Between 1888 and 1890, thirteen states and the federal government enacted antitrust legislation criminalizing combinations among competitors intended to control prices in the marketplace. These laws were a reaction to the increasing formation of horizontal combinations, large and small, throughout the economy in the wake of dramatically changing economic conditions since the Civil War. Through most of this period, combinations struggled to find structures that would enable them to operate effectively. Simple combinations of independent firms, although neither criminal nor tortious, were often undermined because state common law refused to enforce the contractual arrangements that would prevent members from deviating from the rules that would give a combination the power to control price. Nor could early combinations avail themselves of a unitary ownership structure, since state corporation law restricted the corporate form in ways that made it largely unworkable as a combination structure. In the early 1880s, however, some combinations, beginning with Standard Oil, adopted a new form of organization, the trust proper, which had the command and control attributes of a corporation without being subject to the restrictions of state corporation law. Shortly thereafter, some states, notably New Jersey, liberalized their corporation laws, making corporations suitable as a vehicle for housing a business combination. States and the federal government responded with legislation that adopted the common law prohibitions against combinations in restraint of trade, extended these prohibitions to combinations organized as trusts proper and holding companies, and criminalized violations in order to enable government challenges. Despite these extensions of the law, early enforcement was virtually nonexistent, even against most combinations that had achieved widespread public notoriety. After the turn of the last century, however, the new laws set the stage for an aggressive enforcement policy following a massive horizontal consolidation movement that began in 1895.


Plempoh Cultural Tourism Village possesses a unique attraction such as natural resources and cultural heritage. Collaborating with the government, entrepreneurs, academicians and media, a group of tourism awareness called Pokdarwis Prabu Boko appears to be the central group behind every development of the Plempoh Cultural Tourism Village. However, previous research reveals that poverty still appears in this village, there is lack of community confidence and knowledge related to tourism; and lack of community participation in developing the village. This research aims to study the realization and the level of community empowerment in terms of economical, psychological, social and political aspect. This research used qualitative paradigm with descriptive method and purposive sampling technique. Data is collected using interview technique, observation and documentation. The data is then validated using source triangulation. The result shows that the community empowerment efforts undertaken by village stakeholders have not been optimal because some of the tourism village stakeholders still have not given strong commitment and they have not received trust from local communities. However, there are some evidence of community empowerment progress as follows: (1) the economic empowerment has now reached the fourth stage, namely support level. (2) the psychological empowerment is at the second stage, called reinforcement; (3) the social empowerment of the community is at its fifth stage, namely Maintenance, (4) the political empowerment is at the lowest level, namely possibility.


Evidence showing that on average left-handed (L), who are 10% in a population, tend to earn less than others is solely based on survey data. This paper is the first to test the relationship between handedness and earnings experimentally and also to assess whether the mechanism underlying it is predominantly cognitive or psychological. Data on 432 undergraduate students show that L do not obtain significantly different payoffs, a proxy for earnings, in a stylised labour market with multiple principals and agents. Similarly, scores in the Cognitive Reflection Test are not significantly different. Data on personality, measured using the Big Five test, show, instead, that L are significantly more agreeable and L females more extroverted. In addition, earnings significantly vary with personality only for L, increasing with extraversion and decreasing with neuroticism. Overall, our results fail to reject the null hypothesis that earnings do not differ by handedness and suggest differences in personality as a novel mechanism to rationalise L's behaviour.


Outdoor surveillance cameras have become prevalent as part of the urban infrastructure, and provided a good data source for studying urban dynamics. In this work, we provide a spatial-temporal analysis of 8 weeks of video data collected from the large outdoor camera network at UCSB campus, which consists of 27 cameras. We first apply simple vision algorithm to extract the crowdedness information in the scene. Then we further explore the relationship between the traffic pattern observed from the cameras with activities in the nearby area using additional knowledge such as campus class schedule. Finally we investigate the potential of discovering aggregated human movement pattern by assuming a simple probabilistic model. Experiment has shown promising results using the proposed method.


The ability to stand upright and walk is generally taken for granted, yet control of balance utilizes many processes involving the neuromuscular and sensory systems. As we age, balance function begins to decline and can become problematic for many older adults. In particular, adults 65 years of age and older exhibit a higher incidence of falls than younger adults, and falls are a leading cause of injury in older adults, contributing to significant medical costs. Without better understanding of the impact of aging on balance and means to ameliorate those effects, this problem is expected to grow as life expectancy continues to increase.In addition to sensori-motor declines with age that impact balance, another factor known to affect balance, particularly in older adults, is attention, meaning the amount of cognitive resources utilized for a particular task. When two or more tasks vie for cognitive resources, performance in one or more tasks can be compromised (a common example today is driving while talking on a cell phone). Attention has been observed to be a critical factor in many falls reported by older adults. However, it is still not fully understood how aging and attentional demand affect balance and how they interact with each other.In this dissertation, we conducted dual-task experiments and model-based analyses to study upright standing and the interaction of the effects of age and attention on postural control. The effect of age was investigated by testing two age groups (young and older adults) with no evident balance and cognitive impairment and by comparing results of the two groups. The effect of attention and its interaction with age was studied by comparing body sway in the two age groups in response to a moving platform, while either concurrently performing a cognitive task (dual-task) or not (single-task). Our findings highlight postural control differences between young and older adults, as quantified by experimental measures of body motion as well as by model parameter values, such as stiffness, damping and processing delay.


In NFIB v. Sebelius, the Supreme Court's recent case addressing the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act, the Court concluded that the expansion of Medicaid in that Act was unconstitutionally coercive and therefore exceeded the scope of Congress's authority under the Spending Clause. This was the first time that the Court treated coercion as an issue of more than mere theoretical possibility under the Spending Clause. In the wake of the Court's decision, commentators have expressed either the concern or the hope that NFIB's coercion analysis may lead to the undoing of much of the federal regulatory state, which substantially relies on the spending power. This article argues that both this concern and this hope are misplaced. Taking federal education law as a test case for future coercion analysis — since federal funding given to the states for elementary and secondary education is second only to federal funding for Medicaid — the article concludes that NFIB's coercion inquiry is unlikely to lead to much else being found unconstitutional. The major federal education laws, and by implication other conditional spending laws, will not likely find their demise under the Court's analysis. Nonetheless, NFIB will likely have some effect on the future of federal education law. It should put a damper on calls to dramatically increase federal education funding; encourage the trend towards smaller grants of limited duration, especially those that bypass the states; result in some structural changes both in funding and enforcement; and, somewhat paradoxically for a decision that found the Medicaid enforcement regime coercive, may lead to greater federal enforcement of conditional spending laws.


The work of Hubert Dreyfus interweaves productively ideas from, among others, Heidegger and Wittgenstein. A central element in Dreyfus' hugely influential interpretation of the former is the proposal that, if we are to—in some sense—'make sense' of intentionality, then we must recognize what Dreyfus calls the 'background'. Though Dreyfus has, over the years, put the notion of the 'background' to a variety of philosophical uses,1 considerations familiar from the literature inspired by Wittgenstein's reflections on rule-following have played an important role in motivating the case for believing that we need to recognize the 'background' and thus also in identifying precisely what it is about the intentional that supposedly needs to be 'made sense of'. Dreyfus argues that what he calls 'representationalism' will land us with an unstoppable 'regress of rules'. In this paper, I first argue that there are actually two different arguments that Dreyfus invokes; I then go on to evaluate quite how, in the light of the problems that those arguments reveal, our position might be thought to be improved by our recognizing the 'background'. Given that various philosophical positions designed to deal with these problems have emerged within the Wittgensteinian literature, an obvious question to ask is whether the position that Dreyfus would have us adopt is essentially one of those positions. If it isn't, then how does it differ? There is surely a variety of ways in which such a comparison might be carried out and what I offer is only one. I argue that if, through a recognition of the 'background', we are thought to have acquired solutions to those problems, then it's not at all clear that the supposed solutions that emerge work. So I explore instead the possibility that that recognition forms part of an attempt to 'dissolve' those problems. In order to bring some clarity to that possibility I consider a number of different ways in which Dreyfus' proposals might be interpreted by drawing on ideas set out by John McDowell (and I suggest that his view of one of the 'regress' arguments is anticipated by Heidegger himself). I then identify and assess some of the consequences of adopting such McDowellian readings. My sense is that Dreyfus is on the side of the angels, so to speak. But if what is right in his proposals is to become clear, and if he is to be spared some obvious objections that those proposals may elicit, we need to be clear about just what kind of contribution those proposals are meant to make. In pursuing that clarity, I am attempting to follow through on the comparison of Wittgensteinian and Heideggerian ideas that Dreyfus and his supporters have initiated: what has yet to be clarified is how and why recognizing the 'background' will allow us to 'cope better' with the puzzles in the rule-following literature that they have cited in making a case for the need to recognize the 'background'. Ultimately, I will argue that assessing this matter may require a yet broader comparison of Wittgensteinian and Heideggerian themes, one which raises questions about what we take 'doing ontology' and 'doing phenomenology' to be.


Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) caught in recreational fisheries are commonly released, often with barotrauma after rapid decompression. Mouth-hooked, non-bleeding cod kept in a floating net pen showed mortalities =40% when angled from >50 m depth, likely because of cumulative stress from ongoing barotrauma and exposure to warm surface water. In a natural setting, however, cod have the opportunity to descend after release and are not restricted to the surface. In a follow-up study, 97.8% of similarly selected cod managed to dive following immediate release, whereas 2.2% were floaters. No mortality was observed for divers kept in cages, which were lowered to capture depth for 72 h. While the floaters would likely have died in a natural setting, no mortality was observed when they were recompressed and kept at capture depth for 72 h. The occurrence of swim bladder ruptures, swollen coelomic cavities, venous gas embolisms, and gas release around the anus was significantly influenced by capture depth (range 0–90 m). A supplementary radiology study showed inflated swim bladders in 87% of the cod after 72 h, and most barotrauma signs had disappeared after 1 month. This study encourages investigation of survival potential for physoclistous species when high mortalities are assumed but undocumented. Matching natural post-release and containment environment is essential in the experimental setup, as failure to do so may bias survival estimates, particularly when a thermocline is present. Assuming minimal predation, short-term mortality of cod experiencing barotrauma is negligible if cod submerge quickly by themselves and are otherwise not substantially injured. Survival of floaters may be increased by forced recompression to capture depth. Sublethal and long-term impacts of barotrauma remain to be studied. To ensure that cod have sufficient energy to submerge, anglers are encouraged to avoid fighting the fish to exhaustion and to minimize handling before release.


There is a growing consensus that money and the market principle have not led to a great transformation into modernity. Rather, market exchange is everywhere socially embedded. But what does this embedding consist of, structural limits, tactics of resistance, or moral boundaries? Auhelawa (Normanby Island, Papua New Guinea) have incorporated money into their local economy in a variety of ways which keep the logic of the market in check. The comparison between two modes of accumulation – business and charity – sheds light on the precise nature of embeddedness. Local entrepreneurs describe themselves as navigating dilemmas which arise from contradictions between accumulation and reciprocity. Church congregations, however, appear to have transcended this conflict by representing their charitable contributions of money as love-gifts which are not subject to reciprocity. While charity, like business, is an embedded form of accumulation, I argue that it creates links to an alternative hierarchy of values, and thus contains the potential to create a great transformation of its own.


Many commentators highlight the fertility of Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADE), emphasizing their potential for sustainable agriculture. Some scholars believe that terra mulata (the less fertile, more extensive form of ADE) was created by means of agricultural practices used by large settled populations of pre-Columbian farmers. But what was it that these Amerindian farmers were growing? Until recently, scholarly consensus held that manioc does not perform well on ADE. New research on the middle Madeira River is showing, however, that this consensus was premature. In this region, the most common crop in ADE fields is bitter manioc. Farmers there have various landraces of manioc that they believe yield particularly well on ADE, and logically plant more of these varieties on ADE. Aspects of the behaviour and perception of manioc cultivation among 52 farmers at the community of Barro Alto were measured quantitatively on four terra firme soil types (Terra Preta, Terra Mulata, Oxisols and Ultisols). These farmers plant different configurations of landraces in different soils, according to their perception of the suitability of particular landraces and their characteristics to certain soil types and successional processes. This, in turn, shapes selective pressures on these varieties, as new genetic material incorporated from volunteer seedlings is more likely to contain traits present in the most prevalent landrace(s) in each soil type. Owing to localized population pressure at Barro Alto, manioc is under more intensive cultivation systems, with shorter cropping periods (5-10 months) and shorter fallow periods (1-2 years). The outcome of these processes is different co-evolutionary dynamics on ADE as opposed to non-anthropogenic soils. Further anthropological study of manioc swiddening in one of the richest agricultural environments in Amazonia can fill a gap in the literature, thus opening an additional window on the pre-Columbian period.


The emerging diagnostic field of molecular genetics demands for appropriately and adequately trained medical technologists. The
proposal for the inclusion of genetic and cytogenetic modules in the National Diploma and B.Tech Degree programmes has widely
been accepted last year. This positive response lead to the development of these modules, but the integration of the proposed
modules in the existing diploma programme remains challenging. Various factors will determine whether all or only some of the proposed
modules will be accepted and integrated.


HIV-infected persons treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) continue to have elevated risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of NHL among patients at an urban HIV clinic (N = 3025). Proportional hazards models identified immunologic and virologic predictors of NHL. Sixty-five NHLs arose during 1989 to 2006. NHL incidence declined over time. Nonetheless, 51 NHLs (78%) occurred within the HAART era (1996-2006). NHL risk increased with declining CD4 count (P trend < 0.0001) and increasing HIV viral load (P trend = 0.005). In a multivariable model, NHL risk was independently associated with both current CD4 count (hazard ratios 7.7 and 3.8, respectively, for CD4 counts 0-99 and 100-249 vs. 250+ cells/mm3; P trend < 0.0001) and prior time spent with a viral load above 5.00 log10 copies/mL (hazard ratios of 3.4, 2.6, and 6.8, respectively, for 0.1-0.4, 0.5-1.4, and 1.5+ yr vs. 0 yr; P trend = 0.004). Although serum globulin levels were elevated compared with the general population, NHL risk was unrelated to this B-cell activation marker (P = 0.39). Among HIV-infected individuals in the HAART era, NHLs are linked to immunosuppression and extended periods of uncontrolled HIV viremia. The association with high-level viremia could reflect detrimental effects on immune function related to incompletely effective HAART or direct effects on B cells.


International law generally prohibits military forces from intentionally targeting civilians; this is the principle of distinction. In contrast, unintended collateral damage is permissible unless the anticipated civilian deaths outweigh the expected military advantage of the strike; this is the principle of proportionality. These cardinal targeting rules of international humanitarian law are generally assumed by military lawyers to be relatively well settled. However, recent international tribunals applying this law in a string of little-noticed decisions have completely upended this understanding. Armed with criminal law principles from their own domestic systems, often civil law jurisdictions, prosecutors, judges and even scholars have progressively redefined what it means to "intentionally" target a civilian population. In particular, these accounts rely on the civil law notion of dolus eventualis, a mental state akin to common law recklessness that differs in at least one crucial respect: it classifies risk-taking behavior as a species of intent.This problem represents a clash of legal cultures. International lawyers trained in civil law jurisdictions are nonplussed by this development, while the Anglo-American literature on targeting has all-but-ignored this conflict. But when told of these decisions, U.S. military lawyers view this "reinterpretation" of intent as conflating the principles of distinction and proportionality. If a military commander anticipates that attacking a building may result in civilian casualties, why bother analyzing whether the collateral damage is proportional? Under the dolus eventualis view, the commander is already guilty of violating the principle of distinction. The following Article voices skepticism about this vanguard application of dolus eventualis to the law of targeting, in particular by noting that dolus eventualis was excluded by the framers of the Rome Statute and was nowhere considered by negotiators of Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Convention. Finally and most importantly, a dolus eventualis-inspired law of targeting undermines the Doctrine of Double Effect, the principle of moral theology on which the collateral damage rule rests. At stake is nothing less than the moral and legal distinction between terrorists who deliberately kill civilians and lawful combatants who foresee collateral damage.


Much of the current literature on state failure and collapse suffers from serious conceptual flaws. It ignores the variegated types of empirical statehood that exist on the ground, it conflates the absence of a central government with anarchy, it creates an unhelpful distinction between 'accomplished' and 'failed' states, and it is guided by a teleological belief in the convergence of all nation-states. Particularly African states figure prominently in this debate and are frequently portrayed in almost pathological terms. Proposing a comparative analysis of politics in the Somali inhabited territories of the Horn of Africa, this article challenges state failure discourses on both theoretical and empirical grounds. We draw attention to the multiple processes of state-building and forms of statehood that have emerged in Somalia, and the neighbouring Somalia region of Ethiopia, since 1991. The analysis of the different trajectories of these Somali political orders reveals that state formation in Africa contradicts central tenets of the state failure debate and that external state-building interventions should recognise and engage with sub-national political entities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Cyber-attacks have nowadays become more frightening than ever before. The growing dependency of our society on networked systems aggravates these threats; from interconnected
corporate networks and Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) to smart households, the attack surface for the adversaries is increasing. At the same time, it is becoming evident that the utilization of classic fields of security research alone, e.g., cryptography, or the usage of
isolated traditional defense mechanisms, e.g., firewalls and Intrusion
Detection Systems ( IDSs ), is not enough to cope with the imminent
security challenges.

To move beyond monolithic approaches and concepts that follow a
"cat and mouse" paradigm between the defender and the attacker,
cyber-security research requires novel schemes. One such promis-
ing approach is collaborative intrusion detection. Driven by the lessons learned from cyber-security research over the years, the aforesaid notion attempts to connect two instinctive questions: "if we acknowledge the fact that no security mechanism can detect all attacks, can we
beneficially combine multiple approaches to operate together?" and
"as the adversaries increasingly collaborate (e.g., Distributed Denial
of Service (DDoS) attacks from whichever larger botnets) to achieve
their goals, can the defenders beneficially collude too?". Collabora-
tive intrusion detection attempts to address the emerging security
challenges by providing methods for IDSs and other security mech-
anisms (e.g., firewalls and honeypots) to combine their knowledge
towards generating a more holistic view of the monitored network.

This thesis improves the state of the art in collaborative intrusion
detection in several areas. In particular, the dissertation proposes
methods for the detection of complex attacks and the generation of
the corresponding intrusion detection signatures. Moreover, a novel
approach for the generation of alert datasets is given, which can assist
researchers in evaluating intrusion detection algorithms and systems.
Furthermore, a method for the construction of communities of collab-
orative monitoring sensors is given, along with a domain-awareness
approach that incorporates an efficient data correlation mechanism.
With regard to attacks and countermeasures, a detailed methodology
is presented that is focusing on sensor-disclosure attacks in the con-
text of collaborative intrusion detection.

The scientific contributions can be structured into
the following categories:

Alert data generation: This thesis deals with the topic of alert
data generation in a twofold manner: first it presents novel approaches
for detecting complex attacks towards generating alert signatures for
IDSs ; second a method for the synthetic generation of alert data is pro-
posed. In particular, a novel security mechanism for mobile devices
is proposed that is able to support users in assessing the security
status of their networks. The system can detect sophisticated attacks
and generate signatures to be utilized by IDSs . The dissertation also
touches the topic of synthetic, yet realistic, dataset generation for the
evaluation of intrusion detection algorithms and systems; it proposes
a novel dynamic dataset generation concept that overcomes the short-
comings of the related work.

Collaborative intrusion detection: As a first step, the the-
sis proposes a novel taxonomy for collaborative intrusion detection ac-
companied with building blocks for Collaborative IDSs ( CIDSs ). More-
over, the dissertation deals with the topics of (alert) data correlation
and aggregation in the context of CIDSs . For this, a number of novel
methods are proposed that aim at improving the clustering of mon-
itoring sensors that exhibit similar traffic patterns. Furthermore, a
novel alert correlation approach is presented that can minimize the
messaging overhead of a CIDS.

Attacks on CIDSs: It is common for research on cyber-defense to
switch its perspective, taking on the viewpoint of attackers, trying to
anticipate their remedies against novel defense approaches. The the-
sis follows such an approach by focusing on a certain class of attacks
on CIDSs that aim at identifying the network location of the monitor-
ing sensors. In particular, the state of the art is advanced by proposing
a novel scheme for the improvement of such attacks. Furthermore, the
dissertation proposes novel mitigation techniques to overcome both
the state of art and the proposed improved attacks.

Evaluation: All the proposals and methods introduced in the dis-
sertation were evaluated qualitatively, quantitatively and empirically.
A comprehensive study of the state of the art in collaborative intru-
sion detection was conducted via a qualitative approach, identifying
research gaps and surveying the related work. To study the effective-
ness of the proposed algorithms and systems extensive simulations
were utilized. Moreover, the applicability and usability of some of
the contributions in the area of alert data generation was additionally
supported via Proof of Concepts (PoCs) and prototypes.

The majority of the contributions were published in peer-reviewed
journal articles, in book chapters, and in the proceedings of interna-
tional conferences and workshops.


Abstract In the fast-moving world of development policy, buzzwords play an important part in framing solutions. Today's development orthodoxies are captured in a seductive mix of such words, among which 'participation', 'empowerment' and 'poverty reduction' take a prominent place. This paper takes a critical look at how these three terms have come to be used in international development policy, exploring how different configurations of words frame and justify particular kinds of development interventions. It analyses their use in the context of two contemporary development policy instruments, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (prsps) and the Millennium Development Goals (mdgs). We show how words that once spoke of politics and power have come to be reconfigured in the service of today's one-size-fits-all development recipes, spun into an apoliticised form that everyone can agree with. As such, we contend, their use in development policy may offer little hope of the world free of poverty that they are used to evoke.


The work is particularly addressed to some beginners in performing operations on continuous fuzzy numbers. We discuss three different approaches to operations on fuzzy numbers to make comparisons of results in the aspect of their advantages and disadvantages. By demonstrating different possibilities of making calculations on fuzzy numbers we intend to help users in the proper selection of such operators that are adapted to their tasks in the most adequate way.


The importance of strike-slip faulting was recognized near the turn of the century, chiefly from investigations of surficial offsets associated with major earthquakes in New Zealand, Japan, and California. Extrapolation from observed horizontal displacements during single earthquakes to more abstract concepts of long-term, slow accumulation of hundreds of kilometers of horizontal translation over geologic time, however, came almost simultaneously from several parts of the world, but only after much regional geologic mapping and synthesis. Strike-slip faults are classified either as transform faults which cut the lithosphere as plate boundaries, or as transcurrent faults which are confined to the crust. Each class of faults may be subdivided further according to their plate or intraplate tectonic function. A mechanical understanding of strike-slip faults has grown out of laboratory model studies which give a theoretical basis to relate faulting to concepts of pure shear or simple shear. Conjugate sets of strike-slip faults form in pure shear, typically across the strike of a convergent orogenic belt. Fault lengths are generally less than 100 km, and displacements along them are measurable in a few to tens of kilometers. Major strike-slip faults form in regional belts of simple shear, typically parallel to orogenic belts; indeed, recognition of the role strike-slip faults play in ancient orogenic belts is becoming increasingly commonplace as regional mapping becomes more detailed and complete. The lengths and displacements of the great strike-slip faults range in the hundreds of kilometers. The position and orientation of associated folds, local domains of extension and shortening, and related fractures and faults depend on the bending or stepping geometry of the strike-slip fault or fault zone, and thus the degree of convergent or divergent strike-slip. Elongate basins, ranging from sag ponds to rhombochasms, form as result of extension in domains of divergent strike slip such as releasing bends; pull-apart basins evolve between overstepping strike-slip faults. The arrangement of strike-slip faults which bound basins is tulip-shaped in profiles normal to strike. Elongate uplifts, ranging from pressure ridges to long, low hills or small mountain ranges, form as a result of crustal shortening in zones of convergent strike slip; they are bounded by an arrangement of strike-slip faults having the profile of a palm tree. Paleoseismic investigations imply that earthquakes occur more frequently on strike-slip faults than on intraplate normal and reverse faults. Active strike-slip faults also differ from other types of faults in that they evince fault creep, which is largely a surficial phenomenon driven by elastic loading of the crust at seismogenic depths. Creep may be steady state or episodic, pre-seismic, co-seismic, or post-seismic, depending on the constitutive properties of the fault zone and the nature of the static strain field, among a number of other factors which are incompletely understood. Recent studies have identified relations between strike-slip faults and crustal delamination at or near the seismogenic zone, giving a mechanism for regional rotation and translation of crustal slabs and flakes, but how general and widespread are these phenomena, and how the mechanisms operate that drive these detachment tectonics are questions that require additional observations, data, and modeling. Several fundamental problems remain poorly understood, including the nature of formation of en echelon folds and their relation to strike-slip faulting; the effect of mechanical stratigraphy on strike-slip-fault structural styles; the thermal and stress states along transform plate boundaries; and the discrepancy between recent geological and historical fault-slip rates relative to more rapid rates of slip determined from analyses of sea-floor magnetic anomalies. Many of the concepts and problems concerning strike-slip faults are derived from nearly a century of study of the San Andreas fault and have added much information, but solutions to several remaining and new fundamental problems will come when more attention is focused on other, less well studied strike-slip faults.


(cyclopropylidene)cyclobutane was prepd. in multi-gram quantities by a new three-step sequence starting from Et cyclobutanecarboxylate. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddn. of N-(phenylmethylene)methanamine, N-(2-pyridinylmethylene)methanamine and 1,4-dioxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]non-6-ene 7-oxide onto (cyclopropylidene)cyclobutane resulted in the regioselective formation of the corresponding adducts [i.e., dispiro[(cyclobutane)isoxazolidine(cyclopropane)] derivs.], with the spirobutane moieties adjacent to the oxygen atom in the oxazolidine rings. Under flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions, these cycloadducts furthermore underwent thermal rearrangement with opening of the four-membered ring, to afford spiro[cyclopropane]azepinones. In one case, an indolizidinone was also isolated (13% yield). Mechanistically this rearrangement is interpreted in terms of a cyclobutylmethyl-to-penten-5-yl radical rearrangement.


ABSTRACT This work reports on piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride (AlN) based dual-beam RF MEMS switches that have been monolithically integrated with AlN contour-mode resonators. The dual-beam switch design presented in this paper intrinsically compensates for the residual stress in the deposited films, requires low actuation voltage (5-20 V), facilitates active pull-off to open the switch and fast switching times (1 to 2 µsec). This work also presents the combined response (cascaded S-parameters) of a resonator and a switch that were co-fabricated on the same substrate. The response shows that the resonator can be effectively turned on and off by the switch. A post-CMOS compatible process was used for fabrication of both the switches and the resonators. The single-chip RF solution presented herein constitutes an unprecedented step forward towards the realization of compact, low loss and integrated multi-frequency RF front-ends. INTRODUCTION


Ceria-based metal oxides are promising redox materials for solar H2O/CO2-splitting thermochemical cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) computations are applied to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the role of dopants in facilitating ceria based redox cycles; specifically, we explain why some dopants increase performance, while others do not. Firstly, we find that Zr and Hf dopants increase the oxygen exchange capacity of ceria because they store energy in tensilely strained Zr– or Hf–O bonds which is released upon O-vacancy formation. This finding corrects a long held assumption that Zr and Hf decrease the O-vacancy formation energy by compensating for ceria expansion upon reduction. Although the released strain energy decreases the O-vacancy formation energy, O-vacancy formation remains sufficiently endothermic to split H2O and CO2. Secondly, we show that two electrons must be promoted into the high energy Ce f-band during reduction if the O-vacancies are to store sufficient energy to drive the oxidative gas splitting step. This means that di- and trivalent dopants are not suitable for this process. Lastly, we show that dopants which break O bonds due to their small size or strongly covalent character, such as Ti and the pentavalent dopants, substantially decrease the O-vacancy formation energy because only three O bonds must break during reduction. These vacancies, therefore, are too low in energy to drive gas splitting. Based on these findings, we develop guidelines for new ceria doping strategies to facilitate solar thermochemical gas splitting cycles.


I examine the set of environments in which KA-type quantifier particles appear crosslinguistically. These
 environments include interrogatives, disjunctions, indefinites, all of which arguably involve elements with Hamblin-type
 'alternative' semantic values. I show that if KA-particles are assigned a uniform denotation as variables over choice functions we
 can account for their appearance in what otherwise appears to be a set of heterogeneous environments. Crosslinguistic and
 diachronic variation in the distribution of Q-particles – including, in some cases, the appearance of multiple
 morphologically-distinct Q-particles in different contexts – can be handled largely in terms of differing formal morphosyntactic
 features and/or pragmatic components of specific KA-particles. This study focuses on tracking the evolution of KA-type particles
 in the history of Sinhala, with comparison to other languages of the Indian subcontinent (including Malayalam and Tamil) as well
 as to Japanese, Tlingit, and English.


Biomedical imaging by means of nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy offers novel approaches towards individualized decisions on therapy routines as diagnosis is possible on the chemical composition of tissue and cells even during the pre-clinical phase of a disease. As Raman-based microspectroscopy allows for non-invasive, contact-free and label-free investigation of living tissue not disturbed by the presence of water, it contains high potential for biomedical diagnostics. Our experimental approach towards CARS-based in vitro tissue characterization is discussed. The focus lies on the joint use of linear Raman microspectroscopy and CARS microscopy. While linear Raman microspectroscopy is used to obtain the information on critical Raman marker bands at selected spatial positions within the sample, CARS microscopy is focussing on fast image generation using the previously defined Raman marker bands. Complementarily, secondharmonic generation imaging was applied to the samples. Furthermore, we present innovative concepts for CARS-image analysis.


(−)-Huperzine A (1) is a tricyclic alkaloid that is produced in low yield by the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata. There is intense contemporary interest in clinical application of (−)-huperzine A (1) for treating neurodegenerative diseases and protecting against the lethal effects of chemical warfare agents, such as sarin and VX. We report a robust, scalable, and efficient synthesis of (−)-huperzine A (1) from (R)-4-methyl-cyclohex-2-ene-1-one (5). Our route proceeds in 35–45% overall yield, delivers (−)-huperzine A (1) in only eight steps from cyclohexenone 5, requires only three chromatographic purifications, and can provide gram quantities of the target. This route represents a critical, enabling advance toward detailed evaluation of (−)-huperzine A (1) in clinical settings.


A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak or other emission and can interface with a control system, so a process can be automatically shut down. A gas detector can sound an alarm to operators in the area where the leak is occurring giving them the opportunity to leave. This type of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic life, such as humans or animals Gas detectors can be used to detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases, and oxygen depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can be found in locations, such as an oil rigs, to monitor manufacture processes and emerging technologies such as photovoltaic. They may be used in fire fighting


A total of 1520 ornamental fish of 13 species from 26 export farms in Sri Lanka were collected between October 1999 and March 2000 and examined for parasites. Fish species examined were guppy Poecilia reticulata, goldfish Carassius auratus, platy Xiphophorus maculatus, molly Poecilia sphenops, angel Pterophyllum scalare, swordtail Xiphophorus helleri, tetras Hyphessobrycon species, barbs Capeota and Puntius spp., gourami Colisa sp., carp Cyprinus carpio, fighters Betta spelendens and others (Brachydanio and Astronotus spp.). Nine species of monogenean trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus, Dactylogyrus cf. extensus, D. vastator, Dactylogyrus cf. vastator Dactylogyrus spp., Gyrodactylus turnbulli, G. katherineri, Gyrodactylus cf. katherineri, Gyrodactylus spp.), 7 protozoan species (Trichodina nigra, Trichodina spp., Tetrahymena corlissi, T. pyriformis, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Ichthyobodo necator, Piscinoodinium spp.), 3 species of copepod arthropods (Lernaea cyprinacea, Ergasilus ceylonensis, Argulus foliaceus), 1 metacercarial stage of a digenean trematode (Centrocestus spp.) and 1 nematode (Capillaria spp.) were identified. Parasites were found in fish from 23 of the 26 farms with an overall prevalence of parasitism in 45.3% of fish. The variation in farm prevalence among different parasites was significant (p < 0.01). Fish infection rates with monogenean trematodes, protozoans, copepod crustaceans, digenean trematodes and nematodes were 28.3, 18.4, 4.8, 0.8 and 0.4%, respectively. In all, 50 out of 590 (50/590) guppies were infected with Tetrahymena, compared with 13/930 for all other species, which is a statistically significant result (p < 0.01). Similarly, 13/44 and 18/44 carp were infected with Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea cyprinacea, compared with 7/1476 and 15/1476, respectively, for all other species combined (p < 0.01). Capillaria spp. was found only in guppies (4/590) and angel fish (3/92) while Centrocestus spp. was found in goldfish (12/153) only.


Fomalhaut is a nearby stellar system and has been found to be a triple based on astrometric observations. With new radial velocity and astrometric data, we study the association between Fomalhaut A, B, and C in a Bayesian framework finding that the system is gravitationally bound or at least associated. Based on simulations of the system, we find that Fomalhaut C can be easily destabilized through combined perturbations from the Galactic tide and stellar encounters. Considering that observing the disruption of a triple is probably rare in the solar neighbourhood, we conclude that Fomalhaut C is a so-called "gravitational pair" of Fomalhaut A and B. Like the Cooper pair mechanism in superconductors, this phenomena only appears once the orbital energy of a component becomes comparable with the energy fluctuations caused by the environment. Based on our simulations we find (1) an upper limit of 8 km/s velocity difference is appropriate when selecting binary candidates and (2) an empirical formula for the escape radius, which is more appropriate than tidal radius when measuring the stability of wide binaries.


In relation to organizational performance measurement, there is a growing concern about the creation of value for people, society and the environment. The traditional corporate reporting does not adequately satisfy the information needs of stakeholders for assessing an organization's past and future potential performance. Practitioners and scholars have developed new non-financial reporting frameworks from a social and environmental perspective, giving birth to the field of Integrated Reporting (IR). The Economy for the Common Good (ECG) model and its tools to facilitate sustainability management and reporting can provide a framework to do it. The present study depicts the theoretical foundations from the business administration field research on which the ECG model relies. Moreover, this paper is the first one that empirically validates such measurement scales by applying of Exploratory Factor Analysis on a sample of 206 European firms. Results show that two out of five dimensions are appropriately defined, along with some guidelines to refine the model. Consequently, it allows knowledge to advance as it assesses the measurement scales' statistical validity and reliability. However, as this is the first quantitative-driven research on the ECG model, the authors' future research will confirm the present results by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).


Flow-based generative models are composed of invertible transformations between two random variables of the same dimension. Therefore, flow-based models cannot be adequately trained if the dimension of the data distribution does not match that of the underlying target distribution. In this paper, we propose SoftFlow, a probabilistic framework for training normalizing flows on manifolds. To sidestep the dimension mismatch problem, SoftFlow estimates a conditional distribution of the perturbed input data instead of learning the data distribution directly. We experimentally show that SoftFlow can capture the innate structure of the manifold data and generate high-quality samples unlike the conventional flow-based models. Furthermore, we apply the proposed framework to 3D point clouds to alleviate the difficulty of forming thin structures for flow-based models. The proposed model for 3D point clouds, namely SoftPointFlow, can estimate the distribution of various shapes more accurately and achieves state-of-the-art performance in point cloud generation.


Recent advancements in wearable inertial sensor technology have enabled extensive research into activity classification. However, the distinction between the sitting and standing activities using trunk-worn wearable monitoring systems remains challenging, calling for additional sources of information such as altitude change. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the suitability of barometric pressure, an absolute estimate of sensor altitude, for distinguishing between sitting and standing (STS), as part of a wearable system. This barometric pressure sensor, the MS5611-BA01 from Measurement Specialties (CH), was integrated in a comfortable, miniaturized wearable inertial sensor device suitable for improved long-term activity recognition. The time evolution of the different modalities is displayed in Figure 1. A pilot study was conducted with 7 healthy volunteers (6 Males and 1 Female / Age: 27.8±2.1 years / BMI: 23.9±4.5 / Height: 1.80±0.075 m). Subjects were recorded performing a set of activities of daily-life including static postures (e.g., sitting or standing), postural transitions (e.g sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit) and dynamic activities (walking, climbing up/down stairs) in both indoor and outdoor real-world conditions. It enabled discriminating actual STS transitions from stationary postures with accuracies of 99.5% and 98% using averaging windows of Δt_average =4.16s and Δt_average =0.32s respectively. It is also capable of completely discriminating between Sit-to-Stand and Stand-to-Sit transitions.


This paper is an account of the results of our participation in a national survey of Dutch dialects held in 1994. We have selected from this survey data in order to increase the empirical basis for the description of the process of dutchification of the Frisian language that is going on. We have looked in particular at data that might increase our insight into the degree of borrowing of grammatical words (reflexives and possessives), the borrowing of morphological elements (diminutives), and syntactic borrowing (word order). We believe that our data support the conclusion that borrowing of grammatical words from Dutch is clearly present. Furthermore the data show that the grammar of Frisian is in a process of restructuring under the influence of Dutch, but not yet by simply copying parts of the grammatical system of Dutch.


This article systematically scrutinizes the intergovernmental and administrative aspects of Franco- German relations with the 1963 Elysee Treaty at their core. This treaty, together with its various additions and extensions, has defined the basic processes of bilateral interaction between the French and German states. Recurrent tension in Franco-German relations notwithstanding, many observers and participants have viewed France and Germany to be connected particularly closely since the 1960s. This article explores key elements of what it is that links France and Germany. Thereby it clarifies the concept of regularized intergovernmentalism, suggests viewing this specific set of international practices from a social-structural perspective, and evaluates the effects and limits of such regularized procedures. Its findings suggest that bilateral structures have complemented and undergirded a broadly multilateral post-World War II world and are likely to continue to do so.


An approach to mass and liquid sensitivity for both the phase velocity and insertion loss of shear mode acoustic wave sensors based on the dispersion equations for layered systems is outlined; the approach is sufficiently general to allow for viscoelastic guiding layers. An equation for the phase velocity and insertion loss sensitivities is given which depends on the slope of the complex phase velocity dispersion curves. This equation contains the equivalent of the Sauerbrey and Kanazawa equations for loading of a quartz crystal microbalance by rigid mass and Newtonian liquids, respectively, and also describes surface loading by viscoelastic layers. The theoretical approach can be applied to a four-layer system, with any of the four layers being viscoelastic, so that mass deposition from a liquid can also be modelled. The theoretical dispersion equation based approach to layer-guided shear horizontal acoustic wave modes on finite substrates presented in this work, provides a unified view of Love wave and shear horizontal acoustic plate mode (SH-APM) devices, which have been generally regarded as distinct in sensor research. It is argued that SH-APMs with guiding layers possessing shear acoustic speeds lower than that of the substrate and Love waves are two branches of solution of the same dispersion equation. The layer guided SH-APMs have a phase velocity higher than that of the substrate and the Love waves a phase velocity lower than that of the substrate. Higher order Love wave modes are continuations of the layer guided SH-APMs. The generalized concept of SH-APMs and Love waves provides a basis for understanding the change in sensitivity with higher frequency operation and the relationship between multiple modes in Love wave sensors. It also explains why a relatively thick layer of a high loss polymer can be used as a waveguide layer and so extends the range of materials that can be considered experimentally. Moreover, it is predicted that a new type of sensor, a layer-guided SH-APM sensor, can be constructed in a manner analogous to a Love wave device. The sensitivity of such a device is predicted to approach that of a Love wave sensor whilst retaining the advantage of the SH-APM of using the face opposite the one possessing the transducers as the sensing surface.


Popular Maximum Entropy Inverse Reinforcement Learning approaches require the computation of expected state visitation frequencies for the optimal policy under an estimate of the reward function. This usually requires intermediate value estimation in the inner loop of the algorithm, slowing down convergence considerably. In this work, we introduce a novel class of algorithms that only needs to solve the MDP underlying the demonstrated behavior once to recover the expert policy. This is possible through a formulation that exploits a probabilistic behavior assumption for the demonstrations within the structure of Q-learning. We propose Inverse Action-value Iteration which is able to fully recover an underlying reward of an external agent in closed-form analytically. We further provide an accompanying class of sampling-based variants which do not depend on a model of the environment. We show how to extend this class of algorithms to continuous state-spaces via function approximation and how to estimate a corresponding action-value function, leading to a policy as close as possible to the policy of the external agent, while optionally satisfying a list of predefined hard constraints. We evaluate the resulting algorithms called Inverse Action-value Iteration, Inverse Q-learning and Deep Inverse Q-learning on the Objectworld benchmark, showing a speedup of up to several orders of magnitude compared to (Deep) Max-Entropy algorithms. We further apply Deep Constrained Inverse Q-learning on the task of learning autonomous lane-changes in the open-source simulator SUMO achieving competent driving after training on data corresponding to 30 minutes of demonstrations.


During May 2003 the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program conducted an Intensive Operations Period (IOP) to measure the radiative effects of aerosol and clouds. A suite of both in situ and remote sensing measurements were available to measure aerosol and cloud parameters. This paper has three main goals: First, it focuses on comparison between in situ retrievals of the radiatively important drop effective radius r e and various satellite, airborne, and surface remote sensing retrievals of the same parameter. On 17 May 2003, there was a fortuitous, near-simultaneous sampling of a stratus cloud by five different methods. The retrievals of r e agree with one another to within ∼20%, which is approximately the error estimate for most methods. Second, a methodology for deriving a best estimate of r e from these different instruments, with their different physical properties and sampling volumes, is proposed and applied to the 17 May event. Third, the paper examines the response of r e to changes in aerosol on 3 days during the experiment and examines the consistency of remote sensing and in situ measurements of the effect of aerosol on r e . It is shown that in spite of the generally good agreement in derived r e , the magnitude of the response of r e to changes in aerosol is quite sensitive to the method of retrieving r e and to the aerosol proxy for cloud condensation nuclei. Nonphysical responses are sometimes noted, and it is suggested that further work needs to be done to refine these techniques.


Robert Stern has an international reputation as an architect, writer and teacher. Born in New York, he has taught and designed throughout America and Europe and is widely acknowledged as one of the originators and key theorists of the post-modern movement in architecture. He is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects from which he was awarded the New York Chapter's Medal of Honour in 1984. Robert Stern's work as an architect is indivisible from his abiding concern with history and historical style. He regards post-modernism not as a random recycling of past styles, but as a necessary liberation from what he calls the "perennial present" of the modern movement. In the four essays reproduced in the monograph he urges contemporary architects to widen their vocabulary, to learn from the past in order to "reunite current production with the traditions that a previous generation tried so hard to subvert". The 33 projects featured here reveal the range of influences which have informed Robert Stern's projects and buildings: from the Lutyens and Kahn inspired Lang and Westchester houses of the early 70s to later "Shingle Style" solutions such as the Lawson and Marblehead residences. Also featured are a number of larger scale buildings such as the Mexx international headquarters in the Netherlands and the Disney Casting Centre in Florida which have consolidated Stern's reputation over the last five years. "Architectural Monographs" have enjoyed a positive critical response since first launched over ten years ago, and have now been revised, with an enlarged format. Often representing the first publication on the work of a particular architect or firm, "Architectural Monographs" focus on individuals of international stature, who have been influential in education and in practice. Including both built and unbuilt projects, each Monograph becomes an invaluable record of the architect presented, and an important source book for further study. Robert Stern's work as an architect is indivisible from his abiding concern with history and historical style, and he is seen as one the originators and key theorists of post-modernism. The 33 projects featured here reveal the range of influences which have informed Stern's buildings.


ABSTRACT With the Mangala oil discovery in 2004, Cairn established the Barmer Basin of Rajasthan as a major new hydrocarbon province. Most reserves are contained in fluvial sandstone reservoirs of the Fatehgarh Formation, which probably ranges in age from Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene. The Fatehgarh sandstones were mainly derived from reworking of Mesozoic sandstones at the northern end of the Barmer rift, but with some volcaniclastic input probably derived from Deccan volcanic rocks within and on the margins of the rift. These thick, quartz-rich, high porosity and permeability sandstones provide an excellent oil reservoir in the north of the Barmer Basin, but the increasing volcanic influence further south causes reservoir quality and thickness of net sand to deteriorate. This paper relates how the tectonic and volcanic evolution of the northwest margin of the Indian plate has influenced the depositional trends which have resulted in formation of this world class reservoir.


Background Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by a disproportionate Th1 granulomatous immune response in the organs involved. Plasmatic hypergammaglobulinemia and B cell accumulation in granulomatous lesions suggest the possible role of humoral immune responses in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. The purpose of this study is to describe B cell peripheral compartment in sarcoidosis. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed blood B cell subsets and BAFF levels in 33 patients with chronic sarcoidosis (active sarcoidosis n = 18; inactive sarcoidosis n = 15) and 18 healthy donors. Active chronic sarcoidosis patients had significantly less circulating memory B cells (p<0.01), more transitional (p<0.01) and increased numbers of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (p<0.05) compared with healthy donors and patients with inactive sarcoidosis. BAFF serum levels were significantly higher in patients with active sarcoidosis (p<0.01 versus healthy donors and inactive sarcoidosis patients) and strongly correlated with serum hypergammaglobulinemia (r = 0.53, p<0.01) and angiotensin converting enzyme levels (r = 0.61, p = <0.01). Conclusions/Significance These data show that there is an altered B cell homeostasis in active sarcoidosis and suggest BAFF antagonist drugs as potential new treatments of this disease.


The international literature on non-standard employment has mostly focussed on its impact on employment, and more recently on working and living conditions. This volume explores these issues with special reference to Italy. Italy is characterized by very low participation rates (particularly women's), a high degree of fragmentation of labour contracts and a very intense non-standard work diffusion that make this context a particularly interesting case for analysis. New elements of discussion are provided with reference to the interaction of non-standard work, employment probability and living conditions. Interesting insights on the impact of non-standard work on the transition to stable employment and workers' careers emerge, suggesting a possible failure of companies' internal systems of work evaluation. The effects on labour productivity and on companies' performance are analysed. Within this framework, a new perspective on quality of work is suggested.


Chitosan-Triphosphate Nanoparticles
There is a widespread interest in the use of nano-carriers for drug delivery and chitosan is one of the most sought-after components for designing biocompatible nanoparticles.
Here, using a rational experimental design, I have studied the influence of a number of variables (pH, concentrations, ratios of components, different methods of mixing) in the preparation of chitosan/triphosphate (CS/TPP) nanoparticles and in their coating with hyaluronic acid (HA). The aim was to minimise size polydispersity, maximise zeta potential and long-term stability, and control the average nanoparticle size. As a result, three kinds of optimised nanoparticles have been developed, two uncoated and one HA-coated. Their toxicity on fibroblasts and uptake by macrophages have been evaluated. Experiments showed the beneficial character of HA-coating in the reduction of toxicity (IC50 raised from 0.7-0.8 mg/mL to 1.8 mg/mL) and suggested that the uncoated chitosan/TPP nanoparticles had toxic effects following internalisation rather than membrane disruption. Uptake tests were performed after the conjugation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (fluorescent label) with chitosan. The nano-carrier can be produced in future for the delivery of short sequences of RNA (e.g. siRNA), be trackable and rather have the ability to specifically bind to target cells.

Chitosan-Triphosphate microparticles
Monodisperse microparticles were produced using the Inotech® encapsulator exploiting the gelation between chitosan and TPP. The target of 300 µm size was obtained through optimising several parameters (nozzle oscillation, nozzle diameter, pH, concentrations, flow rate, electrostatic charge). TPP was chosen for its non-toxicity and fast gelling ability. The method was mild and did not require organic solvents or toxic cross-linking reagents. These particles will be used in future experiments to embed hydrophobic actives, proteins or living cells.


Abstract The article investigates the practices of giving names to streets. It looks at the city as an expanded laboratory and tackles urban issues following the per- formative action of names. Particularly, the study follows the action-nets resulting from toponymic processes. It adopts an organisational approach to urban phe- nomena with the aim of accounting for the device through which a part of the city is shaped. In this sense, the practices of naming spaces represent a sort of switch between organisational and urban dimension. Mainly, they involve the material na- ture of spatial organisation and the situated character of administrative work: what makes an urban space as such? How is it made up and organised? How do its dif- ferent modes of existence take place, differ from, and relate to, one another? The- se issues will be explored by taking into account how names actually emerge and produce relations that connect heterogeneous materials, connoting and classifying them as urban spaces. How to account for practices of giving names to streets? How do names act? What are they made of? What are the implications of giving names to streets? The street name acts as a sort of interface between everyday and institutional life, between collective memory and lived experience, between administrative and technoscientific practices. It is thanks to these mediation skills that a street name is shaped and receives its performative power, and it is towards those aspects that the investigation is oriented. Keywords classifications; urban space; maps; toponymy; organizational practices.


Measured U.S. productivity growth has slowed significantly since 1973; moreover, measured U.S. productivity continues to grow at a slower rate than that of our major trading partners. A number of potential explanations of the slowdown are currently being debated in the economics literature. These explanations are discussed in the article.


UV irradiation damages DNA and can promote oncogenesis. Kato et al. now show that UV light can further affect already oncogenic, contitutively active tyrosine kinases at the cell surface by superactivating them. The c-Ret proto-oncogene is a receptor-type tyrosine kinase, and constitutively activated forms have been associated with certain cancers. The study shows that when cells expressing c-Ret or the activated receptor forms are exposed to UV light, there is an increase in receptor dimerization and activation, and an increase in overall cell phosphorylation. A cysteine residue in one of the intracellular kinase domains was critical for disulfide bond formation and dimerization. Expression of a superoxide dismutase, which scavenges free radicals, counteracted the UV effect. Thus, UV light can activate and superactivate Ret by changing cellular redox levels to oxidative, thereby promoting disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of Ret. Kato, M., Iwashita, T., Takeda, K., Akhand, A.A., Liu, W., Yoshihara, M., Asai, N., Suzuki, H., Takahashi, M., and Nakashima, I. (2000) Ultraviolet light induces redox teaction-mediated dimerization and superactivation of oncogenic Ret tyrosine kinases. Mol. Biol. Cell 11: 93-101. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Using an energy systems language that combines energetics, kinetics, information, cybernetics, and simulation, "Ecological and General Systems" compares models of many fields of science, helping to derive general systems principles. First published as Systems Ecology in 1983, "Ecological and General Systems" proposes principles of self-organisation and the designs that prevail by maximising power and efficiency. Comparisons to fifty other systems languages are provided. Innovative presentations are given on earth homeostasis (Gaia); the inadequacy of presenting equations without network relationships and energy constraints; the alternative interpretation of high entropy complexity as adaptive structure; basic equations of ecological economics; and the energy basis of scientific hierarchy. Part I introduces energetics, hierarchy, and systems modelling. Part II features design elements: intersections, autocatalytic modules, loops, series, parallel elements, and webs. Part III includes embodied energy, spectra of energy quality, temperature, complexity, spatial distribution, and diversity. Part IV discusses production, consumption, ecosystems, succession, economic systems, anthropological models, urban and regional models, global biogeochemistry, and the universe.


Meetings play an important role in everyday life. Meeting minutes can serve as a summary of a meeting but they can't provide a trustworthy representation of the meeting. A solution to this problem is to provide audio and video recordings of the meeting. It gives a more realistic representation of meetings but if we need some particular information like "What was discussed?" than it is necessary to replay these recordings several times from the beginning. Therefore, it is very important to develop a system which will enable easy and efficient access to the meetings that have been archived. It is also important to enable the searching in a meeting archive by some criteria like topics, dates, participants, some specific actions during the meeting and also to retrieve a summary according to the user's specification. These are objectives of the M4 (Multimodal Meeting Manager) project. Meetings take place in smart rooms. Smart rooms are environments equipped with multimodal sensors and computers. Smart rooms can automatically identify attendants, transcribe and identify what they say etc. The M4 project is built on the ideas of smart rooms. It is concerned with the construction of a demonstration system to enable structuring, browsing and querying of an archive of automatically analysed meetings, using the outputs of a set of multimodal sensors. There are some ongoing projects with similar issues. The ICSI project is also concerned with the development of a system for recording and browsing meetings; based only on audio data [23]. The closest project to M4 is the Meeting Room project at Carnegie Mellon University [24]. It is concerned with the recording and browsing of meetings using audio and video data. The M4 project proposes several innovations: multimodal localization and tracking of meeting focus, automatic multimodal emotion and intent recognition, gesture and action recognition, textual and multimodal summarization and a framework for integration of multimodal data. A meeting is a dynamic process which consists of group interactions between meeting participants. The group interactions in meetings are called meeting actions. In human-human interaction several communication systems are in use. Humans communicate not only by words but also by face expression, gaze, body and hand gestures etc. These verbal and non-verbal signals are highly connected and they together transmit complete information. In this report we will describe our semantic approach in modelling a meeting as a sequence of meeting actions. The semantic approach is based on representing the meaning of multimodal behaviour of a meeting participant using information obtained from different sources, as well as on recognition of meeting actions using semantic features (dialog acts, topics, participants activities, states and roles etc.) extracted from participants multimodal behaviour.


Different from usually-used bulk magnetostrictive materials, magnetostrictive TbDyFe thin films were firstly proposed as sensing materials for fiber-optic magnetic field sensing characterization. By magnetron sputtering process, TbDyFe thin films were deposited on etched side circle of a fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as sensing element. There exists more than 45pm change of FBG wavelength when magnet field increase up to 50 mT. The response to magnetic field is reversible, and could be applicable for magnetic and current sensing.


INTRODUCTION:
Obesity is a complex disease of multifactorial aetiology, positively associated with metabolic disorders including
hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and others. Fatty acids are involved in cell signalling, homeostasis and membrane
composition; however, chronic high saturated fat intake enlarges fat mass and disturbs tissue fatty acid composition.
Supplementation with plant-derived polyphenols may provide therapeutic application for the amelioration of metabolic
disorders. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory and anti-oedematogenic properties have been attributed to Ginkgo
biloba extract (GbE). It has been described that GbE supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of dietinduced
obese rats. However, current understanding of the biochemical pathways modulated by GbE remains limited.
METHODS:
The Committee on Animal Research Ethics, Federal University of Sao Paulo (Application 271359) authorised this study.
Male rats were fed from 2 to 4-months-old with a high fat diet (HFD) enriched with 28% lard and thereafter supplemented
for 14 days with 500 mg/kg of GbE (HFD+GbE) or saline (HFD). Rats were euthanized and epididymal, retroperitoneal and
mesenteric adipose tissues were removed. Total lipids were extracted using Chloroform/Methanol, methylated and
analysed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID).
RESULTS:
GbE supplementation decreased both food and energy intake comparing to HFD (8.8%, p=0.01). However, no differences
were observed in body weight gain and adipose tissue mass. No significant alterations on tissue fatty acid composition
were observed.
CONCLUSION:
Supplementation with plant-derived polyphenols may provide therapeutic application for obesity, important for patients with
weak adherence to lower calorie diets and positive lifestyle interventions. The current study suggests that GbE
supplementation for two weeks reduces food and energy intake via signalling pathways not associated with adipose tissue
fatty acid composition. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the effects of GbE supplementation for longer periods
of time and its impact on the central nervous system.


Although it has been suggested that retinoids regulate Ito cell proliferation and collagen synthesis, little is known about the ability of Ito cells to respond to retinoids in vivo. Because retinoids may mediate their molecular effects through nuclear receptors, Ito cells were examined for the presence of one of these receptors, nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β. The modulation of nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β expression was also studied during cell culture and hepatic fibrogenesis. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that Ito cells freshly isolated from normal rat liver contained nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β messenger RNA at levels significantly higher than those found in other hepatic cell types. Ito cells also contained messenger RNA for two other nuclear retinoic acid receptors, nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐α and nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐γ. Using an antibody to human nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β, the nuclear presence of this receptor was demonstrated in normal Ito cells. In contrast, Ito cells cultured for at least 7 days had no detectable messenger RNA or nuclear staining for nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β despite a 20 ± 5‐fold increase in the messenger RNA level of another retinoid binding protein, cellular retinol binding protein. Analysis of Ito cells isolated from rats with carbon tetrachloride—induced hepatic fibrosis revealed an 81% ± 3% decrease in nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β messenger RNA levels in these cells when compared with normal Ito cells. No difference in the messenger RNA levels of cellular retinol binding protein was found in Ito cells isolated from either normal or fibrotic liver. The effect of retinoid treatment on Ito cell nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β messenger RNA level was also studied because retinoic acid treatment of other cells has been shown to induce nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β gene expression. Treatment for 48 hr with either 10−6 mol/L retinoic acid or 10−5 mol/L retinyl acetate induced the expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β messenger RNA in primary cultured Ito cells. These data demonstrate that Ito cells possess a nuclear retinoic acid receptor allowing them to respond to retinoic acid in vivo. Increased Ito cell proliferation and collagen synthesis during cell culture or hepatic fibrosis may result in part from decreased Ito cell retinoid responsiveness as reflected by the loss or decrease in nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β gene expression observed under these two conditions. Furthermore, the ability of retinoids to induce Ito cell nuclear retinoic acid receptor‐β messenger RNA expression suggests that Ito cell retinoid unresponsiveness during cell culture and hepatic fibrogenesis is reversible. (HEPATOLOGY) 1992;15:336–342.


In time series analysis using dynamic linear models, retrospective analysis involves the calculation of filtered, or smoothed, distributions for state parameters in the past. We develop and illustrate novel results that are useful in retrospective assessment of the influence of individual observations on such distributions. In particular, new and computationally simple filtering equations are derived for past state parameters based on leaving out one observation at a time, providing dynamic model based versions of methods currently used in standard, static regression diagnostics.


Purpose: The objective of the article is to identify and evaluate transformational changes related to the degree of usefulness of effective financial indicators formed on the accounting basis. These indicators are extremely important for choosing the most effective investment and economic policy of the stakeholders. Structure/Methodology/Approach: To improve the quality and the value of accounting information, as well as to manage the profits and the value of business entities, the following has been revealed: first, the impact of static and dynamic concept of accounting; second, capabilities and limitations of integration of various accounting models and procedures; third, recommendations allowing adoption of accounting tools to the procedures of increasing standardization in financial statements. Findings: In order to reveal the impact of modern accounting procedures on the system of financial and economic performance indicators, a system of accounting procedures and indicators has been proposed. Practical Implications: The results of this study can be implemented into management practice to improve efficiency of property management for business units. Originality/Value: The core value of the study is to shift emphasis onto the aggregation of accounting and analytical tools for evaluation of property and inclusion of information reliability parameters into the system of financial and economic forecasting of business development.


This article investigates discourse about 'race' on the Japanese internet, particularly regarding resident Koreans and their relationship to the Japanese. One board relating to arguments about Korea on the notorious 2-channeru (Channel 2) bulletin board system, Japan's most visited internet site, is investigated, since it is one of the main public forums in which racial vilification takes place, perpetrated by both Japanese and Korean posters. Nakamura's contention that the internet is 'a place where race is created as an effect of the net's distinctive uses of language' is taken as a starting point to investigate the differences between Japanese and Anglophone notions of racial inclusion and exclusion, and to draw attention to the particularities of racial discourse that take place in this virtual Japanese space.


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For more than fifty years following the 1949 revision of the Geneva Conventions, the articles that defined when the protections of these treaties came into force - Common Articles 2 and 3 - were understood as the exclusive standard for determining application of the laws of war. From these two articles emerged an "either/or" law-applicability paradigm: inter-state, or international, armed conflicts triggered the full corpus of the laws of war; intra-state, or internal, armed conflicts triggered the limited humanitarian protection reflected in the terms of Common Article 3. The military response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 threw this paradigm into disarray. These events exposed the gap in legal regulation of armed conflict. Although the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld rejected the Bush administration's reliance on this "either/or" law-triggering paradigm as a basis to deny the applicability of the humane treatment mandate to captured al Qaeda personnel, that decision did not address regulation of hostilities. It was, instead, the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah that exposed the unacceptable consequences of this gap in legal regulation. While numerous voices from the international community invoked law of war as a basis to condemn both parties, there was virtually no consideration of the reality that, like the global war on terror, the conflict defied traditional categorization under the Common Article 2/3 paradigm. This Article asserts that the changing nature of warfare necessitates recognition of a hybrid category of "transnational armed conflict." This category is based on the de facto existence of armed conflict, regardless of geographic scope. The such armed conflicts trigger for application of the foundational principles of the laws of war, and how such application is derived from the history of regulating warfare, the purposes of the Geneva Conventions, and the pragmatic logic that animated the adoption of national military policies mandating application of these principles to all military operations.


Abstract: Sustained hyperglycemia impairs insulin‐stimulated glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis in human and rat skeletal muscles, a phenomenon referred to clinically as glucose toxicity. In rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle preparations preincubated for 2‐4 h in a hyperglycemic medium (25 mM vs. 0 mM glucose), we have shown that the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose incorporation into glycogen is impaired. Interestingly, this was associated with a decreased activation of Akt/PKB, but not its upstream regulator, PI3‐kinase. A similar pattern of signaling abnormalities has been observed in adipocytes, L6 muscle cells, C2C12 cells, and (as reported here) EDL incubated with C2‐ceramide. On the other hand, no increase was observed in ceramide mass in EDL incubated with 25 mM glucose. Hyperglycemia‐induced insulin resistance also has been described in adipocytes, where it has been linked to activation of novel and conventional protein kinase C isoforms that phosphorylate the insulin receptor and IRS. In addition, we have recently shown that hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Here, it was associated with an increased propensity to apoptosis and, as in muscle, with an impaired ability of insulin to activate Akt. Interestingly, these effects of hyperglycemia and an increase in diacylglycerol synthesis, which is also caused, were prevented by adding AICAR, an activator of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), to the incubation medium. These results suggest that hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance in cells other than those in classic insulin target tissues. Whether AMPK activation can reverse or prevent insulin resistance in all of these cells remains to be determined.


The advent of location-based technologies deployed in protected areas provides both visitors and managers of such areas with new opportunities. In this paper we investigate the potential for mining individual tracks of visitors' geospatial lifelines to both extract information describing aggregated patterns of group behaviour and characterise individual actions. Methods to spatio-temporally cluster individual behaviour and identify potential locations for specific actions (e.g. do visitors stop here to look at wildlife), whilst handling uncertainty in location, are described and applied to test the hypotheses that firstly, visitor behaviour is altered by the provision of information, and secondly whether the mode of information provision (e.g. in the form of a paper map or though an location-based service) influences visitor behaviour. The results of experiments with 140 visitors to a nature trail on the island of Texel in the Netherlands show statistically significant differences in time spent at locations where information was "pushed" to the visitors.


A growth factor protects against arthritis in mice by blocking tumor necrosis factor–dependent signaling. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease that principally affects synovial joints, including knee, finger, hip, and wrist. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor–α (TNFα) contributes to disease pathogenesis, and targeted therapies against TNFα are currently in use. Because the therapeutic efficacy and side effects of anti-TNFα treatments differ among patients, there is interest in discovering new therapies. Tang et al. (see the Perspective by Wu and Siegel) now report that the growth factor progranulin may represent a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Progranulin binds directly to TNF receptors 1 and 2 and competes with TNFα for receptor binding. Progranulin deficiency protected against the development of inflammatory arthritis in multiple mouse models of the disease. Furthermore, an engineered protein composed of peptide fragments of progranulin retained TNF receptor binding, prevented the development of inflammatory arthritis in mouse models, and decreased the mouse disease symptoms when used therapeutically. W. Tang, Y. Lu, Q.-Y. Tian, Y. Zhang, F.-J. Guo, G.-Y. Liu, N. M. Syed, Y. Lai, E. A. Lin, L. Kong, J. Su, F. Yin, A.-H. Ding, A. Zanin-Zhorov, M. L. Dustin, J. Tao, J. Craft, Z. Yin, J. Q. Feng, S. B. Abramson, X.-P. Yu, C.-j. Liu, The growth factor progranulin binds to TNF receptors and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis in mice. Science 332, 478–484 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text] H. Wu, R. M. Siegel, Progranulin resolves inflammation. Science 332, 427–428 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This article is based on a fieldwork conducted in the second half of October 2007. The sampling has been designed to represent whole of Turkey. Modern Turkey has reached its 85th anniversary and still deals with problems related to the discussion on ethnic and religious identities in Turkish society. By conducting this survey, we have portrayed general peculiarities of Turkish voters in terms of political, socio-economic, ethnic, and religious identities. We have obtained three main socio-political upper identities and called them Modernist-Kemalist, Conservative-Nationalist and Leftist-Social Democrat. The most common identities in Turkish society are lined up as Modernist-Kemalist, Conservative-Nationalist and Leftist-Social Democrat. It is interesting that the AKP has a high level of acceptance among all groups. This means that this party has moved to the center (center-right) and that the largest part of the Turkish population does not considered it a serious threat to the regime. The main divide within Turkish society, and the source of its conflict, is not so much among the majority of people, but rather between them and a traditional secular elite that continues to use its influence to deny those who do not share its particular vision of westernization access to the public sphere.


For all fans of the "Indiana Jones" movies and the Dan Brown conspiracy thrillers comes C. M. Palov's brand new page-turning adventure. "The Templar's Secret" which will take you on a breathless ride all over the globe and to a dark secret at the very heart of Christianity. A long lost gospel - the Evangelium Gaspar - holds the truth about Jesus of Nazareth and whoever possesses it will wield unlimited power ...The death of the pope triggers a plot to seize the papacy. A shadowy conspirator and members of Santa Muerte, a satanic brotherhood, seek a lost gospel which holds a devastating truth about the Christain faith, which they will use it to blackmail the Vatican. But first they have to secure it ...Caedmon Aisquith, Templar expert and former MI5 operative, receives an ominous ransom demand: find the Evangelium Gaspar or your kidnapped daughter will be killed. Racing against time, he must solve a series of clues involving esoteric symbols and artfully encoded riddles. All the while staying one step ahead of the bloodthirsty Santa Muerte. From India to Spain, and finally to a Merovingian church in the heart of Paris, Caedmon hunts the most explosive secret of all - a two-thousand-year-old cover-up that will forever change the course of history. With her previous novels, "Stones of Fire", "The Templar's Code" and "The Templar's Quest", Chloe Palov has fast established a huge readership of fans of the classic conspiracy thriller - "The Templar's Secret" is her most ambitious thriller yet. 'Heart-stopping suspense, ancient mysteries and rollercoaster action ...a book that will have you cheering as you read' James Rollins 'The story crackles with tension and imagination from the first to the last page ...intrigue, treachery, history and a wealth of secrets. Super' Steve Berry C. M. Palov graduated from George Mason University with a degree in art history. The author's resume includes working as a museum guide, teaching English in Seoul, Korea and managing a bookshop. Twin interests in art and arcana inspired the author to write esoteric thrillers. C. M. Palov lives in West Virginia.


Much attention has been given to the shortage of STEM professionals entering the workforce in the United States. Reasons for the disinterest in pursuing STEM degrees are many. Some argue students are disinterested with STEM content during early adolescence as a result of negative peer labeling, such as "brain" or "nerd," towards individuals who demonstrate aptitude in STEM content. The purpose of my study was to investigate whether peer labeling in middle school is directed towards students who show an aptitude for STEM content, and further, to determine whether peer labeling impacts motivation and engagement in STEM content. There are two research questions in my study: 1) Do students label or stereotype peers who show an aptitude for STEM learning? 2) What are the levels of enjoyment and interest in STEM content areas? Fifty-three middle school students volunteered to participate in my study. I administered a 12question survey to each participant to determine the presence of name-calling and teasing; attitudes towards STEM content; and whether or not peer pressure is used to direct negative attitudes towards students who show aptitude in STEM content. Results show that name-calling and teasing in middle school for aptitude in a particular subject area is most likely to be directed towards students who show aptitude in mathematics, but it is unclear whether name-calling reduces interest in studying mathematics. Additionally, students find both science and mathematics to be valuable, but they are least interested in learning math. More research is needed to understand why students are maintaining interest in science, yet losing interest in mathematics.


The scale-bound view of landsurfaces, being an assemblage of certain landforms, occurring within limited scale ranges, has been challenged by the scale-free characteristics of fractal geometry. This thesis assesses the fractal model by examining the irregularity of landsurface form, for the self-affine behaviour present in fractional Brownian surfaces. Different methods for detecting self-affine behaviour in surfaces are considered and of these the variogram technique is shown to be the most effective. It produces the best results of two methods tested on simulated surfaces, with known fractal properties. The algorithm used has been adapted to consider log (altitude variance) over a sample of log (distances) for: complete surfaces; subareas within surfaces; separate directions within surfaces. Twenty seven digital elevation models of landsurfaces arc re-examined for self- affine behaviour. The variogram results for complete surfaces show that none of these are self-affine over the scale range considered. This is because of dominant slope lengths and regular valley, spacing within areas. For similar reasons subarea analysis produces the non-fractal behaviour of markedly different variograms for separate subareas. The linearity of landforms in many areas, is detected by the variograms for separate directions. This indicates that the roughness of landsurfaces is anisotropic, unlike that of fractal surfaces. Because of difficulties in extracting particular landforms from their landsurfaces, no clear links between fractal behaviour, and landform size distribution could be established. A comparative study shows the geomorphometric parameters of fractal surfaces to vary with fractal dimension, while the geomorphometry of landsurfaces varies with the landforms present. Fractal dimensions estimated from landsurfaces do not correlate with geomorphometric parameters. From the results of this study, real landsurfaces would not appear to be scale- free. Therefore, a scale-bound approach towards landsurfaces would seem to be more appropriate to geomorphology than the fractal alternative.


Background
End of life care has been a topic which has been debated, discussed and strategized over the last ten years as part of the government initiative to improve care for those patients with long term conditions requiring palliative and end of life care. (DH 2008, DH 2010). Studies show that despite these government and local recommendations' heart failure patients are still not being given the opportunity to access individualised end of life care and the services they require to support themselves and their families at the end of life.

Aim
The aim of this study was to explore the decision-making process between healthcare professionals and patients in an acute medical setting when it came to making end of life decisions.

Method
A constructivist grounded theory was conducted over a 12-month period in a District General Hospital in the North West of England. A purposeful sample of 15 nurses, 11 doctors and 16 patients were recruited from the acute medical setting. Data was collected using semi structured interviews and focus groups. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and data was analysed using the constant comparison and QSR NVivo.

Findings
Four theoretical categories emerged from the data to explain how healthcare professionals and patients negotiated the process of decision making when considering end of life care. These four categories; signposting symptoms, organising care, being informed and recognising dying were found to revolve around a core category 'vicious cycle of care' which was fast paced, turbulent and time limited. This cycle was found to disable the process of decision making between the healthcare professional and patient resulting in missed opportunity for the patient to transition to palliative care.

Conclusion
The emerging theory 'vicious cycle of care' offers an explanation as to why decisions were not made by healthcare professionals to transition patients with end stage heart failure to palliative care. Further work needs to be undertaken with healthcare professionals and patients to map out a 'cycle of care' which identifies key stages in the terminal stage of heart failure and correctly signposts the patient to the right healthcare care professional for intervention. Further research is required with General Practitioners to further explore the barriers to providing end of life care for heart failure patients.


The actuation of micro/nanomachines by means of a magnetic field is a promising fuel-free way to transport cargo in microscale dimensions. This type of movement has been extensively studied for a variety of micro/nanomachine designs, and a special magnetic field configuration results in a near-surface walking. We developed "walking" micromachines which transversally move in a magnetic field, and we used them as microrobotic scalpels to enter and exit an individual cancer cell and cut a small cellular fragment. In these microscalpels, the center of mass lies approximately in the middle of their length. The microrobotic scalpels show good propulsion efficiency and high step-out frequencies of the magnetic field. Au/Ag/Ni microrobotic scalpels controlled by a transversal rotating magnetic field can enter the cytoplasm of cancer cells and also are able to remove a piece of the cytosol while leaving the cytoplasmic membrane intact in a microsurgery-like manner. We believe that this concept can be further developed for potential biological or medical applications.


The characteristics of thermoluminescence (TL) doscmeters were investigated for the determination of dose components in tissue substitute phantoms irradiated with an epithermal neutron beam for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). New two-layer TL detectors of a Dosimeter Niewiadomski were tested for neutron and gamma detection: MTS-Ns with a thin active LiF:Mg,Ti layer for reduced self-shielding of thermal neutrons and MCP-7s ( 7 LiF:Mg,Cu,P) with low sensitivity for neutrons compared with gamma radiation. For comparison the conventional TLD-100 and TLD-700 detectors of Harshaw were used. MCP-7s dosemeters were found to be le ensitive for thermal neutrons and therefore better than TLD-700. However, the thermal neutron sensitivity of MCP-7s dosemeters is relatively high, e.g. the correction factor for the excess TL signal above the gamma signal is ∼0.5 at the depth of the thermal neutron fluence maximum. MTS-Ns TL dosemeters were found capable of measuring the relative neutron fluence and to be a useful addition to the activation foils in BNCT neutron dosimetry.


This document details two related literature review conducted as one brief project: a review of greenhouse gas emissions measurement techniques to be applied to intensive pig production; and a review of nitrous oxide emissions and processes from pig production. The review has aimed to be comprehensive and rigorous. However, in order to increase the value to APL, comments and recommendations have been added, including some speculation to allow selection of future directions.


In this paper we compare the new satisfaction evaluation approach, developed in the nineties by Oswald, Clark, Blanchflower and others with the older income evaluation (IEQ) approach, developed by Van Praag and Kapteyn in the seventies of the previous century. We find that both approaches yield strikingly similar results with respect to financial satisfaction. The IEQ-approach yields additional insights, but it is not well applicable to other life domains than finance. It is argued that the usual Probit specification implies a specific cardinalization and, consequently, is less ordinal than usually thought. It is shown that the Probit-approach may be replaced by three other equivalent specifications that have some computational and intuitive advantages.