Variations in the strength and duration of the Asian Monsoon affect more than half the population of the planet, and there is intense interest in where, and how much, rainfall amounts will change regionally in response to warmer climate conditions. The modern monsoon region is divided into distinct subsystems, so the response may be regionally heterogeneous. Northern Hemisphere monsoon systems intensified during the early to mid-Holocene, increasing summer rainfall and creating wetter conditions across much of eastern Asia. In this study we use the area encompassed by high shorelines of early Holocene paleolakes in Tibet to reconstruct paleorainfall (and hence paleomonsoon) patterns during this very wet period. We found that the early Holocene relative paleolake expansions of 130 closed-basin lake systems in the central Tibetan Plateau display a strong east-west gradient. Paleolake areas expanded by approximately fourfold in the western plateau, compared to approximately twofold expansion in the eastern region. This early Holocene pattern mirrors the modern west-east climate division on the plateau: rainfall in the west is closely tied to the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) subsystem, and in the east is closely tied to a probable mix of ISM and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) subsystems. Our results suggest that these modern climate divisions are an enduring feature of the plateau and that ISM rainfall increased much more than EASM rainfall in response to the same insolation forcing.


The dynamics of geometrically non-linear flexible filaments play an important role in a host of biological processes, from flagella-driven cell transport to the polymeric structure of complex fluids. Such problems have historically been computationally expensive due to numerical stiffness associated with the inextensibility constraint, as well as the often non-trivial boundary conditions on the governing high-order PDEs. Formulating the problem for the evolving shape of a filament via an integral equation in the tangent angle has recently been found to greatly alleviate this numerical stiffness. The contribution of the present manuscript is to enable the simulation of non-local interactions of multiple filaments in a computationally efficient manner using the method of regularized stokeslets within this framework. The proposed method is benchmarked against a non-local bead and link model, and recent code utilizing a local drag velocity law. Systems of multiple filaments (1) in a background fluid flow, (2) under a constant body force, and (3) undergoing active self-motility are modeled efficiently. Buckling instabilities are analyzed by examining the evolving filament curvature, as well as by coarse-graining the body frame tangent angles using a Chebyshev approximation for various choices of the relevant non-dimensional parameters. From these experiments, insight is gained into how filament-filament interactions can promote buckling, and further reveal the complex fluid dynamics resulting from arrays of these interacting fibers. By examining active moment-driven filaments, we investigate the speed of worm- and sperm-like swimmers for different governing parameters. The MATLAB(R) implementation is made available as an open-source library, enabling flexible extension for alternate discretizations and different surrounding flows.


Slipper orchids belonging to the genus Phragmipedium (subfam. Cypripedioideae) are seriously threatened and therefore listed in Appendix I of CITES. Less research has been conducted in this genus than in others belonging to the same subfamily. In this work, we evaluated development of capsules (seed pods) from Phragmipedium humboldtii, P. longifolium and P. peaarcei from the time of pollination until opening. Moreover, seed viability was tested with the tetrazolium method in each of the capsules that were subsequently used to evaluate the effect of light and two culture media (Knudson C vs. Murashige and Skoog half concentrated) on in vitro asymbiotic germination and seedling growth. 100% of the pollinated flowers developed capsules, which differentiated in terms of length and diameter among species. While the length of the capsules remained constant during development, their diameter increased during the first 6-8 weeks and then stopped. Time required for maturity and opening of the capsules also varied among species (31 weeks in P. humboldtii, 16 weeks in P. longifolium and 9.5 weeks in P. percei). Seed viability differed among species as well, averaging 34.3% in P. humboldtii, 44.7% in P. longifolium and 82.3% in P. pearcei. Furthermore, seed viability of each capsule was used to adjust the germination rate measured in each case. While very few P. humboldtii viable seeds germinated under the conditions tested (2.9%), better results were observed in the other two species (close to 40% germination). No significant effect of light/darkness regime or of culture medium was observed on germination. However, better growth of the germinated embryos was observed with the Knudson C medium and darkness conditions. Further subculture of the gro- wing plantlets under light conditions induced development of roots and allowed successful acclimatization of seedlings in the greenhouse.


The amplification of UV irradiance at the Earth's surface that is due to successive reflections between the snow-covered ground and the scattering atmosphere is analyzed by a method based on decoupling the atmosphere and the surface functions. For a uniform Lambertian surface the amplification factor for the global irradiance depends only on the product of the surface reflectance and the atmospheric backscatter. It varies with wavelength, reaching a maximum near 320 nm; this maximum is close to 50% for clean snow. In UV-B the amplification depends strongly on tropospheric ozone. For non-Lambertian, nonuniform surfaces it is possible, by the same method, to define effective or average reflectances.


The eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) is a species of conservation concern, especially in the northeastern portion of its range. They remain relatively common at Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA, where we studied their spatial ecology and habitat selection. We radio-tracked 17 adult snakes (10 F, 7 M) from May 2009 to November 2011, yielding 765 relocations. We conducted a use-availability analysis to investigate patterns of microhabitat selection using a subset of snake locations. We conducted a compositional analysis of habitat selection at multiple spatial scales within home ranges using a high-resolution (1-m pixel size) vegetation cover map of the study area. Snakes moved frequently and had large home ranges (x¯ = 35.4 ha) relative to other snake species of similar body size but exhibited variation in home range size among individuals (1–209 ha). Movements peaked at different times of year for each sex, and were most different between sexes in fall. In gravid females, movement was significantly greater in the 2-week post-oviposition period versus the 2-week pre-oviposition period. Estimates of home range and average daily movements (x¯ = 30.1 m/day) were lower than estimates from other studies of eastern hognose snakes, possibly because of a greater density of resources at our study area. Probability of snake habitat use increased with grass and leaf litter and decreased with open soil. Compositional analysis revealed a strong avoidance of open dune areas. A comparison of edge density between use and random locations within home ranges revealed an apparent preference for edge habitat. We recommend that resource managers should limit recreational disturbance to and maintain the patchy mosaic of early successional vegetation with abundant edge to ensure the persistence of appropriate habitat for the species. We identified the timing of peak seasonal movements and recommend that this information be used to help prevent road mortality for this important population. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.


Reaction-diffusion waves have long been used to describe the growth and spread of populations undergoing a spatial range expansion. Such waves are generally classed as either pulled, where the dynamics are driven by the very tip of the front and stochastic fluctuations are high, or pushed, where cooperation in growth or dispersal results in a bulk-driven wave in which fluctuations are suppressed. These concepts have been well studied experimentally in populations where the cooperation leads to a density-dependent growth rate. By contrast, relatively little is known about experimental populations that exhibit a density-dependent dispersal rate. Using bacteriophage T7 as a test organism, we present novel experimental measurements that demonstrate that the diffusion of phage T7, in a lawn of host E. coli, is hindered by the physical presence of the host bacteria cells. The coupling between host density, phage dispersal and cell lysis caused by viral infection results in an effective density-dependent diffusion rate akin to cooperative behavior. Using a system of reaction-diffusion equations, we show that this effect can result in a transition from a pulled to pushed expansion. Moreover, we find that a second independent density-dependent effect on phage dispersal spontaneously emerges as a result of the viral incubation period, during which phage is trapped inside the host unable to disperse. Our results indicate both that bacteriophage can be used as a controllable laboratory population to investigate the impact of density-dependent dispersal on evolution, and that the genetic diversity and adaptability of expanding viral populations could be much greater than is currently assumed.


From 1953 to 1983, USDA entomologists and I tried to use 10-d weight gains of fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to measure the quality of bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., forage. Tifton 68, Coastal, and Tifton 292 bermudagrasses fed to armyworms enabled them to make 10-d gains of 147, 50, and 8 mg. In 1984, we space planted 145 Tifton 68 × Tift 292 F 1 s in deep sand and in the fall selected 13 of the largest plants showing the least drought injury. Of these, entry 13 (Tifton 85') outyielded other entries in a 3-yr-32-entry small plot test. In duplicate 0.81-ha pastures, Tifton 85 produced 47% more steer gains than 'Tifton 78'.


This paper introduces the blind source separation (BSS) of convolutive mixtures of acoustic signals, especially speech. A statistical and computational technique, called independent component analysis (ICA), is examined. By achieving nonlinear decorrelation, nonstationary decorrelation, or time-delayed decorrelation, we can find source signals only from observed mixed signals. Particular attention is paid to the physical interpretation of BSS from the acoustical signal processing point of view. Frequency-domain BSS is shown to be equivalent to two sets of frequency domain adaptive microphone arrays, i.e., adaptive beamformers (ABFs). Although BSS can reduce reverberant sounds to some extent in the same way as ABF, it mainly removes the sounds from the jammer direction. This is why BSS has difficulties with long reverberation in the real world. If sources are not "independent," the dependence results in bias noise when obtaining the correct separation filter coefficients. Therefore, the performance of BSS is limited by that of ABF with correct prior knowledge. Although BSS is upper bounded by ABF, BSS has a strong advantage over ABF. BSS can be regarded as an intelligent version of ABF in the sense that it can adapt without any information on the source positions or period of source existence/absence.


We present a multipolar tensor analysis of second-harmonic radiation from arrays of noncentrosymmetric L-shaped gold nanoparticles. Our approach is based on the fundamental differences in the radiative properties of electric dipoles and higher multipoles, which give rise to differences in the nonlinear response tensors for the reflected and transmitted second-harmonic signals. The results are analyzed by dividing the tensors into symmetric (dipolar) and antisymmetric (higher multipolar) parts between the two directions. The nonlinear response is found to be dominated by a tensor component, not resolved earlier [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 167403 (2007)], which is associated with chiral symmetry breaking of the sample and which also contains a strong multipolar contribution. The results are explained by a phenomenological model where asymmetrically-distributed defects on opposite sides of the particles give rise to dipolar and quadrupolar second-harmonic emission.


In the 2012 case Minneci v. Pollard, the United States Supreme Court held that federal prisoners assigned to privately-run prisons may not bring actions for violations of their Eighth Amendment right against cruel and unusual punishment and may instead bring actions sounding only in state tort law. A consequence of this decision is that the arbitrary assignment of some federal prisoners to privately-run prisons deprives them of an equal opportunity to vindicate this federal constitutional right and pursue a federal remedy. Yet all federal prisoners should be entitled to the same protection under the United States Constitution-regardless of the type of prison to which they are assigned. This Note discusses the national trend toward prison privatization and the current asymmetry in legal protections and remedies available to prisoners depending on whether they are assigned to federally-run or privately-run prisons. It concludes by proposing federal legislation that would provide uniformity in the protection of federal prisoners against cruel and unusual punishment.


Abstract This study provides quantitative ecological targets for restoring degraded peat-based Carolina Bays in the Carolina Flatwoods Ecoregion. Cluster analysis of vegetation data from three Carolina Bay reference sites in Bladen County, North Carolina, indicated four plant communities present: pond pine (Pinus serotina) woodland, non-riverine swamp forest dominated by swamp gum (Nyssa biflora), high pocosin dominated by evergreen shrubs with scattered pond pine, and bay forest dominated by loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus). We classified bay soils according to surface organic layer thickness (OLT) into mineral, histic, shallow organic, and deep organic types. We monitored the water table of each soil type in one bay throughout one growing season. The soil types with corresponding water table regimes were: mineral (9.4 cm mean OLT with a rooting zone water table [RZWT] 39% of the monitoring period), histic (27.5 cm OLT and 76% RZWT), shallow organic (63.9 cm OLT and 84% RZWT), and deep organic (102.5 cm OLT and 57% RZWT). Pearson residual analysis and correspondence analysis revealed that pond pine woodland was positively associated with mineral and histic soils, non-riverine swamp forest with shallow organic soil, bay forest with deep organic soil, and high pocosin with deep organic soil. We concluded that peat-based Carolina Bay restoration in the Carolina Flatwoods Ecoregion should be gauged against reference data which suggests: 1) pond pine woodland be established on mineral and histic soils; 2) non-riverine swamp forest be established on shallow organic soils; and 3) high pocosin and bay forest be established on deep organic soils.


Erythrosine B is widely used for dyeing in various applications, especially in the food industry, despite its already proved toxicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesis process of US/S2O8 in removing erythrosine B dye from aqueous solution. In this experimental study, the removal of erythrosine B dye using combined persulfate and 40 kHz ultrasound process was studied. All reactions was conducted in a beaker of 1,000 mL in an ultrasonic bath. The effects of operational parameters such as pH of the solution (37), initial concentration of erythrosine B dye (10–100 mg/L), and amount of persulfate concentration (0.001–0.005 mol/L) in different contact time were investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency increased significantly by increasing the oxidant concentration, then a steady trend was observed in the removal of erythrosine B dye. The process used US/S2O8 at pH:3, concentration of persulfate at 0.003 mol/L, and the time of 60 min for achieving the highest removal efficiency (98.91%). Ultrasonic device alone had little effect in the removal of this dye. The effects of ion changes from calcium chloride on the performance of the US/S2O8 process were ineffective for erythrosine B dye. The results of the US/S2O8 process application in the removal of erythrosine B dye indicated that this process has a suitably proper ability for erythrosine B dye removal and could be used as an effective method for industrial wastewater treatment.


As research collaborations grow in size, scope, and time horizon, they increasingly resemble organizations in and of themselves. The traditional institutional structure of science, however, is fundamentally focused on individual scientists. Reconciling these novel research organizations with traditional structures has proven a difficult challenge for the high energy physics community, which has a longstanding tradition of large collaborations. In this paper I draw on interview data gathered in this community to explore the issues of authorship and credit attribution, with an eye toward extrapolating lessons for those in other disciplines. Results suggest that authorship practices in physics are fundamentally problematic in several respects, and that this stems in part from a need to recognize multiple types of contributions.


OF DISSERTATION LIGNIN-DERIVED CARBON AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS With a growing demand for electrical energy storage materials, lignin-derived carbon materials have received increasing attention in recent years. As a highly abundant renewable carbon source, lignin can be converted to a variety of advanced carbon materials with tailorable chemical, structural, mechanical and electrochemical properties through thermochemical conversion (e.g. pyrolysis). However, the non-uniformity in lignin structure, composition, inter-unit linkages and reactivity of diverse lignin sources greatly influence lignin fractionation from plant biomass, the pyrolysis chemistry, and property of the resulting carbon materials. To introduce a better use of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and co-products, it is necessary to find novel ways to fractionate lignin and cellulose from the feedstock at high efficacy and low cost. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used to extract lignin from high lignin-content walnut and peach endocarps. Over 90% sugar yields were achieved during enzymatic hydrolysis of DES pretreated peach and walnut endocarps while lignins were extracted at high yields and purity. The molecular weights of the extracted lignin from DES pretreated endocarp biomass were significantly reduced. The native endocarp lignins were SGH type lignins with dominant G-unit. DES pretreatment decreased the S and Hunit which led to an increase in condensed G-units, which may contribute to a higher thermal stability of the isolated lignin. Lignin slow pyrolysis was investigated using a commercial pyrolysis–GC/MS system for the first time to link pyrolysis chemistry and carbon material properties. The overall product distributions, including volatiles and solid product were tracked at different heating rates (2, 20, 40 °C/min) and different temperature regions (100-200, 200-300 and 300-600 °C). Results demonstrate that changes in reaction chemistry as a factor of pyrolysis conditions led to changes in yield and properties of the resulting carbon materials. Physical and chemical properties of the resulting carbon material, such as porosity, chemical composition and surface functional groups were greatly affected by lignin slow pyrolysis temperature and heating rate. Lignin-derived activated carbons (AC) were synthesized from three different lignin sources: poplar, pine derived alkaline lignin and commercial kraft lignin under identical conditions. The poplar lignin-derived ACs exhibited a larger surface area and total mesopore volume than softwood lignin-derived AC, which contribute to a larger electrochemical capacitance over a range of scan rates. The presence of oxygen-containing functional groups in all lignin-derived ACs, which participated in redox reaction and thus contributed to an additional pseudo-capacitance. By delineating the carbonization and activation parameters, results from this study suggest that lignin structure and composition are important factors determining the pore structure and electrochemical properties of the derived carbon materials. A 3-dimensional, interconnected carbon/silicon nanoparticles composite synthesized from kraft lignin (KL) and silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) is shown to have a high starting specific capacity of 2932 mAh/g and a retaining capacity of 1760 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.72 A/g as negative electrode in a half-cell lithium-ion battery (LIB) test. It was found the elemental Si and C of the C/Si NPs were most likely linked via Si-O-C rather than direct Si-C bond, a feature that helps to alleviate the mechanical degradation from Si volume change and assure a sound electronic and ionic conductivity for enhanced electrochemical performance. EGA-MS and HC-GC/MS analyses suggest that the interaction of the Si, O and C can be tailored by controlling pyrolysis conditions. This study systematically investigated the interconnecting aspects among lignin source, pyrolysis chemistry, characteristics of the derived carbon materials and electrochemical performance. Such knowledge on the processing-structure-function relationships serves as a basis for designing lignin-based carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage applications.


A total of 29 CPT soundings up to depths approaching 10 m were made at close spacings, so that an intensive exploration was made of the properties of a limited volume of residual soil in the Albany area of Auckland. Since the soil was derived from in situ weathering of Waitemata group sandstones and siltstones, the properties are expected to vary in the vertical direction (this was indeed found to be the case) so the variations between the properties at each level were investigated. The underlying hypothesis of the work was that in situ weathering produces soil that has significant point to point variability. The interpretation of the data obtained would seem to support this concept.


Fungi are associated with heavy losses of seeds, fruits, grains, vegetables, and other plant products in transit and storage rendering them unfit for human consumption. The effect of synthetic fungicides on humans is hazardous, hence the need to find a safer means of control. A research was conducted in Hong Local Government Area of Adamawa State of Nigeria (the most prominent groundnut farming community in the state). The following molds were associated with postharvest groundnut rot in the seven districts of Hong local government area in July 2016: Aspergillus niger, Aspergilus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pseudallescheria boydii, Cylindrocarpon lichenicola, and Scedosaporium prolificans. Therefore, the research sought to assess the management of rot using plant extracts of mahogany. Control trials were carried out using the extracts of root of mahogany. The growth of pathogens both in-vitro and in-vivo was significantly reduced by the plant extracts. Aqueous root and ethanol extracts reduced mycelial growth from 72.67 mm to 21.00 mm and 20.50 mm respectively (in-vitro) and from 55.00 mm to 23.45 mm by aqueous extracts and 15.92 mm by ethanol extracts for in-vivo control, thus, mahogany aqueous and ethanol root extracts have been found effective against these pathogens, hence, root is recommended for further research in other to formulate a control strategy for these pathogens.


Asthma Determinants, Health Care Utilization, and Control Among Women in Puerto Rico by María Calixta Ortiz-Rivera MSEM, Metropolitan University, 2000 BS, University of Puerto Rico, 1983 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health-Epidemiology Walden University February 2016 Abstract Active asthma and asthma-related health care utilization are higher among adult females than they are among adult males in Puerto Rico. The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of the risk of active asthma and associated health care utilization and asthma control among women in Puerto Rico. Guided by the Andersen behavioral model, the study included data from the Asthma Call-Back Survey (ACBS)Active asthma and asthma-related health care utilization are higher among adult females than they are among adult males in Puerto Rico. The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of the risk of active asthma and associated health care utilization and asthma control among women in Puerto Rico. Guided by the Andersen behavioral model, the study included data from the Asthma Call-Back Survey (ACBS) during 2011 and 2012 in Puerto Rico. The associations between active asthma and behavioral, demographic, and environmental factors were assessed using logistic regression. The relationship between asthma-related health care utilization and predisposing, enabling, and need factors was examined using multiple linear regression. The association between achieved level of asthma control and asthma-related healthcare utilization was investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Results of the logistic regression indicated that being out of work, being in a middle income category, and being obese significantly increased the odds of active asthma. Being self-employed and being in the income category of $15,000-$25,000 significantly predicted the frequency of emergency room visits (ERVs). Results of the multinomial logistic regression indicated that physician urgent visit and ERV were significantly associated with poorly controlled asthma symptoms. The positive social change implication of these findings is that the identified risk factors can be used to develop asthma management plans to prevent and control asthma attacks in at-risk populations and reduce asthma-related health care


Toxoplasma, a protozoan parasite of cats, infects many species of intermediate and paratenic hosts, including about one-third of humans worldwide. After a short phase of acute infection, the tissue cysts containing slowly dividing bradyzoites are formed in various organs and toxoplasmosis proceeds spontaneously in its latent form. In immunocompetent subjects, latent toxoplasmosis was considered asymptomatic. However, dozens of studies performed on animals and humans in the past twenty years have shown that it is accompanied by a broad spectrum of specific behavioural, physiological and even morphological changes. In human hosts, the changes often go in the opposite direction in men and women, and are mostly weaker or non-existent in Rh-positive subjects. Here, we searched for the indices of lower endurance of the infected subjects by examining the performance of nearly five hundred university students tested for toxoplasmosis and Rh phenotype in two tests, a weight holding test and a grip test. The results confirmed the existence of a negative association of latent toxoplasmosis with the performance of students, especially Rh-negative men, in these tests. Surprisingly, but in an accordance with some already published data, Toxoplasma-infected, Rh-positive subjects expressed a higher, rather than lower, performance in our endurance tests. Therefore, the results only partly support the hypothesis for the lower endurance of Toxoplasma infected subjects as the performance of Rh-positive subjects (representing majority of population) correlated positively with the Toxoplasma infection.


BACKGROUND
Indications for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum have remained unclear. The aims of this study were to analyze the outcomes and to determine the most useful classification for the choice of treatment.

METHODS
The cases of 106 patients with osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum were studied retrospectively. At the time of the initial presentation, the mean age of the patients was 15.3 years. The capitellar growth plate was open in eighteen patients and closed in eighty-eight. Thirty-six patients were treated nonoperatively. Fifty-five patients underwent fragment removal alone, twelve underwent fragment fixation with a bone graft, and three underwent reconstruction of the articular surface with use of osteochondral plug grafts from the lateral femoral condyle. The mean follow-up period was 7.2 years. The outcomes in terms of pain in the elbow, return to sports, and radiographic findings were analyzed and compared.

RESULTS
An osteochondritis dissecans lesion with an open capitellar physis and a good range of elbow motion resulted in a good outcome. Continued elbow stress resulted in the worst outcome in terms of pain and radiographic findings. In patients with a closed capitellar physis, surgery provided significantly better results than elbow rest (p < 0.01). Fragment fixation or reconstruction provided significantly better results than fragment removal alone (p < 0.05). The results of removal alone were dependent on the size of the defect in the capitellum. The outcome in terms of pain was closely associated with sports activity and radiographic findings.

CONCLUSIONS
We believe that osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum can be classified as stable or unstable. Stable lesions that healed completely with elbow rest had all of the following findings at the time of the initial presentation: an open capitellar growth plate, localized flattening or radiolucency of the subchondral bone, and good elbow motion. Unstable lesions, for which surgery provided significantly better results, had one of the following findings: a capitellum with a closed growth plate, fragmentation, or restriction of elbow motion of > or =20 degrees . For large unstable lesions, fragment fixation or reconstruction of the articular surface leads to better results than simple excision.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic Level II.


We settle an old question about the existence of certain 'sums-of-squares' formulas over a field F, related to the composition problem for quadratic forms. A classical theorem says that if such a formula exists over a field of characteristic 0, then certain binomial coe!cien ts must vanish. We prove that this result also holds over fields of characteristic p > 2.


We introduce a new Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) problem which is motivated by an industrial application. Given a fleet of robots that move on a workspace that may contain static obstacles, we must find paths from their current positions to a set of destinations, and the goal is to minimise the length of the longest path. The originality of our problem comes from the fact that each robot is attached with a cable to an anchor point, and that robots are not able to cross these cables. We formally define the Non-Crossing MAPF (NC-MAPF) problem and show how to compute lower and upper bounds by solving well known assignment problems. We introduce a Variable Neighbourhood Search (VNS) approach for improving the upper bound, and a Constraint Programming (CP) model for solving the problem to optimality. We experimentally evaluate these approaches on randomly generated instances.


Within the field of Counselling Psychology there is very little mention of Bondage and Discipline; Dominance and Submission; and Sadism and Masochism (BDSM). Given the wide range of activities that fall under the umbrella of BDSM (Weinberg, 2006), along with the associated stigma of BDSM (Wright, 2006), the exact prevalence of people engaging in it is unknown. However, the huge popularity of the Fifty Shades of Grey books and film (James, 2012, 2015) suggests that dominance and submission may be a common fantasy for far more people than was previously realised (Deahl, 2012). Previous research has concentrated on qualified therapists' understandings of BDSM. To further improve training around this area this research explored the way in which trainees talk and think about BDSM.

The epistemological orientation of this work is social constructionist, and therefore acknowledges that findings arise from a particular time and place. Three focus groups were conducted with a total of thirteen participants. Transcripts of the data was analysed using the six step process of Thematic Analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The analysis generated seven major analytical themes in relation to the subject of BDSM. These included: 'BDSM as unknown', 'BDSM and the parameters of consent', 'BDSM as abuse', 'BDSM as a pathology', 'Visibility of BDSM', 'BDSM occurring on a spectrum' and 'BDSM as a cause for concern'. Participants were tentative in their language about how they constructed BDSM, in particular within the theme of 'BDSM as a pathology'. Participants delineated types of BDSM from 'light, fluffy, playful', to the more 'murky, less sanitised and extreme'. Participants expressed their potential for shock if working with 'extreme' BDSM, which gave an insight into their thinking around the subject. These findings are discussed in relation to previous literature and their implications for practice. Further training in BDSM for counselling psychologists is recommended, in particular to enable trainees to engage critically in their own reactions to BDSM. Further research into the critical engagement of the wider field of sexualities is recommended.


BACKGROUND
Wearable devices based on inertial measurement units through wireless sensor networks have many applications such as real-time motion monitoring and functional outcome assessment of stroke rehabilitation. However, additional investigations are warranted to validate their clinical value, particularly in detecting the synergy patterns of movements after stroke.

AIM
The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and efficacy of wearable devices for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with chronic stroke and to compare the intervention effects (e.g., neurological recovery, active range of motion, and deviation angle) with those in a control group.

DESIGN
A single-blind, randomized-controlled pilot study.

SETTING
Rehabilitation ward.

METHODS
A total of 18 patients with chronic stroke were randomly distributed into a device group and control group. Both groups received conventional rehabilitation; nevertheless, the device group was additionally subjected to 15 daily sessions at least three times a week for 5 weeks. The outcome measures included the upper extremity subscores of the Fugl-Meyer assessment, active range of motion, and deviation angle. These measurements were performed pre- and post-treatment.

RESULTS
All five Fugl-Meyer assessment subscores improved in both the device and control groups after intervention; in particular, the "shoulder/elbow/forearm" subscore (P=0.02, 0.03) and "total score" (P=0.03, 0.03) substantially improved. The active range of motion of shoulder flexion and abduction substantially improved at pre-post treatment in both the device (P=0.02, 0.03) and control (P=0.02, 0.03) groups. The deviation angle of shoulder external rotation during shoulder abduction substantially improved in the device group (P=0.02), but not in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS
The designed wearable devices are practical and efficient for use in chronic patients with stroke.

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT
Wearable devices are expected to be useful for future internet-of-things rehabilitation clinical trials at home and in long-term care institutions.


As young people today are flooded with information from a multitude of sources, they must be prepared to perceive the potentially oppressive and nefarious nature of many texts. Critical literacy is a theory and strategy that allows young people, along with people of all ages, to achieve just this; however, teachers often experience difficulties implementing and guiding students in taking crucial action steps in the classroom. This exploratory action research case study was conducted to address these concerns, as a teacher utilized Twitter to implement critical literacy and guide 32 ethnically diverse eleventh grade students in applying critical literacy in an AP English Language and Composition class. The study was conducted within a unit on American Transcendentalist literature over the course of one month, and the teacher and students used their cell phones inside and outside of the classroom to access Twitter for purposes of research, communication, and interaction. Qualitative methods were used to collect data from student and teacher tweets, reflections, and interviews, which were analyzed with a qualitative conventional content analysis approach. Results showed that Twitter was effective in implementing critical literacy in the classroom. Additionally, multiple affordances included a transformation of teaching and learning in the classroom of study, amplified student voice, increased student engagement, and a potential for student action. Results are discussed in the context of students' achievement of critical action and approach to a state of critical consciousness and may be of interest to the teacher or administrator challenged by critical literacy implementation, curious about critical literacy, or seeking additional technology-infused literacy strategies


A novel surface integral equation (IE) formulation for magneto-quasi-static analysis of current flow in two-dimensional conductors situated in lossy layered substrates is proposed. Traditional approach is based on the volume IE formulated with respect to the unknown current distribution in the conductors cross-section. In this work, we transform the volume IE to a surface IE via representation of the volumetric current density as a superposition of the waves emanating from the conductors boundaries. The resulting surface IE features a single unknown surface current density unlike the traditional surface IEs which require both electric and magnetic surface current densities. Also, the resultant single-source surface IE formulation involves only the electric field Greens functions instead of both electric and magnetic field Greens functions as required by the traditional surface IE formulations. The latter property makes the proposed IE formulation particularly suitable for analysis of current flow in conductors embedded in lossy layered substrates.


An extension of a theorem for light extraction [Adv. Opt. Technol.2, 291 (2013)] from a higher index luminescent body (LED or phosphor) through an extracting surface into a lower index output medium is derived. The result is valid for both geometric and diffractive surface structures. Using this bound and radiation transport calculations, we show that extraction from LEDs or phosphors requires a combination of cavity effects to enhance radiance behind the extracting surface and scattering or diffraction to couple trapped total-internal-reflection modes to propagating modes. The treatment applies to macroscopic luminescent sources whose thickness exceeds the longitudinal coherence length of the luminescent radiation.


Background: The management of irreparable massive or full-thickness 2-tendon rotator cuff tears in active patients with minimal glenohumeral arthritis remains a difficult challenge for the treating surgeon. Many different treatment options, with varied success, have been proposed. Hypotheses: (1) Patients undergoing reconstruction of irreparable massive or full-thickness 2-tendon rotator cuff tears by dermal tissue matrix xenograft would demonstrate improvements in pain, range of motion, strength, and subjective functional outcomes. (2) Postoperative ultrasonography would demonstrate intact repairs at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Twenty-six patients (27 shoulders) underwent reconstruction of irreparable massive or full-thickness 2-tendon rotator cuff tears by dermal tissue matrix xenograft. Pain level (scale 0-10, 10 = severe pain), active range of motion, and supraspinatus and external rotation strength were assessed. Subjective outcome measures included American Shoulder and Elbow Score (ASES) and Short Form-12 (SF-12) score. Clinical and radiographic analyses were performed at an average 32-month follow-up period (minimum 2-year follow-up). Ultrasound imaging (static and dynamic) of the operative shoulder was performed at final follow-up to assess the integrity of the construct. Results: Mean patient age was 60 years. Mean pain level decreased from 5.1 to 0.4 (P = .002). Mean active forward flexion and abduction improved from 138.8° to 167.3° (P = .024) and 117.9° to 149.3° (P = .001), respectively. Supraspinatus and external rotation strength improved from 7.2 to 9.4 (P = .001) and 7.4 to 9.5 (P = .001), respectively. Mean ASES improved from 62.7 to 91.8 (P = .0007), and mean SF-12 scores improved from 48.4 to 56.6 (P = .044). Twenty-one patients (22 shoulders) returned for a dynamic and static ultrasound of the operative shoulder at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Sixteen patients (73%) demonstrated a fully intact tendon-graft reconstruction, 5 patients (22%) had a partially intact reconstruction, and 1(5%) had a complete tear at the graft-bone interface caused by suture anchor pullout as a result of a fall. There were no cases of infection or tissue rejection. Conclusion: Active patients with massive or 2-tendon rotator cuff tears with minimal glenohumeral arthritis continue to be a subset of the population for whom there is no current standard of care. Results suggest that the use of porcine xenograft may be an effective means by which to treat these patients.


Forest area is still gives contribution from non timber forest products (HHBK) economic value to household income of the community around the forest higly. This research was conducted on June-July 2013 in Simasom Village, Subdistrict of Padangsidimpuan Angkola Julu, Padangsidimpuan City by using purposive sampling method which means that the choised respondents were who employing at non timber forest products (HHBK) directly from limited production forest. The aims of this research were to identify the kinds of HHBK, tho determine the economic value of HHBK along with the contributions to household income, and to determine the income distribution of this HHBK employing and to make a poverty analysis about the people concerned on this HHBK income to reduction of the people's poverty rate. The results of this research showed that the kinds of HHBK which is employed by the people from limited production forest are: rattan, nira water, palm fiber, sugar from palm sugar, fruits of sugar palm, bamboo, cinnamons, deer, bracken, pig, durian, candlenut, petai, lanseh fruit, top soil, and firewood. While, the total contribution of HHBK from limited production forest to household income in Simasom Village was Rp. 723.519.000,-/year (39,22%). Then, the imbalance of people's income distribution from HHBK employment from limited production forest can be measured according to Gini Coefficient value that is 0,42 which means that the high enough imbalance between the rich employer and the poor one has happened. While, the income from HHBK has been contributed to reduce the persistent poverty people about 15 persons or about 30% of household. Key Words: Non timber forest products, economic value, contribution of income, income distribution, poverty.


In this paper we present a parallel formulation of a multilevel k-way graph partitioning algorithm. A key feature of this parallel formulation is that it is able to achieve a high degree of concurrency while maintaining the high quality of the partitions produced by the serial multilevel k-way partitioning algorithm. In particular, the time taken by our parallel graph partitioning algorithm is only slightly longer than the time taken for re-arrangement of the graph among processors according to the new partition. Experiments with a variety of finite element graphs show that our parallel formulation produces high-quality partitionings in a short amount of time. For example, a 128-way partitioning of graphs with one million vertices can be computed in a little over two seconds on a 128-processor Cray T3D. Furthermore, the quality of the partitions produced is comparable (edge-cuts within 5%) to those produced by the serial multilevel k-way algorithm. Thus our parallel algorithm makes it feasible to perform frequent repartitioning of graphs in dynamic computations without compromising the partitioning quality.


In this study, we propose a theory to explain the development of dynamic capabilities, called Team Dynamic Capabilities (TDC), for Information Systems (IS) development teams. We define TDC as the abilities of IS development teams to reconfigure team resources, such as team structure and division of labor, to cope with the rapidly changing IS development environment. Drawing upon the dynamic capability theory from the strategic literature, we argue that TDC consists of two underlying components: sensitivity and agility. Sensitivity refers to the team's ability to sense opportunities for change, and agility refers to the team's ability to carry out the change. We further argue that TDC is influenced by a number of antecedents, including strong team leadership (e.g., inspirational and transformational leadership), strong social network ties (both internal and external), heterogeneous knowledge distribution, and effective communication and coordination. The immediate outcomes of TDC are enhanced team routines dealing with knowledge creation, including knowledge variation, selection, replication, and retention, and these routines determine team performance such as speed-to-market and market success. The theory helps IS development teams (and other new product development teams as well) to find ways to enhance their performance.


Objective. To follow up a previous retrospective analysis in which we found the use of a pacifier to be a risk factor for recurrent acute otitis media (AOM).
 Method. In the present prospective study, the occurrence of AOM and the use of a pacifier were recorded in 845 children attending day care centers during a 15-month period.
 Results. More than three attacks of AOM occurred in 29.5% of the children younger than 2 years using pacifiers and in 20.6% of those not doing so (relative risk, 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6, 4.1); in children 2 to 3 years of age, the figures were 30.6% and 13.2%, respectively (relative risk, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2, 7.3). Logistic modeling with adjustment for age and the duration of monitoring showed the occurrence of AOM to be associated with the time during which a pacifier was used. The use of a pacifier increased the annual incidence of AOM from 3.6 (95% CI, 2.5, 4.9) to 5.4 episodes (4.4, 6.6) in children younger than 2 years and from 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) to 2.7 (2.2, 3.3) in children 2 to 3 years of age. The population-attributable risk of AOM attacks due to the use of a pacifier was 176 attacks, ie, 459 to 635 attacks per year, in the youngest children and 69 attacks, ie, from 264 to 333 attacks per year, in those 2 to 3 years of age. It can be calculated that the use of a pacifier was responsible for 25% of the attacks in children younger than 3 years. Breastfeeding, parental smoking, thumb sucking, using a nursing bottle, and the social class of the family failed to show such strong associations with the occurrence of AOM.
 Conclusion. We conclude that the use of a pacifier is a significant risk factor for recurrent AOM and suggest that pacifiers should be used only during the first 10 months of life, when need for sucking is strongest, and AOM is uncommon.


OBJECTIVE
To obtain baseline data on the incidence of acute alcohol intoxication, chronic alcoholism and illicit drug usage among a cohort of injured patients.

DESIGN
A prospective, descriptive study of 254 injured patients presenting at the trauma unit of Groote Schuur Hospital over an idealized week in 1997. Alcohol consumption was assessed by means of the Lion SD2 alcolmeter. Chronic alcoholism was assessed using the CAGE questionnaire. Each patient's urine was analysed for four drugs (cannabis, morphine, opiates and methaqualone) using conventional 'wet' analysis. Sweat was tested for cannabis using a Drugwipe.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Socio-demographics, cause of injury, injury severity, acute alcohol intoxication, chronic alcohol usage and illicit drug involvement.

RESULTS
Patients were predominantly male, coloured and an average of 31.3 years old. The majority had been injured as a result of interpersonal violence. Self-reported alcohol consumption was reliable but this was not so for self-reported drug usage. Sixty per cent of patients had positive alcohol levels on breath analysis. More than one-quarter of all the patients could be classified as chronic alcoholics on the CAGE questionnaire. On urine analysis, 40% of patients were found to have used at least one illicit drug in the recent past. The most commonly abused drugs were cannabis or a combination of cannabis and Mandrax, locally called a 'white pipe'. Use of the white pipe was confined almost exclusively to patients injured as a result of interpersonal violence.

CONCLUSIONS
Alcohol remains the most commonly abused substance among trauma patients, but there are growing numbers of patients who simultaneously abuse illicit drugs. This study will be conducted annually to detect trends and identify emerging problems.


Along with the development of technology, the demand for sufficient preparation program of a future English teacher is increasing. This study aims to explore how the instructional design of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) course in Indonesian higher education for future English Teachers. The focus of this study is on the syllabus implementation of CALL course including the objectives of the CALL course, the CALL materials, and classroom activities in CALL course. The setting of the research was in the English Education Department in one of Islamic University in Indonesia. It is qualitative research with case study design. The data collecting methods are document analysis, observation, and interview. The result revealed that specific syllabus was used in Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) preparation program for future English Teachers. It covers of objectives of the CALL course, CALL materials, and CALL activities. The primary objective of the course is those future English teachers are expected to be able to do English teaching and learning using media and technology-based approach. It is reflected on the materials and the activities of CALL course. The materials include theories as well as practices of CALL. Further, the activities encourage future English teachers to review several applications and websites to be used in English teaching and learning, also, practice in designing CALL activities. The implication of this study is for example of designing Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) course for future English Teachers


"Do you learn best by example and experimentation? This book is ideal. Have your favorite editor and compiler readyi??you'll encounter example code you'll want to try right away. You've picked the right booki??this is sure to become the de facto standard guide to writing Apache modules."i??Rich Bowen, coauthor, Apache Administrators Handbook, Apache Cookbook, and The Definitive Guide to Apache mod_rewrite"A first-rate guide to getting the most out of Apache as a modular application platformi??sure to become a must-read for any Apache programmer, from beginner to experienced professional. It builds up carefully and meticulously from the absolute basics, while including chapters on everything from the popular Apache DBD Framework to best practices, security, and debugging."i??Noirin Plunkett, documentation committer to the Apache httpd project, and member of the ASF conference committeeThe Only Comprehensive Guide to Developing Apache 2.x Modules and ApplicationsApache is more than the world's most popular Web serveri??it's also an extraordinarily powerful and extensible development platform. Now, ApacheTutor.org's Nick Kew has written The Apache Modules Book, the first start-to-finish, example-rich guide for every developer who wants to make the most of Apache.Kew begins with detailed, accessible introductions to Apache's architecture and API, then illuminates all the techniques you'll need, from request processing through code security. He brings together the best of both worlds: powerful C-based techniques for accomplishing tasks Perl or PHP can't handle, implemented with tools that deliver all the productivity you'd expect from higher-level languages.Utilizing realistic code samples, Kew introduces techniques documented in no other book-and, often, nowhere else at all.Coverage includes Using Apache Portable Runtime (APR) to streamline C development and avoid its pitfalls Leveraging Apache DBD to build applications far more scalable than classic LAMP software Working with the latest Apache 2.x features: filter modules, XML support, and smart proxies Mastering best practices, from thread safety to multi-platform development Utilizing the Apache Authentication Framework Tracing and debugging problems in both Apache and your custom modulesForewordPrefacei? AcknowledgmentsAbout the Authori? Chapter 1 Applications Development with Apache Chapter 2 The Apache Platform and Architecture Chapter 3 The Apache Portable Runtime Chapter 4 Programming Techniques and Caveats Chapter 5 Writing a Content Generator Chapter 6 Request Processing Cycle and Metadata Handlers Chapter 7 AAA: Access, Authentication, and Authorization Chapter 8 Filter Modules Chapter 9 Configuration for Modules Chapter 10 Extending the API Chapter 11 The Apache Database Framework Chapter 12 Module Debugging Appendix A Apache License Appendix B Contributor License Agreements Appendix C Hypertext Transfer Protocol: HTTP/1.1 Index About the Web SiteApacheTutor.org contains code examples from the book, all designed for easy use and integration into existing applications.


Nematode-trapping fungi are soil living organisms with the ability to infect and kill nematodes. These fungi have developed specialized infection structures, traps for the capture of nematodes. To be able to identify genes in nematode-trapping fungi that are involved in the infection of nematodes cDNA microarrays were constructed. The cDNA microarrays were printed with cDNA reporers obtained from expressed sequence tag (EST sequencing of four different cDNA libraries representing the mycelium and traps of the nematode-trapping fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum, as well as the fungus infecting the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for 4 h and 24 h, respectively. In total, 8,466 EST seqences were generated from these libraries. Following an assembly of these sequences, 3,518 clones were amplified and printed on the array, 2,822 of fungal, 540 of worm, and 156 of unknown origin. In order to identify genes that are expressed and regulated during the development of traps, total RNA was isolated from knobs and mycelium and hybridized to the cDNA array. In spite of the fact that knobs and mycelium were grown in the same medium a total of 23.3% (657 of 2,822 of the gene representatives were differentially expressed in knobs as compared to mycelium. Several of the genes that were regulated in knobs showed sequence similarities to genes involved in development of plant pathogenic infection structures (appressoria). Typical for trap cells in nematodetrapping fungi is the presence of numerous dense bodies which are organelles related to peroxisomes. The transcriptional profiling of M. haptotylum traps identified one gene representative with homology to the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex11p from S. cerevisiae. This homolog was significantly upregulated in traps (knobs) as compared to mycelium. The Pex11p protein is known to have a role in peroxisome proliferation in yeast. In order to further characterize the M. haptotylum PEX11 homolog, th e full length cDNA was cloned and expressed in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. The result showed that the M. haptotylum Pex11p could not functionally complement the pex11 mutant of H. polymorpha. In the third study, the changes in the transcripome of M. haptotylum were followed during the various stages of the infection. Isolated knobs from M. haptotylum were used in the infection of the nematode C. elegans. RNA was extracted from the infection samples at four different time-points corresponding to the varoius stages of of the infection (adhesion, penetration and digestion) and was subsequently used for hybridization to the cDNA array. RNA isolated from axenic knobs and noninfected nematodes were used as a reference sample in the hybridization of the cDNA array. In total, 58% (1,562) of the fungal genes represented on the array, were regulated in at least one of the stages of the infection. The most dramatic shift in the fungal transcriptome occurred after 4 h, a time-point associated with the penetration of the nematode. (Less)


Machine learning approaches to hearing loss estimation can significantly reduce the number of required experiments, but require a good probabilistic hearing loss model. In this work we introduce such a model, obtained by fitting a mixture of Gaussian processes to a vast database containing audiometric records of around 85k people. The learned model can be used as a prior distribution for hearing loss, and can be conditioned on age and gender. Evaluation on a test set shows that our model outperforms an optimized Gaussian process model in terms of predictive accuracy.


The ancient account of the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) that has become canonical for both scholars and filmmakers is found in Book VII of Herodotus' The Histories. The account is a significant source that has been cited as the chief historical text for the cinematic renditions of the battle since its first celluloid appearance in 1962. However, the reproduction of history into film has often carried with it an implied value system that involves a preference for aesthetics over accuracy, audience expectation and satisfaction over literal historical authenticity as emerges in this thesis' associated documentary film. What is seen through historical epic cinema is a struggle between accepted historical text and film fiction which has reaped disappointment in its extreme for the historian yet, more often than not, garners box office triumph for the Hollywood studio executive. The present study's main focus is on the strategies employed during the film development, production, post-production and distribution processes of The 300 Spartans (1962) and 300 (2006). These strategies required an emphasis on creating the 'look' of Sparta and Thermopylae that perhaps operates separately from history, instead residing in the world of myth. In order to properly discuss the film renditions of the ancient battle, the production processes receive ample consideration while historical issues are discussed when vital for the interpretation and better understanding of the historical epics under investigation. Film methods and the production process of the films themselves are discussed, not for their own sake but to the extent that it is necessary for the study of cinematic receptions of antiquity to progress towards a more inclusive scholarship of film aesthetics and production. Serious study of this growing practice of interpreting the past through cinema should include emphasis not merely on textual translation, attention to plots and dialogues but on mise-en-scene and the production methods required for their execution. Only then can a more complete picture of what constitutes the ancient world on screen be achieved. This study of production processes as integral to our understanding of the look of historical films set in antiquity focuses in on the two aforementioned Thermopylae films as well as the acclaimed graphic novel, 300 (1998) which acted as a bridge between the two and allowed for the widely-successful transition of the battle's cinematic representations from the Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the Cold War epic into twenty-first century big budget antiquity films.


Constructivism and considers that learning is greatly influenced by collaboration between active learners. Although learning has this social dimension, the individual learner builds a personalised version of relevant concepts. Ideas in science are not communicated solely through written and spoken language. Use is made of different types of context-sensitive, semiotic register (e.g. diagrams, graphs and equations). The science teacher expands the set of such artefacts by introducing other types pertinent to teaching and learning. The full set may be used by collaborating learners for the purpose of concept development, problem solving and knowledge construction. It is argued that in science pedagogy such semiotic registers are not used in isolation, but are interrelated by a tutor for pedagogical purposes. The teacher may wish to highlight more semantically rich, localized areas on a semiotic and exploited for pedagogical purposes. Although the concept of purposeful relationships may be of relevance to knowledge-based systems in general, this work considers the framework of such relationships to be a component in a teacher's pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). By investigating a representation in software of such a framework belonging to an experienced teacher, it is envisaged that pre-service teachers may gain an insight into how subject knowledge may be structured for pedagogical purposes.


For about 20 years public health reporting has increasingly been developed as a resource in health policy counselling. Both with regard to its use as well as its further development it is important to reflect on the possibilities and limits of this resource. A basis for this is provided by theories, models and hypotheses derived from the discussion about scientific policy counselling. In early conceptual reflections on the organisation of health reporting a technocratic use was rejected. This is reflected by the ideas and views about the institutional embedding of health reporting activities. Against the background of diverging opinions about the political dimensions of health reporting activities, reflections were guided by the decisionistic and pragmatic model of the "scientification of politics". Public health reporting must provide the possibility for being used in a flexible way in order to add a pragmatistic component to its decisionistic and strategic uses. For action-oriented, pragmatistic and scientific policy counselling through the health reporting discipline it is important to link "information about politically relevant facts" with the "targeted processing of knowledge geared towards problems in the field of decision-making processes" (expertise).


This guide will show you how to begin using RefWorks and will take you through the essentials of using its basic features. It also includes links to extensive help in the form of video tutorials and/or text manuals.


EARLY in January, governors began to throw out the first pitches of the season as they made their state-of-the-state addresses. Fiscal concerns took top billing in many states. Economic development proposals--many of which are tied closely to education systems--also were high on the list. But interest in such areas as early learning remained prominent as well. Here are some highlights. Early learning. Support for giving kids access to learning in the early years continues to grow. Alabama Gov. Bob Riley proposed investing an additional $20 million to triple the number of children who benefit from voluntary First Class pre-K, contending that such affordable access will fill a gap that has left working families with too few options. In Georgia, where the first alums of that state's subsidized pre-K program will enter college this fall, Gov. Sonny Perdue has proposed allocating an additional $6.4 million in lottery funds to bring the total number of slots in the program up to 79,000. New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson wants to add 2,000 pre-K slots to his state's program, and Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine wants to increase the number of slots in his state's program from 13,000 to 20,000. Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius wants to give more Kansas children a successful start in school by funding prenatal care and newborn screening, Parents as Teachers, Early Head Start, and high-quality child care. She also wants to fund all-day kindergarten. Career and technical. Hawaii Gov. Linda Lingle suggested her state should start Creative Academies, modeled after the successful STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) academies, to focus on animation, digital media, game development, writing and publishing, and all the many talents of Hawaii's keiki. Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley proposed that state leaders rededicate themselves to reducing the dropout rate with better career and technical programs in the high schools in every district where kids want them. Economic/work force development. Connecticut Gov. Jodi Rell proposed $300,000 for a loan reimbursement program for engineers who work in the state. She would also like to establish a "Green Collar" Jobs program at vocational and technical schools to train students in energy-efficient construction and retrofitting work. Georgia Gov. Perdue suggested investing $40 million to help commercialize research coming out of the state's universities in such areas as biosciences and medicine. Iowa Gov. Chet Culver wants to create a $5-million science, technology, engineering, and math center the University of Northern Iowa to help double the number of math and science teachers in order to make sure that every high school graduate will be ready for the jobs of the future. Gov. O'Malley of Maryland wants to develop science, technology, and public education in the state in order to combat climate change, improve conservation and energy efficiency, and make Maryland a leader in the development of renewable energy and green building techniques. Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm wants to reward colleges and universities when their students complete degrees, when they create opportunities for low-income students, and when they find ways to turn research ideas into businesses. Last year, Michigan launched the No Worker Left Behind initiative with the goal of giving 100,000 workers displaced by changes in the economy access to college education and other training to prepare them for specific high-demand jobs. Finance. Several governors are advocating changes to property tax systems. Connecticut Gov. Rell, for example, wants a property tax cap. South Dakota Gov. Mike Rounds is requesting major changes to a property tax system that is based on a system of agricultural assessments and appraisals that is no longer workable. Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels' property tax relief proposals include adding a penny to the sales tax as the fairest way to make up the lost revenue. …


Any inclusive comprehension of the inner nature, deep structures,
and conflictual dynamism of capitalism is potentially a transformative
cognitive Commons. Likewise, to achieve an inclusive understanding of the
existing post-capitalist praxes and the imaginary visions of utopian futures require
cumulative, collective, and cooperative learning. Thus, theories of capital and
the post-/counter-capital alternatives can be generated and treated as the Commons.
In this paper, I argue that although there is no single/exclusive line of
historical progress beyond Capital, it is possible to create integral
theoretical frameworks for orchestrating common actions across different
alternative praxes. This becomes a strong possibility if our knowledge of the
existing or imminent post-capitalist experiences is liberated from the disintegrating
forces of the corporatized Eurocentric intellectual institutions. A transformative
scholarship in collaboration with communities of struggle is therefore
vitally needed today to generate educational Commons as a means for
establishing organic unities among alternative praxes. This in itself is a
prefigurative movement.

The political goal should then be to go beyond the localized
fragmented radical struggles without reducing their multiformity to challenge
the totalizing effects of the capitalist markets and states. The process of
building organic unities or what we may call 'Commoning the alternatives'
requires 'organic intellectuals' to help post-capitalist initiatives to self-reflectively
explore and address their limitations. Therefore, Commoning the knowledge and
experiences of alternatives is a self-rectifying endeavor that translates
paralyzing assortments into collective learning processes through which each
movement becomes capable of traversing (rather than transcending) their self-inflicted
ideological boundaries and thereby of developing integral macro-political
projects to transcend capitalism; i.e. a Commonist project.


BACKGROUND
In breast cancer, immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation using the marker Ki67 has potential use in both research and clinical management. However, lack of consistency across laboratories has limited Ki67's value. A working group was assembled to devise a strategy to harmonize Ki67 analysis and increase scoring concordance. Toward that goal, we conducted a Ki67 reproducibility study.

METHODS
Eight laboratories received 100 breast cancer cases arranged into 1-mm core tissue microarrays-one set stained by the participating laboratory and one set stained by the central laboratory, both using antibody MIB-1. Each laboratory scored Ki67 as percentage of positively stained invasive tumor cells using its own method. Six laboratories repeated scoring of 50 locally stained cases on 3 different days. Sources of variation were analyzed using random effects models with log2-transformed measurements. Reproducibility was quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the approximate two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the true intraclass correlation coefficients in these experiments were provided.

RESULTS
Intralaboratory reproducibility was high (ICC = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.93 to 0.97). Interlaboratory reproducibility was only moderate (central staining: ICC = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.78; local staining: ICC = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.37 to 0.68). Geometric mean of Ki67 values for each laboratory across the 100 cases ranged 7.1% to 23.9% with central staining and 6.1% to 30.1% with local staining. Factors contributing to interlaboratory discordance included tumor region selection, counting method, and subjective assessment of staining positivity. Formal counting methods gave more consistent results than visual estimation.

CONCLUSIONS
Substantial variability in Ki67 scoring was observed among some of the world's most experienced laboratories. Ki67 values and cutoffs for clinical decision-making cannot be transferred between laboratories without standardizing scoring methodology because analytical validity is limited.


The author employed securely laparoscopy in performing direct vision splenic biopsy, cultured the biopsied human splenic tissue using the clinical tissue culture method of spleen, and obtained the following conclusions. 1) In the lighting observation of spleen using laparoscopy , about half the number of both leukemia and Banti's disease showed change in the character of surface , namely, color,
hardness, enlargement, atrophie, unevenness and adhesion. In the histological observations of biopsied splenic tissue, although all cases of lekemia showed the infiltration of leukemic cells, the determination of infiltrated cells in an acute lymphocytic leukemia and two cases of monocytic leukemia was difficult. In adout 70 per cents of Banti's disease the histological observations which suspected this disease were shown. In the splenogram of all cases of leukemia, the infiltration of various leukemic cells was seen respectively, and the determination of infiltrated cells was possible. While in the splenogram of Banti's disease no significant pathological findings were obtained. 2) In the splenic tissue culture of acute leukemia including monocytic leukemia, the boundaries of the growrh zone were well-defined and clear-cut, the cell density increased markedly and cells in the growth zone were mostly lymphoblasts and young lymphocytes in the case of acute lymphocytic leukemia, myeloblasts and immature granulocytic cells in the case of myelogenous leukemia, and monoblasts and promonocytes in the case of monocytic leukemia. 3) In chronic myelogenous leukemia double growth zone was not shown but the similar pattern to that of acute leukemia was seen. 4) In leukemoid reaction the pattern of splenic tissue growth was similar to that of normal human spleen, however in the growth zone numerous myelogenous cells, many of which were immature, were seen. 5) In Banti's disease the growth was somewhat reduced. In the terminal stage, splenic reticulum cells and fibroblasts tended to increase. 6) In aplastic anemia the growth pattern was similar to that of normal spleen, howevrer a few immature myelogenous cells were always found in the rowth zone. 7) In chronic Werlhof's disease the growth pattern gshowed that of normal spleen, except that many megakaryocytes with diminished function appeared in the growth zone. 8) In leukemic reticuloendotheliosis the growth pattern resembled that of acute lekemia. The growth zone was composed of the same lymphoblastoid cells as found in the peripheral blood and larger young cells. 9) In infection the growth pattern resembled the normal but its growth was remarkable and mature neutrophils were increased markedly. From these results the author thought that the clinical tissue culture method of spleen, when it was performed in company with the clinical tissue culture method of bone marrow, had important clinical significance for making clear various blood diseases and other diseases mit splenomegaly.


Mandates of federal education laws dictate most aspects of public school life for principals as well as teachers. These mandates are the criteria for schools to receive federal funds. This article provides insight into the leadership styles of principals serving a rural county in Tennessee. The study identified leadership traits and/or behaviors demonstrating the principal's preferred leadership style and then identified changes directly attributed to the mandates of NCLB. The study showed that not only were changes invoked, but the resulting leadership styles seem to define a new leadership definition for the 21st century principal.


Conservation planners need simple yet accurate tools to predict sediment and nutrient losses from agricultural fields to guide conservation practice implementation and increase cost-effectiveness. The Texas Best Management Practice Evaluation Tool (TBET), which serves as an input/output interpreter and vastly simplified interface for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was developed to predict mean annual runoff, sediment, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural fields in Texas under a variety of management scenarios and conservation practices. The Texas Best Management Practice Evaluation Tool was developed to provide a scientific basis for decision making, evaluation, and reporting in state and federal conservation programs. A rigorous, data-intensive calibration and validation process was employed in TBET development. First, hydrology outputs were calibrated with basin scale streamflow data from 20 US Geological Survey sites. Then, runoff, sediment, total N, and total P outputs were calibrated and validated with measured field scale data (260+ site years). Even without calibration, TBET was able to make "good" to "very good" predictions of mean annual runoff and total P losses according to commonly applied model evaluation methods. Calibrated TBET predictions of sediment and total N losses were not as accurate but were still "satisfactory." These much-improved results relative to those of often applied tools such as P Indices are very encouraging since the design goals of simple operation and accurate predictions for diverse Texas conditions with only readily available inputs were certainly met. Thus, TBET meets an important need by providing accurate, science-based estimates of conservation practice benefits at the field scale.


Although it presently includes convective overshoot, microscopic diffusion, gravitational settling and radiative acceleration, the standard model of stellar structure is still unable to account for various observational facts, and there is now a large consensus that some extra mixing must occur in the radiation zones. To account for such mixing, the minimalist approach consists in introducing a parametrized turbulent diffusivity, and to adjust it so as to match the observations. A better way is to strive to implement the physical processes that may be responsible for this mixing, in particular shear-induced turbulence and large-scale meridional circulation, which both are linked with the differential rotation of the star. To describe that rotational mixing, as we call it, one has thus to follow the evolution of the internal rotation profile. By making some plausible assumptions, its is possible to reduce the advection of angular momentum through the 2-D circulation to a 1-D process, and that of the chemical elements to a vertical diffusion. It is then possible to implement these transports in a 1-D stellar evolution code.
In massive stars, angular momentum is transported mainly by the meridional circulation, and there is good agreement between the observations and the predictions based on the rotational mixing. This not so for solar-type stars where another, more efficient mechanism is required to transport angular momentum. A fossil magnetic field has been invoked, but recently it has been shown that such a field would connect with the convection zone, and imprint its differential rotation on the radiation zone, which is not observed. The other candidate is the transport of angular momentum by the internal gravity waves that are emitted at the base of the convection zone; although their treatment is still somewhat crude, it appears that they can explain both the quasi-uniform rotation of the solar interior, and the depletion of lithium observed in such stars.


Several long term experimental studies on the maintained reaction to fire performance of fire retardant treated (FRT) wood products over time are presented. They are performed according to a European system based on earlier Nordic and North American systems and include accelerated ageing according to different procedures and natural weathering up to ten years. Main conclusions are: The hygroscopic properties are unchanged compared to untreated wood for most FRT wood products used commercially. The reaction to fire properties of FRT wood may be maintained after accelerated and natural ageing if the retention levels are high enough, but several FRT wood products loose most of their improved reaction to fire properties during weathering. Paint systems contribute considerably to maintain of the fire performance at exterior application and are usually needed to maintain the fire performance after weathering.


Online publishers are looking for ways to leverage viral content distribution and to encourage their readers to share the articles they read with their friends. In doing so, publishers enjoy the free marketing and advertisement for their content and increase their circulation and readership. Faced with the dominance of Facebook in social marketing and the availability of the social platform's built-in tools, publishers may consider abandoning their own distribution channels, such as their own website and mobile app, and rely solely on Facebook. Tempting as this option may be, there is no empirical evidence for the consequences of abandoning these off-Facebook channels. In order to empirically measure the impact of on- and off-Facebook channels on the effectiveness of content distribution, we performed an online randomized field experiment using content published by Playbuzz.com, the largest content distribution platform on Facebook on 2016. Our experiment analyzes the views, shares, and life span of 549 articles, for ten weeks and encompasses more than 4.5 million users and more than 9 million page views. We found that although the total number of views of an article is dominantly driven by social shares on the Facebook platform, promoting the content outside of the Facebook platform has significant effects, and specifically, in our case, by utilizing the homepage of the publisher. We also show that using publisher's website increases the life span of an online article compared to promoting the article solely on Facebook. We find evidence for a (positive) cross-channel spillover effect suggesting a synergetic effect in using both on- and off-Facebook distribution channels. We conclude by discussing the strategic managerial implications of our results on online publishers and discuss publisher-Facebook relations via the broader perspective of platform envelopment.


Logit and ordered probit analyses were used to identify factors associated with reduced tillage adoption, continuous spring cropping, and the number of changes made in response to wind erosion. Contrary to previous results for water erosion control, simple perception of a wind erosion problem or membership in a particular socioeconomic category did not significantly explain adoption of wind erosion control practices, but participating in a targeted educational program did. This educational program: (a) highlighted the threats of wind erosion to human health and to soil productivity, and (o) described specific potentially profitable farming practices for solving the wind erosion problem.


The migration of anadromous fish in heterogenic environments unceasingly imposes a selective pressure that results in genetic variation for local adaptation. However, discrimination of anadromous fish populations by fine-scale local adaptation is challenging because of their high rate of gene flow, highly connected divergent population, and large population size. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have expanded the prospects of defining the weakly structured population of anadromous fish. Therefore, we used NGS-based restriction site-associated DNA (NextRAD) techniques on 300 individuals of an anadromous Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) species, collected from nine strategic habitats, across their diverse migratory habitats, which include sea, estuary, and different freshwater rivers. The NextRAD technique successfully identified 15,453 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Outlier tests using the FST OutFLANK and pcadapt approaches identified 74 and 449 SNPs (49 SNPs being common), respectively, as putative adaptive loci under a divergent selection process. Our results, based on the different cluster analyses of these putatively adaptive loci, suggested that local adaptation has divided the Hilsa shad population into two genetically structured clusters, in which marine and estuarine collection sites were dominated by individuals of one genetic cluster and different riverine collection sites were dominated by individuals of another genetic cluster. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the riverine populations of Hilsa shad were further subdivided into the north-western riverine (turbid freshwater) and the north-eastern riverine (clear freshwater) ecotypes. Among all of the putatively adaptive loci, only 36 loci were observed to be in the coding region, and the encoded genes might be associated with important biological functions related to the local adaptation of Hilsa shad. In summary, our study provides both neutral and adaptive contexts for the observed genetic divergence of Hilsa shad and, consequently, resolves the previous inconclusive findings on their population genetic structure across their diverse migratory habitats. Moreover, the study has clearly demonstrated that NextRAD sequencing is an innovative approach to explore how dispersal and local adaptation can shape genetic divergence of non-model anadromous fish that intersect diverse migratory habitats during their life-history stages.


This study proposes a re-evaluation of the thermal models for lithosphere in the main tectonic units of the extra-Carpathian area (Central Moesian Platform, Black Sea Block and East-European Platform) and a minimization of the uncertainties in the spatial distribution of the parameters required in thermal modelling, by assimilation of available information supplied by tomographic seismic data, using the seismic wave velocity — temperature conversion. The thermal structures of the three tectonic compartments are estimated through the extrapolation of the surface heat flow determinations and by thermal modelling simulating the main geodynamic processes affecting the lithospheric structures (sedimentation in the Focşani Depression, magma eruption in the Neogene volcanic belt and convergence process in the Eastern Carpathians). Forcing the 1D and/or 2D thermal models (heat flow derived geotherms) to fit the seismic constraints (seismic derived geotherms) the more plausible values for the thermal parameters are assessed. The rheological structures in the investigated zones are then obtained by valuating the developed thermal models and are interpreted in correlation with the characteristics of the seismic wave propagation process — quality factor of the medium Q, provided by recent seismic studies.


Standards are essential for the success of products and services in the market, and for the well-functioning of processes and organisations. Trends such as globalisation, integration of ICT and electrotechnology in almost every sector, and the increased attention for sustainability, have made standards even more important. Unfortunately, little research is available to provide a better understanding of this phenomenon. In my inaugural lecture I first give an overview of the research I have conducted on the processes of standardisation. I discuss standards development, dissemination, market acceptance, implementation and use, and impact of standards and standardisation on business and society. In future research, my research agenda will focus on three levels of standardisation management: (1) within companies, (2) in complex projects involving many stakeholders, and (3) at local, national, regional and global level. I illustrate the societal relevance of my research with some examples about animals.


Abstract:This article draws on Donald Winnicott's understanding of human dependence and Ken Loach's film I, Daniel Blake (2015) to open up a new space between 'psychoanalysis' and 'politics'. Its starting-point is what Stuart Hall has described as the 'ferocious onslaught' on the post-war social-democratic settlement and its initial commitments to the idea of the 'full life' and 'social security for all'. Putting dependence at the heart of human experience, Winnicott's psychoanalysis is especially attuned to the individual and collective harms imposed by this new 'age of austerity'. 'Feeling Poor' explores the structures of material and psychic dispossession at work in contemporary regimes of austerity – in particular, the neoliberal denial of human dependence and vulnerability. What does the neoliberal world, its reformations of the social state, make of the primal situation of dependence – its terrors and dreads as well as its impulses towards culture and community? How might we reconceive vulnerability in solidarity rather than stigma? What might a psychoanalysis attuned to 'dependence as a living fact' contribute to the cultures of protest mobilized through the aesthetics of British social realism? Part of a wider exploration of the question of psychoanalysis and class, this article attempts to think about the symbolic functions of care embedded in the post-war welfare state and engages the potential of Winnicott's psychoanalysis as a means to social critique.


This paper presents a moving object detection algorithm for H.264/AVC video streams that is applied in the compressed domain. The method is able to extract and analyze several syntax elements from any H.264/AVC-compliant bit stream. The number of analyzed syntax elements depends on the mode in which the method operates. The algorithm is able to perform either a spatiotemporal analysis in a single step or a two-step analysis that starts with a spatial analysis of each frame, followed by a temporal analysis of several subsequent frames. Thereby, in each mode either only (sub-)macroblock types and partition modes or, additionally, quantization parameters are analyzed. The evaluation of these syntax elements enables the algorithm to determine a "weight" for each 4×4 block of pixels that indicates the level of motion within this block. A final segmentation after creating these weights segments each frame to foreground and background and hence indicates the positions and sizes of all moving objects. Our experiments show that the algorithm is able to efficiently detect moving objects in the compressed domain and that it is configurable to process a large number of parallel bit streams in real time.


ABSTRACT Productive infections by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are restricted to nondividing, differentiated keratinocytes. HPV early proteins E6 and E7 deregulate cell cycle progression and activate the host cell DNA replication machinery in these cells, changes essential for virus synthesis. Productive virus replication is accompanied by abundant expression of the HPV E4 protein. Expression of HPV1 E4 in cells is known to activate cell cycle checkpoints, inhibiting G2-to-M transition of the cell cycle and also suppressing entry of cells into S phase. We report here that the HPV1 E4 protein, in the presence of a soluble form of the replication-licensing factor (RLF) Cdc6, inhibits initiation of cellular DNA replication in a mammalian cell-free DNA replication system. Chromatin-binding studies show that E4 blocks replication initiation in vitro by preventing loading of the RLFs Mcm2 and Mcm7 onto chromatin. HPV1 E4-mediated replication inhibition in vitro and suppression of entry of HPV1 E4-expressing cells into S phase are both abrogated upon alanine replacement of arginine 45 in the full-length E4 protein (E1^E4), implying that these two HPV1 E4 functions are linked. We hypothesize that HPV1 E4 inhibits competing host cell DNA synthesis in replication-activated suprabasal keratinocytes by suppressing licensing of cellular replication origins, thus modifying the phenotype of the infected cell in favor of viral genome amplification.


Various Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) around the globe have begun to recognise the strategic importance of Knowledge Management (KM) initiatives in achieving sustained high levels of operational performance. Although these organisations have been involved in KM-related activities for some time, they typically have not viewed and managed these activities from a KM perspective. Several NPPs have been early adopters of KM practices in the nuclear industry and have been proactive in implementing company-wide KM programmes. However, at most NPPs, the concepts and benefits of KM are only beginning to be understood and have yet to be applied. Effective KM enhances a firm's capability to assimilate, create and exploit knowledge. KM is widely recognised in both the management literature and in practice as an important enabler of long-term organisational performance. Its role is particularly important in technology-intensive industries such as the nuclear power industry. This paper summarises the preliminary findings of research being done at Atomic Energy Canada Ltd. (AECL) to explore the link between KM practices and NPP organisational performance. These initial findings are based on a review of the literature and meetings with NPP managers during several nuclear power station visits. The research is being conducted in collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency.


Even though formal property rights are the theoretical response to open access involving natural and environmental resources, they typically are adopted late after considerable waste has been endured. Instead, the usual response in local, national, and international settings is to rely upon uniform rules and standards as a means of constraining behavior. While providing some relief, these do not close the externality and excessive exploitation along unregulated margins continues. As external costs and resource values rise, there finally is a resort to property rights of some type. Transfers and other concessions to address distributional concerns affect the ability of the rights arrangement to mitigate open-access losses. This paper outlines the reasons why this pattern exists and presents three empirical examples of overfishing, over extraction from oil and gas reservoirs, and excessive air pollution to illustrate the main points.


Wildland firefighters perform physical work while being subjected to multiple stressors and adverse, volatile working environments for extended periods. Recent research has highlighted sleep as a significant and potentially modifiable factor impacting operational performance. The aim of this review was to (1) examine the existing literature on firefighters' sleep quantity and quality during wildland firefighting operations; (2) synthesise the operational and environmental factors that impact on sleep during wildland firefighting; and (3) assess how sleep impacts aspects of firefighters' health and safety, including mental and physical health, physical task performance, physical activity and cognitive performance. Firefighters' sleep is restricted during wildfire deployments, particularly when shifts have early start times, are of long duration and when sleeping in temporary accommodation. Shortened sleep impairs cognitive but not physical performance under simulated wildfire conditions. The longer-term impacts of sleep restriction on physiological and mental health require further research. Work shifts should be structured, wherever possible, to provide regular and sufficient recovery opportunities (rest during and sleep between shifts), especially in dangerous working environments where fatigue-related errors have severe consequences. Fire agencies should implement strategies to improve and manage firefighters' sleep and reduce any adverse impacts on firefighters' work.


There is a growing consensus that climate change impacts should be considered in the development of adaptation strategies by decision makers at all levels. This requires identifying cost-efficient adaptation measures, resulting from a structured risk management approach. The Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) approach offers a unique contribution, which combines risk assessment, adaptation measures and risk transfer. Its results allow a flexible identification of cost-effective climate adaptation measures for a variety of projects and sectors. Recently, KfW decided to implement two pilot studies in Bangladesh and El Salvador using the ECA methodology. The main objectives were to support decision makers in developing their adaptation strategy and to develop a climate adaptation measures investment portfolio. Following the evaluation of these two pilot studies, the need to develop a document for practitioners has arisen. The ECA Guidebook aims at filling this gap while complementing the already existing ECA documentation and tools. This Guidebook is tailored for practitioners of developing projects, which promote resilience in developing countries. It aims also at 1) exploring whether ECA methodology is appropriate to the project's goals and 2) offering step-by-step guidance while using the ECA methodology.


Abstract The traveller who presents with fever on return requires a comprehensive assessment. This paper outlines the salient features in assessing these patients. A detailed history, examination and knowledge of diseases prevalent in the areas that were visited is essential if one is to arrive at a diagnosis and institute appropriate treatment or referral. Malaria remains the first differential diagnosis in travellers returning from an endemic area irrespective of precautions taken. The most common illnesses that result in a fever in travellers are presented and a resource list is provided.


Understanding Collapse explores the collapse of ancient civilisations, such as the Roman Empire, the Maya, and Easter Island. In this lively survey, Guy D. Middleton critically examines our ideas about collapse - how we explain it and how we have constructed potentially misleading myths around collapses - showing how and why collapse of societies was a much more complex phenomenon than is often admitted. Rather than positing a single explanatory model of collapse - economic, social, or environmental - Middleton gives full consideration to the overlooked resilience in communities of ancient peoples and the choices that they made. He offers a fresh interpretation of collapse that will be accessible to both students and scholars. The book is an engaging, introductory-level survey of collapse in the archaeology/history literature, which will be ideal for use in courses on the collapse of civilizations, sustainability, and climate change. It includes up-to-date case studies of famous and less well-known examples of collapses, and is illustrated with 25 black and white illustrations, 3 line drawings, 16 tables and 18 maps.