The first beach extends from Braunton, or Saunton, Burrows, (where its eastern limit is concealed by ancient drift sand) to Downend Point, round which it winds, and flanks the southern promontory of Croyd Bay. On the north coast of this little bay are vestiges of another beach, extending in patches from near the lime-kiln, to the bold and bluff headland called Baggy Point. In consequence of its prolongation into deeper water, and its having been consequently exposed to a more constant and heavy action of the sea, it is, in places, nearly all removed ; but enough remains to show, that it once extended a long way between Croyd Sands and Baggy Point. In both instances the beaches contain abundance of recent marine shells, and afford sufficiently compact and tough sandstone to be used in the construction of boundary walls. They frequently present the diagonal lines mentioned in the paper of Professor Sedgwick and Mr. Murchison, and so common in the new red sandstone. That these beaches have been raised from five to ten feet, or that the level of the Atlantic has been depressed to that amount, I have no doubt; for on a careful examination of the slate rocks, at their immediate contact with the present base of the ancient beach, I found, in many places, countless Balani on the surface of the slates, yet so entangled and cemented in the sandstone, that, on detaching a mass of the latter, the Balani were torn off the slate. It


1Information and communications technologies (ICTs) prominently feature in the current wave of globalisation. Sceptics of globalisation suggest that the new technology will hamstring governments from acting in the interests of ordinary people and for furthering communitarian values, leading to demobilisation of reform movements and empowering powerful capitalistic elites. Others suggest that the new technologies will empower people at the expense of states, opening up public space for diversity of opinions and constraining the repressive tendencies of states and bureaucracies. Moreover, the new technologies may also allow mass dissent to mobilise more easily and hamstring the repressive power of states due to transparency and global audience costs. We address the issue by specifically assessing the effects of older technologies relative to new ones, controlling for time independently. We find very clear results suggesting that new ICTs, particularly access to the internet and mobile phones, are associated with better human rights, whereas access to televisions and fixed phone lines are associated with worse human rights. It seems that the new ICTs are qualitatively better for human rights than the old ones. Our results are robust to a host of different controls, testing methods and to the inclusion of time trends as a separate variable. The results taken together do not support pessimistic arguments about how new technologies can raise the level of dangerous dissent and provoke harsher human rights practices by governments.


Dolphins of the genus Sotalia are found along the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts of Central and South America and in the Amazon River and most of its tributaries. At present, the taxonomy of these dolphins remains unresolved. Although five species were described in the late 1800s, only one species is recognized currently (Sotalia fluviatilis) with two ecotypes or subspecies, the coastal subspecies (Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis) and the riverine subspecies (Sotalia fluviatilis fluviatilis). Recent morphometric analyses, as well as mitochondrial DNA analysis, suggested recognition of each subspecies as separate species. Here we review the history of the classification of this genus and present new genetic evidence from ten nuclear and three mitochondrial genes supporting the elevation of each subspecies to the species level under the Genealogical/Lineage Concordance Species Concept and the criterion of irreversible divergence. We also review additional evidence for this taxonomic revision from previously published and unpublished genetic, morphological, and ecological studies. We propose the common name "costero" for the coastal species, Sotalia guianensis (Van Beneden 1864), and accept the previously proposed "tucuxi" dolphin, Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais, 1853), for the riverine species.


Corn harvesting is one of the most complicated problems which farmers need information to make decision prior farming. Corn price is the main factor for farming and there are many factors that affect the corn price vice versa. Knowledge of the factors affecting the corn price and the ability to forecast the corn price in advance would benefit farmers in the context of harvesting. The factors that affect the corn price in Thailand include chicken export rate, corn import rate, weather, soybean price, corn production, stock-to-use, season and planting area. The Cause Tree diagram has been constructed to demonstrate the linkage of such factors and all related data have been collected and analysed by using SPSS software. The Box-Jenkins model has been implemented to establish a time series forecasting model. And performance comparisons among the ARIMA model with Holt-Winters multiplicative seasonal model and Holt-Winters additive seasonal model methods. The results of this research indicated that the corn price can be forecast by using its two lag data with current period soybean price data. The resulting forecasting equation with the ARIMA model generate the lowest errors with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) at 0.8678, Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) at 12.1009 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 4.7592.


Atypical Fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a rare cutaneous mesenchymal neoplasm, predominantly found on sun-damaged skin of the head and neck in elderly patients. But uncommonly it can develop on a burn scar with or without actinic damage. Malignancy development is the major complication of severe burns and the term Marjolin's ulcer has been accepted clinically. The most common malignancy in this setting are Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), followed by Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Malignant Melanoma (MM). Mesenchymal tumours especially malign forms quite infrequently seen on scar tissue. Herein, we present a rare and unusual case of AFX arising on the non sun-damaged area within a chronic burn scar of a young patient. Four cases of burn-related AFX reported in the literature are reviewed and the histopathological features and differential diagnosis are discussed.


Article 10 of the European Community Treaty has gradually given rise to a large body of case law on a wide variety of subjects, including several profoundly important constitutional principles of Community law: the duty of national courts to give effective protection to rights given by Community law, the duty to give direct effect to directives against the State, the duty to interpret national law so as to be compatible with Community law, and the right to judicial review. These principles are the foundation of the constitutional structure that the Court of Justice has built, in which national courts ensure the rule of Community law in most of the circumstances in which it applies. This Article describes the development of the case law of the Court of Justice, divided for convenience, somewhat arbitrarily, into three periods. The periods are 1952 to 1990, 1990 to 2000, and 2000 to date. As will be seen, much of the elaboration of the case law occurred between 1990 and 2000, although several basic principles had been established before that. Before tracing this development, one feature of the Community legal system needs to be explained, since it is fundamental, and very different from other legal systems such as the U.S. legal system. The rules of European Community ("EC") law, and now of European Union ("EU") law, are primarily applied and enforced by national courts and authorities, and not by the Community institutions. The national law and Community law spheres are not separate bodies of law applied by separate institutions. There is no line of demarcation between the two. This fact makes Article 10 much more important than it would otherwise be. It also explains why the case law on Article 10 developed gradually, and is still developing. THE DEVELOPMENT BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE DUTIES OF COOPERATION OF NATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS UNDER ARTICLE 10 EC Dr. John Temple Lang*


If the history of Mediterranean trade during the period c800-1200 is one of decline and reluctant recovery that of Northern Europe is decidedly one of growth. One reason for this is the different points of departure. By c700, Europe's northern seas had never witnessed a system of exchange on the scale and complexity of that in the Mediterranean during Antiquity. During the following centuries, however, the development of commerce in the North corresponded ever closer to that of the Mediterranean, resulting in a twelfth-century economy no less advanced or extensive than that of Imperial Rome, but within an even wider geographical frame. Intriguingly, and hardly by accident, this process was set in motion at the very moment when the Late Antique economy ceased in the Mediterranean, in the closing decades of the seventh century. Throughout much of the period concerned here, trade remained a modest appendage to traditional forms of exchange. Its key historical importance was as a steady motor of social change and innovation.


52200 T he reauthorization of the U.S. Elementary and Secondary Education Act, referred to as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), emphasizes evidence-based interventions while giving states and districts new exibility on the use of federal funds, including funds that could be used to support social and emotional learning (SEL). The authors review recent evidence on U.S.-based SEL interventions for K–12 students to better inform the use of SEL interventions under ESSA. This report discusses the opportunities for supporting SEL under ESSA, the standards of evidence under ESSA, and SEL interventions that meet the standards of evidence and might be eligible for federal funds through ESSA. Federal, state, and district education policymakers can use this report to identify relevant, evidence-based SEL interventions that meet their local needs. A companion volume (available on the website) catalogues these interventions in more detail and outlines the research that has examined them. C O R P O R A T I O N Commissioned by


During initial examinations of the residents of Tecumseh, Michigan, one-hour 100-gm. glucose tolerance tests were applied to 2,983 persons sixteen years of age and older. Distributions of one-hour blood glucose values divided by age, sex and interval since last food were unimodal with slight skewing toward higher levels. In general, means and variances of distributions for men and women of the same age tested under like circumstances were almost identical. In contrast, age and recent food independently exerted striking effects on one-hour levels. With increasing age through the seventh decade the whole one-hour glucosemia distribution shifted steadily toward higher levels, the slope of its regression on age approximating 13 mg. per 100 ml. per decade. Persons challenged within four hours of eating exhibited one-hour values averaging 25 mg. per 100 ml. below those of similar ages challenged at longer intervals after eating. The degree of depression of the one-hour value by recent food increased detectably with the total carbohydrate intake during the last four hours. No diurnal variation was noted; seasonal variation was observed only in males, whose values were slightly higher in autumn months than in other seasons. The consistent observation of a linear age gradient challenges current diagnostic criteria for diabetes which take no account age. Instead, the present data suggest that much of what has been designated as maturity-onset diabetes results from a diminution of carbohydrate tolerance with age which is characteristic of the entire population. Accordingly, hypotheses regarding the etiology of diabetes must be rexamined.


Tourism is considered to have the potential to generate foreign exchange revenue, create jobs for all levels, support handicraft and export industries, promote art and subsidise the development of transportation infrastructure; as it's a vector of development, governments try to coordinate planning with national development and objectives (Richter & Richter, 1985). In the case of Sri Lanka, a developing country under reconstruction following a long and destructive civil war, tourism has also been perceived as a tool for postwar reconstruction and reconciliation. Thus, a blueprint document; the 'Sri Lankan Tourism Development Strategy 2011 – 2016', which is a five year master plan, whose objectives are to distribute national economic benefits through tourism to economic development and national social cohesion, was published. Can it really be a bridge for reconstruction? This conceptual paper aims to assess the tourism reality in post war Sri Lanka in the light of the blueprint document. It will review the policy with regards to; firstly public or private tourism development, secondly domestic or international tourism, thirdly special interest or mass tourism and fourthly tourism supply or resources focusing on the distribution of benefits. The paper concludes summarising the key points identified for reviews in the government tourism development strategy. It contributes to the literature on Sri Lankan tourism development post war, notably to review the official five year plan blueprint in its recognition. The discussions in the paper help to build a body of knowledge on understanding tourism policy in the context of national reconstruction and social cohesion.


A number of jurisdictions world-wide have changed or are considering changing their homicide laws. Important changes have now been recommended for England and Wales, and these changes are an important focus in the book, which brings together leading experts from jurisdictions across the globe (England and Wales; France; Germany; Scotland; Australia; The United States of America; Canada; Singapore and Malaysia) to examine key aspects of the law of homicide. Key areas examined include the structure of the law of homicide and the meaning of fault elements. For example, the definition of murder, or its equivalent, is very different in France and Germany from the definition used in England and Wales. French law, like the law in a number of American states, ties the definition of murder to the presence or absence of premeditation, unlike the law in England and Wales. Unlike most other jurisdictions, German law makes the killer's motive, such as a sadistic sexual motive, relevant to whether or not he or she committed the worst kind of homicide. England and Wales is in a minority of English-speaking jurisdictions in that it does not employ the concept of 'wicked' recklessness, or of extreme indifference, as a fault element in homicide. Understanding these often subtle differences between the approaches of different jurisdictions to the definition of homicide is an essential aspect of the law reform process, and of legal study and scholarship in the criminal law. Every jurisdiction tries to learn from the experience of others, and this book seeks to make a contribution to that process, as well as providing a lively and informative resource for scholars and students.


Cells clear misfolded and damaged proteins from the cell surface, sometimes frustrating attempts to treat protein-folding diseases. Protein misfolding diseases often lead to the retention and degradation of important proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Strategies to reduce the stringency of ER quality control that allow the proteins to carry on through the secretory pathway to reach their destination at the cell surface have shown some promise. Okiyoneda et al. (see the Perspective by Hutt and Balch) wanted to understand how, even if a protein reaches its destination, it may still be subjected to a second level of quality control and be cleared from the plasma membrane. Using functional small-interfering RNA screens in cells expressing the common cystic fibrosis mutation F508CFTR, the authors identified a pair of chaperones that promoted clearance of defective proteins from the plasma membrane. This peripheral quality-control step will also need to be overcome to increase the effectiveness of strategies to overcome protein misfolding disorders. T. Okiyoneda, H. Barrière, M. Bagdány, W. M. Rabeh, K. Du, J. Höhfeld, J. C. Young, G. L. Lukacs, Peripheral protein quality control removes unfolded CFTR from the plasma membrane. Science 329, 805–810 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text] D. Hutt, W. E. Balch, The proteome in balance. Science 329, 766–767 (2010). [Summary] [Full Text]


ABSTRACT α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) was recently identified as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and several other arenaviruses, including Lassa fever virus (W. Cao, M. D. Henry, P. Borrow, H. Yamada, J. H. Elder, E. V. Ravkov, S. T. Nichol, R. W. Compans, K. P. Campbell, and M. B. A. Oldstone, Science 282:2079–2081, 1998). Data presented in this paper indicate that the affinity of binding of LCMV to α-DG determines viral tropism and the outcome of infection in mice. To characterize this relationship, we evaluated the interaction between α-DG and several LCMV strains, variants, and reassortants. These viruses could be divided into two groups with respect to affinity of binding to α-DG, dependence on this protein for cell entry, viral tropism, and disease course. Viruses that exhibited high-affinity binding to α-DG displayed a marked dependence on α-DG for cell entry and were blocked from infecting mouse 3T6 fibroblasts by 1 to 4 nM soluble α-DG. In addition, high-affinity binding to α-DG correlated with an ability to infiltrate the white pulp (T-dependent) area of the spleen, cause ablation of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response by day 7 postinfection, and establish a persistent infection. In contrast, viruses with a lower affinity of binding to α-DG were only partially inhibited from infecting α-DG−/− embryonic stem cells and required a concentration of soluble α-DG higher than 100 nM to prevent infection of mouse 3T6 fibroblasts. These viruses that bound at low affinity were mainly restricted to the splenic red pulp, and the host generated an effective CTL response that rapidly cleared the infection. Reassortants of viruses that bound to α-DG at high and low affinities were used to map genes responsible for the differences described to the S RNA, containing the virus attachment protein glycoprotein 1.


Unless protected by the exact integrability, solitons are subject to dissipative forces, originating from a thermally fluctuating background. At low enough temperatures T background fluctuations should be considered as being quantized which enables us to calculate finite lifetime of the solitons τ∼T(-4). We also find that the coherent nature of the quantum fluctuations leads to long-range interactions between the solitons mediated by the superradiation. Our results are of relevance to current experiments with ultracold atoms, while the approach may be extended to solitons in other media.


Abstract The paper reports on simulation of pellet-fueled plasmas in a fusion reactor. The simulations have been performed by means of the ASTRA transport code. We have studied physical modeling of pellet injection as well as the numerical conditions to resolve pellet injection correctly. As a first step the essential mechanisms for density control have been studied based on simplified assumptions with a generic source of additional heating. The experience gained has been used to simulate advanced scenarios including internal transport barriers. It has been confirmed that it is possible to drive the plasma of a next-generation tokamak into a high-Q regime and to maintain it in a steady-state regime. Nevertheless, the pellet injection parameters required are rather demanding and imply a significant technological improvement of pellet injectors. Those investigations represent an improvement of simulations done earlier with a control of the central density at constant profile.


This major study offers a new understanding of the aesthetics and politics of postwar European and American art. Questioning the widespread assumption that the most innovative practices were non-representational, it shows how a powerful realist impulse operated alongside a strong commitment to abstraction. Alex Potts makes the case that the ambition to create work that engaged with the everyday and political realities of the world motivated much of the period's vital experimentation with medium and artistic process. Experiments in Modern Realism is a refreshingly unorthodox account of the artistic and political impulses shaping the diverse practices that emerged in mid-20th century art. The wide variety of both canonical and lesser-known work it features ranges from free-form paintings by Dubuffet and De Kooning and assemblages by Rauschenberg and Fahlstrom to actions and happenings by Beuys and Kaprow. Engaging the fields of history, literature, politics, cultural theory, and art history, this book is a remarkably probing analysis of postwar art from one of the most important voices in art history today.


This forum discusses the comparative dimensions of settler colonialism in Israel and the U.S.-Mexico border region, including separation walls, issues of migration, and the control of movement, dispossession, and settlement. The contributions take a variety of perspectives, both activist and scholarly. They engage with the longer historical perspective and with contemporary realities that suggest the comparability of the experience of Chicana/os and other Latina/o minorities in the United States and Mexico and that of the Palestinian populations of the Occupied Territories and Israel itself. Methodologically, they cross the disciplinary boundaries that separate disparate instances of oppression and struggle and propose that both scholarly and activist work should make connections between locations while respecting the distinctiveness and specificity of places and histories. Solidarity, these essays suggest, is based not on absolute identification, but on differentiated experiences of oppression and struggle against systems of domination like settler colonialism and capitalism.


Preliminary figures show faster growth in the amounts governments are budgeting for healthcare over the past three years, according to a new report from the C.D. Howe Institute. In "Healthcare Costs in Canada: Stopping Bad News Getting Worse," author William B.P. Robson warns that the preliminary figures likely understate the acceleration, since later figures typically reveal that provinces and territories have overshot their budget targets.


Background: International oncology societies recommend early palliative care. Specific models to integrate early palliative care efficiently into clinical practice are debated. The authors designed a study to look at the quantitative and qualitative outcomes of an early palliative care intervention in oncological care to decrease stress and improve quality of life. Aims: To compare a single structured early palliative care intervention added to a usual oncology care in terms of distress and health-related quality of life at baseline compared to 6 months after enrollment. Design: This multicenter randomized controlled trial (NCT01983956) enrolled adult patients with advanced cancer. Participants were either randomly assigned to usual oncology care alone or usual care plus a structured early palliative care intervention. Setting/participants: One hundred fifty adult patients with a variety of advanced cancer diagnoses were randomized. Seventy-four participants were in the intervention and 76 participants in the control group. The primary outcome was the change in patient distress assessed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network distress thermometer at 6 months. Health-related quality of life, the secondary outcome, was assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General Questionnaire. Results: The results showed no significant effect of the early palliative care intervention neither on patient distress nor on health-related quality of life. Conclusion: The addition of an early intervention to usual care for patients with advanced cancer did not improve distress or quality of life. Thus, patients may need more intensive early palliative care with continuous professional support to identify and address their palliative needs early.


This thesis describes an industrial research project carried out in collaboration with STC Components, Harlow, Essex. Technical and market trends in the use of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are reviewed. As a result, three areas not previously addressed by STC were identified: lower insertion loss designs, higher operating frequencies and improved temperature dependent stability. A review of the temperature performance of alternative lower insertion loss designs,shows that greater use could be made of the on-site quartz growing plant. Data is presented for quartz cuts in the ST-AT range. This data is used to modify the temperature performance of a SAW filter. Several recently identified quartz orientations have been tested. These are SST, LST and X33. Problems associated with each cut are described and devices demonstrated. LST quartz, although sensitive to accuracy of cut, is shown to have an improved temperature coefficient over the normal ST orientation. Results show that its use is restricted due to insertion loss variations with temperature. Effects associated with split-finger transducers on LST-quartz are described. Two low-loss options are studied, coupled resonator filters for very narrow bandwidth applications and single phase unidirectional transducers (SPUDT) for fractional bandwidths up to about 1%. Both designs can be implemented with one quarter wavelength transducer geometries at operating frequencies up to 1GHz. The SPUDT design utilised an existing impulse response model to provide analysis of ladder or rung transducers. A coupled resonator filter at 400MHz is demonstrated with a matched insertion loss of less than 3.5dB and bandwidth of 0.05%. A SPUDT device is designed as a re-timing filter for timing extraction in a long haul PCM transmission system. Filters operating at 565MHz are demonstrated with insertion losses of less than 6dB. This basic SPUDT design is extended to a maximally distributed version and demonstrated at 450MHz with 9.8dB insertion loss.


The following text engages the concepts of the grotesque, the self, and language through a reading of three novels: Severo Sarduy's Cobra, Samuel Beckett's The Unnamable and José Donoso's El obsceno pájaro de la noche. The novels introduced here find themselves in the position of contributing to the theory of the self, of language and the grotesque through their own experimentations with these concepts, and whose method and creativity align with particularly critical movements in theory, including but not limited to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Just as theorists such as Mikhail Bakhtin and René Descartes engage with problems like 'what is the self?', 'what is language?' and 'what is the grotesque?', so too do Beckett, Donoso and Sarduy; and the purpose of this text is broadly to frame these relations and contribute an analysis. The novels discussed throughout this thesis show that identity can be rethought and redefined. They deterritorialize human identity by evincing different ways of behaving and different ways of understanding the self, or even by showing that there is no necessity to hold subjects to such a construction.


In this paper, a robust anti-islanding algorithm for distributed fuel cell powered generation (DFPG) is proposed. Three different islanding scenarios are explored and presented based on analysis of real and reactive power mismatch. It is shown via analysis that the islanding voltage is a function of real power alone, whereas its frequency is a function of both real and reactive power. Following this analysis, a robust anti-islanding algorithm is developed. The proposed algorithm continuously perturbs (/spl plusmn/ 5%) the reactive power supplied by DFPG while simultaneously monitoring the utility voltage and frequency. If islanding were to occur, a measurable frequency deviation takes place upon which the real power of DFPG is further reduced to 80%; now a drop in voltage positively confirms islanding, and the DFPG is safely disconnected. This method of control is shown to be robust, able to detect islanding under resonant loads, and fast acting (operable in one cycle). Possible islanding conditions are simulated and verified with analysis. Experimental results on a 0.5 kW fuel cell inverter connected to 120 V 60 Hz utility are discussed.


Learner biographies and learning cultures constitutes an important contribution to the under-researched field of vocational education and the school-to-work transition. Drawing on Butler's concept of discursive agency and Alheit's biographical approach, the book offers a new conceptual and methodological framework for exploring young people's construction of identity over time as well as in the specific learning sites of apprenticeship - the workplace and the college. The particular approach, concerned with young people's situated subjectivities, sets it apart from existing research, much of which focuses on social reproduction and portrays young people in vocational education as 'non-academic' with enduring identities. The comparative, multi-method ethnography is an in-depth study of sixteen apprentices in England and Germany, on two contrasting apprenticeship programmes-retail and motor vehicle maintenance. Bringing together a wealth of rich material, including young people's life stories and data from observations in workplaces and colleges, it paints a compelling picture of the individual young people as they negotiate learner identities over time, in multiple life domains and in the 'learning cultures' of the workplace and the college. The cross-national comparative design, contrasting the high-quality German dual system with the variable provision of apprenticeships in England, highlights the significance of discursive regimes in young people's identity construction. It is argued that learner identities are not natural or abiding, but are formed through concrete experiences of learning and constituted in institutional settings with discursive frameworks that prioritise certain forms of knowledge. The findings challenge one of the most common stereotypes of young people in vocational education in England today-that they are 'naturally' non-academic and that vocational pathways need to provide predominantly 'practical' training. The book is of potentially far-reaching impact in view of current government initiatives to expand apprenticeships and in the climate of high youth unemployment and rising university fees. The findings suggest that learner dispositions may change and that quality vocational education, based on the integration of theory and practice, can engage and challenge all learners across the range of 'achievement' levels, including those deemed 'disaffected' with classroom learning.


We report six new records of snakes from Thanh Hoa province based on newly collected specimens from Xuan Lien Nature Reserve, comprising three species of Colubridae (Lycodon futsingensis, L. meridionalis and Oreocryptophis porphyraceus), two species of Natricidae (Hebius boulengeri and Parahelicops annamensis), and one species of Elapidae (Bungarus slowinskii). In addition, an updated list of 38 snake species from Xuan Lien Nature Reserve is also provided. The snake fauna of Xuan Lien Nature Reserve contains a number of species of conservation concern including six species listed in the Governmental Decree No. 32/2006/ND-CP (2006), eight species listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007), and four species listed in the IUCN Red List (2016).


This paper describes a new unified formal modeling framework based on generic place/transition nets (PTNs) for concurrent integrated design and planning of electromechanical assemblies. First, a generic PTN model is defined as an abstract (meta)class of all types of PTNs. Then, an integrated object modeling framework is proposed for capturing and representing information and knowledge in the assembly design and planning processes based on the defined generic PTN modeling language and formalisms. The proposed integrated assembly model with the generic PTNs can uniformly represent the causal relations at the assembly level, the operation level, and the feature-based single-part level through the data abstraction of components and connectors on various levels of integrated assembly design and planning. An assembly model compatible with the STandard for the Exchange of Product model data (STEP, officially ISO 10303) is also built with the generic PTNs. To validate the proposed modeling framework, a prototype system has been developed, and a case study on gearbox assembly design and planning is provided.


ABSTRACT The study from an Interpersonal Phenomenological Approach of gay sexuality in cultural terms offers an opportunity to identify the driving force behind why some men will marry a woman to fit into the society they grew up in. This study presents a case of a 40-year-old man, called Dillion living in London but wants to move back to Sri Lanka, who negotiates his identity to fit in with Sri Lanka and in London. The case study highlights the struggle of juggling between the culture of his birth and the culture he now lives in with his drive to become accepted.


The purpose of this research was to determine relationship between nurse unit manager supervision with motivation of nurses in Ward RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau. This research used descriptive correlative method with cross sectional approach. The research was conducted at RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau by total sample of 43 people who were taken by using a random sampling technique. Measuring instrument used was questionnaire which tested the validity and reability. The analysis used chi-square test. The results of this research showed no relationship between supervision by nurse unit manager with motivation of nurses in Ward (p value 0,169 > a 0,05). From this research,it  is expected to hospital management to evaluate the implementation of nurse unit manager supervision and to improve the supervision of the nurse unit manager so that the supervision of the implementation of the objectives and benefits of supervision can be achieved. Keywords              : motivation of nurses, nurse unit manager, supervision. Reference : 46 (1987-2013)


Vaccine antigens have been successfully produced in transgenic plants for oral immunization. Recently, a fusion strategy has been adopted to produce multicomponent vaccines and to target antigens to mucosal sites for enhanced oral immunogenicity. However, antigen fusions may not be folded correctly due to steric hindrance and may thus lose their potency. Here, we describe an Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay that provides enough antigen-expressing material at 2 days post-transfection to evaluate antigen conformation. Using the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a model antigen and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a model fusion partner, we showed that transiently expressed HBsAg and an HBsAg fusion with GFP at the N-terminus (GFP:HBsAg), but not the HBsAg fusion with GFP at the C-terminus (HBsAg:GFP), formed the 'a' determinant and virus-like particles (VLPs), similar to yeast-derived vaccine HBsAg. Thus, it is feasible to modify the HBsAg with an N-terminal fusion of up to 239 amino acids without altering its major antigenic properties. Our results also demonstrate that the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system can be used to evaluate the conformation of plant-based vaccines or other pharmaceutical proteins in a high-throughput manner.


Purpose: Educational environment has a significant impact on students' behavior, academic progress and quality of learning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the students' perception of their learning environment in an Indian physiotherapy college and compare their perceptions in terms of demographic attributes and academic level. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 420 undergraduate physiotherapy students. The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM), a 50-item, self-administered inventory was employed to assess the student's perception of learning environment. It comprises of five domains: students' perceptions of learning; students' perceptions of teachers; students' academic self-perceptions; students' perceptions of atmosphere and students' social self-perceptions. Descriptive statistics, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze data. P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean DREEM score was 122.66 ± 17.39 reflecting a more of positive than negative educational environment in this institution. There was a significant difference in the overall DREEM score (p = 0.000) based on the year of study with highest mean score in first year (127.57 ± 13.81). Evaluating the sub-domains of perception, the students in all the years had a more positive perception of learning (29.22 ± 5.35), their perception of teachers moved in the right direction (26.52 ± 5.05), their academic self-perception was more on the positive side (21.23± 3.72), they had a more positive perception of atmosphere (28.56± 5.64) and their social self-perception could be graded as not too bad (17.13 ±3.08). No significant gender difference was noted for overall DREEM score and all domain scores. Conclusion: The present study revealed that all undergraduate physiotherapy students perceived their educational environment positively. However, some areas require remedial measures in order to enhance the educational experience. Advocating problem-based learning, student mentorship, counseling and workshops on teaching-learning for teachers might enable us to enrich our learning environment.


Large representative surveys are using mixed methods to an ever-increasing degree. Biomarkers, register data, and experiments, for example, provide different types of data that can be linked with survey data. The use of qualitative interviewing of participants in longitudinal surveys is still rare, however, in the social sciences. Yet qualitative methods have proven just as valuable as quantitative methods in providing insights into social reality by reflecting the multidimensionality of individual life courses and lived realities. Furthermore, indepth interviews can provide a better understanding of individual decision-making processes and behavior resulting from more or less unconscious strategies. They also provide insights into decisive turning points in people's lives. Finally, by linking quantitative and qualitative data, the reliability of longitudinal information can be analyzed thoroughly in terms of accuracy as well as meaningfulness.


The aim of this study was to determine changes within flavonoid levels in broccoli plants ( Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) induced by water stress conditions and aphid herbivory. Three water treatments, well-watered, drought, and water-logged, were applied to plants. Two aphid species, the specialist Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and the generalist Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were used to evaluate combination effects under water stress. Drought and waterlogged stress decreased plants water content and reduced the growth of broccoli. Analysis of flavonoids revealed that the broccoli variety 'Calabrese' only contained kaempferol. The kaempferol content was similar in all experimental plants after one week cultivation under various water treatments. However, after two weeks of water stress, significantly higher kaempferol amounts were detected in drought and water-logged broccoli plants compared to well-watered plants. Herbivory of the aphids' B. brassicae and M. persicae did not change the level of kaempferol in broccoli, regardless of the water treatment


A viral inhibitor(s) is released in the supernate of mixed cultures containing human or mouse lymphocytes and cells from certain lines. The inhibitor is active against a variety of unrelated viruses and is a protein that is not toxic for cells. It does not inactivate viruses directly, but inhibits viral replication through an intracellular mechanism that involves synthesis by the cells of both RNA and protein. These characteristics identify the inhibitor as an interferon. The anti- viral activity is contained in at least two molecular species, of approximately 25,000 and 45,000 daltons, respectively. In addition to the anti-viral activity, the supernates of the mixed cultures display an anti-cellular activity, the inhibition of DNA synthesis and of cell multiplication. The anti-viral and the anti-cellular activities are positively correlated in supernates from various cultures and in partially purified preparations. The human cell population responsible for interferon production is composed mainly of Fc-receptor positive, surface immunoglobulin negative, non-T-cell lymphocytes. The ability of certain cell lines to induce interferon seems to be preferentially associated with tumor origin or with in vitro transformation by certain viruses (Epstein-Barr virus, murine sarcoma virus).


In the modern high-tech industries, the mutual relationship between technological development and Business performance is extremely important. Some Japanese high-tech companies intend to make an impact on the technological circumstances, and introduce a new currency of technology and a market. A high-tech company typically makes use of two different types of logic. The first logic is that of science or technology. The second logic is the logic of business. The logic of science or technology refers to the cause and effect chain of natural science or engineering. The business logic is concerned with ways of obtaining and increasing profits or market share. These two different types of logic bring about some difficult problems. For example, a radical new high technology cannot always create a new market. Therefore companies must adopt well-balanced resource allocation between technological and marketing development. Japanese high-tech companies attempt to resolve this serious contradiction by organizational means. In order to analyze their behaviour, the concept of strategy is very important. Further the classification of the technological innovations under specific type is extremely useful in understanding the strategy of technological innovation.


Concerns have recently been raised regarding the presence of arsenic in California wine. Total arsenic concentrations in 101 wines produced or bottled in California were characterized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Of these wines, 28 were wines identified in media reports as containing arsenic concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water of 10 μg/L. The remaining 73 wines were randomly purchased at local retailers. Blush wines were found to contain the greatest total arsenic concentration (mean = 27.2 μg/L; SD = 16.9 μg/L) regardless of sampling group, followed by white wines (mean = 10.9 μg/L; SD = 11.0 μg/L) and red wines (mean = 6.75 μg/L; SD = 7.33 μg/L). Moreover, the publicized group of wines was found to have significantly (p < 0.05) greater total arsenic concentrations (mean = 25.6 μg/L; SD = 12.0 μg/L) than the random wines (mean = 7.42 μg/L; SD = 10.2 μg/L). The concentrations of total arsenic in all wines evaluated in this analysis were less than the two currently used arsenic guidelines for wine of 100 μg/L and 200 μg/L. Results from the statistical analysis suggest that no more than 0.3% of California wines (if any) may contain arsenic concentrations greater than the 100 μg/L guideline. A significant inverse association between total arsenic concentration and unit wine price was also identified in this analysis. Chronic daily intake of arsenic as a result of wine consumption was estimated to account for a small fraction (<8.3%) of a typical adult's dietary arsenic intake, indicating that wine consumption is not a significant source of total arsenic exposure. These results indicate that the presence of arsenic in wine does not represent a health risk for consumers.


In January 2014, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit struck down the FCC's 2010 Open Internet Order, which contained the Commission's net neutrality rules. The Commission has since indicated that it will take up the D.C. Circuit's invitation to implement rules that, consistent with historic practice, meet the court's test for preventing improper blocking and discrimination of Internet traffic. In this paper, we consider the Commission's options for a path forward under Title II of the Communications Act. We find that the FCC has at least two available paths. The first is predominantly legal: By adopting the two-stage framework articulated by the D.C. Circuit characterizing broadband transactions as including a call and a response, the Commission can conclude that response, or sender-side, transmissions are a telecommunications service under the statute. The second path is predominantly factual: The Commission can consider whether it is still swayed by its analysis, now well over a decade old, that analogizes broadband subscription services to dial-up Internet access. Regardless of the path the Commission chooses, it will reach a similar destination. Either course allows the Commission to meet the promise to prevent improper blocking and discrimination.


"Poetry and Consciousness" brings together C. K. Williams's meditations on psychology, an epistemology of poems, considerations of poetry and its relations to history and to the novel, exploring the causes and consequences of that fruitful breakdown of language the author calls "narrative dysfunction." A former Guggenheim fellow, winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award, and noted critic, Williams reveals the influences that helped spur and shape the development of his art.The essays explore the world of poetry and of poets, tracing the curious forces that generate the deeply rooted but richly unfamiliar languages of verse. Williams addresses a broad audience, justifying poetry as a form of embodied consciousness that helps us situate ourselves in history, a concrete form of opportunity and responsibility. The essays examine the very structure of consciousness and suggest tools for living that enable both writers and readers to approach their own situated selves as well as other selves and other poets.C. K. Williams has authored ten books of poetry, including "Flesh and Blood, A Dream of Mind," and "The Vigil." He currently teaches in the Writing Program at Princeton University.


The effect of the M-window color mixing bar on the characteristics of color mixing and hot spots in the edge-lit backlight employing red (R), green (G), blue (G) light emitting diodes (LED) were studied in terms of the structure of the M-window color mixing bar. The rays from RGB LEDs entering the M-window bar were mixed by internal reflection and scattering inside the M-window bar so that the hot spots and color separation were minimized. The M-window bar was designed and fabricated and the simulation results are matched quite well to experimental data.


A of the push toward evidencebased mental health treatment, there is interest in increasing the proportion of patients who engage in evidence-based psychotherapy. However, attrition is a common phenomenon, especially at the beginning of psychotherapy. Using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data, we examined psychotherapy utilization patterns among patients diagnosed as having a substance use disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in fiscal year (FY) 2008. Start of a psychotherapy treatment episode was defined as the first psychotherapy visit after 60 dayswith noVHApsychotherapy visits within VHA. Thus psychotherapy visits more than 60 days apart were viewed as separate treatment episodes. This is consistent with a widely used definition of a treatment episode for a substance use disorder (1). Among patients who initiated psychotherapy, we also examined attrition—defined as attending only one or two psychotherapy visits. In FY 2008, of the 380,231 patients with an inpatient or outpatient encounter that included a substance use disorder diagnosis, 210,168 (55%) had at least one outpatient psychotherapy episode start, and among those, 121,257 (58%) attended only one or two visits. Of the 442,359 patients with an inpatient or outpatient encounter in FY 2008 that included a PTSD diagnosis, 297,831 (67%) had at least one outpatient psychotherapy episode start, and, among those, 183,801 (62%) attended only one or two visits (Figure 1). Repeated attempts at psychotherapy engagement were not rare; 40% of those with a substance use disorder and 48% of those with PTSD who started one outpatient psychotherapy episode had at least one additional episode start in the same year. These observations may have significant clinical and measurement implications. Clinically, these results suggest that more needs to be done to encourage patients to initiate and engage in treatment. Although attrition from care is common, both clinicians and patients should be aware that a significant number of patients who initially disengage from care will later make attempts at reengagement. Efforts to reengage patients may improve engagement rates and mental health outcomes. Explaining these rates to patients may reduce discouragement and self-stigma among those having difficulty with adherence during attempts at treatment seeking.Moreover,many patients with PTSD or a substance use disorder may need more than one attempt at psychotherapy to be successful. Some widely used measures of treatment engagement examine only the first episode of care in a year (1). Our results suggest that this approach could underestimate the proportion of patients who engage in treatment during a year because it overlooks subsequent treatment episodes. Our results underscore the importance of the adage, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again."


Providing water in a semiarid region has historically been one of the most important responsibilities of government. This task was made more difficult by the uncertainties involved with long-range planning and the randomness of the weather. These uncertainties are generally addressed by maintaining a buffer between supply and demand with the installation of additional supplies in reasonable advance of projected needs or by constructing projects with additional capacity. With the advent of the federal permitting process, additional uncertainties were introduced to the supply of water. No applicant can go into the permitting process with any guarantee of acceptance. The huge resource and financial commitment necessary to complete the process is daunting, and applicants may hesitate to begin without some hope of constructive results.


A scaling analysis has been performed to study the phenomena of downward facing boiling and steam venting in a heated hemispherical annular channel. Five key transfer processes have been considered and the characteristic time for each of these processes has been determined and compared with the residence time for the two-phase mixture in the flow channel. To complement the scaling analysis, an upward co-current two-phase flow model has been developed to predict the total mass flow rate and the steam venting velocity induced in the annular channel by the process of downward facing boiling. The model takes into account the wall heat flux level, the geometry of the flow channel, the local variation of the cross-sectional flow area, and the pressure drops through various segments of the channel. Based on the results of the flow calculations and the scaling analysis, criteria for experimental simulation have been established to assure that the phenomena simulated in laboratory-scale experiments would have the same effects as those anticipated for the fullscale system.


This study assesses the contribution of the Dutch public export credit insurance facility (ECIF) to Dutch GDP and employment. Unlike previous studies, which generally adopt the gravity model of trade, we adopt an input-output approach. The results show that the contribution of economic activity insured by the public ECIF to GDP averages 0.24 percent annually. This concerns value added generated both by exporters and their domestic suppliers in the value chain. The contribution to employment shows an average of 0.27 percent, accumulating to 95,000 jobs (FTE) over 5 years. The estimated contribution of the public ECIF to the Dutch economy should be considered an upper boundary of its true contribution. Therefore, we examine the extent to which the above economic gains would be realized if the facility was unavailable using highly disaggregated trade data. The basic idea is that if certain products are only exported to certain destinations with the aid of the public ECIF, then this suggests 100 percent additionality. The inconclusiveness of our results underlines the difficulties in assessing the degree of additionality.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Outsourcing enterprises that rent out agricultural machinery with operators to farm households have been vital to facilitating rapid agricultural mechanization in Myanmar over the past five years. This report presents results from the first ever study of agricultural machinery outsourcers in Myanmar. One hundred and twenty two outsourcing enterprises were surveyed in 12 Dry Zone townships in December 2017. These included 79 enterprises providing four-wheel tractor (4WT) outsourcing services, 32 providing combine harvester (CH) services, and 11 offering both CH and 4WT services. The following results stand out: Outsourcing of CH and 4WT services is a recent phenomenon, and has expanded extremely rapidly: 88% of 4WT and 94% of CH owned by surveyed outsourcers were purchased during or after 2014. However, purchases of both 4WT and CH slowed in 2017, suggesting that market maturation is beginning. The total area harvested by CH outsourcing enterprises grew 1240% from 2013 to 2017, while that serviced by 4WT outsourcers grew 900%. The average area of land harvested by each CH outsourcing enterprise annually grew from 101 ha in 2013 to 114 ha in 2015, shrinking thereafter as greater competition emerged, to reach 86 ha in 2017. The average area of land worked by 4WT outsourcers was stable from at around 150 ha from 2014 onwards. Agricultural machinery outsourcing enterprises are small businesses. The vast majority own a single machine and are also farmers. Their farms are toward the upper end of the farm size distribution, but they are not large landowners or companies. Agricultural machines were purchased mainly from private machinery supply businesses. This was the case for all CH, and three-quarters of 4WT, despite government efforts to promote tractor sales through the Department of Cooperatives. Machine purchases have been facilitated by access to formal finance. Two-thirds (64%) of CH and just over half (54%) of 4WT were purchased using financing from a bank or machinery dealership. Purchases of 4WT made using credit obtained from government sources accounted for 19% of sales. The introduction of transferrable land use rights (Form 7) has facilitated access to formal finance. Form 7 was used to guarantee almost all machinery loans provided by banks. Provision of outsourcing services is highly profitable. Most of the capital costs of CH outsourcing enterprises can be recovered within two years. Repayment periods are slightly longer for 4WT outsourcing enterprises, but almost all 4WT outsourcers were able to repay loans in full on time. Very few owners or operators of CH or 4WT received formal training on how to use them. Among individuals who had received training, nearly all were trained by machinery supply businesses. Fees charged by outsourcers have remained stable or become cheaper in real terms, indicating the existence of competitive markets. CH enterprises initially served local markets but have expanded their geographical coverage over time, from a 'core' of irrigated paddy cultivating areas around Shwebo to other areas of the Dry Zone, the Delta and Bago. Provision of 4WT outsourcing services is much more localized than CH outsourcing. New specialized economic actors and markets for services have emerged extremely quickly in response to opportunities created by the growth of agricultural machinery outsourcing in the areas of: (1) 3rd party transport services; (2) brokers organizing groups of clients; (3) skilled machine operators. Transport logistics from 3rd party providers have lowered entry barriers into CH outsourcing by removing the need to own or operate vehicles used to transport CH. This makes it possible for CH outsourcers to offer services in distant locations without having to visit them in person Brokers acting as intermediaries between prospective service users and CH outsourcing enterprises have largely replaced self-organized groups, conferring advantages to both CH outsourcing enterprises and their customers. CH outsourcers have replaced their own labor with that of hired machine operators, freeing up their own time to engage in activities such as farming or non-farm business.


This study investigates the use of four questioning modifications in EFL classroom as proposed by Chaudron (1988); these are repetition, narrowing by means of clues, rephrasing with alternative or "or-choice" questions and wait-time. The investigation was carried out in a private senior high school in Banda Aceh by conducting six sessions (480 minutes) of direct observations. The classroom interaction between an English teacher and fourteen female students in each session was video recorded. The result of analysis on teacher's questioning modifications showed that narrowing by means of clues was dominantly used by the teacher to modify questions in the classroom. The use of narrowing by means of clues was intended to describe the question clearly in order to make the students more understand.


Abstract In this paper we describe ZETA-NR, a mathematical framework developed for multihop forwarding of packets. ZETA-NR provides proofs for optimal selection of the next relay. The communication model is based on medium access control protocols and energy models. The framework applies either distances between nodes or transmit power levels. We show possibilities to integrate multihop services into routing protocols using a successive approximation procedure. Simulation results indicate reduced energy for communication and improved throughput.


We present the major advantages of a new 'object oriented' 3D SLAM paradigm, which takes full advantage in the loop of prior knowledge that many scenes consist of repeated, domain-specific objects and structures. As a hand-held depth camera browses a cluttered scene, real-time 3D object recognition and tracking provides 6DoF camera-object constraints which feed into an explicit graph of objects, continually refined by efficient pose-graph optimisation. This offers the descriptive and predictive power of SLAM systems which perform dense surface reconstruction, but with a huge representation compression. The object graph enables predictions for accurate ICP-based camera to model tracking at each live frame, and efficient active search for new objects in currently undescribed image regions. We demonstrate real-time incremental SLAM in large, cluttered environments, including loop closure, relocalisation and the detection of moved objects, and of course the generation of an object level scene description with the potential to enable interaction.


Background/Context As a result of migration processes, schools in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium) are notably ethnically diverse. This evolution has coincided with an increasing number of studies focusing on ethnic-minority pupils' experiences of ethnic prejudice from their ethnic majority counterparts. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Taking into consideration the lack of research on the importance of cultural school features to students' ethnic prejudice, this study investigates the association between a multicultural teacher culture and the ethnic prejudice of Flemish secondary school pupils. In addition, the analysis tests the mediating role of pupils' perceptions of the multicultural educational practices of teachers and controls for individual and school characteristics that have been shown to be related to ethnic prejudice. Population/Participants/Subject/Research Design Multilevel analyses were carried out on data from 2,083 Flemish pupils and 636 teachers in 40 secondary schools, collected by means of a written questionnaire. Findings/Results The main finding of this study is that a more multicultural teacher culture is associated with reduced ethnic prejudice among Flemish pupils. However, the association between a multicultural teacher culture and pupils' ethnic prejudice is mediated by pupils' perceptions of multicultural teaching. Conclusions/Recommendations These findings highlight the importance of including macro factors, individual variables, and their interdependence when explaining ethnic prejudice. The findings also show that what matters most for reducing prejudice among pupils is not what teachers claim they do in terms of multicultural teaching, but pupils' perceptions of what their teachers do in practice.


Fuel-coated nanotubes could provide bursts of power to the smallest systems. One of the greatest challenges in all of technology right now is improving energy storage. And while we know how to make batteries bigger-add more cells-we are up against fundamental limits as we try to scale down rechargeable energy sources into the micro realm and beyond.


IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, U.S. relations with Great Britain never looked more promising than they did in the spring of 1783. Encouraged by the favorable terms of the preliminary peace agreement, Americans had good reason to anticipate a friendly renewal of Anglo-American trade, a subject on which British prime minister William Petty, second Earl of Shelburne, seemed disposed to make liberal arrangements. But this promising aspect proved illusory. By summer Congress had received word of the Shelburne ministry's fall and of British policy makers' plans to treat the new republic as a maritime rival. A July 2 order-in-council excluded U.S. vessels from the West Indian carrying trade, cutting off a valuable branch of American shipping. Meanwhile, British vessels and commodities flooded U.S. ports. The Articles of Confederation left to the individual states the power to regulate their own trade, so British merchants aggressively pursued their former share of the American market without fear of retaliation from Congress. British officials trusted the success of their exclusionary policies to Congress's imbecility and the residual parochialism of the colonial era. (1) Shelburne's brief flirtation notwithstanding, the July 2 order-in-council confirmed the British government's undiminished pretensions to commercial monopoly, which Americans resented as both hostile and damaging to their interests. Perhaps no two statesmen were better positioned to craft an American response than Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. As a U.S. diplomat charged with negotiating commercial treaties, as the Confederation Congress's accredited minister to France, and then as secretary of state in George Washington's first administration, Jefferson exerted tremendous influence on American foreign policy. Likewise, Madison, as a member of both the Confederation Congress and the Virginia legislature, as a delegate to constitutional reform conventions at Annapolis, Maryland, and Philadelphia, and as the leading actor in the U.S. House of Representatives, observed and shaped deliberations on the commercial question. In their official capacities, therefore, Jefferson and Madison performed nearly every conceivable diplomatic and legislative function pertaining to U.S. trade policy. British commercial hostility involved Jefferson and Madison in considerations of expediency--what trade policies the United States ought to adopt and why--but it also forced them, perhaps for the first time, to wrestle in a uniquely American way with the serious question of sovereignty. If the British maritime challenge required a response, then who or what should provide it? Could individual states craft separate and effective trade policies? Or must a nation, though born in rebellion against imperial consolidation, trust its commercial fate to a central authority? A few murky and contradictory commentaries on the subject reveal that before 1783 Americans had given little thought to trade regulation. Britain's West Indian policy, therefore, appeared as a fresh and crucial problem involving both the locus of sovereignty and the nature of the Union. (2) Madison insisted years later that the commercial dispute of the 1780s did more to bring about the constitutional reformation of 1787-1788 than did any other issue. (3) This astonishing assertion alone justifies a careful examination of the sovereignty and commercial questions in the 1780s, as well as a reconsideration of the origins and nature of the Jefferson-Madison collaboration. (4) Historians once universally regarded Madison as an apostate from the nationalism of Alexander Hamilton, supporting a strong central government in the 1780s before succumbing to Jefferson's influence and joining up with Republican defenders of state sovereignty. However, recent scholarship, beginning with Lance Banning's seminal book The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (1995), has rescued Madison from charges of apostasy by demonstrating that he was never the sort of nationalist Hamilton and others imagined him to be. …


Mindfulness meditation is increasingly recognized as a health promotion practice across many different kinds of settings. Concomitantly, contemplative education is being integrated into colleges and universities in order to enhance learning through reflection and personal insight. The confluence of these trends provides an opportunity to develop experiential curriculum that promotes both health and learning through the teaching of contemplative practices in higher education settings. Such curriculum, if indeed it is believed to be a valuable development in higher education, must not be reserved only for elite and highly competitive schools serving traditional college students, but must be integrated into campuses of all kinds and made accessible to any student. This emphasis on accessibility will need to consider the growing interest in contemplative learning across economic, religious, and ethnic groups, geographic contexts, and individual differences, including disability. The growth of contemplative curriculum in higher education will also need to be accompanied by meaningful and valid curriculum assessment methods in order to abide by the standards of contemporary university settings as it gently transforms many such settings. This article describes the development of an experiential course in mindfulness that was taught on two very different college campuses. The author's personal experiences and preparation for the course, the course content, the impact of the course on students, and reflections on contemplative practice as a movement in education are offered as an example of the potential for contemplative education in some unexpected places.


Paleomagnetic study of about 2400 samples from nearly 7 km of core recovered at seven drill sites in the Newark continental rift basin of eastern North America provides a derailed history of geomagnetic reversals and paleolatitudinal motion for about 30 m.y. of the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic (Carnian to Hettangian). Northward drift of only about 7 o is recorded in the continental sediments and minor interbedded basaltic lavas in the basin, from 2.5 o to 6.5 o north paleolatitude in the Carnian and from 6.5 o to 9.5 o north paleolatitude over the Norian-"Rhaetian" and the early Hettangian. A total of 59 polarity intervals, ranging from about 4 m to over 300 m in thickness, have been delineated in a composite stratigraphic section of 4660 m. The lateral continuity and consistent relationship of lithological lake level cycles and magnetozones in the stratigraphically overlapping sections of the drill cores demonstrate their validity as time markers. A geomagnetic polarity timescale was constructed by scaling the composite section assuming that lithostratigraphic members in the predominant lacustrine facies represent the 413-kyr orbital periodicity of Milankovitch climate change and by extrapolating a sedimentation rate for the fluvial facies in the lower part of the section; a 202 Ma age for the palynological Triassic/Jurassic boundary was used to anchor the chronology based on published concordant radiometric dates linked to the earliest Jurassic igneous extrusive zone. Geomagnetic polarity intervals range from about 0.03 to 2 m.y., have a mean duration of about 0.5 m.y., and show no significant polarity bias. The cyclostratigraphically calibrated record provides a reference section for the history of Late Triassic-earliest Jurassic geomagnetic reversals. Correlations are attempted with available magnetostratigraphies from nonmarine sediments from the Chinle Group of the southwestern United States and marine limestones from Turkey.


The transition from war to peace is fraught with tension and the risk of a return to bloodshed. With so much at stake, it is crucial that the international community and local stakeholders make sense of the complex mosaic of challenges, to support a lasting, inclusive and prosperous peace. Recent missions, such as in Afghanistan, Somalia or Sudan, have highlighted the fact that there can be no one-size-fits-all approach to steering countries away from violence and towards stability. This Adelphi offers a series of economic perspectives on conflict resolution, showing how the challenges of peacebuilding can be more effectively tackled. From the need to marry diplomatic peacemaking with development efforts, and activate the private sector in the service of peacebuilding aims, to the use of taxes and natural-resource revenues as a financial base for sustainable peace, this issue considers how economic factors can positively shape and drive peace processes. It examines the complex ways in which power and order may be manifested in conflict zones, where unpalatable compromises with local warlords can often be the first step towards a more lasting settlement. In distilling expertise from a range of disciplines, this Adelphi seeks to inform a more economically integrated and responsive approach to helping countries leave behind their troubled pasts and take a fuller role in constructing their futures.


This paper investigates the impact of dynamic capabilities (DC) on brand love. From a resource-based view, there is little clarity vis-à-vis the specific capabilities that drive the ability to create brand love. This paper focuses on three research questions: Firstly, which dynamic capabilities are relevant for brand love? Secondly, how strong is the impact of certain dynamic capabilities on brand love? Thirdly, which conditions mediate and moderate the impact of specific dynamic capabilities on brand love? Data from a multi-method research approach have been used to identify the specific capabilities that corporations need, to enhance brand love. Furthermore, a standardized online survey was conducted on marketing executives and evaluated by structural equation modeling. The results indicate, that customer expertise plays a major role in the relationship between dynamic capabilities and brand love. Furthermore, this relationship is more important in markets that have a low competitive differentiation in products and services.


We recently reported that chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induced left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in rats, which was inhibited by the cardioprotective agent quercetin. Based on these findings and because majority of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) can develop LVD and heart failure, we sought to produce an animal model of MI and LVD in rats and use this model to test the hypothesis that quercetin is able to prevent the potential MI induction by CUS. Rats were exposed to CUS using a variety of stressors in the presence and absence of quercetin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) for 21 days. Blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded in all rat groups together with the examination of left ventricle (LV) tissue homogenates and sections to confirm the production of the animal model. We further extend on our recent findings on the role of apoptosis in the pathology of LVD and eventually MI. Blood pressure measurements and ECG recording confirmed the development of systemic hypertension and MI in the model group of rats exposed to CUS. In addition, histological staining confirmed that LV damages occurred in the same group. Furthermore, the proapoptotic gene Bax and the inflammatory biomarkers, TNF-a and IL-6 were augmented in LV homogenates by CUS. Simultaneous quercetin treatment lowered blood pressure and substantially prevented MI since it blocked the elevation of ST segment on the ECG and maintained a normal ECG reading. Quercetin suppressed the expression of Bax RNA messages, and significantly (p<0.05) blocked CUS-induced TNF-a and IL-6 upregulation. Thus, CUS induced MI in rats associated with augmentation of tissue injury biomarkers were prevented by quercetin, which further endorses our recent findings of a potential therapeutic role for quercetin in CUS induced cardiac dysfunction.


© Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. Why do democracies survive or break down? In this paper, it returns to this classic question with an empirical focus on Latin America from 1945 to 2005. The argument deviates from the quantitative literature and a good part of the qualitative literature on democratic survival and breakdown. It is argued that structural variables such as the level of development and inequalities have not shaped prospects for democratic survival in Latin America. Nor, contrary to findings in some of the literature, has economic performance affected the survival of competitive regimes. Instead, it is focused on the regional political environment and on actors' normative preferences about democracy and dictatorship and their policy radicalism or moderation. It is argued that 1) a higher level of development did not increase the likelihood of democratic survival in Latin America over this long time; 2) if actors have a normative preference for democracy, it is more likely to survive; and 3) policy moderation facilitates democratic survival.


The cotton market in China is highly interactive with international markets, especially, the US market. The prices in these two markets can reveal important market relations. Investigating the data of futures prices from the New York Board of Trade (NYBOT) and the Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (CZCE) using several time series methods, we find a long-run cointegration relationship between these I(1) series. Furthermore, a bi-directional Granger Causality between these two futures markets is detected with Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) error specifications. We also find the relationship is impacted by the Chinese exchange rate policy change in the 2005.


Older people resident in care homes are amongst the most vulnerable and dependent in any society. This study aimed to explore perspectives on decision making in a care home in the United Kingdom (UK), considering the appropriateness of who made the decisions, how and under what authority. It used grounded theory methodology in a case study framework, in a single care home. Field work was conducted between December 2009 and January 2011 in an inner metropolitan area. Participants were twenty one residents, eight relatives, five registered nurses and six care workers. Data were collected using; interviews; informal conversations; observation and examination of documentation. Participants' perspectives were considered through a values based lens with emphasis on autonomy and dignity as the most dominant in policy, ethical discourse, professional and empirical literature. Findings were constructed from systemic analysis of the data. Two central phenomena were identified, resident as decision maker and others decide for resident. Decisions were categorised into three types, everyday, infrequent and advance decisions. Each group of participants viewed different decision types as most important. Staff appeared to have little knowledge of policy and law and notably, they appeared not to consider mental capacity in relation to decision making, nor did they demonstrate recognition of the ethical dilemmas they faced. All participants found it difficult to articulate values underpinning decision making. Despite staff accepting that residents were able to make decisions and had a right to do so, residents' preferences were not always respected. There was a tension between staff's desire to offer choice, the need to minimise risk and provide good care within the constraints of the organisation with a finite number of staff. If operationalised, the value of solidarity could help relieve the tension and potential dissonance experienced by actors in the care home under study and similar care home environments. Solidarity promised mutuality and reciprocity which would allow all actors to be recognised and valued, ultimately benefiting the residents' quality of life.


Objective Previous research suggests that some adolescents are using e-cigarette devices to vaporise ('vaping') cannabis in the form of hash oil, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) wax or oil, or dried cannabis buds or leaves. However, it is unclear how adolescents who vape cannabis use other tobacco products. This study examined the extent to which adolescents reported ever vaping cannabis and investigated how demographic variables and tobacco behaviours were associated with use. Design We used cross-sectional data from adolescents (total response rate 64.5%) who participated in the 2017 North Carolina Youth Tobacco Survey. SAS logistic regression survey procedures were used to account for the complex survey design and sampling weights. Setting North Carolina, USA. Participants Adolescents in high school (n=2835). Primary outcome and measure Adolescents were asked to indicate whether they had ever used an e-cigarette device with marijuana, THC or hash oil, or THC wax. Results Approximately 1 in 10 high school students reported ever vaping cannabis in the overall sample (9.6%). In multivariable models, adolescents who reported using cigars (adjusted OR (aOR) 3.76, 95% CI 2.33 to 6.07), waterpipe (aOR 2.32, 95% CI 1.37 to 3.93) or e-cigarettes (aOR 3.18, 95% CI 2.38 to 4.25) in the past 30 days had higher odds of reporting ever vaping cannabis compared with their counterparts. There was no significant association between use of smokeless tobacco (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.91) or use of cigarettes (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.29) in the past 30 days and odds of reporting ever vaping cannabis. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that large numbers of high school students who use tobacco products have vaped cannabis. As tobacco control policies—such as communication campaigns or smoke-free laws—increasingly focus on e-cigarettes, attention to understanding how adolescents use e-cigarettes to vape substances other than nicotine is essential.


[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the locus of the center of pressure (COP) of standing postures with different feet positions. [Subjects] Sixty healthy young adults participated in the experiments as subjects. [Methods] The COP was measured using a force plate. Subjects stabilized themselves on the force plate, and the change of the COP trajectory was measured for 30 s. The COP was measured in three standing postures: wide-base, tandem, and one-foot standing. The relative center of anterior-posterior sway was examined as a proportion of the base of support length. [Results] Using one foot length, l, measured from the heel to the toe of the foot as a standard, the mean of the center of anterior-posterior sway was 44.5 ± 5.5% of l in the wide-base stance, 50.2 ± 4.4% of l in the one-foot dominant stance, and 50.4 ± 4.3% of l in the one-foot non-dominant stance. Since the length of the feet is 2l in the tandem posture, the mean of the center of anterior-posterior sway was 41.0 ± 7.0% of 2l with the dominant foot in front and 41.5 ± 6.0% of 2l with the non-dominant foot in front. [Conclusion] The mean of the center of anterior-posterior sway was inclined toward the anterior position in single leg standing compared to the wide base standing. In tandem standing, the COP was located on the rear foot. The results of this study might be useful in considering the mechanism of postural control of patients with hemiplegia.


Purpose: Numerous companies are expecting their knowledge management (KM) to be performed effectively in order to leverage and transform the knowledge into competitive advantages. However, here raises a critical issue of how companies can better evaluate and select a favorable KM strategy prior to a successful KM implementation. Design/methodology/approach: An extension of TOPSIS, a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) technique, to a group decision environment is investigated. TOPSIS is a practical and useful technique for ranking and selection of a number of externally determined alternatives through distance measures. The entropy method is often used for assessing weights in the TOPSIS method. Entropy in information theory is a criterion uses for measuring the amount of disorder represented by a discrete probability distribution. According to decrease resistance degree of employees opposite of implementing a new strategy, it seems necessary to spot all managers' opinion. The normal distribution considered the most prominent probability distribution in  statistics is used to normalize gathered data. Findings: The results of this study show that by considering 6 criteria for alternatives Evaluation, the most appropriate KM strategy to implement  in our company was ''Personalization''. Research limitations/implications: In this research, there are some assumptions that might affect the accuracy of the approach such as normal distribution of sample and community. These assumptions can be changed in future work. Originality/value: This paper proposes an effective solution based on combined entropy and TOPSIS approach to help companies that need to evaluate and select KM strategies. In represented solution, opinions of all managers is gathered and normalized by using standard normal distribution and central limit theorem. Keywords: Knowledge management; strategy; TOPSIS; Normal distribution; entropy


CONTEXT
Examining the coordinated coupling of muscle recruitment patterns may provide insight into movement variability in sport-related tasks.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between coupled gluteus maximus and medius recruitment patterns and hip-adduction variability during single-limb step-downs.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional.

SETTING
Biomechanics laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS
Forty healthy adults, including 26 women and 14 men, mean age 23.8 (1.6) years, mean body mass index 24.2 (3.1) kg/m2, participated.

INTERVENTIONS
Lower-extremity kinematics were acquired during 20 single-limb step-downs from a 19-cm step height. Electromyography (EMG) signals were captured with surface electrodes. Isometric hip-extension strength was obtained.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Hip-adduction variability, measured as the SD of peak hip adduction across 20 repetitions of the step-down task, was measured. The mean amplitudes of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius EMG recruitment were examined. Determinism and entropy of the coupled EMG signals were computed with cross-recurrence quantification analyses.

RESULTS
Hip-adduction variability correlated inversely with determinism (r = -.453, P = .018) and positively with entropy (r = .409, P = .034) in coupled gluteus maximus/medius recruitment patterns but not with hip-extensor strength nor with magnitudes of mean gluteus maximus or medius recruitment (r = -.003, .081, and .035; P = .990, .688, and .864, respectively).

CONCLUSION
Hip-adduction variability during single-limb step-downs correlated more strongly with measures of coupled gluteus maximus and medius recruitment patterns than with hip-extensor strength or magnitudes of muscle recruitment. Examining coupled recruitment patterns may provide an alternative understanding of the extent to which hip neuromuscular control modulates lower-extremity kinematics beyond examining muscle strength or EMG recruitment magnitudes.


We estimate the equity risk premium in India using data for the last 25 years. We address the shortcomings of existing indices by constructing our own total return index for the 1980s and early 1990s. We use our estimates of the extent of financial repression during this period to construct a series of the risk free rate in India going back to the early 1980s. We find that the equity risk premium is about 8¾% on a geometric mean basis and about 12½% on an arithmetic mean basis. There is no significant difference between the pre reform and post reform period: the premium has declined marginally on a geometric mean basis and has risen slightly on an arithmetic mean basis. The reason for this divergence between the sub period behaviour of the two means is the increase in the annualized standard deviation of stock market returns from less than 20% in the pre reform period to about 25% in the post reform period. The higher standard deviation depresses the geometric mean in the post reform period.


The American constitution was born flawed: it failed to provide a mechanism for resolving entrenched differences in the social status regimes between states. This Article argues that part of the purpose of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was to correct that flaw. The Privileges or Immunities Clause was the culmination of a long antebellum debate over whether southern states had to respect the rights of northern black citizens as they traveled. The Clause achieves this goal by requiring states in certain circumstances to respect the status determinations of other states when the citizens of those other states travel. Although this aspect of the Privileges or Immunities Clause has long been forgotten, it survived the Supreme Court's decision in the Slaughterhouse Cases. And there is a good chance it will soon be needed again. The United States is on the verge of an entrenched conflict between states concerning the recognition of the status of marriage for same-sex couples. Although multiple resolutions are possible, the forgotten component of the Privileges or Immunities Clause may provide a more stable and effective framework for determining when states must respect the status determinations of other states. As a structural remedy rather than one based solely on individual rights, the Clause's protection for state status determinations is only triggered when a critical mass of states line up for or against recognizing the status at issue. As a result, the Clause's protection for state status determinations is more limited than other rights, but potentially more attractive for courts disinclined to greatly expand existing doctrine. If a substantial number of states grant same-sex marriages, the Privileges or Immunities Clause will require the rest of the states to recognize those marriages for travelers.


The final disposal of nuclear waste is at the interface between the technologies of the nuclear fuel cycle that produce the waste and the natural hydrologic and geochemical cycles of geologic repositories. Despite this broad interdisciplinary scope, nuclear waste management, as practiced, remains "balkanized" among the relevant disciplines. The individual subdisciplines continue to work in relative isolation from one another: materials science dealing with the immobilization of nuclear waste; engineering science dealing with the design, construction and operation of the repository; geoscience dealing with the long-term behavior of host rocks and the hydrology; health science dealing with the effects of radiation; social sciences dealing with the issues of trust, risk and ethics. Understanding how these very different disciplines interact is fundamental to creating and managing a nuclear waste organization. Based on a comprehensive review of the scholarly and scientific literature of waste management, we have analyzed the evolution and structure of research in nuclear waste management between 1979 and 2017. Focusing on materials science, we show that some research themes have been isolated from the most central themes of nuclear waste management. Moreover, we observed a relative decline of the fundamental research in materials science. This decline was evidenced by a drop in the number of articles published in the proceedings of the MRS symposia "Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management" since 2000. We argue for the need to more precisely and inclusively define the field of nuclear waste management.


The smart antenna scheme, as one of key techniques of TDD-CDMA, increases the capacity of a system, enlarges the coverage range of a cell, and improves the quality of the signal. In this paper, the capacity increase by adopting a smart antenna is investigated. The capacity loss due to adjacent channel interference in macro environments is presented when an omni-directional or smart antenna is adopted. Simulations were carried out to investigate the relations between the capacity and ACIR, the different frame synchronization offset, the distance offset and cell radius of the node Bs in two TDD-CDMA operators. The difference in impacting capacity loss between omni-directional and smart antennas is analyzed and compared. Results and conclusions are shown, which are useful for future cellular planning.


In this study economic factors that affect consumer prices are examined using the ARDL analysis utilizing monthly data in the period of 2004:01-2015:07 in Turkey. In order to contribute to the literature, CPI, HCPI and ICPI based inflation models are developed, credit card spending is added to the domestic credit volume, weighted average cost of funding is used as an indicator to the interest rate and the effects of the capacity utilization rate and producer prices' on the inflation are investigated. According to the results of the study, it is found out that lagged values of inflation, capacity utilization rate and producer prices are the main determinants of the consumer price inflation. The impact of the capacity utilization on consumer inflation was found to be higher than the effects of the output gap. The relationship between consumer price inflation and the interest rate in the short and long term are shown to be weak. The increment of inflation in recent years despite the continued increase in interest rates can be explained using this result. In this point of view, effective measures of the reducing of production costs and economic policies restricting the total demand may have a decreasing effect on inflation.


Tropical peat swamp forests contain among the largest terrestrial carbon stocks on Earth. They support unique biological diversity, providing habitats for such charismatic species as the orangutan, Sumatran tiger, the Java rhino and the clouded leopard. Paradoxically, these peat swamps are also being deforested at alarming rates and, as a result, have shifted from being carbon sinks to sources of atmospheric greenhouse gasses. Tropical peat forests are strong candidates for inclusion in any climate change mitigation action (e.g. Reduced emissions from Deforestation and Degradation + (REDD+) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)) because of (1) their large carbon stocks; (2) the large emissions that arise from their conversion; and (3) the loss of other important ecosystem services when the forests are converted to other uses. The purpose of this publication is to provide a convenient resource for those wishing to undertake the necessary field measurements of ecosystem C dynamics in peat swamp forests - especially C stocks, biomass, structure and fluxes. General approaches to laboratory procedures and data analysis for estimating C stocks are included. As a reference document, the handbook can be taken to the field as a quick guide to the procedures for measuring major C pools as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The ecosystem C pools covered by this handbook are: aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, standing and downed coarse wood (CWD), understory biomass, forest litter and soil organic carbon. Although these protocols were designed for peat swamp forests, they can easily be adapted to other land use types or disturbed sites on organic wetland soils. For example, with only slight modifications in approaches to plant sampling, these methods can also be used to quantify stocks and fluxes in oil palm and other plantations on peat soils. It is our hope that practitioners of ecosystem C assessments will find this handbook a useful resource when measuring ecosystem C storage in the field.


Dynamic wireless power transfer system (DWPT) in urban area ensures an uninterrupt‐ ed power supply for electric vehicles (EVs), extending or even providing an infinite driving range with significantly reduced battery capacity. The underground power supply network also saves more space and hence is important in urban areas. It must be noted that the railways have become an indispensable form of public transportation to reduce pollution and traffic congestion. In recent years, there has been a consistent increase in the number of high‐speed railways in major cities of China, thereby improving accessi‐ bility. Wireless power transfer for train is safer and more robust when compared with conductive power transfer through pantograph mounted on the trains. Direct contact is subject to wear and tear; in particular, the average speed of modern trains has been increasing. When the pressure of pantograph is not sufficient, arcs, variations of the current, and even interruption in power supply may occur. This chapter provides a review of the latest research and development of dynamic wireless power transfer for urban EV and electric train (ET). The following key technology issues have been discussed: (1) power rails and pickups, (2) segmentations and power supply schemes, (3) circuit topologies and dynamic impedance matching, (4) control strategies, and (5) electromagnetic interference.


Empirical research on the certification role of venture capital investment in initial public offerings (IPOs) tends to ignore how variant attributes and contexts might affect the benefits of affiliation received by a young firm undergoing an IPO. In this paper we argue that because corporate venture capital (CVC) and independent venture capital (IVC) investors possess different types of expertise and investment orientations, they provide different confidence-building signals to investors of newly public firms. Analysis of 1830 initial public offerings during 1990-1999 showed that CVC investment sends a different signal of quality than IVC investment, as reflected in the extent to which the offer price is lower than the market price at the end of the first day of trading than it would be with IVC investment alone. This effect is particularly pronounced when the corporate investor is a bank, or in the same industry as the IPO, and when equity markets are hot. We also found that this effect decreases at an escalating rate when the corporate investor's portfolio becomes larger. Our results confirm the premise that corporations, banks and independent venture capitalists play different endorsement roles in the creation of public companies, and that the value of CVC endorsements depends on key attributes of the CVC and the type of market uncertainty that dominates IPO investors' concerns.