Lightning NO x emissions calculated using the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network data were found to account for 30% of the total NO x emissions for July–August 2004, a period chosen both for having higher lightning NO x production and high ozone levels, thus maximizing the likelihood that such emissions could impact peak ozone 5 levels. Including such emissions led to modest, but sometimes significant increases in simulated surface ozone when using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ). Three model simulations were performed, two with the addition of lightning NO x emissions, and one without. Domain-wide daily maximum 8-h ozone changes due to lightning NO x were less than 2 ppbv in 71% of the cases with a maximum of 10-ppbv; 10 whereas the di ff erence in 1-h ozone was less than 2 ppbv in 77% of the cases with a maximum of 6 ppbv. Daily maximum 1-h and 8-h ozone for grids containing O 3 monitoring stations changed slightly, with more than 43% of the cases di ff ering less than 2 ppbv. The greatest di ff erences were 42-ppbv for both 1-h and 8-h O 3 , though these tended to be on days of lower ozone. Lightning impacts on the season-wide maximum 15 1-h and 8-h averaged ozone decreased starting from the 1st to 4th highest values (an average of 4th highest, 8-h values is used for attainment demonstration in the U.S.). Background ozone values from the y-intercept of O 3 versus NO z curve were 42.2 and 43.9 ppbv for simulations without and with lightning emissions, respectively. Results from both simulations with lightning NO x suggest that while North American lightning 20 production of NO x can lead to significant local impacts on a few occasions, they will have a relatively small impact on typical maximum levels and determination of Policy Relevant Background levels.


A mixed LP norm of a function on a product space is the result of successive classical Lp norms in each variable, potentially with a different exponent for each. Conditions to determine when one mixed norm space is contained in another are produced, generalizing the known conditions for embeddings of Lp spaces. The two-variable problem (with four Lp exponents, two for each mixed norm) is studied extensively. The problem's "unpermuted" case simply reduces to a question of Lp embeddings. The other, "permuted" case further divides, depending on the values of the Lp exponents. Often, they fit the "Minkowski case", when Minkowski's integral inequality provides an easy, complete solution. In the "non-Minkowski case", the solution is determined by the structure of the measures in the component Lp spaces. When no measure is purely atomic, there can be no mixed-norm embedding in the non-Minkowski case, so for such measures the problem is solved. With at least one purely atomic measure, the non-Minkowski case divides further based on the structure of the measures and the values of the exponents. Various necessary conditions and sufficient conditions are found, solving a number of subcases. Other subcases are shown to be genuinely complicated, with their solutions expressed in terms of an optimization problem known to be computationally difficult. With some difficult cases already present in the two-variable problem, it is impractical to cover every case of the multivariable problem, but results are presented which fully solve some cases. When no measure is purely atomic, the multivariable problem is solved by a reduction to the Minkowski case of certain two-variable subproblems. The multivariable problem with unweighted `p spaces has a similar reduction to easy two-variable subproblems. It is conjectured that this applies more generally; that, regardless of the structures of the involved measures, when every permuted two-variable subproblem fits the Minkowski case, the full multivariable mixed norm inclusion must hold.


This descriptive qualitative study examined perceived barriers to health care among Chuukese migrant women in Guam and explored which factors influenced health-seeking behaviors. Study participants recommended interventions which may reduce those perceived barriers. Since the Compact of Free Association with the United States was enacted in 1985, there has been a dramatic rise in the numbers of Chuukese migrating to Guam. This migration is anticipated to continue with more migrants needing health care, education, and social services. Little is known about their perceptions of barriers to health care services or the cultural, social, economic, and other factors that influence their health-seeking behaviors. Focus group interviews provided rich data, which were analyzed using content analysis. Themes included barriers to seeking and maintaining health and social and cultural factors influencing health-seeking behaviors. Major barriers identified were financial issues, difficulty in obtaining care due to long wait times, transportation problems, and struggles with both language and cultural nuances of communication. It was found that the women identified a mistrust of health and social services resulting from communication barriers. Social and cultural factors included the use of traditional Chuukese medicines, lack of preventive care services, confidentiality concerns, and feelings of mistreatment. Participants made recommendations for improved care and expressed a strong desire to achieve the mutual goal of better health care for Chuukese migrants in Guam.


As human capital is a major source of economic growth in today's organizations, there is a need for well-functioning human resource practices that are designed to guide and direct the effort of employees. This thesis investigates three relevant human resource practices: subjective performance evaluations, target agreements and intra-firm trainings. Four empirical papers are presented that reveal insights about biases in performance evaluations, gender differences in manager's evaluation behavior, the determinants and effects of using target agreements and the effects of intra-firm trainings.
Chapter 2 examines the often claimed conjecture that subjective performance evaluations are biased due to personal preferences of supervisors towards their subordinates. It is hence empirically analyzed whether the social proximity in a supervisor-subordinate relationship implies lenient evaluations when holding the performance of individuals constant. Based on personnel records of a call-center it is shown, while controlling for objective performance measures and using fixed effects regressions, that employees in smaller teams receive more lenient evaluations compared to employees working in larger teams. Also, a repeated appraisal by the same supervisor implies a more positive evaluation as compared to evaluations in first-time supervisor-subordinate relations. The third chapter analyzes whether female and male managers show different behavior when evaluating their subordinates. In detail, the gender difference in differentiating between employees is investigated. Higher differentiation in evaluations increases the marginal return for effort and should hence improve the incentive setting for employees. While conducting fixed effects regressions and eliminating unobserved heterogeneity between work units it is revealed that units that are supervised by female managers receive more differentiated grades than units with male supervisors. Also, female managers seem to do well in the tough part of differentiation, namely in assigning poor grades to employees. In chapter 4, an empirical analysis on the determinants and the effects of using target agreements on firm's performance is presented. Based on a large-scale survey data set of firms (IAB Panel) for the years 2005 and 2007, the company and workforce characteristics that may determine the use of target agreements in firms are analyzed. Moreover, it is shown that the introduction of target agreements seems to positively affect firm's performance. In the last chapter, the effects of employees' training participation on their absence behavior and turnover probability are being studied. Human capital theory suggests that receiving training in general skills increases their market value for other firms and should imply an increased turnover probability if wages are not adequately matched. Furthermore, accumulating human capital through training increases the employees' opportunity cost of working. Absenteeism should hence decrease persistently. Based on personnel records of a multinational firm we find that, in contrast to human capital predictions, general training leads to a decreased turnover probability. Loyalty is hence even reduced as general training may be perceived as a signal of trust in the employee. Furthermore, only a short term decrease in absenteeism is found for trained employees suggesting that employees might temporarily reciprocate to firm-sponsored trainings.


Following the introduction of the euro, the European Union has started to debate the desirability and feasibility of more co-ordination in the field of capital income taxation. In contrast with product taxes, the EU Treaty does not provide for explicit authority to harmonize income taxes. So far, little co-ordination has taken place, even though the capital income tax base is much more mobile and hence more difficult to tax than is, for instance, consumption (and labour). There is much discussion on a minimum withholding tax on interest and on a code of conduct for business income taxes, but in practice little real progress is being made in aligning the various capital income taxes. More fundamentally, a broad, tax-policy type of discussion on whether, where, and how capital income should be taxed is lacking. The papers in this volume try to fill this void. Roger Gordon addresses the question of whether or not capital income should be taxed. Subsequently, Peggy Musgrave and Richard Bird / Scott Wilkie try to come to grips with the question of where capital income should be taxed-in the member state of source or the member state of residence. Michael Devereux and Harry Huizinga / Soren Bo Nielsen then analyse various issues that arise in taxing equity income and imposing a withholding tax on interest. Next, Stephen Bond and Sijbren Cnossen discuss specific comprehensive proposals for taxing capital income in open economies. Finally, Scott Newlon and Charles McLure / Joann Weiner look at the difficulties of and alternatives to maintaining separate corporate income taxes in the EU. This introductory chapter summarizes the various papers and briefly discusses the basic issues and solutions.


There has recently been interest in multi-Solar mass Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) as a dark matter (DM) candidate. There are various microlensing, dynamical and accretion constraints on the abundance of PBHs in this mass range. Taken at face value these constraints exclude multi-Solar mass PBHs making up all of the DM for both delta-function and extended mass functions. However the stellar microlensing event rate depends on the density and velocity distribution of the compact objects along the line of sight to the Magellanic Clouds. We study the dependence of the constraints on the local dark matter density and circular speed and also consider models where the velocity distribution varies with radius. We find that the largest mass constrained by stellar microlensing can vary by an order of magnitude. In particular the constraints are significantly weakened if the velocity dispersion of the compact objects is reduced. The change is not sufficiently large to remove the tension between the stellar microlensing and dynamical constraints. However this demonstrates that it is crucial to take into account astrophysical uncertainties when calculating and comparing constraints. We also confirm the recent finding that the tension between the constraints is in fact increased for realistic, finite width mass functions.


Due to the poor regenerative potential of adult heart tissue, heart disease is a major cause of death worldwide. With developments in cell biology, researchers have gravitated towards investigating the applications of stem cells to aid in cardiac regeneration through injection of cardiac progenitors into the site of infarction. This method has led to promising results in mammalian studies but to bolster current cardiac research, research tools are required to observe the physiology and quantify the success of differentiation in ES derived cardiac cells. I have attempted to create one such research tool by creating a visual and quantifiable detection method for the differentiation of human iPS cells into beating cardiomyocytes through my creation of an aMHC-GCaMP8 insertion plasmid. Transforming this plasmid into iPSCs will allow GCaMP8 to fluorescently monitor Calcium levels in differentiated cardiomyocytes, taking advantage of the physiological Calcium fluctuations associated with muscle contractions. Though I was unable to confirm creation of this plasmid due to time constraints and unexpected errors, my work can still be finished or expanded upon transforming cells with my plasmid and creating cells with countless applications both in differentiation analysis, disease modeling, and tissue engineering.


When Marlene Dietrich makes her entrance in Alfred Hitchcock's Stage Fright, the Dior dress she wears immediately draws the viewer's attention—not because of its designer label, but owing to the dramatic blood stains ruining its stylish surface. Fashion in film goes far beyond glamorous costumes on glamorous stars, as Jonathan Faiers proves in Dressing Dangerously, a pioneering study of the "cinematic negative wardrobe" revealed in mainstream movies. The book emphasizes how problematic, even shocking depictions of dress, until now largely overlooked, play pivotal roles in shaping film narrative. Integrating fashion theory, film analysis, and literature, the insightful text investigates the ways cinema influences fashion and, conversely, how fashion speaks to film. The book also reveals how clothing, imbued with its own symbolic meaning, can be read much like a text; when used to provocative effect, for example, in films such as Villain, Leave Her to Heaven, and Casino, the stars' costumes as well as their actions elicit a complex set of emotional responses. Dressing Dangerously brings together a wealth of illustrations, from glossy publicity photos featuring immaculately dressed stars to film stills that capture "dangerously" fashionable moments.


How does conflict affect tax revenue mobilization? This paper uses a newly updated dataset to explore longitudinal trends of tax revenue mobilization prior to, during, and after conflict periods in a selection of conflict-affected states since 1980. This medium-N trend analysis is complemented by prototypical case study analysis, which provides greater insight into the relationship between tax revenue performance over time and the characteristics of the conflicts in question. Offering detailed snapshots of tax experiences prior to, during, and after conflict, this paper provides an empirical counterpoint to theories about the role of taxation in war-making and state building.


The grade 3/4 and grade 7 class at Ross Drive Public School worked together to learn about treaties, Shannen Koostachin, and Shannen's Dream. The students were asked to think about what a safe and comfy education might look like and why it is unfair that Shannen Koostachin had to fight for this right. To learn more, visit www.shannensdream.ca.


In June 2013, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, presents the largest exhibition ever produced on Le Corbusier's prolific oeuvre, encompassing his work as architect, interior designer, artist, city planner, writer and photographer. Over a six-decade career, this towering figure of modern culture constantly observed and imagined landscapes using all the artistic techniques at his command, including watercolours, sketches, paintings, photographs and models. This accompanying publication, appearing 25 years after the Centre Pompidou released the seminal catalogue Le Corbusier, une encyclopedie, aspires to become a new sourcebook, giving an account of research developed worldwide in recent decades. Reflecting the geographic extension of his designs and built works as well as his indefatigable wanderlust, the book is structured as an atlas, with topographical entries allowing for the discovery of the major sites and cities where Le Corbusier worked. Featuring essays by an international range of curators, scholars and critics, and a trove of archival images and materials from the Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris, this lavishly illustrated volume presents a wholly unique way to explore the life and work of one of the most important visionaries of our time.


The motivation for this project is to mimic an electronic microprocessor in the fluidic domain to enable on-chip decision making for lab-on-a-chip applications. Microfabrication can increase the economic feasibility of microfluidic computing by lowering the cost per chip. Monolithic integration also has the potential to reduce the packaging costs and reduce the interconnect delays. In this thesis a high reliability no-moving pati microfluidic NOR gate was modeled and optimized using modern and widely-accepted computational fluid dynamics tools. Our optimized microfluidic NOR satisfies all the stringent device requirements needed to make a computing system. The transfer curves are non-linear, the fan-out is greater than 12, the input and output signals are in the same domain and the flow of information is only in one direction. Fabricating the microfluidic circuits with components of a single fixed geometry is very attractive. The NOR is a universal gate and thus all logic functions can be realized by a combination ofNORs. Three impOliant components of computing: a half adder, a static memory/latch and a clock were also modeled. We have also studied the dynamics of the device, and have understood the origin of the switching time. The perfOlmance of the device is only dependent on the Reynolds number of the supply jet. Thus the perfonnance of the device for any fluid: air, water, oil etc, wi ll remain unaltered at the same Reynolds number. Based on our understanding of the power vs. geometry we can predict the clitical dimension of the device that can operate at the desirable power consumption. Finally, we enVISIon applying the designed microfluidic NOR to a newly emergmg technology i.e. Lab-on-a-chip. We envision fabricating an integrated assembly of microfluidic devices to make a microfluidic processor for lab-on-a-chip systems. This work could have a major impact for biomedical applications.


This paper is the first piece of a jigsaw puzzle in an effort to study the conditions that enable Swedish principals and preschool leaders to do a good job, create an identity and safeguard health. The present study is the first step to approach the overarching aim of understanding how principals' and preschool leaders' assignments are interpreted and construed and of who or what enables or prevents them from doing a good job. The primary aim of this paper is to narrow down how the assignment (the task)) is interpreted and to identify the markers for how principals and preschool leaders look upon the chances of doing a good job. These markers will subsequently form the basis of an in-depth qualitative study we have begin.


Bullying is a problem that affects children and teenagers around the world and its repercussions can endure throughout adult life. Its prevalence is, in part, a product of the lack of information and the paucity of studies which analyse the wide-ranging consequences for the individuals involved. The main objective of this research is to study the incidence of bullying on the academic performance of students in education centres in the Madrid Region. The databases used are those of Competency Tests carried out on all 10th grade students in Madrid during the year 2017. These external assessment tests evaluate Spanish language, English language, Mathematics, and Geography and History. Along with these tests, the students, their families, their teachers and head teachers complete comprehensive questionnaires. To analyse all these data, we carry out a multilevel methodological approach to identify the quantitative association of bullying with academic performance and to estimate the probability that performance is affected by the level of bullying that exists in the education centres. The results indicate that bullying has a negative impact on all the competencies evaluated, that the probability of a lower academic performance increases in environments where there is bullying and that bullying can affect students with low or high academic achievement in different ways, depending on what competency is evaluated.


As South Africa conducts a review of the first ten years of its new democracy, the question remains as to whether the economic inequalities of the apartheid era are beginning to fade. Using new, comparable consumption aggregates for 1995 and 2000, this paper finds that real per capita household expenditures declined for those at the bottom end of the expenditure distribution during this period of low GDP growth. As a result, poverty, especially extreme poverty, increased. Inequality also increased, mainly due to a jump in inequality among the African population. Even among subgroups of the population that experienced healthy consumption growth, such as the Coloureds, the rate of poverty reduction was low because the distributional shifts were not pro-poor.


To what extent do the mechanisms generating different receptive field properties of neurons depend on each other? We investigated this question theoretically within the context of orientation and direction tuning of simple cells in the mammalian visual cortex. In our model a cortical cell of the "simple" type receives its orientation tuning by afferent convergence of aligned receptive fields of the lateral geniculate nucleus (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). We sharpen this orientation bias by postulating a special type of radially symmetric long-range lateral inhibition called circular inhibition. Surprisingly, this isotropic mechanism leads to the emergence of a strong bias for the direction of motion of a bar. We show that this directional anisotropy is neither caused by the probabilistic nature of the connections nor is it a consequence of the specific columnar structure chosen but that it is an inherent feature of the architecture of visual cortex.


This article has the main purpose of introducing the war-normalizing dialogue (WND), a set of discursive strategies aimed at blurring the anomalous character of war by transforming it into an event perceived as 'natural', a 'normal' part of life. WND results from a continuous dialogue between leaders and citizens, serving the interests of both sides. The 'global market of WND', that is, the fact that the components of WND are exchanged in an imaginary global discursive market, is another dialogic aspect of WND.By exposing the Israeli WND, its components and its various manifestations, this article demonstrates the role of the Israeli war discourse in the initiation and preservation of a situation of repetitive wars. WND is also proposed as an analytic tool for a comparative analysis of 'local' and 'global' dialogues surrounding the initiation of new wars.


DYULGERSKI, Y., Тz. RADUKOVA and St. KIRKOVA, 2015. Biological and economic assessment of new lines Burley tobacco. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 1211–1215 Examined are the biological and economic parameters of seven newly created lines of burley tobacco. Research results show that with the best biological assessment presents Line 1468, followed by a line 1472. Line 1468 gives the highest yield per hectare as an average over the period of study and three years of study. It also exhibited stability in terms of yield. Line 1488 gives the highest percentage of first class, as average for the period of study and for the three years of study. Therefore, no high yield which is obtained from it can essentially be used in breeding programs, as a donor of a high quality. All new created lines strongly outweigh the testimony of the standard variety, both in terms of production and in terms of percentage of class, which is an indication of the success of the selection work. Because shown favorable complex of biological and economic indicators Line 1468 should be proposed for production testing and for recognition as a new variety of Burley tobacco.


Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae (Asparagales) currently comprises five genera, four of which are endemic to southern Africa. Despite their importance in commercial horticulture the evolutionary relationships among the genera are still incompletely understood. This study examines phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily using an expanded molecular sequence dataset from three plastid regions (matK, rbcLa, trnH-psbA) and the first subunit of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). Sequence data were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian statistics, and selected morphological traits were mapped onto the molecular phylogeny. Haworthia is confirmed as being polyphyletic, comprising three main clades that largely correlate with current subgeneric circumscriptions. Astroloba and Gasteria are evidently each monophyletic and sister respectively to Astroloba and H. subg. Robustipedunculares. Chortolirion is shown to be deeply nested within Aloe and is formally included in that genus. Aloe itself is clearly polyphyletic, with the dwarf species A. aristata allied to Haworthia subg. Robustipedunculares. The taxonomic implications of these findings are examined but branch support at critical lower nodes is insufficient at this stage to justify implementing major taxonomic changes.


Abstract Transformation of global sourcing over recent decades has significant implications for gender relations of production in the developing world. Analysis of global production networks and value chains (GPN/GVC) provides important insights into the changing dynamics of global sourcing and its embeddedness within diverse societies and countries. However, the gender dimension of this process is often overlooked. Feminist analysis provides important insights into a changing gender division of labour within global production, but rarely links it to the commercial dynamics of GPN/GVCs. This paper develops a gender production network analysis to inform a comparative examination of gender production relations in cocoa. It draws on case studies in Ghana and India. It asks in what ways are GPN/GVCs bearers of gender transformation, and what are the implications for the sustainability of quality cocoa sourcing by chocolate manufacturers? The paper finds that gendered social norms and practices in both countries mean that women's contribution to cocoa production has long been under-valued, with women largely relegated to the position of unpaid family or casual labour. However, within the gender division of labour women do play an important role in certain activities that are increasingly recognised in the industry as critical to ensuring good yields and quality production. These are of increasing importance to consumer-focused brand name chocolate companies. Recognition and support for women's role could make an important contribution, both to the empowerment of women cocoa farmers and workers, but also to the future sustainability of quality cocoa sourcing.


Abstract. A spatial-temporal analysis has been conducted using satellite observed distributions of rain frequency, NO 2 concentration and aerosol, with focus on the spring season in East Asia. As NO 2 is a key precursor of secondary aerosols, especially in urban areas, an increase of NO 2 emission is generally accompanied by an increase of fine aerosol particles. Comparison between trends in rain frequency and in precipitation amount shows that the changes in precipitation are more due to changes in precipitation occurrence than in precipitation amount. The overall feature emerged from the region-by-region analyses is that there is an inverse relationship between the rain frequency and the pollution and associated aerosols at continental scale in spring. The change in rain frequency is associated with changes in pollution-produced aerosols and long-range transport mineral dust. The inverse relationship at large temporal and spatial scales illustrates potential climatological consequence of changed pollution and aerosols on precipitation. Due to relatively short duration of observation and the potential uncertainty and bias associated with satellite measurements, more robust longer-term statistical study at various temporal and spatial scales and detailed modeling investigation are warranted to understand the physical causality of observed relationship between the rain frequency and the pollution and associated aerosols.


The ACS Eastern New York Section is soliciting nominations for the Buck-Whitney Medal. The award, named after late section members Johannes S. Buck and Willis R. Whitney, recognizes original work in either experimental or theoretical aspects of pure or applied chemistry. Nominees must have made outstanding contributions to chemistry and be residents of North America. Chemists whose work has not yet received a significant national or international award, and whose careers would be advanced by such recognition, are especially encouraged to apply. The award includes a bronze medal and citation, an honorarium of $1,000, and travel expenses to deliver an award address to the section. Nominations should include the nominee's name and affiliation and a detailed description of his or her accomplishments in chemistry. Mail nominations by June 1 to Michael Hagerman, Department of Chemistry, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308. For more information, contact Hagerman at email@example.com.


A new hadrosaurid is described from the Upper Cretaceous Neslen Formation of central Utah. Rhinorex condrupus gen. et sp. nov. is diagnosed on the basis of two unique traits, a hook-shaped projection of the nasal anteroventral process and dorsal projection of the posteroventral process of the premaxilla, and is further differentiated from other hadrosaurid species based on the morphology of the nasal (large nasal boss on the posterodorsal corner of the circumnarial fossa, small protuberences on the anterior process, absence of nasal arch), jugal (vertical postorbital process), postorbital (high degree of flexion present on posterior process), and squamosal (inclined anterolateral processes). This new taxon was discovered in estuarine sediments dated at approximately 75 Ma and just 250 km north of the prolific dinosaur-bearing strata of the Kaiparowits Formation, possibly overlapping in time with Gryposaurus monumentensis. Phylogenetic parsimony and Bayesian analyses associate this new taxon with the Gryposaurus clade, even though the type specimen does not possess the diagnostic nasal hump of the latter genus. Comparisons with phylogenetic analyses from other studies show that a current consensus exists between the general structure of the hadrosaurid evolutionary tree, but on closer examination there is little agreement among species relationships. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0FDD0FE6-6C20-4838-BD4A-092161179095


MANET is a collection of mobile, decentralized, and self organized nodes. Securing MANET is a problem which adds more challenges on the research. This is because MANET properties make it harder to be secured than the other types of static networks. This paper objective is to summarize different types of attacks over MANET, and concerns with studying sleep deprivation attack. Therefore, this paper utilizes one of the danger theory intrusion detection algorithms, namely, the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) to detect the sleep deprivation attack over MANET. In this paper, DCA is plugged in a proposed mobile dendritic cell algorithm called MDCA which represented through a proposed MDCA architecture.


Synthetic biology is a bottom-up engineering discipline: biological modules are systematically designed with predefined behavior and then combined to build up larger circuits. Although the modules produce the desired behavior in isolation, they fail to operate properly when they are connected due to retroactivity, an effect which extends the notion of impedance to biomolecular systems. Despite playing a central role, retroactivity is not yet characterized in complex gene transcription networks. In this paper, we mathematically describe and quantify this effect. This result is obtained by applying singular perturbation on the finite time interval. We identify the biomolecular counterpart of impedance and introduce the effective retroactivity to the input of a gene. Furthermore, we provide a theorem describing how modules affect each other when connected. We restore modular composition of synthetic circuits by extending the characterization of modules with internal and input retroactivities. We illustrate the implications of the results by investigating crosstalk in a simple genetic system.


Asymptotic geometry is the study of metric spaces from a large scale point of view, where the local geometry does not come into play. An important class of model spaces are the hyperbolic spaces (in the sense of Gromov), for which the asymptotic geometry is nicely encoded in the boundary at infinity.
  In the first part of this book, in analogy with the concepts of classical hyperbolic geometry, the authors provide a systematic account of the basic theory of Gromov hyperbolic spaces. These spaces have been studied extensively in the last twenty years, and have found applications in group theory, geometric topology, Kleinian groups, as well as dynamics and rigidity theory. In the second part of the book, various aspects of the asymptotic geometry of arbitrary metric spaces are considered. It turns out that the boundary at infinity approach is not appropriate in the general case, but dimension theory proves useful for finding interesting results and applications.
  The text leads concisely to some central aspects of the theory. Each chapter concludes with a separate section containing supplementary results and bibliographical notes. Here the theory is also illustrated with numerous examples as well as relations to the neighboring fields of comparison geometry and geometric group theory.
  The book is based on lectures the authors presented at the Steklov Institute in St. Petersburg and the University of Zurich. It addressed to graduate students and researchers working in geometry, topology, and geometric group theory.


The U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program uses visual assessments of tree crown condition to monitor changes and trends in forest health. This report describes four crown condition indicators (crown dieback, crown density, foliage transparency, and sapling crown vigor) measured in Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming between 1996 and 1999. Descriptive statistics are presented by species and FIA species group. Interand intra-species variation, crown condition stressors, and statistical concerns that should be considered when analyzing and interpreting the crown condition data are discussed.


Neural computation is associated with the emergence, reconfiguration and dissolution of cell assemblies in the context of varying oscillatory states. Here, we describe the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of cell assemblies through temporal network formalism. We use a sliding window approach to extract sequences of networks of information sharing among single units in hippocampus and enthorinal cortex during anesthesia and study how global and node-wise functional connectivity properties evolve along time and as a function of changing global brain state (theta vs slow-wave oscillations). First, we find that information sharing networks display, at any time, a core-periphery structure in which an integrated core of more tightly functionally interconnected units link to more loosely connected network leaves. However the units participating to the core or to the periphery substantially change across time-windows, with units entering and leaving the core in a smooth way. Second, we find that discrete network states can be defined on top of this continuously ongoing liquid core-periphery reorganization. Switching between network states results in a more abrupt modification of the units belonging to the core and is only loosely linked to transitions between global oscillatory states. Third, we characterize different styles of temporal connectivity that cells can exhibit within each state of the sharing network. While inhibitory cells tend to be central, we show that, otherwise, anatomical localization only poorly influences the patterns of temporal connectivity of the different cells. Furthermore, cells can change temporal connectivity style when the network changes state. Altogether, these findings reveal that the sharing of information mediated by the intrinsic dynamics of hippocampal and enthorinal cortex cell assemblies have a rich spatiotemporal structure, which could not have been identified by more conventional time- or state-averaged analyses of functional connectivity. AUTHOR SUMMARY It is generally thought that computations performed by local brain circuits rely on complex neural processes, associated to the flexible waxing and waning of cell assemblies, i.e. ensemble of cells firing in tight synchrony. Although cell assembly formation is inherently and unavoidably dynamical, it is still common to find studies in which essentially "static" approaches are used to characterize this process. In the present study, we adopt instead a temporal network approach. Avoiding usual time averaging procedures, we reveal that hub neurons are not hardwired but that cells vary smoothly their degree of integration within the assembly core. Furthermore, our temporal network framework enables the definition of alternative possible styles of "hubness". Some cells may share information with a multitude of other units but only in an intermittent manner, as "activists" in a flash mob. In contrast, some other cells may share information in a steadier manner, as resolute "lobbyists". Finally, by avoiding averages over pre-imposed states, we show that within each global oscillatory state a rich switching dynamics can take place between a repertoire of many available network states. We thus show that the temporal network framework provides a natural and effective language to rigorously describe the rich spatiotemporal patterns of information sharing instantiated by cell assembly evolution.


In recent years, trackers based on correlation filters have attracted more and more attention due to the impressive tracking accuracy and real-time performance. However, in real scenarios, the tracking results are often been interfered with by the occlusion, illumination variation, appearance variation and background clutter. In order to find a tracker with better tracking performances, this paper proposed a multi-information fusion correlation filter tracker, which uses channel and spatial reliabilities and time regularization information on samples for filter training, and which not only extends the target search areas but also has a stronger ability to track the targets with significant appearance variations. Thus, results from extensive experiments conducted on OTB100, VOT2016, TC128, and UAV123 data sets show that our tracker with only directional gradient histogram (HOG) and color name (CN) features, performs favorably against the state-of-the-art trackers in terms of tracking precision, tracking success rate, tracking accuracy, and A-R rank.


In this paper we report a theoretical study of the effects of the presence of boron in growing carbon nanotubes. We employ a well established tight binding model to describe the interactions responsible for the energetics of these systems, combined with the molecular dynamics simulation technique and structural relaxation calculations. We find, in agreement with the previous theoretical/experimental work of Blase et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5078 (1999)], that boron favors (n,0) (zig-zag) tubular structures over (n,n) (arm-chair) ones by stabilizing the zig-zag edge. Furthermore, it is shown that boron has the effect of delaying the tube closure process, a fact which could explain the improved aspect ratio experimentally observed in nanotubes synthesized in the presence of boron. Our dynamical simulations lead us to propose a mechanism through which this extension of the closure time can be explained.


Synchrotron radiation /spl mu/CT (SR /spl mu/CT) may provide three-dimensional (3-D) images with spatial resolution as high as 1 /spl mu/m. The SR /spl mu/CT system developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility was already used to quantify trabecular bone architecture in bone samples. Here, the authors propose for the first time to use SR /spl mu/CT to assess the mineral content in bones. This quantification is possible thanks to the monochromaticity and high photon flux of the X-ray beam extracted from synchrotron radiation. For this purpose, the authors relate the reconstructed gray levels of the images to a degree of mineralization in bone. They propose a calibration method to estimate the 3-D distribution of hydroxyapatite concentrations within the sample. This method is compared to a reference microradiography technique. Finally, the authors illustrate the possibilities of the method on 3-D images of human biopsies from osteoporotic patients before and after a treatment with bisphosphonates.


Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields were measured for cyclododecane, hexylcyclohexane, n-dodecane, and 2-methylundecane under high-NOx conditions, in which alkyl proxy radicals (RO_2) react primarily with NO, and under low-NO_x conditions, in which RO2 reacts primarily with HO2. Experiments were run until 95–100% of the initial alkane had reacted. Particle wall loss was evaluated as two limiting cases using a new approach that requires only suspended particle number-size distribution data and accounts for size-dependent particle wall losses and condensation. SOA yield differed by a factor of 2 between the two limiting cases, but the same trends among alkane precursors were observed for both limiting cases. Vapor-phase wall losses were addressed through a modeling study and increased SOA yield uncertainty by approximately 30%. SOA yields were highest from cyclododecane under both NOx conditions. SOA yields ranged from 3.3% (dodecane, low-NO_x conditions) to 160% (cyclododecane, high-NO_x conditions). Under high-NO_x conditions, SOA yields increased from 2-methylundecane < dodecane ~ hexylcyclohexane < cyclododecane, consistent with previous studies. Under low-NO_x conditions, SOA yields increased from 2-methylundecane ~ dodecane < hexylcyclohexane < cyclododecane. The presence of cyclization in the parent alkane structure increased SOA yields, whereas the presence of branch points decreased SOA yields due to increased vapor-phase fragmentation. Vapor-phase fragmentation was found to be more prevalent under high-NO_x conditions than under low-NO_x conditions. For different initial mixing ratios of the same alkane and same NO_x conditions, SOA yield did not correlate with SOA mass throughout SOA growth, suggesting kinetically limited SOA growth for these systems.


Lignocellulosic biomass is considered as one of the most promising feedstocks for producing fuel ethanol because of its global availability and environmental benefits of its use. In this paper, the process of lignocellulosic ethanol production was investigated at its present state of development. The experimental data from the East China University of Science and Technology were used to develop a process model and evaluate the performance of the whole process design. For the process simulation, all relevant information about the process streams, physical properties, and mass and energy balances were also considered. Energy integration is investigated to identify the best ways to supply heat to the process, realizing also combined heat and power production from wastewater and residue treatment. The sensitivity on ethanol yield and the overall system performance are also investigated.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of a controlled-release monensin capsule administered at cessation of lactation on incidence of calving-related disorders, fertility, and milk yield in dairy cows.

ANIMALS
290 dairy cows treated with monensin and 290 untreated control cows.

PROCEDURE
Treated cows received a capsule that released monensin at 335 mg/d for 95 days. Incidence of calving-related disorders; daily milk yield up to 20 days postpartum; test-day milk yield, fat, protein, and mature-equivalent 305-day milk production; and body condition score at calving were determined. Reproductive variables were conception rate at first service, pregnancy rate, and calving-to-conception interval.

RESULTS
Cows treated with monensin were 2.1 times as likely to develop dystocia and 0.8 times as likely to develop metritis as control cows. For milk yield, there was an interaction of treatment X time X parity. In multiparous cows, monensin significantly improved milk yield at test days 4 and 7. In addition, monensin increased body condition score at calving.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Despite increasing the likelihood of developing dystocia and metritis, administration of monensin improved the lactational performance of multiparous cows and may be a promising additive for use at the time of cessation of lactation.


Purpose: Fc-gamma receptors (FCGRs) are expressed on immune cells, bind to antibodies, and trigger antibody-induced cell-mediated antitumor responses when tumor-reactive antibodies are present. The affinity of the FCGR/antibody interaction is variable and dependent upon FCGR polymorphisms. Prior studies of patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy indicate that FCGR polymorphisms can influence antitumor response for certain immunotherapies that act via therapeutically administered mAbs or via endogenous tumor-reactive antibodies induced from tumor antigen vaccines. The previously published "SELECT" trial of high-dose aldesleukin (HD-IL2) for metastatic renal cell carcinoma resulted in an objective response rate of 25%. We evaluated the patients in this SELECT trial to determine whether higher-affinity FCGR polymorphisms are associated with outcome. Experimental Design: SNPs in FCGR2A, FCGR3A, and FCGR2C were analyzed, individually and in combination, for associations between genotype and clinical outcome. Results: When higher-affinity genotypes for FCGR2A, FCGR3A, and FCGR2C were considered together, they were associated with significantly increased tumor shrinkage and prolonged survival in response to HD-IL2. Conclusions: Although associations of higher-affinity FCGR genotype with clinical outcome have been demonstrated with mAb therapy and with idiotype vaccines, to our knowledge, this is the first study to show associations of FCGR genotypes with outcome following HD-IL2 treatment. We hypothesize that endogenous antitumor antibodies may engage immune cells through their FCGRs, and HD-IL2 may enhance antibody-induced tumor destruction, or antibody-enhanced tumor antigen presentation, via augmented activation of innate or adaptive immune responses; this FCGR-mediated immune activity would be augmented through immunologically favorable FCGRs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(9); 2159–68. ©2016 AACR.


This research is aimed at genotyping nsSNP rs8052394 in a cohort of Nepalese population using the Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR RFLP) technique. Metallothionein 1A (MT 1A) is a metal binding protein having properties like detoxification of heavy metals, homeostasis of essential metals including copper and zinc and antioxidation against reactive oxygen species. nsSNP rs8052394 (A→G transition) of MT1A shows decrease in the stability of the protein as analysed in silico by MuPro software. 95 subjects were randomly selected within Kathmandu valley. DNA was isolated from blood leukocytes. PCR RFCL technique was used to identify the genotypes. Genotype distribution was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (X2 =3.2237, df =1). 'A' allele frequency (p=0.79995) was higher than the mutated 'G' allele (q=0.20005) in the studied population. Genotype frequency distribution among Gender was not statistically significant (X2 = 2.344, df = 2, p value =0.310). Relatively higher prevalence of rs8052394 polymorphism among Nepalese population was found in this study. Further research on polymorphisms in MT 1A gene will be beneficial in indicating the association of this polymorphism with human health problems like cancer, diabetes, aging, metabolic syndrome and others.


capillary blood glucose as they had been and to continue their practice of recording the meter readings in a logbook. To assess reliability of patient-generated data as recorded in the logbook, the addition, deletion, and alteration of test results were determined. A significantly lower mean blood glucose level was reported in the logbooks than recorded in the memory of the meters. Differences in logbooks and memory reflectance meters ranged from 0 to 109 mg/dl. Three fourths of the subjects had reported lower than actual mean blood glucose values. Under-reporting, or omission of memory reflectance meter readings, averaged 10 percent, whereas over-reporting or addition of phantom values averaged 40 percent. An average of 26 percent of the logbook entries were not identical to memory values determined at the corresponding time. Two thirds of the subjects had reported values in such a manner as to obscure hyperand hypoglycemia, leading to misleading clinical impressions about patterns of logbook recording. Visits to the clinic were not found


The hypothesis was tested that some children develop a defensive mindset that subsumes individual social information processing (SIP) steps, grows from early experiences, and guides long-term outcomes. In Study 1 (Fast Track [FT]), 463 age-5 children (45% girls; 43% Black) were first assessed in 1991 and followed through age 32 (83% retention). In Study 2 (Child Development Project [CDP]), 585 age-5 children (48% girls, 17% Black) were first assessed in 1987 and followed through age 34 (78% retention). In both studies, measures were collected of early adverse experiences, defensive mindset and SIP, and adult outcomes. Across both studies, a robust latent construct of school-age defensive mindset was validated empirically (comparative fit index = .99 in each study) and found to mediate the impact of early child abuse (38% in FT and 29% in CDP of total effect) and peer social rejection (14% in FT and 7% in CDP of total effect) on adult incarceration.


The treatment of mice with high doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) results in an enrichment of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Using this procedure, we obtained a new class of murine hematopoietic colonies that had very high secondary plating efficiencies in vitro and could differentiate into not only myeloid cells but also into lymphoid lineage cells. The phenotypes of interleukin-3 (IL-3) induced blast colony cells were Thy-1-positive and lineage-marker-negative. We examined whether these blast colony cells contained primitive hematopoietic stem cells in vivo and could reconstitute hematopoietic tissues in lethally irradiated mice. Blast colony cells could generate macroscopic visible spleen colonies on days 8 and 12, and 5 x 10(3) blast cells were sufficient to protect them from lethally irradiation. It was shown that 6 or 8 weeks after transplantation of 5 x 10(3) blast cells, donor male cells were detected in the spleen and thymus of the female recipients but not in the bone marrow by Southern blot analysis using Y-encoded DNA probe. After 10 weeks, bone marrow cells were partially repopulated from donor cells. In a congenic mouse system, donor-derived cells (Ly5.2) were detected in the thymus and spleen 6 weeks after transplantation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses showed that B cells and macrophages developed from donor cells in the spleen. In the thymus, donor-derived cells were found in CD4, CD8 double-positive, single-positive, and double-negative populations. Reconstitution of bone marrow was delayed and myeloid and lymphoid cells were detected 10 weeks after transplantation. These results indicate that IL-3-induced blast cells contain the primitive hematopoietic stem cells capable of reconstituting hematopoietic organs in lethally irradiated mice.


This book offers a unique insight into the character of Austrian economics. This work also collects the recent work of the leading authorities in this area, and will be an indispensible tool for all those interested in the implications of Austrian approach on economics. The author also examines *the market economy *theories of Competition and Entrepreneurship *the Mises-Hayek legacy.


The pressing need for low‐cost and large‐scale stationary storage of electricity has led to a new wave of research on novel batteries made entirely of components that have high natural abundances and are easy to manufacture. One example of such an anode–electrolyte–cathode architecture comprises metallic aluminum, AlCl3:[EMIm]Cl (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride) ionic liquid and graphite. Various forms of synthetic and natural graphite cathodes have been tested in recent years in this context. Here, a new type of compelling cathode based on inexpensive pyrene polymers is demonstrated. During charging, the condensed aromatic rings of these polymers are oxidized, which is accompanied by the uptake of aluminum tetrachloride anions (AlCl4−) from the chloroaluminate ionic liquid. Discharge is the fast inverse process of reduction and the release of AlCl4−. The electrochemical properties of the polypyrenes can be fine‐tuned by the appropriate chemical derivatization. This process is showcased here by poly(nitropyrene‐co‐pyrene), which has a storage capacity of 100 mAh g−1, higher than the neat polypyrene (70 mAh g−1) or crystalline pyrene (20 mAh g−1), at a high discharge voltage (≈1.7 V), energy efficiency (≈86%), and cyclic stability (at least 1000 cycles).


In modern smart grid networks, the traditional power grid is empowered by technological advances in sensing, measurement, and control devices with two-way communications between the suppliers and consumers. The smart grid integration helps the power grid networks to be smarter, but it also increases the risk of attacks because of the existing obsolete cyber-infrastructure. In this article, we focus on bad data injection attacks for smart grid. The basic problem formulation is presented, and the special type of stealth attack is discussed. Then we investigate the strategies of defenders and attackers, respectively. Specifically, from the defender's perspective, an adaptive cumulative sum test is able to determine the possible existence of adversaries at the control center as quickly as possible. From the attacker's point of view, independent component analysis is employed for the attackers to make inferences through phasor observations without prior knowledge of the power grid topology. The inferred structural information can then be used to launch stealth attacks.


Random program generation — fuzzing — is an effective technique for discovering bugs in compilers but successful fuzzers require extensive development effort for every language supported by the compiler, and often leave parts of the language space untested. We introduce DeepSmith, a novel machine learning approach to accelerating compiler validation through the inference of generative models for compiler inputs. Our approach infers a learned model of the structure of real world code based on a large corpus of open source code. Then, it uses the model to automatically generate tens of thousands of realistic programs. Finally, we apply established differential testing methodologies on them to expose bugs in compilers. We apply our approach to the OpenCL programming language, automatically exposing bugs with little effort on our side. In 1,000 hours of automated testing of commercial and open source compilers, we discover bugs in all of them, submitting 67 bug reports. Our test cases are on average two orders of magnitude smaller than the state-of-the-art, require 3 . 03 × less time to generate and evaluate, and expose bugs which the state-of-the-art cannot. Our random program generator, comprising only 500 lines of code, took 12 hours to train for OpenCL versus the state-of-the-art taking 9 man months to port from a generator for C and 50,000 lines of code. With 18 lines of code we extended our program generator to a second language, uncovering crashes in Solidity compilers in 12 hours of automated testing.


Abstract:We show that the gradient of solutions to degenerate parabolic equations of porous medium-type satisfies a reverse H\"older inequality in suitable intrinsic cylinders. We modify the by-now classical Gehring lemma by introducing an intrinsic Calder\'on-Zygmund covering argument, and we are able to prove local higher integrability of the gradient of a proper power of the solution $u$.


Semiconductor lasers are in many ways second only to transistors as to their impact on today's high-tech industries. The unique characteristics, such as narrow emission wavelength, high frequency modulation, and device integratibility, make semiconductor lasers ideal photon sources for applications as diverse as telecommunication, signal processing, material characterisation, and medical diagnostics. Advances in material growth technologies, particularly molecular beam epitaxy, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, and a suite of chemical synthesis techniques, make the fabrication of high quality nanometer scale semiconductor structures possible. Thanks to the quantum size effects that drastically modify the energy spectra of confined electrons in reduced dimensions, the population inversion necessary for lasing action occurs more efficiently as the active semiconductor gain medium is scaled down from the bulk to the nanometer scale. Consequently, semiconductor lasers built with nanoscale active media are expected to exhibit extraordinary features such as great color range, high optical gain, and low lasing threshold. Indeed, miniaturised lasers using nanoscale semiconductor gain media - two-dimensional quantum wells, one-dimensional quantum wires, and zero-dimensional quantum dots - have shown significant improvements in device performance. This article provides an overview of the physics and technologies behind the rapid progress of miniaturisation of semiconductor lasers, in particular the quantum wire lasers based on one-dimensional nanoscale optical gain media. Since the first report of lasing in quantum wires by Kapon and his co-workers, quantum wire lasers have evolved from "microlasers" in which the one-dimensional nanostructure is embedded in a micron size optical cavity, to "nanolasers" in which, as we recently demonstrated, the material gain and optical feedback are simultaneously achieved by individual nanoscale quantum wires. One-dimensional semiconductor fabrication technologies based on nanoscale lithography, self-organisation, selective growth, and chemical synthesis will be reviewed along with recent advances of quantum wire lasers built upon each of these fabrication technologies.


Crypto-currencies and other innovative asset classes present a fundamental challenge for quantitative asset-allocation. Because the track record of innovative assets is by definition short, it is difficult to form reliable estimates of expected returns and covariance matrices needed as inputs for standard portfolio optimization. Even if such estimates are available, they may be useless to investors if the behavior of underlying assets changes over time. Building on the MinMax Drawdown Control framework of Chassang (2018), this paper proposes a conceptually attractive and empirically successful approach to build benchmark portfolios of crypto-currencies and other innovative assets.


BONNE BELL, INC., founded in 1927 by Jesse Grover Bell, grew into a $50 million cosmetics business by promoting a wholesome image and a "Be fit. Look good." philosophy. Bell, a cosmetics salesman from Salinas, KS, came to Cleveland and began the company, which he named after his daughter. He made his products on a hot plate in his basement and sold them door to door during the Depression. Originally, the Bonne Bell line offered skin-care products primarily to the young, but beginning in the 1950s the company actively pursued the outdoor market and developed sun blockers, heavy-duty moisturizers, and lip protectors for skiers, hikers, and joggers. As a promoter of the outdoor life, Bonne Bell sponsored the U.S. Ski Team in the 1960s and backed many amateur and professional sports events. Beginning in 1972 the company has sponsored 10K marathons in 15 cities and many charitable races, but scaled back many of these efforts in the mid-1980s. By 1985 the family owned and operated business had grown into a $50 million enterprise. In 1992 Bonne Bell had its main offices at 18519 Detroit Ave. in LAKEWOOD, and since 1976 operated a manufacturing and warehouse facility on Crocker Rd. in WESTLAKE. Three years later, the company completed a $1.4 million renovation at its plant in Westlake, which enabled Bonne Bell to move some operations based in Canada back to the Ohio facility. In 2002, the company's founder, Jesse Bell-himself a long-time running enthusiast-was name the honorary chairman of the Moondog Marathon, which is expected to make its Cleveland debut in May 2004.


Utilizing a grounded-theory approach, this study examines 8 organizations and finds that social networks make a difference in the capability of organizations to implement fundamental organizational change. Specifically, this study examines whether networks enable the learning required for local units to develop the new schemata—understandings, behaviors, and interaction patterns—required to adopt and appropriate planned organization-wide change. A mixture of organization-wide and local learning networks in organizations successfully implemented change, whereas the unsuccessful organizations relied primarily on hierarchical change implementation networks. In accelerated change units compared to those that are lagging, a greater abundance and diversity of networks, strong and weak, internal and external, and across system levels were found. These network connections facilitate change implementation not only by sharing information but also by providing the capabilities to exchange and combine knowledge and by enabling local self-design.


In this paper COMSOL model is used to model the s-parameters of the electromagnetic shielding of layer/layers of Polyaniline (PAni) for Wi-Fi Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding. PAni has a good future for minimizing the problems with Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS), and will be increasingly be used to provide protection from Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). With the increased development in Wi-Fi and telecommunications equipment, a simple model is required to test for transmission losses. In this paper the electromagnetic radiation from antenna, positioned 30 cm from PAni shielding device is modelled using COMSOL 4.2. The paper predicts the radiation reduction after using PAni shielding device. The prediction of electromagnetic radiation distribution with PAni shielding device is simulated, the focus of the simulation is on the Wi-Fi microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz and the modelling of the PAni as an Intrinsic Conducting Polymer (ICP) for transmission losses that was obtained from the COMSOL simulation is compared with PAni shielding test data obtained from the experiential set up. The COMSOL model is used to predict both the electric field intensity around the PAni material and establish the plot of transmission losses.


In Victoria, core traffic safety education activities are encouraged by the key road safety agencies at primary and secondary school level in all school sectors. School initiatives are based on harm prevention and minimisation strategies associated with transport use by young people. School traffic safety education policy and programs are based on a whole-school approach, which involves strategies to help teachers identify student/school needs at critical stages of student development and to take action to meet these needs within the school program. However, there is no resource tool which allows schools to monitor and review their progress and effectiveness as part of their whole school planning and strategy development. This paper explores the basis for the development of a survey tool to enable schools to evaluate and monitor their traffic safety education programs, in terms of student outcomes, over time. It then proposes a model to show what the survey tool will include to measure a range of traffic safety education indicators, including learning and teaching about traffic safety, student and the whole schools community's sense of responsibility for self and others in the transport systems that they use, connectedness to school, and student welfare support. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E216178.


Marek's Disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious, widespread and persistent neoplastic
α-herpesvirus causing extensive lymphoblastic tumours in chickens. The virus is shed in feather
dust and spread through inhalation. Vaccines are available to protect against the effects of MDV
but not replication of the virus and subsequent contamination of the environment leading to flock
exposure. Increased virulence in strains of MDV has been identified and currently available
vaccines may not offer protection from the disease. Disease outbreaks result in economic
losses as well as welfare issues. To break this cycle better methods of controlling MDV
preventing both tumourogenesis and shedding of infectious virus must be developed. Targeting
specific MDV genes key to maintaining latency and viral replication using siRNA could potentially
be used as a control strategy. At the present time, many of the unique genes in MDV are largely
uncharacterised.
15 uncharacterised open reading frames (ORFs) were screened for expression in a MDV latent
infection model in a non-producer MDV transformed chicken lymphoblast cell line, RPL-1. Of
these uncharacterised ORFs LORF1, LORF3, LORF11, LORF12, ANTISENSE, US2, MLTI,
RLORF11, RLORF12, 23kDa and RLORF6 were expressed during latency. To investigate the
effect of post-transcriptional knockdown of these ORF products two 25-mer siRNA
oligonucleotides were designed for each gene, transfected into RPL-1 cells and analyzed using
growth rate as an indicator of changed phenotype over a period of 120 hours post-transfection.
RPL-1 cells transfected with a nonsense siRNA oligonucleotide were used as the control group.
No significant changes in transfected cell growth over the controls were identified in LORF3,
ANTISENSE, RLORF12, LORF1, LORF11 or MLTI. Increased RPL-1 cell growth was observed
(adjusted p-value of 0.0094) in one of the two siRNA oligonucleotides specific for RLORF6 at 72
hours post-transfection. RLORF6 was further characterised using confocal microscopy
techniques and was found to be localized in the nucleus but not the nucleolus of chicken embryo
fibroblasts and chicken lymphoblastic cells.


The quinceanera, a rite of passage marking the 15th birthday of a Latina girl, is an important site of language and identity enactment. Past research (Horowitz 1993; Davalos 1996; Cantu 1999, 2002; and Alvarez 2007) provides ample evidence of the shifting nature of the quinceanera tradition in the U.S., yet none address language use in depth. Given that non-English languages like Spanish are rarely spoken in the U.S. beyond the grandchildren of immigrants, and the fact that language proficiency does not necessarily play a central role in the construction of Latino/a ethnic identity, this study seeks to identify the ways in which the Spanish language still plays a role in U.S. quinceaneras. Survey responses were analyzed from 384 students attending nine different high schools in Chicago, Illinois. We explored responses that described Chicago quinceaneras generally, connections between this celebration and Latina identity, and the roles of Spanish within the enactments of quinceaneras. We conclude that quinceaneras in Chicago simultaneously bolster and reflect Spanish language use in the family. There was, however, some degree of hybridization involving the use of English in several arenas. But for the time being, at least among first and second generation Chicago Latinas, the quinceanera provides a domain for Spanish language use and ethnic identity performance.


Development of new asphalt technologies to reduce both energy consumption and CO2 production has attracted great interest in recent years. The use of foam bitumen, as one of them, is attractive due to the low investment and production cost. Formation and decay of foam bitumen is a highly dynamic temperature dependent process which makes characterization difficult. In this thesis, new experimental tools were developed and applied for characterizing the foam bitumen during the hot foaming process. One of the main goals of this study was to improve understanding and characterization of the foam bitumen formation and decay. X-ray radiography was used to study the formation and decay of foam bitumen in 2D representation. The results demonstrate that the morphology of bubble formation depends on the types of bitumen used. Moreover, theoretical investigation based on the 3D X-ray computed tomography scan dataset of bubble merging showed that the disjoining pressure increased as the gap between the bubbles in the surface layer (foam film) decreased with time and finally was ruptured. Examining the foam bitumen stream right at the nozzle revealed that foam bitumen at a very early stage contains fragmented pieces of irregular size rather resembling a liquid than foam. The result from thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that residual water content depends on the initial water content, and was found to be between 38 wt% and 48 wt% of the initial water content of 4 wt% to 6 wt%.Moreover the influence of viscosity and surface tension on bubble shape and rise velocity of the bubbles using level-set method was implemented in finite element method. The modeling results were compared with bubble shape correlation map from literature. The results indicated that the bubble shapes are more dependent on the surface tension parameters than to the viscosity of the bitumen, whereas the bitumen viscosity is dominant for bubble rising velocity.


Modern Datalog engines are employed in industrial applications such as graph-databases, networks, and static program analysis. To cope with vast amount of data, Datalog engines must employ parallel execution strategies, for which specialized concurrent data structures are of paramount importance. In this paper, we introduce a specialized B-tree data structure for an open-source Datalog compiler written in C++. Our data structure has been specialized for Datalog workloads running on shared-memory multi-core computers. It features (1) an optimistic locking protocol for scalability, (2) is highly tuned, and (3) uses the notion of "hints" to re-use the results of previously performed tree traversals to exploit data ordering properties exhibited by Datalog evaluation. In parallel micro-benchmarks, the new data structure achieves up to 59× higher performance than state-of-the-art industrial standards, while integrated into a Datalog engine it accounts for 3× higher, overall system performance.


African Independent Churches (AICs) have been studied by scholars from various disciplines, especially Missiology and Anthropology, making use of various methods including participatory observation. In Ritual and Liturgical Studies, AICs and their abundance of rituals is still a rather under-explored field of research with several reasons making it a difficult area to access. In this article, one aspect of participatory observation in researching ritual action in AICs will be explored, namely the initial phase of entering the field. Real examples from a current South African National Research Foundation (NRF)-funded research project as conducted by a team of scholars including some from the field of Ritual and Liturgical Studies will first be described and thereafter discussed. Diachronically, the initial phase stretching from a pre-proposal workshop until the first attendance of a worship service in a local congregation is sketched and commented upon.


Abstract. Spatial thinking, comprised of concepts, representations and spatial abilities, is a cognitive activity developed in everyday living, and can be systematized through different school disciplines, mainly Geography. The comprehension of this concept and the investigation of how it can be developed and systematized in schools are critical points, involving different languages that represent the space. Our main objective is to propose theoretical and methodological references for the spatial knowledge of children aged between 4 and 6 years old. The research is based on the following question: Which spatial abilities and concepts can be addressed in activities aimed at developing spatial thinking in children aged 4 to 6 years old? To answer this question and achieve the main objective, the specific objectives were: a) to investigate and analyze the pertinence, possibilities and approaches regarding the spatial notions in children's education; b) develop teaching situations based on guiding theories about spatial thinking, children's drawing and the concept construction under a historical and cultural perspective; c) understand the patterns in children's graphic representations; and d) analyze the children's dialogues. The analysis of the research data allowed us to conclude that drawing is part of the cartographic initiation, and words are fundamental elements that concretize the way of thinking, in this case, spatial thinking ability. In this research, we reaffirm the direct relationship between Geography and the development of spatial thinking, considering the very nature of this Science, and Cartography as the language used to materialize this way of thinking.


INTRODUCTION The Frederick Valley is a narrow limestone valley, less than 25 miles long, lying east of the Catoctin Mountain-Blue Ridge uplift, which separates the Frederick Valley from the Hagerstown Valley to the west. The crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau border the valley on the east, and Triassic sedimentary rocks cut it off on the north and south and border it on the west.

The valley sides contain blue slaty Frederick limestone; massive, purer Grove limestone occupies its center. The Frederick limestone rests on the Lower Cambrian Antietam quartzite on the east side of the valley.

Philip T. Tyson[1][1] first suggested that the Frederick limestone is of Chazyan and Black River age. Keyes,[2][2] in 1890, reported that brachiopods collected in the valley were of Chazyan or Trenton age. In his 1919 report on the Cambrian and Ordovician of Maryland, Bassler[3][3] concluded that the Frederick limestone was probably of Chazyan . . .

 [1]: #fn-1
 [2]: #fn-2
 [3]: #fn-3


Bus systems in the United States are unattractive to many potential riders because of their lack of efficiency, especially with regard to travel time. One of the reasons services are not more efficient has to do with the spacing of bus stops. After using a nearest facility algorithm with an 800 m walking distance threshold to identify eligible bus stops in the current bus system in the city of Fairfax, Virginia, the impacts of their elimination on operations, emissions, and coverage are estimated. Results indicate that eliminating some bus stops (about 40% of current stops) could improve travel times and reduce operating costs by the same percentage (23%). In addition, bus-related emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO, 34%), volatile organic compounds (VOC, 18%), and nitrogen oxide (NOx, 10%) could all be substantially lower. Surprisingly, the loss in coverage due to eliminating stops would not be large (10% of the total population of the city of Fairfax).


Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can lead to cardiac complications: brady and tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard for the treatment of OSA. The present study aims to demonstrate the efficiency of CPAP in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with OSA. The study also recorded the frequency of arrhythmias in patients with untreated OSA and assessed the association between the severity of OSA and the occurrence of arrhythmias. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. Ninety-three patients with OSA were included, aged 60 (58–64) years, with female/male sex ratio of 1:4. They were subjected simultaneously to home respiratory polygraphy examination and Holter electrocardiogram monitoring, in two different stages: at diagnosis and at the 3-month checkup after CPAP treatment. The presence of supraventricular and ventricular arrythmias was noted. Respiratory parameter values were also recorded. Results: Statistically significant decrease in the occurrence of supraventricular (P < 0.001) and ventricular extrasystoles (P < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (AF) (P = 0.03), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) (P = 0.03), and sinus pauses (P < 0.001) was observed 3 months after treatment with CPAP, compared with baseline. The apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was correlated with the ventricular extrasystoles (r = 0.273; P = 0.008). The ejection fraction of the left ventricle was inversely correlated with the episodes of NSVT (r = −0.425; P < 0.001). AF was associated with the longest apnea (r = 0.215; P = 0.04). Cardiac activity pauses were correlated with AHI (r = 0.320; P = 0.002), longest apnea (r = 0.345; P = 0.01), and oxygen desaturation index (r = 0.325; P = 0.04). Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with OSA was reduced after 3 months of CPAP therapy. Cardiac arrhythmias were correlated with the severity of OSA.


All over the United States, state and local governments are facing increasing revenue deficits due to the current economic recession. Even during good economic times, state and local governments experience temporary cash-flow deficits. State and local governments use short-term municipal bond debt to finance temporary cash-flow deficits caused by the normal erratic collection of tax revenue. The issuance of short-term debt secured by future tax revenue has always been a financing tool that helped local governments with cash-flow problems. The effects of the subprime mortgage crisis and the current recession threaten state and local governments' ability to use this financial tool. The increased cost of issuing short-term debt, coupled with the general reduction of tax revenue collected due to the current recession, has restricted state and local governments' ability to issue short-term debt. Without the use of affordable short-term debt, state and local governments are faced with severe cash-flow problems that threaten their ability to pay for services for their citizens. For example, local governments may be faced with the decision to layoff public safety workers such as fire fighters and police officers, reducing library and recreational park hours, or, in some cases, reducing trash pickup within their communities. To reduce the borrowing costs for state and local government issuers of short-term municipal bonds that are used to finance cash-flow deficits, this article proposes to utilize a federal subsidized taxable bond program similar to the Build America Bond program.


Many content-based image search and instance retrieval systems implement bag-of-visual-words strategies for candidate selection. Visual processing of an image results in hundreds of visual words that make up a document, and these words are used to build an inverted index. Query processing then consists of an initial candidate selection phase that queries the inverted index, followed by more complex reranking of the candidates using various image features. The initial phase typically uses disjunctive top-k query processing algorithms originally proposed for searching text collections.Our objective in this paper is to optimize the performance of disjunctive top-k computation for candidate selection in content-based instance retrieval systems. While there has been extensive previous work on optimizing this phase for textual search engines, we are unaware of any published work that studies this problem for instance retrieval, where both index and query data are quite different from the distributions commonly found and exploited in the textual case. Using data from a commercial large-scale instance retrieval system, we address this challenge in three steps. First, we analyze the quantitative properties of index structures and queries in the system, and discuss how they differ from the case of text retrieval. Second, we describe an optimized term-at-a-time retrieval strategy that significantly outperforms baseline term-at-a-time and document-at-a-time strategies, achieving up to 66% speed-up over the most efficient baseline. Finally, we show that due to the different properties of the data, several common safe and unsafe early termination techniques from the literature fail to provide any significant performance benefits.


The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis, Osbeck, 1765) is found in coastal waters throughout the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, but the species has not been studied in detail along the coast of India. Records of stranded specimens, occasional sightings, incidental catches, and museum specimens are reviewed here, and these show that humpback dolphins occur along most Indian coastal areas and in northwest Sri Lanka. There also are two sighting records for the northeast Andaman Islands. An overview is given of a project carried out recently to study coastal cetacean populations in two areas along the west coast of India. Boat surveys were carried out along the coast of Goa and in the Gulf of Kachchh Marine Protected Area. The distribution, group size, and an index of abundance for S. chinensis in the two regions are evaluated. The sighting rate was over six times higher in Goa.


Four major Australian educational policies adopted between
1945 and 1975 have fallen short of the objectives set for them.
This study is intended to describe those policies and to account
for their shortfall. The central theme is that the four policies,
'selective', 'comprehensive', 'open', and 'community' education
can be seen as manifestations of broader 'ideologies': 'elitism',
'egalitarianism', 'individualism', and 'collectivism' respectively.
It is argued that this ideological source of educational •
prescription has been a constraint in the pursuit of policy
objectives.
A characteristic of 'ideology' as defined for this study is
that some of the central beliefs of the system of values and
beliefs of which it is constituted are uncorroborated or in error.
It is shown that at the time at which these four policies were
adopted by Australian education authorities the beliefs which they
were based upon had not been the subject of any rigorous investigation
and thus reflected ideological commitments rather than the
application of tested educational knowledge.
The uncorroborated methodological beliefs in the four prescriptions
can be seen as distinguished by either 'rationalist' or
'romanticist' characteristics, that is, as derived from either the
exercise of untested reason or, alternatively, from faith in
emotional response as means to valued objectives. Several other
influential educational prescriptions adopted or advocated since
1945 can be categorised under one or other of these two social
methodologies.
The concept of the 'dialectic' in social theory is briefly
examined as a means of accounting for the frequent changes in
recent Australian educational policy and for the light it might
throw upon the disappointing achievement associated with this
instability.
To conclude, a general outline is given of an approach to
educational innovation which emphasises an 'applied' science
perspective. Translated into administrative terms this is seen
to imply the advisability of a flexible application of 'action
research' for increased effectiveness of future educational
prescriptions.


This document describes extended performance statistics for TCP. They
are designed to use TCP's ideal vantage point to diagnose
performance problems in both the network and the application. If a
network-based application is performing poorly, TCP can determine if
the bottleneck is in the sender, the receiver, or the network itself.
If the bottleneck is in the network, TCP can provide specific
information about its nature. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


In the wake of the collapse of Marxism, the unseemly demise of social democracy and the increasingly illiberal nature of so-called liberal societies, questions are now being raised about the future direction of radical politics. Amidst a certain disengagement from mainstream political parties, and a crisis of legitimacy in the established political order, there has emerged a renewed interest in more libertarian forms of politics, where the focus is on the desire for autonomy and the development of alternative political, social and economic practices. Indeed, many have commented on the anarchist orientation of many forms of radical politics today – from the insurrections in Greece in early 2009, to the decentralised and networked nature of activist groups associated with the alter-globalisation movement. These movements and practices – which emphasise non-authoritarian decision-making, direct action and participatory democracy – have transformed the way we think about politics, pointing to the emergence of a politicised and transnational civil society, as well to the need to think of new categories of radical political organisation, identification and action.

Such developments demand that renewed attention be paid to libertarian traditions of political thought. Libertarianism is not a unified ideology, but rather a heterodox and diffuse ensemble of ideas and theories which are nevertheless united around what might be called the libertarian impulse – the ethical and political injunction of anti-authoritarianism, a conviction about the moral inadmissibility of state coercion, and the general idea that the less life is governed the better. Here we take a broader conception of libertarianism which includes more than simply anarchism: anarchism is only one form of libertarianism, and here we also point to left libertarianism, autonomist and heretical Marxisms, and certain forms of utopian socialism.


Over the past decades, there has been a growing number of corporate Codes of Conduct (CoC) being developed and introduced by multinational corporations (MNCs) to promote international labour standards in supply chains. This paper examines the implementation of CoC by suppliers in developing countries. A study was carried out at three garment factories in Vietnam that supply products to a number of well-known international brands. Findings of the research show that there are different levels of compliance with CoC although the three factories are requested to implement the same sets of CoC from similar buyers. The foreign owned factory, which has direct relationships with buyers, complies with most of the standards required in buyers' CoC while the other two factories, which are subcontracted by intermediaries, violate the codes and deceive auditors to pass buyers' audits. Nevertheless, workers working in the factory with high level of compliance do not seem to enjoy better working conditions and benefits than those who work at the non-complying factories. The study also found that in the non-complying factories, there is a high level of willingness of workers to collaborate with employers to deceive the auditors. The findings of the study raise the question whether CoC imposed by the MNCs practically help workers in developing countries.


A 186-m-long core (DV93-1) from Death Valley, California, composed of interbedded salts and muds contains a 200 k.y. record of closed-basin environments and paleoclimates, interpreted on the basis of sedimentology, ostracodes, homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in halite, and correlation with shoreline tufa. The 200 k.y. paleoclimate record is dominated by two dry and/or warm and wet and cold cycles that occurred on a 100 k.y. time scale. These cycles begin with mud-flat deposits (192 ka to bottom of core, and 60 ka to 120 ka). Wetter and/or colder conditions produced greater effective moisture; saline pan and shallow saline lake evaporites overlie mud-flat sediments (186 ka to 192 ka and 35 ka to 60 ka). Eventually, enough water entered Death Valley to sustain perennial lakes that had fluctuating water levels and salinities (120 ka to 186 ka and 10 ka to 35 ka). When more arid conditions returned, mud-flat deposits accumulated on top of the perennial lake sediments, completing the cycle (120 ka and 10 ka). Of particular significance are the major lacustrine phases, 10 ka to 35 ka and 120 ka to 186 ka (oxygen isotope stages 2 and 5e‐6), which represent markedly colder and wetter conditions than those of modern Death Valley. Of the two major lake periods, the penultimate glacial lakes were deeper and far longer lasting than those of the last glacial.


We present the results of an investigation that compares matching SIFT local image features that have been extracted from a software-based retina model under two different forms of retina geometry, log(z) and log(z + α). Our retinas are sampled by receptive fields (RF) which are organized at a high density in the central foveal region of the retina and with progressively sparser density in the surrounding periphery in a configuration similar to that found in biological vision. We demonstrate our retinas using either point-based or variable-sized overlapping Gaussian kernel sampling of the input image and present visualisation results depicting the sampled retina responses back-projected as images in retinal coordinates. Multi-resolution, space-variant visual information is extracted on a scale-space continuum and SIFT interest point descriptors are extracted from these back-projected images in order to represent the visual appearance of local regions surrounding SIFT interest points. This paper describes the design, implementation and initial evaluation of space variant artificial log(z) and log(z+α) retina tessellations comprising a circular overlapping RF model. We compare the matching performance of the back-projected space-variant response using standard SIFT by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. While the primary objective of retina sampled SIFT is to reduce feature data rates while focusing attention in the context of visual search, our preliminary matching results indicate that SIFT applied to the log(z + α) retina images outperformed SIFT applied to the log(z) retina by 5% and 4% at false alarm rates set to 10% and 20% respectively.


Fifteen cows were used in an experiment with a 5 x 5 replicated Latin square design to quantify the effect of particle size of roasted soybeans on milk production and fecal excretion of soybeans. The five experimental periods were each 2 wk long. Diets contained (percentage of dry matter) 33% alfalfa silage, 17% corn silage, 30.6% high moisture ear corn, 18% soybeans, and 1.4% mineral supplement. The five dietary treatments included raw whole soybeans or roasted soybeans in four particle sizes (whole and half, half and quarter, quarter and smaller, and coarsely ground). Mean particle sizes of the raw soybeans and of the roasted soybeans in whole and half sizes were > 4.75 mm. Mean particle sizes of the roasted soybeans in half and quarter, quarter and smaller, and coarsely ground roasted soybeans were 2.92, 2.01, and 1.59, respectively. During the normal handling of roasted soybeans, a large number of seeds was broken into halves in the treatment with whole and half sizes (36%, wt/wt basis). Production of 3.5% fat-corrected milk was 35.4, 37.7, 37.2, 35.1, and 35.4 kg/d for cows fed raw soybeans; roasted soybeans in whole and half, half and quarter, and quarter and smaller sizes; and ground roasted soybeans, respectively. Cows that were fed raw soybeans excreted the largest amount of visible soybean particles in feces, and cows that were fed ground roasted soybeans had the least amount of soybeans in the feces (61.3 vs. 10.6 g of soybeans/kg of fecal dry matter). Roasted soybeans in half and quarter sizes are optimal for milk production.


This work concerns self-supervised video representation learning (SSVRL), one topic that has received much attention recently. Since videos are storage-intensive and contain a rich source of visual content, models designed for SSVRL are expected to be storageand computation-efficient, as well as effective. However, most existing methods only focus on one of the two objectives, failing to consider both at the same time. In this work, for the first time, the seemingly contradictory goals are simultaneously achieved by exploiting compressed videos and capturing mutual information between two input streams. Specifically, a novel Motion Vector based Cross Guidance Contrastive learning approach (MVCGC) is proposed. For storage and computation efficiency, we choose to directly decode RGB frames and motion vectors (that resemble low-resolution optical flows) from compressed videos on-the-fly. To enhance the representation ability of the motion vectors, hence the effectiveness of our method, we design a cross guidance contrastive learning algorithm based on multi-instance InfoNCE loss, where motion vectors can take supervision signals from RGB frames and vice versa. Comprehensive experiments on two downstream tasks show that our MVCGC yields new state-of-the-art while being significantly more efficient than its competitors.


Information systems and technology are critical to today's business, especially in current ebusiness environment. The information systems curriculum, IS2002, not only places emphasis on technical disciplinespecific knowledge, it also stresses the importance to train students in an authentic context. Authentic learning employs authentic context reflecting the way knowledge is used in real world situations. However students often encounter difficulty in achieving desired learning outcome in this type of real world problem-based learning environment. This paper describes the design of a series of learning scaffoldings to make authentic learning and group work effective. Disciplines Physical Sciences and Mathematics Publication Details Lau, S. K. (2011). Authentic learning: learning scaffolding for students. In E. Y. Li (Eds.), IDSI-APDSI 2011: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Decision Sciences Institute and the 16th Annual Conference Asia-Pacific Decision Sciences Institute (pp. 534-539). Taiwan: National Chengchi University. This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/infopapers/3638


Abstract Background : Postpartum maternal health services are health services for postpartum mothers according to standards. Based on the results of the preliminary survey conducted at BPM Tias Susianah on average every month, the number of deliveries was 95 people and from the results of the prasurvey conducted on 25-27 February 2018 of 10 post partum mothers there were 7 post partum mothers who said mothers had not ever consumed pineapple juice both from pregnancy to the puerperium. The purpose of the study was to know the difference in the decline of Fundus Uteri height in postpartum mothers who performed Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) and IMD and given Pineapple Juice at Tias Susianah BPM North Lampung in 2018. Method: This type of quantitative research with Quasi Experimental design is nonequivalent control group Design. The study population of all primiparous postpartum mothers was 946 postpartum mothers who gave birth normally with an average of 78 postpartum mothers per month, with a sample of 34 purposive sampling techniques. Data is taken with an observation sheet. Univariate data analysis and bivariate t test (t-test). Result: The results of the study showed a decrease in TFU before and after being given intervention in the case group with a significance value of P = 0.000 (<0.05) and t = 44.1. There was a decrease in TFU before and after the intervention was given to the control group with a significance value of P = 0,000 (<0,05) and t = 57,176. There was a difference in the difference in TFU reduction between the experimental and control groups as seen from the average difference in TFU decline in the two groups. The mean TFU reduction in the experimental group was 7.78 cm and the mean TFU reduction in the control group was 6.95cm with a mean value of 0.83 significance P = 0.000 so it can be concluded that there were differences in TFU reduction in the experimental group and the control group. Conclusion: It is expected that Puskesmas can participate in providing counseling to post partum mothers to consume pineapple juice as an alternative to accelerate the healing or recovery process and minimize consumption ofpharmacological drugs


Motivated by the recent progress in engineering artificial non-Abelian gauge fields for ultracold fermions in optical lattices, we investigate the time-reversal-invariant Hofstadter–Hubbard model. We include an additional staggered lattice potential and an artificial Rashba-type spin–orbit coupling term available in experiment. Without interactions, the system can be either a (semi)-metal, a normal or a topological insulator, and we present the non-Abelian generalization of the Hofstadter butterfly. Using a combination of real-space dynamical mean-field theory (RDMFT), analytical arguments, and Monte-Carlo simulations we study the effect of strong on-site interactions. We determine the interacting phase diagram, and discuss a scenario of an interaction-induced transition from a normal to a topological insulator. At half-filling and large interactions, the system is described by a quantum spin Hamiltonian, which exhibits exotic magnetic order due to the interplay of Rashba-type spin–orbit coupling and the artificial time-reversal-invariant magnetic field term. We determine the magnetic phase diagram: both for the itinerant model using RDMFT and for the corresponding spin model in the classical limit using Monte-Carlo simulations.