"Homelands "blends oral history, documentary studies, and quantitative research to present a colorful local history with much to say about multicultural identity in the South." Homelands "is a case study of a unique ethnic group in North America--small-town southern Jews. Both Jews and southerners, Leonard Rogoff points out, have long struggled with questions of identity and whether to retain their differences or try to assimilate into the nationalculture. Rogoff shows how, as immigrant Jews became small-town southerners, they constantly renegotiated their identities and reinvented their histories. The Durham-Chapel Hill Jewish community was formed during the 1880s and 1890s, when the South was recovering from the Reconstruction era and Jews were experiencing ever-growing immigration as well as challenging the religious traditionalism of the previous 4,000 years. Durham and Chapel Hill Jews, recent arrivals from the traditional societies of eastern Europe, assimilated and secularized as they lessened their differences with other Americans. Some Jews assimilated through intermarriage and conversion, but the trajectory of the community as a whole was toward retaining their religious and ethnic differences while attempting to integrate with their neighbors. The Durham-Chapel Hill area is uniquely suited to the study of the southern Jewish experience, Rogoff maintains, because the region is exemplary of two major trends: the national population movement southward and the rise of Jews into the professions. The Jewish peddler and storekeeper of the 1880s and the doctor and professor of the 1990s, Rogoff says, are representative figures of both Jewish upward mobility and southern progress.


It has been shown previously that a logic circuit often contains a large number of logical paths that need not be tested to verify the timing behavior of the circuit, if the other paths are robustly tested. These paths are called robust dependent. A subset of the robust dependent paths are the functionally unsensitizable paths. This paper proposes a method for efficiently identifying both types of paths. The proposed procedure uses local circuit analysis to keep the run time relatively low, and relatively independent of the number of paths in the circuit. The method may not identify all the paths that are robust dependent or functionally unsensitizable, however, experimental results show that the numbers it finds are comparable, and sometimes even higher than those found by other methods. The procedure can be applied to circuits that cannot be handled by other methods.


Introduction. Depression and suicidal behaviour represent major public health issuss. Although they are intensely studied, few literature works focus on a common endophenotype, composed of genetic and psychological aspects of these disorders.
Materials and method. One hundred sixty-seven patients were recruited for this transversal study, out of which 125 had a clinical diagnosis of unipolar or bipolar depression, with or without suicide attempt, and 42 were healthy subjects. The participants were applied psyhological scales (BIS-11, MADRS, Paykel, TCI), cognitive tests (Cog Test), and biological samples were obtained for genetic determinations. Genetic tests comprise determinations realised using PCR method – for 5-HTTLPR polimorphism (L/S variant), COMT (Val/Met), BDNF (Val/Met), and rtPCR for ApoE, GPHN and GRID2 genes, respectively.
Discussions and conclusions. Although researchers suppose that a suicide phenotype exists, which includes the ideation, the plan and the suicide attempt, there are few studies that highlight these traits. The goal of the present paper is to elaborate a model of quantification for the suicide risk, based on personality traits, and genetic and clinical markers. Another goal is to identify the genes responsible for depression vulnerability in a Romanian population, in subjects diagnosed with uni- or bipolar depression, with or without previous suicidal attempts.


This thesis presents the characterization of thermally induced stress in IC packages using CMOS sensor circuits. In various applications, the IC packages are exposed to extreme environments. The knowledge of the thermally induced stress in the packages aids the prediction of degradation/failure of the device and calibration of the devices for such environments. Change in resistance is caused by the mismatch in coefficients of thermal resistance for different materials. These circuits are highly sensitive to stress and provide well localized stress measurements than the traditional resistor rosettes and also provide direct current outputs. The sensors are oriented in such a way that the effects of certain stress components are isolated. These sensors are also temperature compensated so that only the effect of stress components is counted. The experiments in this work are conducted in the temperature range of -180C to 80C. Piezoresistive coefficients for p material that can be used for obtaining the normal stress components are extracted by using a four point bending fixture. The die is attached to the beam and a force is applied using the bending fixture at different temperatures. The stress components obtained from the simulations along with output from the PMOS sensor cells are used to extract the piezoresistive coefficients. The range of coefficient values are also confirmed by using a number of samples. Thermally induced shear stress components in the packages are obtained by using NMOS sensor cells. The packages are cycled through the temperature range and at each temperature, the current from the sensor cells are measured. The current readings along with the piezoresistive coefficients for the n material is used to extract the shear stress component in the package. Finite element analysis using temperature dependent material properties was also done for the comparison of the results.


Competition among mammalian carnivores can be particularly intense and can influence population dynamics at lower trophic levels. One strategy employed by carnivores to minimize potentially costly interspecific competition is avoidance of dominant species. Recent research has highlighted the importance of consistent individual differences in behavior (i.e. temperament traits) in understanding behavioral variation during predator‐prey interactions and intraspecific interactions. However, the importance of such individual differences to interspecific competition has received little attention. Here, we examined the responses of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) to their primary competitors, African lions (Panthera leo), to (1) determine whether hyenas avoid lions and (2) evaluate the potential importance of individual differences in behavior during interspecific competition. Spotted hyenas and lions co-occur throughout much of Africa and are vigorous competitors. Whereas lions sometimes kill hyenas and steal their food, lions also represent a source of food for hyenas via scavenging. Using audio playback experiments, we found that hyenas do not uniformly avoid potential encounters with lions. Indeed, we noted considerable variation among individuals in their responses to lion roars, and this variation reflected consistent individual differences in risk-taking and vigilance tendencies. Individual differences in vigilance behavior were specific to interactions with lions. We conclude that individual differences in behavior have the potential to play an important role in determining the nature and outcome of interspecific competition.


The interest in the application of cholesteric liquid crystals for tunable lasers has risen in the past few years. Here, we want to obtain a mechanically tunable laser device using cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) elastomers as resonant cavity mirrors in a three-layer configuration, which includes in between an isotropic layer incorporating a laser dye as active medium. The transmission band-gap of the two CLC elastomers was shifted one with respect to the other in order to create a defect ("notch") in the middle of the band-gap which allowed a single-mode lasing from the system. The wavelength of the laser could be changed by mechanical tuning of the rubbery device.


This paper has its objectives to reveal contents and personality suitable to women's newspapers. The research methodology employed in this study is the questionnaire which is derived from a literature review related to newspapers, graphic elements method for print media design and 12 sample sizes of different daily newspapers. In order to acquire an in-depth understanding and comprehensible view of desirable for a women's newspaper design, graphic elements that related to that personality as well as other preferable elements for a women's newspaper, including seven editorial Many Thai newspapers were offer a women's documentary and column space. With its feminine looks, most of them appeared with warm tones and friendly mood through their headlines, contents, illustrations and graphics. The study found that most desirable personalities for a women's newspaper design in Thailand are: Modern, Chic and Natural. Each personality has significant graphic elements as follows: 1. Modern: significant elements of modern personality comprises of the composition with graduation pattern which creates attractiveness by using an anomalous alignment layout grid and outstanding structure to create focal points and dynamic movement. Dark to black color that has narrowed, limited hue coupled with bright color tones. The round shape of the Thai font style was suitable for this concept. Such Thai fonts have harmonious proportion and consistent stroke with the urban-polite look. 2. Chic: significant elements of chic personality comprises of the proper composition with distinctive scale, using rhythmic repetition and a contrast of scale to draw in reader attention. Vivid and bright color tones with extensive hues coupled with similar color tones and round shape of the Thai font style with a light stroke and consistent line. 3. Natural: significant elements of natural personality comprises of the proper composition using rhythmic repetition that creates a focal point through striking images and harmonious perspective. Warm color tones with restricted hues that appear to look natural. Duo tone color was suitable through the gradually increasing gradient. The Thai style with hand writing font was suitable through the inconsistent stroke. There are 10 types of daily content that were revealed to be the most desirable for Thai women readers, these are: Daily News, Economics News, Education News, Entertainment News, International news, Political News, Public Health News, Scientific News, Social News and Sports News. As well, there are 16 topics identified as very desirable for Thai women readers, such as: Art and Culture, Automobile, Classified, Special Scoop, Editorial, Advertisement, Entertainment, Health and Quality of Life, History, Horoscope, Lifestyle and Fashion, Literature, Nature Environment and Tourism, Night Life, Stars and Jet Set Gossip, Women's Issue. Keywords—Graphic design elements, women newspaper, newspaper design. Pibool Waijittragum is with the Assistant Professor Dr. of Graphic Design. Department Graphic and Multimedia Design, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).


Currently, mechanical design of aero engine structural components is defined by dimensioning of Design Parameters (DP's) to meet Functional Requirements (FR's). FR's are typically loads, geometrical interfaces and other boundary conditions. Parameters from downstream processes are seldom actually seen as DP's. This paper proposes that downstream process parameters are treated as DP's which calls for engineering methods that can define and evaluate these extended set of DP's. Using the proposed approach manufacturing process alternatives can be used as DP's in early stages of product development. Both the capability to quantitatively assess impact of varying manufacturing DP's, and the availability of these design methods are needed to succeed as an early phase design method. One bottleneck is the preparation time to define and generate these advanced simulation models. This paper presents how these manufacturing process simulations can be made available by automating the weld simulation preparation stages of the engineering work. The approach is based on a modular approach where the methods are defined with knowledge based engineering techniques-operating close to the CAD system. Each method can be reused and used independently of each other and adopted to new geometries. A key advantage is the extended applicability to new products, which comes with a new set of DP's. On a local level the lead time to generate such manufacturing simulation models is reduced with more than 99% allowing manufacturing process alternatives to be used as DP's in early stages of product development.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


Business Geography and New Real Estate Market Analysis, Grant I. Thrall, 2002, 263 pages, Oxford University Press. Business Geography and New Real Estate Market Analysis is an ambitious, intriguing and valuable book. Any book that purports in its title to offer something "new" immediately generates scrutiny. With this title, Thrall casts himself a challenge to produce something that is indeed new and, in order to be worth reading, valuable. Thrall succeeds in doing both. He does so less in the spirit of invention than in the spirit of discovery and synthesis. Indeed, in the preface, Thrall writes, "This book integrates ideas, methods, technologies and objectives in an opportunistic manner to achieve the goal of providing information to improve the real estate decision." In overview, the book is short, only 263 pages, including references and index. The length reflects a well-thought-out design and a concise writing style. Examples, tables and graphics are used throughout to illustrate the conceptual content and its application. The book consists of two parts. Part I, "Overview, Theory, and Methods" contains about 100 pages and provides an overview of real estate markets and submarkets, land use and land value theories, and real estate market research. Part II, "Application to Real Estate Product Types" contains about 130 pages and addresses the detailed application of the theory and techniques considered in Part I to five primary property types, with an emphasis on research design and interpretation and the use of geographic information systems to analyze and present spatial information. Thrall effectively utilizes a "mentor" writing style throughout the book without being chatty. Part I, "Overview, Theory, and Methods," provides the reader with insightful syntheses of geographic concepts and urban land economics. His discussions of submarkets and urban land use and value theories are particularly well done. Thrall's graphical approach to urban land values skillfully integrates standard microeconomics concepts into urban land use theory. The graphical approach presented in this book is a summary of much more detailed work in numerous articles by Thrall and in his 1987 book, Land Use and Urban Form.1 The theoretical presentation is accessible to those with varying levels of economic backgrounds. After reading this part of the book, the reader is well along the way to the author's goal of reasoning geographically, a prerequisite for the next major part of the book dealing with applying this knowledge. In the application chapters, Thrall provides a structured framework for each property type. While tailored to each property type, the basic framework begins with an analysis of the economics of the subject property type, followed by market area delineation, the estimation of supply and demand, and, ultimately, the interpretation of the results and report preparation. Issues and techniques particular to each property type, such as the use of geography-based econometric models in office analysis, are presented. In each chapter the use of appropriate geographic technology to perform geographic and economic analyses is considered within the context of spatial reasoning. …


We consider the transfer learning scenario, where the learner does not have access to the source domain directly, but rather operates on the basis of hypotheses induced from it - the Hypothesis Transfer Learning (HTL) problem. Particularly, we conduct a theoretical analysis of HTL by considering the algorithmic stability of a class of HTL algorithms based on Regularized Least Squares with biased regularization. We show that the relatedness of source and target domains accelerates the convergence of the Leave-One-Out error to the generalization error, thus enabling the use of the Leave-One-Out error to find the optimal transfer parameters, even in the presence of a small training set. In case of unrelated domains we also suggest a theoretically principled way to prevent negative transfer, so that in the limit we recover the performance of the algorithm not using any knowledge from the source domain.


Status of this Memo This memo describes the Network Time Protocol (NTP), specifies its formal structure and summarizes information useful for its implementation. NTP provides the mechanisms to synchronize time and coordinate time distribution in a large, diverse internet operating at rates from mundane to lightwave. It uses a returnable-time design in which a distributed subnet of time servers operating in a self-organizing, hierarchical master-slave configuration synchronizes logical clocks within the subnet and to national time standards via wire or radio. The servers can also redistribute reference time via local routing algorithms and time daemons. The NTP architectures, algorithms and protocols which have evolved over several years of implementation and refinement are described in this document. The prototype system, which has been in regular operation in the Internet for the last two years, is described in an Appendix along with performance data which shows that timekeeping accuracy throughout most portions of the Internet can be ordinarily maintained to within a few tens of milliseconds, even in cases of failure or disruption of clocks, time servers or nets. This is a Draft Standard for an Elective protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.


The question, "Does the message of the Blacksburg Manifesto fit the times that we are in now and the times that seem to be shaping up in the next decade or longer?" is addressed by epistemologically locating the Blacksburg Manifesto and by introducing the postmodern debate to the field of public administration. The well-known Blacksburg Manifesto is described as an example of high modernism, beyond the functionalist paradigm, because although the central commitment is to reason and progress, the classic forms of administrative rationality are surpassed. It is classified as high modernism because the agency perspective, as articulated in the Manifesto, calls for a dialogue that evokes reason through process in the tradition of Mary Parker Follett. The postmodern experience is described as connoting a world of immense complexity, hyperdiversity, and self-referentiality. Postmodernism requires assuming a posture toward the world that tolerates fundamental ambiguity and paradox. A postmodern perspective on the Blacksburg Manifesto is presented and the central paradox of the Manifesto is exposed.


This paper reports the primary results of a design science research study to deal with the problem of IT security escalation in Swedish government and private organizations. A maturity capability escalation model was used to perform evaluations of two of Sweden's four largest banks. The evaluation indicated that banks were aligned with the current Swedish regulations minimal requirements for IT security incident handling and where on a level 3 of a 5 level model.


Multicore processors have paved the way to increase the performance of any application by the virtue of benefits of parallelization. However, exploiting parallelism from a program is not easy, as it requires parallel programming expertise. In addition, manual parallelization is a cumbersome, time consuming and inefficient process. A number of tools proposed in the past ease the effort of parallel programming. This paper presents a classification of such parallelization tools. The classification is based on different eras of tool development, role playedby these tools in various parallelization stages, and features provided by parallel program assistance tools. Classification of tools concludes with a discussion on requirements of futuristic parallelization tools. Finally, this paper proposesour on-going work about the development of a parallel program assistance tool called EasyPar, which is a parallel program assistance tool.


The knowledge of thresholding and gradient at different tissue interfaces is of paramount interest in image segmentation and other imaging methods and applications. Most thresholding and gradient selection methods primarily focus on image histograms and therefore, fail to harness the information generated by intensity patterns in an image. We present a new thresholding and gradient optimization method which accounts for spatial arrangement of intensities forming different objects in an image. Specifically, we recognize object class uncertainty, a histogram-based feature, and formulate an energy function based on its correlation with image gradients that characterizes the objects and shapes in a given image. Finally, this energy function is used to determine optimum thresholds and gradients for various tissue interfaces. The underlying theory behind the method is that objects manifest themselves with fuzzy boundaries in an acquired image and that, in a probabilistic sense; intensities with high class uncertainty are associated with high image gradients generally indicating object/tissue interfaces. The new method simultaneously determines optimum values for both thresholds and gradient parameters at different object/tissue interfaces. The method has been applied on several 2D and 3D medical image data sets and it has successfully determined both thresholds and gradients for different tissue interfaces even when some of the thresholds are almost impossible to locate in their histograms. The accuracy and reproducibility of the method has been examined using 3D multi-row detector computed tomography images of two cadaveric ankles each scanned thrice with repositioning the specimen between two scans.


Based on self-determination theory, adolescents' leisure-time (LT) physical activity (PA) behaviour may depend on the extent by which they perceive an environment as autonomy-supportive. The present study aimed to investigate whether adolescents' perception of autonomy-supportive behaviour from their peers is related to adolescents' objectively measured LT moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) through perceived psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation towards PA. School students (n=215) aged between 12 to 15 years old (age: 13.20±0.96 yrs) completed self-reported measures of perceived peers' autonomy support, psychological needs satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation in the context of LT PA. In addition, study participants wore an accelerometer (Acti-Graph GT3X) to monitor their MVPA. Results of the structural equation modelling revealed that perceived autonomy support from peers had a significant and positive effect on perceptions of all three psychological need satisfaction in LT, which, in turn, had a significant and positive effect on adolescents' intrinsic motivation. Adolescents' LT PA was significantly predicted by their intrinsic motivation towards PA. Only one pathway through autonomy need satisfaction was revealed by which adolescents' perception of their peers' autonomy-supportive behaviour is related to intrinsic motivation and MVPA. The findings of the current study highlight the role of peers' autonomy-supportive behaviour on adolescents objectively measured PA through motivational processes in the context of LT.


Several scholars have addressed the centrality of media and internet literacy within what is commonly known as participatory media culture (e.g. Jenkins, 2006). For some, integration of social media within tertiary and post-tertiary curricula promises an unprecedented pedagogical potential, particulary focusing on peer-to-peer learning, cultural agency and digital creativity skills. Engagement with social media in an educational context, is influenced by several factors, including cultural perceptions regarding 'learning' and 'information', 'informal' and 'accredited'; perceptions regarding the value of resources and evaluation of information, but also competences involving critical reflection and communicative or negotiation skills (Livingstone, 2008; Metzer and Flanagin, 2008; Rieh and Hilligoss, 2008). Also important are the tensions associated with the blurring boundaries between production and use, ownership and authorship, expert authority and amateur creativity, openness and completeness, as well as formal and informal learning (e.g. James et al, 2008; McPherson, 2008). As educational instituions turn from transmission to more dialogic models in the production of learning materials, the discussion of media literacy can be further contextualised.

Based on an extensive review of the evidence-based literature on the pedagogical uses of social media in higher education in four OECD countries, and an empirical investigation of volunteer 'learner-students' and 'learner-teachers' interacting in two non-formal, open educational contexts, the paper offers a workable typology of literacies focusing on: a) social and situated practices (including meaning making and situated cognition); b) technological and media literacies in creating, interpretting and reusing materials (including multimodal skills, information and critical literacy); c) and scaffolded and metacognitive literacies (including the pedagogies associated with mediated learning). It argues that while the discussion of media literacy is well situated within discourses and practices on life-long and self-directed learning, novel tensions surrounding the boundaries of self-representation, credit and expertise in digital spaces, make the implementation of learning literacies for the digital age more complex


The resilience of nationalism in contemporary Europe may seem paradoxical at a time when the nation state is widely seen as being 'in decline'. The contributors of this book see the resurgence of nationalism as symptomatic of the quest for identity and meaning in the complex modern world. Challenged from above by the supranational imperatives of globalism and from below by the complex pluralism of modern societies, the nation state, in the absence of alternatives to market consumerism, remains a focus for social identity. Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe takes a fully interdisciplinary and comparative approach to the 'national question'. Individual chapters consider the specifics of national identity in France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Iberia, Russia, the former Yugoslavla and Poland, while looking also at external forces such as economic globalisation, European supranationalism, and the end of the Cold War. Setting current issues and conflicts in their broad historical context, the book reaffirms that 'nations' are not 'natural' phenomena but 'constructed' forms of social identity whose future will be determined in the social arena. (Less)


The ability to obtain high output power with good beam quality from lasers has been, and still is, a major challenge, drawing considerable scientific attention. The two key parameters in a given size laser system, power and beam quality, are inversely related, whereby high output power results in low beam quality. Excellent output beam quality (i.e., low divergence) is obtained by operating a laser with the fundamental transverse TEM00 mode (transverse mode of a laser, with a Gaussian energy distribution). This is generally achieved by inserting an aperture of small diameter inside the resonator. Unfortunately, with such an aperture, the output power is reduced since because only a small volume of the gain medium is exploited. Increasing the diameter of the aperture, results in transverse multimode operation with inferior output beam quality but considerably higher output power. Heat dissipation problems and thermal effects, which are usually dominant in high-power laser systems, often degrade the beam quality even further. Thus, in an ordinary laser configuration of given size, there exists an inherent trade-off between the output power and the output beam quality, limiting the total optical brightness of the output beam.

The trade-off between output power and beam quality is not unique only to free-space conventional lasers. With semiconductor diode lasers, where the dimensions are typically small, the single-mode power from a single laser is rather low. Higher output powers are usually obtained by resorting to arrays of single lasers (diode bars and stacks). However, because the lasers are not coherent with each other the output beam quality is low, resulting in a combined output beam of low brightness. With the recent development of double-clad fiber lasers, relatively high CW (continuous wave) output powers with good beam quality are now readily achieved. The possibility to distribute the gain over very long single-mode waveguide fibers, with very good optical efficiency and low thermal distortions, already allow for single-mode output powers in the Kilowatt range. However, also with this type of lasers, single-mode output power is eventually limited by the small size of the core, whereby increasing the core size results in multimode operation with degraded output beam quality.

Various approaches have been investigated over the years to obtain lasers with high output powers and good beam quality. Among these are specialized laser resonator configurations, such as Talbot or Fourier transform resonators, Vernier-Michelson resonators, evanescent waves coupling, the introduction of amplitude, and phase diffractive component elements into the resonator, or insertion of interferometric combiners inside a laser resonator. One of the most promising approaches for achieving good beam quality and high output power is to coherently add several low power and good beam quality laser distributions. In this approach several identical lasers, each with low power and excellent beam quality, are operated in a phase locked manner that enables their coherent addition. The output beam is a coherent superposition of all the individual beams; thus its power is the sum of all the powers of the individual beams, while the beam quality is as good as that of the individual beam. Because it is rather straightforward to obtain good beam quality with a low-power laser, it seems a very natural approach to try and coherently combine many such lasers. However, careful study of past investigations shows that phase locking of a large array of lasers is difficult in practice, and has been a constant challenge in the field of laser design.

In this chapter, we review and present our approach for achieving efficient intracavity coherent addition of several laser distributions with novel interferometric combiners. Section 6.2 describes our basic configuration for intra-cavity coherent addition, demonstrating coherent addition of 2, 4, 16 and 25 Gaussian laser distributions. It also includes an explanation on longitudinal mode considerations and upscaling limitations. Section 6.3 presents experimental results revealing how our approach can be exploited for coherent addition of several single high-order distributions and even multimode distributions. Section 6.4 describes our techniques for improving the output beam quality of multimode laser resonators, demonstrating increased output brightness. Finally, some concluding remarks are presented in Section 6.5.


Botswana's average economic growth rate of about 8 per cent during 1985-2005 is one of highest in the world. A major contributor of this growth was mining which, in 2005/06, had a 41.4 per cent share of GDP. Various government welfare and empowerment programmes indicate that redistribution of the mineral wealth is widespread in Botswana. This article will show that the pattern of livelihoods in a typical rural village has changed and provide new perspectives on Botswana's development. In particular, the article will show that contrary to expectations, agriculture is no longer a major source of income to the rural economy but income transfers from out migrants members of rural based households. It will also be shown that the proportion of the rural population that depend on agriculture that is poor is smaller than the non-poor, as is that among the recipients of government transfers. There is no evidence that transfers to rural areas are invested in productive activities. They seemed to be used for consumption purposes. We demonstrate with sorghum crop productivity trend in traditional agriculture to show that no significant improvement in rural economic activities has been observed. During the period 1995-2002, the proportion of food, beverages and tobacco imports to total imports of principal commodities have remained the same at about 14 per cent, indicating that local production of food has not had an impact in reducing food imports. This article will highlight the need for Botswana to increase its agricultural productivity of products that have high potential and can introduce backward and forward linkages such as milk production.


Mass digitization of document collections with further processing and semantic annotation is an increasing activity among libraries and archives at large for preservation, browsing and navigation, and search purposes. In this paper we propose a software architecture for the process of converting high volumes of document collections to semantically annotated digital libraries. The proposed architecture recognizes two sources of knowledge in the conversion pipeline, namely document images and humans. The Image Analysis module and the Correction and Validation module cover the initial conversion stages. In the former information is automatically extracted from document images. The latter involves human intervention at a technical level to define workflows and to validate the image processing results. The second stage, represented by the Knowledge Capture modules requires information specific to the particular knowledge domain and generally calls for expert practitioners. These two principal conversion stages are coupled with a Knowledge Management module which provides the means to organise the extracted and acquired knowledge. In terms of data propagation, the architecture follows a bottom-up process, starting with document image units, called terms, and progressively building meaningful concepts and their relationships. In the second part of the paper we describe a real scenario with historical document archives implemented according to the proposed architecture.


The hosting of major sports events is commonly assumed to generate positive outcomes and impacts for different beneficiaries, which often is the premise for public investment in them. Set against a backdrop of increased competition for elite sporting success and the desire to host events globally in recent years, the author's published research investigates some of these consequences. One aspect of the research critically analyses the consequences generated by event attendees for non-attendees in economic impact terms. It also addresses the issue of attendance measurement, which is of particular relevance to event economic impact analysis, in the context of events that are free-to-view.
Furthermore, the research evaluates non-monetary consequences for event attendees from the perspective of spectators and competitors. In terms of spectators, it
focuses on potential sport development effects (attitudinal changes towards sport participation) arising from event attendance. For competitors, it concentrates on elite
performance issues including the home advantage phenomenon. The research was quantitatively driven and utilised a combination of primary data collection via surveys
(for the economic impact and sport development aspects) and secondary data analysis (for the elite performance aspect). This paper identifies the main gaps in knowledge that are addressed by the research and teases out the contribution of the published works to contemporary academic thinking and industry practice. In doing so, it reveals the
capacity of sports events to deliver monetary and non-monetary outcomes and impacts, technical issues and practical challenges associated with their assessment, and the nature of relationships between the work themes. The practical implications of the research programme for event organisers, national governing bodies and public funding agencies are discussed and general direction for future research is proposed.


Alban Forcione analyzes the problem which has most troubled modern readers of the "Persiles," its episodic character and confusing proliferation of action. Examining closely the structure of the romance Cervantes considered his masterpiece and boldest contribution to literature, Mr. Forcione discerns in it a simple pattern: a coherent cycle of catastrophe and restoration linked symbolically to the Christian vision of man's fall and redemption.Originally published in 1972.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Tangible interaction is generally assumed to provide benefits compared to other interaction styles due to its physicality. We demonstrate how this physicality can be brought to VR by means of TangibleSphere – a tracked, low-cost physical object that can (a) be rotated freely and (b) is overlaid with a virtual display. We present two studies, investigating performance in terms of efficiency and usability: the first study (N=16) compares TangibleSphere to a physical spherical display regarding accuracy and task completion time. We found comparable results for both types of displays. The second study (N=32) investigates the influence of physical rotation in more depth. We compare a pure VR condition to TangibleSphere in two conditions: one that allows actual physical rotation of the object and one that does not. Our findings show that physical rotation significantly improves accuracy and task completion time. These insights are valuable for researchers designing interaction techniques and interactive visualizations for spherical displays and for VR researchers aiming to incorporate physical touch into the experiences they design.


OBJECTIVE
To describe pathologic changes in the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN) of horses determined to be lame because of proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), and to report the outcome after treatment by excision of a segment of the horses' DBLPN.

STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS
Adult horses (n=16).

METHODS
Horses determined to be lame on one or both pelvic limbs because of PSD were treated by excision of a segment of the DBLPN, and 30 nerves were examined histologically. Owners were contacted to obtain information about the horses >or=6 months after surgery.

RESULTS
Histologic changes suggestive of chronic nerve compression were identified in both nerves of 11 bilaterally lame horses and in the lame limb of 5 unilaterally lame horses. The nerve of the sound limb of 2 of 3 unilaterally lame horses that had bilateral nerve resection also had histologic changes compatible with nerve compression. Ten of 16 horses (62.5%) with follow-up information returned to soundness after excision of the DBLPN.

CONCLUSIONS
Pathologic changes of the DBLPN associated with compression may complicate PSD of the pelvic limbs. Excision of the nerve may resolve lameness caused by PSD.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Horses lame because of PSD of the pelvic limb may remain lame after desmitis has resolved because of compression of the DBLPN. Excising a portion of this nerve may resolve lameness.


Expressed in nature's infinite subtleties, the
Fuselage draws its inspiration from the streamlined body of a bird or a fish, channelizing the flow of air around, enabling its ease in flight. Spanning most of the aircrafts structure, it plays a crucial role in the ferrying of people and cargo, simultaneously balancing the shears due to the empennage and wing structures all in mid-air. Its structural integrity is often questioned by failures due to load or bad air during maneuvers, causing instability which has led many to intensively explore and develop an ideal fuselage. The behaviour of the fuselage is crucially determined by the structural integrity and aerodynamic performance. This paper is an attempt at collating the recent technological advances pertaining to the fuselage. We've streamlined and
categorised the wide-ranging scholarly articles by three
fundamentally varying approaches - Theoretical,
Experimental and Numerical. The theoretical approach saw
the authors test out their hypothesis by utilizing and
constructing various mathematical models using scientific
principles with no verification by actual experimentation or simulation work. The experimental approach pertains to
those papers whose authors devised experiments, whose data was used to draw distinct conclusions. The numerical
approach mainly dealt with heavy computational analysis
using FEM and CFD analysis. Therefore, this paper serves as a compendium for researchers and developers attempting to familiarise themselves with the current advancements and developments in domain of fuselage technology.


A full-length clone coding for the rat alpha 7 nicotinic receptor subunit was isolated from an adult brain cDNA library and expressed in Xenopus oocytes. A significant proportion of the current through alpha 7-channels is carried by Ca2+. This Ca2+ influx then activates a Ca(2+)- dependent Cl- conductance, which is blocked by the chloride channel blockers niflumic and fluflenamic acid. Increasing the external NaCl concentration caused the reversal potentials for the alpha 7-channels and the Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- channels to be shifted in opposite directions. Under these conditions, agonist application activates a biphasic current with an initial inward current through alpha 7- channels followed by a niflumic acid- and fluflenamic acid-blockable outward current through Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- channels. A relative measure of the Ca2+ permeability was made by measuring the shift in the reversal potential caused by adding 10 mM Ca2+ to the external solution. Measurements made in the absence of Cl-, to avoid artifactual current through Ca(2+)-activated Cl- channels, indicate that alpha 7- homooligomeric channels have a greater relative Ca2+ permeability than the other nicotinic ACh receptors. Furthermore, alpha 7-channels have an even greater relative Ca2+ permeability than the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors. High levels of alpha 7-transcripts were localized by in situ hybridization in the olfactory areas, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the cerebral cortex. These results imply that alpha 7-containing receptors may play a role in activating calcium-dependent mechanisms in specific neuronal populations of the adult rat limbic system.


Raman spectroscopy (RS) is proving to be a valuable tool for real time noninvasive skin cancer detection via optical fiber probe. However, current methods utilizing RS for skin cancer diagnosis rely on statistically based algorithms to provide tissue classification and do not elucidate the underlying biophysical changes of skin tissue. Therefore, we aim to use RS to explore skin biochemical and structural characteristics and then correlate the Raman spectrum of skin tissue with its disease state. We have built a custom confocal micro-Raman spectrometer system with an 830nm laser light. The high resolution capability of the system allows us to measure spectroscopic features from individual tissue components in situ. Raman images were collected from human skin samples from Mohs surgical biopsy, which were then compared with confocal laser scanning, two-photon fluorescence and hematoxylin and eosin-stained images to develop a linear model of skin tissue Raman spectra. In this model, macroscopic tissue spectra obtained from RS fiber probe were fit into a linear combination of individual basis spectra of primary skin constituents. The fit coefficient of the model explains the biophysical changes spanning a range of normal and various disease states. The model allows for determining parameters similar to that a pathologist is familiar reading and will be a significant guidance in developing RS diagnostic decision schemes.


This Article advocates that securities regulators promulgate rules based upon taking into consideration their impacts upon investors' and others' affect, happiness, and trust. Examples of these impacts are consumer optimism, financial stress, anxiety over how thoroughly securities regulators deliberate over proposed rules, investor confidence in securities disclosures, market exuberance, social moods, and subjective well-being. These variables affect and are affected by traditional financial variables, such as consumer debt, expenditures, and wealth; corporate investment; initial public offerings; and securities market demand, liquidity, prices, supply, and volume. This Article proposes that securities regulators can and should evaluate rules based upon measures of affect, happiness, and trust in addition to standard observable financial variables. This Article concludes that the organic statutes of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission are indeterminate despite mandating that federal securities laws consider efficiency among other goals. This Article illustrates analysis of affective impacts of these financial regulatory policies: mandatory securities disclosures; gun-jumping rules for publicly registered offerings; financial education or literacy campaigns; statutory or judicial default rules and menus; and continual reassessment and revision of rules. These regulatory policies impact and are impacted by investors' and other people's affect, happiness, and trust. Thus, securities regulators can and should evaluate such affective impacts to design effective legal policy.


We investigate whether information sharing among banks has affected credit market performance in the transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, using a large sample of firm-level data. Our estimates show that information sharing is associated with improved availability and lower cost of credit to firms. This correlation is stronger for opaque firms than transparent ones and stronger in countries with weak legal environments than in those with strong legal environments. In cross-sectional estimates, we control for variation in country-level aggregate variables that may affect credit, by examining the differential impact of information sharing across firm types. In panel estimates, we also control for the presence of unobserved heterogeneity at the firm level, as well as for changes in macroeconomic variables and the legal environment.


This study explores the views of children, parents, school staff and intervention staff regarding interventions designed to promote healthy lifestyles and positive choices in primary schools in the North East of England, United Kingdom. The interventions consisted of six weekly sessions in which classroom learning was followed by physically active games. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 45 participants and thematic analysis was performed on the resultant 26 transcripts to identify themes relating to the role of physical activity, facilitators and barriers to children's engagement in the sessions and the perceived outcomes of intervention participation. Results indicated that participants across the four groups felt the inclusion of classroom learning and physical activity made the interventions suitable for a range of children, with the games reinforcing classroom messages and acting as a reward for their work. Central to children's active engagement was their enjoyment, and they were felt to benefit in terms of psychosocial wellbeing and–especially when the topic of the intervention was fitness and nutrition–physical wellbeing. Overall, combined classroom- and games-based interventions were valued methods for communicating healthy lifestyle and positive choices messages to a primary school audience, though research into intervention outcomes is currently limited.


The National Construction Service (NCS) was established as an emergency program by the government of Korea in 1969 to provide work for the unemployed or underemployed rural population by providing food supplied under the United States PL 480 program. The NCS focused mostly on public works projects such as reforestation, irrigation, flood control and road construction. This multi-purpose program, designed to provide relief food to the hungry, unemployed rural population on land resources development, made a very significant contribution to improvement in agricultural land resources. The project also awakened in the population a self-help spirit and cooperative team work which eventually led to the spread of the New Community Movement and gradual permeation of democratic practices at the grassroots level. In order to build up cadres for the NCS operation, the government recruited university graduates as project leaders. The 2000 new recruits were trained as NCS participants to supervise and promote the coordination necessary for successful program implementation. Program planning and implementation problems included effectively organizing the administrative machinery and choice of techniques and the extent to which one should depend on labor-intensive programs.


This research note analyses a number of implications of Article 6 of the new EU accounting Directive. Two avenues are explored in some detail. The first is the meaning, or non-meaning, of the measurement basis provisions of the Directive, covered in Article 6 with derogations in Articles 7 and 8, in the context of the previously declared intention to no longer allow the use of current replacement cost. The second relates to the extraordinary flexibility, indeed confusion, relating to the substance/form distinction, both in principle from Article 6, and by example relating to consolidation in Article 22. The Directive is argued to be sufficiently incompetent, ambivalent, and at times internally inconsistent, to allow a considerable degree of de facto carte blanche to Member States. Perhaps it should be called the anti-harmonisation directive.


In this paper, we examine a system for encrypting data before storing in the Cloud. Adopting this system gives excellent security to stored data and complete control for accessing data by the client at different locations. The motivation for developing this personal encryption came about because of poor Cloud security and doubts over the safety of public encryption algorithms which might contain backdoors. However, side-channel attacks and other unwanted third-party interventions in Cloud security, probably contribute more to the poor security record history. These factors led to the development of a prototype for personalising security locally which defeats cryptanalysis. The key distribution problem associated with random binary sequences called one-time-pads, does not exist for one-to-Cloud applications, unlike bidirectional communications where it was a big issue. The random binary sequences were generated from chaotic analogue oscillators with initial conditions from a data receiver. A JavaScript application processed the one-time pad and data using modulo two arithmetic and applied the von Neumann bias-removal algorithm to increase the overall entropy. The one-time pad binary sequences applied the fifteen tests in the National Institute of Standards and Technology statistical suite of tests to test for randomness. The one-time pads are transported between locations in a memory key device and the prototype encoder should have dimensions similar to a typical memory key device.


"Richard Cook's Jazz Encyclopedia" is not merely an A-Z guide to the artists and bands who have shaped jazz, but it also tracks the history of jazz and its changing styles. This is a wonderfully accessible work. Richard Cook's passion for jazz and his strongly held opinions make this the liveliest and most trenchantly witty encyclopedia you'll have read. Whether you're trying to find out why Louis Armstrong was called Satchmo (his nickname as a kid was Satchelmouth), what bebop is, or the difference between Gil Evans and Bill Evans - this book has all the answers.


The slip behavior of four cage types was studied for an NU215 cylindrical roller bearing under radial forces lower than the minimum recommended by the manufacturer by performing force, speed, and oil flow ramp tests. In comparison, a specially designed full complement bearing was also tested as an alternative to the caged bearing variant. All the tested bearings started to operate slip-free at higher forces than those recommended by the bearing manufacturers. In addition to that, the increase in oil flow rate or rotational speed would increase the set slip under insufficient radial forces. Single-part outer-ring-guided brass cage experienced lower slip than its two-part equivalent while roller guidance possessed the least slip tendency among the tested cages. The polyamide cage offered the lightest weight reduction at the expense of a higher slip whereas the full complement bearings also offer higher load carrying capacity at the expense of higher slip.


A brief overview of the environmental impact analysis for the Integrated Energy System Research Program is given in Foell (1). Three major pathways of environmental impact were identified and are shown in Figure 1. These are: (1) the impacts due to the emission of pollutants from the direct combustion of energy in the region, (2) the impacts due to the physical presence and use of the combustion machinery, e.g. cars and power plants, and (3) the impacts along the fuel chain (from extraction of raw material to the point of end use of the fuel). The content of this paper is concerned with the first pathway -- the impact of emissions within the region. Three levels of within-the-region impact analysis break out naturally, where each increasing level represents an increase in the complexity of the analysis of about an order of magnitude: (1) First Level: calculation of emissions; (2) Second Level: emissions with simple dispersion to obtain a dosage; (3) Third Level: dosage and health effects (dose-response) to obtain health impacts.

This paper describes two models both at the First Level, for calculating emissions of pollutants due to the use of energy, on an annual basis, over a given study period. Both models assume some measure of energy use is available as input. The first model, the Regional Emissions Model, is a universal approach, using the Japanese experience, for calculating the total emissions of pollutants for a given region. The second model, the Subregional Emissions Model, is the Wisconsin model for calculating air pollution emissions at the subregional level (Wisconsin is composed of 72 subregions: counties). Finally, a simple method is presented for displaying relative emission impact comparisons between different subregions. The main emphasis in this paper is on air pollution emissions, however the first model also includes water and solid waste emission pathways to give a broader overall sense to the system of impacts.


In response to the expansion of knowledge in biochemistry and molecular biology, the Second Edition of this reference has been completely revised and updated, with approximately 16,000 new entries. Names of specific compounds and other substances have been substantially enlarged, and definitions have been expanded for clarity and precision. Information is drawn from over 500 books and 1,000 articles, including recommendations of the Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and the International Union of Biochemistry. Terms used by biochemists from a broad range of sciences, such as chemistry, immunology, genetics, virology, biophysics, and microbiology, are included. Abbreviations, both standard and nonstandard, are also provided, as well as cross-referenced synonymous expressions.


Clinal variation in quantitative traits is widespread, but its genetic basis awaits identification. Drosophila melanogaster shows adaptive, clinal variation in traits such as body size along latitudinal gradients on multiple continents. To investigate genome wide transcription differentiation between North and South that might contribute to the clinal phenotypic variation, we compared RNA expression patterns during development of D. melanogaster from tropical northern and temperate southern populations using whole genome tiling arrays. We found that genes that were differentially expressed between the cline ends were generally associated with metabolism and growth, and experimental alteration of expression of a sample of them generally resulted in altered body size in the predicted direction, sometimes significantly so. We further identified the serpent (srp) transcription factor binding sites to be enriched near genes up-regulated in expression in the south. Analysis of clinal populations revealed a significant cline in the expression level of srp. Experimental over-expression of srp increased body size, as predicted from its clinal expression pattern, suggesting that it may be involved in regulating adaptive clinal variation in Drosophila. This study identified a handful of genes that contributed to clinal phenotypic variation through altered gene expression level, yet misexpression of individual gene led to modest body size change.


Since the liberalization of the gaming industry in Macau in 2002, the gaming business has been growing rapidly. Being the most important service sector, the gaming industry has to strive its best to improve its service level continuously in order to gain and maintain a high competitive edge over the other competitors in the region. This is particular relevant as the industry is experiencing a slowdown in growth in 2012. This empirical study aims to reveal important service attributes as perceived by a group of experience casino employees. These service attributes are carefully reviewed and the rationale why a particular service attribute is important is discussed. Then ways to improve these service attributes are suggested. The service attributes revealed provide useful reference for the casino practitioners to improve service standard more effectively. Kano model is applied to study a selected group of unique casino attributes and their respective Customer Satisfaction Coefficients are calculated.


Perhaps best known for her considerable body of paintings, Joan Snyder is also an accomplished printmaker, freely experimenting with a wide variety of techniques. This catalogue to the first retrospective exhibition of Snyder's prints features more than 110 works that reflect her approach to the medium and explores aspects of nature as well as sexuality, intimacy, violence and death. Infusing her prints with vibrant energy and colour, Snyder employs and combines an array of techniques using etching, woodcut, lithography, monotype, and digital. Many of her prints are enhanced by colourful applications of paint and pastel. This volume features rare uneditioned prints, unique hand-coloured monoprints, and outstanding examples of editioned prints with selected variant impressions or working proofs. The works date from her earliest woodcut portraits, executed during her student years, to her most recent prints. Also included in the book are two essays. One interprets her graphic imagery, the other traces Snyder's life as an artist while presenting a chronology of her prints.


This dissertation provides an up-to-date introduction to the Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi, a critical edition of the text, and the first commentary in English on it. The Certamen is an anonymous work composed around the second century AD. It gives an account of the lives of Homer and Hesiod and of their poetic contest by re-elaborating biographical anecdotes attested from the sixth century BC onwards. As a biographical work that draws on older texts and oral traditions which developed over hundreds of years, it yields unique insights into the reception of early Greek Epic in the course of classical antiquity.
This thesis begins with an introduction to the tradition of the contest between Homer and Hesiod that collects and discusses the extant ancient accounts of that story. It argues that all versions are equally authoritative in principle, for they testify to different acts of reception of the poets in different contexts. The thesis then offers an up-to-date analysis of the manuscript witnesses of the Certamen and of their contribution to our understanding of the textual tradition of this text, and shows that the ancient biographies of the poets form a corpus that is naturally open to variation. The Edition provides a text that accounts for such an open tradition. The line-by-line Commentary offers a systematic analysis of both general and specific issues related to the text: this is a necessary and urgent task, not least because the Certamen is a stratified text, bringing together traditions of very different provenance, which can only be assessed and interpreted through a process of close reading.
The ultimate aim of the thesis is to show how the story of the contest between Homer and Hesiod provides crucial insights into the processes of reception and canonisation of early hexameter epic from the archaic period to late antiquity.


IODP Expedition 340 successfully drilled a series of sites offshore Montserrat, Martinique and Dominica in the Lesser Antilles from March to April 2012. These are among the few drill sites gathered around volcanic islands, and the first scientific drilling of large and likely tsunamigenic volcanic island-arc landslide deposits. These cores provide evidence and tests of previous hypotheses for the composition and origin of those deposits. Sites U1394, U1399, and U1400 that penetrated landslide deposits recovered exclusively seafloor sediment, comprising mainly turbidites and hemipelagic deposits, and lacked debris avalanche deposits. This supports the concepts that i/ volcanic debris avalanches tend to stop at the slope break, and ii/ widespread and voluminous failures of preexisting low-gradient seafloor sediment can be triggered by initial emplacement of material from the volcano. Offshore Martinique (U1399 and 1400), the landslide deposits comprised blocks of parallel strata that were tilted or microfaulted, sometimes separated by intervals of homogenized sediment (intense shearing), while Site U1394 offshore Montserrat penetrated a flat-lying block of intact strata. The most likely mechanism for generating these large-scale seafloor sediment failures appears to be propagation of a decollement from proximal areas loaded and incised by a volcanic debris avalanche. These results have implications for the magnitude of tsunami generation. Under some conditions, volcanic island landslide deposits composed of mainly seafloor sediment will tend to form smaller magnitude tsunamis than equivalent volumes of subaerial block-rich mass flows rapidly entering water. Expedition 340 also successfully drilled sites to access the undisturbed record of eruption fallout layers intercalated with marine sediment which provide an outstanding high-resolution data set to analyze eruption and landslides cycles, improve understanding of magmatic evolution as well as offshore sedimentation processes.


The International Labour Organization (ILO) was a part of the international order established by the Treaty of Versailles, which considered social and labor policies as fundamental to the building of a modern peaceful world. Politically, the formation of the Polish and Czechoslovak nation states was also part of the new European order. This article explores the collaboration between the governments of those states and the ILO, concentrating on the intersections between the international standards put forward by the ILO and the institutional continuity of the German and Austrian social insurance systems in the region. It illuminates the so far underreported heritage of transnational policy-making. Analyzing the work of the ILO's national Correspondence Offices in Warsaw and Prague, the ratification of labor standards, and the enacting of social legislation, this article stresses, on the one hand, how standards of work became a subject of international and national control and, on the other, how a normative model of "work" arose. Keywords: International Labour Organization (ILO); Poland; Czechoslovakia; labor standards; social insurances; work DOI: 10.14712/23363231.2017.16


Fuzzy classification techniques have been developed recently to estimate the class composition of image pixels, but their output provides no indication of how these classes are distributed spatially within the instantaneous field of view represented by the pixel. As such, while the accuracy of land cover target identification has been improved using fuzzy classification, it remains for robust techniques that provide better spatial representation of land cover to be developed. Such techniques could provide more accurate land cover metrics for determining social or environmental policy, for example. The use of a Hopfield neural network to map the spatial distribution of classes more reliably using prior information of pixel composition determined from fuzzy classification was investigated. An approach was adopted that used the output from a fuzzy classification to constrain a Hopfield neural network formulated as an energy minimization tool. The network converges to a minimum of an energy function, defined as a goal and several constraints. Extracting the spatial distribution of target class components within each pixel was, therefore, formulated as a constraint satisfaction problem with an optimal solution determined by the minimum of the energy function. This energy minimum represents a "best guess" map of the spatial distribution of class components in each pixel. The technique was applied to both synthetic and simulated Landsat TM imagery, and the resultant maps provided an accurate and improved representation of the land covers studied, with root mean square errors (RMSEs) for Landsat imagery of the order of 0.09 pixels in the new fine resolution image recorded.


Risk management practices as described in many leading texts feel counterintuitive to many practitioners and are frequently ignored, despite their being evidently logical and potentially valuable. Such practices are often conceived as a remedial post-planning, audit activity. This paper proposes an approach for dealing with project uncertainty and risk, grounded in economics and taking into account behavioural biases and heuristics. The proposed approach is argued to be an enhancement to conventional risk management practices and one that can serve organisations better while also aligning to experienced practitioners' intuitive approaches. In particular, we argue: that the focus should be on adding economic value rather than reducing risk per se; that opportunity gain/loss is a superior metric for gauging potential impacts of risky events; and that creation of real options should be emphasised as part of the repertoire of generic response actions to risk. The approach also supports the integration and handling of uncertainty and risk as part of holistic project planning and control.


This paper reports on a national study of information literacy instruction at Canadian business schools. The research question examined was: what is the interplay between factors of the learning environment and information literacy program components on business student learning outcomes? The question was examined in a four-phase study; data focusing on student learning outcomes drawn from the first phase is reported here. Library administrators, librarians, teaching faculty, and business students were interviewed about students' information literacy instructional experiences, and the outcomes arising from those experiences, observed by these four groups. Data indicate a wide range of positive outcomes, including specific skill development and increased confidence; however, expected transferability of those outcomes beyond the walls of the educational institution remains doubtful.


We analyze here the use of proper generalized decompositions (PGD) for real-time simulation of living soft tissues in virtual surgery environments. These tissues are usually modeled as hyperelastic solids, and therefore present important difficulties for their simulation under real-time constraints (i.e., feedback rates on the order of1 kHz).PGD techniques provide with physics-based meta-models without any prior computer experiment, that can be used on-line for the simulation under such severe constraints. These metemodels are constructed on the assumption of the problem to be multi-dimensional, with parameters as additional space dimensions. These parameters, in this case, are taken as the position of contact of surgical tool and organ, modulus of the contact force and orientation (a 9D problem). PGD techniques allow to solve efficiently these high-dimensional problems without the burden associated to the application of mesh-based techniques to these problems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


The administration of John Adams was a period of rapid change, internal discord, and the continual threat of war. Few of the nation's chief executives have been subjected to such immediate and ever-present danger of foreign involvement and national destruction, to such bitter animosities and serious cleavages within their administrations, or to such constant need for decision making as was John Adams. In the face of such adversity Adams successfully pursued a policy of neutrality and conciliation and, in so doing, provided time for the country to grow strong and to prosper. Yet, despite the seriousness of the country's problems and the contributions of his administration, he is seldom designated as one of the great American presidents. Of the many who helped create the nation and lead it through those first difficult years, Adams alone has come to be judged largely in terms of the descriptions and appraisals written by his personal enemies and political detractors. Over the years, historians have generally accepted and emphasized the weaknesses, faults, and mistakes his opponents ascribed to him. In this volume, however, Ralph Adams Brown presents a new evaluation of John dams and of his four years in the presidency. The portrait drawn by Adams's enemies disappears and the second president emerges as a world citizen whose insight, judgment, and perseverance held the young nation together in a critical period. This volume focuses closely on the most significant aspect of Adams's presidency, foreign affairs. As an emerging nation without economic stability or military might, the United States could have become hopelessly caught in the web of European intrigues and power struggles. Adams not only faced serious problems with France and Spain, but also had to be continually alert to the complexities of the nation's relationship with Great Britain. Brown examines the country's increasing concern with matters of defense, and traces Adams's successful efforts to evade foreign entanglements. Unfortunately, many of Adams's important decisions and policies ran counter to the wishes of strong, ambitious, and verbal elements in his own political party. Describing the vicious personal attacks to wich Adams was subjected, and the devious and disloyal maneuvers of his cabinet members, Brown traces Adams's difficulties with Timothy Pickering, James McHenry, Oliver Wolcott, Jr., Alexander Hamilton, and others. He documents Adams's steadfastness to his ideals and principles, despite the hostility, exaggerated accusations, and perfidy that surrounded him. Based on more than five years of intensive research, much of in primary sources, Brown's study sheds new light on the many national problems between 1797 and 1801. Most important, it stands as a reassessment of Adams as a shrewd, sensitive, experienced diplomat; a man of fiery beliefs tempered by superior insight and judgment; a man who, despite his love of freedom and his enthusiasm for the the American Revolution, feared war and mob violence; a man favored broad social reforms and change of government by due process; a man who contributed to the development of the presidency by working diligently to maintain the independence and integrity of the executive office.


We consider the problem of estimating the number of distinct elements in a large data set (or, equivalently, the support size of the distribution induced by the data set) from a random sample of its elements. The problem occurs in many applications, including biology, genomics, computer systems and linguistics. A line of research spanning the last decade resulted in algorithms that estimate the support up to $ \pm \varepsilon n$ from a sample of size $O(\log^2(1/\varepsilon) \cdot n/\log n)$, where $n$ is the data set size. Unfortunately, this bound is known to be tight, limiting further improvements to the complexity of this problem. In this paper we consider estimation algorithms augmented with a machine-learning-based predictor that, given any element, returns an estimation of its frequency. We show that if the predictor is correct up to a constant approximation factor, then the sample complexity can be reduced significantly, to \[ \ \log (1/\varepsilon) \cdot n^{1-\Theta(1/\log(1/\varepsilon))}. \] We evaluate the proposed algorithms on a collection of data sets, using the neural-network based estimators from {Hsu et al, ICLR'19} as predictors. Our experiments demonstrate substantial (up to 3x) improvements in the estimation accuracy compared to the state of the art algorithm.


No modern president has had as much influence on American national politics as Franklin D. Roosevelt. During FDR's administration, power shifted from states and localities to the federal government; within the federal government it shifted from Congress to the president; and internationally, it moved from Europe to the United States. All of these changes required significant effort on the part of the president, who triumphed over fierce opposition and succeeded in remaking the American political system in ways that continue to shape our politics today. Using the metaphor of the good neighbour, Mary E. Stuckey examines the persuasive work that took place to authorise these changes. Through the metaphor, FDR's administration can be better understood: his emphasis on communal values; the importance of national mobilisation in domestic as well as foreign affairs in defence of those values; his use of what he considered a particularly democratic approach to public communication; his treatment of friends and his delineation of enemies; and finally, the ways in which he used this rhetoric to broaden his neighbourhood from the limits of the United States to encompass the entire world, laying the groundwork for American ideological dominance in the post-World War II era.


Herein, we report a rapid in vitro assay of amyloid β anti-aggregation reagents using gold nanoparticles as nucleation cores and optical reporters. Based on the colorimetric responses observed with the naked eye, effective anti-aggregation reagents were rapidly (<15 min) distinguished. For these reagents, conventional methods showed fewer amyloid β aggregates and an increased viability of neuroblastoma cells after treatment. We envision that our proposed method will facilitate the discovery of efficient drug components for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.


The wide adoption of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in applications where decision-making under uncertainty is fundamental, has brought a great deal of attention to the ability of these models to accurately quantify the uncertainty in their predictions. Previous work on combining CNNs with Gaussian processes (GPs) has been developed under the assumption that the predictive probabilities of these models are well-calibrated. In this paper we show that, in fact, current combinations of CNNs and GPs are miscalibrated. We proposes a novel combination that considerably outperforms previous approaches on this aspect, while achieving state-of-the-art performance on image classification tasks.


Objective: The impact of anaerobic growth conditions on the Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) production was studied. Methods: Ten strains of S. aureus derived from patients with toxic shock syndrome (TSS), 10 isolates of S. aureus, and documented TSST-1-producing strains recovered from patients with either staphylococcal septicemia or staphylococcal nongenital abscesses were grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The bacterial growth was measured using optical density (OD) determinations at 520 nm. The toxin production was assayed using the TS-RPLA latex agglutination test. Results: Both TSS and non-TSS strains of S. aureus grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions exhibited comparable OD patterns of growth, and the levels of toxin production remained constant during the logarithmic phase. Toxin titers developed during the logarithmic growth phase and peaked after 24 h of incubation. When stationary-phase isolates grown initially under aerobic conditions were subjected to strict anaerobic conditions, subsequent toxin titers, compared with isolates grown in the continued presence of oxygen, were depressed 2-fold, peaking at a later time. Conclusions: TSST-1 production is diminished under continued anaerobic conditions.


This chapter draws on critical infrastructure studies to deliberate on the growing im- portance of the distribution of public service media content in the networked society and encourage citizen-user engagement in distribution. The author critiques the notion of 'networked society' and examines the emerging television environment to draw at- tention to transformations as well as persistent continuities. The complexity of media distribution creates dilemmas for public service media, as the BBC case study shows. If public service media is about content that is critical to the functioning of democratic societies, for enhancing social cohesion and promoting cultural diversity through in- vestment in original content, then how that content is found and how it reaches people are crucially important questions. In short, the distribution of, and the terms of access to, public service media content has significant public interest implications which are the focus of this chapter.


Abstract. The chemical composition and the soluble fraction were determined in aerosol samples collected during flights of AMMA-SOP0/DABEX campaign, which were conducted in the West African Sahel during dry season (2006). Two aerosol types are encountered in this period: dust particles (DUST) and biomass burning aerosol (BB). Chemical analysis and microscope observations showed that the iron (Fe) found in BB samples mainly originates from dust particles mostly internally mixed in the biomass burning layer. Chemical analyses of samples showed that the Fe solubility is lower in African dust samples than in biomass burning aerosols. Our data provide a first idea of the variability of iron dust solubility in the source region (0.1% and 3.4%). We found a relationship between iron solubility/clay content/source which partly confirms that the variability of iron solubility in this source region is related to the character and origin of the aerosols themselves. In the biomass burning samples, no relationship were found between Fe solubility and either the concentrations of acidic species (SO42−, NO3− or oxalate) or the content of carbon (TC, OC, BC). Therefore, we were unable to determine what processes are involved in this increase of iron solubility. In terms of supply of soluble Fe to oceanic ecosystems on a global scale, the higher solubility observed for Fe in biomass burning could imply an indirect source of Fe to marine ecosystems. But these aerosols are probably not significant because the Sahara is easily the dominant source of Fe to the Atlantic Ocean.


A new CMS Tracker is under development for operation at the High Luminosity LHC from 2026 onwards. It includes an outer tracker based on dedicated modules that will reconstruct short track segments, called stubs, using spatially coincident clusters in two closely spaced silicon sensor layers. These modules allow the rejection of low transverse momentum track hits and reduce the data volume before transmission to the first level trigger. The inclusion of tracking information in the trigger decision is essential to limit the first level trigger accept rate. A customized front-end readout chip, the CMS Binary Chip (CBC), containing stub finding logic has been designed for this purpose. A prototype module, equipped with the CBC chip, has been constructed and operated for the first time in a 4 GeV/c positron beam at DESY. The behaviour of the stub finding was studied for different angles of beam incidence on a module, which allows an estimate of the sensitivity to transverse momentum within the future CMS detector. A sharp transverse momentum threshold around 2 GeV/c was demonstrated, which meets the requirement to reject a large fraction of low momentum tracks present in the LHC environment on-detector. This is the first realistic demonstration of a silicon tracking module that is able to select data, based on the particle's transverse momentum, for use in a first level trigger at the LHC . The results from this test are described here.


Although broadly advocated and entrenched in South African law, the practice of public administration often tends to pay lip service to the principles of public participation and citizen empowerment. It would seem that public managers, who plan and implement service delivery processes do not fully comprehend the local social and meaning-giving contexts in which the public exists. A matter that could be attributed to the training they receive. The recent Winelands (2010) Conference on Public Leadership for Added Citizen Value introduced the principles of citizen value and public leadership into the discourse of public administration theory and practice in South Africa. This article examines the suitability of existing curricula at selected South African universities to inculcate a people, citizen centred approach in Public Administration teaching. It does so by exploring the curricula of the Bachelor of Administration of selected universities and by drawing on discussions held with selected academics. In addition, the authors draw on their experience in teaching Public Administration as well as research supervision in the discipline. The article concludes that while academic conferences are vibrant in their discussion of values and notions of public leadership, public governance, public value and public participation, this does not suffi ciently refl ect in the curriculum of Public Administration – at least not at the undergraduate level.


Firms can make use of the discretionary aspect of the location of patent ownership to avoid taxation and maximise their profits. This paper investigates strategic patent transfers with regard to Patent Box regimes, and study how firms' incentives to relocate patents vary with the heterogeneity of the designs of Patent Box regimes. Using a comprehensive dataset on international patent transfers, we find that Patent Box countries significantly attract more patent relocations, and that incoming flows increase in the tax rebate. The fiscal incentives are stronger in countries with a high R&D level, suggesting multiple dimensions in firms' decisions of patent relocation. This is all the more so true for high quality patents. Finally, our results indicate that policy makers could play on the features of Patent Box regimes to affect firms' incentives, and deter relocation driven by fiscal optimization motives.


Organic certification verifies that your farm or handling facility located anywhere in the world complies with the USDA organic regulations and allows you to sell, label, and represent your products as organic. These regulations describe the specific standards required for you to use the word "organic" or the USDA organic seal on food, feed, or fiber products. The USDA National Organic Program administers these regulations, with substantial input from its citizen advisory board and the public.


Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics publishes reviews of recent developments in a field that is in a state of rapid growth, as new experimental and theoretical techniques are used on many old and new problems. Topics covered include related applied areas, such as atmospheric science, astrophysics, surface physics and laser physics. Articles are written by distinguished experts and contain relevant review material and detailed descriptions of important recent developments.
• International experts • Comprehensive articles • New developments


In extracts of immature soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seeds inositol tetrakisphosphate was formed from [3H]inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate but not from [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate kinase was purified to a specific activity of 3.55 min−1 mg−1 by polyethylenimine clarification and anion-exchange chromatography. The partially purified enzyme converted [3H]inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate as the major product and inositol 1,3,4,6- and/or 1,2,3,4-tetrakisphosphate as the minor product. Subsequent experiments revealed a separate inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 6-kinase activity, which could link these enzymes to inositol hexakisphosphate synthesis via the previously reported inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase. The apparent Km values for inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate kinase were 200 ± 0 nm for inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and 171 ± 4 μm for ATP, and the reaction was not reversible. The kinetics were such that no activity could be detected using unlabeled inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and [γ-32P]ATP, which suggested that other kinases may have been observed when less purified fractions were incubated with radiolabeled ATP. Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate kinase was nonspecifically inhibited more than 80% by various inositol polyphosphates at a concentration of 100 μm.


The Fountain and Cutler formations are coarse-clastic alluvial wedges that mantled ancestral Rocky Mountain uplifts. Muddy granule sandstone (MGSF) is a volumetrically important facies to both systems. The facies is massive and unsorted with grain-size distributions that range from clay to granule. These deposits are best characterized as cohesive fine-grained debris flows. Yet, the MGSF rarely contains clasts . 10 mm, although other intercalated alluvial facies commonly contain cobbles and small boulders. Competence modeling was undertaken to assess the amount of water needed to account for the observed coarsest fraction of the MGSF. These results indicate that flows would need inflation with water by one-third to two-thirds, depending on clay mineralogy and the range of clay in the MGSF. This paper proposes that flows began as debris flows but underwent flow transformation through incorporation of water during flow in the paleohighlands. Dilation of the flow reduced competence, and each flow lost the coarser than 10 mm fraction. Flows would rheologically stiffen upon reaching the unconfined alluvial surface, ultimately behaving as cohesive fine-grained debris flows. The MGSF at both study areas does not fit into end-member facies models of alluvial fans. Depositional systems elsewhere that exhibit similar facies may want to consider flow transformation and the associated environmental implications when inferring the depositional setting.


With modern processing hardware converging on the physical barrier in terms of transistor size and speed per single core, hardware manufacturers have shifted their focus to improve performance from raw clock power towards parallelization. Solutions to utilize the computation power of GPUs are published and supported by graphics card manufacturers. While there exist solutions for arbitrary precision integer arithmetics on the CPU there has been little adoption of these libraries to the GPU. This thesis presents an approach to map arbitrary precision integer operations to single threads on the GPU. This novel computation mapping technique is benchmarked and compared to a library that runs these computations on the CPU. Furthermore the novel parallelization technique is compared to an alternative mapping scheme proposed by Langer et al [Lan15]. It is shown that mapping computations to single threads outperforms both the CPU and the approach by Langer. This thesis also explored the feasibility of rational number operations on the GPU and shows that this is in fact practically usable by providing benchmarks.


Globalization, sustainable development, and technological applications all affect the current state of the business sector in Asia. This complex industry plays a vital part in the overall economic, social, and political aspects of this region, as well as on a larger international scale. Managerial Strategies and Solutions for Business Success in Asia is an authoritative reference source for the latest collection of research perspectives on the development and optimization of various business sectors across the Asian region and examines their role in the globalized economy. Highlighting pertinent topics across an interdisciplinary scale, such as e-commerce, small and medium enterprises, and tourism management, this book is ideally designed for academics, professionals, graduate students, policy makers, and practitioners interested in emerging business and management practices in Asia.


The stability and resilience that Islamic banking (IBs) industry has shown during the current global crisis is based on the principles of Islamic economic laws that rest on equity, participation, and business ethics. The literature on Islamic corporate governance (ICG) is growing quite rapidly and the industry has emerged as an alternative to its conventional counterpart. This paper critically reviews the existing literature on ICG with a particular focus on the significance and functions of Shari'ah supervisory board (SSB), which differentiate IBs from CBs. This review describes ICG framework, elaborates and summarizes SSB functions, compares IBs with CBs and assesses the impact of SSB on IB's performance. The key findings show that majority of the literature on SSB describes advising and monitoring as the two main functions of a Shari'ah board and past literature supports positive association between Shari'ah governance and the performance of IBs. This work might be helpful for scholars and practitioners approaching this field to study the role and functioning of SSB.


ABSTRACT Even though poverty is highly felt in developing economies, the lack of relevant and complete micro-level data limits understanding which households are more exposed to poverty and the role of financial inclusion in poverty in these countries. This research analyzes the effects of financial inclusion proxied by a multidimensional index on three poverty measures (the lowest-income poverty line, a lower-middle-income line, and an upper-middle-income line) by employing the recent Turkish Household Budget and Consumption Expenditure Survey data with 11,595 complete answers. In addition to the application of logistic regressions, this study addresses possible endogeneity issues by using access to the nearest bank as an instrument in a two-stage least-squares regression and employing the novel method as a robustness check. Empirical results point out that an increase in financial inclusion decreases poverty in Turkey. The adverse effect of financial inclusion on poverty is validated through a few robustness and sensitivity analyses. The outcome also indicates that health expenditure and income are essential through which poverty is influenced by financial inclusion. Thus, policies are required to enhance the financial inclusion of households to alleviate poverty. Further discussions are presented in this study.


The record of turtles in the Denver Basin spans four formations (Fox Hills, Laramie, Arapahoe, and Denver) that range from Late Cretaceous (Lancian) to early Paleocene (Puercan) in age. We recognize at least fifteen distinct, although fragmentary, species-level taxa, including Pleurosternidae ( Compsemys ), Baenidae ( Neurankylus, Plesiobaena, Stygiochelys , and Palatobaena ), Kinosternia ( Hoplochelys ), Adocidae ( Adocus ), Nanhsiungchelyidae ( Basilemys ), Trionychidae ( Axestemys, Aspideretoides, Helopanoplia , and another plastomenine), Macrobaenidae, and Chelydridae. Notable among these are the best-preserved skull of Compsemys , a new chelydrid genus, the most northerly confirmed record of Hoplochelys , and the most southerly records of Helopanoplia , Stygiochelys , and Macrobaenidae in the Rocky Mountain region. We also present evidence for synonymy of Paleotrionyx and Conchochelys with Axestemys , and the first cranial material assignable to Axestemys . The early Paleocene (Puercan) part of the Denver Formation yielded the most diverse assemblage, followed by the Cretaceous (Lancian) part of the Denver Formation and Laramie Formation. The Cretaceous samples are not demonstrably different from more northerly comparable faunas, but the more diverse Paleocene part of the Denver Formation exhibits a unique combination of taxa compared to contemporaneous faunas to the north and south.


This thesis consists of four self-contained empirical studies on different topics in labor economics based on Swedish data. Short summaries on each paper are given below: Paper [1]: The aim is to construct models for predicting hourly wage rates and household labor supply for a dynamic microsimulation model, Sesim. The models are estimated using large Swedish register-based data. Wages are modeled utilizing the panel property of the data. In modeling labor supply, the complete tax and social security systems are taken into account. The motivation is to have a tool for analyzing the effects of changes in economic policies upon labor supply. Paper [2]: The purpose of the paper is to analyze the incentive effects created by the Swedish tax and transfer schemes. We focus on single mother households, and estimate a model that includes both labor supply and welfare participation decisions. We find that there is a significant stigma-effect associated with social welfare participation. The results from the implemented policy simulations show rather large average incentive effects. However, there are some substantial differences when comparing the incentive effects between the lowest and highest income deciles. Paper [3]: The paper analyzes Swedish time use data from 1993 within the household production theory framework. This study provides a continuation of an earlier study applying the 1984 data. The purpose is to analyze changes in household production of two-earner Swedish households. The stability of the results confirms that the previously suggested specification provides a powerful tool to identify and estimate household production. One of the main findings is that the household marginal productivity profiles have become more alike between females and males. Further, men's and women's household times are found to be qsubstitutes. Paper [4]: The paper is a cross-country study on career interruptions due to parental leave of Danish and Swedish mothers. The aim is to analyze the effects that different family policy regimes have on mothers' job retention. Since there are comparable longitudinal data available we estimate parallel models across the two countries. Our results show that economic incentives affect the decision to resume employment. However, the parental leave mandates as such are very important determinants for the observed behavior.