Due to the broadcast nature of radio propagation, the wireless air interface is open and accessible to both authorized and illegitimate users. This completely differs from a wired network, where communicating devices are physically connected through cables and a node without direct association is unable to access the network for illicit activities. The open communications environment makes wireless transmissions more vulnerable than wired communications to malicious attacks, including both the passive eavesdropping for data interception and the active jamming for disrupting legitimate transmissions. Therefore, this paper is motivated to examine the security vulnerabilities and threats imposed by the inherent open nature of wireless communications and to devise efficient defense mechanisms for improving the wireless network security. We first summarize the security requirements of wireless networks, including their authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, and availability issues. Next, a comprehensive overview of security attacks encountered in wireless networks is presented in view of the network protocol architecture, where the potential security threats are discussed at each protocol layer. We also provide a survey of the existing security protocols and algorithms that are adopted in the existing wireless network standards, such as the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and the long-term evolution (LTE) systems. Then, we discuss the state of the art in physical-layer security, which is an emerging technique of securing the open communications environment against eavesdropping attacks at the physical layer. Several physical-layer security techniques are reviewed and compared, including information-theoretic security, artificial-noise-aided security, security-oriented beamforming, diversity-assisted security, and physical-layer key generation approaches. Since a jammer emitting radio signals can readily interfere with the legitimate wireless users, we also introduce the family of various jamming attacks and their countermeasures, including the constant jammer, intermittent jammer, reactive jammer, adaptive jammer, and intelligent jammer. Additionally, we discuss the integration of physical-layer security into existing authentication and cryptography mechanisms for further securing wireless networks. Finally, some technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends in wireless security are discussed.


An area around Horndean in SE Hampshire, England, has been studied to determine the reasons for an unusually high density of sinkholes related to dissolution of the underlying chalk. Ground investigations and excavations for a variety of engineering and construction projects in this area have provided detailed information that gives an insight into their formation and development. Contouring of the chalk surface indicates the presence of a north–south-trending palaeovalley, beneath Tertiary cover deposits, to the south of Horndean. The significance of this feature to chalk karstification and continuing sinkhole development is discussed, along with the significance of other geological factors, such as fracture zones in the chalk and the nature and distribution of cover deposits. This forms the basis of a risk assessment of ground subsidence in this area, with particular reference to collapse. The engineering significance of the sinkholes and the design of ground investigations are discussed in the light of experience gained from past projects in this area and the established risk of pollution of the chalk aquifer


Problem statement: Accelerated physical developments in the last century have led to the inefficiency of contemporary residential open spaces in Tabriz. However, in the realm of Iranian culture, especially in Tabriz, residential open spaces, have formed their patterns over time. The qualitative study of such embodiments can reveal the remaining capacities to address and resolve the challenges. Research objective: This study investigates the patterns of open spaces in Tabriz houses over the times, intending to deepen the architects' understanding of recent accelerated changes and to identify a meaningful relationship between them. Besides, the study tries to present an appropriate method for this kind of researches. Research method: This research is qualitative with an interpretive approach and data-driven method. First, by reviewing the relationship between the concept of pattern and other influential components, a theoretical configuration for integrated analysis is explained by the QCA method. Then the data collected from the samples are organized and put into this configuration and finally, the findings are discussed. Conclusion: In the qualitative analysis of consecutive categories of Tabriz houses (historical, middle and contemporary), there are three modes for the transition of identified conceptual patterns: Continuous (emergence as before), change of position (continuity of emergence but in different forms) and total change (elimination or replacement in the relationship between man and the environment). According to the analysis, the change in the combination of constraints in the outcome with environmental concepts has led to a change in how the patterns emerge and thus, transition. An overall assessment of this transition also reveals that environmental concepts derived from conceptual patterns have undergone fewer changes than they appear to be (sub-patterns) and making the place in the open spaces of houses in Tabriz, despite the precipitous external changes, has a relatively stable essence and is slowly evolving.


Over the last several decades, U.S. supercomputing centers such as the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), the National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA), and the Texas Advanced Computer Center (TACC), along with national partnerships such as the National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (NPACI) and TeraGrid have developed a rich tradition of support for advanced computing applications and infrastructure. In addition, these centers have developed some of the worlds longest continually operating archives of digital information. These characteristics enable such nationally-funded centers to become natural partners for the library and archive communities as they develop digital preservation infrastructure. Concepts which will be critically important to the development of long-term preservation networks, including cyberinfrastructure and data grids, have grown out of the National Science Foundation and its programs for supercomputer centers. The centers have also served as hosts for long-running development and testing of software tools for data management in distributed environments, including the SRB and iRODS data grid software. These centers are also natural sites for the deployment of necessary physical and virtualized cyberinfrastructure for digital preservation. Several important current and past initiatives, from InterPARES (Duranti) to Chronopolis have involved staff and resources at supercomputing centers working directly with archives and libraries. Along with these opportunities, there are significant challenges to the integration of the current infrastructure involved in the support of advanced computational science, on the one hand, and services that support the community needs for digital preservation on the other. This paper provides an overview of software development and deployments in the context of supercomputing centers and national partnerships, describing foundational Copyright © 2008, Christopher Jordan, Ardys Kozbial, David Minor, and Robert H. McDonald). All rights reserved. cyberinfrastructure efforts, which provide physical and logical support for more advanced digital collection and preservation projects in both the sciences and the humanities. The paper then surveys some important recent work at sites in the NSF's national cyberinfrastructure project, the TeraGrid, related to the digital preservation arena. It also examines two projects that the Library of Congress' National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program Program (NDIIPP) has funded at SDSC to study large-scale, long-term digital archives. These projects provide valuable examples of collaborative digital preservation practice within the context of a shared U.S. cyberinfrastructure. Finally, we consider the possibilities for further development of digital preservation infrastructure and partnerships within the Teragrid and across international boundaries. The character of digital preservation development outside of the United States is briefly considered and compared, and future directions for international efforts are evaluated.


Summary Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by accumulation of amorphous acellular phospholipid material in the lungs. Whole lung lavage is the standard therapy which gives dramatic clinical improvement and offers a long term survival to these patients. A 43-year-old man suffering from PAP presented to casualty with NYHA grade IV dyspnoea with oxygen saturation (SaO2) on pulseoximetry 67% on room air and 78% with O2 6 L/min. He underwent whole lung lavage under general anaesthesia using one lung ventilation with 37 F left end bronchial double lumen tube. The lung lavage was initially performed for the left lung and for the right lung 4 days later. The patient was discharged home with oxygen saturation of 96 % on room air.


We consider a linear nonlocal heat equation in a bounded domain $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^d$ with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The non-locality is given by the presence of an integral kernel. We analyze the problem of controllability when the control acts on a open subset of the domain. It is by now known that the system is null-controllable when the kernel is time-independent and analytic or, in the one-dimensional case, in separated variables. In this paper we relax this assumption and we extend the result to a more general class of kernels. Moreover, we get explicit estimates on the cost of null-controllability.


Writing concurrent programs is notoriously difficult, and is of increasing practical importance. A particular source of concern is that even correctly-implemented concurrency abstractions cannot be composed together to form larger abstractions. In this paper we present a new concurrency model, based on transactional memory, that offers far richer composition. All the usual benefits of transactional memory are present (e.g. freedom from deadlock), but in addition we describe new modular forms of blocking and choice that have been inaccessible in earlier work.


All ecosystems are influenced by physical forcing. Estuarine ecosystems respond most strongly on an interannual timescale to variability in freshwater flow. Several mechanisms for positive or negative flow effects on biological populations in estuaries have been proposed; however, positive effects appear to operate mainly through stimulation of primary production with effects propagating up the food web. In the northern San Francisco Estuary, abundance or survival of several common species of fish and shrimp varied positively with flow-in data through 1992. I re-examined these relationships and those of several additional taxa in an analysis of long-term (20 to 40 yr) mon- itoring data. The spread of the introduced clam Potamocorbula amurensis in 1987 provided an oppor- tunity to examine simultaneously the responses of estuarine species to flow and to changes in the food web. I separated variability into a flow response, a step change after 1987 and other sources of variability. Responses of fish and shrimp contrasted with those of lower trophic levels. All but 1 spe- cies of nekton responded positively to flow, only 2 had clear declines after 1987, and none of the rela- tionships changed in slope after 1987. In contrast with the higher trophic levels, chlorophyll a (chl a) and several species of zooplankton declined markedly after 1987, and had either weak responses to flow or responses that changed after 1987. Thus, the food web appears strongly coupled between benthos and plankton, and weakly coupled between zooplankton and fish, as has been found in other systems. More importantly, the variation with freshwater flow of abundance or survival of organisms in higher trophic levels apparently did not occur through upward trophic transfer, since a similar rela- tionship was lacking in most of the data on lower trophic levels. Rather, this variation may occur through attributes of physical habitat that vary with flow.


Three individually-tested adult Oystercatchers took different proportions of shallow-buried bivalves Mya arenaria and Scrobicularia plana from a mixture on offer in an experimental situation. Two birds, taking mainly or exclusively Scrobicularia, selected the species as predicted by a random search model based on encounter rate. The third bird actively selected for the less abundant Mya. All birds showed size selection within the prey species. Diet composition was correlated with the efficiency of the birds in handling the prey items. Optimal foraging theory adequately explained the observed prey species- and size selection by the birds. A short-term learning effect was found in two of the Oystercatchers. These birds managed to reduce their handling time during the course of the experiments, mainly by cutting the flesh loose from the shell faster. Cutting was always the most time-consuming component of prey handling but relatively more when a bird took the less preferred prey species. By rapidly improving their cutting technique for a specific prey, the birds increased their profitability. This adaptive behaviour contradicts the view of the Oystercatcher as a conservative specialist, which has problems when alternative prey should be taken in times of food shortage, although under natural conditions prey switching is hampered by morphological constraints.


Although teacher education is the formal means by which novices are prepared for teaching, they come having already had significant experience in schools. Preservice teachers have formed habits of "teaching" which influence their learning to teach. This article reports a study of the specific knowledge of and skills with teaching practice that novices bring to teacher education with respect to one teaching practice, eliciting student thinking in elementary mathematics, and describes the use of a standardized teaching simulation to learn about novices' skills. The findings reveal details about preservice teachers' skills and habits of practice at the point that they enter formal teacher preparation. Preservice teachers' ways of carrying out this particular practice are categorized into three distinct categories: (a) skills that need to be learned, (b) skills that can be built on, and (c) approaches that need to be unlearned.


Different forms of abundant silica (e.g., quartz and chalcedony) are closely associated with many types of ore deposits in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary environments. Occurrence of quartz and metal-bearing minerals together strongly indicates that silica is an important component in hydrothermal fluids transporting and concentrating economic metals to the ore grade, however chemical and physical characteristics of such ore-forming media remain debated. Understanding of the environment in which chalcedony forms is largely hampered by the lack of chalcedony-hosted fluid inclusions. Our study reports for the first time fortuitously preserved, large-sized (up to 150 μm) fluid inclusions in chalcedony from the Gonchak deposit of optical calcite in the Early Triassic basalts belonging to the Siberian large igneous province. The application of microthermometric methods, scanning electron microscopy with cathodoluminescence, and laser Raman spectroscopy to the fluid inclusions and their host chalcedony recognized the formation of chalcedony from a colloidal suspension. The fluid inclusions represent a gel-like saline aqueous fluid that is residual after precipitation of spherulitic chalcedony aggregates with numerous H2O-bearing and H2O-poor layers. We propose that the colloidal nature of fluids forming chalcedony lends strong support to the natural existence of experimentally predicted "silicothermal fluids". Such fluids can be instrumental in mobilizing and transporting large quantities of both silica and nano- and micro-particles of ore minerals, followed by efficient separation of the latter from coagulating silica gel into ore-rich zones and bodies.


Besides the estimated 300, 000 children fighting in armed conflicts across the globe, thousands more young people are involved in or risk becoming involved in armed violence. These are soldiers without wars, whose battlefields are often their own communities. Children involved in organized violence are defined as children and youth employed by or otherwise participating in armed violence where there are elements of a command structure and power over territory, local population and/or resources, in non-war situations. Viva Rio, a Brazilian nongovernmental organization that works with youth in organized armed violence is in the concluding stages of an international study on the phenomenon. The study focuses on Jamaica, El Salvador, Ecuador, Honduras, Philippines, Nigeria, South Africa, USA, Northern Ireland and Colombia. The findings will be released in early 2005.


Symmetric quasi-definite systems may be interpreted as regular- ized linear least-squares problem in appropriate metrics and arise from ap- plications such as regularized interior-point methods for convex optimization and stabilized control problems. We propose two families of Krylov methods well suited to the solution of such systems based on a preconditioned variant of the Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization process. The first family contains methods operating of the normal and Schur-complement equations, including general- izations of well-known methods such as Lsqr and Lsmr but also a new method named Craig-mr aiming to minimize the residual of the Schur-complement equations. The second family follows from a related Lanczos process and con- tains methods operating directly on the augmented system, which generalize the conjugate-gradient and minimum-residual methods. We establish connec- tions between augmented-system and reduced-system methods. In particular, the conjugate-gradient method is well defined despite the indefiniteness of the operator. We provide an explanation for the often-observed staircase behavior of the residual in the minimum-residual method. An additional contribution is to provide explicit stopping criteria for all methods based on estimates of the relative direct error in appropriate norms, as opposed to criteria based on the residual. A lower bound estimate is available at no additional computational cost while an upper bound estimate comes at the cost of a few additional scalar operations per iteration.


We present a submillimetre survey of seven high-redshift galaxy clusters (0.64 < z < 1.0) using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) at 850 and 450 m. The targets, of similar richness and redshift, are selected from the Red-sequence Cluster Survey (RCS). We use this sample to investigate the apparent excess of submillimetre source counts in the direction of cluster fields compared to blank fields, as seen in the literature. The sample consists of three galaxy clusters that exhibit multiple optical arcs due to strong gravitational lensing, and a control group of four clusters with no apparent strong lensing. A tentative excess of 2.7σ is seen in the number density of submillimetre sources within the lensing cluster fields compared to that in the control group. Ancillary observations at radio, mid-infrared, optical and X-ray wavelengths allow for the identification of counterparts to many of the submillimetre luminous galaxies (SMGs), and provide improved astrometry and redshift constraints. Utilizing photometric redshifts, we conclude that at least three of the galaxies within the lensing fields have redshifts consistent with the clusters and implied infrared luminosities of ∼1012 L⊙. The existence of submillimetre cluster members may therefore be boosting source counts in the lensing cluster fields, which might be an effect of the dynamical state of those clusters. However, we find that the removal of potential cluster members from the counts analysis does not entirely eliminate the difference between the cluster samples. We also investigate possible occurrences of lensing between background submillimetre sources and lower redshift optical galaxies, though further observations are required to make any conclusive claims. Although the excess counts between the two cluster samples have not been unambiguously accounted for, these results warrant caution for interpreting submillimetre source counts in cluster fields and point source contamination for Sunyaev–Zel'dovich surveys.


The mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. This is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. The cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere---accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs---are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world's poorest countries.


A classic since its publication in 1954, The Practice of Management was the first book to look at management as a whole and being a manager as a separate responsibility. The Practice of Management created the discipline of modern management practices. Readable, fundamental, and basic, it remains an essential book for students, aspiring managers, and seasoned professionals.


David Garland, The Culture of Control. Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Pp. vii + 307 pages. $30.00 cloth. Evi Girling, Ian Loader, and Richard Sparks, Crime and Social Change in Middle England: Questions of Order in an English Town. New York: Routledge, 2000. Pp. xi + 211 pages. $27.99 paper. I. Introduction Although crime, disorder, and other threats to security often generate widespread concern, these problems have become more central to the political, social, and cultural life of many industrialized nations. At the same time, many Western governments-especially that of the United States-have adopted more punitive and explicitly retributive crime control policies. Both of these developments have had important consequences for the study of crime and control, as enhanced funding opportunities for research and increased student interest in crime and punishment fuel the growth of criminology and criminal justice studies. Although typically housed within social science units, the proliferation of free-standing criminology and criminal justice programs separates, at least at the institutional level, the study of crime and control from the more established social sciences. While quite diverse, these programs often define their subject matter fairly narrowly and prioritize a specialized body of criminological theory over more general social theory and research. By contrast, the two books under consideration here locate the study of crime and control at the center of social scientific and historical analysis, and, in so doing, demonstrate in profound and insightful ways that these subjects are central to the social life of "late modern" societies. Both books are particularly concerned with the "cultural sensibilities" concerning crime, order, and security; that is the structures of feeling and ways of thinking and talking about these subjects. Both highlight the ways in which these cultural sensibilities are influenced by and have an influence on a wide range of social phenomena. In short, both studies bring historical, sociological, and cultural awareness to the study of crime and control, and, by illuminating how concerns about perceived threats to security are bound up with larger social issues, make a persuasive case for integrating the study of these topics with disciplines such as history, geography, sociology, law and society, and cultural studies. Despite this similar framework, the two books approach their subject matter in very different ways. On one hand, Garland seeks to identify the broad themes, trends, and unifying principles of what he, drawing on Bourdieu, refers to as the crime control field. Having identified the key features of this field in the United Kingdom and the United States before and after the 1970s, he offers a comprehensive account of its transformation, arguing that "the patterns of risk, insecurities and control problems to which American and British governments, corporations and citizens have been responding are those typically generated by the social, economic, and cultural arrangements of late modernity" (2001:7). Given the broad sweep of his study, Garland relies primarily on secondary sources and published materials to map these developments and to construct his explanatory framework. By contrast, Girling, Loader, and Sparks (2000) provide a very detailed account of the cultural sensibilities of people living in a single town in `Middle England,' Macclesfield. The authors demonstrate that the complexity and variability of these sensibilities complicate the broad generalizations made by more macro-- sociologically inclined analysts, as well as those that emerge from the survey-based "fear of crime" literature. Their close, detailed examination of Macclesfield residents' "crime-talk" is based on primary research generated through multiple methods, including interviews, focus group discussions, observations, ride-alongs, and analyses of official documents, all aimed at capturing the complexity and nuance of residents' sensibilities regarding crime and control. …


Enhancement in heat transfer at micro scales is an active area of study, followed
by many researchers. Use of non-boiling two phase
flows in the form of segmented

flows has become one of the interesting methods for achieving higher cooling (or mass
transfer) capacities. Segmented
flows (also known as slug
flows, plug
flows, or Taylor

flows) is a series of moving liquid segments which are separated by gas bubbles or
another liquid slugs. These
flows are known as gas-liquid or liquid-liquid two phase

flows, respectively. The effective phenomenon in heat transfer enhancement is internal
circulations inside the liquid slugs, which helps to mix the liquid.
The main focus of the present thesis is on heat transfer of gas-liquid segmented

ows, using numerical simulations based on the concepts of Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD). As shown in the literature review, large gaps exist in research which
need further studies. The target of this research is providing details on hydrodynamics
and heat transfer in gas-liquid two phase
flows, which can be helpful in understanding
the whole process better. Based on the literature reviewed, the numerical modeling
can be conducted using single phase or two phase simulations. Both single phase and
two phase numerical simulations have been performed in this research. The research
has also been conducted using fixed and moving frames of reference.
It has been shown that slug
flows with shorter slugs provide greater cooling ca-
pacities compared with long slugs. Furthermore, it has been shown that liquid film
around bubbles reduces the intensity of circulations in liquid slugs and hence reduces
the cooling capacity. Therefore, using hydrophobic wall materials has been suggested.
The key finding of the present research is how the liquid film around bubbles affects
heat transfer, and it has been suggested to include this parameter in the correlations
in the future. The comparison of the results with experimental data and/or exact
analytical solutions throughout the thesis show good agreements.


Background. Inadequately controlled labour pain is associated with numerous deleterious physiological and psychological effects. Epidural labour analgesia is accepted as the gold standard.  Objectives. To establish the frequency of labour epidural analgesia for vaginal and caesarean section delivery in Gauteng Province (GP) private and public hospitals.  Methods. GP maternity hospitals belonging to the three largest private hospital groups, and public academic, tertiary, regional and district maternity hospitals, were approached for inclusion in the study. A total of 24/47 private hospitals and 21/26 public hospitals agreed to participate in the present study and data from these hospitals were included in the data analysis. This was a retrospective study, and the delivery statistics and registers for 2015 were examined from all participating hospitals. Consecutive convenience sampling was applied.  Results. A total of 3 560 labour epidurals were placed in the 45 participating hospitals in GP in 2015. About two-thirds (62%; n =2 208) of these labour epidurals were placed in the private sector. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) annual epidural frequency for all participating private hospitals was 6% (1.37 - 8.42). Only two public hospitals in GP were able to offer labour epidural services in 2015 and the annual proportion of deliveries with epidural placement was 4.1%. Both hospitals were academic hospitals affiliated with a single university.  Conclusion. Similar to other developing countries, the labour epidural rates in GP hospitals were well below international labour epidural rates in 2015. This lack of service provision may be compromising patient care as well as the training of healthcare professionals.


At a time when the production of architecture is undergoing significant change, Industries of Architecture makes central to the architectural humanities issues such as industrialisation, the labour and processes of building and design, economy, regulation, techniques of fabrication and management. Turning to historical and theoretical questions, as well as to key contemporary developments, what is at stake in the contributions is more a common concern than a shared position: the introduction of techniques (new knowledge formations, institutional forms, practices of management and self-management) and technologies (new materials, systems, energy production and conversion). How do these techniques and technologies, and above all their inter-relations, affect those who labour in architecture, the buildings they produce, and the discursive frameworks we mobilise to understand them? Industries of Architecture begins with critical examinations of modern architecture's complex interests in industry. How has modern architecture articulated itself in relation to mass industrial production? This is followed by critical enquiries into two great sites for the industrial production of architecture: the building site and the architectural office. Chapters address questions on the production and circulation of value in architecture, the nature and qualities of labour—material and immaterial—the transformative potential of architectural production, and the necessarily social nature of production in architecture. Leaving these two sites, Industries of Architecture then examines how architecture is entwined and operative within a much wider field of industrial production and reproduction—finance capital, the spaces of law and regulation, and the technologies and techniques of material and social management.


Background/Context Recent racial incidents on college and high school campuses throughout the United States have catalyzed a growing conversation around issues of race and racism. These conversations exist alongside ongoing concerns about the lack of attention given to race and racism in the official school curriculum. Given that the field of education is generally located as a space to interrogate why these difficult issues of race in schools and society still persist, this study illustrates how contemporary official school knowledge addresses historical and contemporary issues of race and racism. To do this, we examine how historic acts of racial violence directed toward African Americans are rendered in K–12 school textbooks. Using the theoretical lenses of critical race theory and cultural memory, we explicate how historic acts of racial violence toward African Americans receives minimal and/or distorted attention in most K–12 texts. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study We examined the knowledge constructed about racial violence and African Americans in the United States. Using the theoretical lenses of critical race theory and cultural memory, we show how the topic of historic acts of racial violence toward African Americans receives minimal and/or distorted attention in most K–12 texts. The purpose of this study is to illustrate that although accounts of racial violence that historically have been excluded from textbooks are now being included, this inclusion matters little if it is presented in a manner that disavows material implications of racial violence on sustained White privilege and entrenched African American inequities. Research Design The findings from this study come from a textbook analysis of 19 recent U.S. history social studies textbooks adopted by the state of Texas. Drawing from the tradition of recent critical textbook studies, this study used a literary analysis methodology. Findings/Results In this study, we found that although narratives of racial violence were present throughout the texts, they often rendered acts of violence as the immorality of single actors or "bad men doing bad things." Additionally, these presentations portray violence as disconnected from the institutional and structural ties that supported and benefited from such acts. Conclusions/Recommendations The findings from this study illustrate the limited historical and sociocultural knowledge about race and racism provided to teachers and students through K–12 social studies textbooks. These findings have direct implications for how teachers and students conceptualize and grapple with real issues of race and racism in schools and society. We suggest that the knowledge contained in school texts must go beyond simply representing acts of racism, situating such acts of racism within the discursive and material realities that have shaped the lives of African Americans in the United States.


Probability, Markov Chains, Queues, and Simulation provides a modern and authoritative treatment of the mathematical processes that underlie performance modeling. The detailed explanations of mathematical derivations and numerous illustrative examples make this textbook readily accessible to graduate and advanced undergraduate students taking courses in which stochastic processes play a fundamental role. The textbook is relevant to a wide variety of fields, including computer science, engineering, operations research, statistics, and mathematics. The textbook looks at the fundamentals of probability theory, from the basic concepts of set-based probability, through probability distributions, to bounds, limit theorems, and the laws of large numbers. Discrete and continuous-time Markov chains are analyzed from a theoretical and computational point of view. Topics include the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations; irreducibility; the potential, fundamental, and reachability matrices; random walk problems; reversibility; renewal processes; and the numerical computation of stationary and transient distributions. The M/M/1 queue and its extensions to more general birth-death processes are analyzed in detail, as are queues with phase-type arrival and service processes. The M/G/1 and G/M/1 queues are solved using embedded Markov chains; the busy period, residual service time, and priority scheduling are treated. Open and closed queueing networks are analyzed. The final part of the book addresses the mathematical basis of simulation. Each chapter of the textbook concludes with an extensive set of exercises. An instructor's solution manual, in which all exercises are completely worked out, is also available (to professors only).Numerous examples illuminate the mathematical theories Carefully detailed explanations of mathematical derivations guarantee a valuable pedagogical approach Each chapter concludes with an extensive set of exercises Professors: A supplementary Solutions Manual is available for this book. It is restricted to teachers using the text in courses. For information on how to obtain a copy, refer to: http://press.princeton.edu/class_use/solutions.html


This paper details the results of my research on the Philippine author Guillermo Gomez Windham (1880-1957). Coming from a distinguished family from Iloilo, he was born and raised during the Spanish era. He held a high position in the government office during the American period and carried out prestigious posts in the State administration after independence. However, Gomez Windham had a natural passion for the letters: he wrote original novels, stories, articles and essays, both on cultural topics as well as on political economy. He wrote predominantly in Spanish, although he published some works in English and had part of his work translated into English. In 1922, he was the first author to receive the Zobel Prize for his book La carrera de Candida. Together with other intellectuals of the period – among them Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and Claro M. Recto – he founded the Academia Filipina de la Lengua, for fifteen years of which he was director.


In this paper, we consider the mixed initial boundary value problem in the context of a thermoelastic porous body having a dipolar structure. We intend to analyze the rate of decay of solutions to this problem to ensure that in a finite time, they become null. In our main result, we find that the combined contribution of the dipolar constitution of the body together with voids dissipation and thermal behavior cannot cause vanishing of the deformations in a finite time.


Since the implementation of the post 9/11 GI Bill, college campuses have seen an increase in the number of student veterans on campus. This student population may have more difficulties than other students in adjusting to campus life, and often have combat-related physical and psychological injuries. Recreation activities have been shown to help improve psychological adjustment to civilian life, and possibly reduce PTSD symptoms, in the broader veteran population. The purpose of the current undergraduate honors thesis was to collect pilot data on leisure preferences of student veterans and investigate possible relationships between these preferences, PTSD symptoms, and perceived stigma. Student veteran participants filled out questionnaires about leisure time preferences, physical activity, PTSD symptomology, and stigma towards seeking psychological help. Results indicated that social and screen time activities played the biggest role in their leisure time. Of the leisure time activities, only sport participation was associated with lower PTSD symptomatology. Previous research has shown participating in sports to be beneficial for mental health, and current survey results are consistent with those findings and also further suggest that watching sports may also be beneficial for the mental health of student veterans.


The Pilun Challa rock avalanche: Ratification of a single glaciation in the Caviahue-Copahue region and surroundings (Neuquen). The reconnaissance of an important rock avalanche in the Pilun Challa glacial valley (37°40´S and 71°08´W) is a consistent clue for a simple episode of glaciation on the area, fact revealed from geomorphological studies. The hypotesis had been previously proposed to the south the Caviahue-Copahue region. The huge move- ment originated from the southern margin of the Pilun Challa valley, as well as in many other adjacent regions, occurred after the local Pleistocene glaciation that affected the area. This complex landslide has a breakaway zone at the crest of a overstepped slope of the glacial valley and like most of the similar movements loca- ted between 36° and 38°S, it occurred during postglacial times, as suggested for their accumulations located on the previous glacial valley. A rock platform located at intermediate height between the breakaway zone and the glacial floor valley could have had an important role in the avalanche mechanics inferred for the Pilun Challa rock avalanche. Proximal avalanche deposits are therefore not connected with the distal ones, probably due the jumping of the rock mass over the ramp created by the intermediate plain. The movement obtruded the Pilun Challa valley forming an ephemeral lake upstream. The mass climbed the opposite flank of the valley for- ming a run-up. These avalanche deposits were identified during the first half of the 20´century as moraine accumulations due to their chaotic nature, the existence of lake deposits upstream, and transversal orientation of the morphology respect to the glacial valley. Therefore a position of ice stability was defined based on this inference, which together with other supposed glacial pulses constituted a second glaciacion. Other landslides, glacial morphologies and volcanic forms are also des- cribed in the area in the present survey.


AbstractBACKGROUND: Patients with limited literacy skills are routinely encountered in clinical practice, but they are not always identified by clinicians.
 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 3 candidate questions to determine their accuracy in identifying patients with limited or marginal health literacy skills.
 METHODS: We studied 305 English-speaking adults attending a university-based primary care clinic. Demographic items, health literacy screening questions, and the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) were administered to patients. To determine the accuracy of the candidate questions for identifying limited or marginal health literacy skills, we plotted area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves for each item, using REALM scores as a reference standard.
 RESULTS: The mean age of subjects was 49.5; 67.5% were female, 85.2% Caucasian, and 81.3% insured by TennCare and/or Medicare. Fifty-four (17.7%) had limited and 52 (17.0%) had marginal health literacy skills. One screening question. "How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?" was accurate in detecting limited (AUROC of 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.77 to 0.86) and limited/marginal (AUROC of 0.79; 95% CI=0.74 to 0.83) health literacy skills. This question had significantly greater AUROC than either of the other questions (P <.01) and also a greater AUROC than questions based on demographic characteristics.
 CONCLUSIONS: One screening question may be sufficient for detecting limited and marginal health literacy skills in clinic populations.


Marginal income taxes may have an insurance effect by decreasing the effective fluctuations of after-tax individual income. By compressing the idiosyncratic component of personal income fluctuations, higher marginal taxes should be negatively correlated with the dispersion of consumption across households, a necessary implication of an insurance effect of taxation. Our study empirically examines this negative correlation, exploiting the ample variation of state taxes across US states. We show that taxes are negatively correlated with the consumption dispersion of the within-state distribution of non-durable consumption and that this correlation is robust.


We define community mobilization as offline activities typically required in ICTD initiatives to train users and drive adoption for the sustained use of ICTs within the community. Community mobilization forms an important but under-discussed component of ICTD initiatives. In this article, we present a case study of a voice-based community media platform in rural central India and the experiments it has undergone with multiple community mobilization strategies over a period of five years. We analyze different phases of community mobilization and draw insights related to how technology platforms can be appropriated by specific actors to drive their own agendas, how organizational control can be imposed to prevent undesirable appropriation, yet give communities the flexibility to use the platform according to their needs, and how group structures and hybrid financial-social incentives can be created to build sustainable networks that can be replicated and scaled in a standardized manner. We use the Actor-Network Theory, along with Olson's Theory of Groups and Incentives to explain our observations. Our methods can be generalized and applied by other ICTD initiatives to evaluate their own community mobilization strategies.


A benchmarking activity of numerical methods for analysis of Wave Energy Converters (WEC) was proposed under the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) International Energy Agency (IEA) Task 10 in 2015. The purpose of the benchmark is to do a code-2-code comparison of the predicted motions and power take out for a WEC. A heaving sphere was used as a first simple test case. The participants simulated heave decay and regular and irregular wave cases. The numerical methods ranged from linear methods to viscous methods solving the Navier-Stokes equations (CFD). An overview of the results from the first phase of the benchmark was reported in (Wendt et al 2017). The present paper focus on the simulations of the sphere using one fully nonlinear time-domain BEM method one transient RANS method and one transient Direct  FE method with no turbulence model. The theory of the three methods as well as the modelling of the sphere are described. Heave decay and heave motions for steep regular waves were selected as test cases in order to study and compare the capability to handle nonlinear effects. Computational efficiency and applicability of the three methods are also discussed.


We present an investigation of the angular distribution of reflected light on snow and sea ice, for three selected wavelengths; 500, 800 and 1100 nm. Our analysis covers how the angular reflectance distribution is affected by varying the solar zenith angle and cloud configuration, and also if snow grain size and snow thickness will has an influence. We have mainly addressed snow reflective properties, as snow is a key player in the earth's radiation budget. With an accurate radiative transfer simulation tool (AccuRT), we have simulated various cloud, snow and sea ice scenarios. Our main conclusion is that neither snow or sea ice seems to reflect light isotropically over the upper hemisphere, and that the presence of even thin clouds contribute to extensively to the diffusing of light. The effect is most prominent for 500 nm light, while for longer wavelengths the diffusing effect happens at a slower rate, leaving detectable signals on small cloud variations. For a typical cloud configuration, a cloud thickness of more than 100 m will diffuse the incident light to an extent where we can not distinguish the incident solar angle based on angular distribution plots. In April 2016 we collected spectral radiation data on three different locations on the arctic archipelago of Svalbard. This data has been assessed in light of the modelled results, proving to support our hypothesis of the wavelength dependency of the clouds diffusing effects. We found that a thicker cloud cover will shift the detected average angle of the incident light towards the average polar angle (45◦).


Conceptual furniture that appear in many movies can be a great source of inspiration. Unique artifacts are intended to create a sense of place within the physical and psychological context of the movie. Many science-fiction movies upgrade and expand perspectives to feature the technical nature of the background. Inside those films, intriguing furniture play a huge role to create the space and such different furniture designs. Imagining the specific characteristics of the designs that seem as though they belong in outer space, how do they contribute to the overall environment? Current furniture design spans a wide range of genres, and many recent movie films describe many new spaces with existing furniture. These designs illustrate a completely different environment, especially in science-fiction films that take place in outer space. The current technological trends affect the ongoing development of furniture design, and this thesis explores recent, past, and current trends to imagine a potential trend in the furniture industry. Therefore, my design research will find elements that explain future design and feature a body of work examining the next future furniture trends. I will develop a design process that integrates new technologies and making of furniture pieces.


Background The Hull York Medical School Pre-Hospital Care Programme (HYMS PCP) aims to develop medical student interest in pre-hospital care.1 Clinical education is achieved through training, qualification and experience as community first responders with Yorkshire Ambulance Service2 and Lincolnshire Integrated Voluntary Emergency Services (LIVES),3 providing pre-hospital care in the community. With 60 members at different stages of training, medical equipment and medication across 5 schemes, fixing unserviceable kit and prompt resupply requires meticulous tracking which is vital to patient and student safety. A need has been identified to monitor equipment and if necessary, a mechanism to raise potential concerns anonymously. Methodology A kit audit was performed and a handover form created to flag issues pertaining to kit condition. Each responder completes the online form as part of handover. This flags issues to the responder co-ordinator who can rectify or escalate issues promptly. A secondary form allows anonymous reporting of safety concerns. These are reviewed by the governance and development team responsible for the PCP, where issues were addressed or escalated where necessary. Anticipated outcomes The current mechanism of escalation directly to the respective professional organisation (YAS or LIVES) remain intact and encouraged. Our internal reporting system facilitates open discussion of non-urgent concerns. These are currently being piloted in our LIVES units. A re-audit, responder survey incorporating validated aspects of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire,4 and review of all changes instigated at three and six months will assess the benefit of KERS to our students and patients. We intend to present our qualitative and quantitative results at the conference. Impact These changes are intended to encourage an organisational safety culture amongst undergraduate healthcare professionals to take forward into their professional careers. We intend to disseminate our results to encourage similar student organisations to adopt similar approaches to improve safety. References Wong A, Pham K, Preece J. A new approach to undergraduate pre-hospital education. Poster session presented at: BASICS conference; 2013 Oct 11–12; Dudley, West Midlands, UK. Community First Responders Yorkshire Ambulance Service. Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust, United Kingdom; [cited 2016]. Available from: http://www.communityresponders.yas.nhs.uk/. LIVES. LIVES Responders. LIVES.org.uk. [cited 2016]. Available from: http://www.lives.org.uk/about-us/responders/. Sexton JB, Heimreich RL, Neilands TB, Rowan K, Vella K, Boyden J, Roberts PR & Thomas EJ. The safety attitudes questionnaire: psychometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research. BMC Health Serv Res 2006;6:44.


In his 2007 book No Seat at the Table, Professor Douglas Branson aptly describes how patterns of male dominance inherent in the legal structures of corporate governance reproduce themselves again and again to keep women out of executive suites and boardrooms, and then he offers a practical way to break this cycle of dominance-through paradigm shifting. A central value of Professor Branson's book derives from this thesis, as well as his use of nontraditional empirical data and interdisciplinary literature (in addition to more traditional decisional law and legal scholarship) to support the positions he takes. Moreover, No Seat at the Table is an invaluable resource because it collects in one volume varied research materials and related information at the intersection of women and corporate boards and because it offers further support for diversification of boards of directors as part of the overall effort to strengthen corporate governance practices and promote more productive, efficient, and trustworthy corporations.This review is designed to explore these strengths - and a few related weaknesses - in Professor Branson's approach. Specifically, the review highlights three key strengths of Professor Branson's work: his thorough and useful report of 2001 and 2005 proxy data from public company filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, his account of the effects of tokenism in the boardroom, and his analysis of the obstacles women face in climbing the rungs to the top of the corporate ladder. The review then evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of his proposed paradigm shifting as an effective way to procure female advancement to executive ranks and board positions. Finally, the review examines the potential shortcomings of Professor Branson's observation and suggestion that the differences between men and women are inconsequential and should be minimized and, further, how these statements (when taken out of context) conflict with his efforts to keep women in the pipeline toward upper management.


The paper investigates the determinants of aggregate private investment and determines the long-run relationship between macroeconomic uncertainty and aggregate private investment decisions in Nigeria between 1970 and 2006. Cointegration and error correction modeling techniques is adopted in the estimation of aggregate private investment models. The results show that private investment in Nigeria is significantly and positively affected by income, public investment and credit to private sector while it is negatively affected by real interest rates and the size of debt. The paper further reveals that inflation rate, exchange rate and fiscal deficit uncertainties are most detrimental to private investment recovery in Nigeria. The paper concludes that the key to private investment recovery and economic growth in Nigeria is in reducing the overall level of macroeconomic uncertainty.


Abstract This article makes the case for improved small area data on socio-spatial segregation and social exclusion in Ireland that is comprehensively disaggregated by nationality and ethnicity. We argue that disaggregated data are crucial if the complex effects of immigration are to be understood and effective policy developed. This article examines two case studies of relatively deprived areas in Dublin that have disproportionately large immigrant populations. Our analysis of immigration and deprivation in the Dublin Inner City Partnership (DICP) and Blanchardstown Partnership areas highlights the shortcomings of currently available disaggregated data. In particular, our analysis identifies cohorts of immigrants at high risk of social exclusion that are largely invisible in segregation and deprivation scores. This article therefore makes the case for an improved evidence base, informed by reliable (and cross-tabulated) statistical data and argues that disaggregated data are crucial to targeted policy in...


Urbanization is a potential threat to mental health and well-being. Cross-sectional evidence suggests that living closer to urban green spaces, such as parks, is associated with lower mental distress. However, earlier research was unable to control for time-invariant heterogeneity (e.g., personality) and focused on indicators of poor psychological health. The current research advances the field by using panel data from over 10,000 individuals to explore the relation between urban green space and well-being (indexed by ratings of life satisfaction) and between urban green space and mental distress (indexed by General Health Questionnaire scores) for the same people over time. Controlling for individual and regional covariates, we found that, on average, individuals have both lower mental distress and higher well-being when living in urban areas with more green space. Although effects at the individual level were small, the potential cumulative benefit at the community level highlights the importance of policies to protect and promote urban green spaces for well-being.


Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the repetitive and intentional act of causing injury to one's own body without suicidal intent. NSSI is an extremely prevalent and pervasive phenomenon, affecting between 13.0 to 23.2% of individuals in the general population. There are significant negative outcomes that may result from engaging in NSSI including risk of serious physical injury, becoming addicted to the behavior, experiencing stigmatization and social rejection, and an increased risk for suicidality. There is also sufficient evidence in the literature supporting the distinction between NSSI and suicide as well as NSSI and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Creating a distinct diagnosis of NSSI in the DSM has many positive clinical implications such as developing a tailored treatment for individuals who engage in such behaviors, stimulating further research about NSSI, improving communication regarding behaviors of self-injury, and bringing awareness to this widespread behavior. This article evaluates each of these benefits to demonstrate that NSSI deserves to be a distinct diagnostic entity in the DSM.


If calls to care for other species multiply in a time of global and local environmental crisis, this article demonstrates that caring practices are not always as benevolent or irenic as imagined. To save endemic tortoises from the menace of extinction, Proyecto Isabela killed more than two hundred thousand goats on the Galapagos Islands in the largest mammal eradication campaign in the world. While anthropologists have looked at human engagements with unwanted species as habitual and even pleasurable, I discuss an exceptional intervention that was ethically inflected toward saving an endemic species, yet also controversial and distressing. Exploring eradication's biological, ecological, and political implications and discussing opposing practices of care for goats among residents, I move past the recognition that humans live in a multispecies world and point to the contentious nature of living with nonhuman others. I go on to argue that realizing competing forms of care may help conservation measures—and, indeed, life in the Anthropocene—to move beyond the logic of success and failure toward an open-ended commitment to the more-than-human. [care; Anthropocene; multispecies assemblages; conservation; Galapagos Islands]


Corporate concentration in the United States has been on the rise in recent years, sparking a heated debate about its causes, consequences, and potential remedies. In this study, we examine a facet of public policy that has been largely neglected in current debates about concentration: corporate tax policy. As part of our analysis we develop the first empirical mapping of the effective tax rates (ETRs) of nonfinancial corporations disaggregated by size and broken down by jurisdiction. Our findings reveal a striking and persistent tax advantage for big business in recent decades. Since the mid-1980s, large corporations have faced lower worldwide ETRs relative to their smaller counterparts. The regressive worldwide ETR is driven by persistent regressivity in the domestic ETR and a marked drop in the progressivity of the foreign ETR over the past decade. We go on to show how persistent regressivity in the worldwide tax structure is bound up with the increasing relative power of large corporations within the corporate universe, as well as a shift in firm-level power relations. As large corporations become less disposed to investments that may indirectly benefit ordinary workers, they become more disposed to shareholder value enhancement that directly benefits the asset-rich. What this means is that the corporate tax structure is connected not only to rising corporate concentration, but also to widening household inequality.


In this study, we examine human social interactions within virtual worlds and address the question of how group interactions are affected by the game environment. To investigate this problem, we introduced a set of conversational agents into the social environment of Second Life, a massively multi-player online environment that allows users to construct and inhabit their own 3D world. Our agents were created to be sufficiently lifelike to casual observers, so as not to perturb neighboring social interactions. Using our partitioning algorithm, we separated continuous public chat logs from each region into separate conversations which were used to construct a social network of the participants. Unlike many groups formed in communities and workplaces, groups in Second Life can be rapidly-forming (arising from few interactions), persistent (remaining stable over a long period), and are less affected by socio-cultural influences. In this paper, we analyze regional differences in Second Life by measuring characteristics of the network as a whole, determined from the statistics mined from public conversations in the virtual world, rather than focusing on egocentric actors and their attributes.


Pornography use among emerging adults in the USA has increased in recent decades, as has the acceptance of such consumption. While previous research has linked pornography use to both positive and negative outcomes in emerging adult populations, few studies have investigated how attitudes toward pornography may alter these associations, or how examining pornography use together with other sexual behaviours may offer unique insights into the outcomes associated with pornography use. Using a sample of 792 emerging adults, the present study explored how the combined examination of pornography use, acceptance, and sexual behaviour within a relationship might offer insight into emerging adults' development. Results suggested clear gender differences in both pornography use and acceptance patterns. High male pornography use tended to be associated with high engagement in sex within a relationship and was associated with elevated risk-taking behaviours. High female pornography use was not associated with engagement in sexual behaviours within a relationship and was general associated with negative mental health outcomes.


Animal and plant life cycles are increasingly shown to depend on temperature trends and patterns. In their Perspective,
 PeA±uelas and Filella
 review the evidence that global warming during the 20th century has affected the growth period of plants and the development and behavior of animals from insects to birds. The authors warn that changes in the interdependence between species could have unpredictable consequences for ecosystems, that the lengthening of the plant growing season contributes to the global increased carbon fixation, and that changes in phenology may affect not only ecosystems but also agriculture and sanitation.


This study measures the extent to which free music downloads, including the use of P2P file sharing networks, act as substitutes or complements to music purchase in markets for CDs and electronic delivered music (such as MP3).

The analysis uses representative micro-data from the Canadian population. We find that those who participate in free music downloading and P2P file-sharing do not purchase more or less music compared with those who do not engaged in such activities, but that, indeed, very active file-sharers purchase more music relative to file-sharers who download fewer songs. Thus, the market substitution effect between freely acquired music and purchased music is smaller than the market creation and market segmentation effect from free music downloading. In essence, the behavioural incentives underpinning free music downloading are the effects of 'unwilling to pay' (market substitution), 'hear before buying' (market creation), 'not wanting to buy whole album' (market segmentation), 'not available in the CD format or on electronic pay-sites (market creation)'.


This article examines the way the tax system in New York City contrasts sharply with the New York state uniform tax system that requires all real property to be assessed at full market value and within a single jurisdiction, taxed at the same statutory rate. The author finds that properties in the city are assessed at differing percentages of market value, resulting in wide differences in effective tax rates, particularly between residential and non-residential properties. The author posits that a switch by the city to a uniform tax system would result in major reallocation of the tax burden among the different property groups in the city. This article explores several problems facing New York City and the New York state legislature in making reforms to the property tax laws. It first analyzes sections 306, 307 and 720 of the Real Property Tax Law, and then examines and comments on a number of suggestions developed to help the City resolve its property tax problems. Proposed solutions by the author include classification of real property, the development of a homestead exemption from property taxes combined with a uniform tax, and the use of a circuitbreaker tax to ease the burden of a property tax on low-income property owners.


What is wrong with the new anti-Semitism which is now resurgent across the globe, including on American college campuses? The question is deceptively simple, but it carries considerable resonance. Numerous governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, scholars, and civil rights practitioners have documented the dangers inherent in anti-Semitism's recent manifestations, both globally and on United States college campuses. Yet many critics still deny its existence, severity, newness, anti-Semitism, or difference from mere criticism of Israeli policies. Moreover, some argue that it is a stratagem devised to silence opposition to these policies. For this reason, it is necessary to demonstrate that persons subjected to the new anti-Semitism are harmed in a manner which should be cognizable to the law. Specifically, it must be shown how some incidents of the new anti-Semitism, which may appear to target Israel rather than individual Jews as such, nevertheless constitute prohibited forms of discrimination against Jewish Americans. Under the conventional rubrics, the question amounts to whether the new anti-Semitism abrogates anti-differentiation or anti-subordination principles. Ultimately, the answer will turn on the extent to which this new phenomenon demeans Jews, encourages anti-Jewish prejudice, and derogates Jews as morally inferior. This Article argues that the new Anti-Semitism achieves these results in part through reracialization processes which stigmatize Jews as morally blameworthy and which mark them for reprisal.


The field of teaching Chinese as a second language (CSL) is expanding and growing in importance worldwide. Related
 fields, such as Chinese language pedagogy, language policy, and the acquisition of Chinese as a second language, are attracting
 increased attention in research. However, research into K-12 CSL teacher cognition (what teachers know, think, and believe) has
 been very limited. It has been reported that more understanding of language teacher cognition has significant impacts on the
 development of teacher training and professional development programs (Borg, 2015;
 Kubanyiova & Feryok, 2015). Many aspects of CSL teacher cognition are
 underexplored when compared with language teacher cognition research in general and K-12 language teacher cognition research
 specifically. This article reviews current theoretical and empirical research into language teacher cognition with a particular
 focus on existing studies in the field of CSL teaching in the context of K-12 education. The purposes of the review article are
 (1) to document the current knowledge base of CSL teaching, and (2) to discuss current gaps in and future directions of teacher
 cognition research in this area. It first discusses general theories and research concerning second language teacher cognition
 within current research paradigms, and then provides a review of CSL teacher cognition research. Finally, it reviews pressing
 issues and suggests directions for future research in K-12 Chinese teacher cognition.


Abstract The behavioural responses previously reported from Coccinella septempunctata to the organophosphate, dimethoate, have implications for the effective development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Through a series of simple tests, coccinellids' consumption rates were measured from live pesticide-resistant aphids, treated with five insecticides from three chemical classes: carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids. This study quantifies for the first time the doses of ingested insecticide to which C. septempunctata responds, and demonstrates that a number of insecticides can cause C. septempunctata to change its feeding behaviour. Females were confirmed to eat more than males, and responses to insecticides were observed more frequently in females. Aphid consumption was reduced most in the pyrethroid treatment groups, but choice tests found no preference for either treated or untreated prey in any group. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism by which coccinellids detect insecticides, and the consequences for IPM.


Title: Senior Athletic Training Student"s Perceptions and Self-Reported Behaviors of EvidenceBased Practice Context: Entry-level athletic training education is currently transitioning to include evidencebased practice (EBP) into their curriculums to continue to establish athletic training as a prestigious allied health profession. Objective: To determine senior athletic training student (SATS) perceptions of EBP and examine the self-reported behaviors of EBP to gain insight into the instructional methods currently used to educate athletic training students in EBP as the method of delivering care to patients. Design: Grounded theory study Setting: Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education accredited undergraduate athletic training programs. Participants: Thirteen senior athletic training students [11=female, 2=male, currently completing their last semester/quarter of their athletic training education program (ATEP)] were interviewed to discover their perceptions, self-reported behaviors of EBP. Data Collection and Analysis: SATS perceptions and self-reported behaviors of EBP were discovered and explored qualitatively using grounded theory methodology. Constant comparison and coding allowed theories to be developed. Peer debriefing and multiple analyst triangulation evaluated the emerging theories to establish trustworthiness. iv Results: The analysis revealed that SATS have a positive perception of utilizing research to guide or supplement their clinical practices. The emerging theories demonstrated that the SATS have knowledge of how to use EBP when providing care to their patients. The perceived instructional methods focused on acquiring medical literature, with slight emphasis on appraising and applying it into clinical practice. Some ATEP assignments required SATS to acquire and appraise medical literature, which in turn some of the SATS were able to use in their clinical practices. SATS also expressed acquiring medical literature on their own to address a problem in their clinical practices, but the SATS did not appraise the found medical literature nor discuss it with their patients. The SATS did express confidence in their ability to communicate to their patients and establish trust by educating their patients. Conclusions: The SATS interviewed attained a scholastic knowledge of EBP. Other medical professions re-structured their curricula to have students use EBP. The changes in athletic training curriculum have allowed athletic training students to continue the incorporation of EBP. The instructional methods, described by the SATS, used to teach EBP do not appear to be as structured as other medical professions. Through the continued integration of EBP education into all levels of athletic training education, the profession can continue to enhance itself as a prestigious allied health profession.


Single-pixel cameras (SPCs) have been successfully used in different imaging applications during the last decade. In these techniques, the scene is illuminated with a sequence of microstructured light patterns codified onto a programmable spatial light modulator. The light coming from the scene is collected by a bucket detector, such as a photodiode. The image is recovered computationally from the photodiode electric signal. In this context, the signal quality is of capital value. One factor that degrades the signal quality is the noise, in particular, the photocurrent, the dark-current, and the thermal noise sources. In this chapter, we develop a numerical model of a SPC based on a photodiode, which considers the characteristics of the incident light, as well as the photodiode specifications. This model includes the abovementioned noise sources and infers the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the SPCs in different contexts. In particular, we study the SNR as a function of the optical power of the incident light, the wavelength, and the photodiode temperature. The results of the model are compared with those obtained experimentally with a SPC.


Galapagos tomatoes (Solanum section Lycopersicon) have long interested
scientists and plant breeders. Several morphological and physiological
characters found in the endemic Galapagos tomatoes have been bred into the
cultivated Solanum lycopersicum, making the native plants an invaluable
resource for the development of this important global crop.
Extensive fieldwork was carried out on twelve islands, old records were
confirmed, new records added, but several previously recorded populations of
endemic tomatoes could not be confirmed. I collected tomatoes from 12 islets
and Islands. Detailed morphometric analysis on c.400 plants and extensive
genetic studies on c.1,200 plants were carried out in addition to fieldwork and
natural history studies. Observations and experiments were carried out on
herbarium specimens, field collected and green house grown accessions. I
confirmed the presence of four taxa in the Galapagos Islands – two endemic
species S. cheesmaniae and S. galapagense, the latter here described as new,
and two introduced species S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum.
Hybrids were found involving all taxa growing in the Galapagos Islands.
Of particular interest is an extensive hybrid zone between S. cheesmaniae and
S. pimpinellifolium spanning 20km along the Baltra Road on Isla Santa Cruz.
Hybridization raises the threat of extinction by introgression and the possibility
of the evolution of a serious invasive species. Conservation recommendations
are proposed.
In addition, a genetic analysis was undertaken of 60 seed bank
accessions of all four tomato species from the Galapagos. Again, indications of
hybridization were found, raising the potential of introgression within the seed
bank collections, occurring potentially during rejuvenation cycles.
Furthermore, I propose a new outline for a generic invasive species
threat/impact scoring system. Applying this new system I class Solanum
pimpinellifolium as an alien invasive species and assess its impact on Isla
Santa Cruz in the Galapagos Islands.


This colloquium will present a socio-cultural, multicultural and transcultural approach to understanding the role culture plays in developing shared agendas for building an inclusive and cooperative learning community within educational settings. Current research from each perspective will be presented and a broader understanding of the role culturally constructed environments play in human development, cooperative learning, prosocial decision making, problem solving and conflict resolution will be discussed. The colloquium will encourage participant engagement to challenge each perspective and build a broader discussion of the role mediated learning experiences play in overcoming or perpetuating bigotry, violence and injustice, and how culturally competent educators may act as a protective factor in building democratic communities to promote social justice and human rights within the educational setting.


Abstract. High quality and updated road network maps provide important information for many domains. Many small segments appear on the road surface in VHR images. Most road extraction systems have problem in extraction of these small segments and usually they appear as gaps in the final extracted road networks. However, most approaches skip filling these gaps. This is on account of the fact that usually overall length of the missing parts of the road extraction results is very short relative to the total length of the whole road network. This leads to an indiscernible impact of filling these gaps on geometrical quality criteria. In this paper, using two different VHR satellite datasets and a gap-filling approach which is based on tensor voting, we show that utilizing an effective road gap filling can result in a quite tangible topological improvement in the final road network which is highly demanded in many applications.


In 2014, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) carried out a comprehensive crisis communication multi-sector exercise. To evaluate communication in exercises there is a need for involving the public as they are the primary target group in most crises. Systematically involving the public in evaluation of exercises has only been done a few times in Sweden and there are no known international attempts. We therefore developed a method where a representative sample of 2 000 persons was drawn from the Swedish population register and invited to assess communication during the exercise. The so-called "Public Network" finally consisted of 99 people who contributed extensively with 395 assessment questionnaires. This paper describes the method, the results and experiences. We encourage other organizations to involve the public in exercises for evaluation purposes. The results show that there is a willingness among the public to contribute to the development of crisis preparedness.


For most Property Law professors teaching Property Law is both a joy and a challenge. We are convinced of the importance of the subject for law practice and society at large, but we face numerous challenges in the classroom. Our pedagogical objectives vary, but most of us want to teach some doctrine, some policy and some theory. Engaging fruitfully in policy and theoretical debates requires some grasp of doctrine, but many of the doctrines are complex and not intuitive. This essay offers Property Law professors a new tool that will help them teach doctrine more efficiently so that they can spend more time on policy and theory and engage the subject more critically. This new tool also advances the goal of contemporary legal education to help students integrate legal analysis and legal practice.
This essay argues that property doctrines and rules are answers to several consistent legal questions, and that these questions provide a useful framework for teaching Property doctrine. Beginning with the questions helps students recognize the connections among doctrines and rules across topics instead of seeing Property as a disconnected group of topics and rules.
The proposed framework offers the questions as reference points for navigating the sea of common law Property doctrines and rules. A student still must navigate the treacherous straits of the Rule Against Perpetuities and similar difficulties. And, more importantly, she must wrestle with the deeper policy, theory and value issues that our system of private property presents. However, using the framework of questions, she can always orient herself efficiently and, then engaging the diverse policy and theoretical perspectives that our Property Law tradition offers, guide herself to an answer (or set of possible answers).


Spouse abuse is a manifestation of domestic violence that happens in the privacy and personal environment and in most cases occurs among people who are linked due to intimacy, blood relationship and legality. Violence against women can have many serious consequences such as sexual disorders, suicide, anxiety, low selfesteem and self-efficacy, unwanted pregnancy and serious harm due to the cause of violence (even committing suicide). The main purpose of this study was to compare the spouse abuse, low self-esteem and sexual disorders between urban and rural married women. In this descriptive study, we selected 1270 respondents married women who lived in Jahroom, using random sampling. We used domestic violence, self-esteem, sexual disorders and sexual satisfaction questionnaires. According to the results, the rate of received mental, psychical, and economic violence in rural women was significantly higher than that in urban women and the rate of self-esteem in urban women was significantly higher than that in rural women and there was a significant relationship between the types of spouse abuse and distinctive of self-esteem in women. So, it seems that spouse abuse, as one manifestation of domestic violence, can affect couples' lives from different angles. It can cause bad sexual performance, reduction of self-confidence in women, and consequently disorder in interpersonal relationship.


OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) as a prognostic predictor for upper-extremity motor functional recovery from postsurgical neurological deficits. METHODS Preoperative and postoperative nTMS studies were prospectively applied in 14 patients (mean age 39 ± 12 years) who had intraparenchymal brain neoplasms located within or adjacent to the motor eloquent area in the cerebral hemisphere. Mapping by nTMS was done 3 times, i.e., before surgery, and 1 week and 3 weeks after surgery. To assess the response induced by nTMS, motor evoked potential (nTMS-MEP) was recorded using a surface electromyography electrode attached to the abductor pollicis brevis (APB). The cortical locations that elicited the largest electromyography response by nTMS were defined as hotspots. Hotspots for APB were confirmed as positive responsive sites by direct electrical stimulation (DES) during awake craniotomy. The distances between hotspots and lesions (DHS-L) were measured. Postoperative neurological deficits were assessed by manual muscle test and dynamometer. To validate the prognostic value of nTMS in recovery from upper-extremity paresis, the following were investigated: 1) the correlation between DHS-L and the serial grip strength change, and 2) the correlation between positive nTMS-MEP at 1 week after surgery and the serial grip strength change. RESULTS From the presurgical nTMS study, MEPs from targeted muscles were identified in 13 cases from affected hemispheres. In one case, MEP was not evoked due to a huge tumor. Among 9 cases from which intraoperative DES mapping for hand motor area was available, hotspots for APB identified by nTMS were concordant with DES-positive sites. Compared with the adjacent group (DHS-L < 10 mm, n = 6), the nonadjacent group (DHS-L ≥ 10 mm, n = 7) showed significantly better recovery of grip strength at 3 months after surgery (p < 0.01). There were correlations between DHS-L and recovery of grip strength at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 3 months after surgery (r = 0.74, 0.68, and 0.65, respectively). Postsurgical nTMS was accomplished in 13 patients. In 9 of 13 cases, nTMS-MEP from APB muscle was positive at 1 week after surgery. Excluding the case in which nTMS-MEP was negative from the presurgical nTMS study, recoveries in grip strength were compared between 2 groups, in which nTMS-MEP at 1 week after surgery was positive (n = 9) or negative (n = 3). Significant differences were observed between the 2 groups at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 3 months after surgery (p < 0.01). Positive nTMS-MEP at 1 week after surgery correlated well with the motor recovery at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 3 months after surgery (r = 0.87, 0.88, and 0.77, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Navigated TMS is a useful tool for identifying motor eloquent areas. The results of the present study have demonstrated the predictive value of nTMS in upper-extremity motor function recovery from postsurgical neurological deficits. The longer DHS-L and positive nTMS-MEP at 1 week after surgery have prognostic values of better recovery from postsurgical neurological deficits.


By exploring the role of military officers and chronicling the sequences of events, Soldiers and Politics in Southeast Asia offers insight into the conditions that fostered military governments specifically in Thailand, Burma, South Vietnam, Indonesia, and Cambodia. Critically comparing these case studies and statistics, this volume provides readers with a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of military involvement in the region's politics during the post-colonial period covered. Two ideologically opposed positions evolved around the phenomenon of military insurgency. Technological conservatism generally favors military insurgency in previously civilian-led governments. There was a presumption that it encourages stability, efficiency, and anti-communism. The revisionist position, on the other hand, was highly critical of technological conservatism, especially with regard to its political fervor. J. Stephen Hoadley asserts that the relevant question is not one of ideological choices; rather, it is whether a military or civilian-led government is better suited for the political and economic development of a particular underdeveloped nation. Hoadley argues that there is little difference between military and civilian-led governments in their abilities to establish stability and maintain law. The book concludes that neither conservative nor radical views are fully correct as to the effects of military-led governments on development. Soldiers and Politics in Southeast Asia focuses exclusively on civil-military politics in Southeast Asia in a critical period for the region, and it should be read by all individuals interested in Southeast Asian politics and development long after Cold War issues have come to a close.


Financial instruments for earthquake disaster reduction are dealt with in this paper. In general, there are two kinds of instruments to reduce earthquake disaster, one is engineering mitigation measures and the other is referred to as non-engineering countermeasures. The former contributed a lot in disaster prevention for many years, and the latter has been emphasized in these years as the economic structure in urban areas is getting more and more complicated. The financial instruments, e.g. earthquake insurance and catastrophe bonds (cat bonds), are adopted to disperse the risk. The main point of earthquake insurance is to set the rate rationally and correctly. A seismic risk assessment based method of setting the rate for earthquake property and personal insurances with two kinds of deductibles is presented in detail in this paper. Cat bonds have been one of the most active catastrophe insurance derivatives nowadays to supply catastrophe insurance. Since the middle of the 1990s, some insurers have become insolvent or on the edge of insolvency from catastrophes. A framework of setting the annual coupon rate for earthquake cat bonds is also built, in which the probability of earthquake catastrophe occurrence from seismic risk assessment, the yields of reinvestment, the principal protected ratio and the issuance fee ratio are designed as the four factors. Finally, some further ideas to improve the integration of the financial instruments with the engineering seismic risk assessment are discussed briefly.


This Article is an attempt to begin a conversation about the way children who have been victimized by their parents are treated by the criminal justice system. I suggest that even though as a society we are obsessed with our children, that obsession has not translated into criminal justice policies that adequately protect them. Parental offenders are systematically treated better by the criminal justice system than are extrafamilial offenders, and we need to grapple with whether that preferential treatment is appropriate. I suggest that in many instances it is not, and I therefore propose some principles that I hope provide some guidance for the future formulation of criminal justice policy. The Article unfolds in five Parts. Part I describes the romanticization phenomenon, drawing on sources both from law and from popular culture to demonstrate how we idealize the parent-child bond. As a result, we have come to believe that we can ordinarily rely upon the strength of that bond, without messy interference from the criminal justice system, to protect our children from harm. In other words, the belief that love, not law, is sufficient to protect our children permeates our approach to family violence. Part II gives concrete examples of the adverse consequences of this phenomenon and demonstrates how this phenomenon has harmed children. I have chosen in this Part to focus on the most serious crimes that parents can commit against their children: the crimes of murder and rape. These crimes are the focus of the Article because the conduct at issue without question can be characterized as criminal; indeed, these crimes receive our greatest wrath outside the realm of the family. Unfortunately, the romanticization phenomenon affects the criminal justice system's treatment of even these most serious of crimes. This Part also includes a discussion of the parental discipline defense, both because defendants often raise that issue in child homicide cases and because I believe that our continued willingness to endorse the use of corporal punishment against children is contributing to the larger problems discussed in this Article. Part III addresses some of the objections raised to using the criminal justice system more vigorously to protect children from parental violence. For example, perhaps parental offenders simply are less dangerous than stranger offenders. Other objections include the idea that we do not need the incentives of the criminal law to protect children because the fear of losing a child is incentive enough to induce appropriate parental behavior, or that parents who have lost a child are suffering enough and the infliction of additional punishment through the criminal justice system is simply gratuitous and cruel. This Part also grapples with the very real harms that greater use of the criminal justice system could potentially create, such as disruption of families or a disproportionate impact on families of color. Part IV sets forth some principles that hopefully can better guide policymakers and practitioners in the future as they grapple with how best to protect our children from harm. This Part argues that if we are serious about protecting children as a class from physical injury, we must reorient our thinking about criminal justice policy toward the home, rather than away from it. This Part also addresses some of the particular issues related to motherhood and child abuse. Finally, Part V offers some brief concluding thoughts.


Merger and acquisition deals are governed by merger clauses which are negotiated between the bidder and target in order to communicate deal terms, specify risk sharing between the parties, and describe dispute management provisions in case of litigation. In a large sample of manually collected U.S. deal contracts involving publicly traded bidders and targets, we construct merger clauses indices based on legal scholars' ex-ante prediction and examine the relationship between announcement returns and different types of merger clauses. We find that bidder protective clauses correlate with higher bidder returns while target protective clauses and pro-competition clauses correlate with higher target returns. We also find that bidder and target protective indices have larger impacts on announcement abnormal returns for "bad" deals than for "good" deals. Finally, we find that the inclusion of more bidder protective clauses leads to lower deal completion rates while the inclusion of more target protective clauses and pro-competition clauses has no impact on deal completion rates. These results are consistent with the expert lawyer/efficient contracting view of Cain, Macias, and Davidoff Solomon (2014), and Coates (2016), and against merger contracts as boilerplate agreements.


Between 1990 and 2008, Soil Use and Management has published around 42 articles which have dealt with nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils. The importance of this subject to readers of the journal has increased rapidly in recent years. A substantial number of these papers have appeared in two supplements. These were 'Soils and the Greenhouse Effect', vol. 13 (4) and 'Soils as Carbon Sinks', vol. 20. The number of annual citations of articles on N2O in the journal has risen from zero in the early 1990s to 160 per year in 2008. In this article, we have highlighted some of the more important papers on N2O that have been published by Soil Use and Management, and explain how they have helped advance our understanding of the role that soil management plays in influencing N2O emissions.


The transcription termination factor TTF-1 exerts two functions in ribosomal gene (rDNA) transcription: facilitating initiation and mediating termination of transcription. Using HeLa cells, we show that TTF-1 protein is colocalized with the active transcription machinery in the nucleolus and also with the inactive machinery present in certain mitotic nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) when rDNA transcription is repressed. We also show that TTF-1 is specifically phosphorylated during mitosis in a manner dependent on the cdc2-cyclin B kinase pathway and on an okadaic acid-sensitive phosphatase. Interestingly, the mitotically phosphorylated form of TTF-1 appearing at the G(2)/M transition phase was more easily solubilized than was the interphase form. This indicates that the chromatin-binding affinity of TTF-1 appears to be different in mitotic chromosomes compared to the interphase nucleolus. Correlated with this, the other DNA-binding factor, UBF, which interferes with chromatin conformation in the rDNA promoter, was more strongly bound to rDNA during mitosis than at interphase. The reorganization of the mitotic rDNA promoter might be induced by phosphorylation of certain components of the rDNA transcription machinery and participate in silencing of rDNA during mitosis.


Cattle grazing and invasion by non-native plant species are globally-ubiquitous changes occurring to plant communities that are likely to reverberate through whole food webs. We used a manipulative field experiment to quantify how arthropod community structure differed in native and non-native California grassland communities in the presence and absence of grazing. The arthropod community was strongly affected by cattle grazing: the biovolume of herbivorous arthropods was 79% higher in grazed than ungrazed plots, whereas the biovolume of predatory arthropods was 13% higher in ungrazed plots. In plots where non-native grasses were grazed, arthropod biovolume increased, possibly in response to increased plant productivity or increased nutritional quality of rapidly-growing annual plants. Grazing may thus affect plant biomass both through the direct removal of biomass, and through arthropod-mediated impacts. We also expected the arthropod community to differ between native and non-native plant communities; surprisingly, arthropod richness and diversity did not vary consistently between these grass community types, although arthropod abundance was slightly higher in plots with native and ungrazed grasses. These results suggest that whereas cattle grazing affects the arthropod community via direct and indirect pathways, arthropod community changes commonly associated with non-native plant invasions may not be due to the identity or dominance of the invasive species in those systems, but to accompanying changes in plant traits or functional group composition, not seen in this experiment because of the similarity of the plant communities.


Electrons in organic semiconductors (OSC) possess remarkably long spin relaxation times. Hybrid spintronic devices that combine OSC with ferromagnetic (FM) substrates are therefore expected to provide a route to devices with improved and new functionalities. A crucial role is played by the FM‐OSC interface which governs the spin injection into the OSC. Using spin‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations we study here such possible injection channels in metal phthalocyanines (MPc). We report the first direct observation of the successful engineering of different spin‐selective hybrid interface states at the Fermi level of a FM‐OSC hybrid junction only by changing the central metal atom of a MPc. Our results demonstrate that tailoring the chemical interaction at the FM‐OSC interface is a promising way to modify the spin injection channels and thus the spin injection capability.