The analysis of competitive state anxiety and its effect on sports performance has been undertaken by many researchers (Karteroliotis & Gill, 1987; Martens, Vealey, Burton, 1990; Jones, Swain & Hardy, 1993). This thesis focused on multidimensional competitive state anxiety and performance within the context of British Horse Society (BHS) one day horse trials. Initially, subjects (n=105) completed the Riders' Perceptions Questionnaire which was devised by the author to assess the nature of the interaction between the rider and horse during performance from the rider's perspective. Initial support for the rider and horse interaction was obtained and it was suggested that the rider's perceptions of the horse's performance must be taken into account when examining the anxiety experienced by the rider. Analysis of anxiety incorporated the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 (CSAT-2; Martens et al., 1990). Relationships between multidimensional anxiety, skill level, actual performance and perceived success were assessed. The results supported the view of multidimensional anxiety with psychological, physiological and behavioural components that change differently throughout the competition (Karteroliotis & Gill, 1987; Jones & Cale, 1989; Martens et al., 1990). Skill level was found to affect the level of anxiety experienced. Novice riders exhibited higher levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety and lower levels of self-confidence than Intermediate or Advanced riders. The effect of skill level in subsequent studies was similar in trend but the results were not significant. Within group variability was high, thus future assessment should assess anxiety levels utilising a more sensitive measure of skill level. Advanced riders were also found to perceive cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence as more facilitative to performance than Intermediate or Novice riders. The assessment of the direction dimension of anxiety was particularly useful for the development of stress management programmes (Maynard, Hemmings & Warwick- Evans, 1995) and hence for the three collective case studies incorporated in the final stage of this thesis. The results provided evidence to support the current multidimensional anxiety theory within the sport of horse trials. Antecedents and causal attributions related to anxiety were measured. Perceived readiness, self-confidence and personal control were key factors affecting the performance and combating the negative effects of anxiety. Perceived readiness predicted performance. Further analysis of antecedents more specific to horse trials may help identify predictors of CSAI-2 components. Perceived success was associated with increases in self-confidence and was a significant predictor of performance in the next phase of the horse trial. Future research is encouraged into anxiety between phases of a competition to assess the effect of perceived success on future anxiety levels and performance more thoroughly.
The final aim in this thesis was to assess the effectiveness of stress management intervention programmes via three collective case studies. The application of a stress management intervention programme (SMIP) was undertaken for each case study. Case study one is reported in detail whereas case studies two and three are summarised. Inter-case study comparisons were undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the SMIP. The SMIP's were effective in developing the rider's awareness of their psychological state, increasing self-confidence and enabling riders to employ coping skills successfully during a performance. Performance improvements occurred for each subject which also corresponded with an increased level of perceived success for each subject. The three collective case studies provided initial support for the usage of SMIP's for horse trials riders and hence supported the final aim in this thesis. The research has identified competitive state anxiety within horse trials in accordance with other sports (Martens et al., 1990). It is anticipated that the information will be used to aid riding instructors understand and predict the detrimental effects of anxiety for riders. The successful usage of SMIP techniques will provide valuable assistance for riders, coaches and BHS horse trials team selectors wishing to use stress management techniques for horse trials competition.


Non-intrusive acoustic thermometry using an acoustic impulse generator and two microphones is developed and integrated with tomographic techniques to reconstruct temperature contours. A low velocity plume at around 450 °F exiting through a rectangular duct (3.25 by 10 inches) was used for validation and reconstruction. 0.3 % static temperature relative error compared with thermocouple-measured data was achieved using a crosscorrelation algorithm to calculate speed of sound. Tomographic reconstruction algorithms, the simplified multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (SMART) and least squares method (LSQR), are investigated for visualizing temperature contours of the heated plume. A rectangular arrangement of transmitter and microphones with a traversing mechanism collected two orthogonal sets of acoustic projection data. Both reconstruction techniques have successfully recreated the overall characteristic of the contour; however, for the future work, the integration of the refraction effect and implementation of additional angled projections are required to improve local temperature estimation accuracy. The root-mean-square percentage errors of reconstructing non-uniform, asymmetric temperature contours using the SMART and LSQR method are calculated as 20% and 19%, respectively.


The responses of the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) to the September 16, 2015 8.3 (Mw) Chilean earthquake tsunami (> 75 s period) and to oceanic infragravity (IG) waves (50–300 s period) were recorded by a broadband seismic array deployed on the RIS from November 2014 to November 2016. Here we show that tsunami and IG-generated signals within the RIS propagate at gravity-wave speeds (∼70 m/s) as water-ice coupled flexural-gravity waves. IG band signals show measureable attenuation away from the shelf front. The response of the RIS to Chilean tsunami arrivals is compared with modeled tsunami forcing to assess ice shelf flexural-gravity wave excitation by very long period (VLP; > 300 s) gravity waves. Displacements across the RIS are affected by gravity-wave incident direction, bathymetry under and north of the shelf, and water layer and ice shelf thicknesses. Horizontal displacements are typically about 10 times larger than vertical displacements, producing dynamical extensional motions that may facilitate expansion of existing fractures. VLP excitation is continuously observed throughout the year, with horizontal displacements highest during the austral winter with amplitudes exceeding 20 cm. Because VLP flexural-gravity waves exhibit no discernable attenuation, this energy must propagate to the grounding zone. Both IG and VLP band flexural-gravity waves excite mechanical perturbations of the RIS that likely promote tabular iceberg calving, consequently affecting ice shelf evolution. Understanding these ocean-excited mechanical interactions is important to determine their effect on ice shelf stability to reduce uncertainty in the magnitude and rate of global sea level rise.


Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is associated with abnormal mineralisation of enamel during tooth development. It is probably related to systemic upset during this stage of enamel formation. Diagnosing this condition at an early stage is essential in its management, due to complications such as hypersensitivity, post-eruptive breakdown and rapid carious progression in the affected teeth. The current diagnostic measures are clinical visual examination with the aid of indices which are used to describe the defects and radiographic examination of the affected teeth. These diagnostic tools have their limitations and therefore there is a need for better diagnostic tools to give more information about the extent of these defects into the enamel. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was investigated in this project as an alternative diagnostic tool for MIH defects. The aim of this study was to develop the use of OCT in diagnosing the MIH and correlating it with the conventional clinical methods. In addition, OCT was verified with imaging modalities used in investigating the ultrastructure of MIH affected FPMs such as X-ray microtomography (XMT) and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD). Ethical approval was obtained for the study. Teeth were prepared immediately after collection, and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C until imaged. MIH defects were categorised using the mDDE index, then radiographic images were taken. Teeth then imaged using OCT (VivoSight diagnostic ™) in King's College London (KCL) Dental Institute where each surface was scanned separately. Teeth were taken to the Dental Physical Science Department, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) were they were imaged using XMT (MuCat 2 scanner™). They were sectioned into thin sections of 300µm thick and polished down to 220-250µm. SXRD was done on these sections on the BM28 (XMaS) beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France and enamel diffraction patterns were obtained. The incident light from OCT behaved differently when compared between control and MIH enamel as well as when different types of MIH defects were compared. More details about the ultrastructure of enamel and the extent of the MIH lesions were obtained from OCT images when compared to clinical examination using mDDE index and radiographs. An association between the OCT Images and the mineral density, obtained from XMT, was found. However, there was no change in enamel crystal orientation between MIH and healthy enamel, but the magnitude of the enamel crystal organisation was different in both types. Optical Coherence Tomography proved to be a potential diagnostic tool in determining the extent of MIH defects and both XMT and SXRD helped in understanding OCT imaging.


When McKinsey & Company first released its global cost curve for greenhouse gas abatement in 2007, proponents of energy-efficient retrofits of buildings rejoiced. Here was a respected analytical framework that supported what they understood intuitively: that simple, tried-and-true measures associated with building retrofits could be implemented at net-present value "negative cost." In other words, using relatively mundane technologies (such as insulation, air sealing, efficient boilers) would not only reduce carbon emissions but would pay for themselves in savings over time. At least one aspect of the massive greenhouse gas reduction challenge appeared to be easy low-hanging fruit. Unfortunately, this fruit has not been as low-hanging as policy wonks once thought. Market demand has yet to propel energy efficiency into the mainstream, and the reasons for its limited uptake are as myriad as the types of buildings that make up the potential retrofit marketplace. From the vantage point of Deutsche Bank's community development activities, we see some promising initiatives that treat energy efficiency upgrades not as a separate, stand-alone transaction, but as a component in existing transactional frameworks, namely the multifamily mortgage refinancing process.


Abstract. Cloud occurrence, microphysical and optical properties, and atmospheric profiles within a subtropical cloud regime transition in the northeastern Pacific Ocean are obtained from a synergistic combination of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The observed cloud parameters and atmospheric thermodynamic profile retrievals are binned by cloud type and analyzed based on their probability density functions (PDFs). Comparison of the PDFs to data from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting reanalysis (ERA-Interim) shows a strong difference in the occurrence of the different cloud types compared to clear sky. An increasing non-Gaussian behavior is observed in cloud optical thickness (τc), effective radius (re) and cloud-top temperature (Tc) distributions from stratocumulus to trade cumulus, while decreasing values of lower-tropospheric stability are seen. However, variations in the mean, width and shape of the distributions are found. The AIRS potential temperature (θ) and water vapor (q) profiles in the presence of varying marine boundary layer (MBL) cloud types show overall similarities to the ERA-Interim in the mean profiles, but differences arise in the higher moments at some altitudes. The differences between the PDFs from AIRS+MODIS and ERA-Interim make it possible to pinpoint systematic errors in both systems and help to understand joint PDFs of cloud properties and coincident thermodynamic profiles from satellite observations.


There has been considerable growth in the number undergraduate degree programs in sustainable agriculture (SA) in universities and colleges across the country in the past 25 years. As a subset of this national trend, land-grant universities (LGUs) are emerging as catalysts in innovative SA program development, in part due to the LGU tripartite mission of education, extension, and research. This mission compels LGUs to develop undergraduate degree offerings to engage student, faculty, and community stakeholders who are increasingly interested in SA. In this article, which is an outcome of a gathering of faculty, staff and students from SA programs at LGUs at a workshop prior to the 4th National Sustainable Agriculture Education Association Conference in August 2011, we discuss the justification for SA programming at LGUs, the emergence of SA major and minor degrees at 11 LGUs to date, the common successes and challenges of current SA programs, strategies for improving existing SA programming, and systematic approaches for expanding SA education impact across institutional lines. We also introduce several additional topic-based articles that resulted from workshop dialogue that appear in this issue of the Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, including civic engagement efforts in SA education through community-university partnerships, a critical documentation of the implicit inclusion of values into SA education, and efforts to internationalize SA curriculum.


The Current Employment Statistics survey is a major economic indicator published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to provide a timely measure of total payroll employment in the Nation. The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages is a census of total employment that is available about 9 months after the CES estimate. While these two BLS programs measure the same information, they don't show the same seasonal patterns. BLS recently conducted a response analysis survey (RAS) to ascertain why the patterns from the two programs differ, and this research employed classification tree algorithms to explore the data, using trees to select variables that exhibit a large influence on the seasonal difference. The results were more informative than previous searches through multiple sets of tabs, and several interesting and unconsidered relationships emerged.


Network operators have difficulty in understanding the end-to-end
performance of TCP connections through their networks. By observing
packets at different vantage points on their path and maintaining per
flow state, network operators can detect packet losses, retransmission
and estimate RTTs, among other metrics. A key information needed by
networks is whether a connection is limited by the network or by the
application. This information is very difficult to accurately infer by
passive measurements. We propose to advertise sendbuffer occupancy in
TCP: each segment will carry the amount of backlogged data present in
the sender's buffer. This information allows networks to discern
between application-limited, network-limited and flow-control limited
flows, creating new avenues of network optimization.


Bone is a composed structure including cortical bone, trabecular bone and bone marrow, but organization of these composites changes during ageing; indeed, differences can be shown from childhood to old age. But these changes in childhood are not clearly shown. For example, certain studies compare bone density (Bone Mineral Density : BMD) of children, like in Chron disease (Edisio et al, 1999), but not the stiffness, strength or elastic modulus. Some have chosen specific bone, close to cancellers cells (Baleani et al., 2008), or cadaver fragments (Currey, 1975). The aim of this study was to determine the elastic properties of the children bone. We have used surgery waste (bone transplantation) from long bone (fibula: essentially composed of cortical bone) of children without metabolic or mineralization disturbances. A specific ultrasound frame able to process very small sample (36 mm high, 11 mm tall, and 0.2 mm thickness) was used to evaluate velocity grading along bone axis. They are moved with 0.1 mm accuracy in x and y axis. For Z axis, azimuth got 0.01° of accuracy (Fig 1). Nominal frequency can increase from 3 to 10 MHz. Our first results (two samples) show longitudinal (vL) and transversal (vT) velocity of propagation (values in m.s-1) We used the same method as used for isotropic transverse bovine bone frame. In the case of orthotropic we can right 12 elements of rigidity matrix. Comparisons were made between juvenile specimens and mature specimens, and the first result is that the wave velocities, and the associated elastic modulus, are then lower in children than adult around 30 percent less for 11 years old child.


Gas bubbles in aqueous media are ubiquitous in a broad range of applications. In most cases, the size of the bubbles must be manipulated precisely. However, it is very difficult to control the size of gas bubbles. The size of gas bubbles is affected by many factors both during and after the generation process. Thus, precise manipulation of gas bubble size still remains a great challenge. The ratchet and conical hairs of the Chinese brush enable it to realize a significant capacity for holding ink and transferring them onto paper continuously and controllably. Inspired by this, a superhydrophobic/superaerophilic cone interface is developed to manipulate gas bubble size in aqueous media. When the resultant force between the Laplace force and the axial component of the buoyancy force approaches zero, the gas bubble is held steadily by the superhydrophobic/superaerophilic copper cones in a unique position (balance position). A new kind of pressure sensor is also designed based on this principle.


This thesis presents the results from the computational fluid dynamics simulations of surface effect ship model tests. The model tests being simulated are of a generic T-Craft model running in calm seas through a range of Froude numbers and in two head seas cases with regular waves. Simulations were created using CD-adapco's STAR-CCM+ and feature incompressible water, compressible air, pitch and heave degrees of freedom, and the volume of fluid interface-capturing scheme. The seals are represented with rigid approximations and the air cushion fans are modeled using constant momentum sources. Drag data, cushion pressure data, and free surface elevation contours are presented for the calm seas cases while drag, pressure, heave, and roll data are presented for the head seas cases. The calm seas cases are modeled both with no viscosity and with viscosity and turbulence. All simulations returned rather accurate estimations of the free surface response, ship motions, and body forces. The largest source of error is believed to be due to the rigid seal approximations. While the wake's amplitude is smaller when viscosity is neglected, both viscous and inviscid simulations' estimations of the free surface qualitatively match video footage from the model tests. It was found that shear drag accounts for about a quarter of the total drag in the model test simulations with viscosity, which is a large source of error in inviscid simulations. Adding the shear drag calculated using the ITTC-1957 friction coefficient line to the total drag from the inviscid simulation gives the total drag from the viscous simulations within a 6% difference.


Environmental, economic, and social trends suggest the need for more sustainable ways of thinking and patterns of behaviour. Such a shift would require humanity to function at high levels of ecological literacy, which relies on a certain amount of scientific literacy. However, troubling evidence indicates an international pattern of student disengagement with science at the secondary level. Evidence also suggests that it is difficult to integrate environmental or sustainability education at this level, both within New Zealand and elsewhere. This research was aimed at examining the use of a novel approach, using permaculture, in junior secondary science (Years 9 and 10) to enhance students' ecological and scientific literacy as well as their attitudes toward studying science in school. Permaculture is an ecological design system based on science and ethics. A permaculture approach to science education involves eco-design thinking as well as the use of local permaculture properties and practitioners and the science behind common permaculture practices. The approach is also meant to be relevant and engaging and to promote systems thinking. This study involved the design and delivery of an intervention based on permaculture principles to one Year 10 science class in New Zealand. Research took the form of a naturalistic, interpretive, mixed methods case study, which included the use of questionnaires, interviews and observations. Data collection focused on the impacts of a permaculture approach on the teaching and learning of science, on students' ecological literacy, and on students' attitudes toward learning science in school. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires probed students' opinions on the environment, science and learning science in school, and tested their sustainable thinking and systems thinking with concept mapping and SOLO Taxonomy exercises. Classroom observations took place over the course of 12 weeks, on average three days per week, totalling 31 days. Before and after some classroom visits I had informal conversations with the teacher, along with three formal interviews before, during and after the intervention. Three focus groups of students were interviewed immediately following the intervention.  Findings show that a permaculture approach to junior secondary science can impact positively on students' understanding of science and sustainability, and may impact on their attitudes toward studying science in school. It also appeared to impact positively on the science teacher's attitude toward including sustainability in his teaching practice, and on his own sustainability learning. Regarding both students and teachers, a permaculture approach appears to have been effective to cultivate attitudes and trellis learning. The teacher and the students responded favourably to many aspects of the intervention, including the overall focus on the environment, the field trips, and some classroom learning activities. The teacher reported appreciating the way the intervention contextualized science with real world examples. Most students reported appreciating the experiential aspects of the intervention, as well as the relevance that a permaculture approach to science education provided. Findings indicate that advances in ecological and scientific literacy varied among students. Some students appeared to improve their use of science and sustainability vocabulary; to become more aware of select socio-scientific issues; and, to better recognise scientific and ecological limits and possibilities. Some students also showed advances in sustainable thinking and systems thinking. Although many students expressed concern about issues such as pollution, wildlife, and genetic engineering—and prioritized protecting the environment over making money—there appeared to be a disconnect between these feelings and a sense of personal responsibility to act. Most students reported enjoying learning science with a focus on the environment, with one cohort indicating much greater enjoyment of the permaculture approach than their usual level of enjoyment of learning science in school. Trends in environmental degradation, population growth, energy inflation, and economic stagnation—especially pronounced since the beginning of this inquiry in 2008—indicate that the world of the future will require ecologically literate citizens who can design and create truly sustainable systems for all human endeavours. Cultivating such citizens and trellising their science and sustainability learning has implications for science education. This thesis identifies an innovative approach for junior secondary science in New Zealand that provides a way towards a more sustainable future.


This research explores self-employment in a worker co-operative context. The empirical case study was conducted using qualitative methods, with a focus on interpreting the motivations for choosing a cooperative as a business form for self-employment. We examine the relationship between co-operative practice and theory with regards to its established principles and dual nature in a framework of entrepreneurship literature. This article answers the following question: How are the characteristics of a cooperative business form interpreted and do they reflect the traditional, well-established core ideas of cooperatives? Based on the analysis, we identified 6 motivational factors that describe a co-operative as a business form in the context of self-employment. Three of these reflect the universal autonomy needs identified in self-employment literature: empowerment, self-management and freedom. We propose that the other three, security, diversity and communality, are unique features of co-operatives that stem from the established co-operative principles. In addition to the basic autonomy needs of self-employment, we conclude that co-operative structure offers various additional benefits for the self-employed. The latter features make a co-operative community a distinctive and unique forum for self-employment and serve as the essential drivers for choosing this particular business form. However, we found that, once combined with the autonomy features, they might result in problems finding a balance between individual and community needs. We therefore claim that, although co-operatives have an ability to lower the barrier to entrepreneurship, the needs of self-employed people are not unquestionably compatible with the features or needs of a co-operative company. Based on our research, we suggest that individuality and communality are the rival forces that form the most inherent contradiction in worker co-operative operations. Therefore, we propose that the striving for balance between individual needs and those of the community reflects a 'new dual role' of co-operatives.


The Landmark was set up as one of the first community based service centres for people with HIV and AIDS and has taken a pioneering role in developing facilities. It set out to be an integrationist service, in other words it was offering therapies, advice, social support etc under one roof. Since it opened in 1989 there have been pressures towards targeting the services. These have been both external pressures linked to funding, but also to some extent internal pressures within the Landmark related to management and procedures.

 The Landmark is an example of the statutory sector helping to stimulate a major innovation in the independent sector. This stimulus came largely from people within Lambeth Social Services who with members of the community, people living with HIV and others in South London, set up Lambeth AIDS Action, which provided the original Board of Directors for the Landmark. It has proved to be a fairly low-cost centre, which is particularly relevant in the current financial climate.

 Given that Landmark was to be a very innovatory enterprise, both Lambeth AIDS Action and its Director were keen to have an evaluation which would examine Landmark as a pioneer, and look at what could be learnt from its early development in terms on developing facilities and services elsewhere. The evaluation had several objectives. First it would look at Landmark as a model of social care. Second, it would investigate how Landmark fitted into the spectrum of HIV services being developed in South London. Third it would examine Landmark's development within the prevailing national policy context. However this last is outside the scope of the present meeting which is focussed on service provision. The evaluation was to have a twofold outcome. First it could be used internally. It would examine issues of quality assurance in service delivery to people living with HIV and AIDS, as well as management procedures and developments, the origins of problems and their resolutions and how they might be avoided in future. Second, it had an external function. It can be used to look at how other centres might be developed in the future, and how resources for HIV and AIDS across the whole range of services can best be deployed. This is intended to be of use to the Department of Health and other funding bodies.

 The evaluation has had four streams. Resource use and costings of the Landmark. The development and structure of the Landmark as an organisation, by observing the staff and board meetings and various other groups. The role that Landmark and similar HIV organisations play for people living with HIV. This work has included approximately 60 interviews with people living with HIV, to discuss how HIV has affected their lives in medical, economic and social terms. It has included how they came to use HIV related services and how good those services have been in different regards, in terms of supporting different kinds of people. The impact that Landmark has had on other agencies in South London, and what that implies about how these different sectors can best work together. It is this last stream of work which is the main focus of the present meeting.


Abstract Interactive knowledge-acquisition (KA) programs allow users to enter relevant domain knowledge according to a model predefined by the tool developers. KA tools are designed to provide conceptual models of the knowledge to their users. Many different classes of models are possible, resulting in different categories of tools. Whenever it is possible to describe KA tools according to explicit conceptual models, it is also possible to edit the models and to instantiate new KA tools automatically for specialized purposes. Several meta-tools that address this task have been implemented. Meta-tools provide developers of domain-specific KA tools with generic design models, or meta-views, of the emerging KA tools. The same KA tool can be specified according to several alternative meta-views.


The full article is available online (Open Access). In 2011, firearm injuries accounted for 32 163 deaths in the United States, nearly as many as the 34 677 fatalities from motor vehicle traffic accidents. The total includes 19 766 suicides, 11 101 homicides, and 851 deaths from the accidental discharge of firearms... Yet federal law prohibits all Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health, from using funds, "in whole or in part, to advocate or promote gun control." The ban has applied to the CDC since 1996, and, more recently, to the entire DHHS. The meaning of the clause is not clear—preventing firearm injuries and gun control are related but are not synonymous—but it has effectively ended federal support of gun research. Kellerman and Rivara note that at the CDC, "no federal employee was willing to risk his or her career or the agency's funding to find out [what the clause meant]. Extramural support for firearm injury prevention research quickly dried up." The federal government's neglect of firearm injuries as a public health issue is a national shame that should be urgently corrected. Reducing lives lost to gun violence is a public health issue about a major mechanism of fatal injury, not a Second Amendment to the US Constitution issue about "the right of the people to keep and bear arms." Following the mass shooting of school children and educators at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, in December 2012, the CDC's website offered little information to people trying to understand and prevent such violent events. The CDC's "A-Z Index" has no listing for either "guns" or "firearms," and the 24 topics on the "Injury, Violence & Safety" web page include explosion and blast injuries and fireworks, but not firearms. Indeed, federal health officials rarely speak about any aspect of firearms injury, violence, and safety. The mass killing in Connecticut shows once again the high price our society pays for ignoring legal reforms and other measures, including improvements in the mental health system, which would help to reduce gun violence and save lives.... These and many other long-overdue reforms do not require further study, only the political will to implement them. In 2011, Florida enacted a law that impeded physicians' ability to talk to their patients about the risks of guns, whether they own guns, and if so, how the guns are stored at home. Unfortunately, after a federal district court judge blocked enforcement, the state appealed, and the case is still pending. Physicians routinely ask patients potentially sensitive questions so they can help them to protect their health, and legislation should not inappropriately interfere with the physician-patient relationship. In the aftermath of the carnage at Sandy Hook, the Obama administration and Congress should act quickly to make the prevention of firearm injuries a pubic health priority....All federal health agencies, including the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the CDC, should regain the ability to fund research aimed at reducing injuries and deaths from firearms, regardless of whether some might label such research as "gun control." Funding should be substantial for specific projects, as well as for research infrastructure and the training of investigators. President Obama should make a concerted effort to get the restrictive language about using federal funds "in whole or in part, to advocate or promote gun control" out of future appropriations bills.... President Obama should empower federal health officials to speak and provide leadership about firearm injuries and violence, the potentially intimidating legislative language in current law notwithstanding. The secretary of Health and Human Services, the Surgeon General, the director of the CDC, and the director of the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control should be allowed to protect the public health by working to reduce injuries and deaths from firearms, in the same way that they work to reduce injuries and deaths from poisonings, motor vehicle traffic accidents, and falls.... Research and policy efforts to prevent injuries can make a big difference. The federal government has invested billions of dollars to better understand motor vehicle fatalities, and hundreds of thousands of lives have been saved. However, as traffic fatalities have steadily declined, gun-related deaths are trending upward, from a recent low point in 2000. If the United States were to get serious about preventing firearms-related injuries and deaths, thousands of lives could be saved each year. We can wait no longer to protect the public health. This article is open access. Language: en


We present a measurement of the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation observed at 148 GHz. The measurement uses maps with 1.′4 angular resolution made with data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). The observations cover 228 deg2 of the southern sky, in a 4.°2 wide strip centered on declination 53° south. The CMB at arcminute angular scales is particularly sensitive to the Silk damping scale, to the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect from galaxy clusters, and to emission by radio sources and dusty galaxies. After masking the 108 brightest point sources in our maps, we estimate the power spectrum between 600 < ℓ < 8000 using the adaptive multi-taper method to minimize spectral leakage and maximize use of the full data set. Our absolute calibration is based on observations of Uranus. To verify the calibration and test the fidelity of our map at large angular scales, we cross-correlate the ACT map to the WMAP map and recover the WMAP power spectrum from 250 < ℓ < 1150. The power beyond the Silk damping tail of the CMB (ℓ ∼ 5000) is consistent with models of the emission from point sources. We quantify the contribution of SZ clusters to the power spectrum by fitting to a model normalized to σ8 = 0.8. We constrain the model's amplitude ASZ < 1.63 (95% CL). If interpreted as a measurement of σ8, this implies σSZ8 < 0.86 (95% CL) given our SZ model. A fit of ACT and WMAP five-year data jointly to a six-parameter ΛCDM model plus point sources and the SZ effect is consistent with these results.


Purpose: To find the agreement and repeatability of Icare ic100 tonometer. Methods: We included 150 subjects above the age of 18 years for this cross-sectional, multicenter study with intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥7 mmHg. After the initial ophthalmic examination, two masked examiners took five IOP measurements using three different instruments; Icare ic100, Icare TA01i, and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) in only one eye of the participants. Comparison of agreement of IOP using different instruments was quantified with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using the two-way random effects models of absolute agreement and Cronbach's alpha. The test-retest variability of the instruments was assessed by deriving repeatability coefficient (RC) and coefficient of variation (CV). Results: Agreement between the tonometers across the different IOP groups had no statistically significant difference in their mean IOP. Icare ic100 was found to have good reliability across all IOP groups (ICC value >0.78) when compared with Icare TA01i. In comparison with GAT, Icare ic100 showed good reliability across all IOP groups (ICC >0.87) except >16 to <23 mmHg group where it showed moderate reliability (ICC = 0.52). Icare ic100 showed good repeatability with RC and CV of 2.67 and 4.89, respectively. Conclusion: Icare ic100 rebound tonometer can measure IOP with relatively small measurement error and can provide a reliable and repeatable reading in comparison with GAT across a wide pressure range without hampering corneal health.


Hemodynamic mapping using gas inhalation has received increasing interest in recent years. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), which reflects the ability of the brain vasculature to dilate in response to a vasoactive stimulus, can be measured by CO2 inhalation with continuous acquisition of blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance images. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) can be measured by O2 inhalation. These hemodynamic mapping methods are appealing because of their absence of gadolinium contrast agent, their ability to assess both baseline perfusion and vascular reserve, and their utility in calibrating the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal. However, like other functional and physiological indices, a major drawback of these measurements is their poor sensitivity and reliability. Simultaneous multi‐slice echo planar imaging (SMS EPI) is a fast imaging technology that allows the excitation and acquisition of multiple two‐dimensional slices simultaneously, and has been shown to enhance the sensitivity of several MRI applications. To our knowledge, the benefit of SMS in gas inhalation imaging has not been investigated. In this work, we compared the sensitivity of CO2 and O2 inhalation data collected using SMS factor 2 (SMS2) and SMS factor 3 (SMS3) with those collected using conventional EPI (SMS1). We showed that the sensitivity of SMS scans was significantly (p = 0.01) higher than that of conventional EPI, although no difference was found between SMS2 and SMS3 (p = 0.3). On a voxel‐wise level, approximately 20–30% of voxels in the brain showed a significant enhancement in sensitivity when using SMS compared with conventional EPI, with other voxels showing an increase, but not reaching statistical significance. When using SMS, the scan duration can be reduced by half, whilst maintaining the sensitivity of conventional EPI. The availability of a sensitive acquisition technique can further enhance the potential of gas inhalation MRI in clinical applications.


This article focuses on the introduction of electric vehicles in Norway and how electrical cars are understood culturally in relation to conventional car use. Theoretically, elements of social practice theory and the analysis of processes of domestication are combined to frame practical, cognitive, and symbolic dimensions of electric car use. The empirical data consists of individual and focus group interviews with electric car users. The analysis unpacks the implications of user-designated meaning in driving practices, competencies considered necessary when driving electric cars, and the material aspects regarded as critical features of electric car driving. Preliminary findings suggest that the practice of electric car driving alters user habits by making transportation needs more salient and raises both the technological and energy consumption awareness of users.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor peficitinib versus placebo in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods In this multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase III study, patients with RA and inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) were randomised 1:1:1 to placebo, peficitinib 100 mg once daily or peficitinib 150 mg once daily with MTX for 52 weeks. Based on baseline randomisation, at week 12, non-responders receiving placebo were switched to peficitinib until the end of treatment; the remaining patients were switched to peficitinib at week 28. Primary efficacy variables were American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20 response rate at week 12/early termination (ET) and change from baseline in van der Heijde-modified total Sharp score (mTSS) at week 28/ET. Results 519 patients were randomised and treated. Significantly more (p<0.001) peficitinib (58.6%, 100 mg; 64.4%, 150 mg) than placebo (21.8%) recipients achieved ACR20 response at week 12/ET. Significantly lower (p<0.001) mean changes from baseline in mTSS at week 28/ET occurred in peficitinib (1.62, 100 mg; 1.03, 150 mg) than placebo (3.37) recipients. Peficitinib was associated with haematological and biochemical parameter changes, and increased incidence of serious infections and herpes zoster-related disease. One death from suicide occurred in a patient in the placebo group after switching to peficitinib 100 mg. Conclusions In Japanese patients with RA and inadequate response to MTX, peficitinib demonstrated significant superiority versus placebo in reducing RA symptoms and suppressing joint destruction. Peficitinib had an acceptable safety and tolerability profile, with no new safety signals compared with other JAK inhibitors. Trial registration number NCT02305849.


Environmental issues are global problems and they are a major challenge for any successful organizational business worldwide. Many challenges and opportunities emerge during the certification process of an EMS. Therefore it is interesting to contribute in understanding these emerging problems during this process.

The aim of this study is to explore how the environmental objectives could be achieved at preschools in Uppsala, investigate the perceived challenges and opportunities and to identify the outcome of implementing the ISO 14001, Green Flag at such set up.

A qualitative method is used and three Green Flag certified preschools, affiliated to the Uppsala Municipality and located at different geographical location were selected. A structured interview with the environmental representatives from the preschools and the municipality was completed. The so-called PDCA-cycle as a method of evaluating sustainable development and analysing the imperial data is used.

The study showed that environmental certification constitutes a great challenge for the municipality of Uppsala. Since a general environmental policy guided by the disciplines of the Green Flag is already existed, the study preschools were able, by following this policy, to achieve environmental certification of the Green Flag. The staff was very motivated and pro-active to maintain sustainable development and increased environmental awareness among their preschool children and to some extent among the parents.

In conclusion the environmental objectives of the study preschools are clearly sett up and that environmental certification is the greatest challenge, as well as great environmental concern and lowering the cost of implementing the environmental programme are perceived as the most driving forces for pursuing environmental certification.


A 3D subject-specific computer simulation model of a ball-racket system linked to an
upper-limb and torso was developed to investigate factors which may result in adverse
loading at the elbow during one-handed backhand groundstrokes. Rigid hand,
forearm, upper-arm and torso segments were driven by joint angle time histories
obtained from backhand performances. Wobbling mass segments were incorporated
to represent soft tissue motion. The upper-limb model was attached to a forward
dynamics model of the racket-ball system using spring-dampers at the thenar and
hypothenar eminences of the hand. The racket frame was represented using two rigid
bodies with two torsional spring-dampers to allow motion in and out of the racket
plane. The stringbed was represented by nine point masses connected using elastic
springs. A point mass representation of the tennis ball allowed normal and oblique
impacts at the nine locations on the stringbed. Inertia parameters for the elite tennis
player and the rackets and visco-elastic parameters for the rackets and ball were
determined from independent experimental tests. Visco-elastic parameters for the
hand and wobbling masses were determined within the matching process of six
backhand trials. Excellent agreement between performance and matching simulations
was obtained with a mean RMS difference of 1.3% based on racket kinematics,
outbound ball velocity and time of ball contact. Simulation results suggest that the
inertia and stiffness parameters of the racket frame and the stringbed tension have a
relatively small influence on elbow loading within current design ranges. In contrast,
the off-centre ball impact simulations resulted in an 11% increase in peak internal
elbow joint force, a 22% increase in peak pronation-supination net torque and a 19%
increase in peak elbow-flexion extension net torque around the elbow joint. This
research suggests that racket frame vibration is an unlikely mechanism for tennis
elbow and that an accumulation of peak loads from off-centre hits is a more likely
cause.


Better understanding the trade-offs/synergies between desirable and environmentally harmful (undesirable) farm outputs is relevant for future targeting and tailoring of agri-environmental policy measures. We use a hyperbolic distance function to represent the production technology employed by Swiss dairy farms in mountainous regions, thus allowing for simultaneous expansion of desirable outputs (milk and non-milk) and contraction of undesirable output (nitrogen surplus). We calculate the farm-specific shadow price of the undesirable output. The obtained shadow prices (mean value with respect to milk output was equal to 28 Swiss francs per kg of nitrogen) provide quantitative information on farmers' costs of reducing nitrogen pollution.


The first radars used in military scenarios to detect enemies were bistatic because the technology that would allow a transmitter and a receiver to use the same antenna had not been developed. Then, with the development of monostatic radars, there was almost no interest in the bistatic radars subject. Nowadays, due to the fact that monostatic radars alone have reached its limits in terms of performance and because of the existence of new threats, the interest in bistatic and multistatic radars should last longer. Bistatic and multistatic radars are particularly interesting in military scenarios where it is important to be able to detect and track stealth targets and also to be able to operate with minimized risks of being affected by jamming attacks.
This thesis investigates how much multistatic radars can surpass stand alone monostatic radars when attempting to track a target. Simulations with different geometries and different target trajectories are performed in order to assess the tracking performance in each scenario. Tracking performance is assessed in terms of estimated position, velocity and acceleration accuracies. Different geometries include monostatic radar, netted monostatic radars, bistatic radars with target crossing and not crossing the baseline, multistatic radars with only 1 TX and many RXs, multistatic radars with many TXs and only 1 RX and multistatic radars with many TXs and RXs. Simulations are performed using real radar characteristics in order to assess whether it is possible to use navigation radars to track targets with low RCS.
The research herein presented shows that it is possible to achieve a good accuracy configuring a geometry that is suitable for the requirements of a system. Also, from the results of the simulations it is possible to understand why multistatic radars can still work with acceptable accuracy if a TXs is lost/destroyed.


ABSTRACT The idea and implementation of learning communities are gaining favour in higher education institutions. In particular, there are a number of successful examples to emerge of the application of the Community of Practice (CoP) framework proposed by Wenger [(1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press] for fostering a learning environment for academics around their teaching practice. In this paper, we describe and reflect on the efficacy of a CoP process that was implemented within our university. The purpose of this CoP was to provide a space for academics to focus on assessment practices for first-year courses and identify opportunities for professional development in this area. For a variety of reasons detailed in the paper, the efficacy of this CoP was limited, and we conclude that in the current higher education environment in Australia, success with CoP approaches to improve learning and teaching outcomes may prove limited.


the spatial. With one exception, these stories are set in various places throughout Nevada. The opening story, "Ghosts, Cowboys," establishes the major themes of the book: violence, history's haunting influences on the present, and a twenty-first-century need to revise the mythology of the US West. The narrative stretches back to the Comstock Lode in 1859, but it also intersects with the author's own personal history as the daughter of Paul Watkins, a member of Charles Manson's "Family." In a sense, then, Watkins acts as both author and narrator, which helps to explain the essayistic tone of the piece. Just about every rule of craft is broken here, but the fictional elements nevertheless work. Avoiding any degree of sensationalism, Watkins bravely writes her family's story into the history of the US West. Throughout the collection, Nevada emerges as a place "far from civilization," a doubly encoded phrase meaning not only that Turner's frontier thesis has been diachronically superseded, but also that the liminality of the state's cultural logic—for example, what happens in Vegas stays in Vegas—contains masochistic sexual undertones (84). Nowhere is this more evident than in "Rondine al Nido," the story at the heart of Battleborn. A woman tells her lover about the night she and a high school friend drove from their small town to Las Vegas. On the Strip, they met four young men and went back to their hotel room. The friend was drunk and wanted to go home, but the narrator bullied her into staying, which led to tragic results. The story ends on September 11, 2001, with the narrator watching her former friend cry upon hearing the news, thereby brilliantly juxtaposing the public acts of destruction on 9/11 against the brutal forms of sexuality that remain relatively hidden behind the hotel doors of Las Vegas. Watkins's stories stand out for many reasons, including her range in craft and representations of women, but her treatment of the US West is simply remarkable. Though she has thus far published only one collection, she nevertheless deserves to join the ranks of Sherman Alexie, Ron Carlson, Dagoberto Gilb, Antonya Nelson, Annie Proulx, and Sam Shepard. In the post-Carver era of western short story writers, she is already one of the region's finest.


Transient three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic analyses have been performed on armatures and rails which are intended to be used for high launch energy applications. Coupled magnetic and thermal diffusions were solved within moving armatures in both square bore and round bore rail launchers. Current, magnetic field, body force and temperature distributions in the armature and rail conductors were predicted and compared. The predicted mechanical and thermal loading outputs can be further used for launcher structural analysis and rail cooling design.


a b s t r a c t Model-driven engineering is the generation of software artefacts from abstract models. This is achieved through transformations that encode domain knowledge and implementation strategies. The same transformations can be used to produce quite different systems, or to produce successive versions of the same system. A model-driven approach can thus reduce the cost of development. It can also reduce the cost of verification: if the transformations are shown or assumed to be correct, each new system or version can be verified in terms of its model, rather than its implementation. This paper introduces an approach to model- driven engineering that is particularly suited to the development of critical information systems. The language of the models, and the language of the transformations, are amenable to formal analysis. The transformation strategy, and the associated development methodology, are designed to preserve systems integrity and availability. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.


Clustering of related or similar objects has long been regarded as a potentially useful contribution for helping users to navigate an information space such as a document collection. But, the major challenge in document clustering is high dimensionality. Data mining and statistical techniques have been applied with some success to large set of documents to automatically produce meaningful subsets. Many clustering algorithms and techniques have been developed and implemented since the earliest days of computational information retrieval but as the sizes of document collections have grown, these techniques have not been scaled to large collections because of their computational overhead. Traditional document clustering is usually considered as an unsupervised learning. It cannot effectively group documents under user's need. To solve this problem, the proposed system concentrates on an interactive text clustering methodology, topic oriented probability based and semi supervised document clustering. It suggests interactive approach for document clustering, to facilitate human refinement of clustering outputs. The proposed system evaluates system efficiency by implementing and testing the clustering results with Dbscan and K-means clustering algorithms. Experiment shows that the proposed document clustering algorithm performs with an average efficiency of 94.4% for various document categories.


The International Car Distribution Programme (ICDP) has been using computer simulation for over ten years to investigate developments in the supply of new cars from assembly plant to customer. Their simulation model has been used to investigate generic issues such as stock location, multi-market supply, and the impact of product variety on supply chain performance. For example the model has been used to demonstrate the benefits of holding new cars in regional distribution centres rather than at individual dealers, which both reduces the cost of stock and provides customers with greater choice of vehicle. It has also been used by several manufacturers to investigate company-specific supply chain design problems. The supply of new cars has many features which are common to supply chains in other sectors, for example thousands of stock locations, high volumes, wide product variety, variations in customer behaviour and complex information systems. This paper will present an overview of the ICDP simulation and its applications, followed by discussion of some of the major technical challenges that have been encountered - and generally overcome - in the development and application of the model. Not the least of these challenges has been increasing the scale and scope of the model, for example to cover global distribution, while at the same time keeping run-times down to acceptable levels.


Navigation is one of the key topics in the field of mobile robotics. In many areas of application like Industry 4.0 or fully automated parking, additional external sensors are available as well as pre-existing knowledge about the general building structure. This information is of significant advantage, especially in situations where the perceptive field of the mobile platform is occluded. One method to gain the required information is the probabilistic concept of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). However, most existing approaches generally lack the possibility to incorporate preexisting and external information. In this paper, a solution to the SLAM problem based on a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter is adopted to provide efficient means for exploiting such data. We present an approach that directly incorporates environment knowledge using a context-aware environment model, while establishing reference to a global coordinate frame allowing for a straight-forward fusion with external information sources. The evaluation is performed on real-world data obtained by a mobile platform. The qualitative analysis shows significant improvement in map quality and robustness regarding short sensor outages or reduced perception rates. Establishing a uniform reference frame and reusing data, the proposed approach clearly extends the functional range of SLAM, demonstrating substantial advantages over existing methods.


Abstract. Simultaneous observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), launched together onboard the European MetOp platform in October 2006, are used to retrieve a mid-to-upper tropospheric content of methane (CH4) in clear-sky conditions, in the tropics, over sea, for the first 16 months of operation of MetOp (July 2007–October 2008). With its high spectral resolution, IASI provides nine channels in the 7.7 μm band highly sensitive to CH4 with reduced sensitivities to other atmospheric variables. These channels, sensitive to both CH4 and temperature, are used in conjunction with AMSU channels, only sensitive to temperature, to decorrelate both signals through a non-linear inference scheme based on neural networks. A key point of this approach is that no use is made of prior information in terms of methane seasonality, trend, or geographical patterns. The precision of the retrieval is estimated to be about 16 ppbv (~0.9%). Features of the retrieved methane space-time distribution include: (1) a strong seasonal cycle of 30 ppbv in the northern tropics with a maximum in January–March and a minimum in July–September, and a flat seasonal cycle in the southern tropics, in agreement with in-situ measurements; (2) a latitudinal decrease of 30 ppbv from 20° N to 20° S, in boreal spring and summer, lower than what is observed at the surface but in excellent agreement with tropospheric aircraft measurements; (3) geographical patterns in good agreement with simulations from the atmospheric transport and chemistry model MOZART-2, but with a higher variability and a higher concentration in boreal winter; (4) signatures of CH4 emissions transported to the middle troposphere such as a large plume of elevated tropospheric methane south of the Asian continent, which might be due to Asian emissions from rice paddies uplifted by deep convection during the monsoon period and then transported towards Indonesia. In addition to bringing a greatly improved view of methane distribution, these results from IASI should provide a means to observe and understand atmospheric transport pathways of methane from the surface to the upper troposphere.


Abstract 1,2,4-benzenetriol is an aromatic chemical compound used in direct hair colouring products at a maximum use concentration of 3.0%. In plants it can be found as a product of the degradation of some organic compounds, while in humans it can be detected after poisoning with benzene because it is a metabolite of the biotransformation of benzene. In the human organism, 1,2,4-benzenetriol causes harmful effects such as DNA damage and there is possibility that 1,2,4-benzenetriol-induced DNA damage is one of the primary reactions in carcinogenesis induced by benzene. In nature, this compound is found in coffee extracts inhibiting the anti-hypertensive effect of chlorogenic acid. Hydroxyhydroquinone or 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT) detected in the beverages has a structure that coincides with the water-soluble form of a sesame lignan, sesamol and further studies are required to confirm the importance of the cellular antioxidant activity of BT. Materials and methods: In this study we examined the electrochemical properties of 1,2,4-benzenetriol by using cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is widely used for the study of redox processes, for understanding the reaction mechanisms, and for obtaining stability of reaction products. To perform this study, we used a three-electrode system, graphite rod was used as a working electrode, the reference electrode was silver / silver chloride (Ag / AgCl), while the auxiliary electrode was Pt-electrode. Results: The electrochemical response of the aqueous solution of 1,2,4-benzenetriol at different pH (3 to 9) depends mainly on pH. The calculated diffusion coefficient indicates that the process of diffusion of this substance is relatively low. The complexes between benzenetriol the Fe 2+ and Mg 2+ ions are the type 1:1 (one ligand and one metal ion are complexed). The values of the stability constants show that the complex of magnesium ions and benzenetriol is weak, while the complex with iron ions is moderately stable complex. In strong alkaline environment there is a chemical transformation and it is assumed that the new compound has four OH groups. For examination of the anti-oxidative potential we compared the native 1,2,4-benzenetriol, re-titrated benzentriol and vitamin C using ABTS. It has been confirmed that the tetra-hydroxy compound has the highest antioxidant potential. Conclusion: The results obtained of the study will help in further investigations of antioxidant properties of 1,2,4-benzenetriol and the potential use of this compound as an antioxidant. Keywords: 1,2,4-benzentriol, Anti-oxidative potential, Cyclic voltammetry, Complexes with metal ions.


Abstract : This thesis was investigated the effects of pre-existing corrosion on the fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth behavior of the typical aircraft aluminum alloy 7075-T6, by using a fracture mechanics approach. Initiation and crack growth behavior was investigated under in-plane biaxial tension tension fatigue with stress ratio of 0.1 and biaxiality stress ratio, =1. Cruciform specimens with a center hole, having a corrosion pit at 45 to the specimen s arms, were tested in a biaxial fatigue test machine in laboratory air and saltwater (3.5% NaCl) environments. Crack initiated and propagated coplanar with the pit in L T orientation. For the sake of comparison, uniaxial fatigue tests with stress ratio of 0.1 in laboratory air and saltwater (3.5% NaCl) environments were also conducted. The number of cycles until initiation of the fatigue crack and the crack growth rate were observed and measured by optical and scanning electron microscopy. This research shows that corrosive environment of saltwater reduces the required number of cycles for crack initiation under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions when compared to those in ambient laboratory air. In all tests corrosive environment shortens the fatigue life of the specimens under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. In ambient air, numbers of cycles for crack initiation under biaxial and uniaxial loading conditions are almost the same, on the other hand in saltwater environment crack occurs in lesser number of cycles in biaxial loading condition relative to uniaxial loading condition. The crack growth rate is faster in the saltwater environment than the corresponding value in ambient air environment at a given K in both loading conditions. In ambient air environment biaxial and uniaxial crack growth rates were almost similar. But in saltwater environment biaxial fatigue have faster crack growth rate than uniaxial fatigue.


This review discussed the allegations in Frederic Bastien's book La Bataille de Londres, to the effect that two Supreme Court of Canada judges had improper communications with British and Canadian authorities before and after the hearing of the Patriation Reference. It analyzes in detail the five incidents upon which the allegations are based, and finds that the author's interpretation cannot be supported in four of them because of faulty interpretation of the evidence or incomplete research. The fifth incident, in which Chief Justice Laskin met with the English attorney general, is found to have been arguably inappropriate judicial behaviour, but to have no effect in law on the ultimate decision in the Patriation Reference. In addition, more recent evidence tends to confirm that no "leaks" to the Canadian government occurred while the Court was writing its decision.


Identity crisis has been a longstanding problem for the Information Systems (IS) community. Most previous studies have addressed this problem from the philosophical perspective, but few have tackled it from the social network perspective. In this paper, we report our work on studying the social identity of IS by applying social network analysis on the collaboration (co-authorship) network for ICIS papers over the past 26 years. The social network of IS researchers and the characteristics of the network were identified and discussed. Our results showed that the IS community is well connected and has demonstrated frequent interactions among members. The critical mass of the community, the most productive authors and institutions, was identified. Cross-institutional collaboration patterns were also studied, and some interesting results were revealed. In addition, we studied how the social network has evolved over time. The networks at three different time periods were constructed and compared. We found that the network has evolved healthily over time with the addition of new members and the improved connection among members. Overall, our analyses indicated that the IS community has maintained the social identity well and we expect the trend to keep on in the future.


Creating the American Junkie: Addiction Research in the Classic Era of Narcotic Control, by Caroline Jean Acker (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 276 pp., $42 (cloth only).The history of drug use and drug policy, especially in the United States, is replete with caricatures and stereotypes: irresistible drugs, wicked drug dealers, evil drug lords, and innocent victims. The most familiar of these is the heroin or morphine addict-the junkie. The term conjures up a gaunt, unkempt social deviant, often male and often urban, with a deeply flawed personality, who will lie, cheat, steal or kill to obtain the drug that enslaves him. Since the classic era of narcotics control (1919-1960), such stereotypes have been employed not only by the popular press and pulp fiction writers, but by medical professionals and policy makers. The stock image of the junkie continues to shape drug policy and to effectively keep drug users on the margins of the health care system. And yet, not long before the ascendance of this addict stereotype, opinion about the nature and proper treatment of opiate addiction was remarkably heterodox. How did the professional and public policy consensus coalesce, in the end, around the "fact" of the irredeemable junkie? In her excellent book, Creating the American Junkie, Caroline Acker deftly shows how, between 1919 and 1960, the addict stereotype emerged from the interaction between the first cohort of recreational opiate users (grappling with the challenges of maintaining a habit under a new drug-prohibition regime), researchers in psychiatry and pharmacology (pursuing their own professional agendas), and the U.S. Treasury Department's Division of Narcotics, striving to criminalize non-medical opiate use and end the ambulatory treatment of addicts by private physicians.Acker begins by introducing some of the early-20th-century opiate addicts and their addiction careers (taken from wonderful surviving case histories from the narcotics ward at Philadelphia General Hospital), and locates these "new" addicts within the context of early-20th-century urban vice reform. The case histories reveal the kernels of truth beneath the addict stereotype. Many of the drug users admitted to the narcotics ward were working-class males; they often began using opiates recreationally, changing their use patterns (e.g., from smoking opium to heroin) as the drug laws became more restrictive. Especially after the 1914 Harrison Narcotic Act, their habits became more firmly tied to the black market (and thus more expensive), and their lives revolved increasingly around acquiring and using drugs while avoiding arrest. Meanwhile, their attention to work, family, and social responsibilities progressively declined. These addicts might enter a hospital to kick their habits but then resume drug use immediately upon discharge. Recreational users were not sympathetic characters. In contrast to "accidental" medical addicts, they seemed irresponsible and self-indulgent, their drug habits more a vice than a necessity. In the eyes of urban vice reformers, such drug habits were as threatening to the public morality and welfare as prostitution, gambling, and saloons. It was partly in response to this reality that narcotics laws were conceived and implemented, and in this context that addicts and addiction were studied, in an attempt to resolve this particular social problem. Although this chapter effectively sets the scene for the book, Acker does not say much about the alcohol problem during these years. For many reformers, alcohol was a much bigger threat to morality and public health than narcotic drugs, and more discussion of the connections between the two social problems would have enhanced this section.Chapters 2 and 3 introduce several other collaborators in constructing the "junkie": the Bureau of Social Hygiene and American pharmacologists. The Rockefeller family's Bureau of Social Hygiene (BSH) had been established in 1911 to study the problems of prostitution and venereal disease. …


One of the important issues in catfish farming is motile aeromonad septicaemia (MAS) disease caused by the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. This study aimed to find the MHC-II marker potential for marker-based selection to generate MAS disease resistance of African catfish. PCR method was applied to identify catfish (body length: 7-8 cm) population that have MHC-II marker. Fish with and without the marker were then challenged by intraperitonially injecting of 0.1 mL/fish with A. hydrophila (105 cfu/mL). The results showed that the survival of fish having MHC-II marker (77.50 ± 4.00%) was higher than that of fish without the marker (53.33 ± 4.77%). Fish carrying MHC-II marker fish has also higher total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, phagocytic activity, and hematocrit levels than that of fish without the marker. The PCR results using specific primer for MHC-II showed a specific DNA band of 426 bp in fish having the marker, while there were no DNA bands in fish without the marker. Results of the PCR analyses showed that the percentage of progenies carrying MHC-II marker was 80%, while progenies from broodstock without the marker was 0%; this indicated that MHC-II marker could be inherited to the offsprings. Thus, the MHC-II marker could be used as a molecular marker of MAS disease resistance catfish.


Dizziness, neck pain and headaches are commonly reported following a sport-related concussion and may persist.1 2 A combination of cervical and vestibular physiotherapy facilitates recovery following sport-related concussion in individuals with ongoing symptoms of dizziness, neck pain and headaches.3 In our randomised controlled trial (RCT), a higher proportion of individuals treated with multimodal physiotherapy were reported to be medically cleared to return to sport (within 8 weeks) than that of individuals who received a control intervention.4 However, the effect of timing of treatment is not currently known.

Here we share the results of the second phase of this RCT, which evaluated the efficacy of multimodal physiotherapy and vestibular rehabilitation compared with rest in individuals with persistent symptoms of dizziness, neck pain and/or headaches following a sport-related concussion. Individuals who had already completed an 8-week period of either multimodal physiotherapy …


Development and improvement of analytical techniques are vital in analytical chemistry research. This thesis describes the development and use of tailored surfaces for bioanalytical applications. In sample preparation, solid phase extraction is often used and the development of a protocol for extraction on a molecular imprinted polymer (MISPE) directly from plasma sample is presented. Molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) offer selective sorbents for the imprinted analyte. MISPE has mainly been used in organic phase but in this thesis the development of a protocol for direct extraction of the analyte form an aqueous phase is described. For analysis of complex samples a separation step is often needed. The growing interest in analysis of biological samples and analysis of the human proteome and potential biomarkers has increased the interest in developing new separation techniques. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has evolved into an important technique for use in analysis of body fluids. In this thesis a novel polyamine coating named PolyE 323 tailored for minimizing the adsorption of basic proteins to the surface is introduced. A straightforward coating protocol, with four simple rinsing steps, was developed. The coating was highly reproducible and useable over a wide pH range. Successful protein separations on PolyE-323-coated capillaries coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were demonstrated. The coated capillaries were also used in studies of protein content of aqueous humor samples from cataract patients as a complement to capillary liquid chromatography. In the studies presented the protein content of aqueous humor samples from two clinical groups was compared. By using capillary liquid separation techniques coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and MS/MS in combination with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) the identity and relative concentrations of proteins in the samples were evaluated. Earlier studies of the proteins in these kinds of samples have mainly been done with techniques using immunological detection where the proteins of interest were chosen in advance. In this thesis it was shown that liquid-based separation techniques are a good complement and by using the mass spectrometry approach presented the protein content of the samples could be evaluated without bias.


The role of environmental regulation of ecosystems in the understanding of ecosystem processes is especially important in river networks because they are open systems whose physical structure changes drastically over several spatial and temporal scales. Here we review some of the most stimulating concepts in fluvial ecology, starting with the River Continuum Concept up to recent concepts for river systems. We focus on ecosystem processes and, therefore, take an overview from large to finer scale concepts. The main focus is on biogeochemical cycling at different scales and the links between hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology with examples of complex river corridors such as the Danube River in Austria. The environmental template of complex river corridors is characterized by a shifting habitat mosaic of aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial habitats, ecotones and gradients encompassing biotic distribution and biogeochemical cycles. Most river corridors have, however, been drastically altered within the last century, creating deficits that have led to increasing rehabilitation and restoration activities over the last decade. An integrated approach including landscape dynamics as well as key ecosystem processes is required. The Danube Restoration Project near Vienna demonstrates how basic criteria for a successful restoration can be fulfilled. The fundamental aim of the project was to re-initiate key physical processes typical for braided rivers, namely hydrologic connectivity. To quantify ecosystem processes, an ecohydrological approach based on a detailed hydrological model was developed. Model outputs with a high predictive power are the metrics connectivity, giving the average duration of upstream surface connection, and "water age", a surrogate for residence time adapted to the multi-input system. Based on recent concepts and future management requirements, research ideas including experimental and empirical work in fluvial ecology under the pre-requisites of integrating different disciplines and using a landscape approach are presented.


The emergence of ridesharing services like Uber and Lyft offer a potentially useful addition to Canberrars urban transport options. Canberra faces unique transport challenges. Car ownership rates are higher in the ACT than in most states, despite almost all of the population living in the Canberra urban area. But with population predicted to almost double by 2061 other transport is required. At current rates of ownership Canberrars future population would have an additional 124,000 cars by 2040, enough fill a parking lot the size of the entire Parliamentary Triangle.


The attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 and subsequent military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq created a sharp increase in expressions of national pride and the invocation of "nation" in political discourse. Using the 1996 and 2004 General Social Surveys, we document these changing patterns of national pride, and ask how they affect conceptions of national identity. We report three main findings. First, the data corroborate the conventional wisdom that there was a greater expression of national pride than before September 11, 2001. Second, conceptions of American national identity became more nativist. Finally, the conventionally accepted distinction between patriots and nationalists has shrunk; patriots, like nationalists, are more likely to express nativist conceptions of national identity during a time of threat than they were pre-9/11. Our findings have important implications for research on group identification and national identity formation.


Androgens and estrogens circulate through the bloodstream bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), in what has been believed to be an inactive form that prevents these small, lipophilic steroids from diffusing across the plasma membrane to activate intracellular targets (see Adams). A research group that previously showed that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein megalin acts as an endocytic receptor for carrier-bound vitamins A and D has now implicated megalin in the uptake of SHBG-bound sex steroids. Hammes et al. showed that 125I-labeled SHBG was taken up and degraded by rat choriocarcinoma (BN16) cells, which express megalin, and that this was blocked by receptor-associated protein (RAP), an antagonist of ligand binding to megalin. Most circulating sex steroids are bound to carrier, and the ability of RAP to inhibit [3H]testosterone uptake depended on the ratio of SHBG and testosterone, such that inhibition was maximal when most of the testosterone was bound, whereas RAP was ineffective when most of the testosterone was free. RAP also inhibited the uptake of SHBG-bound dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17β-estradiol. Uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled DHT together with SHBG was confirmed with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy; moreover, DHT internalized together with SHBG activated an androgen-sensitive reporter. The phenotypes of megalin knockout mice were consistent with impaired sex-steroid signaling: Megalin—/— females exhibited vaginal blockade whereas megalin—/— males exhibited impaired descent of the testes. Further, megalin-deficient embryonic tissues were resistant to the effects of exogenous androgens. Thus, the authors conclude that megalin plays a role in the cellular uptake of carrier-bound sex steroids that is critical to the proper development of steroid-responsive tissues. A. Hammes, T. K. Andreassen, R. Spoelgen, J. Raila, N. Hubner, H. Schulz, J. Metzger, F. J. Schweigert, P. B. Luppa, A. Nykjaer, T. E. Willnow, Role of endocytosis in cellular uptake of sex steroids. Cell 122, 751-762 (2005). [PubMed] J. S. Adams, "Bound" to work: The free hormone hypothesis revisited. Cell 122, 647-649 (2005). [PubMed]


Background: Coronavirus (CoV) is an emerging human pathogen causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) around the world. Earlier identification of biomarkers for SARS can facilitate detection and reduce the mortality rate of the disease. Thus, by integrated network analysis and structural modeling approach, we aimed to explore the potential drug targets and the candidate drugs for coronavirus medicated SARS. Methods: Differentially expression (DE) analysis of CoV infected host genes (HGs) expression profiles was conducted by using the Limma. Highly integrated DE-CoV-HGs were selected to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network.  Results: Using the Walktrap algorithm highly interconnected modules include module 1 (202 nodes); module 2 (126 nodes) and module 3 (121 nodes) modules were retrieved from the PPI network. MYC, HDAC9, NCOA3, CEBPB, VEGFA, BCL3, SMAD3, SMURF1, KLHL12, CBL, ERBB4, and CRKL were identified as potential drug targets (PDTs), which are highly expressed in the human respiratory system after CoV infection. Functional terms growth factor receptor binding, c-type lectin receptor signaling, interleukin-1 mediated signaling, TAP dependent antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I, stimulatory T cell receptor signaling, and innate immune response signaling pathways, signal transduction and cytokine immune signaling pathways were enriched in the modules. Protein-protein docking results demonstrated the strong binding affinity (-314.57 kcal/mol) of the ERBB4-3cLpro complex which was selected as a drug target. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations indicated the structural stability and flexibility of the ERBB4-3cLpro complex. Further, Wortmannin was proposed as a candidate drug to ERBB4 to control SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis through inhibit receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent macropinocytosis, MAPK signaling, and NF-kb singling pathways that regulate host cell entry, replication, and modulation of the host immune system. Conclusion: We conclude that CoV drug target "ERBB4" and candidate drug "Wortmannin" provide insights on the possible personalized therapeutics for emerging COVID-19.


Dosators (and other machines operating on generally similar principles) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for dosing products that are delivered to the customer in powder form (i.e. capsules and dry inhaled powder applications). However a significant problem for this technology is the ability to predict how accurately and reliably, new formulations can be dosed from these machines prior to scale-up for manufacture.

Dosator filling machines have been on the market for over forty years, and their mechanisms have been refined over the time; in parallel with development work of formulation scientists. Despite the work that has progressed in both of these important fields, there has been only a limited improvement in the understanding of how the formulations behave when introduced into production line equipment. Typical problems include variation in potency and manufacturing dose weight – both being issues that can be difficult to predict and counter (especially where mainly the manufacturing process is undertaken on a batch basis).

Many manufacturing problems can be traced back to an inadequate understanding of the bulk properties of the powders at the formulation stage. Common issues encountered during full scale production include extended commissioning; high levels of out of specification materials (specifically through dose weight variation).

The project aims to provide a predictive tool to industry, the use of which can improve manufacturing efficiency, minimise costs and risk when launching new products. The approach proposed focuses on the development of an analytical model for the pick up and discharge of powder into and out of dosators, based upon established particle/powder characterisation techniques combined with an improved understanding of dosator machine factors, constitutive models and geometry of the machine.

The model will be used to predict fill dose weights and filling/discharge behaviour of new products in dosator fillings systems; likewise, to investigate what changes in powder flow properties mean to dosator operation. Recommendations for the practical use of flow property measurement techniques in conjunction with the model are also outputs from this project.

To simulate the process and (very importantly) validate the model, a dosator single shot testrig was engineered at The Wolfson Centre to measure forces acting on the dosator during the filling stage, the force required to eject the dose and the dose weight. In addition other important aids, such as a dosator demonstrator and an ultimate bearing application of soil mechanics, are key in the understanding of the process and estimate the stress distribution occurring in the stages of the operation.

In addition, the development of this research provides a better understanding of the compaction phenomena in dosator operation, and more importantly, critical flow properties and machine settings factors compromising the uniformity of the fill dose weight in production lines using dosator filling machines not mentioned in the literature yet. Although this project has focussed on dosators, the general concept could be applicable to other volumetric powder filling systems.


The benefits of explainable artificial intelligence are not what they appear Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) algorithms are increasingly developed in health care for diagnosis and treatment of a variety of medical conditions (1). However, despite the technical prowess of such systems, their adoption has been challenging, and whether and how much they will actually improve health care remains to be seen. A central reason for this is that the effectiveness of AI/ML-based medical devices depends largely on the behavioral characteristics of its users, who, for example, are often vulnerable to well-documented biases or algorithmic aversion (2). Many stakeholders increasingly identify the so-called black-box nature of predictive algorithms as the core source of users' skepticism, lack of trust, and slow uptake (3, 4). As a result, lawmakers have been moving in the direction of requiring the availability of explanations for black-box algorithmic decisions (5). Indeed, a near-consensus is emerging in favor of explainable AI/ML among academics, governments, and civil society groups. Many are drawn to this approach to harness the accuracy benefits of noninterpretable AI/ML such as deep learning or neural nets while also supporting transparency, trust, and adoption. We argue that this consensus, at least as applied to health care, both overstates the benefits and undercounts the drawbacks of requiring black-box algorithms to be explainable.


In this study we describe users of mobile phones and mobile services, based on three random samples from the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 which are valid representations of the Finnish general population. We carried out a detailed analysis of the sample for 2009 and used the results to do a first exploratory segmentation of Finnish mobile service users. Then we wanted to find out if the same segments could be found in the 2007 and 2008 samples as well or if there has been some evolution in the formation of user categories. The findings are potentially important both as mobile service providers do not appear to pay attention to the consumer segments and as changes in the major segments offer opportunities for either successes or disasters in the mobile services market. We add to the body of knowledge on mobile services as the results we have and the methods we use can be benchmarked in other countries and comparisons can contribute to a general understanding of the demand for mobile services.


Abstract Computational reactor safety analysis is trending to replace conservative evaluation model calculations with best-estimate analysis complemented by uncertainty evaluation of the code results. In such cases, the evaluation of the margin to acceptance criteria (e.g., the maximum fuel rod clad temperature) is based on the upper limit of the calculated uncertainty range. Uncertainty analysis is compulsory if relevant conclusions are to be obtained from best-estimate thermal-hydraulic code calculations in order to avoid presenting single values of unknown accuracy for comparison with regulatory acceptance limits. This paper, after a thorough introduction of conservative and best-estimate methods and characterization of the main sources of uncertainties affecting best-estimate system codes, applies a best-estimate-plus-uncertainty (BEPU) method to three cases having as reference different nuclear power plants and different types of transients. Finally, the results from the BEPU approach is compared with a conservative approach and a combined approach.


The article deals with the policing concept in democracy. What are the police organizations and officers in democratic society: crime fighters or social service workers? This is an important role debate because it influences strategies that police use, the priority given to police tasks, the type of personnel selection, and how officers are trained. Police organizations and officers who consider their role to be primarily that of crime fighters tend to be conservative ideologically. This ideology is based on the assumption that crime is the result of a rational choice made by criminals and that the police must patrol, conduct investigations and make arrest in order to deter criminal behavior. The officers – social service workers tend to have a broader view concerning the causes of crime and what is important. They believe that crime is a result of a number of factors. All aspects of police work are important. In conslusion there is an analysis of police dutes (by research the practical activity situations) which have to be subject to debate in the level of theory and practice.


Migrations and the Media critically explores the global reporting of 'migration crises', bringing together a range of original interdisciplinary research from the fields of migration studies and journalism, media and cultural studies. Its chapters examine, empirically and theoretically, some of the most important contemporary political, cultural and social issues with which migration is entwined, developing existing and new conceptual understandings of how forced migration and other instances of migration are represented and constructed as 'crises' in different international contexts, including within news narratives on human trafficking and smuggling, asylum seeking and humanitarian reporting, 'climate refugees', undocumented and economic migrants, and in election debates and policy making. This edited volume also examines the reporting practices through which migration coverage is produced, including the rights and responsibilities of journalism and the presuppositions and pressures upon journalists working in this area.


This paper examines the transformative role of Orientalism – a form of visual, literary, and ideological hybrid making that has impacted East/West perceptions and relations from the nineteenth century to the present day—in historical and contemporary terms. It focuses on post-colonial revisions of Orientalism and its varied meanings, as evidenced by 1) the recently expanded body of scholarship on this topic; 2) the acquisition of important Orientalist works by museums and collectors in North Africa and the Gulf region, and 3) the appropriation and re-making of Orientalist imagery by contemporary Arab artists such as Lalla Essaydi. While interrogating Orientalism's colonialist and hegemonic affiliations, this paper also underscores the richness and complexity of the East/West cultural dialogue it has engendered. This paper was presented as part of the Tasmeem Exploration Platform on March 17, 2013.


This introduction to the special issue on crowdfunding begins by providing some information about the history and nature of the phenomenon. It then summarizes some of the key advantages and disadvantages of crowdfunding for entrepreneurs and for investors, introducing the various articles in the issue that explore these topics in greater depth. It concludes with some speculations regarding the possible future of the industry and its effects on entrepreneurship, innovation, and inequality. (Keywords:


We propose an adaptive version of the total variation algorithm proposed in [3] for computing the balanced cut of a graph. The algorithm from [3] used a sequence of inner total variation minimizations to guarantee descent of the balanced cut energy as well as convergence of the algorithm. In practice the total variation minimization step is never solved exactly. Instead, an accuracy parameter is specified and the total variation minimization terminates once this level of accuracy is reached. The choice of this parameter can vastly impact both the computational time of the overall algorithm as well as the accuracy of the result. Moreover, since the total variation minimization step is not solved exactly, the algorithm is not guarantied to be monotonic. In the present work we introduce a new adaptive stopping condition for the total variation minimization that guarantees monotonicity. This results in an algorithm that is actually monotonic in practice and is also significantly faster than previous, non-adaptive algorithms.


Variable-intensity astronomical sources are the result of complex and often extreme physical processes. Abrupt changes in source intensity are typically accompanied by equally sudden spectral shifts, i.e., sudden changes in the wavelength distribution of the emission. This article develops a method for modeling photon counts collected from observation of such sources. We embed change points into a marked Poisson process, where photon wavelengths are regarded as marks and both the Poisson intensity parameter and the distribution of the marks are allowed to change. To the best of our knowledge this is the first effort to embed change points into a marked Poisson process. Between the change points, the spectrum is modeled non-parametrically using a mixture of a smooth radial basis expansion and a number of local deviations from the smooth term representing spectral emission lines. Because the model is over parameterized we employ an $\ell_1$ penalty. The tuning parameter in the penalty and the number of change points are determined via the minimum description length principle. Our method is validated via a series of simulation studies and its practical utility is illustrated in the analysis of the ultra-fast rotating yellow giant star known as FK Com.


Neural networks lack adversarial robustness, i.e., they are vulnerable to adversarial examples that through small perturbations to inputs cause incorrect predictions. Further, trust is undermined when models give miscalibrated predictions, i.e., the predicted probability is not a good indicator of how much we should trust our model. In this paper, we study the connection between adversarial robustness and calibration and find that the inputs for which the model is sensitive to small perturbations (are easily attacked) are more likely to have poorly calibrated predictions. Based on this insight, we examine if calibration can be improved by addressing those adversarially unrobust inputs. To this end, we propose Adversarial Robustness based Adaptive Label Smoothing (AR-AdaLS) that integrates the correlations of adversarial robustness and calibration into training by adaptively softening labels for an example based on how easily it can be attacked by an adversary. We find that our method, taking the adversarial robustness of the in-distribution data into consideration, leads to better calibration over the model even under distributional shifts. In addition, AR-AdaLS can also be applied to an ensemble model to further improve model calibration.