Jennifer M. Hubbard. A Science on the Scale: The Rise of Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Biology, 1898-1939. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. x + 351 pp. $65.00 cloth. Canada's Atlantic fishery has long been a topic of historical interest. Ever since Harold Innis's monumental study, however, scholars have often shaped their histories along economic constructs. Jennifer Hubbard takes a new look at the history of fishery management in Canada by examining the rise of fishery biology as an agent of political and administrative authority. Hubbard's central goal is to place fishery science within a proper historical context that understands how international trends, political agendas, economic motives, and individual personalities all combined to create a fishery Biological Board that was at once a reflection of the international scientific community and something that was uniquely Canadian. Certainly Canadian fishery scientists learned a lot from their Norwegian, English, and American counterparts, but the political and economic atmosphere within Canada shaped the Biological Board into a bureaucratic construct that often became bogged down in the murky world of Canadian politics. Early in the work Hubbard states that "since fisheries science is ultimately an applied science, economic, environmental and political circumstances must be incorporated into any interpretation of its evolution and achievements" (4). Hubbard presents convincing historical evidence that Canadian fishery scientists cannot be so easily classified into opposing camps of applied versus basic (or pure) scientific researchers. Many histories of science focus on this dichotomy, but Hubbard does not see the history of Canadian fishery biology as so simply constructed, but instead argues that the real historical force behind the science was its close tie with industrial leaders and the upper levels of administration within the board's financial backer, the Ottawa-based Department of Marine and Fisheries. The main focus of this sector was to increase market demand and production in order to develop economic security in Atlantic Canada. For example, at the end of the work we see that while Thomas Henry Huxley's scientific theory of the inexhaustibility of ocean fish species did greatly influence Canadian fisheries scientists, it was in fact the close tie to industrial leaders and the government's desire to greatly increase productivity that facilitated the failure of 20th-century fishery scientists to accurately predict or even prepare for the collapse of the Atlantic fish stock. Thus, it was politics and economics, not science, that drove the agenda of Canadian fishery biology. This is not to say that Canadians lacked objective scientific research in marine biology. Many notable names made significant contributions to the international scientific community, and Hubbard argues that the dual applied and basic research approaches enable Canadian fishery biologists to investigate the fisheries in an academic manner while maintaining concerns for the social welfare of the fishing community. Yet, Hubbard argues, the failure of Canadian fishery scientists to place market fish within the ecology of the ocean ultimately led to their failure to fully understand the dynamic of the ocean environment, stating early, "Ironically, although fisheries science should be well situated as an ecological, environmental science, the links between environmental ecology and fisheries biology became tenuous" (10). Here, perhaps, Hubbard goes too far with her critique of Canadian fishery scientists. Few fields of biology began to even investigate the theories of ecology much before the middle of the 20th century, and to expect fishery scientists to be out in front may be too much to ask. Fish were, for the most part, a commodity, very much like agricultural products, and fish science cannot be accurately compared with wildlife science, where ecology began, even if those fish were in fact wildlife. …


Chemotherapeutic agents have been developed for treating bacterial infections and have been widely used for cultured fish for the last 30 years in Japan. The extensive use of chemotherapeutants has resulted in an increase in the occurrence of drug resistance in fish-pathogenic bacteria and also in the bacterial flora of the intestinal tract of cultured fish. The kinds of chemotherapeutants used are correlated with the occurrence of the corresponding drug-resistant genes in fish-pathogenic bacteria. Almost all multiple-drug resistant strains are carried on the transferable R plasmid, although resistance in fish pathogens to nitrofuran derivatives and pyridonecarboxylic acids is associated with a chromosomal gene. The DNA sequences of R plasmids generally differ depending on the species of fish pathogen. Exceptions are the R plasmids of Aeromonas hydrophila and A. salmonicida, which have the same resistance markers as chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfonamides (SA); and the R plasmids of A. hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda, which have the same resistance markers as SA and tetracycline. The fish pathogens A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, E. tarda, Enterococcus seriolicida, Pasteurella piscicida, and Vibrio anguillarum are all widely distributed in fish farms in various areas, and within each species the R plasmid has an identical DNA sequence. The chloramphenicol resistance (cat) gene of the R plasmid from Gram-negative bacteria was classified into CAT I, II, III, and IV according to the DNA sequence. The cat gene of P. piscicida was classified as CAT I, those of A. salmonicida and E. tarda were classified as CAT II, and that of V. anguillarum was classified as CAT II or IV, depending on the time the strains were isolated. The tetracycline-resistance determinants (Tet), which occur in six classes (Tet A through Tet G), were class D in the R plasmids obtained from strains of V. anguillarum that were isolated from 1989 to 1991. The Tet for strains of V. anguillarum isolated from 1973 to 1977 was classified as Tet B, while for strains isolated from 1980 to 1983 it was classified as Tet G.


The article brings out the ambivalent role played by leniency and settlement policies in today's cartel enforcement. Both occupy a prime position in the prosecution of cartels, whilst nevertheless having the potential, if not carefully managed, to undermine deterrence. The article first discusses leniency and settlements within the context of economic theories on deterrence and optimal sanctions. The key practical challenges in the operation of leniency and settlement policies are then outlined, providing examples from recent European Commission and United Kingdom practice, as well as from experiences further afield. There is a risk that over-reliance on leniency and settlements compromises fairness, particularly in the context of the often one-dimensional manner in which these tools are deployed. In the second part, the article argues that beyond a purely economics-driven paradigm, the effective administration of leniency and settlement policies requires fairness and due process to be accommodated in equal measure. Due process within penalty-setting has multiple facets, such as respecting the principles of transparency and equality of treatment, to name but a few. The message in the final part is that competition agencies need to consider ways in which to administer remedies more effectively, addressing the goals of deterrence, restoration and behaviour control in a more coherent manner.


Brittle bone disease or osteogenesis imperfecta is a disease of defective collageninduced inadequate bony matrix, weak bones, frequent and numerous fractures, progressive deformities of limbs and spine, retarded growth and short stature. Induce differentiation of tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell pursue treatment of Osteogenesis imperfecta. This paper addresses critical review over the drugs that have an ability to differentiate bone marrow stem cell as well present effects of drugs on the said disease. The author conducted on extensive review of published literature on stem cells using general search engines and meta search engines through two key search strategies; medical subject heading (mesh) and text word searching. Once the 'key article' was identified, authors used the 'related article' features and further reference list harvesting. As series of research suggest that steroid, dexamethasone, statin like Imatinib mesylate, Desatinib and zoledronic acid are effective drugs for stem cell differentiation by varying mechanism. In conclusion author can say that the embryonic stem cell therapy has a lot of ethical dilemma because of its source as embryo. Better option is to use adult stem cell and increase its differentiation by using natural drug which is more cost effective, having low side effect and solves related ethical concerns as well. Also author advocate in concentrating further researches and funding in this field more on finding natural drug which can give good adult stem cell differentiation like to be embryonic so that society can be served with global acceptance.


Recently, some authors have begun to raise questions about the potential unity of 4E (enactive, embedded, embodied, extended) cognition as a distinct research programme within cognitive science. Two tensions, in particular, have been raised: (i) that the body-centric claims embodied cognition militate against the distributed tendencies of extended cognition and (ii) that the body/environment distinction emphasized by enactivism stands in tension with the world-spanning claims of extended cognition. The goal of this paper is to resolve tensions (i) and (ii). The proposal is that a form of 'wide computationalism' can be used to reconcile the two tensions and, in so doing, articulate a common theoretical core for 4E cognition.


This article addresses the question of how video game players make sense out of their experiences by looking specifically at World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainment 2004) fan-comics on the official game website. It first develops an analytical framework consisting of game discourse to address the different levels that fan-comics refer to the "game" and game narrative to address the ways in which fan-comics utilize narrative aspects of the game in their stories. Sense-making in comics is then used to address how fan-comics use graphic images and verbal text to embed (and narratively frame) conflicting perspectives into specific cognitive and social forms of sense-making. It then applies this analytical framework to three World of Warcraft fan-comics that participate in three different levels of game discourse and presents three different types of sense-making processes. Finally, the article raises questions for future research on the sense-making processes and strategies of video game fan-comics.


The purpose of this study was to explore the under researched area of parents' attitudes towards inclusion in inclusive mainstream early years settings in Thailand. The sample consisted of 71 parents: those with typically developing children (TDC) (50 parents) and children with special educational needs (SEN) (21 parents), residing in Bangkok, Thailand. Data was collected through the use of a mixed methods approach. The results of this study indicate that overall parental attitudes toward inclusion are positive. Parents of TDC identified social development of their children as the key benefit of inclusion but seemed to be concerned about the need for teacher training. Parents of children with SEN identified social acceptance and improved academic skills as advantages of inclusion for their children. Their concerns also focused on mainstream teachers having appropriate training to successfully integrate students with disabilities, and the deployment of special education staff in the regular classroom.


The focus of this paper is on decision-making after a disaster. Based on case studies of recovery after 10 major disasters three fundamentally different processes, types of decision and decision-making groups are distinguished: 1. Meta decisions by politicians and policy makers, preferably made pre-disaster, but in many cases made in the first week or so after the disaster strikes. 2 Operational decisions made by disaster managers responsible for response, relief and early recovery, for the first 6-18 months after a disaster and who may also be concerned with preparedness, awareness raising and training issues before pre-disaster. 3. Planning decisions made by policy makers, urban planners, economists etc. responsible for physical, economic and social recovery and reconstruction from a month after the disaster for 1-5 years. (They may also be responsible for pre-disaster mitigation measures designed to reduce the impact of future disasters.) The paper discusses the relevance of theories of rational and "irrational" decision-making for disaster management and presents a model of recovery based on four sets of factors: Information, Construction, Governance and Resources, The model is used to assess recovery after the 10 major disasters. It is suggested that it might also be used as a checklist in assessing the preparedness and "resilience" of countries at risk from natural hazards.


Introduction: Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma-nasal type (ENKTL-NT) is an aggressive rare non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) subtype. It presents with involvement of the nasal and upper aerodigestive region causing extensive destruction of these midline structures. It has a predilection for the Asian population. Most cases present in the early-stage disease. Treatment outcomes are usually poor, and no consensus for optimal treatment strategy exists. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of ENKTL-NT, diagnosed in a regional cancer center in India during the period of 2013–2018. The demographic and clinical features, laboratory parameters, radiological, histopathological features, and treatment outcomes were studied. Patients were treated with SMILE or AspaMetDex regimes sandwiched with radiotherapy. Statistical analysis was performed using software "Epi Info" Version 7.2, (CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA). Results: Fourteen patients were diagnosed with ENKTL-NT during this period. Eight patients received SMILE, and six patients have received AspaMetDex as induction chemotherapy. Ten (71.42%) of 14 patients have achieved CR. At the median follow-up of 30 months (4–47 months), nine patients relapsed with median progression-free survival of 22 months. The median overall survival was not reached. There were two induction deaths, one in AspaMetDex and one in the SMILE group. All patients receiving SMILE experienced at least one episode of Grade 3/4 hematological toxicity. Patients receiving AspaMetDex did not have any Grade 3/4 hematological toxicity. Discussion: ENKTL-NT in India is not as common as reported in other Asian countries. Patients usually present at an earlier stage because of the peculiar site of affection. It has high response rates, but relapses are common. Most of the relapses occur within the first 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion: ENKTL-NT is rare aggressive NHL subtype with good response to L-asparaginase-based chemotherapy sandwiched with radiation therapy. SMILE is a more toxic regime than AspaMetDex but can be managed with proper supportive care.


We report a 53-year-old man who ingested 2400 mg of citalopram and presented to the emergency department three hours post-ingestion with altered mental status, somnolence, and a blood pressure of 67/45 mmHg. He failed to respond to three boluses of normal saline (1000 ml each) and required vasopressors. The patient developed serotonin syndrome with hyper-reflexia, rigidity, and ankle myoclonus. He had a tonic-clonic seizure in the ER requiring intravenous lorazepam and phenytoin. An ECG showed QT prolongation. Chest x-ray on presentation was normal. Within 32 hours the patient developed acute respiratory distress, hypoxemia, a wide A-a gradient, PaO2/FiO2< 200, and chest x-ray changes compatible with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). He had normal central venous pressures, normal cardiac biomarkers, normal systolic and diastolic functions on echocardiography, and no acute ST/T wave changes. His ABG showed a metabolic acidosis and a respiratory acidosis. The patient required intubation and ventilation. Citalopram has been associated with seizures and ECG abnormalities after overdoses. The respiratory complications and metabolic acidosis have been reported only a few times in the literature.  We are reporting the second case of ARDS and the fifth case of metabolic acidosis due to citalopram overdose and suggest that the metabolic acidemia is explained by propionic acid. The respiratory acidosis seen in this patient has not been reported previously.


Since the 1970s the cognitive sciences have offered multidisciplinary ways of understanding the mind and cognition. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) is a landmark, comprehensive reference work that represents the methodological and theoretical diversity of this changing field. At the core of the encyclopedia are 471 concise entries, from Acquisition and Adaptationism to Wundt and X-bar Theory. Each article, written by a leading researcher in the field, provides an accessible introduction to an important concept in the cognitive sciences, as well as references or further readings. Six extended essays, which collectively serve as a roadmap to the articles, provide overviews of each of six major areas of cognitive science: Philosophy; Psychology; Neurosciences; Computational Intelligence; Linguistics and Language; and Culture, Cognition, and Evolution. For both students and researchers, MITECS will be an indispensable guide to the current state of the cognitive sciences.
 Bradford Books imprint


We report the development of new conductive–magnetic composite films obtained by the entrapment of silver nanowires (AgNWs) in sol–gel derived magnetite. The resulting films are highly adhesive on PET, highly flexible, and translucent. The films were subjected to characterization including resistance, magnetic response, Mossbauer measurements, heat dissipation, and critical bending angle analysis. The addition of a small amount of alumina nanoparticles significantly increases the composite's density and adhesion to the substrate. Capillary pressure arising from the evaporation of the solvent during film formation is the driving force for the high homogeneity of the composite films and for the percolation of the AgNW.


with a number of examples of how error measurement can be done better and be more effectively reflected in data analysis. Most of the chapters are such that a person with a general statistical background can readily absorb what is being said. However, the papers in the last section on estimation will quickly lose anyone whose statistical background is not very strong. For someone who wants to learn how to do survey research, or actually carry out some kind of survey, there is not much practical help in this book; it is not a book for beginners. On the other hand, it is a very valuable collection for those actively engaged in survey research. There are some things in the book that are hard to find anywhere else. The effort to review what we know and why we care about how to carry out various steps in the survey process constitutes the foundation of essentially all the papers here. Very few people would be interested in reading all the papers in this book. However, few people who are concerned with survey methodology, no matter how broad their knowledge, would not find some chapters highly informative and thought-provoking.


What kind of computer is the universe? Here we present three results. The first is a consequence of the Kochen-Specker theorem: If the predictions of quantum mechanics are correct, then the universe cannot be a non-contextual computer. We then show that, if we assume that the density of memory is bounded, then the universe cannot be a classical contextual computer. The third result singles out the universe among all possible contextual computers by exploiting a curious connection with graph theory: In the universe, the maximal contextuality of a set of propositions is given by the Lovasz number of the graph representing their mutual exclusiveness.


1. Two populations of D. siricidicoZa and one of D. rudyi
which had been maintained continuously in monoxenic culture for 1 year (D. siricidicoZa (S), D. rudyi (T)) and 6 years
(D. siricidicoZa (H)) were used to study the effects of a range
of environmental conditions on the egg phase of the free-living
form of DeZadenus.
2. For each population the rate of egg development increased
0 0 with tempera.ture from 5 C to 25 C.
3. The abortion rate of each population was related to
temperature but the nature of the relationship varied from one
population to the next. In each case, abortion rate was lowest
4. There were no significant differences in the relationships
of abortion rate and eclosion failure to temperature.
5. Examination of the effects of pH on the rate of egg
development was inconclusive.
6. Abortion rate varied with pH from pH 2·5 to pH 8•0.
Different reactions were recorded for each population. Optimum
pH was about pH 5·5 for D. siricidicoZa (H) and D. rudyi (T),
about pH 5 • 0 for D. siricidicoZa (S).
7. \i'i.thin each population, abortion rate and eclosion failure
follm.;reC. a similar pattern of change with pH.
8. Considerable variati.on occurred between replicates in the
estimation of fecundity but, on the average, D. siricidiaoZa (S)
were more fecund than D. siricidico Za (H). D. rudyi (T) were
more fecund when cultured on CMA rather than !t; PDA.
- IV -
9. The mean volume of the eggs of D. siricidicoZa (H) was
significantly greater than that of D. siricidicoZa (S) which was
also significantly greater than that of D. ruayi (T).
10. The variance of egg volume of D. rudyi (T) was considerably
less than that of either of the D. sirvicidicoZa populations for
which the variances were not significantly different.
11. There was no correlation between the variance of the egg
volume of these populations and the time interval between hatching
of the first and last eggs.
12. Cross-breeding trials conducted with seven species of
DeZadenus produced a wide range of results; from the parent female
depositing only few eggs, all of which were abortive, to completely
unimpeded production of the Fz generat:ton.
13. With only one exception, intraspecific crosses produced
hybrids without reduced fecundity.
14. Interspecific crosses sometimes resulted in reduced fecundity
among the parents and always among the hybrids produced.
15. The crosses, D. ruayi (UJ7) x D. rudyi (T) and D. rudyi
(UJ7) J1 x D. imperiaZis !f., produced aberrant results suggesting a
close relationship benveen D. rudyi and D. imperiaZis.
16. Differences between D. siricidicoZa (H) and the other two
populations indicated that considerable changes can result from
continuous cultures of the type used for DeZadenus.
17. Differences between D. sirim:dicoZa (S) and D. siricidicoZa (H)
inr:lic12te that the cultures of these populations should be regarded
as differen': strains.


Mycoheterotrophy is a particular mode of life in which
 plants obtain carbohydrates from their associated fungal partners, instead of
 by using photosynthesis. Due to the complexity of mycorrhizal interactions
 and challenges in assessing the outcomes of this symbiosis, cheating has
 remained a poorly researched topic in plant ecology. This thesis aimed to
 shed light on the diversity, ecology and distribution of mycoheterotrophic
 interactions. In my approach, I considered that different drivers may be
 important at different scales and studied four levels of ecological complexity.
 In chapter 2, the specificity of mycoheterotrophic interactions within the
 arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis was assessed at the organism level. In
 chapter 3, biotic interactions between plants and fungi were studied in the
 framework of mycoheterotrophic plant coexistence scenarios at the population
 level. In addition, edaphic abiotic factors potentially influencing the
 occurrence of mycoheterotrophic plants were assessed at the community level
 in chapter 4, through a comparison of soil chemistry and nutrients in plots
 where mycoheterotrophic plants were present with those lacking these plants.
 Finally, in chapter 5 I derived the global drivers for the distribution of
 mycoheterotrophy for both the arbuscular and the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
 from species occurrence data of these plants.


State, Society & Governance in Melanesia ssgm.bellschool.anu.edu.au Constituency development funds (CDFs) are attracting an increasing level of academic attention internationally (see Baskin and Mezey 2014). To date, work done on CDFs in the Pacific, and in Solomon Islands specifically, has lagged behind work done on Africa, South Asia and other regions. This is anomalous given that 2015 has seen CDFs in Solomon Islands rise to historically — indeed globally — high levels. This In Brief outlines the current state of play on CDFs in Solomon Islands, and suggests areas for further research.


This Article identifies and describes a crucial source of innovation failure — linked not to the market but to the structure of social relations that underlie market transactions — that this Article terms social network innovation failures. This source of innovation failure, however, has been obscured by two assumptions in traditional market failure models of innovation. First, market failure models assume that public, non-secret knowledge (or information) will flow freely among communities of innovators and be put to its optimal use. Second, market failure models pay little attention to how good ideas emerge; assuming that good ideas will follow from investment in research and development.
Social network failures are failures of social interaction. Drawing on studies from the sociology of networks, as well as original ethnographic research in innovator communities, this Article develops a taxonomy of social network innovation failures: (1) lack of social-cognitive ties; (2) cognitive distance; and (3) different (or clashing) evaluative frames. It then illustrates how these social network innovation failures are endemic in a wide variety of fields, including computer science, mathematics, public health, and medicine, allowing key pieces of publicly available knowledge and expertise needed to solve complex problems to remain trapped in communities of innovators that do not interact with each other. Understanding social barriers to information flow is especially important in light of findings in the sociology literature that breakthrough ideas arise from the work of teams that bring together knowledge from cognitively distant communities to find and frame new problems at their intersection. Breakthrough ideas are rare precisely because of social network failures.
Not only does patent law fail to address these social barriers to innovation, patent law as currently designed actually reinforces them. The assumption that public knowledge is free flowing, as well as an emphasis on problem-solving that assumes that problems to be solved are simply out there, underlie the key patent law doctrines of novelty, obviousness, and utility, often resulting in decisions that frustrate patent law's fundamental goal of incentivizing innovation. Correcting social network innovation failures requires reorienting patent doctrine to reward not only problem-solving but also problem-finding and problem-framing.
Identifying the social causes underlying innovation failures is essential to the design of effective law and policy interventions. Just as market failure analyses of innovation identified free-riding as a root cause of market inefficiencies — justifying a property right in information as the targeted cure — social network failure analyses identify the social organization and division of knowledge as an independent cause of innovation failure that calls for the design of new, targeted legal interventions. The three types of social network failures identified in this Article recommend the reorganization of innovation policy to prioritize the building of knowledge infrastructures and the restructuring of research funding from a discipline-based to a problem-based model.


Many studies have found that infant-directed (ID) speech has higher pitch, has more exaggerated pitch contours, has a larger pitch range, has a slower tempo, and is more rhythmic than typical adult-directed (AD) speech. We show that the ID speech style reflects free vocal expression of emotion to infants, in comparison with more inhibited expression of emotion in typical AD speech. When AD speech does express emotion, the same acoustic features are used as in ID speech. We recorded ID and AD samples of speech expressing love-comfort, fear, and surprise. The emotions were equally discriminable in the ID and AD samples. Acoustic analyses showed few differences between the ID and AD samples, but robust differences across the emotions. We conclude that ID prosody itself is not special. What is special is the widespread expression of emotion to infants in comparison with the more inhibited expression of emotion in typical adult interactions.


Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic field outside the human head produced by the electrical activity inside the brain. The MEG inverse problem, identifying the location of the electrical sources from the magnetic signal measurements, is ill-posed, that is, there are an infinite number of mathematically correct solutions. Common source localization methods assume the source does not vary with time and do not provide estimates of the variability of the fitted model. Here, we reformulate the MEG inverse problem by considering time-varying locations for the sources and their electrical moments and we model their time evolution using a state space model. Based on our predictive model, we investigate the inverse problem by finding the posterior source distribution given the multiple channels of observations at each time rather than fitting fixed source parameters. Our new model is more realistic than common models and allows us to estimate the variation of the strength, orientation and position. We propose two new Monte Carlo methods based on sequential importance sampling. Unlike the usual MCMC sampling scheme, our new methods work in this situation without needing to tune a high-dimensional transition kernel which has a very high cost. The dimensionality of the unknown parameters is extremely large and the size of the data is even larger. We use Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) to speed up the computation.


A pitch estimation device was proposed for live vocals to output appropriate pitch data through the musical instrument digital interface (MIDI). The intention was to ideally achieve unnoticeable latency while maintaining estimation accuracy. The projected target platform was low-cost, standalone hardware based around a microcontroller such as the Microchip PIC series. This study investigated, optimised and compared the performance of suitable algorithms for this application.

Performance was determined by two key factors: accuracy and latency. Many papers have been published over the past six decades assessing and comparing the accuracy of pitch detection algorithms on various signals, including vocals. However, very little information is available concerning the latency of pitch detection algorithms and methods with which this can be minimised. Real-time audio introduces a further latency challenge that is sparsely studied, minimising the length of sampled audio required by the algorithms in order to reduce overall total latency.

Thorough testing was undertaken in order to determine the best-performing algorithm and optimal parameter combination. Software modifications were implemented to facilitate accurate, repeatable, automated testing in order to build a comprehensive set of results encompassing a wide range of test conditions.

The results revealed that the infinite-peak-clipping autocorrelation function (IACF) performed better than the other autocorrelation functions tested and also identified ideal parameter values or value ranges to provide the optimal latency/accuracy balance.

Although the results were encouraging, testing highlighted some fundamental issues with vocal pitch detection. Potential solutions are proposed for further development.


The single-molecule magnet (SMM) behaviour of dinuclear Ln(III)-Pc triple-decker complexes (Dy(III)-Y(III): 1 and Dy(III)-Dy(III): 2) with the same octacoordination environment and slow magnetic relaxation behaviour were explained using X-ray crystallography and static and dynamic susceptibility measurements. In particular, interactions among the 4f electrons of dinuclear Dy(III)-Pc triple-decker type SMMs have never been discussed on the basis of the same octacoordination environment. Our results clearly show that the Dy(III) ion sites of 1 and 2 are equivalent, consistent with the crystal structure. 2 Exhibited ferromagnetic interaction between Dy(III) ions. This is clear evidence that the magnetic relaxation mechanism depends heavily on the dipole-dipole (f-f) interactions between the Dy(III) ions in the dinuclear systems. For both 1 and 2, quantum tunnelling of the magnetization (QTM) was observed. However, the magnetic relaxation time (τ) for 2 was one order of magnitude greater than that for 1, and single-component magnetic relaxation behaviour was explained. In other words, it is possible to use f-f interactions to increase τ by one order of magnitude.


Enhancing power efficiency and bandwidth of RF power amplifiers (PAs) is always a challenge for future mobile basestation transceivers. Static and especially dynamic nonlinear effects are mainly responsible for decreasing before mentioned parameters. Static effects can be usually characterized by measuring the PA output with a defined input signal. Fast changing dynamic nonlinearities like thermal memory effects are more difficult to determine but have a strong influence on the transfer characteristic of the PA. This work shows a method to measure the temperature of the device close to its channel in RF operation of the PA.


Nickel phosphide (Ni5P4) nanosheets are synthesized using in situ chemical vapor deposition of P on Ni foam. The thickness of the as-synthesized Ni5P4 film is determined to be ∼5 nm, using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The small thickness shortens the diffusion path of Li ions and results in fast ion transport. In addition, the 2D Ni5P4 nanosheets seamlessly connect to the Ni foam, which facilitates electron transfer between Ni5P4 and the Ni current collector. Therefore, the binder/carbon free-nickel supported Ni5P4 shows fast rate performance as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The specific capacity of 2D Ni5P4 is obtained as 600 mA h g−1 at a cycling rate of 0.1C, approaching the theoretical capacity of 768 mA h g−1. Even at a rate of 0.5C, the capacity remains as 450 mA h g−1 over 100 cycles. A capacity >100 mA h g−1 is retained at a very high rate of 20C. Ni5P4 also exhibits a low voltage of ∼0.5 V with respect to Li metal, which makes it a suitable negative electrode for LIBs. In operando31P NMR and 7Li NMR are employed to probe the lithiation and de-lithiation mechanisms upon electrochemical cycling.


Are you thinking of studying at a university in Britain? Do you feel confused about which course is best for you, which university to choose, and how to apply? Are you wondering about what kinds of challenges you will be faced with, how best to approach them and how to overcome them? If so, this guidebook is for you.

Honest and accurate, this book acts as an international student introduction and cultural guide to UK Higher Education. It informs and guides students in thier preparation for all aspects of UK HE, from university selection and application through to particiaption, and provides a clear understanding of how British universities function. Helping international students make the most of the many opportunities that university offers, this text will expand your knowledge of UK Higher Education with regards to:

-Application procedures
-Finances
-Self-awareness, cultural understanding and adaptation (social and academic)
-University admininstrative procedures, faciltites and support
-Work and career information and advice

The International Student's Guide to UK Education is a comprehensive guide that will help students to develop critical and reflective ability in order to become independent, well-infromed and empowered decision makers.


Input variable selection is an essential step in the development of data-driven models for environmental, biological and industrial applications. Through input variable selection to eliminate the irrelevant or redundant variables, a suitable subset of variables is identified as the input of a model. Meanwhile, through input variable selection the complexity of the model structure is simplified and the computational efficiency is improved. This paper describes the procedures of the input variable selection for the data-driven models for the measurement of liquid mass flowrate and gas volume fraction under two-phase flow conditions using Coriolis flowmeters. Three advanced input variable selection methods, including partial mutual information (PMI), genetic algorithm-artificial neural network (GA-ANN) and tree-based iterative input selection (IIS) are applied in this study. Typical data-driven models incorporating support vector machine (SVM) are established individually based on the input candidates resulting from the selection methods. The validity of the selection outcomes is assessed through an output performance comparison of the SVM based data-driven models and sensitivity analysis. The validation and analysis results suggest that the input variables selected from the PMI algorithm provide more effective information for the models to measure liquid mass flowrate while the IIS algorithm provides a fewer but more effective variables for the models to predict gas volume fraction.


This paper documents the maximum theoretical excess return on the market to 3.8% monthly from momentum  trading  in Norway and estimates the economical excess return to be marginally higher than 1% per month when accounting for microstructure  influences. We find that the excess returns of various momentum strategies are not explained by systematic  risk or exposure  to other  factors such as size or book‐to‐market value. We uncover a positive correlation between types of  investor and  the  degree  of momentum  in  the market.  Studying  business  cycles  has  provided  evidence  of reversals following bust periods which are in‐line with behavioral theories of overreaction.


This is a collaborative project between Duscholux and UPC. Through it Duscholux, one pioneer in the manufacture shower enclosures in Spain with over 40 years of experience, aims to gain presence in the market and enhance sales and marketing sections. For that, we thought about development of applications that help to show the product and to generate customer's curiosity, and two games to try to help improving brand's image in the consumer. This project is based on our study of Duscholux's market, and about its products and services offered to this market. Once we knew the company's products and how other companies promote themselves we proceed to make a proposal with a set of applications that enhances image of the mark and expands the number of potential customers. Proposed applications are based on augmented reality on mobile devices with 3D designs. Using this technology we can cause more impact on the consumer increasing his curiosity on Duscholux products. Along this report we introduce in the behaviour, history and current state of augmented reality on mobile devices. We describe the steps and requirements needed to get a development environment for augmented reality applications on Android OS. After explaining the development environment applied to this project will proceed to explain the steps taken and the changes undergone by the company accepted applications during development. Continues with possible future lines and improvements for this project. We end with the conclusions obtained throughout development of this project.


The overall objective of the study was to investigate to what extent the introduction of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations has impacted on some aspects of the natural environment and community on Bugala Island, Uganda for a period of ten months. A combination of both qualitative, quantitative and spatially explicit data methods were used. Research findings indicate that for a period of 15 years (2000 – 2015) the development of oil palm in all Sub-Counties has caused significant reduction of natural vegetation cover (in form of rain forests, grass and wood lands with oil palm trees. It is also perceived that oil palm establishment has led to reduce biodiversity. Currently an area of about 98 km2 had been converted to oil palm plantations. The expansion of oil palm plantations is done by both for BIDCO and out-growers. It is observed that there is a perception among the respondents, that their income has significantly increased (p<0.05) since the establishments of the oil palm plantations on the Island. Communities reported better employment opportunities after the establishment of the oil palm plantations. The results shows that the loss of biodiversity and the conversion of former agricultural land by local land owners who become out-growers to oil palm plantations has increased food insecurity on Bugala Island communities. In addition, the problem of food insecurity was also attributed to insufficient furrowing due to oil palm plantations. Furthermore, as perceived by the respondents, of the practices like the extensive use of large volumes of pesticides and fertilizers in the production of oil palm fruits, on Bugala Island, have reduced the quantity of fish captured from wetlands. To reduce the negative impacts and trade-offs of oil palm plantations and maximize communities' livelihoods alternatives, government decision makers need to restrict the use of forested land for plantation development, enforce existing regulations and encourage out-growers to have food home gardens for improved food security at household level.


During the MINOS campaign in August 2001 comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) was applied to the in situ measurements of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the Fi-nokalia ground station, Crete. The measurement system employs a thermal desorption unit for on-line sampling and injection, and a GC×GC separation system equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) for detection. The system was optimized to resolve C 7 − C 14 organic components. Two-dimensional chromatograms from measurements of Finokalia air samples show several hundred well-separated peaks. To facilitate peak identification, cartridge samples collected at Finokalia were analyzed using the same GC×GC system coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The resulting mass spectra were decon-voluted and compared to spectra from a database for tentative peak identification. About 650 peaks have been identified in the two-dimensional plane, with significant signal/noise ratios (>100) and high spectra similarities (>800). By comparing observed retention indices with those found in the literature , 235 of the identifications have been confirmed. 150 of the confirmed compounds show up in the C 7 − C 14 range of the chromatogram from the in situ measurement. However, at least as many peaks remain unidentified. For quantifica-tion of the GC×GC measurements, peak volumes of measured compounds have been integrated and externally calibrated using a standard gas mixture.


National assessments of student achievement in the basic skills or curricular domains of reading, writing, mathematics and science are conducted in many countries with the aim of improving the quality of education. This paper presents an overview of the findings from a study conducted by a consortium of research staff from the Ministry of Education in Trinidad and Tobago, and university researchers from The University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago and The University of Victoria in Canada on data from such a national assessment programme in Trinidad and Tobago. Preliminary statistical analyses were conducted on data generated by the 2006 administration of the National Test, which included not only the administration of achievement tests in Lanugage Arts and Mathematics, but also the administration of questionnaires to students, parents, teachers, and principals. The findings from this preliminary study suggest that student and parent traits and perceptions are substantially related to student achievement in the foundational skills of language arts and mathematics as measured by the National Test.


Drawing on insights from self-determination theory, we explored the dynamic relationship between intrinsic motivation and innovative work behaviour (IWB) over time. Specifically, we investigated how basic need satisfaction influences IWB through its effect on intrinsic motivation and how IWB in turn affects basic need satisfaction as measured the next day (i.e., a reciprocal relationship). The current study used a longitudinal design comprising a 6-day period and relied on multi-source data from 76 students in industrial product design and electronic engineering who participated in an innovation boot camp. In general, results provided support for the mediating role of intrinsic motivation in the relationship between basic need satisfaction and IWB, as well as the reciprocal relationship between basic need satisfaction and IWB.


Community patterns in species-by-site matrices provide valuable clues for inferring ecological processes at work. One such pattern is the occupancy frequency distribution (OFD) depicting the frequency distribution of row sums (i.e., occupancy) with a quarter OFDs of bimodal forms. Another pattern that also reflects the structure of row sums is the ranked species occupancy curve (RSOC), and has been shown to imply a 50% of bimodality in OFDs. The use of RSOCs has been advocated in literature over the OFD based on two conclusions from a 6-model inference using only 24 matrices: (i) RSOCs have two general forms, with half representing bimodal OFDs; (ii) there are no effects of spatial and study scales on RSOCs of different forms. Using a much more representative dataset of 289 matrices, I cast doubt on these two conclusions. A missing but dominant RSOC model (the truncated power law) is added. The number of species and the nestedness of the community differ significantly among matrices of different RSOC forms; however, the number of sites and the taxa in the studies do not differ among RSOC or OFD forms. The quarter OFDs of bimodal forms is reassured, with the least frequent occupancy consistent with Raunkiaer's law of frequency. Importantly, a RSOC is mathematically transferrable to an OFD, with the derivative of the occupancy ranking curve being equal to the negative reciprocal of the occupancy frequency. Based on the type of the community (null versus interactive) and site environment (homogenous versus heterogeneous), four scenarios are needed to identify pre-inferring assemblage mechanisms. The results highlight the need for shifting research from the emphasis of marginal sums to the analysis of matrix structure for an in-depth understanding of the community assemblage patterns and mechanisms.


Pilus+ to pilus- phenotype change occurs in Neisseria gonorrhoeae through gene conversion of the gonococcus' complete, expressed pilin gene by nucleotides homologous to the pilS1 copy 5 partial pilin gene; assembly missense pilin is synthesized but pili are not. Reversion to pilus+ occurs by a subsequent recombinational event that replaces the complete pilin gene's pilS1 copy 5-like sequence with nucleotides from a different partial gene to effect expression of an orthodox (i.e., pilus producing) pilin. Sibling pilus+ revertants of common parentage can carry different sequences in their expressed pilin genes because they have undergone nonidentical gene conversion events such as recombinations with sequences from different partial genes, or recombinations with different length nucleotide stretches of the same partial gene; either can yield structurally and antigenically variant pilin polypeptides.


Severe river floods often result in huge economic losses and fatalities. Since 1980, almost 1500 such events have been reported in Europe. This study investigates climate change impacts on European floods under 1.5, 2, and 3 K global warming. The impacts are assessed employing a multi-model ensemble containing three hydrologic models (HMs: mHM, Noah-MP, PCR-GLOBWB) forced by five CMIP5 general circulation models (GCMs) under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 6.0, and 8.5). This multi-model ensemble is unprecedented with respect to the combination of its size (45 realisations) and its spatial resolution, which is 5 km over the entirety of Europe. Climate change impacts are quantified for high flows and flood events, represented by 10% exceedance probability and annual maxima of daily streamflow, respectively. The multi-model ensemble points to the Mediterranean region as a hotspot of changes with significant decrements in high flows from −11% at 1.5 K up to −30% at 3 K global warming mainly resulting from reduced precipitation. Small changes (< ±10%) are observed for river basins in Central Europe and the British Isles under different levels of warming. Projected higher annual precipitation increases high flows in Scandinavia, but reduced snow melt equivalent decreases flood events in this region. Neglecting uncertainties originating from internal climate variability, downscaling technique, and hydrologic model parameters, the contribution by the GCMs to the overall uncertainties of the ensemble is in general higher than that by the HMs. The latter, however, have a substantial share in the Mediterranean and Scandinavia. Adaptation measures for limiting the impacts of global warming could be similar under 1.5 K and 2 K global warming, but have to account for significantly higher changes under 3 K global warming.


Confusion runs rampant when it comes to certain theological issues such as the descent of Christ in Ephesians 4:9. Over the centuries, three main interpretations have arisen to explain this enigmatic text. The possible interpretations are that the descent was the Descensus ad Infernos during which Christ visited hell during the three days that He was dead, that the descent was the Incarnation of Christ, or that the descent was the coming of Christ as the Spirit at Pentecost to give spiritual gifts to the believers. In this paper, these three interpretive options are evaluated on the basis of the grammatical factors of the text itself in conjunction with theological factors from inside the epistle to the Ephesians as well as from the rest of the biblical canon. Once the evidence has been properly examined, a theological stance will be adopted and subsequently applied to the use of the Apostles' Creed in public and private worship and instruction.


Recorder Mechanism.—A mechanism is described capable of automatically balancing any network of impedances where the balance point is attained by the motion of one or more sliders along slide wires, and where the balance point is determined by the absence of current in the recorder galvanometer.Relative Humidity Curves.—From the formula for relative humidity in terms of the wet and dry bulb temperatures, it is shown that for constant humidity the relation between wet and dry bulb temperatures is very nearly a linear one, and that the value of the humidity is uniquely defined by the ratio (wet bulb temp.—A)/(dry bulb temp.—B) where B is a constant and A is a function of the relative humidity but changes only slightly with it.Recorder Circuit.—By using a nickel resistance thermometer in a network which is essentially a split circuit potentiometer, it is possible to secure a potential difference across the ends of a slide wire which is directly proportional to (dry bulb temp.—B). In another very similar circuit a potential difference is gotten which is proportional to (wet bulb temp-A). This latter potential difference is automatically balanced against a portion of the former by the recorder mechanism mentioned above, and the position of balance is indicative of the ratio (wet bulb temp.—A)/(dry bulb temp.—B) so that the instrument reads directly in relative humidity.The results of a check on the finished instrument are given from which it appears that the approximations made in the design and any inaccuracies introduced in the actual construction are of no greater magnitude than the uncertainties in the humidity formula itself.Maintenance of Wet Bulb.—Two forms of wet bulb are described which are capable of continuous operation. In one the customary wick is replaced by a spray, and in the other a long wick is provided so that a clean portion can be substituted for the soiled part merely by turning a roller to wind the wick from one holder on to another.


A Hairdresser's Experience in High Life, published in 1859 by freeborn Cincinnati hairdresser Eliza Potter, offers modern readers a voice that contradicts many of our understandings of nineteenth-century African American literature. An exciting first-hand account of work, race, and femininity, this narrative speaks to the possibilities for "working womanhood" that dressing white women's hair offered a Black working woman in the United States before the Civil War. Given that, in her day (as in ours), many Americans considered Black women's labor for white women to be menial and without value, the fact that Eliza Potter published opinionated and largely disparaging insights about the rich white women who were her social superiors is nothing short of remarkable. While we might safely assume that Black working women commonly perceived their white female employers in less than flattering terms, what makes this instance of frankness so singular is that it was published, read, and reviewed by white readers, some of whom were likely the clients she spoke about. (1) Alternately irreverent and high-minded, Potter the author delights and scandalizes readers with accounts of social-climbing, or "parvenu," women, all the while never letting her readers forget that she earned high wages and accumulated quite a bit of money as one of the nation's earliest beauticians (13). Potter's focus on the foibles of her elite clients and the "domestic bitterness" featured in their lives, combined with a scarcity of biographical data on Potter herself, has kept A Hairdresser's Experience in High Life on the margins of nineteenth-century African American literary studies ("The Author's Appeal" iv). This is a rich field centrally concerned with slavery, racism, and African American activism geared around abolition and uplift. Problematically, A Hairdresser's Experience makes no reference to racial injustices and has a peripatetic narrator whose central investment is a "desire to see the world" (11), resisting some of our rubrics for literary race relations in nineteenth-century public print spheres. Given what we know about African American women's difficult negotiations of femininity and their racial proximity to slave women in the cultural imaginary, we have to wonder how a Black working woman could have cultivated the kind of authority Potter displays in her text. Could she have been passing for white? Also, how could a Black woman author represent herself as an independent working woman who proclaims her "liberty" in the book's first paragraph and not as a goal to be reached at its end (11)? Elsewhere, I have argued for the importance of A Hairdresser's Experience on the basis of its unconventional insights into the ways that some Black working women were able to shape their identities as entrepreneurs and social critics even when they remained on the political margins of a nation that viewed them as irrelevant (see Belabored Professions). Part travel narrative and part work narrative, A Hairdresser's Experience dramatizes the authorship possibilities enabled by Potter's hard-won economic independence, but it also speaks to the benefits that Potter reaped because she expressed many of the culture's anxieties about the well-being of femininity and classed identity during the nation's commercial expansion (Santamarina 103-38). That is, even if Potter's subordinate race and class made her an unlikely candidate for the role of "social critic," the fact that she articulated many of the anxieties associated with the period's fear of "confidence men and painted women," to use Karen Halttunen's term, offered her legitimacy among her readers that she might not otherwise have had. It would be a disservice to Potter and to her narrative, however, to suggest that the significance of A Hairdresser's Experience resides only in the singular position of its author relative to her employers, her readers, and the text's principal subject matter, elite white womanhood. …


Electron acceleration by a propagating short ultra-intense laser pulse in a low-density plasma has been investigated. Electrons have the maximum energy when meeting the peak of the laser pulse. If a propagating laser pulse is abruptly stopped by a solid target, the highly energetic electrons will continue to move forward inertially and escape from the laser field. The envelope of the laser pulse is taken into account and there is an optimal position between the electron and the solid target. The electron maximum energy depends on the laser intensity and initial electron energy, and has nothing to do with the polarization of the pulse, but a linearly polarized laser pulse is more effective to accelerate electron than circularly polarized one under the same laser energy. The influence of the reflected light has been taken into account which makes our model more perfect and the results give good agreement with particle in cell simulations.


Abstract: Current Washington State rules governing timber activities-including logging, road construction, and timber processing-were achieved through negotiated compromise. In response to growing concern over the decline of several salmonid species, stakeholders from government agencies, environmental groups, and the timber industry negotiated a plan for regulating timber activities to better meet the needs of aquatic species, while maintaining a robust and sustainable timber industry. The rivers and streams flowing through Washington's forests provide habitat for numerous aquatic species, including several species of anadromous salmonids. Timber activities, however, pose a threat to healthy habitat. In the 1990s, degraded forest habitat in Washington necessitated a change in policy. Without such a change, stakeholders would face a difficult dilemma: if those conducting timber activities continued under the status quo, they would risk costly litigation brought under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) and Clean Water Act (CWA), dramatic regulatory modifications in the future that would make timber operations economically impracticable, or both.Stakeholders opted for a middle ground, devising and implementing a two-part framework for managing timber activities. First, they strengthened rules in order to provide better species protection. Second, they obtained assurances from the federal government that the new rules were strong enough that they provided those conducting timber activities in Washington (1) with immunity from lawsuits under the ESA and the CWA and (2) with regulatory certainty-that is, that no additional, more protective restrictions would attach to the new rules. While this regulatory framework is permissible under the ESA, an assurance of compliance with state and federal water quality laws does not square with the clear mandates of the CWA.INTRODUCTIONForests, and the rivers and streams flowing through them, are the lifeblood of the Pacific Northwest. In addition to providing habitat for a vast array of species1 like the iconic salmon, forests also contribute ecosystem services like carbon sequestration.2 In addition, the forestry industry provides jobs and bolsters the regional economy.3 Balancing the value of forests as habitat and for their ecosystem services against the value of forests as sources of jobs and commodities can present a variety of challenges.4 Uncompromising protection of forests for ecological purposes would threaten the viability of a sustainable forestry industry.5 Concerns about unpredictable regulations weigh heavily in decisions about converting forestland to uses that have greater ecological consequences, like residential development.6 Providing a regulatory climate more likely to keep landowners from converting forestlands thus remains an important objective for all parties.7 Despite the benefit of retaining forestland, there are also costs. Timber activities such as logging and forest road construction can adversely affect aquatic habitat,8 for example, by reducing habitat complexity.9In the late 1980s, stakeholders from industry, government, and conservation groups in Washington State turned to negotiation as the procedure for finding an appropriate balance between a robust forestry industry and healthy forest habitat.10 An alternative to competitive lobbying and court cases, negotiations began to shape policies regarding the management of forestlands.11 In 1996, however, several events caused stakeholders to reevaluate the negotiated policies. At that time, the federal government listed several species of Pacific salmon under the Endangered Species Act (ESA),12 and included 660 Washington stream segments on a Clean Water Act (CWA)13 list of waterbodies with documented water quality problems.14 Again turning to negotiation in lieu of political wrangling and protracted litigation, representatives from Northwest tribes, state and federal agencies, the timber industry, and environmental groups convened to devise a plan to protect aquatic species and their forest habitat. …


This article explores community services approach that intends to change the behavior of young mothers at home in serving food for their families. Research results showed that there were challenges in this suburb area., especially for young mother who can get many facilities to get their daily meals. Unfortunately, the facilities could give negative impacts on them in gaining proper nutrition. The obstacles came from many aspects of society. Thereupon, social intervention for them needs to be handled carefully so that the beneficiaries could get sustainable change. Others have argued that participation is crucial elements in community intervention. This research showed that participation its self is the hard aspect in the suburb especially at the region that has rapid development but lack of social investments. People used to get many projects from different organizations. The helping projects often did not consider sustainability matters. This condition reshapes the people. They become the object of social programs. Maintaining intensive programs based on some practices: collaboration planning and implementation could increase the trust of the beneficiaries. Based on our study on ten young women and other fourteen participants in a suburb of Indonesia, trust is primary material in changing people's behavior. Especially educating people to live in healthy lifestyle as a vital aspect of developing a healthy environment.


type="main"> A number of recent studies claim that when properly computed, factor income shares across countries at different levels of development are essentially uniform. This note evaluates the methodology behind such findings and offers estimates using newly available data. The results for a group of 55 developed, developing, and transition economies for the period 1990–2008 lead us to reject the hypothesis of factor share convergence.


We introduce an architectural approach to improve memory system performance in both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems. The architectural innovation is a flexible active memory controller backed by specialized cache coherence protocols that permit the transparent use of address remapping techniques. The resulting system shows significant performance improvement across a spectrum of machine configurations, from uniprocessors through single-node multiprocessors (SMPs) to distributed shared memory clusters (DSMs). Address remapping techniques exploit the data access patterns of applications to enhance their cache performance. However, they create coherence problems since the processor is allowed to refer to the same data via more than one address. While most active memory implementations require cache flushes, we present a new approach to solve the coherence problem. We leverage and extend the cache coherence protocol so that our techniques work transparently to efficiently support uniprocessor, SMP and DSM active memory systems. We detail the coherence protocol extensions to support our active memory techniques and present simulation results that show uniprocessor speedup from 1.3 to 7.6 on a range of applications and microbenchmarks. We also show remarkable performance improvement on small to medium-scale SMP and DSM multiprocessors, allowing some parallel applications to continue to scale long after their performance levels off on normal systems.


This paper explores current contestations of women's rights and the implications thereof for international legislation. While contestation over women's rights is a far from new phenomenon, over the past two decades opposition to gender equality has become better organized at the transnational level, mobilizing a dispersed set of state and non-state actors, and is becoming more successful in halting the progress of women's rights. I argue that the position of oppositional actors vis-a-vis women rights activism appears to be strengthened by two recent political developments: democratic backsliding and the closure of civic space. Some preliminary findings show how these interrelated developments lead to an erosion of women's rights at the national level. Governments use low key tactics to dismantle institutional and implementation arrangements and sideline women's organisations. Next, I explore the implications of these developments for gender equality norms at the national and international level. The active strategy of counter norming adopted by conservative and religious state and non-state actors, designed to circumvent and also undermine Western norms, is increasingly successful. In addition to this, the threatened position of domestic actors monitoring compliance of international treaties, makes the chances of backsliding on international commitments much higher.


For over a century and a half, Americans have sought to reform the public schools as a way of improving not just education but society. They have translated their cultural anxieties and hopes into dramatic demands for educational reform. Individually Guided Education (IGE) was one of these educational reform efforts which extended over a period of fifteen years, beginning in 1964. IGE was conceptualized as a comprehensive alternative system of schooling designed to produce higher educational achievements by providing effectively for differences among students in rate of learning, learning style, and other characteristics (Klausmeier, 1972, p. 48). IGE, combining progressive ideas with newly developed technologies by the 1960s, was built up of carefully researched and tested components, including a tested dissemination strategy that led to state-wide adoptions and implementation in many states by the late 1970s. The program was widely acclaimed and used, until Federal support for profess ional development and technical support activities was withdrawn (Marshall & John, 1992, p. 8). One of the nation's drives toward educational reform in the 1990s is characterized as standards-based education movement. The press for standards was evidenced by the efforts of federal and state legislators, presidential and gubernatorial candidates, teachers and subject-matter specialists, councils, governmental agencies, and private foundations (Glaser & Linn, 1993, p. xiii). Advocates for standards education point out the need for the common curriculum, the variation in current grading practices, the lack of attention to educational outputs, and the example of other countries (Marzano & Kendall, 1999). By contrast, some critics (Brandt, 1995; Diegmueller, 1995; Eisner, 1995) raised such issues as resources, educational apartheid, standards as new attempts at previous failed reforms, content, and volume of material. A critical review of this standards education movement reveals that the movement is in many respects similar to IGE in that the movement attempts to integrate standards, assessment, and accountability as recommended, for example, by the Pennsylvania Governor's Advisory Commission. 1 This paper examines the development, implementation, and evaluation of IGE in the 1960s-1970s and provides some historical insights relevant to the standards-based education movement. In the following I will first trace the historical forerunners of IGE and origins from which IGE was developed. Then I will describe the development and diffusion of IGE and present a brief description of seven components of IGE. Following this, I will examine the results of a large scale evaluation study which was conducted by the researchers at the Wisconsin Research and Development Center. Finally, I will discuss IGE from a broader historical perspective and draw some conclusions about what can be learned from the IGE reform experience, especially in relation to the standardsbased education movement.


In the paper the results of experimental studies of film structures in the Fe-Bi system are presented. By the method of electron magnetic resonance, it is shown that for bilayer structures the magnetic state depends on the order of deposition of the magnetic and non-magnetic layers. In the three-layer structures, the effect of exchange bias was found, the magnitude of that depends on the thickness of the bismuth layer.


Background Heavy drinkers of alcohol are reported to use hospitals more than non-drinkers, but it is unclear whether light-to-moderate drinkers use hospitals more than non-drinkers. Objective We examined the relationship between alcohol consumption in 10,883 men and 12,857 women aged 40–79 years in the general population and subsequent admissions to hospital and time spent in hospital. Methods Participants from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population-based study were followed for ten years (1999–2009) using record linkage. Results Compared to current non-drinkers, men who reported any alcohol drinking had a lower risk of spending more than twenty days in hospital multivariable adjusted OR 0.80 (95%CI 0.68–0.94) after adjusting for age, smoking status, education, social class, body mass index and prevalent diseases. Women who were current drinkers were less likely to have any hospital admissions multivariable adjusted OR 0.84 (95%CI 0.74–0.95), seven or more admissions OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.66–0.88) or more than twenty hospital days OR 0.70 (95%CI 0.62–0.80). However, compared to lifelong abstainers, men who were former drinkers had higher risk of any hospital admissions multivariable adjusted OR 2.22 (95%CI 1.51–3.28) and women former drinkers had higher risk of seven or more admissions OR 1.30 (95%CI 1.01–1.67). Conclusion Current alcohol consumption was associated with lower risk of future hospital usage compared with non-drinkers in this middle aged and older population. In men, this association may in part be due to whether former drinkers are included in the non-drinker reference group but in women, the association was consistent irrespective of the choice of reference group. In addition, there were few participants in this cohort with very high current alcohol intake. The measurement of past drinking, the separation of non-drinkers into former drinkers and lifelong abstainers and the choice of reference group are all influential in interpreting the risk of alcohol consumption on future hospitalisation.


A number of karst springs rise in the Carboniferous strata of the Mells Valley,
Somerset which is an area surrounded by many active and disused quarries.
Some of these karst springs actively deposit tufa, a secondary precipitate of
calcium carbonate, and they have been identified by the Environment Agency
as potentially vulnerable to the effects of local sub-water table quarrying. A
comparative study of a tufa-depositing spring, Whitehole Farm Spring, and a
non tufa-depositing spring, St. Dunstan's Well, was carried out in order to
determine the influence of hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and
environmental biology on the processes of tufa deposition. The two springs
are approximately 2 km apart and located within the same outcrop of
Carboniferous Limestone strata.
A series of qualitative dye-tracing tests established a positive hydraulic
connection between a feeder stream which rose in the Old Red Sandstone of
the upper hydrological catchment, a sinkhole at the junction with the Lower
Limestone Shales and Whitehole Farm Spring resurgence in the
Carboniferous Limestone. The sinkhole was shown to have two separate
channels to the water table. The tests demonstrated that structural geology
and the water table had definable effects on the subterranean route and travel
time of the allogenic recharge water. The recharge water to Whitehole Farm
Spring was guided by the SE - NW Downhead Fault and did not follow the
SW - NE course of the natural dry valley. The water velocity was dependent
on the height of the local water table at the time of the tests. Hydrograph
analysis of flow data combined with the dye-tracing tests illustrated the rapid
response of the springs to storm events (< 24 hrs). The results gave an
indication of the shallow nature of the Carboniferous Limestone aquifer and
the different stages of development of fissures and conduits in the two spring
systems, St. Dunstan's Well being a more mature karst system than
Whitehole Farm Spring.
Analysis of 18 monthly water samples from both springs at their resurgences
and 100 metres downstream revealed temporal and spatial differences in the
hydrogeochemistry of the springs and their streams. Ca 2+ and HCOs' were
the dominant ions in both spring waters, however, neither of the spring
resurgences were supersaturated with respect to calcite (Whitehole Farm
Spring, mean -0.17 ± 0.08 Sic ; St. Dunstan's Well, mean -0.33 ± 0.08 Sic).
The resurgence water at Whitehole Farm Spring was higher in Ca 2+ (mean
112 ± 3.35 mg I" 1 ) than at St. Dunstan's Well and became supersaturated as it
flowed downstream (mean 0.43 ±0.10 Sic). Lower Ca 2+ levels at St.
Dunstan's Well (80 ± 2.7 mg I" 1 ) were influenced by the degassing of recharge
water and the deposition of calcite as speleothem within the open system of
caves behind the resurgence. Downstream supersaturation was also lower
(-0.011 ± 0.079 Sic). There was a highly significant difference (p <0.001)
between mean daily flow at Whitehole Farm Spring (0.95 ±0.19 ML d" 1 ) and
St. Dunstan's Well (11. 58 ± 1.93 ML d" 1 ). Electrical conductivity, total
dissolved solids, alkalinity, Na, K, and NO 3 were also higher at Whitehole
Farm Spring, the differences being significant (p < 0.01).
There were major differences in the biodiversity and environment of the two
sites. Petrographic examination of field-collected tufa samples from
Whitehole Farm Spring demonstrated that the stream flora, in particular lower
plants, and the surrounding riparian vegetation were a major influence on the
formation and morphology of the tufa deposits. Newly accreted tufa which
had formed on artificial substrates placed in the stream, revealed calcite
crystals surrounding the empty moulds of filamentous cyanobacteria.
Hydrological conditions within the stream also influenced the
micromorphology of calcite crystals forming on two filamentous algal species,
Vaucheria longata and Zygnema stellinum.
Whitehole Farm Spring was also found to be the more stable environment
where biodiversity was higher. The shaded conditions created by Whitehole
Farm Spring's woodland environment were beneficial to the growth of
filamentous algae, cyanobacteria and bryophytes. The dominant species
upstream was a crustose epilithic red alga Hildenbrandia rivularis.
Downstream, in and on the tufa deposits the dominant aquatic flora were a
number of species of the filamentous yellow-green alga Vaucheria and the
cyanobacterium Lyngbya and the moss species Palustriella (Cratoneuron)
commutatum. These species were either absent or growing under different
ecological conditions at St. Dunstan's Well where there was sparse woodland.
The dominant species at St. Dunstan's Well was the filamentous green alga
Cladophora glomerata which was not present at Whitehole Farm Spring.
Debris from the surrounding riparian vegetation at Whitehole Farm Spring
acted as substrates for colonisation by microorganisms which enhanced the
nucleation and growth of tufa in the stream. Hydrological and environmental
conditions at St. Dunstan's Well prevented the accumulation of organic debris
within the stream flow. The study highlighted the need for conservation of the
natural environment and biota in order to maintain actively-depositing tufa
springs.


This paper investigates the effects of corporate tax reform in Japan, wherein the (effective) corporate income tax rate decreases from 34.62% to 29.74% and the rates of size-based business taxation (levy on the sum of labor cost and other factor payment) rise at 2.5 times. We implement a simulation based on a dynamic macroeconomic model including capital structure (i.e., choices of equity, debt, and retained earnings) in the proposed model in order to implement investment, and measure the incidence of corporate income tax on labor income. This tax reform implies that the tax base is shifted from corporate income to labor cost, because it accounts for the majority of factor payments for most firms on which the size-based business taxation or "pro-forma" taxation is imposed. We find that the benefit on labor income from reduction of corporate income taxation is decreased by about 30% by expansion of the size-based business taxation from a simulation result. A reason behind the phenomena is distortion stemming from the size-based business taxation. Labor income increases due to lowering (effective) corporate income tax rate, nevertheless it loses due to rising rates of size-based business taxation.


The first decade of that century started to discuss Agile and Leagility more intensively. This paper follows the flow and wants to demonstrate how to use Pareto and Leagility concepts to create supply chain models. Analysing data from a multinational food company, it was able to show measures that can be taken by the firm for minimizing waste, being more responsive or both. After a literature review about Lean, Agile and manly Leagility, utilizing manly medium and high impact factor articles (ISI), this paper collected data from more than 700 skus of a huge company of chicken production, classified those in general ABC classification and also in ABC for each category.This article gave examples of waste for the A curve of the studied company. With same proposal, it appeared to be reasonable to offer a methodology for that B items, specially that one whose demand is more volatile than A curves items, but its productions need to keep being done by forecast and demand planning. At least, original C curve was divided into two: Items with huge gross margin sales and items with small gross margin.


This short dissertation presents a case study of eleven students from a typical former 'Model C' single sex high school in Durban South Africa. At the time of the study, 2006, these were the only students who were actively availing themselves of the school's limited opportunities for studying and making music. The school, which shall remain anonymous, is shown to typify a psychosocial environment that is at best indifferent to active musical participation and, at worse, hostile to it. The study investigates how the attitudes towards, and the perceptions of, music involvement at the school emerge as stereotypical ways of thinking that are counter to the interests of its learners. This case study, supported by two questionnaires completed by peers and parents, and informed by the researcher's experience teaching Music at the school, generated conclusions from which explanations for the general reluctance of adolescent males to engage in specific kinds of school-based musical activities have been attempted. Informing the analysis and interpretation of the data is Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development as it pertains to the psychosocial characteristics of adolescent males and provides an explanation as to the extent to which social environments can influence the individual. A close reading of the subjects' responses helps in the articulation of the generally unspoken assumptions of 'muscular Christianity', the Victorian ethos that continues to dominate in schools such as the one that formed the focus of this study, and which is still pervasive in many if not most South Mrican schools.


WE BELIEVE TECHNOLOGY is at the core of education reform, so we are giving you money and flexibility, but it is up to you to make it happen and then tell us what works. That was the clear message I took from recent forays to Washington, DC, where I intended to find out what the Obama administration has in mind for advancing the use of technology in public education. During my visits, I interviewed Secretary of Education Arne Duncan and Jim Shelton, the assistant secretary for innovation and improvement; attended a forum on emerging technologies held by the State Educational Technology Directors Association (SETDA; www.setda.org), where Shelton and Aneesh Chopra, White House chief technology officer, held forth in a lively question-and-answer session; and participated in a private gathering for SETDA members with Department of Education (ED) staff responsible for the operation of Title II-D, the federal Enhancing Education Through Technology (EETT) program. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] "Technology is essential to the strategies we are using to reform education," Shelton said at one point during the Q&A at the emerging technologies forum. Speaking directly to SETDA members, he said, "People are about to figure out how important you are to accomplishing education reform in this country." He cited the four assurances that are at the core of the education funding created by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009: college- and career-ready standards, preK-to-college career and data systems, improvements in teacher effectiveness, and intensive support for low-performing schools. And he said that it is impossible to make good on any of the four without technology, particularly the providing of help to students in low-performing schools. "The question is," Shelton asked, "what do we do to actually excel, not just meet basic standards?" Duncan and Chopra believe that technology can play its most important role in education by tracking student progress to help teachers realize when instruction is working and when it is not. Chopra explained how large retail stores can adjust sale items in response to all sorts of varied data points, such as weather, the score of an NFL game, and the day of the week, while teachers wishing to adjust instruction to make decisions that are right for students are struggling with disconnected analog inputs from curriculum, textbooks, and test scores. "Data and analytics are the key," Chopra said emphatically. Duncan agreed, saying there was no longer any reason for teachers to have to rely on "just a guess or an assumption or a hunch--and all that is driven by technology." According to Duncan, the administration is putting an unprecedented amount of money into education and technology, and wants the recipients of the funding to try innovative ways of applying it. He has concerns about ARRA funds being flowed through established programs. "What we really want to do is have folks rethink existing resources," Duncan said, rather than put their attention only on the stimulus dollars. His department is making an effort to cite best practices and provide the funds with as few strings as possible, but it is up to the local school districts to implement. "When I was in Chicago," he joked, "I used to think that all the good ideas could not come out of Washington, and now that I am here, I know all the good ideas don't come from here. "This is a test of leadership. We want to empower local leadership." Readying a New Tech Plan As for EETT funding, Duncan said that the cut in the program for the proposed 2010-2011 budget--from the current $267 million down to $100 million--should not be taken as a signal about how the Obama administration regards technology. "Not at all," he said with a firm shake of his head, and then looked to Shelton. "Through the stimulus, we have an unprecedented $650 million [for EETT]," Shelton said, picking up from his boss. …


We present a general approach for collaborative filtering (CF) using spectral regularization to learn linear operators mapping a set of "users" to a set of possibly desired "objects". In particular, several recent low-rank type matrix-completion methods for CF are shown to be special cases of our proposed framework. Unlike existing regularization-based CF, our approach can be used to incorporate additional information such as attributes of the users/objects---a feature currently lacking in existing regularization-based CF approaches---using popular and well-known kernel methods. We provide novel representer theorems that we use to develop new estimation methods. We then provide learning algorithms based on low-rank decompositions and test them on a standard CF data set. The experiments indicate the advantages of generalizing the existing regularization-based CF methods to incorporate related information about users and objects. Finally, we show that certain multi-task learning methods can be also seen as special cases of our proposed approach.


This book is an expanded version of the Hermann Weyl Lectures given at the Institute for Advanced Study in January 1986. It outlines some of what is now known about irreducible unitary representations of real reductive groups, providing fairly complete definitions and references, and sketches (at least) of most proofs. The first half of the book is devoted to the three more or less understood constructions of such representations: parabolic induction, complementary series, and cohomological parabolic induction. This culminates in the description of all irreducible unitary representation of the general linear groups. For other groups, one expects to need a new construction, giving "unipotent representations." The latter half of the book explains the evidence for that expectation and suggests a partial definition of unipotent representations.


The history of such notions as heat, temperature, and entropy is considered. The notions were created and evolved both with technique's requirements and during the advance- ment of heat science. Some examples from different fields of mathematics which had a great impact on the notion evolution are given. The deduction of Maxwell and Boltzmann distribu- tions is fully considered. The tragedy of pioneers, who worked in this filed, is also discussed.


Abstract This thesis has been done in Barcelona, Spain, in cooperation with the University of Gavle (HiG) and the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC). At UPC there is a project carried out where the goal is to analyze the characteristics and performance of the wind turbine IT-100, with an intention to optimize it. This is carried out by assignment of Engineers Without Borders and Practical Action. The purpose of the thesis has been to present what power, value of tension and current the turbine will produce in different wind velocities. The IT-100 is built to generate electricity to the population in the countryside in, among other countries, Peru. The energy the turbine captures from the wind will be used to charge vehicle batteries that are used in the households as a source of electricity. This is an effective, cheap and environmental-friendly way of supplying households with electricity. The idea of using the energy in the wind has been known for thousands of years. It started with simple windmills for grinding grain and later more complicated machines like wind turbines were created. Wind power is one of the worlds cleanest sources of energy with as good as no emissions at all while in running. The result of the work with this thesis work is an Excel file where the, by the purpose requested, parameters are presented in relation to different wind velocities. With some conditions set from the start, some known values of reference and the rotor blades rotational speed as a key variable, these parameters were possible to calculate. During the work, the project came upon some difficulties such as; not enough information about the wind turbine, too little previous knowledge among the students and trouble with the Spanish language. However, on the whole the project has been successful and a good learning experience.


Machine learning (ML) techniques are enjoying rapidly increasing adoption. However, designing and implementing the systems that support ML models in real-world deployments remains a significant obstacle, in large part due to the radically different development and deployment profile of modern ML methods, and the range of practical concerns that come with broader adoption. We propose to foster a new systems machine learning research community at the intersection of the traditional systems and ML communities, focused on topics such as hardware systems for ML, software systems for ML, and ML optimized for metrics beyond predictive accuracy. To do this, we describe a new conference, SysML, that explicitly targets research at the intersection of systems and machine learning with a program committee split evenly between experts in systems and ML, and an explicit focus on topics at the intersection of the two.


Databases of site production have an important role to play in the investigation and understanding of diseases, since they store valuable amounts of disease and management data. Diseases pose an important constraint to economic expansion of aquaculture. They are dependent on the complex interacting factors of pathogen, environment, and host, and the causes of death can be related to nutritional, environmental, and genetic factors of the host or infectious agents. We examined the drivers of mortality from a single site-production database, which represented one-third of Scottish farmed salmon Salmo salar L. production in 2005, to determine whether mortality 'benchmarking' data could be generalised across sites and production cycles. We show that farm mortality records play an important role in studying mortality losses and identifying of management problems in production. We found that mortalities varied across the months of the year and with the time of year of initial stocking. Production cycles that started in the third quarter of the year had the highest mortality overall. Furthermore, we found site-to-site variation in mortality that may have been caused by either random occurrence of epidemics and environmental events or other local effects.


Bayesian optimization (BO) is a popular method for optimizing expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions. BO budgets are typically given in iterations, which implicitly assumes each evaluation has the same cost. In fact, in many BO applications, evaluation costs vary significantly in different regions of the search space. In hyperparameter optimization, the time spent on neural network training increases with layer size; in clinical trials, the monetary cost of drug compounds vary; and in optimal control, control actions have differing complexities. Cost-constrained BO measures convergence with alternative cost metrics such as time, money, or energy, for which the sample efficiency of standard BO methods is ill-suited. For cost-constrained BO, cost efficiency is far more important than sample efficiency. In this paper, we formulate cost-constrained BO as a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP), and develop an efficient rollout approximation to the optimal CMDP policy that takes both the cost and future iterations into account. We validate our method on a collection of hyperparameter optimization problems as well as a sensor set selection application.


In modern diesel fuel a proportion of biodiesel is blended with petro-diesel to reduce environmental impacts. However, it can adversely affect the operation of nonwoven coalescing filter media when separating emulsified water from diesel fuel. This can be due to factors such as increasing water content in the fuel, a reduction in interfacial tension (IFT) between the water and diesel, the formation of more stable emulsions, and the generation of smaller water droplets. Standard water/diesel separation test methods such as SAE J1488 and ISO 16332 use monoolein, a universal surface-active agent, to simulate the effects of biodiesel on the fuel properties as part of water separation efficiency studies. However, the extent to which diesel/monoolein and diesel/biodiesel blends are comparable needs to be elucidated if the underlying mechanisms affecting coalescence of very small water droplets in diesel fuel with a low IFT are to be understood.

To address this challenge, test fuels composed of reference diesel (REF diesel)/biodiesel and REF diesel/monoolein were experimentally studied to determine fuel properties such as IFT, water content, and dynamic viscosity, as well as online droplet size distributions with reference to IFT. It was found that biodiesel and monoolein do not influence the IFT of water in fuel in a comparable manner and resulting water droplet size distributions are substantially different. Fuels blended with biodiesel exhibited higher viscosity and water content than fuel freshly blended with monoolein. Online measurement of water droplet sizes revealed substantially smaller water droplets in biodiesel blends compared to monoolien blends at the same IFT measured using offline tensiometry. These results may be instructive for the development of standard test methods that simulate the effect of biodiesel blends in fuel-water separation, as well as for improving the design of fuel-water separation systems.


Abstract Initial genome wide association studies (GWAS) of common cancers focused on combining all available cases in order to maximize the statistical power of the studies. While many genome wide significant associations (p < 5 × 10−8) were observed, this approach overlooked the possibility that certain genetic risk factors might have greater effects in specific populations. With this in mind more recent studies have focused on associations between common genetic variants and disease in populations other than those of northern European ancestry. In addition, GWAS of predisposed individuals, such as carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, have been conducted based on the hypothesis that unique modifiers of breast and ovarian cancer risk might influence disease in these populations. More recently, associations with histological subtypes of tumors have been observed for a number of different cancer types. In the setting of breast cancer, specific associations with estrogen receptor status of tumors and even triple negative tumors (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative) have been reported. Ongoing studies further suggest that specific associations with histochemical markers and tumor grade may also exist in the general population. Here we will discuss recent associations between genetic variants and subpopulations of disease using breast cancer as a model, and consider the importance of these findings for an improved understanding of the etiology of breast cancer and enhanced cancer risk assessment. Citation Format: Fergus J. Couch. Tumor heterogeneity: Making the most of diversity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA11A.


We discuss the possibility of geometrizing interactions by exploiting the "principle of solidarity" between space-time and the physical phenomena occurring in it (formulated by the Italian matematician B. Finzi in 1955). This is accomplished by means of a deformation of the Minkowski metric, implemented by assuming that the metric coefficients depend on the energy of the process considered. Such a formalism ("Deformed Special Relativity") allows one, among the others, to deal with the breakdown of Lorentz invariance and to recover it in a generalized sense.