Abstract.
 After a severe population reduction during the mid-20th century, the endangered Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis), or Nēnē, has only recently re-established its seasonal movement patterns on Hawai'i Island. Little is currently understood about its movements and habitat use during the nonbreeding season. The objectives of this research were to identify habitats preferred by two subpopulations of the Nēnē and how preferences shift seasonally at both meso-and fine scales. From 2009 to 2011, ten Nēnē ganders were outfitted with 40-to 45-g satellite transmitters with GPS capability. We used binary logistic regression to compare habitat use versus availability and an information-theoretic approach for model selection. Meso-scale habitat modeling revealed that Nēnē preferred exotic grass and human-modified landscapes during the breeding and molting seasons and native subalpine shrubland during the nonbreeding season. Fine-scale habitat modeling further indicated preference for exotic grass, bunch grass, and absence of trees. Proximity to water was important during molt, suggesting that the presence of water may provide escape from introduced mammalian predators while Nēnē are flightless. Finescale species-composition data added relatively little to understanding of Nēnē habitat preferences modeled at the meso scale, suggesting that the meso-scale is appropriate for management planning. Habitat selection during our study was consistent with historical records, although dissimilar from more recent studies of other subpopulations. Nēnē make pronounced seasonal movements between existing reserves and use distinct habitat types; understanding annual patterns has implications for the protection and restoration of important seasonal habitats.


Consider the directed process $(i, S_i)$ where the second component is simple random walk on $\mathbb{Z} (S_0 = 0)$. Define a transformed path measure by weighting each $n$-step path with a factor $\exp [\lambda \sum_{1 \leq i \leq n}(\omega_i + h)\sign (S_i)]$. Here, $(\omega_i)_{i \geq 1}$ is an i.i.d. sequence of random variables taking values $\pm 1$ with probability 1/2 (acting as a random medium) , while $\lambda \in [0, \infty)$ and $h \in [0, 1)$ are parameters. The weight factor has a tendency to pull the path towards the horizontal, because it favors the combinations $S_i > 0, \omega_i = +1$ and $S_i < 0, \omega_i = -1$. The transformed path measure describes a heteropolymer, consisting of hydrophylic and hydrophobic monomers, near an oil-water interface.

We study the free energy of this model as $n \to \infty$ and show that there is a critical curve $\lambda \to h_c (\lambda)$ where a phase transition occurs between localized and delocalized behavior (in the vertical direction). We derive several properties of this curve, in particular, its behavior for $\lambda \downarrow 0$. To obtain this behavior, we prove that as $\lambda, h \downarrow 0$ the free energy scales to its Brownian motion analogue.


The purpose of this research study was to investigate the effects of restorative justice practices on the job satisfaction of student conduct administrators. This study focuses on Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory's intrinsic and extrinsic factors of motivation for student conduct administrators who use restorative justice practices (RJ). This quantitative study used a member sample from the Association of Student Conduct Administrators (ASCA) with 176 electronic responses received. Significant results found that student conduct administrators are more satisfied intrinsically if given the opportunity to take on new responsibilities, given appropriate responsibility and recognition from their supervisor, and if they can make a positive impact on the institution. With regard to extrinsic motivation factors, if student conduct administrators do not have good working relationships, feel their supervisor is not competent, the desire for professional and personal growth not met, and receive no assistance from the supervisor, there will be no satisfaction. Student conduct administrators who used RJ reported significantly higher levels of satisfaction when they were able to use their preferred practice of conduct and conflict resolution strategies, and when trainings were offered on their home campuses. This study provided initial insight on how intrinsic motivation factors can be optimized for job performance and how the use of restorative justice practices in student conduct work could be involved in a paradigm shift of job satisfaction for student conduct administrators. Continued research is critical not only for the profession, but specifically for student conduct administrators as they work to build a just and disciplined community. (


The paper forms part of a larger study into the development of agricultural economics in Australia and the influence of economists in agricultural policy formulation. This particular paper focuses on the 1950s and 1960s, a period of rapid growth in Australian agricultural economics. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics was building up an excellent reputation as an independent research agency within government and, together with other agricultural economic research organisations, significant research projects were undertaken. The profession further gained stature at this time, when it became institutionalised within the universities, when the professional society was formed and the first issue of the Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics was published. Particular economists who were involved in the formulation of Australian agricultural policy at this time, are identified in this paper and their influence on policy formulation assessed. Australian agricultural policy is put into world context with some consideration being given to agricultural policy in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 1950s and 1960s.


Over a period of several years, the employees and their superiors — together with their line manager,1 the author of this article — completely redesigned the labor process at and the structure of the Lemken Company, Rhineland, Germany. Decision making procedures and responsibility were transferred to work groups; middle management was reduced and decentralized; and the hierarchical organization was flattened out substantially. It was possible to create a shopfloor culture of trust based on direct communication between the work groups and the remaining management. Information, including that about the company's financial situation, was made accessible to anyone in the company. Piecework payment was replaced by a fixed hourly wage. Flexitime and a voluntary profit sharing scheme were introduced.


A measurement technique for the quantitative investigation of mixture formation processes in hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICEs) has been developed using tracer-based laser-induced fluorescence (TLIF). This technique can be employed to fired and motored engine operation. The quantitative TLIF fuel/air-ratio results have been verified by means of linear Raman scattering measurements. Exemplary results of the simultaneous investigation of mixture formation and combustion obtained at an optical accessible hydrogen ICE are shown.


The popularity of Peter Ackroyd and Angela Carter, and the (sometimes puzzled) critical acclaim accorded their work, attest to the ways in which the protean novel form has absorbed visionary and apocalyptic impulses. It has been shown that alongside the nineteenth-century literature of realism there is a persistent current of visionary writing--that is, writing that explodes the stabilities of world and person, time and space, consciousness and sexual identity, and with them religious and ideological certainties concerning society and history. The events of the twentieth century have led philosophers and critics to perceive apocalyptic writing as a central genre, and the postapocalyptic as the essential human condition. Indeed, visionary writers like William Blake, while tending to apocalyptic or millennial climaxes, continually undermine our sense of the reality of the world and of ourselves in ways that are both archaic and postapocalyptic. [1] Along with their characteristic subversions, on the one hand of the historical novel and detective story, on the other of feminist and futuristic constructions, Hawksmoor (1985) and The Passion of New Eve (1977) are rooted in visionary traditions. This is visible in a dense network of references to occult and apocryphal traditions, surprisingly convergent in the two texts, largely heretical in Hawksmoor, archaic, mythic, and alchemical in New Eve. Both in fact are related to Blake, discreetly in the novel by the future biographer of that great creator, blatantly, although apparently unconsciously, in Carter's work. The narrative tactics variously deployed by Ackroyd and Carter exploit a precise or stereotypical geography to produce an extreme dislocation of the temporal order. Both novels, though in different ways, are harrowing in linking the pursuit of an ecstatic experience of being to sexual mutilation and murder. At their conclusions, as we will see, both suggest an entry into unknown realms through int imations of impossible, or at least inexpressible, experiences. In Hawksmoor Ackroyd creates first an alternation then an intense confusion between eighteenth- and twentieth-century London. A brief prologue draws the reader into a sense of a past existence: "This is the vision we still see and yet now, for a moment, there is only his heavy breathing as he bends over his papers and the noise of the fire which suddenly flares up and throws deep shadows across the room. "Then the first-person narrative of Nicholas Dyer, architect, religious fanatic, and murderer, is interspersed with a seemingly omniscient recounting concerning murders at the sites of seven London churches. In part 2 of the novel, the detective Nicholas Hawksmoor tries unsuccessfully to solve the crimes. In acknowledgments given at the end, Ackroyd admits that "this version of history is my own invention." For the benefit of those who have not read the book or explored its historical background, I omit reference to which of the seven churches are real and who designed them. [2] Suffice it to say that in a de tective story whose strange outcome is reincarnation, fiction and history fuse so thoroughly that an abolition of time, space, and person is, one might say, inflicted on the reader. As the reader adapts to Dyer's version of eighteenth-century writing, [3] his story and its significance come strikingly to life. The horrible death of his parents in the plague, the Great Fire, the savagery of street life in early modern London, the precariousness of his existence as a young vagrant, and his affinity with roving societies of beggars provoke Dyer's reflections on the indifference and hypocrisy of the well-to-do and the religious. (In the twentieth-century chapters Hawksmoor seems deprived of such awareness, but a sense of vast alienation, loneliness, family fragmentation, homelessness, and sordid crime is nonetheless conveyed.) Rescued by an aunt from his life with the "Orphans in the Plague" (49), Dyer rises from apprentice mason to self-taught architect to principal deputy of Christopher Wren, who in his work of rebuilding London is represented as the embodiment of science and Enlightenment reason. …


[1] The influence of geomagnetic activity on middle- and low-latitude thermospheric winds and ionospheric electric fields is investigated using model results from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. Model runs are made for different levels of geomagnetic activity. Model results show that the equatorward ionospheric currents produced by disturbance winds develop positive charge accumulation at low latitudes that maximizes in the premidnight sector. The local time of maximum electric potential perturbation depends significantly on universal time so that the local time of reversal of the equatorial zonal perturbation electric field varies with longitude by 2 to 3 hours, depending on the intensity of geomagnetic activity. The westward perturbation electric field in the postsunset period indicates that stronger geomagnetic activity will produce a lower driven height of the evening F region. After geomagnetic activity ceases, model results show that the zonal disturbance winds can last for many days in the postrecovery period, while the meridional disturbance winds decay more rapidly. The long-lasting zonal winds, through the Pedersen currents they drive, help maintain meridional disturbance potential drops that decay much more slowly than the zonal disturbance potential drops after the activity ceases.


[Abstract]:

It is universally acknowledged that teachers are a critical key in the enhancement of student achievement in our schools. Less accepted is that teachers are key knowledge workers in emerging 21st century societies, demonstrating understandings of how new knowledge is created as well as what it looks like. The related issue of how schools actually function as productive professional learning communities, and how teachers engage in their own learning processes, remains at best vaguely understood.

The research on which this dissertation was based sought to establish new insights into the dynamics of how teachers who are engaged in a process of successful development and revitalisation create new knowledge and make significant new meaning. The research acknowledged that meanings ascribed to the processes in question might well be influenced by issues of ideology. Thus, in addition to drawing heavily on recent literature relating to the concepts of professional learning communities, distributed leadership and collective intelligence, the study incorporated a multiperspective dimension. The following research problem was established to guide the creation of research questions, a research design and related methodology:

What emerges as a construct of collective intelligence in schools when teacher engagement in a pedagogical knowledge formation process is viewed from different ideological perspectives?

The collective in this study was constituted of the membership of two professional learning communities independently engaged in a widely used process of school revitalisation, the IDEAS (Innovative Designs for Enhancing Achievement in Schools) process. IDEAS utilises a number of distinctive educational constructs, including parallel leadership, alignment of key organisational elements and a schoolwide approach to teaching and learning, to engage the professional community of a school in the creation of significant new knowledge in the form of vision statements, values and pedagogical frameworks.

The data collected from each school community's knowledge-generating experiences are presented in two case study bricolages. Interpretation of these data led to identification of particular characteristics associated with professional learning processes for successful meaning-making. Further analysis of the data, through the lenses of three ideological perspectives (critical reflection, hermeneutic phenomenology and orgmindfulness) resulted in the proposal of a construct for collective intelligence in schools.

Of particular significance as a result of the research is the postulation of a new image of the professional teacher – one who recognises his/her capacity for engagement in collective and reflective practices through the exercise of new ways of thinking and acting in support of student achievement. The findings prompt further inquiry into the deep meanings associated with the dynamics of successful professional learning communities in both schools and a spectrum of other organisations.


Contested National Liberations National liberations on the territory of former Yugoslavia have a long and--not surprisingly--bloody history. This process of national liberations has now lasted two centuries. The first round of national liberations in the nineteenth century began in 1804 with the first Serbian uprising against Ottoman rule and continued with the second Serbian uprising in 1815, ending only with the Ottoman granting of autonomy to Serbia in 1830. The most recent series of national liberations, which started in 1991 with the liberation of Slovenia and Croatia, was the fourth round of national liberations to take place in former Yugoslavia in the twentieth century. (1) As this fourth round appears to be still underway, it remains an open question whether this round will be the final one, after which there will be no national groups still in need of liberation from foreign rule. The question might also be phrased another way. The fourth round of national liberations was aimed at creating nation-states out of the multinational federation of Yugoslavia. Has that goal now been achieved? Have the successive wars from 1991 to 1999 in effect created all the nation-states that could be created out of former Yugoslavia, or are there any potential nation-states still to be created or expanded, if necessary by war? The most recent round of fighting in the Republic of Macedonia which started in March 2001 suggests that the process of nation-state formation in former Yugoslavia has yet to be completed. The creation of a larger Albanian nation-state, comprising the territory of Kosovo and western Macedonia as well as of Albania, is still a goal of many determined Albanian fighters. A few months earlier, the then Bosnian Croat political leaders virtually ceded the Croat-majority cantons of the Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina (the Croat-Muslim entity) from that federation and thus from Bosnia-Hercegovina itself, hoping to unite them eventually with the Republic of Croatia. This suggests that the present multinational Bosnia-Hercegovina is likely to split into nation-states if and when the NATO-led military forces stationed in the country are withdrawn. These are only two among several similar indications that the present number of sovereign states and their borders--largely the result of decisions reached by the EU and NATO governments from 1991 to 1999--are, unlike the states and borders in the rest of Europe, subject to change. The twentieth-century history of the national liberations also suggests that this may not be the final round: at least two previous rounds in that century were, erroneously, thought to be final. The first round in the twentieth century started in 1912 with the first Balkan war and led to the liberation by the Serbian and Montenegrin armies of Kosovo and the `old Serbia' (present-day Macedonia) from Ottoman rule. In this case, no one thought of this round of liberations as `final'. For the Serbian political and military leaders who planned and executed the liberation in alliance with the governments of Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Rumania, there were, after 1912, other Serbs as well as Serb `brethren' (the Croats and Slovenes) who were still awaiting liberation from Habsburg rule by the Serbian army. The first round of liberation was bitterly contested: first by the Albanians in Kosovo, who resisted, together with the Ottoman troops, the Serbian army, and then by the Bulgarian government who claimed a part of the territory of present-day Macedonia on the ground that its inhabitants were in fact Bulgarians. Thus the first twentieth-century round set a pattern of contested liberations, which was then repeated in the next three rounds, including the most recent one: the liberation of one national group was regarded by another national group (or, rather, by its putative or actual political leaders) living on the same territory as occupation and the imposition of foreign rule. …


This thesis examines the political and economic changes in the domestic and international organization and operation of the European Community Common Agricultural Policy for wheat during 1973-88. Its purpose is to demonstrate the opportunities and constraints in the agricultural talks in the Uruguay Round of the GATT begun in 1986. An international political economy approach is adopted to bring into prominence the key security, production, finance, and technology power structures and to demonstrate how these transformed the interlocking and overlapping set of bargains that determined policy. The thesis shows that throughout the 1970s the EC wheat price policy concentrated on supporting farm incomes, and this neither required nor permitted an external policy beyond measures to dispose of surpluses. In the 1980s, however, prices were increasingly directed by market conditions. This reorientation was caused by shifts in the structures surrounding the wheat system. These weakened the pan-European farm lobby, and a patchwork of new agreements evolved between policy makers, commodity groups, and non-farm lobbies to support an active rather than defensive export policy. Consequently, the EC set specific commercial goals for the Uruguay Round of the GATT which makes it a formidable and active participant in the negotiations. In contrast, during the Tokyo Round in the 1970s the Community had adopted a strongly defensive and obstructionist posture to protect its domestic system. Examination of the agricultural trade negotiations between 1984 and 1988 confirms that the other participants have not recognized these transformations. The thesis concludes that the Uruguay Round could fail, and the GATT could be seriously impaired, unless negotiators acknowledge the transformed bases of the new EC wheat po1icy.


Executive summary:
Repair in the context of the circular economy.

The growth in sales of household electrical and electronic equipment in recent years, combined with faster product obsolescence, has resulted in waste electrical and electronic equipment becoming the fastest growing waste stream globally (Balde, Wang, Kuehr, & Huisman, 2015). Many products develop simple faults which are challenging for the amateur to repair; this quite often results in replacement
products being purchased and equipment with small faults being disposed of, or hoarded (Green Alliance, 2015; WRAP, 2011a). It is within this context that innovative approaches to repair are emerging in the UK, with communitybased
organisations focused on enabling consumers to attempt to repair a variety of products including clothing and electrical equipment. Access to information, spare parts and tools is being made available by companies like iFixit, providing consumers with the resources they need to attempt their own repairs. Some consumers, however, lack the skills, knowledge or confidence to attempt repairs, even when the resources are available. This report focuses on the work of the London-based Restart Project, who organise community-based events to assist these consumers. Volunteers acting as "Repair Coaches" at Restart Project repair events offer support and guidance to participants, enabling
them to attempt to repair items that they may not have had the knowledge, skills or confidence to undertake previously.
This report presents the findings from a survey with 99 participants undertaken at Restart Project events in late 2016.

Key points to emerge are:
- Many people (45%) cannot name a commercial repairer that they trust. The lack of knowledge of existing repair ventures and lack of trust in commercial repairers is a key issue to address.
- Very few respondents were "extremely" confident in undertaking repairs at home (8%), many more were "somewhat" or "moderately" confident (33%) and 47% were only "slightly"
or "not at all" confident.
- Many of the respondents reported that they have previously attempted some kind of repairs at home (56%). However, they report varying levels of success with previous repairs and cite knowledge, skills and confidence as major barriers to further attempts at repair. It is these very barriers that The Restart Project addresses.
- Respondents report that they are avid seekers of reuse options for their products when they no longer require them, with 82% reporting they looked for people to reuse items they no longer had a use for.
- Small electrical and electronic items were not recycled by as many of the respondents as other types of household items. The Restart Project appears to have a role to play as
'environmental educator' in inspiring additional recycling within the community.

Throughout the research, participants said they particularly valued the social aspect of the repair events. Feedback shows that there are high satisfaction levels with the events, even when repairs to the objects participants have brought along have been unsuccessful. Working in a social environment, meeting others with shared interests and learning or passing on repair skills in this way appears to
offer considerable potential to empower communities to attempt repairs and thereby extend the lifetime of products.
The repair network is complex and fragmented. Availability, location and consumer confidence in local repair networks, together with knowledge and skills are key issues that have emerged from this study. Informal community-based enterprises such as The Restart Project appear ideally placed to develop local responses to the gap in trust of existing networks revealed by this research, and that they have an important role to play in contributing to the circular economy.


OBJECTIVE
The age-related changes in the proportion of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative children born to HIV-infected mothers (seroreverters) were compared with the changes in these lymphocyte subsets in children born to seronegative women to assess a possible effect of exposure to HIV without infection.

DESIGN
There were 146 seroreverter and 72 seronegative children. The median CD4 and CD8 percentages for each of these two groups of children were compared retrospectively at 3-month intervals from birth through 27 months and at a tenth interval for the time beyond 27 months. The weighted average of the within-subject rate of change of CD4 and CD8 percentages were also compared between the two groups. Finally, for each subject, the proportion of the subject's CD4 percentage assays which were <10th percentile of the entire study population (30%) was calculated, and the distributions of the subject-specific proportions were then compared between the seronegative and seroreverter groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. The proportion of CD8 assays <10th percentile (12%) or > 90th percentile (26%) were also computed for each subject, and the distributions of the proportions were compared similarly. .

RESULTS
The median CD4 percentage of seroreverter children was lower than that for the seronegative children at every interval from birth through 27 months and for the last interval for values obtained at greater than 27 months, although the comparison was statistically significant only at the 4- to 6-month period. The weighted average of the within-subject rate of change of CD4 percentage was -0.09 and -3.0 per year (P = .04), and of CD8 percentage was 1.3 and 1.0 (P = .67), for the seroreverter and seronegative children, respectively. There were significantly more children in the seroreverter group than in the seronegative group who had repeated assays in which the CD4 percentage was < 10th percentile for age (P < .00005). In addition, there was a subset of 10 seroreverter children (6.8%) who had CD4 percentages < 30% on > 50% of their assays, as compared with only one (1.4%) seronegative child. The proportion of CD8 assays < 10th percentile or > 90th percentile were not significantly different between the two groups of children.

CONCLUSIONS
The CD4 proportions were persistently lower in the seroreverter than in the seronegative population, although only reaching statistical significance in 1 of 10 3-month intervals. This finding may be due to a subgroup of seroreverter children who have persistently low CD4 lymphocyte percentages.


After the Islamic revolution in Iran in early 1979 and the hostage crisis that began at the U.S. embassy in Tehran later that year, the Carter administration launched a public diplomacy campaign specifically directed at Muslims, the first of its kind. The idea was to counter the narrative of a Western crusade against Islam while highlighting the differences between the United States and militant Islam. In time, the damage control effort was transformed into an attempt to rally Muslims—both outside and inside the Soviet Union—against Soviet Communism. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan created an opportunity for the United States to bolster its standing in the Islamic world. Influencing Muslim opinion was no longer just a matter of delegitimizing the discourse of radical Islam, but also one of using the growth of religious sentiment among Muslims against the Soviet Union. The initiative's spearhead was the increased multilingual radio broadcasts directed at Muslim audiences across the globe.


Appendicitis is the most suspected diagnosis in patients who consult for abdominal pain, and appendicitis is the most common cause which requires urgent abdominal surgery or intervention. Classically, the diagnosis has been made with the patient's medical his- tory, physical examination, and laboratory findings; however, its preoperative diagnosis is increasingly reliant on imaging. The negative appendectomy rates decreased after the introduction of the use of imaging modalities. The diagnosis of appendicitis should be made early to avoid complications such as perforation. The objective of this chapter is to describe briefly the most important findings in each available image modality and the impact they have on the management and list the potential mimics of appendicitis.


The evidence base in gerontological nursing has made important strides in the past 25 years and has had a far-reaching impact on the quality of care for older adults. Evidence-based nursing arguably began in the century with the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale. Raised in an upperclass atmosphere of independent scholarship (albeit undertaken almost exclusively by gentlemen), and motivated by a desire to improve health, Nightingale initiated and carried out a program analyzing hospital data before both her training as a nurse and eventual assignment to the Crimea. Her scientific skills became more widely known through her development of statistical methods and her collection and analysis of soldier morbidity and mortality data during the Crimean War (McDonald, 2001). Her research resulted in remarkable changes in military medicine, including characterizing the sick and/or wounded soldier as having the right to adequate food, suitable quarters, and appropriate treatment. Her work resulted in a dramatic reduction in the mortality rate in the British military. Nightingale went on to employ research knowledge to make significant changes in public health, such as testing the public water supply, improving sanitation, and preventing starvation (Palmer, 1977). Nonetheless, Nightingale is not best remembered for her extraordinary accomplishments as a statistician and researcher, but as the Lady with the Lamp, providing loving care to distressed soldiers. After Nightingale, nursing research efforts to improve practice were often small, separate, and unfocused. This lasted until the 1970s, when the profession began to advocate for advanced graduate and doctoral education for nurses and for the development of a scientific base for nursing practice. As a result, efforts to generate the evidence base for nursing practice intensified and expanded dramatically worldwide. An increasing number of nursing studies began to focus on clinical problems and produced findings that have a direct impact on nursing practice and patient outcomes (Burns and Grove, 2007). The first major nursing evidence-based practice project (EBP) began through the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (Krueger, 1978), with the goal of using research in the clinical setting. In the late 1970s, the CURN Project (Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing) identifed 10 areas of nursing research that had adequate evidence to use in practice (for example, structured pre-operative teaching, prevention of pressure ulcers) (Horsley, Crane, and Bingle, 1978). In 1986, the body of nursing science knowledge had matured to the point that the National Center for Nursing Research was added to the National Institutes of Health. This Center became the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) in 1994. Nursing's first EBP journal, Evidence Based Nursing, was published in 1998, and a second journal dedicated to EBP, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, was launched in 2004. Nursing research encompasses a wide scope of scientific inquiry, including clinical research, health systems and outcomes research, and nursing education research. Nurse researchers study how to assist individuals and groups as they respond to health and illness experiences (for example, reducing side effects of illness and treatment) and address social and behavioral aspects of illness and quality of life. Much nursing research is seeking to understand the relationships among biological, behavioral, psychological, and sociological factors. The scope of clinical research ranges from acute to chronic care experiences across the entire life span; health promotion and preventive care to end-of-life care; and care for individuals, families, and communities in diverse settings (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2006). The inclusion of nursing science as a sanctioned field for doctoral study in the National Academy of Sciences in 2005 heralded the recognition of the scientific contributions of the discipline. …


The faunal diversity of Lake Tanganyika, with its fish species flocks and its importance as a cradle and reservoir of ancient fish lineages seeding other radiations, has generated a considerable scientific interest in the fields of evolution and biodiversity. The Tropheini, an endemic Tanganyikan cichlid tribe, fills a peculiar phylogenetic position, being closely related to the haplochromine radiations of Lakes Malawi and Victoria. Several problems remain regarding their genus-level classification. For example, the monotypic genus Interochromis is phylogenetically nested within Petrochromis; its only representative, I. loocki, has often been reclassified. As monogenean flatworms are useful markers for fish phylogeny and taxonomy, the monogenean fauna of Interochromis loocki was examined and compared to that of other tropheine cichlids. Three new monogenean species belonging to Cichlidogyrus are described from Interochromis loocki: Cichlidogyrus buescheri Pariselle and Vanhove, sp. nov., Cichlidogyrus schreyenbrichardorum Pariselle and Vanhove, sp. nov. and Cichlidogyrus vealli Pariselle and Vanhove, sp. nov. Their haptoral anchors remind more of congeners infecting species of Petrochromis than of all Cichlidogyrus spp. hitherto described from other tropheine cichlids. Attachment organ morphology has been proven to mirror the phylogenetic affinities of Cichlidogyrus lineages. Therefore the monogenean parasite fauna of I. loocki reflects this host's position within Petrochromis. Moreover, I. loocki differs in habitat choice from Petrochromis spp. This study hence confirms that host range and host-specificity in Cichlidogyrus spp. parasitizing tropheines is determined by the host's phylogenetic position, rather than by a shared ecological niche.


Foster + Partners, led by Founder and Chairman Norman Foster, is based in London with offices worldwide. The practice has pioneered a sustainable approach to architecture through a wide range of award-winning work, from urban master plans to product design, including the world's largest airport terminal in Beijing, the German Parliament in Berlin, The Great Court at London's British Museum, and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. The Jerusalem Brain Sciences Building will be the first project by Foster + Partners in Israel, and promises to set new standards in quality, reflecting ELSC's interactive, interdisciplinary approach to brain research and raising it to a new level.


Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between the effective tax rate on bank income and bank profit efficiency. Our sample consists of 3,472 observations from 533 publicly quoted commercial banks operating in 46 countries between 2001 and 2009. We estimate a global frontier while controlling for various country-specific characteristics such as regulations, macroeconomic conditions, market concentration, and financial and overall development. The results indicate that a higher tax rate results in higher pre-tax profit efficiency. However, the relationship is non-linear, indicating that there is a point after which a further increase in taxation reduces bank profit efficiency. We also find that concentration in the banking sector enhances the effect of taxation on profit efficiency. Overall, the results provide some support to the tax-shifting hypothesis. However, there is no robust evidence that the impact of taxation on profit efficiency is influenced by the extent of private monitoring.


Thresholds and their relevance to conservation have become a major topic of discussion in the ecological literature. Unfortunately, in many cases the lack of a clear conceptual framework for thinking about thresholds may have led to confusion in attempts to apply the concept of thresholds to conservation decisions. Here, we advocate a framework for thinking about thresholds in terms of a structured decision making process. The purpose of this framework is to promote a logical and transparent process for making informed decisions for conservation. Specification of such a framework leads naturally to consideration of definitions and roles of different kinds of thresholds in the process. We distinguish among three categories of thresholds. Ecological thresholds are values of system state variables at which small changes bring about substantial changes in system dynamics. Utility thresholds are components of management objectives (determined by human values) and are values of state or performance variables at which small changes yield substantial changes in the value of the management outcome. Decision thresholds are values of system state variables at which small changes prompt changes in management actions in order to reach specified management objectives. The approach that we present focuses directly on the objectives of management, with an aim to providing decisions that are optimal with respect to those objectives. This approach clearly distinguishes the components of the decision process that are inherently subjective (management objectives, potential management actions) from those that are more objective (system models, estimates of system state). Optimization based on these components then leads to decision matrices specifying optimal actions to be taken at various values of system state variables. Values of state variables separating different actions in such matrices are viewed as decision thresholds. Utility thresholds are included in the objectives component, and ecological thresholds may be embedded in models projecting consequences of management actions. Decision thresholds are determined by the above-listed components of a structured decision process. These components may themselves vary over time, inducing variation in the decision thresholds inherited from them. These dynamic decision thresholds can then be determined using adaptive management. We provide numerical examples (that are based on patch occupancy models) of structured decision processes that include all three kinds of thresholds.


The essay deals with the contested universality of human rights from an intercultural point of view. Such a perspective conflates with the possible use of human rights discourse as a (horizontal) interface to translate different cultural subjectivities. Using this hermeneutical approach, spatial and semiotic proximities inherent to "multiculturality" are capable of showing and triggering renewed geographical and semiotic configurations. "Legal chorology" is the theoretical toolkit proposed here as a means of analyzing the emersion of new categorical and practical spaces of subjectivity.


This paper describes our experiences in building and deploying Windows NT* based high-end workstation compute farms within the Intel engineering community. An overview of Intel's compute requirements is presented, along with the solution developed to address Intel's large compute cycle needs. The paper discusses NT's contribution to the solution, including recognized NT strengths as well as migration and deployment challenges we faced. The paper emphasizes workarounds to known issues for other user communities to leverage, but also enumerates areas in which Windows NT and the Win32 API* could be improved. Our paper concludes that despite many challenges, NT based high-end workstation farm computing is viable.


The primary goal of this paper was to examine the attitudes of primary school students towards different aspects of physical education, with special emphasis on the specifics of age and gender categories. Also, the emotional relation towards physical education was examined through its ranking on the list of favorite subjects, and it was brought in connection with attitudes. The sample consisted of 6627 students (boys 3341 - 50.4%; girls 3286 - 49.6%) of primary schools in the city of Banja Luka (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina), of which 2201 elementary school students and 4426 middle school students. Using t-tests, it was found that elementary school students in relation to the middle school students show statistically significantly higher values for the general attitude towards physical education. A comprehensive approach to the analysis of 15 separate items showed that the former express significantly higher values for most items. Girls and boys do not differ in terms of a general attitude towards physical education. Elementary school students ranked physical education better than other subjects, while girls of both age categories ranked physical education somewhat worse than boys. Better attitudes and ranking by younger students indicate the priority of this phase of life for physical education and the need to raise quality in working with this age. Declining values at an older age (middle school) require more proactive teacher action with an emphasis on the implementation of interesting content. The lack of differences between the attitudes of girls and boys calls for a renunciation of the traditional assumption that only boys have a benevolent attitude towards physical education. This implies greater support for girls and their stronger involvement in all organizational forms of physical education (sports sections, school competitions).


The detection of the number of disjoint components is a well-known procedure for surface objects. However, this problem has not been solved for solid models defined with scalar fields in the so-called implicit form. In this paper, we present a technique which allows for detection of the number of disjoint components with a predefined tolerance for an object defined with a single scalar function. The core of the technique is a reliable continuation of the spatial enumeration based on the interval methods. We also present several methods for separation of components using set-theoretic operations for further handling these components individually in a solid modelling system dealing with objects defined with scalar fields.


Empirical scholarship in the social sciences and the law stands at a critical threshold. As the volume of statistical analysis grows, it becomes increasingly difficult to assess what we actually know about a particular phenomenon. Con-tradictory findings abound, and the social sciences and empirical legal studies currently lack effective tools to filter the good claims from the bad and to synthesize the high-quality findings. This paper explores how to fundamentally change and improve the way these fields generate and use empirical knowledge. I start by examining why the social sciences are poorly equipped to draw empirical conclusions. The root problem is a misguided philosophy of science. Contrary to what social scientists are taught and believe, empirical knowledge does not come from (deductively) testing hypotheses but rather from (inductively) measuring effect sizes. Induction, however, requires a far more holistic perspective than deduction. Given their mistaken philosophical foundation, the social sciences and empirical legal scholarship have undervalued and thus underdeveloped such perspectives. I then argue that the solution is to develop rigorous, evidence-based systematic reviews for observational research. These reviews have been revolutionizing fields like medicine and epidemiology that use randomized clinical trials, but they are almost unheard of in areas that rely on observational work. I demonstrate why these reviews are substantially su-perior to the more informal approaches currently used. I also discuss many of the significant challenges that face those who wish to design such reviews for observational work and point to possible solutions.


There exist about 150,000 premodern Arabic documents on papyrus and paper, of which about 2,500 have been edited. Another 10,000 unpublished documents are described or mentioned in papyrological publications. It is the aim of the Arabic Papyrology Database (APD) to give access to published texts and descriptions. For the APD, an entirely new approach of organizing Arabic text was developed. The APD presents texts in five levels that account for the peculiarities of the Arabic script system and the scribal practices. The first level provides a faithful diplomatic edition of the text as found in the document. The following levels document four steps of editorial interventions. On the second level, lines of characters are broken into single words. On the third level, lacking diacritical dots are supplied. On the fourth level, Arabic vowel signs are added, providing a full phonological representation. On the fifth level, a scientific Latin transliteration is given. Each element of the fifth level is connected to a lexicon and a list of grammatical forms. All levels contain variant readings and editorial remarks. At present, the APD contains 1,806 full-text documents and is freely accessible ( ).


The Field around Baade's Window (FORS/VLT) Part of one of the four regions of the sky in the direction of the Galactic Bulge in which the astronomers measured the iron and oxygen abundances in stars. This particular field is in the vicinity of the so-called 'Baade's Window', a region with relatively low amounts of interstellar "dust" that could block the sight, allowing astronomers to peer into the central parts of the Milky Way galactic centre and beyond. The globular cluster NGC 6528 is visible in the lower left corner. The image is a colour composite, based on images obtained in the B, V, and I-filters with the FORS instrument on the ESO VLT. The images were extracted from the ESO Science Archive and processed by Henri Boffin (ESO). North is to the right and East on top.


RDF, a simple yet expressive data model, is widely recognised as the foundation for the Semantic Web. We revisit the RDF specification and analyse five problems: literals are not addressable, blank nodes are not addressable, reification is not semantically recognised, language tags are not addressable, and language tags can not be combined. We introduce SiRDF, a simplified data model with fewer modelling elements that overcomes the mentioned problems, and formally show its semantic equivalence to RDF. Based on the lessons of SiRDF we recommend a restricted usage of RDF that solves the mentioned problems while fully adhering to the original RDF specification.


General Game Playing (GGP) agents must be capable of playing a wide variety of games skillfully. Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has proven an effective reasoning mechanism for this challenge, as is reflected by its popularity among designers of GGP agents. Providing GGP agents with the knowledge relevant to the game at hand in real time is, however, a challenging task. In this paper we propose two enhancements for MCTS in the context of GGP, aimed at improving the effectiveness of the simulations in real time based on in-game statistical feedback. The first extension allows early termination of lengthy and uninformative simulations while the second improves the action-selection strategy when both explored and unexplored actions are available. The methods are empirically evaluated in a state-of-the-art GGP agent and shown to yield an overall significant improvement in playing strength.


Knowledge flow in interdisciplinary teams has become of particular interest as research and alliances cross traditional disciplinary boundaries, and as computing is applied in any domain. The problem is how to share and/or pool knowledge toward a common goal among people with diverse backgrounds. To understand the needs of such groups, it is important to find out what knowledge and learning flows form the basis of their relationships. To explore this, social network data were collected from members of three interdisciplinary teams about what they learned from their closest 5-8 co-workers, and what co-workers learned from them. Results show exchange of factual knowledge to be only one of a number of learning relations that support the teams. Other important relations include learning the process of doing something, information about methods, engaging jointly in research, learning about technology, generation of new ideas, socialization into the profession, access to a network of contacts, and administration work. Distributions of these relations are examined.


This thesis has developed a woman-centred analytical framework and accompanying court room strategy to critically evaluate the legal construction of abused women who kill and their reactions to abuse in the context of the defences to homicide. This builds upon the existence of extensive empirical evidence which explains the defensive nature of female perpetrated intimate partner homicides. Despite such information, the recognition of abused women's reactions as reasonable within the context of domestic violence is not reflected within the defences to homicide. Instead, abused women must fall within masculine constructions of appropriate reaction, or else be constructed within a psychological framework premised upon the existence of a mental abnormality.

In order to challenge the legal construction of abused women who kill, this thesis evaluated the strategic possibilities apparent within the admissibility of expert testimony concerning domestic violence. It used abused women's narratives and social contexts to demonstrate the reasonable nature of their reaction. The potential of such testimony was explored when the strategy was applied to the current partial and complete defences to homicide. Upon application, it became clear that the defences to homicide are implicitly gender biased, making the admissibility of such testimony insufficient to challenge prevailing and masculine notions of appropriate behaviour.

Therefore, this thesis has argued that it is necessary to implement a partial defence of excessive force in self defence. This would recognise the defensive nature of abused women's reactions to abuse whilst enabling abused women's narratives and social contexts to be used as a means of challenging the current legal constructions of abused women who kill. It is hoped that these narratives will be used to facilitate further legal reform until abused women's reactions to abuse can appropriately be incorporated into the complete defence of self defence.


The doctrine of fair use was originally intended to facilitate those socially optimal uses of copyrighted material that would otherwise constitute infringement. Yet the application of the law has become so unpredictable that would-be fair-users can rarely rely on the doctrine with any significant level of confidence. Moreover, the doctrine provides no defense for those seeking to make fair uses of material protected by anti-circumvention measures. As a result, artists working in media both new and old are unable to derive from copyrighted works the full value to which the public is entitled. In this Essay, we propose a solution to the uncertainty and unpredictability that plague the doctrine: nonexclusive safe harbors that define minimum levels of copying as per se fair uses. These bright-line rules would provide the clarity needed to facilitate countless productive uses that are currently being chilled. Furthermore, by providing an ex ante test for identifying uses as fair, these safe harbors provide a framework for salvaging fair use in the digital age.


This study explores how students experience oppression and subordination in and through biology education. The exploration is guided by the following questions: how is racism/discrimination played out in my biology classroom; in what way/s are the classroom practices of both the students and the teacher racist/discriminatory; and what reinforces such racist/discriminatory practices and why. Since the critical perspective allows for oppressions, subordinations and discriminatory practice to be named and challenged this then became the perspective within which the study was located. The methodology, guided by the critical perspective, and used to generate the data in this search is therefore a critical ethnography within which a critical self ethnography is also employed. Through foregrounding the oppression of race and racism, this methodology made it possible to generate data on the various oppressions and subordinations that are perpetuated in and through biology education. The data was generated from biology lessons on cell division, human reproduction, genetics and biological determinism in a Grade 11 class. This class had in it 34 fe/male students from three different race groups viz. Indian, Black and Coloured. Ten students who volunteered to be interviewed also contributed to the data generated in this study. At a first level of analysis, the data generated from the lessons and the interviews were written up and presented as factionalised stories. This was then used to provide, at a second level a descriptive cross-case analysis grounded in the data of the stories. This cross-case analysis generated categories of oppression, subordination and discriminatory practice that included race and colour; gender and patriarchy; bodies and sexuality; class, poverty and sexually transmitted diseases; institutional power and hierarchy; religion; and language. These categories of oppression and subordination, although described separately, are mutually inclusive categories. From this description it became possible to name and theorise, at a third level of analysis, oppressions and subordinations within biology education. The theorisations deliberated on issues of race, class, gender, language and power. The naming and challenging of existing oppressions, subordinations and discriminatory practice required that a traditional contemporary biology education be replaced by a critical biology education. This study, in engaging a critical biology education, shows how biology may be taught differently when the agenda is social transformation in efforts towards social justice. Whilst it is accepted that social justice in all forms may never be attained, this study shows possibilities for how that contained within current Life Sciences policy for human rights and social justice, could be realised.


The King's Fund seeks to understand how the health system in England can be improved. Using that insight, we help to shape policy, transform services and bring about behaviour change. Our work includes research, analysis, leadership development and service improvement. We also offer a wide range of resources to help everyone working in health to share knowledge, learning and ideas.


The eleventh edition was carefully reviewed with an eye toward strengthening the content available in OWLv2, end-of-chapter questions, and updating the presentation. Nomenclature changes and the adoption of IUPAC periodic table conventions are highlights of the narrative revisions, along with changes to the discussion of d orbitals. In-text examples have been reformatted to facilitate learning, and the accompanying Interactive Examples in OWLv2 have been redesigned to better parallel the problem-solving approach in the narrative. New Capstone Problems have been added to a number of chapters. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.


Recent evidence suggests that projection neurons and interneurons of the cerebral cortex are generally derived from distinct proliferative zones. Cortical projection neurons originate from the cortical ventricular zone (VZ), and then migrate radially into the cortical mantle, whereas most cortical interneurons originate from the basal telencephalon and migrate tangentially into the developing cortex. Previous studies using methods that label both proliferative and postmitotic cells have found that cortical interneurons migrate from two major subdivisions of the developing basal telencephalon: the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences (MGE and LGE). Since these studies labeled cells by methods that do not distinguish between the proliferating cells and those that may have originated elsewhere, we have studied the contribution of the MGE and LGE to cortical interneurons using fate mapping and genetic methods. Transplantation of BrdU-labeled MGE or LGE neuroepithelium into the basal telencephalon of unlabeled telencephalic slices enabled us to follow the fate of neurons derived from each of these primordia. We have determined that early in neurogenesis GABA-expressing cells from the MGE tangentially migrate into the cerebral cortex, primarily via the intermediate zone, whereas cells from the LGE do not. Later in neurogenesis, LGE-derived cells also migrate into the cortex, although this migration occurs primarily through the subventricular zone. Some of these LGE-derived cells invade the cortical plate and express GABA, while others remain within the cortical proliferative zone and appear to become mitotically active late in gestation. In addition, by comparing the phenotypes of mouse mutants with differential effects on MGE and LGE migration, we provide evidence that the MGE and LGE may give rise to different subtypes of cortical interneurons.


Respectful and reciprocal relationships with land are at the heart of many Indigenous cultures and societies. Land is also at the core of settler colonialism. Indigenous peoples have not only been dispossessed of land for settler occupation and resource extraction, but the transformation of land into property has created myriad challenges to ongoing struggles of land repatriation and renewal. We introduce several perspectives on land rooted in diverse Indigenous worldviews and contrast them with settler colonial perspectives rooted in Eurocentric worldviews. We then examine several examples in Canada where Indigenous nations attempt to reconnect with their homelands, protect them, and/or engage with them for economic development. We look at land relationships rooted in historical treaties, contemporary comprehensive claims/self-government agreements, the Indian Act, and the defence of unceded territories. The Indigenous communities we look at include the Six Nations of the Grand River, the Nisga'a Lisims Government, the Westbank First Nation, and the Wet'suwet'en. We contend that a complex configuration of settler colonial institutions challenges long-term efforts for Indigenous land reclamation, protection, and sustainable development, however, Indigenous nations remain steadfast in asserting their self-determination in diverse relational ways inside and outside of settler state systems.


Styrene monomer is a greatly used chemical, chiefly in the production of polystyrene. A cross-sectional health survey of 493 production workers was undertaken at the oldest and largest monomer production, polymerization, and extrusion facility in the United States. Relative exposure durations and levels were obtained from occupational histories and corroborated by spot air sampling, blood and fat styrene concentrations and levels of urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids. Statistically significant differences between the prevalence of abnormalities in high and low exposure groups were found for the following: history of acute prenarcotic symptoms, history of acute lower respiratory symptoms, peroneal nerve conduction velocities, relative lymphocytosis, and elevated gamma glutamyl transpetsidase. The following showed no distinct pattern in prevalence when analyzed by exposure group: chest radiographic changes; indices or restrictive, obstructive and small airway dysfunction; other hepatic and hematological parameters; carcinoembryonic antigen level; sputum cytopathology; radial nerve conduction velocities; and ophthalmological findings. Clinically significant abnormalities were rare.


The primary objective of this thesi s was to demonstrate that the net nutrient (protein) deposition and weight gain as a function of nutrient (protein) intake fits the aturation Kinetic Model and util ize the model parameters to describe and predict protein intake-deposition relationship. Groups of ile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fry (0.0 1 g) and small fingerlings (0. 1 5 g) were each separately fed twelve semi purified diets in triplicates to the fmgerling and duplicate to the fry trial . Each test diet contains a percentage of protein. Protein levels were (0%, 5%, 1 0%, 1 5%, 20% 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% and 54%). Each group of fish was randomly assigned a test diet. Fingerlings were fed at a rate of 1 0% their body weight per day seven days a week for 8 weeks while the fry were fed at a rate of 25% of their body weight per day for 4 weeks. The mathematical model (the four parameter saturation kinetics) was used to analyze the relationships between dietary crude protein intake and each of growth rate and protein depositions. It was found that ti lapia protein-response (deposition) and weight gain as a result of feeding the test diets fit the saturation kinetic model . 0. niloticus weight gain and net nutrient (crude protein) deposition were described as a function of the protein intake graphical ly and numerically. Maximum efficiency and protein requirements were calculated from the model for the fries and the smal l fmgerl ings. Dietary protein requirements for fry and fmgerlings were calculated and compared to other estimation using different models techniques.


The Paleoproterozoic (~2.38–2.21 Ga) Yuanjiacun banded iron formation (BIF), located in Shanxi Province, is a Superior-type BIF in the North China craton. This BIF is within a metasedimentary rock succession of the Yuanjiacun Formation, in the lower Luliang Group, which has undergone lower greenschist-facies metamor phism. Iron oxide (magnetite and hematite), carbonate, and silicate facies are all present within the iron-rich layers. The eastward transition from carbonate- into oxide-facies iron formations is accompanied by a change in mineralogical composition from siderite in the west through magnetite-ankerite and magnetite-stilpnomelane assemblages in the transition zone to magnetite and then hematite in the east. These distinct lateral facies are also observed vertically within the BIF, i.e., the iron mineral assemblage changes upsection from sider ite through magnetite into hematite-rich iron formation. The oxide-facies BIF formed near shore, whereas carbonate (siderite)- and silicate-facies assemblages formed in deeper waters. Based on detailed analyses of these variations on a basinal scale, the BIF precipitated during a transgressive event within an environment that ranged from deep waters below storm wave base to relatively shallow waters. The BIF samples display distinctively seawater-like REEs + Y profiles that are characterized by positive La and Y anomalies and HREEs enrichment relative to LREEs in Post-Archean Australian shale-normalized diagrams. Consistently positive Eu anomalies are also observed, which are typical of reduced, high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. In addition, slightly negative to positive Ce anomalies, and a large range in ratios of light to heavy REEs, are present in the oxide-facies BIF. These characteristics, in combination with consistently positive δ 56Fe values, suggest that deposition of the BIF took place along the chemocline where upwelling of deep, anoxic, iron- and silicarich hydrothermal fluids mixed with shallower and slightly oxygenated seawater. The ankerite displays highly depleted δ13C values and the carbonate-rich BIF has a high content of organic carbon, suggesting dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction of a ferric oxyhydroxide precursor during burial of biomass deposited from the water column; that same biomass was likely tied to the original oxidation of dissolved Fe(II). The fact that the more ferric BIF facies formed in shallower waters suggests that river-sourced nutrients would have been minimal, thus limiting primary productivity in the shallow waters and minimizing the organic carbon source necessary for reducing the hematite via dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. By contrast, in deeper waters more proximal to the hydrothermal vents, nutrients were abundant, and high biomass productivity was coupled to increased carbon burial, leading to the deposition of iron-rich carbonates. The deposition of the Yuanjiacun BIF during the onset of the Great Oxidation Event (GOE; ca. 2.4–2.2 Ga) confirms that deep marine waters during this time period were still episodically ferruginous, but that shallow waters were sufficiently oxygenated that Fe(II) oxidation no longer needed to be tied directly to proximal cyanobacterial activity.


South Africa has one of the most complicated and integrated water resource systems in the world involving numerous interlinked river systems and major interbasin transfer schemes. The management of the various schemes has become a key issue over the past 15 years resulting in the development of sophisticated systems models which are now used to analyse and operate all of the country's major schemes. The models have been developed through a partnership between the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in association with several of the country's consultants specialising in this area of expertise. The models have now reached a stage where they are considered to be both practical and sufficiently robust to use in other parts of the world. Australia and South Africa are quite similar in many respects with regards to the water resources and climate. Both countries share the same problem of large arid or semi-arid areas together with areas where the local water resources are insufficient to meet the existing or predicted future demands. Environmental considerations are also of major importance in both countries which in turn necessitates the effective use of the available resources before any new resources can be developed. In order to use the available water effectively much effort has been placed on various aspects of Water Demand Management in order to reduce leakage and excessive consumer use. It is also necessary, however, to ensure that the raw water resources are managed in an efficient and practical manner – something that is often easier said than done. This paper provides general details of the system analysis techniques that have been pioneered in South Africa and discusses the most recent developments that can be used to assist water resource managers in the analysis and planning of their water resource systems.


ABSTRACT This article presents numerical simulations of the laminar flow of lubricating greases in a channel with rectangular cross section. Three greases with different consistencies (NLGI grades 00, 1, and 2) have been considered in three different configurations composed of a rectangular channel without restrictions, one rectangular step restriction, and one double-lip restriction. The driving pressure drop over the channel spans from 30 to 250 kPa. The grease rheology is described by the Herschel-Bulkley rheology model, and both the numerical code and rheology model have been validated with analytical solutions and flow measurements using micro-particle image velocimetry.


This paper examines the media representations of scandalous parliamentary talk on same-sex child fostering in the discourses of representatives of the radical-right Golden Dawn party in Greece, but also by an MP of the conservative ANEL party of the SYRIZA-ANEL joint government at the time. Through discourse- and conversation analysis of online articles and a broadcast interview, it is shown that the media framing of populist statements is negotiated. Moreover, the interview enacts a subtly achieved interactional synergy between the interviewer and the politician, thus failing to address the issues through substantive public dialogue. It is argued that the process of (re)mediating racist or homophobic talk has the potential to serve as a publicity tool creating increased visibility for right-wing populist politicians, their core ideologies and policy platforms. This creates a challenge for practitioners of journalism who must balance disparate concerns in reporting on scandalous talk.


This article had its genesis in an MSc dissertation for the London School of Economics and Political ScienceON 25 APRIL 1979 THE LEADER OF Canada's Progressive Conservative party, Joe Clark, announced before the Canada-Israel Committee in Toronto that, if elected, his administration would move the Canadian embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. 'Next year in Jerusalem,' he declaimed, 'is a Jewish prayer which we intend to make a Canadian reality.'(1) Some four months earlier, at a press conference in Jordan, Clark had shied away from that pledge when he told reporters that any decision on an embassy move would require a successful resolution of the Egyptian-Israeli peace process.(2) On 5 June, at his first official press conference as prime minister, Clark reaffirmed his election promise in no uncertain terms. The embassy would move; all he 'would be seeking from the public service was advice as to how best to accomplish what we have undertaken to do.'(3) A mere 18 days later, he announced that the move would be deferred for at least a year.(4) On 29 October 1979 Clark informed the House of Commons that Canada would take no action on its Israeli embassy 'until the status of Jerusalem is clarified within a comprehensive agreement between Israel and her Arab neighbours.'(5)In 1980, Howard Adelman examined the evolution of Tory strategy on Jerusalem from a 'no-policy' position, to a staunchly pro-Israel policy, to a government commitment to that policy, to a neutral position on the standing of Jerusalem, to a pro-Arab policy in the span of one year. Why, he asked, 'did the Tories make the moves they did?'(6) Adelman's impressive article, written only months after the events, has two shortcomings. The lack of a bibliography or references renders his account essentially unverifiable, and, as Adelman himself acknowledged, there were 'still significant gaps in the information available' and 'a more definitive examination of this issue may be expected in the future.'In his account, George Takach relies only on press clippings and confidential interviews to support his findings,(7) as do other students of the Clark administration who have examined the embassy affair.(8) Norrin Ripsman and Jean-Marc Blanchard were the first to publish an article on the events that cited interviews with three players involved in the process.(9) Their analysis, however, deals mainly with the economic implications of the proposed embassy shift. They do not analyze the development of Conservative policy and devote little attention to the political causes of the policy reversal.This article draws heavily on interviews with 15 people, all of them either first-hand witnesses to or key players in the generation, implementation, or cancellation of Clark's policy. Four senior Canadian Jewish lobby executives were also interviewed. All agreed to speak 'on the record.'(10) A significant portion of this article is also based on policy memos and personal communications from 1979 that were declassified by the government of Canada for the purposes of this study.THE PLEDGEBetween November 1967 and June 1979, Canadian policy on the status of Jerusalem was based on full support of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which called, inter alia, for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from territories occupied during the Six-Day War (including Eastern Jerusalem and the Old City).(11) After 1967, Israeli foreign policy pursued international recognition of its annexation of Jerusalem by encouraging states to transfer their embassies from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.(12) The initiative was unsuccessful. In 1979 the only embassies in Jerusalem were those of the Netherlands and 12 Latin American countries - and they had all been there since before the creation of Israel in 1948. The Camp David negotiations spurred Israel to increase its efforts to persuade sympathetic states to relocate their embassies so as to provide de facto international support for Israel's position that all of Jerusalem should be excluded from territories designated for autonomous status by the Camp David accords. …


The year is 1878. The widowed Christopher Gore, his son David and their housekeeper Margaret, the woman with whom they are both in love, live at The Lodge in Ballybeg. But in this era of unrest at the dawn of Home Rule, their seemingly serene life is threatened by the arrival of Christopher's English cousin, who unwittingly ignites deep animosity among the villagers of Ballybeg. The Home Place premiered at the Gate Theatre, Dublin, in February 2005.


The present study provides an analysis of the conditions that led the Dutch competition authority (the NMa) to decide against a temporary antitrust immunity seeking agreement on antitrust grounds. First, a theoretical Bayesian decision framework, that is similar to that of Cooper et al. (2005), is presented to derive the optimal enforcement rule for agreements for which ex ante antitrust immunity is sought. The NMa's decisions are then investigated in an econometric background where those final decisions are linked to various industry characteristics, as the NMa took them into consideration when making its final decision. In doing so, a bivariate Probit model with sample selection is estimated to account for the fact that non-application by firms operating in a specific industry for an exemption might result in significant bias. The econometric results suggest it is more likely that concerted practices are seen as anti-competitive in more competitive and less concentrated industries. Finally, the narrative evidence on the legal and institutional background, and the econometric results are interpreted in light of the theoretical Bayesian decision framework.


Background. Students from diverse backgrounds increasingly enter higher education institutions. Universities need to ensure that their programmes are responsive to these diversities. In 1999, the University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa (SA), in partnership with Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, SA, introduced a holistic teaching and learning approach with regard to the problem-orientated, integrated, thematic, modular-based Bachelor of Pharmacy programme, which included a student support mechanism.  Objective. To present access, pass, throughput and dropout rates of students in the problem-based learning BPharm programme over the 14-year period since its inception.  Method. The records of all BPharm applicants and those admitted to the course from 1999 to 2008 were reviewed. Access, pass and throughput rates, and failure to complete the course, were determined for a cohort of students ( n =458). Results. All applications from 1999 to 2008 indicating pharmacy as first choice ( N =3 307) were screened, with just more than half ( n =1 832) of the applicants qualifying for the selection process. Twenty-five per cent ( n =458), resembling SA's demographic racial group profile, were selected and entered the BPharm programme. From this cohort, the programme has produced 404 graduates (88.2%), with 74% completing the course in the minimum time of four years. The overall average pass rate for the 14-year period was 92.3%. Finances, personal challenges and exclusions were some of the reasons why students did not complete the course. Conclusion . The problem-based learning pharmacy curriculum yielded good pass and throughput rates for a diverse group of students.


Severe air pollution in Asia is often the consequence of a combination of large anthropogenic emissions and adverse synoptic conditions. However, limited studies on aerosols have been conducted under high emission intensity and under unique geographical and meteorological conditions. In this study, an Aerodyne high-resolution time-offlight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and other state-of-the-art instruments were utilized at a suburban site, Ziyang, in the Sichuan Basin during December 2012 to January 2013. The chemical compositions of atmospheric submicron aerosols (PM1) were determined, the sources of organic aerosols (OA) were apportioned, and the aerosol secondary formation and aging process were explored as well. Due to high humidity and static air, PM1 maintained a relatively stable level during the whole campaign, with the mean concentration of 59.7±24.1 μg m−3. OA was the most abundant component (36 %) in PM1, characterized by a relatively high oxidation state. Positive matrix factorization analysis was applied to the high-resolution organic mass spectral matrix, which deconvolved OA mass spectra into four factors: low-volatility (LV-OOA) and semivolatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), biomass burning (BBOA) and hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA). OOA (sum of LV-OOA and SV-OOA) dominated OA as high as 71 %. In total, secondary inorganic and organic formation contributed 76 % of PM1. Secondary inorganic species correlated well (Pearson r = 0.415–0.555, p < 0.01) with relative humidity (RH), suggesting the humid air can favor the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols. As the photochemical age of OA increased with higher oxidation state, secondary organic aerosol formation contributed more to OA. The slope of OOA against Ox(=O3+NO2) steepened with the increase of RH, implying that, besides the photochemical transformation, the aqueous-phase oxidation was also an important pathway of the OOA formation. Primary emissions, especially biomass burning, resulted in high concentration and proportion of black carbon (BC) in PM1. During the episode obviously influenced by primary emissions, the contributions of BBOA to OA (26 %) and PM1 (11 %) were much higher than those (10–17 %, 4–7 %) in the clean and other polluted episodes, highlighting the significant influence of biomass burning.


Aim: To study the use of computer-based literature search and its application in clinical training and patient care as a surrogate marker of evidence-based medicine. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire comprising of questions on purpose (presentation, patient management, research), realm (site accessed, nature and frequency of search), effect, infrastructure, formal training in computer based literature search and suggestions for further improvement were sent to residents and faculty of a Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGI) and a Medical College. The responses were compared amongst different subgroups of respondents. Results: Out of 300 subjects approached 194 responded; of whom 103 were from PGI and 91 from Medical College. There were 97 specialty residents, 58 super-specialty residents and 39 faculty members. Computer-based literature search was done at least once a month by 89% though there was marked variability in frequency and extent. The motivation for computer-based literature search was for presentation in 90%, research in 65% and patient management in 60.3%. The benefit of search was acknowledged in learning and teaching by 80%, research by 65% and patient care by 64.4% of respondents. Formal training in computer based literature search was received by 41% of whom 80% were residents. Residents from PGI did more frequent and more extensive computer-based literature search, which was attributed to better infrastructure and training. Conclusion: Training and infrastructure both are crucial for computer-based literature search, which may translate into evidence based medicine.


On my count, the constitutional court considered approximately 460 applications between 1995 and the end of 2012. In 110 instances the court refused to consider the merits of applications and in respect of the remaining 350 applications, the court invalidated legal rules or actions by state organs and private individuals in 179 instances and refused to do so in 171 instances.
The influence of a court can emanate from many sources - for example, the contents of its judgments, the location and physical infrastructure of the court, the accessibility of the court in terms of costs, the way in which the court informs the public about its functioning, and the off-the-bench statements and behaviour of its members. At the same time, the influence could manifest itself in many ways - for example in the public attitude towards the court, the accessibility and comprehensibility of its judgments, the effect of its judgments on the achievement of national goals, and the international reputation of the court measured in terms of the qualitative nature of its judgments. However, probably the most direct impact a court has on the daily lives of the people is contained in the orders which the court issues in its judgments. In these orders particular legislative, administrative, executive and individual actions are approved or censured.
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the contents of constitutional court orders between 1995 and 2012. To what extent did the constitutional court invalidate legislative, executive, administrative and individual action and inaction and therefore command that such behaviour may not be repeated? And to what extent did the court maintain the status quo and refuse to interfere with legislative, executive, administrative and individual action?


The Resurgence of Maoism in Nepal February 13, 1996, marked the symbolic beginning of the People's War of the Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M). On that day, activists and sympathizers gathered outside a government office that made loans to poor peasants and proceeded to confiscate and burn the loan papers. The insurgents later ransacked and occupied three police outposts, burned a foreign-owned bottling plant, and bombed a liquor factory. As the guerrilla campaign developed, the CPN-M attacked more police stations, captured more arms, and brought greater attention to their revolution. Beyond these military exploits, social relations also began to change in the countryside. In some places, peasants publicly criticized large landowners, women denounced male domination, and people who had read very little their entire lives began to read books given to them by party activists. "Thousands and thousands of mass organizations were built up, and in new areas the party's influence spread and new organizations developed," said the CPN-M chairman, known as Prachanda. "The people were not only fighting with the police or reactionary, feudal agents, but they were also breaking the feudal chains of exploitation and oppression, and a whole cultural revolution was going on among the people." This statement cuts to the ideological heart of the movement, which is what, more than its mere opposition to the historically oppressive and elitist government, makes the CPN-M a fascinating and significant anachronism in the post-Cold War world. The Birth of a Rebellion There has been a tremendous amount of bloodshed since 1996; most observers estimate that at least 1,500 people have been killed in the war. According to the police, 35 of the country's 75 districts are "moderately to severely" affected by the rebellion. There are four districts in the mid-western area where the police and government have essentially no control. The response of the Nepali government to the conflict has often been brutal because the Maoists are considered an internal security problem, not a political problem. Rather than simply a party of intellectuals as it was just four years ago, the GPN-M has now developed a popular base, and poses a serious threat to the Nepali government. In 1999, the government launched the "Kilo Sierra Two" operation in an attempt to crush the guerrillas militarily. During that operation, many peasants were killed, helicopters tracked down rebels in the countryside, and government agents raided some newspapers and censored or banned other publications. Yet the rebels survived and have even gained ground in the year following the operation. Since then, the Nepali government has come under increasing scrutiny from the international community for human-rights abuses. Asiaweek reported that the reaction of the police to the CPN-M has taken the form of "summary round-ups and executions of suspects and a curious absence of wounded Maoists after clashes." For over a year following "Kilo Sierra Two," the government response to the guerrillas was in the hands of local police. "Previous operations such as the one code-named 'Kilo Sierra Two' last year cost [the government] local support," added The Nepali Times. "Even party politicians in Kathmandu are unwilling to stick their necks out in support." But in October 2000, the guerrillas successfully attacked the Dunbai district headquarters, defeating the police and stealing 35 million rupees from a bank. The minor crisis was enough for Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala to mobilize the military in an attempt to control the rebels. This move was not supported by many opposition parties and even members of Koirala's own Nepali Congress Party (NCP), who felt that peace talks should proceed first. "As I look at the Maoist problem I link it essentially with the socioeconomic phenomenon," said Yadav Kant Silwal, the former foreign secretary; "I do not equate it with other security issues. …


Departing from three metaphors—the body as gift, resource, and commodity—the book explores the contemporary exchange of organs, tissues, and cells. Although the gift is the sanctioned metaphor for donating parts of the body, the underlying perspective from the side of states, authorities, and the medical establishment often seems to be that the body shall be understood as a resource. But medicine, as some of the contributors to this book show, is not sealed off from the market economy. Increasingly, therefore, body parts become commodities on legal as well as illegal markets. The chapters of the book are arranged in a way that presents, one after the other, the three metaphors of the body, starting with the body as gift, proceeding by way of the body as resource, and ending in the body as commodity. Although all three metaphors as ways of conceptualizing and making use of the human body can be found throughout human history, the present drive of commercialization will increasingly force us to identify and scrutinize the way these metaphors are used. Not only in addressing the fascinating question of what kind of an object (subject) the human body is, but also in trying to decipher what interests lurk behind the use of the metaphors in question when claiming that human bodies, organs, tissues, and cells are gifts, resources or commodities. The ambition of this volume is to address and remedy the need of a hermeneutics not only of depth, but also of suspicion, in the case of organ transplantation and other medical technologies involving the transfer of human tissues and cells.


Part of UNESCO's Action Research in Family and Early Childhood series, this monograph is based upon a technical report on the Early Childhood Education (ECE) component of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program in India. This document overviews the ICDS and how better use could be made of World Food Programme (WFP) food aid along with the ECE component, including the aspect of providing education to mothers and adolescent girls. The report notes that the WFP has provided support to ICDS since March 1976; the other main donor supporting ICDS is the American organization, CARE. Also noted is India's long history of interest in early childhood education, going back to the early twentieth century, although significant outreach to poorer communities began only with the launching of ICDS. Following an introduction, part 2 of the report describes the state of education in India. Part 3 details ICDS objectives, philosophy, organization, funding, and other support from WFP and other sources. This section also describes the Anganwadi Centres, the main form of outreach of ICDS, which create links with schools, local women's groups, and village councils. Part 4 covers issues of the early childhood component of ICDS, including the debate over the "quantity versus quality" of the program. Part 5 describes the following basic ideas behind the program: (1) learning begins at birth; (2) mothers need to be recognized, supported, and educated, because of their direct impact'on children; and (3) the Indian cultural practices of breast-feeding, physical contact, and play help babies gain warmth, security, and responsiveness to others. The WFP's nutritional support is described in part 6, which asserts the need for more help from WFP in the area of childhood education. Part 7 lists 10 recommendations for improving administration of ICDS.


The German DEAL agreements between German universities and research institutions on the one side and Springer Nature and Wiley on the other side facilitate easy open access publishing for researchers located in Germany. We use a dataset of all publications in chemistry from 2016 to 2020 and apply a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the impact on eligible scientists' choice of publication outlet. We find that even in the short period following the conclusion of these DEAL agreements, publication patterns in the field of chemistry have changed, as eligible researchers have increased their publications in Wiley and Springer Nature journals at the cost of other journals. From that two related competition concerns emerge: First, academic libraries may be, at least in the long run, left with fewer funds and incentives to subscribe to non-DEAL journals published by smaller publishers or to fund open access publications in these journals. Secondly, eligible authors may prefer to publish in journals included in the DEAL agreements, thereby giving DEAL journals a competitive advantage over non-DEAL journals in attracting good papers. Given the two-sided market nature of the academic journal market, these effects may both further spur the concentration process in this market.


The continued widespread belief in witchcraft and magic in nineteenthand twentieth-century France has received considerable academic attention. Yet little of the relevant work has been published in English and, moreover, no thematic historical survey has yet been attempted to trace the continued social significance of witchcraft over the two centuries. As well as discussing the extent and nature of witchcraft accusations in the period, therefore, this chapter also provides a general survey of the published work on the subject for an English audience. As the reader will find, this requires considerable interdisciplinary awareness. Although historians, folklorists and anthropologists often find themselves in the same field of study, they rarely follow the same path across it. Despite a wealth of information, historians have ignored the history of French witchcraft accusations beyond the nineteenth century, while anthropologists, folklorists and psychologists, who have built up an impressive body of analysis from oral interviewing, have largely failed to trace the historical context of the contemporary beliefs they have studied. Reading through the publications of the various disciplines it soon becomes obvious that if we are to understand fully the recent history of witchcraft accusations, then a flexible interdisciplinary approach is essential. This is certainly being done in the broader context of the social history of the period, but has yet to be applied to more specific cultural themes such as witchcraft. Finally, my approach to the subject is much influenced by my own work on English witchcraft in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This introduces the puzzling question as to why two countries separated by a narrow stretch of water have such different recent histories regarding the continuation of traditional witchcraft accusations. Most of the historical studies on the continuance of witchcraft and magic in French society during the modern period have focused on the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Matthew Ramsey's work on popular medicine between the years 1770–1830 has done much to highlight the profusion and diversity of magical practitioners and practices in that period.


Geographic distributions of pathogens are the outcome of dynamic processes involving host availability, susceptibility and abundance, suitability of climate conditions, and historical contingency including evolutionary change. Distributions have changed fast and are changing fast in response to many factors, including climatic change. The response time of arable agriculture is intrinsically fast, but perennial crops and especially forests are unlikely to adapt easily. Predictions of many of the variables needed to predict changes in pathogen range are still rather uncertain, and their effects will be profoundly modified by changes elsewhere in the agricultural system, including both economic changes affecting growing systems and hosts and evolutionary changes in pathogens and hosts. Tools to predict changes based on environmental correlations depend on good primary data, which is often absent, and need to be checked against the historical record, which remains very poor for almost all pathogens. We argue that at present the uncertainty in predictions of change is so great that the important adaptive response is to monitor changes and to retain the capacity to innovate, both by access to economic capital with reasonably long-term rates of return and by retaining wide scientific expertise, including currently less fashionable specialisms.


Communities across the country are working to convert unused railway and canal corridors into trails for pedestrians, cyclists, horseback riders, and others, serving the needs of both recreationists and commuters alike. These multi-use trails can play a key role in improving liveability, as they offer an innovative means of addressing sprawl, revitalising urban areas, and reusing degraded lands. Trails for the Twenty-first Century is a step-by-step guide to all aspects of the planning, design, and management of multi-use trails. Originally published in 1993, this completely revised and updated edition offers a wealth of new information including: - discussions of recent regulations and federal programs, including ADA and TEA-21 - recently revised design standards from AASHTO - current research on topics ranging from trail surfacing to conflict resolution - information about designing and building trails in brownfields and other - environmentally troubled landscapes Also included is a new introduction that describes the importance of rail-trails to the sustainable communities movement, and an expanded discussion of maintenance costs. Enhanced with a wealth of illustrations, Trails for the Twenty-first Century provides detailed guidance on topics such as: taking a physical inventory and assessment of a site; involving the public and meeting the needs of adjacent landowners; understanding and complying with existing legislation; designing, managing, and promoting a trail; and where to go for more information. It is the only comprehensive guidebook available for planners, landscape architects, local officials, and community activists interested in creating a multi-use trail.


Background: Adolescence is the period in which smoking onset usually occurs and the course for future socioeconomic status (SES) is set. However, because of the transitional nature of adolescence, it is questionable whether health inequalities are best measured by indicators of parental SES or rather by indicators of the adolescents' own developing SES. We examine the independent effects of parental and adolescent education and intergenerational educational mobility on adolescent smoking behaviour while controlling for differences in parental and close friends' smoking behaviour. Methods: The study is based on data from a subsample (12–17 years, n = 5,053) of the nationally representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Participants reported their education level as well as their personal and close friends' smoking behaviour. Information on parental education and smoking behaviour was obtained via parent interviews. Adolescent and parental education data were dichotomized (low/high), leading to four categories of intergenerational educational mobility: stable high, potentially upwardly mobile, potentially downwardly mobile, and stable low. Results: After adjustment for parental and close friends' smoking behaviour, adolescent smoking habits were strongly related to their personal education level, but not that of their parents. Among boys, both stable low and downwardly mobile adolescents had a 2.7-fold increased risk of being a smoker compared with peers with a stable high education. Among girls, only those with a stable low education had a 2.2-fold increased risk of smoking. Among both genders, educational upward mobility was associated with significantly lower smoking rates compared with peers with a stable low education (boys: OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.20–0.53; girls: OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.37–0.73). Conclusions: Our results show that the risk of an adolescent smoking is influenced by their own education level rather than that of their parents. Educational upward mobility seems to be protective against becoming a smoker in youth. Boys who experience downward mobility tend to have a significantly higher inclination to smoke than their peers with a stable high education. These findings illustrate the potential public health benefits of investments in education and help identify high-risk groups for smoking onset.