This thesis develops an innovative process-based analysis of contemporary model performance of precipitation over southern Africa. This region is typically understudied and not fully understood due to the complexity of various influences and drivers of precipitation. Historical simulations of precipitation are assessed including principal drivers, sources of biases and dominant modes of interannual variability. The South Indian Ocean Convergence Zone (SIOCZ), a large-scale, austral summer rainfall feature extending across southern Africa into the south-west Indian Ocean, is evaluated as the feature of interest in historical simulations.
Most CMIP5 models simulate an SIOCZ feature, but are typically too zonally oriented and discontinued between land and the adjacent Indian Ocean. Excessive precipitation over the continent is likely associated with excessively high low-level moisture flux around the Angola Low, which is almost entirely due to model circulation biases. Drivers of precipitation over southern Africa include three dominant moisture flux transport pathways which originate from flow around the SIOHP and SAOHP and monsoon winds. Interannual variability in the SIOCZ is shown by a clear dipole pattern, indicative of a northeast-southwest movement of the SIOCZ. Drivers of this shift are significantly related to the El Nino Southern Oscillation and the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole in observations. However models do not capture these teleconnections well, limiting confidence in model representation of variability.
A large majority of the population rely heavily on precipitation over southern Africa for agricultural purposes. Therefore spatial and temporal changes in precipitation are crucial to identify and understand with intentions to ultimately provide useful climate information regarding water security over the region. Key climate change signals over southern Africa are established in this thesis (OND and DJF), in which the dominant regional mechanisms of precipitation change over southern Africa are quantified. Robustness and credibility of these changes are additionally quantified. The most notable projected change in precipitation over southern Africa is the distinct drying signal evident in the pre-summer season (OND). This has the implication of delaying the onset of the rainy season affecting planting and harvesting times. Future projections of the SIOCZ are determined, which indicate a northward shift of approximately 200km.
A dipole pattern of precipitation wetting/drying is evident, where wetting occurs to the north of the climatological axis of maximum rainfall, hence implying a northward shift of the ITCZ, consistent with the SIOCZ shift. Using a decomposition method it is established that ΔP's dipole pattern emerges largely from the dynamic component, which holds most uncertainty, particularly over the south-west Indian Ocean. Changes in precipitation over land are not solely driven by dynamical changes but additionally driven by thermodynamic contributions, implying projected changes over land and ocean regions require different approaches. SST patterns of warming over the Indian Ocean corroborate the warmest-get-wetter mechanism driving wetting over the south-west Indian Ocean, which is robust in both key seasons. Coherent model behaviour is understood via across model correlation plots of principal components, whereby patterns of coherent warming patterns are identified. Composite analyses of diagnostic variables across models illustrate patterns driving projected precipitation changes.
Drying is more robust over land than over the south-west Indian Ocean. Clear robust drying signal in OND, however magnitude is uncertain. Drivers of uncertainty include SST pattern changes, which modulate atmospheric circulation patterns. Therefore reductions in uncertainty rely on the accurate representation of these processes within climate models to become more robust.
There is a desire from both climate scientists and policy-makers to reduce uncertainty in future projections. No one particular methodology is unanimously agreed upon, however one approach is analysed in this thesis. Uncertainties of future precipitation projections are addressed using a process-based model ranking framework. Several metrics most applicable to southern African climate are selected and ranked, which include aspects of both mean state and variability.
A sensitivity test via a Monte Carlo approach is performed for various sub-samples of "top" performing models within the CMIP5 model dataset. Uncertainty is significantly reduced when particular sub-sets of "top" performing models are selected, however only for austral summer over the continent. The result has the implication that potential value is established in performing a process-based model ranking over southern Africa. However additional investigation is required before such an approach may become viable and sufficiently credible and robust. Reductions in model spread are additionally established in SIOCZ projections, whereby model processes of change exhibit agreement, despite differing initial SIOCZ conditions. Therefore model process convergence and coherence is established with respect to projected changes in the SIOCZ, irrespective of initial climatology biases.


ABSTRACT The topic of employment is central in both scholarly and public policy discussions of minority enterprise, yet few studies have examined the creation of jobs in businesses owned by minority women. We address this oversight by analyzing Dun and Bradstreet data on businesses owned by Asian, Hispanic, and Black women, focusing on the relationship between number of employees (the dependent variable) and sale volume and net worth (the explanatory variables). Our results show that this relationship is positive and is stronger for businesses owned by Asian and Hispanic women than for businesses owned by Black women. We suspect that the difference exists because the firms of Asian and Hispanic women are situated in ethnic enclaves that bolster the job creation capacity of these businesses. In conclusion, we recommend that researchers view minority women business owners as entrepreneurs who can generate jobs, not merely as "survivalists " who become self-employed only for the purpose of escaping gender discrimination in the workforce. INTRODUCTION One of the strongest arguments for promoting minority enterprise is that minority-owned businesses will generate employment. Rooted in the economic development proposals of the 1960s (notably, "black capitalism"), this argument has been reinvigorated by claims that immigrant entrepreneurs often create jobs for fellow newcomers, providing them with a foothold in the labor market (Kasarda, 1995; Light & Gold, 2000). It has even been suggested that employment in businesses owned by Asians and Hispanics offers co-ethnics an escape route from discrimination and a road to upward social mobility (Wilson & Portes, 1980; Zhou & Logan, 1989). These assertions, however, have been challenged. Some critics have argued persuasively that minority-owned businesses, particularly those owned by Blacks, tend to be small and undercapitalized and thus have little potential to substantially increase the number of jobs (Brimmer & Terrell, 1971) or opportunities for socioeconomic advancement (Bates, 1997; Sanders & Nee, 1987). Nonetheless, small-businesses do create the majority of new jobs (Birch, 1987), so it is reasonable to surmise that viable businesses owned by minorities can expand employment, and that efforts to support such firms can, in a modest way, benefit minority groups and the whole society (Butler, 1991; Light & Rosenstein, 1995). The argument that minority-owned businesses can provide jobs takes on a new dimension when one considers the special case of women-owned minority businesses. Minority women have been characterized as "doubly disadvantaged" in the labor force, owing to the hardships caused by racism and sexism (Smith & Tienda, 1988). Yet, the number of these women who own businesses is growing, not only because of the general progress of minority women, which has improved their endowments of both human and financial capital, but also because of the pressing need that these women face to locate alternatives to traditional careers (i.e., to break the "glass ceiling"). The contribution of minority women to the expansion of the entrepreneurial sector has, accordingly, received widespread attention (e.g., Light & Gold, 2000; Loscocco & Robinson, 1991; Smith-Hunter, 2003; Westwood & Bhachu, 1988). However, despite this rising interest, few studies have examined job creation by women-owned minority businesses. This oversight is remarkable, for employment growth has been a central topic in research on minority enterprise, and the inroads that minority women are making into the economy - and into the small-business realm, in particular - are recognized as societal trends that are eminently deserving of scholarly investigation. Perhaps this issue has been neglected because of the tendency of many researchers to view self-employed minority women only as "survivalist entrepreneurs" - that is, proprietors of marginal establishments, such as beauty salons, who are seeking relief from labor market disadvantage (e. …


SUMMARY Georadar attenuation-difference tomography is a useful tool for imaging temporal and spatial changes in bulk electrical conductivity due to fluid flow and other subsurface processes. The most common method of attenuation-difference tomography employs the ray approximation where waves are assumed to propagate at infinite frequency. Ray approximation causes significant model error that generates artefacts and loss of resolution in tomographic images. In this paper we propose an efficient method of computing Fresnel volume sensitivities using scattering theory. These sensitivities account for finite frequency propagation and represent the physics of electromagnetic propagation more accurately than ray theory. As expected, Fresnel volume sensitivities provide better data prediction than ray-based sensitivities. We use singular value decomposition analysis to show how and why this physical improvement allows Fresnel volume inversions to recover localized targets and resolve bulk conductivity changes better than ray-based inversions. The model basis functions and singular values corresponding to the scattering theory sensitivity kernel are similar to the exact full-waveform basis functions and singular values. The similarity of the basis functions and singular values suggests that the scattering theory inverse estimates are close to the full-waveform estimates, but they are obtained with a significant decrease in computational effort.


The pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) has not been fully understood; nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of CSU. Sixty-two children with CSU and 41 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. An extensive evaluation of demographic and clinical features was done, and serum oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) measurements. The median value of plasma TOS was found to be 10.49 μmol H2O2 equiv./L (interquartile range, 7.29–17.65) in CSU patients and 7.68 μmol H2O2 equiv./L (5.95–10.39) in the control group. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Likewise, the median plasma TAS level in the CSU group was decreased significantly compared to that of the control group (2.64 [2.30–2.74] versus 2.76 [2.65–2.86] mmol Trolox equiv./L, resp., p = 0,001). Our results indicated that plasma oxidative stress is increased in children with CSU when compared to healthy subjects, and plasma oxidative stress markers are positively correlated with disease activity.


Abstract. Based upon research results over the past five decades, there has been a general acceptance that the ice ages were initiated by astronomical phenomenon. Specifically, marine, ice and terrestrial paleoclimate data have supported elements of the Milankovitch astronomical theory of the ice ages. However, there remain unresolved problems between the empirical findings and theory. The 100 thousand year problem has been the subject of extensive research since a 100 thousand year cycle that matches the Earth orbit eccentricity period dominates the frequencies found in paleoclimate records. Yet, eccentricity produces an insignificant variation in annual solar energy. Other problems include the Stage 11 problem, the missing interglacials problem, how glaciation is sustained over multiple tens of thousands of years and synchronous hemispheric glaciation. I shall show these problems are resolved by modification of the prevailing Milankovitch theory. In particular, two elements of the theory need modification. One is the limitation of eccentricity's role and the other assuming that glaciation results only from cool summer conditions. By applying the Solar Energy Invariance law to define e-seasons, how eccentricity provides conditions for glaciation is demonstrated. The results show eccentricity variations provide significant solar energy variations at the top of the earth's atmosphere to produce glaciation that is global. Global glaciation results in colder winter glaciation occurring in one hemisphere simultaneous with cool summer glaciation in the other hemisphere. Analysis with these modifications resolves each of the problems.


Computational analyses were conducted to investigate fluid flow characteristics of a real fractured media. Finite element (FE) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were implemented to carry out these computational analyses. The fractured media was exposed to external pressurization to predict permeability and asperity deformation. Furthermore, a series of CFD-FE analyses were also conducted to determine the reduction in permeability of the fractured media under the external pressure. An elastic-plastic model was embedded into the FE analyses to model the permeability hysteresis of the experimental data. A Newtonian viscous incompressible flow model was also implemented to quantify the effect of the flow properties. It was shown that the simulated permeability results captured the trend of the experiments; however, quantitative discrepancies were found. Finally, simulation results for the case of high pore pressures that may find application to hydraulic fracturing (fracking) were also reported. Keywords : Fracture permeability, confining pressure, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics analysis, permeability hysteresis Cite this Article:  Roman A, Ahmadi G. Computational Modeling of Fluid Flow through a Fractured Media under Overburden Pressures. Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology. 2015; 5(1): 25-43p.


An analytical framework that emphasises race and ethnicity has come to dominate
post-apartheid electoral studies. In this view, race and ethnicity are regarded as
primary analytical variables in explaining voting behaviour and are taken to be
crucial in influencing the strategy and tactics of political parties. In this framework,
South African society is considered to be characterised by such serious and insoluble
racial and ethnic divisions that the prospects for democratic consolidation are
imperilled. Most explanations of voting behaviour and party politics in the 1994 and
1999 elections were based on this interpretation. The argument advanced in this
paper is that such focus is misguided and flawed. It shows, through a reading and
interpretation of the 2004 election, that this approach is limited. For there is emerging
empirical evidence - revealed by the 2004 election - that race and ethnicity do not
play a central role in explaining voting behaviour and the performance of parties.
Thus the arguments embodied within the racial/ethnic view threaten democratic
consolidation.


BACKGROUND
Pityriasis rosea is a common acute, self-limited papulosquamous dermatosis that primarily affects children and young adults. The condition and its clinical variants may pose a diagnostic challenge, especially in the absence of the herald patch.

OBJECTIVE
This article aimed to familiarize pediatricians with clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of pityriasis rosea.

METHODS
A search was conducted in March 2020 in Pubmed Clinical Queries using the key term ' pityriasis rosea'. The search strategy included all clinical trials (including open trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and randomized controlled trials), observational studies, and reviews (including narrative reviews and meta-analyses) published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article.

RESULTS
Pityriasis rosea occurs mainly in individuals between 10 and 35 years of age with a peak during adolescence. Human herpesvirus (HHV)-7 and HHV-6 have been implicated as the causative agents in some patients with pityriasis rosea. A mild prodrome consisting of headaches, fever, malaise, fatigue, anorexia, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes and arthralgia is present in about 5% of patients. The most common presenting sign, found in approximately 80% of patients, is a 'herald' or "mother" patch which is larger and more noticeable than the lesions of the later eruption. A generalized, bilateral, symmetrical eruption develops in approximately 4 to 14 days and continues to erupt in crops over the next 12 to 21 days. Typical lesions are 0.5 to 1 cm, oval or elliptical, dull pink or salmon-colored macules with a delicate collarette of scales at the periphery. The long axes tend to be oriented along the skin lines of cleavage (Langer lines). Lesions on the back may have a characteristic "Christmas tree" whereas lesions on the upper chest may have a V-shaped pattern. There are many conditions that may mimic pityriasis rosea. Pityriasis rosea in the absence of the herald patch and its variants may pose a diagnostic challenge. The typical course is 6 to 8 weeks. In the vast majority of cases, reassurance and symptomatic treatment should suffice. Active intervention may be considered for individuals with severe or recurrent pityriasis rosea and pregnant women with the disease. Treatment options include acyclovir, macrolides (in particular, erythromycin), and ultraviolet phototherapy. If active intervention is needed, there is evidence supporting the use of oral acyclovir to shorten the duration of illness.

CONCLUSION
Pityriasis rosea is a common, acute, self-limiting exanthematous skin disease that primarily affects children and young adults. The condition is characterized by a 'herald patch' after which oval erythematous squamous lesions appear along Langer's lines of cleavage on the trunk and proximal extremities, giving it a "Christmas tree" appearance. The disease presenting in its classical form can easily be diagnosed. Clinical variants of the disease may pose a diagnostic challenge for the general pediatrician. Knowledge of the disease is essential to allow a prompt diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary investigations.


Business transactions are important with the increasing of online shop in Indonesia. Every year online shops in Indonesia are increasing in accordance with the existing of technology. The impact of logistic companies as online shop partner is always improving their services to facilitate business transactions. This study aims to compare logistic services between JNE and J&T Express companies based on online shop satisfaction. The satisfaction of some online shops as both customers and working partners with the logistics companies will be important for both companies. The methods used are Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and T-test with a sample of 150 owners. Purposive sampling is used as the sampling technique and data is collected by distributing questionnaires through online shop media social. From the fifteen attributes, important services according to online shop are responsiveness to damaged goods and lost goods, guarantees for damaged goods and lost goods, the company's mode of communication to its customers, the company's consistency in maintaining goods properly and consistency of delivery time to the consumer. The results of the study show that JNE and J&T Express have a significant difference, namely the superiority of JNE in maintaining goods properly inappropriate with the price their given. Meanwhile , the JNE and J & T Express have a significant inconsistency of delivery time.
Keywords: importance performance analysis (ipa), customer satisfaction, logistic sevices perfomance, JNE, online shop


Image-based (i.e., photo/videogrammetry) and time-of-flight-based (i.e., laser scanning) technologies are typically used to collect spatial data of infrastructure. In order to help architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries make costeffective decisions in selecting between these two technologies with respect to their settings, this paper makes an attempt to measure the accuracy, quality, time efficiency, and cost of applying image-based and time-of-flight-based technologies to conduct as-built 3D reconstruction of infrastructure. In this paper, a novel comparison method is proposed, and preliminary experiments are conducted. The results reveal that if the accuracy and quality level desired for a particular application is not high (i.e., error 80%), image-based technologies constitute a good alternative for time-of-flight-based technologies and significantly reduce the time and cost needed for collecting the data on site.


This Article studies statutory interpretation as it is practiced in the federal courts of appeal. Much of the academic commentary in this field focuses on the Supreme Court, which skews the debate and unduly polarizes the field. This Article investigates more broadly by looking at the seventy-two federal appellate cases that cite King v. Burwell in the two years after the Court issued its decision. In deciding that the words "established by the State" encompass a federal program, the Court in King reached a pragmatic and practical result based on statutory scheme and purpose at a fairly high level of generality. Cases that cite King might be expected to accept or reject this kind of purpose move, and to generally be more attentive to matters of interpretation.

The results presented here reveal a dynamic landscape in which federal appeals courts seem relatively uncommitted to ideological battles over interpretive principles, notwithstanding the relatively small number of opinions that contain rhetorical flourishes in this area. Courts freely pursue the best reading of statutory text through textual and purposive means: linguistic analysis of the words, contextual readings of multiple statutory provisions and analysis of the statutory scheme, and evidence of purpose gleaned from textual and extra-textual sources. While not pervasive, legislative history commonly guides interpretation. These results hold across cases where text and purpose conflict and where text and purpose are in harmony. In cases of conflict, the results also hold across cases that reach results primarily based on text and cases that reach results based primarily on purpose. Further, given the opportunity to weigh in on lower court statutory construction debates, the Supreme Court has remained silent. This Article concludes that it is normatively desirable that lower federal courts have not embraced the statutory construction battles in an all-encompassing way. The Article concludes with the caveat that this research should be revisited to assess the effect of Donald Trump's appointments to the judiciary.


Languages with articles indicating the definiteness or indefiniteness of noun phrases sometimes allow certain forms to occur without articles. In several such cases that are examined here, the expressions without articles are neither definite nor indefinite in and of themselves, but can be interpreted either way in one context or another. One case from Old Norse and two cases from English that work this way will be discussed. But the direct correlation between the presence of an overt article and an indication of (in)definiteness, and the absence of an article and the lack of such an indication cannot be maintained. Proper names without an article are definite, and count noun plurals and mass noun singulars are indefinite without an article.


ABSTRACT Using ethnographic methods, the present study explored volunteer participation in an urban farm in Austin, Texas, USA. Researchers spent three years documenting the activities of participants via participant observation and interviewing. Guided by the concept of civil leisure, researchers analyzed voluntary participation in the farm as a form of leisure practice that was oriented towards civic issues. Analysis indicated that participation was understood as a means of (1) fostering self-reliance through peer education, (2) establishing and strengthening place-based social networks, and (3) addressing civic concerns related to infrastructure and food security. These findings are interpreted within the context of Bauman's concepts of liquid modernity (2000. Liquid Modernity. Malden, MA: Polity Press) and liquid fear (2006. Liquid Fear. Malden, MA: Polity Press). On the basis of the findings and interpretations, recommendations are made to suggest ways in which municipalities might cultivate residents' civic impulses, especially as relates to urban agriculture.


A new framework based on the theory of copulas is proposed to address semi-supervised domain adaptation problems. The presented method factorizes any multivariate density into a product of marginal distributions and bivariate copula functions. Therefore, changes in each of these factors can be detected and corrected to adapt a density model accross different learning domains. Importantly, we introduce a novel vine copula model, which allows for this factorization in a non-parametric manner. Experimental results on regression problems with real-world data illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach when compared to state-of-the-art techniques.


We present a theoretical framework for assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and review current methods in order to provide guidelines for different types of studies. Exposure assessment should include both a quantitative dimension and consideration of time-specificity of exposure. The ultimate aim is to measure the concentrations of ETS encountered by an individual for different time periods in various microenvironments. The first step is to identify an indicator of ETS. Personal monitoring of air nicotine and respirable suspended particulates (RSPs) are the most direct assessment methods. Indirect assessment methods include stationary measurements of tobacco smoke constituents in different microenvironments and/or questionnaire-derived information, modelled with time-activity information. Biomarkers, such as nicotine and/or cotinine in body fluids or hair, can be used as surrogate measures of dose, although they are usually affected by individual processes in the body after exposure. The best approach to assess ETS exposure will depend on the aim of the study, the health outcome, and the resources. Personal monitoring of nicotine or RSPs is the best method in studies of short-term health effects with small study samples. Stationary measurements of indoor air nicotine or RSPs are suitable for overall monitoring of ETS in different microenvironments over time. Questionnaires and interviews are suitable when studying health outcomes with a long latency period and rare diseases requiring large study populations. Cotinine in body fluids and nicotine concentration in hair can be used to assess cumulative exposure over days or months, respectively. A combination of different methods is often the best approach.


It is generally agreed that the humanity, fairness and effectiveness with which a governments manages its criminal justice system is a key index of the state of a democracy. But the constraints on realization of democratic values and aspirations in criminal justice are markedly variable. In the last two decades, in the wake of both increases in recorded crime and a cluster of cultural and economic changes, criminal justice policy in both Britain and the U.S. has become increasingly politicized: both the scale and intensity of criminalization, and the salience of criminal justice policy as an index of governments' competence, have developed in new and, to many commentators, worrying ways. These developments have been variously characterized as the birth of a "culture of control" and a tendency to "govern through crime"; as a turn towards the "exclusive society"; and in terms of the emergence of a managerial model which focuses on the risks to security presented by particular groups. In the U.S., we witness in particular the inexorable, and strikingly racially patterned, rise of the prison population, amid a ratcheting up of penal severity which seems unstoppable in the face of popular anxiety about crime. In the context of globalization, the general, and depressing, conclusion seems to be that, notwithstanding significant national differences, contemporary democracies are constrained to tread the same path of penal populism, albeit that their progress along it is variously advanced. A significant scaling down of levels of punishment and criminalization is regarded as politically impossible, the optimism of penal welfarism a thing, decisively, of the past. This paper sets the nature and genesis of criminal justice policy in Britain and America within a comparative perspective, in order to make the case for thinking that, far from being invariable or inevitable, the rise of penal populism does not characterize all "late modern" democracies. Rather, certain features of social, political and economic organization favor or inhibit the maintenance of penal tolerance and humanity in punishment. I argue that, just as it is wrong to suppose that crime can be tackled in terms of criminal justice policy alone, it is equally erroneous to think that criminal justice policy is an autonomous area of governance. Rather, the possibilities and constraints under which governments develop and implement criminal justice policies are a function of not only perceived crime problems but also a cluster of institutional factors relating to political and economic systems. Notwithstanding a degree of convergence, so-called "globalization" has left many of the key differences among advanced democracies intact, and these may help to explain the striking differences in crime levels, penal severity and the capacity for penal tolerance in otherwise relatively similar societies. Only by understanding the institutional preconditions for a tolerant criminal justice system, I argue, can we think clearly about the possible options for reform within any one system.


This paper introduces the rationale behind the establishment of the Centre of Excellence in Development, Impact and Learning (CEDIL) and the challenges it will address. CEDIL was established with funding from the UK Government through the Department for International Development (DFID), with the aim of developing and supporting new methods and approaches in the evaluation of international development interventions in neglected geographic, and thematic areas. CEDIL has concluded its inception phase, which explored new evaluation methods and approaches with a series of papers, workshops, and consultations. This paper sets out CEDIL's research agenda for the next three years. CEDIL will promote studies in three key areas: 1) unpacking complex interventions with mixed methods approaches, and exploration of mechanisms, 2) generalising evidence through the formulation of mid-level theories of neglected interventions, and 3) promoting evidence use through stakeholder engagement and demonstrating what works within such communication.


Oxfordian shallow-water scleractinian coral association from the biohermal limestones of the Mt Vršatec (Czorsztyn Succession, Slovak sector of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Western Carpathians) comprises 18 species (among them 2 new) plus 3 taxa determined on the generic level only. They represent 13 genera and 10 (or 11) families. The most common are phaceloid coral growth forms from the genus Thecosmilia Milne Edwards et Haime (family Montlivaltiidae). The studied fauna appears similar, though less diversified taxonomically, as compared to those known from the Upper Jurassic shallow-water facies of many other parts of Europe. In the Pieniny Klippen Belt this type of coral fauna occurs only in Western Slovakia.


Only a few years ago it would have seemed ridiculous to discuss the influence of computer graphics on art and society. Although computer generated graphics had already been applied in important areas of science and technology, its influence was not yet felt in the arts or in society at large. Those few who used the computer as an artistic instrument were regarded as outsiders: with their freelance experiments they deviated from the solid ground of strictly defined tasks, but on the other hand found no approval in artistic circles. One of the causes for this lack of approval may have been that they did not submit to the frequently changing fashions which are prevalent in today's visual arts. Rather, they were, at least in the beginning when searching for motifs, guided by mathematical and geometrical aspects. The fact that they succeeded in opening up a largely unknown realm of graphically attractive forms went unheeded by the critics.


Certificate verification is a crucial stage in the establishment of a TLS connection. A common security flaw in TLS implementations is the lack of certificate hostname verification but, in general, this is easy to detect. In security-sensitive applications, the usage of certificate pinning is on the rise. This paper shows that certificate pinning can (and often does) hide the lack of proper hostname verification, enabling MITM attacks. Dynamic (black-box) detection of this vulnerability would typically require the tester to own a high security certificate from the same issuer (and often same intermediate CA) as the one used by the app. We present Spinner, a new tool for black-box testing for this vulnerability at scale that does not require purchasing any certificates. By redirecting traffic to websites which use the relevant certificates and then analysing the (encrypted) network traffic we are able to determine whether the hostname check is correctly done, even in the presence of certificate pinning. We use Spinner to analyse 400 security-sensitive Android and iPhone apps. We found that 9 apps had this flaw, including two of the largest banks in the world: Bank of America and HSBC. We also found that TunnelBear, one of the most popular VPN apps was also vulnerable. These apps have a joint user base of tens of millions of users.


The effects of supplementing different diets with varying levels of energy and protein either in the morning or afternoon were assessed. 384 scavenging indigenous chickens aged 14 weeks were allocated to four treatment diets: 1: Positive control (commercial diet); 2: High energy (3062 kcal/kg DM), high protein (224 g/kg DM) (HEHP); 3: Low energy (2378 kcal/kg DM), high protein (218 g/kgDM) (LEHP); 4: Low energy, Low protein (LELP). The supplements were offered in the morning and afternoon. Results showed that both pre-lay scavenging pullets and adult hens that received supplemental diets with high protein levels (HEHP and LEHP) both in the morning and afternoon ate more supplemental feed during the afternoon hours. Supplemental energy intake by scavenging pullets was higher in the morning than in afternoon while the reverse was true for adult scavenging hens. The mean supplemental crude protein intake was higher for both pullets and hens in the afternoon. Scavenging indigenous pullets consumed 11.7% more supplemental crude protein in the afternoon while hens consumed 12.4% more supplemental crude protein in the afternoon. Supplemental lysine, tryptophan and methionine + cystine intakes were higher for scavenging pullets in the afternoon and the same case for adult scavenging hens in the morning and afternoon. Egg production and weights were higher for hens supplemented with HEHP and LEHP compared to those receiving commercial diet (CD), and those supplemented with LELP diets both in the morning and afternoon. Feed cost was higher in pre-lay pullets supplemented with commercial diets (same levels of energy and protein in morning and afternoon) than with HEHP and LEHP diets mainly due to the higher price of commercial feed compared to that of ingredients found locally. The study suggests that offering a supplement of commercial diet (same level of energy and protein) for growing scavenging pullets followed by a high energy and high protein supplement during the laying period may increase feed intake, nutrient intake, egg production and egg weights.


Rapid growth in the area of argument mining has resulted in an ever increasing volume of analysed argument data. Being able to store information about arguments people make in favour or against different opinions, decisions and actions is a highly valuable resource, yet extremely challenging for sense-making. How, for example, can an analyst quickly check whether in a corpus of citizen dialogue people tend to rather agree or disagree with new policies proposed by the department of transportation; how can she get an insight into the interactions typical of this specific dialogical context; how can the general public easily see which presidential candidate is currently winning the debate by being able to successfully defend his arguments? In this paper, we propose Argument Analytics – a suite of techniques which provide interpretation of, and insight into, large-scale argument data for both specialist and general audiences.


The city of Acre is a microcosm of Israeli society. Its citizens include veteran Jewish settlers and newer Jewish immigrants from both western and Arab backgrounds; indigenous Palestinian residents and newer internal Palestinian refugees; large Jewish and Palestinian working-class populations and a smaller Jewish and Palestinian elite. These various groups hold competing interests and visions of what it means to be a resident of Acre and how Acre fits into a broader Israeli national identity.Rebecca Torstrick's study focuses on the conditions that promote and hinder coexistence between Acre's Jewish and Palestinian citizens. Using a historical survey based partly on municipal archives, interviews with residents of a mixed Arab-Jewish neighborhood, a study of how children are educated about Jewish-Arab relations, and a look at local elections, the author explores the ways in which people jockey for power in this community.One of the main findings of the study is that Arab-Jewish coexistence in Acre works best when the national state does not intrude. State-controlled institutions promote particular identities for Israelis (both ethnic/racial and national) and attempt to use these constructions to limit the social relationships that develop within local communities to those that serve national interests. Thus the book argues that identities are not "free floating" fragments; they are embedded in institutional structures that channel the possibilities for social relations in particular directions.This book will be of interest both to a general audience and to scholars in political science, sociology, Middle Eastern area studies, anthropology, and cultural studies, as well as to analysts of conflict resolution.Rebecca L. Torstrick is Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Indiana University-South Bend.


Software developers make programming mistakes that cause serious bugs for their customers. Existing work to detect problematic software focuses mainly on post hoc identification of correlations between bug fixes and code. We propose a new approach to address this problem --- detect when software developers are experiencing difficulty while they work on their programming tasks, and stop them before they can introduce bugs into the code. In this paper, we investigate a novel approach to classify the difficulty of code comprehension tasks using data from psycho-physiological sensors. We present the results of a study we conducted with 15 professional programmers to see how well an eye-tracker, an electrodermal activity sensor, and an electroencephalography sensor could be used to predict whether developers would find a task to be difficult. We can predict nominal task difficulty (easy/difficult) for a new developer with 64.99% precision and 64.58% recall, and for a new task with 84.38% precision and 69.79% recall. We can improve the Naive Bayes classifier's performance if we trained it on just the eye-tracking data over the entire dataset, or by using a sliding window data collection schema with a 55 second time window. Our work brings the community closer to a viable and reliable measure of task difficulty that could power the next generation of programming support tools.


A comparative analysis of blood component usage and wastage was performed in the Nukem Blood Bank and Rotary Suzlon Blood Component Center, Haria L. G. Rotary Hospital (Vapi) during 2007 and 2008. Reasons for wastage of blood components and trends for reducing blood component wastage were analyzed. Questions about the reasons for wastage and the methods for reducing such wastage were created to help the staff of the blood bank to improve utilization of blood. The collection and utilization of blood and its components had a tendency to increase from 2007 to 2008. A great degree of variation in the percent wastage was found, particularly in the Rh -ve blood type, leading to increase of non availability as well as discarded due to expiry. The most frequent reason for wastage was breakage and red blood cells (RBC) contamination (for fresh frozen plasma (FFP)) and expiry (for PC and packed red blood cell (pRBCs)). The most encountered reasons for utilization were anemia, thrombocytopenia (especially for platelet concentrate (PC)), surgery, accidental injury and hepatitis (especially FFP). Blood and its components are very important resources due to shortage. A proper inventory management system and up gradation of facilities and training of staff is necessary to ensure optimum utilization and minimize wastage.

 Key words: Blood, hematocrit, packed red blood cells, transfusion, Nukem blood bank.


There is currently a popular view that the world is undergoing profound changes in the fundamental relationships upon which it is organised. In particular, there is widespread talk of a 'globalised' economy, facilitated by and associated with 'new' technologies and practices. There is a further consensus that within this 'globalised', 'new' economy, regionalisation in some form is important. The aim of this volume is to address these topical issues, presenting perspectives from which they can be analysed and exploring specific aspects in greater detail. The contributors provide a framework for understanding current trends, and suggest approaches that highlight appropriate ways forward in the context of both opportunities and dangers. In doing so, they discuss specific cases and explore detailed policy possibilities, including the prospect of stimulating change through multinational engagement and debate.


The aim of this paper was to examine the phenomenological experience of the teacher while teaching a grade 3 and 4 students the Zones of Regulation program. The Zones of Regulation program's aims are to teach students self-regulation skills and strategies. The project described in this paper was an action research study conducted by myself, the educator in the participants' grade 3 and 4 classroom. The Zones of Regulation was implemented to determine if it would improve observed self-regulation skills, which would in turn have an effect on student learning outcomes. Observations and students' comments were recorded in a journal by the teacher/researcher after Zones of Regulation class lessons were conducted. A thematic analysis of the journal data collected was then undertaken. The themes of self-awareness, focus, empathy, acceptance, influence and empowerment, and student activity were uncovered by this project. As a result of this action research project, the researcher's subjective evaluation was that Zones of Regulation was valuable in teaching self-regulation skills and strategies. Ideas for further research are discussed in this paper so that educators might be able to create school communities that are comprised of learners who successfully can self-regulate in order for every student to maximize their learning potential.


Because predisposition to autoimmunity has been associated with HLA-D alleles and alopecia areata is hypothesized to be a T-cell mediated autoimmune hair loss, we determined DR and DQ alleles in 88 white and 10 American black patients with alopecia areata as well as controls with the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism typing with cDNA probes. White patients with alopecia areata have an increase in the phenotype frequencies of DR4 and DQw8 and an increase in genotype frequencies of DR4 and DR5 (now DRw11[5]). These associations are in agreement with those reported in two other studies but are not significant when corrected by the number of HLA antigens tested. Sixty-one percent of all patients with AA have DR4 and/or DRw11(5) specificities vs 40% of controls, with more DR4,DRw11(5) and DQw7(w3), DQw8(w3) heterozygotes among patients. DQw6(w1) phenotype frequencies and DRw52a phenotype and genotype frequencies are significantly decreased in patients with alopecia areata relative to controls. This highly significant negative association with the HLA DRB3 allele DRw52a in whites persisted even when DR4- or DRw11(5)-positive individuals were excluded from the patient and control groups. These data suggest that HLA-DR4 and DRw11(5) with their associated DQw7(w3) and DQw8(w3) specificities may confer susceptibility to alopecia areata, while DRw52a may confer resistance.


A mass balance model based on energy balance at the terrain surface was developed and used to predict glacier accumulation areas in the Jotunheimen, Norway. Spatially distributed melt modelling used local climate and energy balance surfaces to drive predictions, derived from regional climate and topographic data. Predictions had a temporal resolution of 1 month and a spatial resolution of 100 m, which were able to simulate observed glacier accumulation area distributions. Data were stored and manipulated within a GIS and spatial trends and patterns within the data were explored. These trends guided the design of a suite of geomorphologically and climatologically significant variables which were used to simulate the observed spatial organisation of climatic variables, specifically temperature, precipitation and wind speed and direction. DEM quality was found as a critical factor in minimising error propagation. A new method of removing spatially and spectrally organised DEM error is presented using a fast Fourier transformation. This was successfully employed to remove error within the DEM minimising error propagation into model predictions. With no parameter fitting the modeled spatial distribution of snowcover showed good agreement with observed distributions. Topographic maps and a Landsat ETM+ image are used to validate the predictions and identify areas of over or under prediction. Topographically constrained glaciers are most effectively simulated, where aspect, gradient and altitude impose dominant controls on accumulation. Reflections on the causes of over or under prediction are presented and future research directions to address these are outlined. Sensitivity of snow accumulation to climatic and radiative variables was assessed. Results showed the mass balance of accumulation areas is most sensitive to air temperature and cloud cover parameterisations. The model was applied to reconstruct snow accumulation at the last glacial maximum and under IPCC warming scenarios to assess the sensitivity of melt to changing environmental conditions, which showed pronounced sensitivity to summer temperatures Low data requirements: regional climate and elevation data identify the model as a powerful tool for predicting the onset, duration and rate of melt for any geographical area.


Mark Greenberg has attempted to refute what he regards as a popular metaphysical thesis about how law is constituted. He calls it the "Standard Picture," and it includes a "Communication Theory." His own "Moral Impact Theory" of law is built partly on that attempted refutation. I defend positions that are very close to the Standard Picture and Communication Theory, albeit different in important respects. In particular, they are not primarily metaphysical theses, although they have metaphysical implications. They are actual fundamental doctrines of constitutional law in Anglo-American legal systems, which I call Legislative Supremacy and Legislative Intention. I argue that: (a) these doctrines, and their metaphysical implications, vindicate much of the Standard Picture, and explain why so many theorists have been attracted to it; (b) the doctrines are inconsistent with Greenberg's Moral Impact Theory; and (c) the best theory of what makes them part of the law is legal positivism: in other words, facts about legal practices make them law. In arguing for (a) and (b), I examine in detail and respond to Greenberg's account of the legal principles and practice of statutory interpretation. I distinguish between three kinds of interpretation: clarifying, supplementing and rectifying. In arguing for (c), I contend that legal positivism satisfies Greenberg's (questionable) insistence that any metaphysical account of what constitutes law must satisfy a "rationality requirement."


Spatialized sound technology is under consideration for use in future U. S. Navy watchstation systems as a technique to manage attention. In this study, we looked at whether spatialized sound would reduce head movements. The subjects used a simulated watchstation that had three displays, one forward and one on each side. A dual task paradigm was used that included a continuous tracking task in one window and an intermittent task in another window. These two windows were presented adjacent to each other in the center display or opposite each other on the side displays. Subjects performed the dual task with and without sound. Head turns were recorded manually and were found to be significantly fewer in number when sound was present. Further, when sound was present, subjects used its cessation as an indication of a successfully entered response. This aural feedback reduced head movements that would normally be made to confirm the successful data entry. Together with other results on reaction time and accuracy, these results provide persuasive support for the use of spatialized sound to direct attention.


Many countries have experienced major economic changes since the mid-1980s as a result of the deregulation and liberalization of national financial systems—two key aspects of globalization—with some experiencing boom and bust in rapid succession. The small Northern European country of Finland has been hailed as a success story for achieving renewed economic growth and prosperity after a financial crisis and deep depression in the early 1990s. Economic Prosperity Recaptured offers a detailed analysis of the rapid swings in Finland's recent economic development, from initial overheating in the late 1980s through deep crisis in the early 1990s to recovery and growth since the mid-1990s. Finland's complex road to recovery offers excellent examples of both unsuccessful and successful policy responses to changing circumstances. The authors examine the three relatively distinct periods of Finland's recent experience, analyzing the adequacy of the macroeconomic policy response in each case. They assess the real economic effects of financial constraints and look for evidence of the "credit channel" of the monetary system. Finland's rapid economic growth since the mid-1990s is largely the result of its structural transformation into a high-tech economy; Nokia is the most famous example of this information and communication technology success. Elaborating on Finland's ICT revolution, the authors demonstrate that well-designed economic policies contributed to Finland's economic turnaround. CESifo Book series


Defeasible reasoning has been studied extensively in the last two decades and many different and dissimilar approaches are currently on the table. This multitude of ideas has made the field hard to navigate and the different techniques hard to compare. Our earlier work on Logic Programming with Defaults and Argumentation Theories (LPDA) introduced a degree of unification into the approaches that rely on the well-founded semantics. The present work takes this idea further and introduces ASPDA (Answer Set Programs via Argumentation Theories) — a unifying framework for defeasibility of disjunctive logic programs under the Answer Set Programming (ASP). Since the well-founded and the answer set semantics underlie almost all existing approaches to defeasible reasoning in Logic Programming, LPDA and ASPDA together capture most of those approaches. In addition to ASPDA, we obtained a number of interesting and non-trivial results. First, we show that ASPDA is reducible to ordinary ASP programs. Second, we study reducibility of ASPDA to the non-disjunctive case and show that head-cycle-free ASPDA programs reduce to the non-disjunctive case—similarly to head-cycle-free ASP programs, but through a more complex transformation. We also shed light on the relationship between ASPDA and some of the earlier theories such as Defeasible Logic and LPDA.


Abstract This study surveys the small but growing field of entrepreneurship and conflict in developing countries, which is also the topic of this special issue of the Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. We review recent contributions on how mass violent conflict such as civil war affects productive entrepreneurship and we discuss the contributions to this special issue. Furthermore, we define entrepreneurship and violent conflict and indicate how they may affect each other. We find that violent conflict has diverse impacts on entrepreneurs, firms and their investment and production processes, and that there are many ways to overcome the legacies of fighting. In fact, the post-war peace dividendand, more generally, the reconstruction of markets and economies critically depends on public policies promoting entrepreneurship.


It has been argued that the actual distribution of word frequencies could be reproduced or explained by generating a random sequence of letters and spaces according to the so-called intermittent silence process. The same kind of process could reproduce or explain the counts of other kinds of units from a wide range of disciplines. Taking the linguistic metaphor, we focus on the frequency spectrum, i.e. the number of words with a certain frequency, and the vocabulary size, i.e. the number of different words of text generated by an intermittent silence process. We derive and explain how to calculate accurately and efficiently the expected frequency spectrum and the expected vocabulary size as a function of the text size.


High-power vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are processed using a wet thermal-selective oxidation technique. The VCSEL chips are packaged by employing three different bonding methods of silver solder, In-Sn solder, and metalized diamond heat spreader. After packaging, optical output power, wavelength shift, and thermal resistance of the devices are measured and compared in an experiment. The device packaged with a metalized diamond heat spreader shows the best operation characteristics among the three methods. The 200 \mu m-diameter device bonded with a metalized diamond heat spreader produces a continuous wave optical output power of 0.51 W and a corresponding power density of 1.6 kW/cm 2 at room temperature. The thermal resistance is as low as 10 K/W. The accelerated aging test is also carried out at high temperature under constant current mode. The device operates for more than 1000 h at 70 ?, and the total degradation is only about 10%.


We extend a primal-dual fixed point algorithm (PDFP) proposed in [5] to solve two kinds of separable multi-block minimization problems, arising in signal processing and imaging science. This work shows the flexibility of applying PDFP algorithm to multi-block problems and illustrate how practical and fully decoupled schemes can be derived, especially for parallel implementation of large scale problems. The connections and comparisons to the alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM) are also present. We demonstrate how different algorithms can be obtained by splitting the problems in different ways through the classic example of sparsity regularized least square model with constraint. In particular, for a class of linearly constrained problems, which are of great interest in the context of multi-block ADMM, can be solved by PDFP with a guarantee of convergence. Finally, some experiments are provided to illustrate the performance of several schemes derived by the PDFP algorithm.


In this thesis I examine the interaction of agricultural industrialization and sprawl in an upstate New York county. A longitudinal representative case study of dairy farming in Ontario County, NY was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of the treadmill of technology and impermanence syndrome hypotheses in explaining dairy farm survival and expansion. According to the treadmill of technology hypothesis, larger farmers are more likely to adopt capital and management-intensive technology. They are then more likely to expand their operations in part to increase the returns on their investment. Those farmers that do not adopt these technologies are more likely to exit agricultural production. The impermanence syndrome hypothesis, on the other hand, holds that farms located in areas experiencing urban sprawl are likely to experience a number of negative externalities, including complaints about their operations. These farmers are less likely to continue investing in their farms because they foresee selling their land to developers. These farmers are thus more likely to exit agricultural production. The case study site, Ontario County, NY, was chosen because it has experienced many of the processes representative of the Northeast. Namely, the County is a traditional dairy farming area where the number of farms has been declining and the size of farms increasing. Also, the traditionally rural County is experiencing increasing urban sprawl emanating from Rochester. I collected primary and secondary qualitative and quantitative data on the County in order to build the case study. Qualitative data included numerous site visits and interviews with community leaders and residents in order to understand the historical and socio-economic context. Quantitative data included Census of Agriculture data on the County's agricultural sector, with particular emphasis on dairy farming. I also used national Census data and tax parcel data to chart population and housing flows as well as the conversion of farmland to non-agricultural uses. Finally, the case study hinges upon surveys conducted on a group of Ontario County dairy farmers in 1993, 1998, and 2002. While the original intention of the study was to follow 50 dairy farmers over a 10 year period, the high number of farm exits among the group made this impossible. As such, my thesis discusses the results of the initial survey along with the farmers still dairy farming in 1998 and 2002. Employing the analytic technique of pattern matching, the case study produced contradictory findings in terms of the two hypotheses examined. In terms of the treadmill of technology hypothesis, the on-farm panel surveys showed that adopting capital-intensive technologies increased the likelihood of expanding production to become a very large dairy farm but did not necessarily ensure that the farm would continue dairy farming. In terms of the impermanence syndrome hypothesis, the results show that scholars must be more precise when operationalizing their studies. While scholars have generally used the perception of sprawl as a proxy for objectively measured sprawl, the perception of sprawl was strongly associated with farm exit in the 1993 survey with objective sprawl being a stronger indicator in the 1998 survey. Likewise, complaints from neighbors were more associated with the size of the dairy farm than the existence of urban sprawl. I showed that the treadmill of technology and impermanence syndrome hypotheses should not necessarily be seen as rival hypotheses but rather complement one another. That is, farms located in more rural areas are more likely to expand their production than those located in sprawl areas. Also, larger farms are more likely to perceive sprawl, in part because they are more likely to receive complaints.


This article is a work-in-progress report of a study that plans to explore the transfer of tacit knowledge electronically within distributed groups, i.e. groups of geographically dispersed organisational members who carry out the majority of their activities through information technology. With many organisations becoming international and global, there is an increasing need for Distributed Groups (DGs) and individuals to communicate with each other within those groups. Technology allows people and teams to work together at different locations and also allows the transfer of Tacit Knowledge (TK) within DGs in an organisation. The study will specifically investigate (a) possible problems that could be encountered when tacit knowledge is transferred by email or electronically mediated in DGs. (b) identify the problems and (c) make recommendations based on the findings.


Contrary to much of the established literature, this paper finds that though many older workers would prefer to reduce their working hours (the overemployed), there is a significant group who would like to work longer hours (the underemployed). And contrary to the assumption that the self-employed are more easily able than employees to select a desired combination of hours and the wage rate, this paper finds that older self-employed workers are more likely to wish to adjust their hours, both upward and downward than are employees. A new index of underemployment is used to show that for the UK, since the onset of the Great Recession, underemployment among older workers has been growing more rapidly than unemployment. Using longitudinal data from the UK Labour Force Survey, the paper investigates the effects of overemployment and underemployment on transitions from employment and self-employment into other labour market states. It confirms that overemployment is a significant predictor of retirement among employees while underemployed employees are less likely to retire.


The current body of literature offers contradictory results concerning the role of clusters and innovation networks in the commercialisation of high technology. Whereas several previous studies verify the overall beneficial effects of cluster membership for knowledge-intensive firms, others report that clusters have only little or no influence on technology firms' economic success. The major purpose of this study is therefore to conduct a comparative analysis between small and medium-sized firms within and outside clusters with regard to the commercialisation of their innovations in the emerging nanotechnology sector. Our results reveal several differences in the commercialisation process and activities between firms within and outside of nanotechnology clusters.


Phosphorylation of the yeast centrosome reveals sites of regulation and predicts complex regulation of mammalian centrosomes. The centrosome is the paired organelle that organizes microtubules to form the mitotic spindle. The yeast centrosome (called the spindle pole body) is composed of 18 proteins. To help better understand how the centrosome is regulated, Keck et al. made a comprehensive analysis of phosphorylation of the yeast centrosome proteins by mass spectroscopy. Almost 300 sites of phosphorylation were identified, about 100 of which occurred only during mitosis. The results may help point the way for further functional characterization of the more complicated human centrosome, which, with some 100 proteins, is likely to be regulated by a very large set of phosphorylation events. J. M. Keck, M. H. Jones, C. C. L. Wong, J. Binkley, D. Chen, S. L. Jaspersen, E. P. Holinger, T. Xu, M. Niepel, M. P. Rout, J. Vogel, A. Sidow, J. R. Yates III, M. Winey, A cell cycle phosphoproteome of the yeast centrosome. Science 332, 1557–1561 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In this work, we describe a novel system that automatically evaluates dance performances against a gold-standard performance and provides visual feedback to the performer in a 3D virtual environment. The system acquires the motion of a performer via Kinect-based human skeleton tracking, making the approach viable for a large range of users, including home enthusiasts. Unlike traditional gaming scenarios, when the motion of a user must by kept in synch with a pre-recorded avatar that is displayed on screen, the technique described in this paper targets online interactive scenarios where dance choreographies can be set, altered, practiced and refined by users. In this work, we have addressed some areas of this application scenario. In particular, a set of appropriate signal processing and soft computing methodologies is proposed for temporally aligning dance movements from two different users and quantitatively evaluating one performance against another.


The decoupling of eye vergence and accommodation (V/A) has been found to negatively impact depth interpretation, visual comfort and fatigue. In this paper, we explore a hypothesis that placement of visual cues within a scene can assist a viewer in the process of maintaining the V/A decoupling. This effect is demonstrated through the use of a continuous depth plane that connects spatially distinct scene elements. Our experimental design enables us to make the following three contributions: (1) We show that a continuous depth element can improve the time it takes to transition visual attention in depth. (2) We observe that the subjective assessment of fatigue emerges before we detect a quantitative decline in performance. (3) We aim to motivate that stereoscopic 3D content creators may learn scene composition, framing and montage from visual psychophysics.


—Recent clinical and morphological evidence established that adrenoleukodystrophy is a distinct X-linked genetic disorder. Fatty acid compositions of lipids in the brain, adrenal and serum from seven patients were examined. Cholesterol esters of both brain and adrenal contained substantial proportions of fatty acids longer than C22 (11.8–41.9% of total in the brain and 13.4-34.8% of total in the adrenal), while cholesterol esters from normal and pathological control specimens contained very little. These very long chain fatty acids were generally saturated in brain cholesterol esters but significant amounts of unsaturated long chain fatty acids were also present in adrenal cholesterol esters. The long chain fatty acids showed bell-shaped distribution with C25 or C26 at the peak. Ganglio-sides from patients'white matter also showed increased proportions of very long-chain fatty acids, up to 50% of the total. Qualitatively similar but much milder fatty acid abnormalities were also found in galactosylceramide of the brain. On the other hand, fatty acids and fatty aldehydes of brain glycerophospholipids, adrenal free fatty acids, triglycerides and glycerophospholipids were not abnormal. Furthermore, serum cholesterol esters from two patients did not show the long-chain fatty acid abnormality found in brain and adrenal cholesterol esters. Sequential extractions with acetone and hexane established that the characteristic birefringent material in the brain and adrenal is indeed cholesterol esters with very long chain fatty acids. This type of fatty acid abnormality has not been described in other pathological conditions and may well represent the unique biochemical abnormality that is directly related to the fundamental genetic defect underlying adrenoleukodystrophy.


Abstract. PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 were sampled at Gosan ABC Superstation on Jeju Island from August 2007 to September 2008. The carbonaceous aerosols were quantified with the thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method, which produced five organic carbon (OC) fractions, OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, and pyrolyzed organic carbon (OP), and three elemental carbon (EC) fractions, EC1, EC2, and EC3. The mean mass concentrations of PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 were 13.7 μg m−3, 17.2 μg m−3, and 28.4 μg m−3, respectively. The averaged mass fractions of OC and EC were 23.0% and 10.4% for PM1.0, 22.9% and 9.8% for PM2.5, and 16.4% and 6.0% for PM10. Among the OC and EC sub-components, OC2 and EC2+3 were enriched in the fine mode, but OC3 and OC4 in the coarse mode. The filter-based PM1.0 EC agreed well with black carbon (BC) measured by an Aethalometer, and PM10 EC was higher than BC, implying less light absorption by larger particles. EC was well correlated with sulfate, resulting in good relationships of sulfate with both aerosol scattering coefficient measured by Nephelometer and BC concentration. Our measurements of EC confirmed the definition of EC1 as char-EC emitted from smoldering combustion and EC2+3 as soot-EC generated from higher-temperature combustion such as motor vehicle exhaust and coal combustion (Han et al., 2010). In particular, EC1 was strongly correlated with potassium, a traditional biomass burning indicator, except during the summer, when the ratio of EC1 to EC2+3 was the lowest. We also found the ratios of major chemical species to be a useful tool to constrain the main sources of aerosols, by which the five air masses were well distinguished: Siberia, Beijing, Shanghai, Yellow Sea, and East Sea types. Except Siberian air, the continental background of the study region, Beijing plumes showed the highest EC1 (and OP) to sulfate ratio, which implies that this air mass had the highest net warming by aerosols of the four air masses. Shanghai-type air, which was heavily influenced by southern China, showed the highest sulfate enhancement. The highest EC2+3/EC1 ratio was found in aged East Sea air, demonstrating a significant influence of motor vehicle emissions from South Korea and Japan and less influence from industrial regions of China. The high ratio results from the longer residence time and less sensitivity to wet scavenging of EC2+3 compared to EC1, indicating that soot-EC could have greater consequence in regional-scale warming.


The bearded goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus is an abundant endemic small fish species on the continental shelf of the northern Benguela. The goby habitat is characterised by generally low bottom oxygen concentrations that vary spatially and seasonally. In the present study of population structure, 13 samples of S. bibarbatus from inner and outer shelf areas between 19°S and 32°S were screened using ten microsatellite loci. The genetic data were analysed in relation to isolation by distance and depth. Furthermore, for the first time, this study examined genetic data in relation to bottom oxygen concentration at the sampling locations. The data show low but significant genetic heterogeneity (G‐test; FST = 0.007, p < .05). There was weak but significant genetic differentiation along a latitudinal gradient across all sampling sites from 19.50°S to 32.37°S (Mantel test; r = .464, p = .001), but this disappeared when the southernmost sample was removed. On the other hand, a positive correlation of bottom oxygen concentration with pairwise FST (r = .336; p = .017) was observed among the sampling sites from the Northern Benguela shelf area. Overall, the data are complex but suggest that isolation by distance and bottom oxygen concentration may play a role in the genetic structuring of S. bibarbatus. The findings are discussed in relation to the species' life history features and oceanographic characteristics of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem.


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This book argues that donation is one of the central practices in early Buddhism for, without it, Buddhism would not havesurvived and flourished in the many centuriesof its development and expansion. Buddhist relationship between donors and renunciants developed quickly into a complex web that involves material life and the views about how to attend to it. Buddhist dana's great success is due to the early and continuing use of accomodation with other faiths as a foundational value,thus allowing the tradition to adapt to changing circumstances.


Purpose This study examined the central auditory processing (CAP) assessment results of adults between 45 and 85 years of age with probable pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease – i.e., individuals with subjective memory complaints (SMCs) as compared to those who were not reporting significant levels of memory complaints (non-SMCs). It was hypothesized that the SMC group would perform significantly poorer on tests of central auditory skills compared to participants with non-SMCs (control group). Methods A total of 95 participants were recruited from the larger Western Australia Memory Study and were classified as SMCs (N = 61; 20 males and 41 females, mean age 71.47 ±7.18 years) and non-SMCs (N = 34; 10 males, 24 females, mean age 68.85 ±7.69 years). All participants completed a peripheral hearing assessment, a CAP assessment battery including Dichotic Digits, Duration Pattern Test, Dichotic Sentence Identification, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message (SSI-ICM) and the Quick-Speech-in-Noise, and a cognitive screening assessment. Results The SMCs group performed significantly poorer than the control group on SSI-ICM −10 and −20 dB signal-to-noise conditions. No significant differences were found between the two groups on the peripheral hearing threshold measurements and other CAP assessments. Conclusions The results suggest that individuals with SMCs perform poorly on specific CAP assessments in comparison to the controls. The poor CAP in SMC individuals may result in a higher cost to their finite pool of cognitive resources. The CAP results provide yet another biomarker that supports the hypothesis that SMCs may be a primary indication of neuropathological changes in the brain. Longitudinal follow up of individuals with SMCs, and decreased CAP abilities should inform whether this group is at higher risk of developing dementia as compared to non-SMCs and those SMC individuals without CAP difficulties.


Barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV) belongs to the genus Cytorhabdovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae . It causes mosaic and chlorotic striation in gramineous plants and is transmitted by Laodelphax striatellus in a propagative manner. In the present study, nucleotide sequences of glycoprotein and phosphoprotein genes of BYSMV Zanjan isolate are reported. Following the purification of viral nucleocapsid, the nucleotide sequence of G and P genes was determined using random-PCR method (rPCR) followed by PCR with specific primers. Putative amino acid sequences of the two proteins were aligned with other members of Rhabdoviridae using CLUSTAL W software and the phylogenetic trees were depicted. BYSMV G and P proteins showed the highest similarity to the Northern cereal mosaic virus (NCMV). In phylogenetic analysis, the viruses were grouped into two main clusters reflecting the Cytorhabdovirus and Nucleorhabdovirus genera. These results support our previous phylogenetic analysis based on polymerase gene. Analysis of transmission efficiency showed that Zanjan, Naghadeh and Sero isolates were transmitted with a higher efficiency than Mashhad isolate by the same biotype of L. striatellus.


Adoptions that cross the lines of culture, race and nation are a major consequence of conflicts around the globe, yet their histories and representations have rarely been considered. Life Lines: Writing Transcultural Adoption is the first critical study to explore narratives of transcultural adoption from contemporary Britain, Ireland and America: fictions, films and memoirs made by those within the adoption 'triad' or those concerned with the pain and possibilities of transcultural adoption. While acknowledging the sobering inequalities which engender transcultural adoptions and the lasting upset of sundered relations, at the same time John McLeod considers the transfigurative and creative propensity of imagining transcultural adoption as radically calling into question ideas of biogenetic attachment, racial genealogy, cultural identity and normative family-making. How might the predicament of 'being adopted' transculturally enable the transformative agency of 'adoptive being' for all? Exploring works by Andrea Levy, Barbara Kingsolver, Toni Morrison, Sebastian Barry, Caryl Phillips, Jackie Kay and several others, Life Lines makes a groundbreaking intervention in such fields as transcultural studies, postcolonial thought, and adoption theory and practice.


Nowadays, there is a constant need of acquiring new knowledge and skills to keep up with the demands of changing environment. The design and development of training and educational systems that enable effective personalized learning help obtaining changing skills and fill competence gaps. The computational effort to create a user model that represents user's knowledge, characteristics, interests, goals, background and preferences is repeatedly done by many systems and applications in several domains. Each system ends up with a partial view of the user. Researchers in user modeling foresee the need of sharing and reusing user model information in order to obtain a better understanding of the user and be able to provide personalized and proactive services. In this paper we present an application scenario of sharing and reusing information scattered in most commonly used applications to enhance learner profiles.


New Governance scholarship has made important theoretical and practical contributions to a broad range of regulatory arenas, including securities and financial markets regulation. In the wake of the global financial crisis, question about the scope of possibilities for this scholarship are more pressing than ever. Is new governance a full-blown alternative to existing legal structures, or is it a useful complement? Are there essential preconditions to making it work, or can a new governance strategy improve any decision making structure? If there are essential preconditions, what are they? Is new governance "modular" – that is, does it still confer benefits when applied partially or imperfectly, or does it fail to achieve good regulatory results unless all the elements are in place? This article starts from the conviction that new governance is a promising response to the fluidity and complexity of contemporary regulatory environments. It then draws on three essentially unhappy narratives from recent financial markets regulation (around securities law enforcement, capital adequacy, and the impact of securitization), in an attempt to identify lessons for new governance scholarship at the level of practical implementation. These are not narratives about the failure of new governance structures. However, central to each narrative are components, or incomplete versions of components, that are also central to new governance structures. The paper considers the significance of incrementalism, regulatory capacity, and destabilization and complexity for regulatory design. It closes with some preliminary recommendations for making new governance structures effective, even as implemented by flawed human actors.


We consider a Cartesian stochastic variational inequality problem with a monotone map. Monotone stochastic variational inequalities arise naturally, for instance, as the equilibrium conditions of monotone stochastic Nash games over continuous strategy sets or multiuser stochastic optimization problems. We introduce two classes of stochastic approximation methods, each of which requires exactly one projection step at every iteration, and provide convergence analysis for each of them. Of these, the first is a stochastic iterative Tikhonov regularization method which necessitates the update of the regularization parameter after every iteration. The second method is a stochastic iterative proximal-point method, where the centering term is updated after every iteration. The Cartesian structure lends itself to constructing distributed multi-agent extensions and conditions are provided for recovering global convergence in limited coordination variants where agents are allowed to choose their steplength sequences, regularization and centering parameters independently, while meeting a suitable coordination requirement. We apply the proposed class of techniques and their limited coordination versions to a stochastic networked rate allocation problem.


Social learning and adoption of new behavior govern the rise of a variety of behaviors: from actions as mundane as dance steps to those as dangerous as new ways to make IED detonators. However, agents in immersive virtual environments lack the ability to realistically simulate the spread of new behavior. To address this gap, a cognitive model was designed that represents the well-known socio-cognitive factors of attention, social influence, and motivation that influence learning and the adoption of a new behavior. To explore the effectiveness of this model, simulations modeled the spread of two competing memes in Hamariyah, an archetypal Iraqi village developed for cross-cultural training. Diffusion and clustering analyses were used to examine adoption patterns in these simulations. Agents produced well-defined clusters of early versus late adoption based on their social influences, personality, and contextual factors, such as employment status. These findings indicate that the spread of behavior can be simulated plausibly in a virtual agent society and has the potential to increase the realism of immersive virtual environments.


This study investigates the relationships between the use of a zoom tool, the terms they supply to describe the image, and the type of image being viewed. Participants were assigned to two groups, one with access to the tool and one without, and were asked to supply terms to describe forty images, divided into four categories: landscape, portrait, news, and cityscape. The terms provided by participants were categorized according to models proposed in earlier image studies. Findings of the study suggest that there was not a significant difference in the number of terms supplied in relation to access to the tool, but a large variety in use of the tool was demonstrated by the participants. The study shows that there are differences in the level of meaning of the terms supplied in some of the models. The type of image being viewed was related to the number of zooms and relationships between the type of image and the number of terms supplied as well as their level of meaning in the various models from previous studies exist. The results of this study provide further insight into how people think about images and how the manipulation of those images may affect the terms they assign to describe images. The inclusion of these tools in search and retrieval scenarios may affect the outcome of the process and the more collection managers know about how people interact with images will improve their ability to provide access to the growing amount of pictorial information.


The separateness and connection of individuals is perhaps the central question of human life: What, exactly, is my individuality? To what degree is it unique? To what degree can it be shared, and how? To the many philosophical and literary speculations about these topics over time, modern science has added the curious twist of quantum theory, which requires that the elementary particles of which everything consists have no individuality at all. All aspects of chemistry depend on this lack of individuality, as do many branches of physics. From where, then, does our individuality come? In this text, Peter Pesic invites readers to explore this intriguing set of questions. He draws on literary and historical examples that open the mind (from Homer to Martin Guerre to Kafka), philosophical analyses that have helped to make our thinking and speech more precise, and scientific work that has enabled us to characterize the phenomena of nature. Though he does not try to be all-inclusive, Pesic presents a broad range of ideas, building toward a specific point of view: that the crux of modern quantum theory is its clash with our ordinary concept of individuality. This represents a departure from the usual understanding of quantum theory. Pesic argues that what is bizarre about quantum theory becomes more intelligible as we reconsider what we mean by individuality and identity in ordinary experience. In turn, quantum identity opens a new perspective on us.


Parallel machine scheduling, involves the allocation of jobs to the system resources (a bank of machines in parallel). A basic model consisting of m machines and n jobs is the foundation of more complex models. Here, jobs are allocated according to resource availability following some allocation rule. In the specialised literature, minimisation of the makespan has been extensively approached and benchmarks can be easily found. This is not the case for other important objectives such as the maximum tardiness and the number of tardy jobs. These problems are NP-hard for 2 ≤ m ≤ n, and conventional heuristics and evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been developed to provide acceptable schedules as solutions. To solve the unrestricted identical parallel machine scheduling problems, this paper proposes MCMP-SRI and MCMP-SRSI, which are two multirecombination schemes that combine studs, random and seed immigrants. Evidence of the improved behaviour of the EAs when inserting problem-specific knowledge is provided. Experiments and results are discussed.


Abstract Interactions between genotype and dietary intake include genetic moderation of the effect of dietary intake on disease development (nutrigenetics). Research on nutrigenetics has focused mainly on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and supports the notion that interactions between genes, diet, other lifestyle factors, disease, and time (life cycle span), contribute to the risk of most polygenic nutrition-related diseases. Typically, genotype-based personalised nutrition involves genotyping for a number of susceptibility SNPs associated with the prevention, or management, of a particular disease. Dietary advice is then personalised to the individual's genotype to ensure optimal prevention or treatment outcomes. To ensure evidence-based practice, research design and methodology, applied in the investigation of relevant associations, and confirmation of causality, should be appropriate and rigorous. The process of identifying SNPs associated with disease patterns is ongoing. Of note is that the combined effect on body mass index of the SNPs at the currently confirmed 32 loci is a modest 1.45%, bearing in mind that the estimated heritability of obesity is 40–70%. Conclusions formulated by various researchers on the translation of nutrigenetics research into personalised nutrition, including obesity prevention and management, indicate that scientists hold the opinion that more research is necessary before evidence-based practice in this area can be guaranteed.


We use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, teleseismic body waves, tsunami waveforms recorded by tsunameters, field observations of coastal uplift, subsidence, and runup to develop and test a refined model of the spatiotemporal history of slip during the Mw 8.0 Pisco earthquake of 15 August 2007. Our preferred solution shows two distinct patches of high slip. One patch is located near the epicenter while another larger patch ruptured 60 km further south, at the latitude of the Paracas peninsula. Slip on the second patch started 60 s after slip initiated on the first patch. We observed a remarkable anticorrelation between the coseismic slip distribution and the aftershock distribution determined from the Peruvian seismic network. The proposed source model is compatible with regional runup measurements and open ocean tsunami records. From the latter data set, we identified the 12 min timing error of the tsunami forecast system as being due to a mislocation of the source, caused by the use of only one tsunameter located in a nonoptimal azimuth. The comparison of our source model with the tsunami observations validate that the rupture did not extend to the trench and confirms that the Pisco event is not a tsunami earthquake despite its low apparent rupture velocity (<1.5 km/s). We favor the interpretation that the earthquake consists of two subevents, each with a conventional rupture velocity (2-4 km/s). The delay between the two subevents might reflect the time for the second shock to nucleate or, alternatively, the time it took for afterslip to increase the stress level on the second asperity to a level necessary for static triggering. The source model predicts uplift offshore and subsidence on land with the pivot line following closely the coastline. This pattern is consistent with our observation of very small vertical displacement along the shoreline when we visited the epicentral area in the days following the event. This earthquake represents, to our knowledge, one of the best examples of a link between the geomorphology of the coastline and the pattern of surface deformation induced by large interplate ruptures.


We studied product inhibition of the actin-activated ATPase of myosin subfragment-1 (S-1) from the three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Increasing levels of [MgADP] in the 0-1-mM range caused significant inhibition of the actin-activated MgATPase activity of cardiac and gizzard but not skeletal muscle S-1. When total nucleotide concentration ([ATP] + [ADP]) was kept constant at 1 mM, ATPase activity was inhibited by 50% at an ADP/ATP ratio of 6:1 for cardiac S-1 and 3:1 for gizzard S-1. For skeletal S-1, however, even a 19:1 ratio did not cause 50% inhibition of ATPase activity. The observed effect was not due to changes in pH or inorganic phosphate concentration, nor could it be explained by substrate (ATP) depletion. In the absence of actin, ADP had little or no inhibitory effect on the ATPase activity of S-1, and these observations imply that ADP is competing directly for the ATP binding site of the actin-S1 complexes of cardiac and smooth muscle S-1. ADP has previously been shown to be a weak competitive inhibitor of the ATPase activity in skeletal muscle. The current data imply that ADP is a very effective competitive inhibitor for the actin-activated ATPase activity of cardiac and gizzard S-1 and, therefore, that ADP may be a physiologically important modulator of contractile activity in cardiac and smooth muscle.


This paper presents manual and automatic annotation experiments for a pragmatic verb tense feature (narrativity) in English/French parallel corpora. The feature is considered to play an important role for translating English Simple Past tense into French, where three different tenses are available. Whether the French Passe ́ Compose ́, Passe ́ Simple or Imparfait should be used is highly dependent on a longer-range context, in which either narrative events ordered in time or mere non-narrative state of affairs in the past are described. This longer-range context is usually not available to current machine translation (MT) systems, that are trained on parallel corpora. Annotating narrativity prior to translation is therefore likely to help current MT systems. Our experiments show that narrativity can be reliably identified with kappa-values of up to 0.91 in manual annotation and with F1 scores of up to 0.72 in automatic annotation.


Feature Issue on Transmission in Optically Transparent Core NetworksThe problem of efficiently designing lightpaths and routing traffic on them in hybrid electro-optic data communication networks so that optical pass-through is maximized and the electronic switching cost is minimized is known as traffic grooming and has been studied extensively. Traffic grooming is known to be an inherently difficult problem. It has been shown to be NP-complete even for path networks, a simple topology in which lightpath wavelength assignment is tractable. In this paper, we explore the borderline between tractability and intractability by considering grooming in unidirectional path networks in which all traffic requests are destined for a single egress node. Whether the complete grooming problem is NP-hard with this restriction is an open question. We show that at least the problem of routing traffic on a given virtual topology to minimize electronic switching (NP-hard for path networks with arbitrary traffic matrices) becomes polynomial on the egress model. We also show that in the egress model, if the capacity constraint is relaxed, the entire problem becomes polynomial. If, in addition, traffic requests are uniform, we provide an explicit combinatorial formula for the optimum solution as well as an algorithm that constructs a routing that achieves this optimum. For the case of finite capacity and unit traffic requests, we show how to polynomially find a feasible solution that is optimal under reasonable assumptions.


NEW EDITION, REVISED AND UPDATEDTo get a life, get a purpose! Purpose is fundamental and gives life meaning. It gives us the will not just to live but to live long and well. In this new edition of his bestselling classic, legendary personal coach Richard Leider offers brand-new tools and techniques for unlocking it. The third edition has been completely revised and updated. In addition to new stories, examples, and resources, it features four new chapters. "Purpose across the Ages" looks at how purpose can evolve during our lives. "The 24-Hour Purpose Retreat" includes seven mind-opening questions to help you unlock your purpose. "The Purpose Checkup" offers a new tool for periodically evaluating the health of your purpose. And in "Can Science Explain Purpose?" we learn what researchers are discovering about how an increased sense of purpose can improve our health, healing, happiness, longevity, and productivity.Purpose is an active expression of our values and our compassion for others—it makes us want to get up in the morning and add value to the world. Leider details a graceful, practical, and ultimately spiritual process for making it central to your life. This revitalized guide will help you integrate it into everything you do.


The Hayward fault is considered the most likely source of one or more major earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area in the next few decades. Historically, at least one, and probably two, major earthquakes (about M 6.8) occurred along the Hayward fault, one in 1836 and another in 1868. Little is known about the 1836 event, but the 1868 earthquake was accompanied by a surface rupture that extended as much as 41 km along the southern part of the fault. Although the amount of surface slip in 1868 is uncertain, right slip (including afterslip) reached at least several centimeters, and possibly several decimeters in places. This paper documents the spatial variation of creep rate along the Hayward fault since the 1868 earthquake. Creep (aseismic fault slip) occurs over at least 66 km and may extend over the fault's entire 82-km length, of which about 13 km lies underwater. Creep rate seems nearly constant over decades, but short-term variations occur. We derive creep rate mainly from our own systematic surveying of offset cultural features (curbs, fences, and buildings). On each feature we solve directly for accumulated creep by using multiple linear regression. Creep rate mostly falls in the range of 3.5–6.5 mm/yr; but systematic variation occurs along strike. Fault segments with distinctly higher and lower rates generally correspond to parts of the fault most salient from the overall average alinement of the fault. Most distinctive is a 4-km-long section near the south end of the fault that creeps at about 9 mm/yr. Such a high rate has occurred there at least since the 1920s and probably since the 1868 earthquake, as indicated by an offset railroad track built in 1869. We suggest that this 9 mm/yr slip rate may approach the long-term or deep slip rate that controls average recurrence interval between major earthquakes. If so, assuming an elastic rebound model, the potential for slip in large earthquakes below the surficial creeping zone is now ∼1.1 m in the southern (1868) segment of the fault and ≥ 1.4 m in the northern (1836?) segment. Subtracting surface creep rates from a long-term slip rate of 9 mm/yr gives present potential for surface slip in large earthquakes of up to 0.8 m, with an average of 0.6 m in the northern segment and 0.4 m in the southern segment. We present a simple hypothesis for rupture potential that is compatible with historic creep rate, microseismicity distribution, and geodetic data. If seismic rupture occurs on segments 41 km long by 10 km deep (7 km fully locked, 3 km creeping), today's potential for seismic moment release is 1.4 × 1019 and 1.1 × 1019 N m for both 1836? and 1868 segments, respectively, and 2.5 × 1019 N m for both segments jointly. Converting moment to magnitude gives ML 6.8 in the northern segment, ML 6.7 in the southern segment, and ML 7.0 for simultaneous rupture of both.