robotic task. Despite recent progress, existing methods primarily suffer from two issues. First, most prior art focuses on a specific type of robot hand, lacking generalizable capability of handling unseen ones. Second, prior arts oftentimes fail to rapidly generate diverse grasps with a high success rate. To jointly tackle these challenges with a unified solution, we propose the GenDexGrasp, a novel hand-agnostic grasping algorithm for generalizable grasping. GenDexGrasp is trained on our proposed large-scale multi-hand grasping dataset MultiDex synthesized with force closure optimization. By leveraging the contact map as a hand-agnostic intermediate representation, GenDexGrasp efficiently generates diverse and plausible grasping poses with a high success rate and can transfer among diverse multi-fingered robotic hands. Compared with previous methods, GenDexGrasp achieves a three-way trade-off among success rate, inference speed, and diversity.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This study compared the knowledge of and attitudes toward primary care in relation to anticipated career choices of first-year medical students at two medical schools that differ significantly in production of primary care physicians.

METHODS
A cross-sectional survey was conducted at a private, urban school in the Northeast where only a small percentage of students enter family practice residencies and a public, rural school in the Southeast where entry into family practice is among the highest in the country. The survey was conducted during the first semester of medical school.

RESULTS
Ninety-six percent of students correctly identified general internal medicine, general pediatrics, and family practice as primary care fields; 51.8% identified these fields as "specialties." Statistically significant differences were seen between the percentages of students at the two schools who planned careers in primary care, suggesting that selection processes may differ between the two schools. There were no significant differences between students at the two schools in correctly identifying the characteristics of primary care practice. Only minor differences between the schools were found in assessments of the need for or importance of primary care.

CONCLUSIONS
Although a significant difference in student interest in becoming primary care physicians was detected at the two schools, a surprising similarity was shown in their knowledge and attitudes about primary care. New attitudinal markers will need to be developed to help admissions committees select students most likely to enter primary care careers.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The TOPIC model conceptualizes the work of family physicians as five prototypical visits (new problem, checkup, chronic illness, psychosocial problem, and behavioral change) and four major processes (physician information processing, patient-physician relationship development, integration of information and relationship, and lifelong learning). This paper describes methods for teaching this model to clerkship students and reports 4 years of outcome data.

METHODS
The instruction included seminars at the beginning of the rotation, a laminated pocket card as a reminder in clinical sites, a clerkship "passport" with examples of TOPIC verbal presentations, and student self-study for the end-of-rotation Clinical Performance Examination (CPX). Evaluation outcomes include student perceptions of the seminars and student performance on the CPX.

RESULTS
Students rated the usefulness of the seminars favorably. The CPX scores showed that students performed most of the tasks expected for each prototypical visit.

CONCLUSIONS
Students learned the tasks presented in the seminars and demonstrated them during the CPX. The model is robust since students learned the material despite some changes in teaching methods.


Cloud computing means the dynamic allocation of resources and by which the business customers can increase or decrease the usage of their resource based on their demands. Through virtualization technology by multiplexing resource many of the laud gains in the cloud model can be achieves. A load balancer has the capabilities to calculate the load on individual virtual server and of efficient distribution of load from server to server to enhance the response delivery time to individual clients so that the performance of the system improves. In this paper, we are proposing a scheme to employ load balancing, green computing, virtualization and Cloud computing. By shifting multiple servers on improved and high capability single server we can save the energy and also give advantage of dynamic resource allocation to the cloud users. Hence, we are proposing the system to allocate data center resources dynamically by virtualization technology based on the demands of application and optimizing the number of servers in use to support green computing. We are trying to implement a set of solution to prevent the system from overload effectively while saving energy used. KeywordsCloud, virtualization, Green computing, load Balancer, OS.


This paper studies occupational mobility of ethnic German migrants who have entered Germany since 1984. The empirical analysis suggests significant differences in the probability of downward occupational mobility by gender, immigration status, and schooling levels. In general, migrants with higher skill levels face sharper deteriorations in their relative labor market position at the time of immigration, but are also able to reach their original occupational status much faster than low-skilled immigrants.


Recent decades have been characterised by increasingly complex governance structures. In order to tackle threats from epidemics, environmental degradation and other trans-boundary problems governments collaborate not only with actors from other governments, international agencies and civil society, but also from the private sector and business community. Large numbers of global partnerships, including public-private, have been created together with initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals, which guide today's development strategies. Nevertheless we do not know enough about how these new arrangements affect national politics, policymaking and eventually policy implementation at the local level. The current changes are quite radical in terms of governance and the role of the state, especially in transitional low-income countries where not only new actors enter the scene, but also new norms and ways of doing things affecting policymaking have to be taken into account, together with the new collaboration patterns. Political processes are affected in various ways, which in turn raises questions about the democratic quality of governing arrangements at different levels of society. The aim of this paper is to develop an analytical framework that can be used to better understand these processes. The paper is part of a three-year project with the ambition to investigate how global policy and global partnerships influence national and local governance, and vice versa, both with regard to political and organisational structures and to concrete policy initiatives and their implementation. Inclusion and exclusion in policymaking together with the role of the state in relation to other actors is central for the project. Empirically the project focuses on HIV/AIDS policies in Cambodia and Laos. The project is qualitative in character using a comparative case study approach. Besides literature reviews, interviews will be conducted with representatives from international organisations and agencies, NGOs and health officials. The results are expected to be policy relevant and contribute with both empirical and theoretical findings.


Poor family relationships during childhood have been shown to have long-term negative effects on an offspring's health. However, few studies have followed the offspring to retirement age, and relatedly, knowledge about the link between poor family relationships and premature death is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the association between poor family relationships in adolescence and the risk of premature death, even when considering other adverse childhood conditions. Prospective data from the Stockholm Birth Cohort study were used, with 2636 individuals born in 1953 who were followed up until age 65. Information on family relations was based on interviews with the participants' mothers in 1968. Information on mortality was retrieved from administrative register data from 1969–2018. Cox proportional hazards regressions showed that poor family relationships in adolescence were associated with an increased risk of premature death, even when adjusting for childhood conditions in terms of household social class, household economic poverty, contact with the child services, parental alcohol abuse, and parental mental illness (Hazard Ratio (HR), 2.08, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.40–3.09). The findings show that poor family relationships in adolescence can have severe and long-lasting health consequences, highlighting the importance of early interventions.


On conventional accounts, the state action doctrine is dichotomous. When the government acts, constitutional limits take hold and the government action is invalid if those limits are exceeded. When the government fails to act, the state action doctrine leaves decisions to individuals, who are permitted to violate what would otherwise be constitutional constraints.
It turns out though that the modern state action doctrine creates three rather than two domains. There is indeed a private, inner band where there is thought to be insufficient government action to trigger constitutional constraints, but often there is also a public, outer band where there is too much state action for the Constitution to apply. The Constitution takes hold only in a middle band—the Goldilocks band—sandwiched between these two domains. For constitutional limitations to have force, the government must act just enough—but not too much.
This Article's first aim is to identify and describe this puzzling structure. It also examines a variety of doctrinal principles that produce and, perhaps, justify the state action doctrine's three bands. The Article then argues that these seemingly disparate principles are all related to the special constitutional problems produced by the emergence of the middle band of government regulation. Finally, the Article concludes with some brief speculation about whether the modern tripartite structure can survive.


Research was done on two important groups of nematodes plant parasitic nematodes and insect parasitic nematodes (entomopathogenic nematodes). Among plant parasitic nematodes root knot nematodes are the most important. It has a wide host range. Tomatoes are the most seriously affected by Meloidogyne incognita. Different varieties were tested against M. incognita for susceptibility, invasion and development of M. incognita. Moneymaker, Titano, California, Peelo, Nagina, Riogranade and Pakit were highly susceptible while Fonto, Tarnab, Lima, VF-400, PETO-86 and Samrutti were susceptible. Calmart VFN proved resistant. There was a positive relationship between the inoculum level of M. incognita and root weights and inverse relationship with shoot weights. Effect of plant age on plant susceptibility to nematode infection was also studied. Plant extract of neem, onion, garlic, tobacco, aloevera, cloves and chili was investigated for larval mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita. Mortality of nematodes increased with exposure time and extract concentration. Effect of plant extracts on root knot nematodes applied after root knot nematodes and bare dip root treatment was also studied on plant growth parameters plant height, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight and fresh root weight. Among all the plant extracts tested neem proved effective followed by onion and tobacco while chili proved less effective as compared to the other plant extracts. In the second part of thesis, effect of entomopathogenic nematodes S. asiaticum, S. glaseri, H. indica and H. bacteriophora on the development of M. incognita, effect of different inoculum levels, and time of application, live and dead EPN on RKN in addition to the persistence in soil was also studied. Suppression of M. incognita varied with application rate. The high application rates of EPN reduced M. incognita infestation as compared to low rates. Reduction in root knot nematode invasion and development was recorded. Numbers of EPN were reduced in non-sterilized soil. Both dead as well as live entomopathogenic nematodes and their material were responsible for lower invasion by M. incognita in tomato.


The ability to heal soft tissue injuries and regenerate cartilage is the Holy Grail of musculoskeletal medicine. Articular cartilage repair and regeneration is considered to be largely intractable due to the poor regenerative properties of this tissue. Due to their low self-repair ability, cartilage defects that result from joint injury, aging, or osteoarthritis, are the most often irreversible and are a major cause of joint pain and chronic disability. However, current methods do not perfectly restore hyaline cartilage and may lead to the apparition of fibro- or continue hypertrophic cartilage. The lack of efficient modalities of treatment has prompted research into tissue engineering combining stem cells, scaffold materials and environmental factors. The field of articular cartilage tissue engineering, which aims to repair, regenerate, and/or improve injured or diseased cartilage functionality, has evoked intense interest and holds great potential for improving cartilage therapy. Plasma-rich in growth factors (PRGF) and/or stem cells may be effective for tissue repair as well as cartilage regenerative processes. There is a great promise to advance current cartilage therapies toward achieving a consistently successful approach for addressing cartilage afflictions. Tissue engineering may be the best way to reach this objective via the use of stem cells, novel biologically inspired scaffolds and, emerging nanotechnology. In this paper, current and emergent approach in the field of cartilage tissue engineering is presented for specific application. In the next years, the development of new strategies using stem cells, in scaffolds, with supplementation of culture medium could improve the quality of new formed cartilage.


Semantic program dependence graphs, or semantic pdgs, are an attractive intermediate program representation for use in advanced optimizing and parallelizing compilers. The semantic pdg, which is based on the program dependence graph, has a compositional semantics that provides an elegant characterization of the types of dependences that arise in imperative programming languages. In addition, the semantic pdg has a simple operational semantics which serves as the basis of an equational calculus reasoning about semantic pdgs. Finally, the algorithms for creating the semantic pdg are efficient enough to allow the use of this program representation in actual compilers.
The semantic pdg is the result of a study, using denotational semantics, into the notions of data and control dependence in imperative programming languages. Semantic pdgs include a new component, the valve node, which ensures the data flow character of the semantic pdg, even in the presence of conditional assignments, and provides the control information necessary to perform many important program optimizations. The valve node is a natural result of the derivation step that addresses the data dependence relation. The semantic pdg utilizes the new concept of a partial array to allow for optimizations of array accesses while maintaining the mathematical elegance of the data flow semantics of the pdg.
The semantic pdg is not only an elegant representation from a mathematical perspective, but it is also a useful representation from a practical perspective. This structure is particularly well-suited for use in optimizing and parallelizing compilers since it explicates the important relationships among the different statements in a program. We have developed a program representation that is powerful enough to represent the behavior of a program, that provides the information needed to optimize the program, and that has a precise mathematical description. The development of the semantic pdg reconciles the often contradictory requirements of mathematical elegance and practicality.


Segregation, or non-uniformity, in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) induces accelerated pavement distress(es) that can reduce a pavement's service life up to 50%. Quality Assurance procedures should detect and quantify the presence of this problem in newly constructed pavements. Current practices are usually based on visual inspections that identify nonuniform surface texture areas. An automatic process that reduces subjectivity would improve the quality-assurance procedures of HMA pavements. Virginia has undertaken a focused research effort to improve the uniformity of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. A method using a dynamic (laser-based) surface macrotexture instrument showed great promise, but it revealed that it may actually miss significant segregated areas because they only measure very thin longitudinal lines. The main objective of this research is to develop a non-contact system for the detection of segregated HMA areas and for the identification of the locations of these areas along a road for HMA quality assurance purposes. The developed system uses relatively low cost components and innovative image processing and analysis software. It computes the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) of images of newly constructed pavements to find various parameters that are commonly used in visual texture analysis. Using principal component analysis to integrate multivariable data into a single classifier, Hotelling's T statistic, the system then creates a list of the location of possible nonuniformities that require closer inspection. Field evaluations of the system at the Virginia Smart Road proved that it is capable of discriminating between different pavement surfaces. Verification of the system was conducted through a series of field tests to evaluate the uniformity of newly constructed pavements. A total of 18 continuous road segments of recently paved roads were tested and analyzed with the system. Tables and plots to be used by inspection personnel in the field were developed. The results of these field tests confirmed the capability of the system to detect potential nonuniformities of recently completed pavements. The system proved its potential as a useful tool in the final inspection process.


This report summarizes experiments performed on 164Dy using photon scattering techniques. The scissors mode in 164Dy has been reinvestigated using unpolarized photons from bremsstrahlung and polarized photons from a free electron laser. The current experiments lead to the observation of a new decay mode of the scissors mode in well‐deformed rotors.


Open-world query answering is the problem of deciding, given a set of facts, conjunction of constraints, and query, whether the facts and constraints imply the query. This amounts to reasoning over all instances that include the facts and satisfy the constraints. We study finite open-world query answering (FQA), which assumes that the underlying world is finite and thus only considers the finite completions of the instance. The major known decidable cases of FQA derive from the following: the guarded fragment of first-order logic, which can express referential constraints (data in one place points to data in another) but cannot express number restrictions such as functional dependencies; and the guarded fragment with number restrictions but on a signature of arity only two. In this article, we give the first decidability results for FQA that combine both referential constraints and number restrictions for arbitrary signatures: We show that, for unary inclusion dependencies and functional dependencies, the finiteness assumption of FQA can be lifted up to taking the finite implication closure of the dependencies. Our result relies on new techniques to construct finite universal models of such constraints for any bound on the maximal query size.


Information Attacks are showing the weaknesses of Information security due to the rapid growth of the globalisation. The main aim of these attacks is to retrieve the information by illegal that shows the faults in the security services. In this paper, we introduce a novel secure steganographic approach for defending against these information attacks. In this approach, instead of original message an encrypted message by Prime Number and Gray Code Encryption (PGE) Algorithm is hidden into an Image (Stego Image) using a new approach named Linear Block parity coding (LBP) which provides more security than conventional approaches. The major strength of this paper is steganalysis has discussed. The computational complexity is comparatively low with other methods since our feature vector space is limited interference is not objectionable.


Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) places great demands on spatial accuracy. Steel BBs used as markers in quality assurance (QA) phantoms are clearly visible in MV and planar kV images, but artifacts compromise cone-beam CT (CBCT) isocenter localization. The purpose of this work was to develop a QA phantom for measuring with sub-mm accuracy isocenter congruence of planar kV, MV, and CBCT imaging systems and to design a practical QA procedure that includes daily Winston-Lutz (WL) tests and does not require computer aid. The salient feature of the phantom (Universal Alignment Ball (UAB)) is a novel marker for precisely localizing isocenters of CBCT, planar kV, and MV beams. It consists of a 25.4 mm diameter sphere of polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) containing a concentric 6.35 mm diameter tungsten carbide ball. The large density difference between PMMA and the polystyrene foam in which the PMMA sphere is embedded yields a sharp image of the sphere for accurate CBCT registration. The tungsten carbide ball serves in finding isocenter in planar kV and MV images and in doing WL tests. With the aid of the UAB, CBCT isocenter was located within 0.10±0.05 mm of its true positon, and MV isocenter was pinpointed in planar images to within 0.06±0.04 mm. In clinical morning QA tests extending over an 18 months period the UAB consistently yielded measurements with sub-mm accuracy. The average distance between isocenter defined by orthogonal kV images and CBCT measured 0.16±0.12 mm. In WL tests the central ray of anterior beams defined by a 1.5×1.5 cm2 MLC field agreed with CBCT isocenter within 0.03±0.14 mm in the lateral direction and within 0.10±0.19 mm in the longitudinal direction. Lateral MV beams approached CBCT isocenter within 0.00±0.11 mm in the vertical direction and within -0.14±0.15 mm longitudinally. It took therapists about 10 min to do the tests. The novel QA phantom allows pinpointing CBCT and MV isocenter positions to better than 0.2 mm, using visual image registration. Under CBCT guidance, MLC-defined beams are deliverable with sub-mm spatial accuracy. The QA procedure is practical for daily tests by therapists. PACS number(s): 87.53.Ly, 87.56.Fc.


Silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers and particule-reinforced aluminum alloys show promise as metal matrix composites (MMC) stiff and in high-strength lightweight applications. When a MMC is cooled down to room temperature from the fabrication or annealing temperature, residual stresses are induced in the composite as a result of the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients between the metal matrix and fibers. The magnitude of the residual stresses has a very important effect on the yield stress and fatigue strength of the MMC. Many techniques are available for residual stress measurement on mechanical parts. X-ray diffraction, bending deflection, and hole drilling are three techniques that are commonly used. This paper discusses a study on measuring residual stress on MMC components by the incremental hole-drilling and X-ray diffraction methods. The modified hole-drilling method is used for measuring the macroscopic residual stress gradient in depth, and the X-ray method is used for measuring surface residual stresses. New developments have shown that the strain measured on the surface during incremental drilling can be related to the residual stress gradient. Finite element software has been developed for the calculation of calibration coefficients for the hole-drilling method. Some special aspects of this technique, drilling system, and stress gradient will be presented. Different aluminum matrices (2024, 2124, and 6061) and SiC fiber proportions have been tested. The effects of heat treatment, machining, and shot-peening treatment on the residual stress distribution of these materials will be analyzed and compared. Comparison between measurement with the X-ray diffraction method and the incremental hole-drilling method will also be discussed. This study shows that it is possible to optimize the residual stress distribution of MMC materials with adequate posttreatment.


A study was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic activities of selected fungal and bacterial species which included Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichoderma reesei, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens towards the plant pathogens, Fusarium sacchari and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas. All the selected microorganisms were found to have antagonistic activities against the fungal pathogens when evaluated by the dual culture assay on potato dextrose agar at 30°C for duration of 9 days of incubation. The strongest microorganism for both fungal pathogens was T. reesei followed by A. niger, P. aeruginosa, P. chrysogenum, A. nidulans, B. subtilis and S. marcescens. The involvement of mycoparasitism or antibiosis activity was also investigated. Microscopic observations of mycelial samples from the interaction area from the dual culture assay plates showed that the hyphae of Fusarium spp. were either lysed, fragmented, shriveled, swelled, deformed and became stunted. Deformities, disintegration and lost of the structural integrity of the pathogen conidia were also observed. Antibiosis in the microbial cell-free culture filtrates and methanol crude extracts was detected using agar well diffusion assay and broth assay. Antibiosis activity towards both fungal pathogens was only detected in cell-free culture filtrate and methanol crude extract of P. aeruginosa in the broth assay. There were no antibiosis activity showed by the other microbial crude extracts. Analysis of gas chromatography mass spectrometry was detected the presence of compounds namely cycloheptasiloxane, tetradedecamethyl and l,l,l,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3, 3-bis (trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane in the methanol crude extract of P. aeruginosa which may responsible to the antibiosis activity. From this study, the selected microbes that have the potential to be biological control agents for plant diseases caused by F. sacchari and F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas are T. reesei, A. niger and P. aeruginosa.


In this hugely ambitious and exciting book Peter Watson tells the history of ideas from prehistory to the present day, leading to a new way of telling the history of the world. The book begins over a million years ago with a discussion of how the earliest ideas might have originated. Looking at animal behaviour that appears to require some thought - tool-making, territoriality, counting, language (or at least sounds), pairbonding - Peter Watson moves on to the apeman and the development of simple ideas such as cooking, the earliest language, the emergence of family life. All the obvious areas are tackled - the Ancient Greeks, Christian theology, the ideas of Jesus, astrological thought, the soul, the self, beliefs about the heavens, the ideas of Islam, the Crusades, humanism, the Renaissance, Gutenberg and the book, the scientific revolution, the age of discovery, Shakespeare, the idea of Revolution, the Romantic imagination, Darwin, imperialism, modernism, Freud right up to the present day and the internet.I DEAS: A HISTORY concentrates on the activities and achievements of philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, inventors, religious thinkers, poets, historians, jurists and dramatists, investigating how their ideas have shaped our lives and thinking.


Bullock, Haddow, and Coppola have set the standard for homeland security textbooks, and they follow up their #1-selling third edition with this substantially improved version. Students will value the decades of experience that the authors bring to their analysis, and the new edition offers still more research-based data to balance the field-tested practical information included in each chapter. Additionally, links to the most current online government information help to keep the text up-to-date in this rapidly developing field. As with its predecessors, the book clearly delineates the bedrock principles of preparing for, mitigating, managing, and recovering from emergencies and disasters. However, this new edition emphasizes their value with improved clarity and focus. NEW TO THIS EDITION: This edition has been thoroughly revised to include changes that are based both on changes relevant to the political, budgetary, and legal aspects of homeland security that have changed since the 2008 Presidential election (and subsequent change in the administration), but also in recognition of an expanding academic demand that is both larger in size and changing in scope (most notably with regard to an increase in the number of government employees and officials who are taking courses that have adopted the text). These include: an expansion of material on the organization of the Department of Homeland Security; strategic and philosophical changes that are recommended and/or that have occurred as a result of the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review completed in 2010; updated budgetary information on both homeland security programs and on the homeland security grants that have supported safety and security actions at the state and local levels, as well as in the private sector; and changes in the way the public perceives and receives information about security risk, including the possible elimination of the Homeland Security Advisory System. ANCILLARIES: A companion website includes a full online Instructor's Guide (complete with chapter summaries and a test bank that contains approximately 20 multiple-choice question, 20 true-or-false questions, and 5 essay questions per chapter) as well as PowerPoint slides. * New chapters that focuses specifically on border and transportation security missions* An increased focus on cyber security and infrastructure security, both of which are rapidly growing in importance in the homeland security field among officials at all levels* A companion website that includes a full online Instructor's Guide and PowerPoint lecture slides


This article analyzes the self-correction of spelling by learners of intermediate Japanese. Participants in this study consisted of 20 students with kanji (Chinese characters) background and 43 without. This study investigates (1) types of spelling errors made; (2) the success rate of corrections made when codes for types of errors (error-codes) were given; (3) strategies used for correcting spelling errors; (4) reasons for a failure to correct errors; and (5) measures for further improvement in correction rates. Three methods, including 'think-aloud', observation notes, and the writing of an essay before and after corrections, were used as research tools. The findings show a high rate of success in the self-correction strategies. The errors made by the students may be attributed to a number of different causes. On the basis of the findings, this article puts forth the following suggestions, among others: the provision of increased time for corrections, of more detailed instruction in kanji, and of correct pronunciation instruction; increased practice in the use of dictionaries; and improved codes to indicate types of errors.


Residential customers in California's Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) territory have seen several electricity rate structure changes in the past decade. A relatively simple two-tiered pricing system (charges by usage under/over baseline for the home's climate zone) was replaced in the summer of 2001 by a more complicated five-tiered system (usage below baseline and up to 30percent, 100percent, 200percent, and 300percent+ over baseline). In 2009, PG&E began the process of upgrading its residential customers to Smart Meters and laying the groundwork for time of use pricing, due to start in 2011. This paper examines the history of the tiered pricing system, discusses the problems the utility encountered with its Smart Meter roll out, and evaluates the proposed dynamic pricing incentive structures. Scenario analyses of example PG&E customer bills will also be presented. What would these residential customers pay if they were still operating under a tiered structure, and/or if they participated in peak hour reductions?


Aluminum-doped tin oxide (SnO2:Al) thin films were produced by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The effect of aluminum doping on structural, optical, and electrical properties of tin oxide thin films synthesized at 420 °C was investigated. Al doping induced a change in the morphology of tin oxide films and yielded films with smaller grain size. SnO2 thin films undergo a structural reordering and have a texture transition from (301) to (101), and then to (002) preferred cristallographic orientation upon Al doping. The lattice parameters (a and c) decreases with Al doping, following in a first approximation Vegard's law. The optical transmission does not change in the visible region with an average transmittance value of 72–81%. Conversely, in the near infrared (NIR) region, the plasmon frequency shifts towards the IR region upon increasing Al concentration in the grown films. Nominally undoped SnO2 have a conductivity of ∼1120 S/cm, which is at least two orders of magnitude larger than what is reported in literature. This higher conductivity is attributed to the Cl− ions in the SnCl4·5(H2O) precursor, which would act as donor dopants. The introduction of Al into the SnO2 lattice showed a decrease of the electrical conductivity of SnO2 due to compensating hole generation. These findings will be useful for further studied tackling the tailoring of the properties of highly demanded fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) films.


Information on the ecology and distribution of Myriospora species in the Baltic coastal zone of Germany isprovided. The three species (M. myochroa, M. rhagadiza, M. smaragdula) occurring in the study area arewidely distributed, but show differences in frequency and distribution pattern. Myriospora rhagadiza is rathercommon but strictly restricted to the Baltic shoreline in contrast to the other two species.


Financial regulation after the Dodd-Frank Act has produced a blizzard of acronyms, many of which revolve around the "too big to fail" (TBTF) problem. OLA, OLF, SPOE, and TLAC are new regulatory tools that seek to build a new regime for resolving failures of systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs). The explicit goal of this new regime is to enable a SIFI to fail, just like United Airlines or Blockbuster Video, without requiring a government bailout. In this article, we express significant doubts about the new regime's ability to work as advertised. The "single point of entry" (SPOE) resolution strategy, which focuses all resolution efforts on a SIFI's parent holding company, is a strategy devised for a very stylized, even hypothetical sort of failure that does not threaten the stability of the financial system. SPOE is unlikely to work as intended during a future global crisis that involves multiple failing SIFIs operating thousands of subsidiaries across dozens of national boundaries. The Federal Reserve's "total loss-absorbing capacity" (TLAC) proposal is closely tied to SPOE. It would require parent holding companies of SIFIs to issue large amounts of debt securities that can be written off or converted into equity in a resolution proceeding. In our view, TLAC debt will create a new, more opaque way to impose the costs of financial distress in SIFIs on ordinary citizens, because most TLAC debtholders are likely to be retail investors in brokerage accounts, mutual funds, and pension funds.The most fundamental shortcoming of SPOE and TLAC, as currently proposed, is that both policies would entrench our perverse system for regulating SIFIs. Our current regulatory system enables SIFIs and their Wall Street creditors to reap massive benefits from the TBTF subsidy while imposing the costs of that subsidy on ordinary citizens. We recognize that a new and improved version of Dodd-Frank is not likely to emerge from Congress in the near term. However, regulators should use their existing powers to shrink the TBTF subsidy by forcing SIFIs and their Wall Street creditors to internalize at least some of the costs of the enormous risks they create. The final part of our article proposes reforms that would help to achieve that goal.


We propose a novel approach for simulating, with atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo, the segregation or depletion of solute atoms at interfaces, via transport by vacancies. Differently from classical lattice KMC, no assumption is made regarding the crystallographic structure. The model can thus potentially be applied to any type of interfaces, e.g. grain boundaries. Fully off-lattice KMC models were already proposed in the literature, but are rather demanding in CPU time, mainly because of the necessity to perform static relaxation several times at every step of the simulation, and to calculate migration energies between different metastable states. In our LA-KMC model, we aim at performing static relaxation only once per step at the most, and define possible transitions to other metastable states following a generic predefined procedure. The corresponding migration energies can then be calculated using artificial neural networks, trained to predict them as a function of a full description of the local atomic environment, in term of both the exact location in space of atoms and in term of their chemical nature. Our model is thus a compromise between fully off-lattice and fully on-lattice models: (a) The description of the system is not bound to strict assumptions, but is readapted automatically performing the minimum required amount of static relaxation; (b) The procedure to define transition events is not guaranteed to find all important transitions, and is thereby potentially disregarding some mechanisms of system evolution. This shortcoming is in fact classical to non-fully off-lattice models, but is in our case limited thanks to the application of relaxation at every step; (c) Computing time is largely reduced thanks to the use of neural network to calculate the migration energies. In this presentation, we show the premises of this novel approach, in the case of grain-boundaries for bcc Fe-Cr alloys.


The paper aims at studying the relationship between contrastive linguistics (CL) and translation as branches of applied linguistics, on one hand, and the use of computer corpora (C.C) on the other. It also stresses the fact that the boundaries of CL have been redrawn to incorporate the output of C.C in performing various tasks in translation, that goes beyond the traditional methods of CL carried out exclusively on solving problems in foreign language teaching (FLT). The paper supports the call for the manipulation of data obtained from CC in contrastive linguistic projects for the betterment of translation quality. Previously, CL was concerned with linguistic systems rather than language use, but with the introduction of corpora, language use become more easily accessible and the field of CL has expanded. The access to huge amounts of original texts and their translation in electronic format is of great benefit to professional translators, since a wide range of translation solutions for any particular source language are available by a gentle hit on the required tagging key. As for translation-oriented corpus based CL it becomes obvious that the actual contrastive study will be carried out in order to obtain data for explaining the various phenomena in translation. Hence, translation as a communicative event can assume a fully-fledged descriptive discipline if it manages to develop its own descriptive tools of study. Computer corpora can play a decisive role in turning translation into a well-established academic discipline.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To explore how women with a hereditary risk of breast cancer experience living with and managing that risk through surveillance.

RESEARCH APPROACH
Hermeneutic phenomenology guided the qualitative research design.

SETTING
The Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered online organization.

PARTICIPANTS
9 women undergoing breast surveillance for hereditary breast cancer risk recruited through purposive sampling.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
Data were collected through semistructured interviews lasting about an hour. A team approach guided data analysis of transcribed interview text based on a modified Diekelman, Allen, and Tanner method.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Lived experience and personal meaning of hereditary breast cancer risk and surveillance.

FINDINGS
Hereditary risk of breast cancer involves a change in one's view of life and necessitates engaging in medical vigilance, often making these women feel ill when they are otherwise healthy. Most have personal family experiences of cancer and value surveillance, although they live with the "what if" of a cancer diagnosis when waiting for surveillance results. All women discussed a need for accurate information, support, and guidance from healthcare providers.

CONCLUSIONS
Women became their own experts at living with and managing hereditary breast cancer risk. Experiences and interactions within the healthcare system influenced the meaning of breast surveillance.

INTERPRETATION
Nurses should be aware of the high level of knowledge among women living with hereditary risk and respect their knowledge by providing accurate and informed care. That can occur only through proper education of nurses and all healthcare professionals working with women at risk for hereditary breast cancer so that they understand current standards of care and how hereditary breast cancer risk is defined and managed.


Hillary Clinton declared in 2011 that the United States is losing the global "information war." Her principal concern was with what she perceived as declining U.S. news media hegemony overseas, and she specified Al Jazeera, CCTV, and RT as examples of threats. Drawing upon the history of these networks, the U.S. market's reception, and their recruiting strategies, we find that the limited reception of these networks renders them of only marginal significance. While they exhibit some variation from the U.S. mainstream, their potential for diversity or even challenge to hegemonic narratives is considerably constrained by the goal and perceived economic necessity of gaining acceptance within the mainstream, coupled with substantial reliance on Western media information resources. These features appear to be a characteristic, not simply of these channels' U.S. initiatives, but also of their foreign market orientation globally. They are therefore better seen as exemplifying a continuity of, not an alternative to, the dominant status of the Anglo-American model in the global news landscape.


The quality and safety of food are currently concerned by the world of population
now. Usually, the surface temperature of horticultural crops, such as vegetables and
fruits, remain high after harvesting. With the strong respiration, they continually
release heat, so that the contented water keeps on evaporating and losing.
Consequently, the deterioration will happen and get worse during this period.
Therefore, several pre-cooling methods come up in succession, such as
hydro-cooling, room cooling, forced air cooling and others. Apart from these
methods, vacuum cooling is also an effective and a rapid evaporative pre-cooling
method for porous and moisture foods to meet special cooling requirements. The
basic principle of vacuum cooling consists of removing the latent heat of a product,
which implies a rapid decrease in the temperature. Vacuum cooling can be used as
an effective method for pre-cooling to prolong their shelf life or by preventing the
influence of heat field. In previous research on this subject matter, the vacuum
cooling method has been used in relation to food products. However, the cooling
times from these research still has the challenge to improve. This could be due to the
disposition of system equipment, the vacuum pump selection or the matching between pumping speed and chamber volume. None of the studies conducted so far
has referred to vacuum pump selection and the matching between pumping speed
and chamber volume. A proper research investigation on this selection and matching
could benefit the vacuum cooling method to improve upon the cooling times.
In this study, the selection of vacuum pump and the matching between pumping
speed and chamber volume of vacuum cooling system are discussed and investigated
in detail. A product of vacuum cooling system was designed without vapour
condenser and operated by a single oil vacuum pump. Tests were carried out to
investigate the effect of different vacuum levels, pumping speeds and temperatures
on selected vegetables in the vacuum cooling process. Based on the discussion on
the pressure, pumping speeds and temperatures, the results indicate that the vacuum
cooling system can be operated without vapour condenser and by a single oil
vacuum pump. The results also show that porous products pre-cooling using this
method can be shortened in less than 4 min in this type of vacuum cooling system.


Abstract The 10 to 20 m resolution of SPOT image data, together with their potential for stereoscopic viewing, provides an excellent base for geological mapping inremote and rugged terrain that is akin to high-level aerial photographs. Their large format (60 × 60 km) also gives the advantage of synoptic coverage that ranks with images from the Landsat series of satellites. Use of stereo pairs of single-band SPOT images has enabled some revision of existing geological maps of the southern Aravalli Hills in Rajasthan at a scale of 1:100000, and has added significantly to knowledge of their complex mid-Proterozoic structure. In particular, many possibly early low-angled faults have been discovered, together with the tectonic nature of a major terrain boundary and much detail of intricate structures has been added in the more remote areas. The potentialfor lithological discrimination of multispectral SPOT data is severely limited by its restricted coverage of geologically important spectral features, and it is far surpassed by that of Landsat Thematic Mapper data, which would have been capable of more comprehensive lithofacies reconnaissance, had they been available.


Abstract The inventive and creative works protected by intellectual property laws are typically characterized as public goods. As in the case of ordinary public goods, it is often difficult for inventors and creators to erect non-legal barriers to prevent the use of their works (non-excludability), and any such use generally does not deplete their works (non-rivalry). Thus, scholars have long used classical game theoretic models of public goods to describe the strategies of players in intellectual property (IP) games. These models contain two seemingly common-sense assumptions: one, that if there are a finite number of decisions a player can make for any single move, the player must make exactly one decision; and two, that if a player engages only in a single game, the player will break a pre-game commitment with another player to follow a mutually beneficial strategy if it is in that player's self-interest. Abstract Recent extensions to classical game theory using the theory of quantum mechanics -- known as quantum game theory (QGT) -- have dispensed with these two assumptions, yielding radical new results for many types of games. For instance, in the classical version of the prisoner's dilemma, two prisoners will fail to cooperate even though it is in their mutual interest to do so. However, in the quantum version, the prisoners' decisions are often "entangled" in a mutually beneficial way that overcomes the ostensible barriers of classical self-interest, leading the players to cooperate. In this regard, quantum game theorists have suggested that if some exogenous quantum mechanical mechanism -- like a quantum computer -- could be used to entangle players in a public-goods game, doing so would diminish or eliminate sub-optimal free riding.Abstract This paper contends that there are endogenous effects analogous to those in quantum games -- specifically, quantum game-like results that emerge in the absence of external quantum computers -- in certain types of IP games that may act to reduce classically predicted free riding, duplicated development costs, and deadweight losses. In particular, instead of modeling underlying IP rights as classical entities, this paper follows the suggestions of several earlier scholars that legal rights are probabilistic and, at least metaphorically, quantum in nature. In so doing, it shows that rights, including IP rights, exhibit an inherent quantum structure that allows players to avoid making a single classical choice for each move. By allowing the government -- as a mechanism designer -- to engage in quantum strategies, ordinary players can exhibit forms of seemingly altruistic behavior and cooperation that are absent in classical models. The paper concludes by commenting briefly on how QGT might be applied more broadly to other areas of the law.


The rapid pace of drug development in recent years has led to the recognition that new pharmacotherapies do not have the same effect on all patients. This is particularly true in the case of complex common diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and asthma, where a diversity of pathogenetic factors may interact to produce the same disease, resulting in a large degree of heterogeneity in the response to medical therapy. For this reason, the ability to differentiate between different disease endotypes is of increasing importance to clinical medicine.

In the case of asthma, initial studies have hinted at the presence of multiple disease endotypes with different clinical characteristics. Additional studies have identified novel genetic risk factors and differences in gene expression among asthmatic patients with different disease endotypes. Despite the presence of large-scale clinical and molecular datasets from asthmatic patients, limited efforts have been made to integrate these different formats to develop a systems-level understanding of disease mechanism.

In this thesis, we develop a computational framework for addressing the problem of disease heterogeneity by integrating data from multiple sources, including the genome, phenome and transcriptome in order to define clinically-relevant disease subtypes, and we demonstrate its application in a cohort of asthmatic children. First we perform a cluster analysis of clinical phenotypic data and detect the presence of multiple disease endotypes in a cohort of children with mild-to-moderate asthma. We evaluate the clinical significance of these endotypes by demonstrating their longtudinal stability and association with differential response to pharmacotherapy. Next, we develop a transcriptional network from the gene expression profiles of these patients and identify the relationship between discrete patterns of expression and asthma endotypes. Finally, we combine longitudinally-derived clinical phenotypes with genetic data to uncover novel genetic associations corresponding to changes in gene expression and the expression of longitudinal clinical traits.


BACKGROUND
Body weight and body mass index (BMI) are positively related to risk of colon cancer in men, whereas weak or no associations exist in women. This discrepancy may be related to differences in fat distribution between sexes or to the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women.

METHODS
We used multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between anthropometric measures and risks of colon and rectal cancer among 368 277 men and women who were free of cancer at baseline from nine countries of the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS
During 6.1 years of follow-up, we identified 984 and 586 patients with colon and rectal cancer, respectively. Body weight and BMI were statistically significantly associated with colon cancer risk in men (highest versus lowest quintile of BMI, relative risk [RR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12 to 2.15; P(trend) = .006) but not in women. In contrast, comparisons of the highest to the lowest quintile showed that several anthropometric measures, including waist circumference (men, RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.93; P(trend) = .001; women, RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.08 to 2.03; P(trend) = .008), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; men, RR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.15; P(trend) = .006; women, RR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.12 to 2.05; P(trend) = .002), and height (men, RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.98; P(trend) = .04; women, RR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.30 to 2.46; P(trend)<.001) were related to colon cancer risk in both sexes. The estimated absolute risk of developing colon cancer within 5 years was 203 and 131 cases per 100,000 men and 129 and 86 cases per 100,000 women in the highest and lowest quintiles of WHR, respectively. Upon further stratification, no association of waist circumference and WHR with risk of colon cancer was observed among postmenopausal women who used HRT. None of the anthropometric measures was statistically significantly related to rectal cancer.

CONCLUSIONS
Waist circumference and WHR, indicators of abdominal obesity, were strongly associated with colon cancer risk in men and women in this population. The association of abdominal obesity with colon cancer risk may vary depending on HRT use in postmenopausal women; however, these findings require confirmation in future studies.


In the years since the Japanese war crimes trials concluded, the proceedings have been coloured by charges of racism, vengeance and guilt. In this controversial book, Tim Maga contends that in the trials good law was practiced and evil did not go unpunished. The defendents ranged from lowly Japanese Imperial Army privates to former prime ministers. Since they did not represent a government for which genocide was a policy pursuit, their cases were more difficult to prosecute than those of Nazi war criminals. In contrast to Nuremberg, the efforts in Tokyo, Guam and other locations throughout the Pacific received little attention by the Western press. Once the Cold War began, America needed Pacific allies and the atrocities committed by Japanese soldiers throughout the 1930s and early 1940s were rarely mentioned. The trials were described as phony justice and "Japan bashing". Keenan and his compatriots adopted criminal court tactics and established precedents in the conduct of war crimes trials that still stand. Maga reviews the context for the trials, recounts the proceedings, and concludes that they were, in fact, decent examples of American justice and fairy play.


Land managers and scientists need context in which to interpolate between or extrapolate beyond discrete field points in space and time. Ecological classification of land (ECL) is one way by which these relationships can be made. Until regional issues emerged and calls were made for ecosystem management (EM), each land management institution chose its own ECLs. The need for economic efficiency and the increasing availability of geographic information systems (GIS) compel the creation of a national ECL so that communication across ownership boundaries can occur. ECOMAP, an 8-level, top-down, nested, hierarchical, multivariable approach designed to solve this problem has been endorsed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee. While the coarsest, upper 4 levels of ECOMAP have been produced for the entire U.S., the task of completing the 4 finer-grained levels has been left to local practitioners. We tried to apply the suggestions of ECOMAP for completing an ECL for a 4.5-million-hectare area centered in western Utah. Due to the lack of complete and consistent sets of spatial databases suggested as necessary by ECOMAP for completing the ECL for this area, we developed alternatives to complete the ECL using extant information. We stressed 1 dominant landscape feature per hierarchical level, using repeatable protocols to identify landscape units. We added 2 additional levels below the 8 suggested by ECOMAP. Ecological sites (ESs), the 9th level, are designed to overcome the nestedness of ECOMAP that we found prevented us from using important data on ESs already available from the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Vegetation stands (VSs), the 10th and finest-grain level, are subdivisions of individual polygons of ESs based on differences in disturbance histories that have led to differing current vegetation structure and composition. The ECL we created should help federal, state, and private land managers in western Utah more easily communicate about issues that cross ownership boundaries.


PURPOSE
This retrospective study quantitatively analyzed the minimum prosthetic abutment height to eliminate bone loss after 4.7-mm-diameter implant placement in maxillary bone and how grafting techniques can affect the marginal bone loss in implants placed in maxillary areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two different implant types with a similar neck design were singularly placed in two groups of patients: the test group, with platform-switched implants, and the control group, with conventional (non-platform-switched) implants. Patients requiring bone augmentation underwent unilateral sinus augmentation using a transcrestal technique with mineralized xenograft. Radiographs were taken immediately after implant placement, after delivery of the prosthetic restoration, and after 12 months of loading.

RESULTS
The average mesial and distal marginal bone loss of the control group (25 patients) was significantly more than twice that of the test group (26 patients), while their average abutment height was similar. Linear regression analysis highlighted a statistically significant inverse relationship between marginal bone loss and abutment height in both groups; however, the intercept of the regression line, both mesially and distally, was 50% lower for the test group than for the control group. The marginal bone loss was annulled with an abutment height of 2.5 mm for the test group and 3.0 mm for the control group. No statistically significant differences were found regarding marginal bone loss of implants placed in native maxillary bone compared with those placed in the grafted areas.

CONCLUSION
The results suggest that the shorter the abutment height, the greater the marginal bone loss in cement-retained prostheses. Abutment height showed a greater influence in platform-switched than in non-platform-switched implants on the limitation of marginal bone loss.


This paper presents the results of the preliminary research aimed at a complex psychophysiological assessment of the emotional state of football fans. The issue of mob violence and aggressive behavior of some football fans at football stadiums and the prevention of aggressive and destructive behavior of football spectators in the run up to the FIFA World Cup 2018 make this research relevant. The purpose of this study is to compare the emotional state of a football fan before and after teaching them conscious self-regulation methods and to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of complex psychophysiological diagnostics using the biofeedback device during the training session. The sample for this research is 19-27year-old football fans with a fan experience from seven to ten years. During the experiment, we have modeled a situation at a football stadium via showing participants football-themed video clips that would persuade them to react in a positive or negative way. Afterwards, the participants were asked to fill in questionnaires, which are aimed at describing their emotional response and self-evaluating their behavior. This study has shown that there is a direct statistically proven connection between the emotional response of a football fan and their subjectively estimated settling time. Projective techniques such as the Hand Test of Edwin Wagner and a modified version of Luscher Colour Test proposed by Liudmila Sobchik were used to indicate a steady decrease in affective ratio and emotional excitement of a group which was taught a self-regulation technique. The complex psychophysiological assessment of football fans, including the measurement of heart rate, galvanic skin responses, and a photoplethysmography has shown the photoplethysmography to be the most reliable method of indicating the directional change of an emotional state. As a result, it became clear that it is possible to use this technique to develop self-regulation skills using biofeedback. In conclusion, the prospects of the current research is in enlarging the sample in terms of quantity and age, including extra psychophysiological markers of emotional states in our methodology, and approving a method of a self-regulation via biofeedback based on the plethysmography.


It has long been suspected that population heterogeneity, either at a genetic level or at a protein level, can improve the fitness of an organism under a variety of environmental stresses. However, quantitative measurements to substantiate such a hypothesis turn out to be rather difficult and have rarely been performed. We examine the response of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to infection by viruses known as phage. In order to inject its DNA into a bacterium, the phage must first bind to a specific receptor protein and consequently the number of receptors per bacterium is related to the bacterial susceptibility to infection. Like many proteins in a bacterial population, the number of expressed receptor proteins in an individual cell is not deterministic but stochastic. In this project, experiments and model calculations are used to study how the noisy expression of phage receptors in a bacterial population changes the short-time population dynamics of an isolated and well-mixed E. coli/phage system. We find that when phage are present in the system, the selective killing of bacteria expressing high numbers of phage receptors creates a phenotype selection and the bacterial population can no longer be considered as having a homogeneous susceptibility to the phage pressure. It is shown that a heterogeneous bacterial population is significantly more fit compared to a homogeneous population when confronting a phage attack. We find that a small percentage of cells which are expressing few phage receptors become important because these bacteria persist despite the presence of phage. In view of their important roles in environmental adaptation, in various diseases and potentially in evolution, a fundamental understanding of this minority of cells remains a significant challenge.


A new study shows that much land can no longer absorb or break down the increasing amounts of fixed nitrogen--compounds such as ammonia and nitrogen oxides--so growing quantities end up in waterways, touching off coastal algal blooms, including the notorious red and brown tides, and impairing fisheries. Other work has detailed the toll the excess nitrogen is taking on land plants, as it displaces valuable nutrients from forest soils. If unchecked, entire ecosystems ranging from forests to coastal waters could be overwhelmed.


STUDY QUESTION
What are the access, effectiveness and safety of assisted reproductive technology (ART) worldwide in 2006?

SUMMARY ANSWER
ART access, effectiveness and safety vary markedly among countries. Overall, there was an increase in the use of ICSI, single embryo transfer (SET) and frozen embryo transfer (FET). There was a decline in the multiple delivery rate (DR) and preterm birth rate.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
ART is widely practiced worldwide and there is a need for its continuous monitoring to improve the comprehensiveness and quality of ART data and services.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
This is a retrospective, cross-sectional survey of ART cycles undertaken worldwide in 2006.

PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, METHODS
A total of 2352 clinics in 56 countries provided data. Data were analyzed at a country and regional level. The forms for data collection were developed by the International Committee Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ICMART) and sent to each country or regional ART register.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
A total of >1,050,300 initiated cycles resulted in an estimated >256,668 babies. The overall pregnancy rates (PRs) and DRs per aspiration for IVF were 30.7 and 22.8%, respectively, and for ICSI 29.7 and 20.0%, respectively. The PRs and DRs for FETs were 26.4 and 17.8%, respectively. Multiple DR per PR were 22.2% for twins and 1.5% for triplets following fresh IVF/ICSI and 16.4% for twins and 0.8% for triplets for FETs. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome complicated >4585 cycles (0.6%). Access to ART varied from 11 to 3988 cycles per million population. ICSI comprised 66.0% of all initiated cycles, FET 27.4% and SET 20.7%. Perinatal mortality rate was 25.2 per 1000 births for fresh IVF/ICSI and 17.5 per 1000 for FETs.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
44.6% of the countries provided incomplete data. Quality of data varies among individual countries and is dependant on the policy of the local regulatory authority for monitoring ART clinics. Continuous efforts are needed to improve comprehensiveness and quality of data collected.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Adopting the policy of SET, FET and the cessation of transferring more than two embryos should be widely applied. ICMART will continue helping countries and regions to establish their own ART registries.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
ICMART receives financial support from medical societies: European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), American Society for Reproduction Medicine (ASRM), Fertility Society of Australia (FSA), Japan Society for Reproductive Medicine (JSRM), Latin American Network for Reproductive Medicine (REDLARA) and Middle East Fertility Society (MEFS) and Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART). All authors have no conflict of interest in relation to this work. We declare no support or financial relationship with any organizations or any activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.


SYNOPSIS: We examine the impact of financial restatements on managers' subsequent earnings forecasts. We argue that restatements create conflicting incentives. One incentive is to repair manager reputations as information providers by providing more and better guidance via earnings forecasts. The opposing incentive is to avoid risk by reducing the information in forecasts. We find that compared to control firms, restatement companies exhibit a decreased propensity to issue quarterly earnings forecasts following restatements. Those that do make forecasts issue fewer forecasts in post-restatement periods. We also find that post-restatement forecasts are less precise, and are less optimistically biased. Overall, our results suggest that, rather than increasing voluntary disclosure in the form of forecasts, managers of restatement companies exhibit risk-averting forecasting behavior following restatements.


Apricot takes an important place in Hungarian fruit production. Considering morphological characteristics of apricots it was
concluded that the genetics background of European cultivars is very limited. Molecular markers and their use for genotyping have
revolutionized the identification of cultivars. In a classic apricot breeding program, it is important to be able to establish unique DNA profiles
of selections to identify them unambiguously and to determine their genetic relationship. Presently SSR is far the most frequently performed
technique for genetic diversity studies. In this study there were used peach and apricot primer pairs from four different sources in order to
examine microsatellite polymorphism among cultivars and investigate relationships among them. The possibility of cross species
amplification among different Prunus species using SSR primers allowed us to use primers developed in peach to study genetic diversity in
apricot. In this work, 90% of the primers used were able to amplify SSRs in apricot and more than half of them were polymorphic. With the
10 primer pairs utilized were proven to be sufficient to set unique fingerprint for several cultivars studied. The obtained dendrogram classified
of the 45 cultivars included in this study into two major groups and several subgroups.


The searching and utilization of new energy sources and technologies is a current trend. The effort to increase the share of electricity production from renewable energy sources is characteristic for economically developed countries. The use of accumulation of electrical energy with a large number of decentralized storage units is most preferred, as well as the focus on the production of energy at the point of its consumption. Modern cogeneration units are a good example. This paper describes the accumulation of electrical energy for equalizing the power balance of electric charging stations with high instantaneous power. The possibility of re-utilization of electrical energy from the charged vehicle in the case of lack of electricity in the power grid is solved at the same time. This paper also deals with the selection of appropriate concept of accumulation system and its cooperation with both renewable and distribution networks. Details of the main power components including the results obtained from the system implementation are also described in this paper.


Achieving the Millennium Development Goals, by the year 2015 in possible if the challenges of extreme poverty, HIV/AIDS pandemic and mass illiteracy among others are overcome.  Since the Mathematics as a tool for development is evident in all fields of human endeavour, its utility in a nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.  It also serves as the bedrock for development in all ramifications. This paper highlights the significant role of Mathematics in achieving MDGs as at when due. Furthermore, the inability to apply Mathematical skills at various levels in the education system, in Nigeria affects national development. And it was recommended that providing the Mathematics education curriculum should be designed to meet the needs of Nigeria by raising the academic quality of the curriculum, particularly within the primary and secondary education sector. Iji, Abakpa and Takor (2013) stated that any where human activities are carried out, there exist mathematics either as arithmetic, algebra, calculus, geometry, trigonometry or statistics that uses signs, symbols and/or proofs to describe relationships.  On this basis, Otunu-Ogbisi (2009). defines mathematics teaching and learning as the act of imparting and acquiring of skills, knowledge, aptitude, abilities and attitude capable of making the individual functional and productive for effective all round achievement of a  nations developmental goals.  Mathematics, like any other subject is therefore seen to be important to the extent to which it supports and contributes to the purposes of general education (Oteze, 2011). Odumosu, Oluwayemi, and Olatunde (2012) made a good attempt to enumerate mathematics application areas, as the carpenter's hammer, tailor's tape, artist's pencil, barber's clipper, hair dresser's comb, journalist's pen, broadcaster's microphone, doctor's stethoscope and lawyer's wig.  They further qualified mathematics as an essential ingredient in manufacturing industries and essential tool in economic activities, bride of the sciences, chief bride's maid of social science ladies in waiting for engineering, cosmetology of arts and unavoidable servant of management sciences.  In fact, the National Science Foundation (2009), in one of its briefings implied that the applications of mathematics to problem areas depend on the understanding of the concepts and the principles of mathematics by the problem solver. Attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which in the education sector is to eliminate illiteracy through basic education as well as maintain gender equality in the delivery of instructions in schools is a welcome development.  The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme has enshrined these two goals in their objective which state to ensuring the acquisition of appropriate levels of literacy, numeracy, manipulative, communicative and life skills, as well as ethical, moral and civic values needed for laying a solid foundation for life-long learning, among others. To be able to attain these MDGs before the 2015 deadline, different educations had recommended many avenues which included Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education since the world today is embedded and governed by science and technology due to increasing discoveries, explorations, inventions and innovations (Jack, 2013).  Acquisition of mathematical skills which emphasizes a purposeful study of mathematics and its application to the social and economic life of a nation also entails basic knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that are necessary for development.  Mathematics education is therefore perceived as a major tool for rapid social and economic development.  The more industrialized countries of the world utilized their mathematics to develop their economics.  Local enterprises can still be competitive in the global trade environment with enhanced innovation and scientific content in their operations in all areas (Jack, 2013). Mathematics as a school subject is taught solely for the purpose of developing the learner's habit of effective critical thinking, providing competence in the basic skills ability to communicate through symbolic expressions, ability to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant data, making relevant judgement, among others.  Thus transferring the relevant skills learnt to everyday problem solving areas for individual self sustenance, wealth creation, entrepreneurship and national development which are necessary for the attainment of MDGs has been in difficult task.  This paper therefore is to highlight how mathematics skills acquisition and its utilization have shaped the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals.


Recent years have witnessed the emergence of online brand communities for innovation, whereby customers can contribute their innovation ideas to the companies. The central issues for managers who are interested in harnessing this new form of community include determining which customers may contribute more innovation ideas and understanding how they can further promote customers' contributions. Using the resource-based theory of social structure, we propose hypotheses on the factors that influence customer's contribution of innovation ideas, such as active group size, tenure in the community, connection to social network site (SNS), and interest concentration. Our findings from a preliminary analysis of panel data suggest that active group size and tenure in the community have a negative effect on customer's likelihood of making a contribution while connection to SNS and interest concentration encourage a higher likelihood of contribution. The managerial implications and future directions of the study are discussed.


This book addresses the fundamental question why and under which conditions Korean firms increased their investment so heavily in the EU after 1986 and why they and not the Korean government took the initiative in the decision-making process. The author contends that the main reason for the firm's departure from government policy is the belief of the Korean government that national competitiveness, which largely affects the country's standard of living, is determined by the success of local firms in global competition. The author substantiates his argument by supplying comprehensive surveys of twenty-six Korean consumer electronics firms and concomitant interviews with senior managers in nine of these. The empirical material suggests that Korean consumer electronics firms were principally motivated by their need to seek market security through a 'globalization' strategy.


Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) is a tuber crop indigenous to the Andean highlands and of economic value to its native people as a food and medicinal crop. Field plants often exhibit symptoms typical of virus infection, including interveinal chlorosis, leaf cupping, distortion, and stunting. Using an herbaceous host range, at least 1 mechanically transmissible virus was detected in each of 10 accessions. All virus isolates tested reacted to potyvirus group antiserum in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results of monoclonal antibody testing using antigen coated plate (ACP) ELISA, where virions are disrupted to expose cryptotopes, indicated that isolate Tt 4 has epitopes in common with maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus A (MDMV-A). Polyclonal antiserum produced to purified preparations of the Tt 4 isolate reacted in indirect ELISA to Tt 4, the common strain of potato potyvirus Y (PVY-C), less strongly to tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) and potato potyvirus A (PVA), but not to 11 other potyviruses, including MDMV-A. Conversely, the Tt 4 isolate reacted strongly in indirect ELISA to antisera to bean common mosaic potyvirus (BCMV) and watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV-2), but not antisera to 12 other potyviruses. Our data suggest that isolate Tt 4 is a distinct potyvirus closely related to and sharing external epitopes with PVY-C, TEV, PVA, WMV-2, and BCMV, and buried epitopes with MDMV-A. The virus has been tentatively named Tropaeolum mosaic potyvirus (TropMV). A survey of T. tuberosum in Ecuador revealed that TropMV was widespread, being detected by ACP-ELISA in 34 of 46 accessions at the National Institute for Agricultural Research's Santa Catalina Research Station, Quito, and all eight production fields surveyed.


Shape and mechanical structure of instruments play a large part in the lack of ergonomics during laparoscopic surgery. Providing intra-abdominal mobility and rethinking handles design are two solutions to increase comfort and precision of gestures. Based on previous work that determined the optimal intra-abdominal kinematics, this study analyses the influence of handle design on both gesture and ergonomic performance. A virtual reality laparoscopic simulator was developed to perform an experimental comparison between two novel robotized instruments and standard ones. A group of 10 surgeons and 6 researchers in robotics carried out two representative surgical tasks with each instrument. Based on instrument and arm segments tracking, a gesture performance index and an ergonomic performance index were computed. The study demonstrates that distal mobilities combined with improved handle design and integration increase ergonomic level during laparoscopy and facilitate complex gestures.


The current consensus on indirect tax reform in developing countries favors a reduction in trade taxes with an increase in VAT to raise revenue. The theoretical results on selective reform that underlie this consensus are, however, derived from partial models that ignore the existence of an informal economy. Once the incomplete coverage of VAT due to an informal economy is acknowledged, we show that, contrary to the current consensus, the standard revenue-neutral selective reform of trade taxes and VAT reduces welfare under plausible conditions. Moreover, a VAT base broadening with a revenue-neutral reduction in trade taxes may also reduce welfare. The results raise serious doubts about the wisdom of the indirect tax reform policies pursued by a large number of developing countries.


Basis risk is an important consideration when hedging longevity risk with instruments based on longevity indices, since the longevity experience of the hedged exposure may differ from that of the index. As a result, any decision to execute an index-based hedge requires a framework for (1) developing an informed understanding of the basis risk, (2) appropriately calibrating the hedging instrument, and (3) evaluating hedge effectiveness. We describe such a framework and apply it to a U.K. case study, which compares the population of assured lives from the Continuous Mortality Investigation with the England and Wales national population. The framework is founded on an analysis of historical experience data, together with an appreciation of the contextual relationship between the two related populations in social, economic, and demographic terms. Despite the different demographic profiles, the case study provides evidence of stable long-term relationships between the mortality experiences of the two populations. This suggests the important result that high levels of hedge effectiveness should be achievable with appropriately calibrated, static, index-based longevity hedges. Indeed, this is borne out in detailed calculations of hedge effectiveness for a hypothetical pension portfolio where the basis risk is based on the case study. A robustness check involving populations from the United States yields similar results.


The neuroprotective enzyme HSD10 degrades oxidized cardiolipin, an apoptotic trigger. Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid that is important for energetic metabolism and is present in bacteria and the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. Boynton and Shimkets found that Myxococcus xanthus CsgA and two of its eukaryotic homologs function as CL phospholipases. CsgA, a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (SCAD) family of enzymes, is required for Myxococcus to form multicellular fruiting bodies in response to starvation. In vitro, purified recombinant CsgA oxidized the glycerol group of CL, yielding an unstable product that broke down into diacylglycerol (DAG), dihydroxyacetone, and orthophosphate. Experiments in which csgA mutants were supplemented with fractions of Myxococcus lipid extracts suggested that this DAG species was further modified into a species of triacylgylcerol (TAG). TAGs are the main constituent of the lipid bodes that are formed during sporulation but absent from csgA mutants, implying that the catabolism of CL is important for sporulation. Two other SCADs, Drosophila melanogaster Sniffer and human HSD10, also catalyzed the oxidation of CL in vitro. Both Sniffer and HSD10 are important for proper mitochondrial function and protect neurons from degeneration. Mutant forms of HSD10 associated with mitochondrial disease failed to oxidize CL in vitro. Peroxidation of CL, such as that which may occur during oxidative stress, triggers apoptosis. In vitro, HSD10 preferentially oxidized species of CL containing oxidized fatty acid groups (CLox) compared with species of CL containing nonoxidized fatty acids. The peptide β-amyloid (Aβ), a major component of the amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease, binds to and inhibits HSD10. The presence of Aβ inhibited the enzymatic activity of HSD10 toward CLox in vitro. The authors propose that HSD10 is neuroprotective because it degrades CL that has been damaged by reactive oxygen species, thereby preventing apoptosis. One of the ways in which Aβ may contribute to neurodegeneration is by preventing HSD10 from removing oxidized CL. T. O. Boynton, L. J. Shimkets, Myxococcus CsgA, Drosophila Sniffer, and human HSD10 are cardiolipin phospholipases. Genes Dev. 29, 1903–1914 (2015). [PubMed]


The article presents a detailed contextual analysis of the categorical prohibition of hate speech in terms of section 10(1) of the Equality Act. It is argued that this provision is not primarily intended to describe and effectively regulate the extreme expression that falls within the narrow ambit of "hate speech" as defined in section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution. Rather, it is concerned with the promotion of equality in the broad societal context. It acknowledges the hurt and harm that discriminatory expression may entail and it condemns the reinforcement of systemic discrimination by means of expression. Therefore, the principal interpretive frame of reference for the analysis of section 10(1) of the Equality Act is the explicit constitutional obligation in terms of sections 9(3) and (4) of the Constitution to enact legislation to prevent and prohibit unfair discrimination, and not section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution. The fact that section 10(1) categorically prohibits hate speech, instead of premising its prohibition on the unfairness analysis generally applicable to discrimination in other contexts, however, implies that only expression with no reasonable prospect of meeting the constitutional fairness standard ought to be covered by section 10. Put differently, the prohibited expression may in no way promote rather than jeopardise the achievement of equality. The interpretation takes into account that section 10(1) applies only to engagement in expression that, in terms of an objective reasonableness assessment, is clearly primarily aimed at hurting or harming others, or at inciting others to hurt or harm, or at promoting hatred based on group identity. Furthermore, bona fide expression in accordance with the essential characteristics of the freedoms of expression mentioned in section 16(1) of the Constitution is explicitly excluded from its ambit. An analysis of the expression covered by section 10(1) leads to a conclusion that it prohibits only low-value discriminatory expression that obstructs the constitutional quest for the healing of our injured society. It manages to achieve this without jeopardising the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression, construed in the light of the foundational values of the Constitution.