Learn to deploy and support Hyper-V, building on what you know about VMware's vSphere. Whether you're looking to run both hypervisors in parallel or migrate completely, Hyper-V for VMware Administrators has everything you need to get started. The book begins with an overview of Hyper-V basics, including common management tasks such as creating a virtual machine and building a virtual network. You'll learn how to deploy a failover cluster to protect against the risk of Hyper-V becoming a single point of failure, and how to make virtual machines fault tolerant. System Center Virtual Machine Manager (SCVMM) is the preferred tool for managing large Hyper-V deployments, so you'll get to know this next and how it differs from VMware's vCenter solution, as well as how to manage a mixed environment including both vSphere and Hyper-V deployments. Like any server migration, a virtual server migration requires careful planning to ensure success. You'll find information here on the specifics of migrating from vSphere to Hyper-V, planning for down time, IP address differences, performance considerations, and more. For migrations to Hyper-V, SCVMM is once again the preferred tool, but you'll also be introduced to some of the excellent free tools available. One easily overlooked aspect of the migration process is the way in which it impacts your backup and recovery strategy. Knowing the best practices here can help you protect your Hyper-V environment. The book also covers how to monitor and maintain your Hyper-V environment once it's up and running, using features like Cluster-Aware Updating, automated live migrations, and availability sets. The concluding chapter shows you how to take advantage of the efficiencies provided by virtual machine libraries and templates. Approach Hyper-V with confidence, and the knowledge that you've planned for success, with Hyper-V for VMware Administrators. What youll learn Find out how Hyper-V compares to VMware's vSphere, and how System Center Virtual Machine Manager compares to vCenter. Prevent Hyper-V from becoming a single point of failure with failover clustering. Work with System Center Virtual Machine Manager to manage both Hyper-V and vSphere environments through a single interface. Plan and execute a virtual server migration, including planning for downtime, IP address changes and performance considerations. Adapt your backup and recovery strategy for best results in your new Hyper-V environment. Monitor and maintain your Hyper-V clusters, using Cluster-Aware Updating, automated live migrations, and availability sets. Use virtual machine libraries and templates for increased efficiency. Who this book is for Readers should have a working knowledge of vSphere 5.5. No prior experience with Hyper-V is expected.


BACKGROUND Conducting demographic research on armed conflicts is challenging because conflicts can affect the quality of primary data collection or halt the production of evidence altogether. Most of the existing methods for collecting time-variant demographic data cannot be used with war-affected populations. OBJECTIVE This paper introduces the Extended Genealogy Method (EGM), a toolkit for collecting high-quality data for demographic analysis using cross-checked extended genealogies. The paper assesses the quality of the data produced by the EGM by focusing on an empirical application of the method. METHODS The EGM uses chain-referral sampling to create extended kinship networks that include all members of a local population. The multiple reporting that results from the sampling strategy is used to reduce the error associated with retrospective reporting. RESULTS Data on 3,566 unique individuals and 1,986 marriages were collected from 100 EGM interviews. The paper shows how the EGM-generated data was used to reconstruct the excess mortality from the 1982 Rio Negro Massacres in Guatemala, a wartime event that produced very high excess mortality in the population. CONCLUSIONS The EGM produced reliable and complete demographic data. The sampling and data processing strategies addressed retrospective and selection bias and helped evaluate data completion. The EGM can be used to reconstruct the demographic history of other local populations. CONTRIBUTION The method can be applied to reconstruct demographic dynamics in contexts of data scarcity, such as during and after armed conflicts. The EGM produces time-variant social network data useful to study, for example, intergenerational support or the transmission of demographic traits and behaviours over time.


Abstract : Software architectures serve as the blueprints for systems, and they are central to the development of software product lines and the design of component-based systems. In existing systems, the architecture often must be reconstructed to reflect the as-built system accurately. This report presents the concept of practice scenarios for architecture reconstruction, which outline common problem/solution pairs that can be used in the strategic application of architecture reconstruction at Department of Defense (DoD) and commercial organizations. Based on an investigation of already developed and presented reconstruction approaches, the report describes deficiencies that have been uncovered in several practice scenarios and proposes improvements.


With globalization and modernization, increasingly people are influenced by multiple cultures. This paper examines the case of two authors, Mark Tully and Ruskin Bond, who were born in India shortly before India's Independence (1947). Both had British parents, but one considers himself Indian while the other has retained his British identity. The focus of this paper is how and why this difference has occurred and how it has influenced their writing. Both Tully and Bond write short stories about India and Indians, particularly the small towns and villages. Their reasons for writing, however, are very different. Tully writes to achieve social change, while Bond writes because he loves to write.


The characteristics of broadband backward and bi-directionally pumped distributed fiber Raman amplifiers (DFRAs) in hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (HFAs) configuration are compared numerically based on noise-nonlinear figure (NNF) when standard single mode fiber (SMF) and non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) are considered. It is found that achievable NNF in optimized bi-directionally pumped HFAs is about 1.2 dB (or 1.7 dB) higher than that in backward pumped HFAs for SMF (or NZDSF), and better characteristics can be achieved by using NZDSF rather than SMF for long haul transmission.


ABSTRACT U.S. states have made a good deal of progress in reducing the number of youths incarcerated in residential facilities in recent decades. While this is a positive development, racial and ethnic disparities (RED) persist in which youths are being placed in these facilities. That incongruence means that youths of color are still poised to experience the downsides of those custodial experiences. Juvenile risk and needs assessment (JRNA) has been endorsed as one means of reducing RED in the juvenile justice system, but the literature on performance across race and ethnicity subgroups is limited and mixed to date. This study uses data from 680 youth in juvenile residential facilities in a Western U.S. state, including large subsamples of White and Hispanic youths, to investigate the performance of a JRNA tool, the Ohio Youth Assessment System. The analyses focus on race and ethnicity differences in prevalence of risk and needs; predictive validity across groups; and measurement invariance between White and Hispanic youths. The discussion focuses on key findings and their implications for addressing RED in juvenile justice.


Background: The laparoscopic approach for appendicectomy in pregnancy was not considered the preferred procedure until recently. The aim of this study was to examine our experience with laparoscopic appendicectomy in pregnancy and review the scientific evidence available in the medical literature. Method: The clinical data of all patients who underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy during pregnancy at our hospital between 1999 and 2007 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. A Medline literature search restricted to English language articles on laparoscopic appendicectomy in pregnancy was carried out. Result: Twenty patients underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy during pregnancy. Of these, 8 were in the first trimester, 9 in the second trimester, and 3 in the third trimester. Fifteen patients had histologically confirmed appendicitis. The mean operating time was 45 minutes, and the average postoperative stay in the hospital was 1.5 days. All patients except one had a full-term normal delivery. Literature search: An additional 637 patients from the English literature were reviewed and summarized. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that laparoscopic appendicectomy can be safely performed during all trimesters of pregnancy. The literature search suggests that although laparoscopic appendicectomy in pregnancy is associated with a low rate of intraoperative complications in all trimesters it may be associated with a significantly higher rate of fetal loss compared with open appendicectomy.


Volume capnography is the graph of expired carbon dioxide concentration against the expired volume. It often requires special and bulky equipment to be recorded. It can be used to estimate the dead space with fair amount of precision. Various formulae and equations have been described to estimate the dead space. While the Bohr formula is likely the most accurate for measurement of dead space, the Enghoff's equation is likely the most popular and convenient to use. Volume capnography has found uses in both the operating room (OR) and the Intensive Care Unit setting. It can be used to identify the optimal level of positive end-expiratory pressure in patients suffering from the acute respiratory distress syndrome as well as to identify its effect on the ventilation. In the OR, it can be invaluable to monitor ventilation and alveolar recruitment in the obese population. It is also a useful diagnostic adjunct in medical emergencies like pulmonary embolism. In the pediatric population, it finds uses in the monitoring of infants suffering from bronchiolitis. In spite of its multiple and diverse uses, it remains an underutilized technology; the main reasons for this being lack of experience of the providers with volume capnography and the expensive and bulky equipment that is often required. However, volume capnography has a great deal of potential and with further advances in technology, is likely to gain popularity.


A former President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Paolo Carozza draws on his personal experience to identify and propose solutions for a key flaw in the Inter-American Human Rights System: the division between English-language member states and states with Latin-based languages. Terming this division "The Anglo-Latin Divide," Carozza traces the division not only to linguistic difference, but also to differences in legal traditions. He explains how the differences between Anglo tradition of common law and the Latin tradition of civil law manifest in both substantive and procedural divides within the Inter-American Human Rights system, including in sensitive areas of the law such as right-to-life cases. Carozza offers solutions for the future, ranging from changing the composition of the InterAmerican Court and Commission to the radical solution of requiring universal ratification of the American Convention on Human Rights. Ultimately, Carozza concludes that, whatever the solution, the viability and strength of the Inter-American system requires a much stronger effort to integrate the English-speaking world into a Latin-dominated system.


In this paper, we argue against the view that prepositions designate motion. We make the case for prepositions such as to and through being associated with spatial properties in addition to a functional element. The functional element arises as a consequence of our daily interaction with the spatial configuration associated with the particular preposition. While to is associated with a spatial configuration in which a TR is oriented in the direction of a LM, its functional element is that of the LM constituting the TR's goal. Due to the integration of spatial and functional elements with sentential context, particularly motion verbs, a movement reading is derived. Previous scholars have assumed this is due to the preposition itself. With regard to through, its semantics are associated with a spatial configuration involving contiguous locations from one side of a bounded LM to the other. The functional element is that of path, which, while correlating with motion, is distinct from it. The notion of motion which often arises in sentences involving through is due to the integration of the spatial and functional character of through with other sentential prompts for movement such as motion verbs. In essence, we argue for carefully articulating the nature of conventional content associated with prepositions, including both spatio-geometric and functional content, and for teasing apart distinct and distinguishable (albeit related) concepts such as orientation, path, trajectory, goal, and motion.


This study examined maternal psychosocial characteristics, infant negative affect, and social support as predictors of breastfeeding initiation and duration while accounting for sociodemographic covariates. Prenatally, 237 women completed measures of coherence of mind with respect to attachment, emotion regulation, beliefs and emotions related to infant crying, and satisfaction with social support. At six months, social support and infant negative affect were assessed via mother report. Breastfeeding was assessed at six months and one year postpartum via mother report. Results indicated that attachment coherence of mind positively correlated with breastfeeding attempts, initiation and duration; empathy in response to infant cries positively correlated with initiation; and anger in reaction to infant cries and controlling beliefs about infant cries were linked with shorter breastfeeding duration. Social support from partners at six months positively correlated with duration of breastfeeding; and unexpectedly, prenatal social support inversely related to breastfeeding initiation. An interaction was observed between infant negative affect and cry beliefs related to spoiling, such that negative affective infants with mothers who did not endorse the belief that responding to cries spoils infants, were breastfed for a longer amount of time than those with mothers who strongly believed responding to cries spoils infants. As a whole, these psychosocial and contextual variables predicted relatively little additional variation over and above the covariates. However, some of the findings are novel when compared to the prior literature and may have applied implications. These issues and more nuanced approaches to studying the predictors of breastfeeding are discussed.


Release of core melt from failed reactor vessel into a pool of water is adopted in several existing designs of light water reactors (LWRs) as an element of severe accident mitigation strategy. When vessel breach is large and water pool is shallow, released corium melt can reach containment floor in liquid form and spread under water creating a stratified configuration of melt covered by coolant. Steam explosion in such stratified configuration was long believed as of secondary importance for reactor safety because it was assumed that considerable mass of melt cannot be premixed with the coolant. In this work we revisit these assumptions using recent experimental observations from the stratified steam explosion tests in PULiMS facility. We demonstrate that (i) considerable melt-coolant premixing layer can be formed in the stratified configuration with high temperature melts, (ii) mechanism responsible for the premixing is apparently more efficient than previously assumed Rayleigh-Taylor or Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. We also provide data on measured and estimated impulses, energetics of steam explosion, and resulting thermal to mechanical energy conversion ratios.


This dissertation focuses on the integration of faith and spirituality in higher education, more specifically for social work students. Faith and spirituality are important aspects of many people's lives, and it is important for social work students to understand and comfortably discuss issues and strengths around religion and spirituality. Due to its proposition that people are spiritual beings, who believe in something beyond themselves, Transpersonal Theory is used as a guide for this banded dissertation. At its core, Transpersonal Theory provides a foundation for the journey many people take to find a belief in something outside themselves, either physical, emotional, or existential. The first part of the dissertation is a review of academic freedom in higher education as it relates to religion, faith, and spirituality. The primary focus management of academic freedom in United States institutions of higher learning. The main conclusion is: ultimately, if discussions of religion and spirituality are not accepted at the institutional level, then social work programs could have difficulty integrating topics that relate to faith and spirituality into their curriculum. The paper also demonstrates how a school's demography/type, secular or faith-based, can impact its acceptability of discussions related to religion and spirituality. The second part of the dissertation consists of a qualitative study on integration of faith and spirituality into the social work curriculum. In the study the author collected 53 syllabi from nine Bachelor of Social Work programs in the New England region. Data was analyzed to identify content related to faith and spirituality. The syllabi were reviewed for the depth of faith and spirituality integration in the studied syllabi. Lessons learned from the study indicated that the topics pertaining to religion, faith, and spirituality are incorporated at minimal depth in the Bachelor of Social Work programs in New England. FAITH, SPIRITUALITY, AND SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION iii The third section of this dissertation provides information regarding a poster presentation conducted at the North American Association of Christian Social Workers (NACSW) in November 2017. The poster utilized the data from the research conducted for part two of the dissertation. The outcome of the research, along with part of the literature review, data collection and references were included in the presentation. The results from this presentation were positive. Participants commented on the importance of integrating religion, faith and spirituality in social work education.


Efficient planning of freight transportation requires a comprehensive look at wide range of factors in the operation and management of any transportation mode to achieve safe, fast, and environmentally suitable movement of goods. In this regard, a combination of transportation modes offers flexible and environmentally friendly alternatives to transport high volumes of goods over long distances. In order to reflect the advantages of each transportation mode, it is the challenge to develop models and algorithms in Transport Management System software packages. This paper discusses the principles of green logistics required in designing such models and algorithms which truly represent multiple modes and their characteristics. Thus, this research provides a unique practical contribution to green logistics literature by advancing our understanding of the multi-objective planning in intermodal freight transportation. Analysis based on a case study from hinterland intermodal transportation in Europe is therefore intended to make contributions to the literature about the potential benefits from combining economic and environmental criteria in transportation planning. An insight derived from the experiments conducted shows that there is no need to greatly compromise on transportation costs in order to achieve a significant reduction in carbon-related emissions.


A central theme in the past ASEE Main Plenary in San Antonio, Texas, was the need to prepare our students for an "effective industrial practice." Most panelists stressed the fact that "nowadays companies do not want to spend too much in training." The direct implication at the end of the plenary was that academia was somehow "obligated" to supply engineers with the "right skills" for these companies. With the increased pressure in cost saving, according to the panelists in the plenary, the private sector has suggested that academia has to build a curriculum "ad-hoc" so they can hire "good engineers" for their companies. However by modifying our curriculum drastically to suit the needs of private sector groups, we might be jeopardizing the long-term gains of our professionals and/or universities in pursuit of possible short-term gains for the companies. Where do we draw the line between the private sector needs and the academic mission? How do we maintain academic integrity in our curriculum without designing programs to satisfy the needs of a group that might not even represent properly the future needs of the country or our students? Is academic freedom and university autonomy in danger of being subordinated to corporate demands? This paper explores some ethical issues many universities might be facing when balancing the traditional mission of the university and the needs of productive sectors of society under new economic pressures. Our students might strongly support an "ad-hoc" type of curriculum because they might perceive an immediate advantage in getting a job as soon as they graduate. However, they might be losing professional value and career flexibility in the long term, which immediately raises ethical questions that must be addressed. Do we have to keep preparing them with our traditional curriculum or do we have to prepare them for a specific group of companies? Is it possible to do both in a four-year period that is already stressed with too many demands? What does it mean "to be prepared for a job"? Is the mission of the university to be a substitute place for "ad-hoc" training? Is the university a place aimed to save money for the private sector by eliminating training from their costs? This paper proposes solutions like certificate/training-in-partnership with community colleges, in situ certificates, and internships. These proposed solutions might provide a balance for reasonable ethical compromises.


Nowadays knowledge is becoming an increasingly important factor of organizational competitiveness. The way it is shared within the organization is essential and central not only to the success of organizations but also among those who share it, since those who take part in the knowledge sharing process also benefit from it. Since middle managers have an important position within the organization and play a significant role in the knowledge sharing process, this paper focuses on the knowledge sharing of those middle managers who work at medium and large-sized enterprises in Hungary. A new method of how to measure middle managers' maturity of knowledge sharing is presented in this paper. Between 2007 and 2010 an empirical survey was conducted during which 400 middle managers working at mediumand large-sized enterprises in Hungary were investigated by a questionnaire. The answers of this survey have been analysed using Principal Component Analysis and four different principal components concerning the maturity of knowledge sharing have been identified. These four components are the availability among middle managers, the availability among the middle managers and their subordinates, the usefulness of knowledge among middle managers and the usefulness of knowledge among the middle managers and their subordinates.


This qualitative study was conducted to identify the potential of using iPad as a supplement to teach math to students with learning disabilities. Ten teacher candidates from a university in the south provided one-on-one math tutoring services to ten students in a self-contained classroom at a local high poverty elementary school. The students were tutored math for five weeks using ten free math apps in addition to the traditional teaching methods. The apps were selected as they deemed fit with the math content standards, and abilities of the students. Each week, teacher candidates reflected on their tutoring experiences and at the end of five weeks, they completed an open-ended survey regarding their use of iPads as a supplement to teach math to the students. Findings confirmed the use of iPad as a supplement to help students' conceptual understanding of numbers, order of operations, expressions, and multiplication and division skills.


Background Observational studies have generated conflicting evidence on the effects of moderate maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy on offspring cognition mainly reflecting problems of confounding. Among mothers who drink during pregnancy fetal alcohol exposure is influenced not only by mother's intake but also by genetic variants carried by both the mother and the fetus. Associations between children's cognitive function and both maternal and child genotype at these loci can shed light on the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on offspring cognitive development. Methods We used a large population based study of women recruited during pregnancy to determine whether genetic variants in alcohol metabolising genes in this cohort of women and their children were related to the child's cognitive score (measured by the Weschler Intelligence Scale) at age 8. Findings We found that four genetic variants in alcohol metabolising genes in 4167 children were strongly related to lower IQ at age 8, as was a risk allele score based on these 4 variants. This effect was only seen amongst the offspring of mothers who were moderate drinkers (1–6 units alcohol per week during pregnancy (per allele effect estimates were −1.80 (95% CI = −2.63 to −0.97) p = 0.00002, with no effect among children whose mothers abstained during pregnancy (0.16 (95%CI = −1.05 to 1.36) p = 0.80), p-value for interaction  = 0.009). A further genetic variant associated with alcohol metabolism in mothers was associated with their child's IQ, but again only among mothers who drank during pregnancy.


The thesis investigates and analyses the hitherto neglected phenomenon of political reaction within the judiciary of south-eastern France during the period between the Thermidorian Reaction and the advent of the Consulate. The character, objectives and effects of the 'reaction judiciaire1 are studied through a series of different perspectives. The first task is to highlight the discrepancy between the concepts of the social and political effects of a revamped judicial system formulated during the Year III and the corrupt abuse of judicial power by reactionary provincial judges. Indeed, the study constantly seeks to explore the conceptual as well as the practical damage inflicted on the Directorial regime by the supposed trustees of the post-Terrorist republican settlement. Emphasis is placed upon the collaboration between the southern judges and the counter-revolutionary elements within the local community, especially in the discussion of the origins of the judicial reaction. The changes of technique and of objective which the judiciary experienced are explored in full. It is described from its beginnings as a weapon of retribution for the aggrieved local community against the former agents of the Terror to its role in the subversion of regional jacobinism to its support for the period of unchecked counter-revolution during the Year V and finally to its function as a 'rearguard' defender of arrested counter- revolutionaries during the period of the Second Directory. In addition, due consideration is given to the motivation of individual judges who operated the reaction. It is hoped that the thesis has provided a model for the study of the causes, techniques and aims of political reaction from within an independent state power. Furthermore, it is hoped that the work is seminal in its suggestion that judicial reaction and its many ramifications had both a direct and indirect bearing upon the fall of the Directory.


With the pronouncement of the judgments in Triveniben v. State of Gujarat, Mahendra Nath Das v. Union of India and Shatrughan Chauhan v. Union of India, the Supreme Court has assumed to itself a 'post-mercy rejection' jurisdiction. Within the constitutional framework, on being awarded death penalty, convicts may, after exhausting certain judicial remedies, approach the President or the Governor, who are constitutionally empowered to grant pardons and reprieves. We argue that this right has often been abused by people who exercise it in the hope of delaying their execution and thereafter using such delay as a ground to seek commutation of their sentence. While the courts have taken note of this fact, they have chosen to rule in favour of the convicted persons whose mercy petitions have been rejected by the President. The convicts seek judicial recourse, in form of commutation of their death sentence, on the grounds there has been a delay in rejection of their clemency petition. We reason that the courts must accept certain inherent systemic features, which although cause delay, also prevent the failure of the constitutional machinery. The courts must consider intervention only in light of all the circumstances that lead to a fundamental change in circumstances since the original sentencing decision. The relevance of considering this fundamental change is that in the intervening period after the awarding of the sentence by the courts, the circumstances are now so different that had the judiciary been considering the case at the initial stage it would not have imposed the death penalty to begin with. This proposition, as laid down by the same Court in Triveniben case has over time been diluted. As is seen by the recent cases the judiciary has adopted a very convict-centric approach when considering commutation cases. To carve out an additional ground for clemency even after the convict has been awarded the death penalty by the judiciary and the executive has rejected their mercy petitions, is judicial overreach. In an attempt to conjure novel remedies for convicts from constitutional silences, the judiciary has completely turned a blind eye to justice for the victims, and society as a whole. In the process, it has in essence upset the constitutional scheme and assumed the power of granting mercy to convicts, which hitherto was the sole prerogative of the executive head.


In the aftermath of the Treyvon Martin shooting in Florida, Stand Your Ground laws have acquired an unsavory reputation. These laws and their close cousin, castle doctrine, have an interesting history, especially with respect to protecting victims of domestic violence. Texas' Stand Your Ground law differs substantially from that of Florida, with much greater restraints on use of deadly force.


Recent studies have sought to understand individuals' motivations for terrorism through terrorist material content. To date, these studies have not capitalised on automated language analysis techniques, particularly those of corpus linguistics. In this paper, we demonstrate how applying three corpus-linguistic techniques to extremist statements can provide insights into their ideology. Our data consisted of 250 statements (approximately 500,000 words) promoting terrorist violence. Using the online software tool WMatrix, we submitted these data to frequency count, key word and key concept, and concordance analyses. Results showed that authors centre their rhetoric on themes of morality, social proof, inspiration and appeals to religion, and refer to the world via contrasting concepts, suggesting a polarised way of thinking compared to a general population usage. Additionally, we show how collocation can aid the establishment of networks between people and places. We discuss how such analyses might support the formulation of evidence based counter-terrorism strategies


In June and July, 2019, record flooding inundated towns and agricultural land throughout the Mississippi basin, surpassing the Great Flood of 1927, one of the worst disasters in U.S. history. In November, 2018, the Camp Fire in Northern California decimated the town of Paradise and became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history. As climate change increases the severity of droughts, wildfires, flooding, hurricanes and other extreme weather, property damages will escalate and individuals, companies, and governments will seek cost reimbursement from others. Ultimately, we must all pay the economic costs of climate change that we cannot avoid through prevention, disaster response, and retreat. All of us contribute to climate change but the costs of climate-related harms are not fairly distributed across our communities.

This Article examines the ways we are currently paying for disasters. Those seeking recovery for property damage from disasters have increasingly turned to state inverse condemnation and damagings claims. These claims offer an alternative to tort liability and align government incentives to act for the public benefit while taking into account those individuals and entities who suffer greater burdens. The author proposes that inverse condemnation and damagings claims in all states and the federal government should apply a strict liability standard, which would compensate those people damaged by activities designed to benefit the public as a whole. Approaching takings claims as a mechanism for risk spreading would also allow takings claims for government inaction when there is a duty to act for the public benefit.

Tort doctrines such as negligence, nuisance, reasonableness, and intent should not be applicable to the takings analysis, which focuses on equitably spreading the benefits and burdens of acts taken for a public benefit. Insurance is also a mechanism for spreading the risk, but insurers must price their policies to incentivize property owners in disaster-prone areas to explore development alternatives, take special precautions in building, and think hard about rebuilding after a disaster. In certain situations, the government may assist landowners to voluntarily relocate by using eminent domain to buy-out risky properties.

Finally, public or private entities held strictly liable for disaster damages from flooding or wildfire should be able to pass these costs on to those who have received the benefit of their actions. That is, unless the entities have been negligent in fulfilling their duties to the public. Ratepayers and taxpayers will need to bear much of the cost for receiving public benefits and utility rates and taxes should reflect the increased risk of living in disaster-prone areas. Paying for disasters in the future will not be easy, but we must face these challenges together and ensure that we are distributing the benefits and burdens of our public needs as equitably as possible.


Abstract— Over the last few decades, rapid improvement of computer capabilities has allowed impact cratering to be modeled with increasing complexity and realism, and has paved the way for a new era of numerical modeling of the impact process, including full, three‐dimensional (3D) simulations. When properly benchmarked and validated against observation, computer models offer a powerful tool for understanding the mechanics of impact crater formation. This work presents results from the first phase of a project to benchmark and validate shock codes. A variety of 2D and 3D codes were used in this study, from commercial products like AUTODYN, to codes developed within the scientific community like SOVA, SPH, ZEUS‐MP, iSALE, and codes developed at U.S. National Laboratories like CTH, SAGE/RAGE, and ALE3D. Benchmark calculations of shock wave propagation in aluminum‐on‐aluminum impacts were performed to examine the agreement between codes for simple idealized problems. The benchmark simulations show that variability in code results is to be expected due to differences in the underlying solution algorithm of each code, artificial stability parameters, spatial and temporal resolution, and material models. Overall, the inter‐code variability in peak shock pressure as a function of distance is around 10 to 20%. In general, if the impactor is resolved by at least 20 cells across its radius, the underestimation of peak shock pressure due to spatial resolution is less than 10%. In addition to the benchmark tests, three validation tests were performed to examine the ability of the codes to reproduce the time evolution of crater radius and depth observed in vertical laboratory impacts in water and two well‐characterized aluminum alloys. Results from these calculations are in good agreement with experiments. There appears to be a general tendency of shock physics codes to underestimate the radius of the forming crater. Overall, the discrepancy between the model and experiment results is between 10 and 20%, similar to the inter‐code variability.


Objective: To assess available evidence on the use of end-points (outcome measures) in clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as a part of the development of evidence-based recommendations for points to consider in clinical trials in SLE. Methods: The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Task Force on SLE comprised 19 specialists, a clinical epidemiologist and a research fellow. Key questions addressing the evidence for clinical trial end-points in SLE were compiled using the Delphi technique. A systematic search of the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases was performed using McMaster/Hedges clinical query strategies and an array of relevant terms. Evidence was categorised based on sample size and type of design, and the categories of available evidence were identified for each recommendation. The strength of recommendation was assessed based on the category of available evidence and agreement on the statements was measured across the 19 specialists. Results: Eight questions were generated regarding end-points for clinical trials. The evidence to support each proposition was evaluated. The literature review revealed that most outcome measures used in phase 2/3 trials in SLE have not been formally validated in clinical trials, although some indirect validation has been undertaken. Conclusion: This systematic literature review forms the evidence base considered in the development of the EULAR recommendations for end-points in clinical trials in SLE.


The cognitive model underlying Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) has implications for human performance on many tasks, and the technology developed in CBR research can be turned to enhancing performance. For all case-based systems, effective memory retrieval depends on a successful assault on the indexing problem. But demands on indexes may be different, and in some ways, more stringent, for aiding systems than for autonomous probleln-solving systems. This paper report, s on the evolution of an indexing scheme intended to retrieve lessons for architects working on conceptual design of buildings. It illustrates, by example, the process of designing indexing systems, and the demands peculiar to indexes for aiding systems.


An exploratory, qualitative study in 25 countries around the world identifies success factors for centers that offer public access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The study considered public libraries, telecenters, and cybercafA©s, and grouped the findings into four types of success factors: (1) understand and take care of local needs first, (2) train info mediaries and users, (3) build alliances with other venues and collaborate with other community services, and (4) strengthen sustainability. Results corroborate the findings of previous studies of libraries and of telecenters which identify success factors that include the four themes presented. However, this is the first systematic comparison across multiple countries to identify success factors in different types of public access venues. The findings highlight critical variables to be considered in policy decisions, funding allocations, and program implementation to reach underserved populations in developing countries with equitable access and meaningful use of ICT. They also provide valuable direction for future research to better understand the interactions between libraries, telecenters, and cybercafA©s as venues that can contribute to community development through public access to ICT.


: This paper discusses a systematic approach for selecting the minimum number of sensors for an Electromagnetic levitation system that satisfies both deterministic and stochastic performance objectives. The controller tuning is based upon the utilisation of a recently developed genetic algorithm, namely NSGAII. Two controller structures are discussed, an inner loop classical solution for illustrating the efficacy of the NSGAII tuning and a Linear quadratic gaussian structure particularly on sensor optimization.


As a social epidemiologist, and former GP in clinical settings with major psychiatric caseloads, I confess that I tend to avoid scholarly books about mental health. My bias is that mental health professionals are typically unenlightened healthcare providers, on the subject of the social determinants of health. This cynical view arises from nearly 40 years as a physician, watching modern psychiatry bend itself out of shape at least a few times. Psychiatry first embraced and then largely rejected psychoanalysis, with its relative inattention to social position as an important contributor to lifelong health and function—only to then fall head over heels in love with modern neurobiology and pharmacotherapy, again with little emphasis on the social roots of much mental (and physical) illness.

However, at last here is an enlightening book that even the most psychiatrically critical health practitioners and researchers can read with pleasure. For it brings to the front and centre the enormous and convincing (but largely ignored) global literature on the social origins of the most common mental health problems, especially the 'neuroses'. As well, the book expertly traces the profound influence of social and economic factors on the natural history of very severe mental illnesses (such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia) which science now believes …


This cumulative dissertation investigates aspects of consumer decision making in hedonic contexts and its implications for the marketing of media goods through a series of three empirical studies. All three studies take place within a common theoretical framework of decision making models, applying parts of the framework in novel ways to solve real-world marketing research problems (study 1 and 2), and examining theoretical relationships between variables within of the framework (study 3). One notable way in which the studies differ is their theoretical treatment of the hedonic component of decision making, i.e. the role and conceptualization of emotions.


This exhibition by Jill Townsley, is a culmination of work carried out over the last four years, as part of her research into the role of repetition in the process of art production. Each of the artworks explore ideas of repetitive labour and its significance to the art object. The exhibition consists of sculpture, video, film drawing and installation.

All the works are an accumulation of hundreds of hours of repeated actions. Mind bogglingly tedious and insignificant actions repeated thousand of times. Actions such as: looping wire, scribbling, gluing polystyrene beads or tying 3 spoons together with a rubber band 3,091 times.

Some work exists only in the moment, temporally changing, a culmination of moments, repeating over time. Some works are a result of thousands of unstable repeated units, each precariously balanced on one another to make a whole sculpture. Other works are only offered as a record of process, exploring time in a virtual or parallel time-frame.

The body of work describes the logical application of repetitive process, illogically extended beyond the usual limits, producing work that sometimes in the end destroys itself, while still being generative of new and often surprisingly beautiful moments.


In the manufacture of heat exchangers or other devices filled with compressed gases or liquids, efficient detection of leaks is a critical process. Photoacoustics has been used to quickly detect these leaks in an industrial environment. Although this technology can detect leaks as small as 10−6 standard cc/s, it has not been extended to localization or quantification of these leaks. This work aims to resolve these issues. An acoustic source strength based on the Beer‐Lambert law and gas diffusion from a point source is developed and used to predict photoacoustic signals. The relationship between photoacoustic signals and leak test parameters, specifically leak rate, modulation frequency, and laser power, are presented. An effective strategy for illuminating the suspected leak area is shown, and leak detection using multiple microphones is discussed. A carbon dioxide laser tuned to 10.6 microns is used as the radiation source with sulfur hexaflouride as the tracer gas. Comparisons are made between theoreti...


We propose an electrically controlled terahertz switch based on metallic grating–liquid crystal–metallic grating (MG-LC-MG) structures. The switching mechanism is realized by modifying the effective refractive of the LC using different bias electric fields. In our design, the MGs not only support supertransmittance at certain frequencies, but they also act as the electrodes. Simulation results show the proposed structure has the potential to realize an electrically controlled terahertz switch with a high extinction ratio and low insertion loss. A prototype design is also proposed for practical implementation.


The performance of three waste stabilization ponds (WSP) treatment units (lines A, B, C) for a period of two years is presented. The above units were part of a research and demonstration project in North Greece concerning wastewater treatment with natural systems and effluent reuse for irrigation. Line A consisted of a deep anaerobic pond followed by a facultative and two maturation ponds. The anaerobic pond supplied with 120 m 3 /d was also feeding line B at a ratio 1:3 (line A: line B). Line B had the same design features with line A but with a recirculation of effluent. The third unit fed with primary treated effluent at a rate of 50 m 3 /d from the WWTP of Thessaloniki was consisted of a facultative and two maturation ponds. In the anaerobic pond the BOD 5 , COD, SS, TC and FC mean reduction was 28%, 42%, 58%, 31% and 36% for the cold period (T 10°C) respectively. In line A, the BOD 5 , COD, SS, TC and FC total reduction was 98%, 89%, 93%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the cold and 98%, 85%, 88%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the warm period. In line B the reduction was 92%, 86%, 88%, 98.5% and 98.82% for the cold and 96%, 88%, 83%, 99.95% and 99.97% for the warm period. In line C the reduction of the same parameters was 92%, 64%, 40%, 99.88% and 99.96% for the cold and 92%, 59%, 22%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the warm period. The effluent quality was further improved with the use of a storage reservoir and a slow sand filter and reused successfully for crop irrigation.


ABSTRACTThe Asian Aerosol Conference (AAC), held every two years, is the most prestigious conference for aerosol researchers in Asian region. The 9th AAC (AAC 2015) was held by Japan Association of Aerosol Science and Technology (JAAST) on behalf of Asian Aerosol Research Assembly (AARA) from June 24 to 27, 2015 at Kanazawa, Japan. A total of 520 participants from 14 countries presented 430 papers, including 4 plenary lectures, 16 keynote speeches, 125 oral and 285 poster papers in the conference. There were 270 Japanese participants and 250 participants from abroad in which China (with 87 participants), Korea (with 77 participants) and Taiwan (with 57 participants) contributed to the most attendees. Among the papers presented in the conference, 'PM2.5 symposium', "atmospheric aerosols' and 'urban air quality' sessions addressed many important issues related to PM2.5 and ambient aerosols in East Asian countries. The features of this conference is the inaugural presentation of six AARA fellows, bestowal of two Asian Young Aerosol Scientist Awards, and a half day symposium "Analysis of Aerosol by Young Asian Researchers" which was a great opportunity for the networking of young aerosol researchers in Asian region.


We consider the problem of the implementation of Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) processes in degenerate systems, with a view to be able to steer the system wave function from an arbitrary initial superposition to an arbitrary target superposition. We examine the case a $N$-level atomic system consisting of $ N-1$ ground states coupled to a common excited state by laser pulses. We analyze the general case of initial and final superpositions belonging to the same manifold of states, and we cover also the case in which they are non-orthogonal. We demonstrate that, for a given initial and target superposition, it is always possible to choose the laser pulses so that in a transformed basis the system is reduced to an effective three-level $\Lambda$ system, and standard STIRAP processes can be implemented. Our treatment leads to a simple strategy, with minimal computational complexity, which allows us to determine the laser pulses shape required for the wanted adiabatic steering.


The Kern Canyon fault, the longest fault in the southern Sierra Nevada, is an active structure and has been reactivated at discrete times over the past ~100 m.y. in response to changing lithospheric stresses. After initiation as a Cretaceous transpressional structure, the Kern Canyon fault transitioned into a dextral strike-slip shear zone that remained active as it was exhumed into the brittle regime during regional Late Cretaceous uplift of the Sierra Nevada batholith. The Kern Canyon fault was reactivated during Miocene regional extension as part of a transfer zone between two differentially extending domains in the southern Sierra Nevada. Subsequent normal displacement along the fault began in Pliocene time. New evidence for fault activity, which continued into late Quaternary time, includes its current geomorphic expression as a series of meters-high, west-side-up scarps that crop out discontinuously along the fault's 130-km length. Relocated focal mechanisms of modern earthquakes confirm ongoing normal faulting, and geodetic measure ments suggest that the Sierra Nevada is uplifting relative to the adjacent valleys. This evidence for recent activity overturns a long-held view that the Kern Canyon fault has been in active for more than 3.5 m.y. Its reactivation indicates that deformation repeatedly localized along a pre existing crustal weakness, a Cretaceous shear zone. We propose that a system of inter related normal faults, including the Kern Canyon fault, is responding to mantle lithosphere removal beneath the southern Sierra Nevada region. The location of the active Kern Canyon fault within the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley microplate indicates that deformation is occurring within the microplate.


Transportation coordination involves service coordination, planning coordination, and financial coordination. A scan of the literature indicates that transportation coordination efforts are hampered by a lack of understanding about existing services, turf issues, and inadequate funding. One solution to address this problem is by providing comprehensive information management systems (IMS) to all stakeholder groups that are part of the regional and state transportation arena. Various federal programs acknowledge the importance of coordination and make it a mandatory precursor to applying for funding. The level of coordination required for successful application for funding from these programs makes the need for such information systems extremely important. The Urban Transportation Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago is developing a web-based interactive IMS (TRANPRO) for the public and specialized transportation services in Illinois; the IMS features a provider inventory and other service-related information along with the requisite demographic information. The TRANPRO IMS includes public and specialized transportation data in the form of projects funded by Sections 5307, 5311, and 5310; the Downstate Operating Assistance Program; Job Access and Reverse Commute; New Freedom grants; and Title IIIB and Title XX programs for seniors as well as other known human-service transportation providers operating within the state. This paper explains the development of the IMS, the data assimilated, and the various uses of the system to facilitate coordinated planning, mobility management, and help with the grant application process. TRANPRO will benefit different stakeholder groups, including the administrators of funding programs (for example, the department of transportation), human-service transportation coordinators, mobility managers, and other stakeholders in coordination of services.


AbstractThe National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) stage IV quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) are used in many studies for intercomparisons including those for satellite QPEs. An overview of the National Weather Service precipitation processing system is provided here so as to set the stage IV product in context and to provide users with some knowledge as to how it is developed. Then, an assessment of the stage IV product over the period 2002–12 is provided. The assessment shows that the stage IV product can be useful for conditional comparisons of moderate-to-heavy rainfall for select seasons and locations. When evaluating the product at the daily scale, there are many discontinuities due to the operational processing at the radar site as well as discontinuities due to the merging of data from different River Forecast Centers (RFCs) that use much different processing algorithms for generating their precipitation estimates. An assessment of the daily precipitation estimates is prov...


Drawing on the twin themes of liberation and inculturation, Peter Phan explicates a new theology forged in the cauldron of the encounter between two vastly different cultures. He devotes particular attention to the meaning of Christ for Asian Americans, and new christological titles emerge?Jesus as Eldest Son and Ancestor. Phan also explores his personal roots to sketch the contours of Vietnamese-American theology, an expression of faith caught between the Dragon and the Eagle.


Efficient spectrum sensing is an important problem given the large and increasing demand for wireless spectrum and the need to protect incumbent users. We can more efficiently use large swaths of underutilized spectrum by designing spectrum sensors that can quickly, and power-efficiently, find and opportunistically communicate over unused (or underutilized) pieces of spectrum, such as television bands. In this paper, we concentrate on a particular sensing architecture, the Random Demodulator (RD), and look at two aspects of the problem. First, we offer fundamental limits on how efficiently any algorithm can perform the sensing operation with the RD. Second, we analyze a very simple, low-complexity algorithm called one-step thresholding that has been shown to work near-optimally for certain measurement classes in a low SNR setting or when the non-zero input coefficients are nearly equal. We rigorously establish that the RD architecture is well-suited for near-optimal recovery of the locations of the non-zero frequency coefficients in similar settings using one-step thresholding and perform numerical experiments to offer some confirmation of our results.


A micromechanics-based damage model able to describe the brittle response of initially anisotropic materials is presented. A special emphasis is put on the account of damage-induced anisotropy and unilateral behaviour related to microcracks closure effects. These both features clearly influence the inelastic deformation of microcracked materials and lead to even more complex consequences in the context of initial anisotropy. The aim of this work is then to derive a new strain-based formulation which allows representing the related interactions between all these phenomena. This is achieved through a recent two-dimensional energy-based micromechanical analysis that accounts for the fully anisotropic multilinear response of orthotropic materials weakened by arbitrarily oriented microcracks. On the other hand, the thermodynamics framework gives a standard procedure for the development of the damage evolution law. Throughout the paper, attention is put on the mathematical and thermodynamical consistency of the model to avoid difficulties usually associated to the simultaneous description of damage-induced anisotropy and unilateral effects. In addition to elastic constants, the model requires the identification of only two parameters related to damage evolution. The model has been implemented within the commercial finite-element code ABAQUS, and various numerical simulations are presented to illustrate its capabilities. Especially, evolution of the material symmetry and influence of opening-closure states of microcracks on the damage process are illustrated in the case of brittle matrix composites subjected to different loading cases (axis and off-axis loads, tension and compression, tension followed by compression).


The study aimed to develop broader series of public expenditures and investments impacting growth of agriculture and allied sectors and explored how sectoral and regional priorities of agricultural investments had responded to the national priorities by tracing their growth linkages. The study indicated that following a period of stagnation in the 1990s, public expenditure on agriculture and allied sectors has stepped up in the mid-2000 decade. Further, the broad observations do not corroborate the idea of neglecting marginal agro-eco-regions as far as public investment in agricultural research is concerned. However, higher infrastructure and agricultural research investment priority should be given to relatively backward states of eastern India, as the region still has poor infrastructure and higher concentration of subsistence producers which make private sector hesitant to invest. Enhanced public investment is justified to strengthen infrastructure and also attract private investment leading to high pay-offs as the region is well endowed with natural resources. The other issue relates to prioritisation of public resources towards those sectors and regions where presence of market failures or core distributional concerns exists. The public resources should increasingly be deployed to produce goods and services that are not produced by market actors. The rising government spending under revenue account on agri-inputs and farm support services can also have a crowding-out effect on private investment. Studies have shown that the biggest payoffs for reducing rural poverty and increasing growth came from investments in R&D and infrastructure and that too from backward regions. These investments must, therefore, be treated as a composite strategy for rural development and a sustained step-up in investments should be maintained in order to benefit agriculture, given that the benefits from these investments tend to materialise after a considerable time lag. The policy shift towards raising capital expenditure in rural infrastructure and irrigation would translate into economic gains only, if it is backed by responsive institutions as they form part of the enabling environment for private investment.


This Occasional Paper provides an overview of the main challenges facing Hong Kong SAR as it continues to become more closely integrated with the mainland of China. Section I provides an overview of recent macroeconomic developments and the main policy issues in Hong Kong SAR. Section II examines various aspects of the ongoing integration with the mainland, and the associated implications for the structure of the economy, and for macroeconomic and structural policies. Section III examines the medium-term fiscal outlook under different policy scenarios and discusses alternative policy options to restore fiscal balance. Section IV reviews recent developments in the real estate sector and their macroeconomic impacts. Section V presents an econome tric analysis of deflation and its determinants. Section VI examines the factors behind, and the implications of, rising wage inequality in Hong Kong SAR. Section VII presents an overview of recent developments in the financial sector and provides an assessment of Hong Kong SAR's prospects as an international financial center.


After three decades of scholarship, transnationalism remains understood as connec-tions between people who have migrated and people who remain in the country of origin. Such ties are important and prevalent. But perhaps a radical extension of transnationalism is also warranted: There are people who are neither ' migrants ' nor ' non-migrants ' but lead transnational lives that evade these categories. In such cases, transnationalism is not a consequence of migration, but rather a fundamental challenge to it. This article connects the established literature on transnationalism with this potentially significant perspective. We draw on the phrase ' living in two countries ' , which incorporates the tensions and contradictions that transnational living entails. Drawing upon diverse empirical data, we ask how we might identify lives that span two countries and, how such lives are differentiated, and why they are significant even if they are rare.


This work develops a new technology to fabricate polymer-dispersed microencapsulated liquid crystal (PDMLC) devices using screen-printing, which is a low temperature procedure (about 90degC) for application on a soft plastic substrate. This research demonstrates numerically and in Mandarin, a 4.5-in multicolor PDMLC (MPDMLC) device with high color contrast, low electric consumption and flexible bending mechanical property. The current work coats three different color pastes (red, blue and black) on a single substrate. Their turn-on voltages are all as low as 5 V and saturation voltages are 20, 30, and 30 V for red, blue, and black colors, respectively.


Migrants constitute nearly half of the population of the six Gulf Corporation Council states (GCC). In some of these states, including Qatar, this ratio is even higher. The small local population could not meet the increasing demand for workforce with the booming development of the GCC after the discovery of oil. With the advent of the Gulf-oil economy in the 1950s, GCC states largely sought to import labor from neighboring Arab states such as Yemen, Egypt, Iraq, and some Levant countries, as their shared linguistic, cultural and religious affinities posed geographic and socio-cultural synergies. However, by the 1980s, the composition of the migrant population shifted demographically. The proportion of non-Arab Asian migrants increased vastly exceeding Arab migrants by 1995. While this shift is due to a range of economic, political and socio-cultural considerations, migration scholarship on the GCC has consistently attributed it to the GCC states' perception of Arab migrants as a more politicized presence -in comparison to Asian and also Western counterparts- that poses a potential disruptive threat to the political and social order of the region. More specifically, it is assumed that Arab migrants are more likely to introduce externally driven politically, socially and religiously salient ideologies in the Gulf States due to their linked identity with the Gulf nationals and their inherent embeddedness in the geo-political atmosphere of the Middle East. This claim, as well as the domestic political engagement and politicization of the general migrant population in the GCC, however, have largely gone unstudied and unproven in the scholarship. Today, although dominated by Asians, the migrant community in the GCC states includes various nationalities of Arabs and non-Arabs who immigrated for work or study purposes. This study assesses the politicization and political engagement of different migrant communities in three GCC states: Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. By identifying a series of economically, politically and socially salient topics pertaining to each of these Gulf states, we use public Twitter data for users from these three states to identify users' nationality group and assess their engagement (or lack thereof) in these prominent domestic discourses in an attempt to unravel the assumption of the link between political engagement and nationality and to offer a more nuanced and data-informed conclusion. The study found lower levels of politicization among all nationalities in Qatar than Bahrain and Saudi. The study also found that Gulf nationals, in the three GCC states, are the most politicized among the nationality groups. Finally, the study found that some nationality groups generate more original political tweets, while other nationalities tend to retweet political tweets more. This study could be extended to study the link between politicization and specific nationalities rather than nationality groups, the link between politicization and occupation, and the socio-cultural integration of different migrant communities in the local society


Background. Runaway behavior among children in residential care is a serious social problem in all countries of the world. Existing scientific data on risk factors and motives of runaway from out-of-home care may not be absolutely relevant to the Russian cultural context. Objective. To describe risk factors and the motives that cause children to runaway from residential care. Design. A qualitative study that included 2 focus groups with staff and graduates of residential care supplemented by the analysis of 23 cases of child runaways from residential care in St. Petersburg. Results. The study revealed the following runaway risk factors and motives: 1) running to parents or relatives, 2) romantic and/or sexual relations, 3) interaction with peers, 4) psychiatric problems, 5) addictive behavior, 6) avoidance of conflicts, 7) physical or emotional violence, 8) unmotivated runaways for entertainment, 9) problems adapting to the care institution, 10) dissatisfaction with the conditions at the care institution. Moreover, in this study, two different types of runaways have been identified, including relatively "true" runaways and those who are not psychologically experienced as such, but are only disobeying the formal rules of the care institution. Conclusions. Runaways of children from residential care are extremely heterogeneous in nature. In further empirical studies, it should be taken into account that runaways may be true and formal. There can be multiple reasons for running away: the care institution itself, a child's personality, or his or her social network outside of the care institution.


Blockchain is rapidly evolving and there is an increasing interest in the technology in both practice and academia. Recently, a blockchain use case called Initial Coin Offering (ICO) draws a lot of attention. ICO is a novel form of crowdfunding that utilizes blockchain tokens to allow for truly peer-to-peer investments. Although, more than 4.5 billion USD have been invested via ICOs, the phenomenon is poorly understood. Scientific research lacks a structured classification of ICOs to provide further insights into their characteristics. We bridge this gap by developing a taxonomy based on real-world ICO cases, related literature, and expert interviews. Further, we derive and discuss prevailing ICO archetypes. Our findings contribute to theory development in the field of ICOs by enriching the descriptive knowledge, identifying design options, deriving ICO archetypes, and laying the foundation for further research. Additionally, our research provides several benefits for practitioners. Our proposed taxonomy illustrates that there is no one-size-fits-all model of ICOs and might support the decisionmaking process of start-ups, investors and regulators. The proposed ICO archetypes indicate how common ICOs are designed and thus might serves as best practices. Finally, our analysis indicates that ICOs represent a valid alternative to traditional crowdfunding approaches.


In this paper, I present my perspective on the interaction between experimental and empirical economics. This is a written version of remarks originally made at a conference on experimental-economics methodology at New York University, where I was asked to discuss two papers, one by John Kagel, and the other by Glenn Harrison, Morten Lau, and Elisabeth Rutstrom. I stress the complementarity between laboratory and field experiments, noting that laboratory experiments give us much more ability to observe and control variables of interest, while field experiments force us to think about how well economic theories approximate the outside world. I consider the important role of context in experiments, discuss examples of ways that laboratory and field experiments have combined to deepen our understanding of the world, and discuss my perspective on the appropriate definition of the term "field experiment."


Regional economic growth and development is triggered by a combination of many factors such as public sector intervention, national and regional policies, and private sector investments.

Regional development funds, through the application of pertinent objectives, focusing, participation, and co-ordination can certainly make an important contribution on regional development.

In Chile one of the main public sector policy instruments for regional development are the Regional Investment Funds. The role of these funds in the economic and social development of regions in difficulty or whose development is lagging has significantly increased in recent years.

The country has had a regional development fund, the "Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional" (FNDR) since the mid-1970s. This fund, modest in its beginning, was significantly increased starting in 1985 due to loans from the Inter American Development Bank. The FNDR has played an important role providing basic social infrastructure in regions.

However, despite the increasing amount of resources channelled to regions, twenty five-years of existence of the FNDR, and almost a decade since establishment of Regional Governments in Chile, few improvements can be recorded in the way the Regional Funds are being used or on their overall effect on regional development.

The main purpose of the study is to analyse the action of the regional development fund of Chile (the FNDR) and its relationship with the overall objective of regional development.

Two different empirical approaches evaluated specific effects of the FNDR. The first was concerned with the analysis of particular aspects of the fund labelled as the "key elements" in the running of the FNDR. The second presents and compares the experience of a similar fund for regional development. The fund selected to carry out this comparison was the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

The specific questions to the "key elements" address three different aspects of the existence and performance of the fund: questions 1 and 2 deal with the very existence or the overall aim of the fund; questions 3 and 4, with the way the fund is being allocated and used; and question 5 is rather different as it tries to explore the possibility of finding other potentials for regional development, not exploited as such, due to the dominance and statutory primacy of the fund.


A novel toxicological tool, which consisted of a differentiated, 3-D, in vitro
model of human respiratory epithelia, i.e. EpiAirway-100 cells (MatTek Corp.,
USA), was utilised to identify intelligent biomarkers in human respiratory
epithelia following exposure to selected particle and vapour phase tobacco
smoke components (TSC); thus providing a holistic approach towards the
identification of biomarkers in the pulmonary epithelium. A range of TSC
doses were used to elicit a classic dose response which was characterised by
conventional toxicology techniques (transepithelial electrical resistance
[TEER], cell viability [MTT] and protein assay). All four TSC appeared to
induce similar stress responses (e.g. protective mechanisms) within the
model. Histological (LM level) examination was utilised to investigate the
morphological changes in cellular-tissue organisation in the ETM, following
exposure challenges with the TSC. In conjunction with this, targeted immunohistochemistry
assays were performed in order to better characterise the
tissue response at the cellular level, i.e. basal, ciliated, intermediate and
Goblet cells. Three discrete zones of tissue injury and repair were delineated:
(1) the apical region, (2) the suprabasal region and (3) the basal zone (i.e.
where basal cells acted as progenitors or stem cells).
Toxicogenomics was carried out to identify early molecular markers for events
in pulmonary injury. This study identified nine genes, with the potential of
being genomic biomarkers, for specific disease mechanisms known to be
associated with tobacco smoke. Another potential genomic biomarker was
identified which was not previously related to tobacco smoke, PTGS1. Its
induction could result in a disruption of tissue homeostasis that may lead to
the onset of a number of human inflammatory diseases (e.g. chronic
obstructive pulmonary disorder). The proteomic analysis identified two
proteins (cystatin-A and ubiquitin) that were significantly induced for all TSC
exposures and could be described as 'defence proteins'. Consequently, they
represented potential biomarkers of general lung injury. This study also
identified three proteins (complement C3, calmodulin and CD9) that could be
used as biomarkers for specific disease mechanisms (e.g. atherosclerosis).


Here, we demonstrate the utility of low gamma nuclei for spin storage of hyperpolarization followed by proton detection, which theoretically can provide up to approximately (gamma[1H]/gamma[X])(2) gain in sensitivity in hyperpolarized biomedical MR. This is exemplified by hyperpolarized 1-(13)C sites of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl 1-(13)C-propionate-d(3) (TFPP), (13)C T(1) = 67 s in D(2)O, and 1-(13)C-succinate-d(2), (13)C T(1) = 105 s in D(2)O, pH 11, using PASADENA. In a representative example, the spin polarization was stored on (13)C for 24 and 70 s, respectively, while the samples were transferred from a low magnetic field polarizer operating at 1.76 mT to a 4.7 T animal MR scanner. Following sample delivery, the refocused INEPT pulse sequence was used to transfer spin polarization from (13)C to protons with an efficiency of 50% for TFPP and 41% for 1-(13)C-succinate-d(2) increasing the overall NMR sensitivity by a factor of 7.9 and 6.5, respectively. The low gamma nuclei exemplified here by (13)C with a T(1) of tens of seconds acts as an efficient spin polarization storage, while J-coupled protons are better for NMR detection.


Aims and objectives.  The aim was to understand the lived experience of close relatives encountering older persons with acute confusional state. Background.  Little is known about relatives of patients with acute confusional state and their experiences while encountering a family member exhibiting acute confusional state. Design.  A descriptive phenomenological research approach was used. Methods.  Data were collected by interviewing 10 close relatives of older people with acute confusional state at two hospital wards. Results.  Relatives experience the encounter as encountering a familiar person who has suddenly become unfamiliar, struggling to separate the familiar from the unfamiliar and trying to understand the causes of acute confusional state and the behaviour of the person. Six constituents illuminate the phenomenon: 'change in the other person', 'rapid and unexpected changes', 'experiencing insecurity in the encounter', 'trusting or mistrusting the other person', 'experiencing loss' and 'experiencing exposure'. Relevance to clinical practice.  It is important for professional carers to support relatives on how to encounter the person with acute confusional state, and to co-operate with relatives to gain knowledge about the unique person behind the acute confusional state. Conclusion.  Relatives' difficulties in dealing with strong emotions evoked within the encounter, experiencing limitation and lack of trust is essential knowledge for professional carers in all care settings.


When individuals trade with strangers, there is a temptation to renege on contracts. In the absence of repeated interaction or exogenous enforcement mechanisms, this problem can impede valuable exchange. Historically, individuals have solved this problem by forming institutions that sustain trade using group, rather than individual, reputation. Groups can employ two mechanisms to uphold reputation that are generally unavailable to isolated individuals: information sharing and in-group punishment. In this paper, we design a laboratory experiment to distinguish the roles of these two mechanisms in sustaining group reputation and increasing gains from trade. We nd that information sharing encourages path dependence via group reputation; good (bad) behavior by individuals results in greater (fewer) gains from exchange for the group in the future. However, the mere threat of in-group punishment is enough to discourage bad behavior, even if punishment is rarely employed. When combined, information sharing and in-group punishment work as complements; the presence of ingroup punishment encourages cooperation early on, and information sharing reinforces this behavior over time.


Device drivers commonly execute in the kernel to achieve high performance and easy access to kernel services. However, this comes at the price of decreased reliability and increased programming difficulty. Driver programmers are unable to use user-mode development tools and must instead use cumbersome kernel tools. Faults in kernel drivers can cause the entire operating system to crash. User-mode drivers have long been seen as a solution to this problem, but suffer from either poor performance or new interfaces that require a rewrite of existing drivers.
 This paper introduces the Microdrivers architecture that achieves high performance and compatibility by leaving critical path code in the kernel and moving the rest of the driver code to a user-mode process. This allows data-handling operations critical to I/O performance to run at full speed, while management operations such as initialization and configuration run at reduced speed in user-level. To achieve compatibility, we present DriverSlicer, a tool that splits existing kernel drivers into a kernel-level component and a user-level component using a small number of programmer annotations. Experiments show that as much as 65% of driver code can be removed from the kernel without affecting common-case performance, and that only 1-6 percent of the code requires annotations.


The evolution of the recrystallization phase in amorphous 6H-SiC formed by He implantation followed by thermal annealing is investigated. Microstructures of recrystallized layers in 15 keV He+ ion implanted 6H-SiC (0001) wafers are characterized by means of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and high-resolution TEM. Epitaxial recrystallization of buried amorphous layers is observed at an annealing temperature of 900°C. The recrystallization region contains a 3C-SiC structure and a 6H-SiC structure with different crystalline orientations. A high density of lattice defects is observed at the interface of different phases and in the periphery of He bubbles. With increasing annealing to 1000°C, 3C-SiC and columnar epitaxial growth 6H-SiC become unstable, instead of [0001] orientated 6H-SiC. In addition, the density of lattice defects increases slightly with increasing annealing. The possible mechanisms for explanation are also discussed.


As a society we care about what we measure, we use what we measure, and what we measure drives policies and society in a particular direction. We therefore need to measure progress correctly. If societies blindly accept GDP as their measure of progress, they might be trying to maximize the wrong indicator for society. In this paper I present Bhutan as a living example of a society that has opened a national dialogue about what progress means, and they have created the Gross National Happiness (GNH) index to reflect their understanding of progress. Furthermore, the political and economic architecture of Bhutan is structured around maximizing GNH rather than GDP. Institutions in Bhutan use the GNH index and a series of instruments of policy to construct policies that promote GNH. We can draw a number of lessons from the Bhutanese experiment, namely that each individual society should strive to answer the following three questions: • What does progress mean? • How do we develop indicators that measure progress? • How de we use indicators to shape policies and institutions? All societies seek to create wellbeing for individuals. The question is not whether societies desire welfare or not. The fundamental questions are: what does wellbeing mean? How do we measure it? And how do we use indicators to organize society and its institutions so as to maximize wellbeing? Answering these complex questions is a challenging endeavor, especially given the diversity of values and worldviews around the globe. However, at the center of the essential questions of development and progress lie the indicators we use as a society to measure wellbeing and develop policies. As Hazel Henderson said, "Statistical indicators are the structural DNA codes of nations. They reflect a society's values and goals and become the key drivers of economic and technological choices."


John Monteith fundamentally changed the way in which physical and biological scientists explore the interactions between living organisms and their environments. Trained in physics and meteorology, he pioneered innovative ways of measuring and analysing exchanges of heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide between leaves, crops, animals and the atmosphere. Building on the work of Howard Penman, with whom he worked for almost two decades, he developed the Penman–Monteith equation that is widely used in planning irrigation and water resource development. Subsequently, as the first Professor of Environmental Physics at the University of Nottingham, he brought together multidisciplinary groups to study the growth of temperate and tropical crops and the heat balance of animals. His Environmental Physics group trained graduates and postdoctoral scientists who have joined research establishments and universities worldwide. The final phase of his long career was spent at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, where he directed teams applying his experimental methods and analyses to benefit crop production in developing countries—a topic that epitomized his desire to have his science make an impact for the good of mankind. In addition to his exceptional ability in research and teaching, John Monteith was an outstanding communicator and leader who made substantial contributions to many national and international organizations.


'I need to see the Queen about my sick brother.' Colin Mudford is on a quest. His brother Luke has cancer and the doctors in Australia don't seem to be able to cure him. Sent to London to stay with relatives, Colin is desperate to do something to help Luke. He wants to find the best the doctor in the world. Where better to start than by going to the top? Colin is determined to ask the Queen for her advice. In Morris Gleitzman's trademark style, this very moving story illuminates deeply serious issues about illness and loss with bright moments of humour.


Objective: To investigate the 10-year risk of dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) ages 40 to 85 years. Methods: We selected subjects from a memory clinic if they met one of the following definitions of MCI: cognitive complaints (n = 181), aging-associated cognitive decline (AACD) (n = 163), mild functional impairment (n = 86), or amnestic MCI (n = 64). Subjects were reassessed after 2, 5, and 10 years. The risk of dementia was calculated with Kaplan-Meier statistics. Analyses were conducted in the entire sample and in subgroups of subjects aged 40 to 54 years, 55 to 69 years, and 70 to 85 years. Results: The 10-year risk of dementia was 0.27 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.34) in subjects with cognitive complaints, 0.28 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.35) in subjects with AACD, 0.44 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.56) in subjects with mild functional impairment, and 0.48 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.61) in subjects with amnestic MCI. Ninety-one percent of the demented subjects had probable AD. The risk of dementia increased with increasing age for all MCI definitions (p < 0.001). Depending on the MCI definition used, the risk for dementia ranged from 0 to 0.06 in subjects aged 40 to 54 years, from 0.37 to 0.52 in subjects aged 55 to 69 years, and from 0.77 to 1.0 in subjects aged 70 to 85 years. Conclusions: The majority of subjects with MCI do not progress to dementia at the long term. Age strongly influences the dementia risk. MCI often represents the predementia stage of a neurodegenerative disorder in elderly subjects but rarely in younger subjects.


Many aspects of African traditional family patterns and child-rearing practices are increasingly being challenged by news pressures, reevaluated against emerging values and replaced by new arrangements as part of a continuing transition in the social and cultural ecology of African family life. All the interlocking forces of change discussed in this paper have put added stress on the family's capacity to secure sustainable well-being. Although the changes affect everyone, women and children from the poorest families who already suffer different kinds of deprivation in many aspects of their lives are usually the worst affected. At the crossroads of family tradition and transition is the issue of sustainable child welfare. New and innovative strategies are required to strengthen the capabilities of individuals, families and communities to share care-giving responsibilities within the framework of reciprocity and partnerships to facilitate sustainable social relationships in and outside the family. This may require building alliances beyond the family and community to open a wider range of opportunities for men, women and children and a change in the overall perception of parenting to make the unique role of women in childcare meaningful, viable and sustainable


In this thesis an architecture, similar to subsumption architectures, is presented which uses low level behaviour modules, based on combinations of machine learning techniques, to create teams of autonomous agents cooperating via shared plans for interaction. The purpose of this is to perform effective single plan execution within multiple scenarios, using a modern team based first person shooter video game as the domain and visualiser. The main focus is showing that through basic machine learning mechanisms, applied in a multi-agent setting on sparse data, plans can be executed on game levels of varying size and shape without sacrificing team goals. It is also shown how different team members can perform locally sub-optimal operations which contribute to a globally better strategy by adding exploration data to the machine learning mechanisms. This contributes to the reinforcement learning problem of exploration versus exploitation, from a multi-agent perspective.


High CO2 induces cleavage and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor RelB. Excessive CO2 in the blood (hypercapnia) alters physiology both as an active signaling molecule and through acidosis. Although hypercapnia can have adverse effects, it can suppress nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent transcription of proinflammatory genes, and it is often induced to protect patients with pulmonary disease from inflammation-induced lung injury. Oliver et al. report that exposing mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) or human pulmonary epithelial (A549) cells to 10% CO2 induced cleavage and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB family member RelB compared with cells cultured in ambient conditions (0.03% CO2). Lowering the pH of the culture medium under ambient conditions had no effect on the subcellular localization of RelB in MEFs. High CO2 also induced nuclear accumulation of the α subunit of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKα), which promotes RelB activation, but had no effect on the molecular mass or subcellular localization of the NF-κB family member p65. Treating MEFs with a proteasome inhibitor prevented the accumulation of cleaved RelB in the nucleus in cells cultured in 10% CO2 but had no effect on the nuclear accumulation of IKKα. Under ambient conditions, stimulation of A549 cells with the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) induced TNFα expression. High CO2 (10%) suppressed this induction, and knocking down RelB by RNA interference increased this suppressive effect. For rats treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce acute lung injury, therapeutic hypoventilation with a gas mixture containing 5% CO2 induces hypercapnia, decreases inflammatory lung damage, and improves survival and lung function. Therapeutic hypoventilation also induced nuclear accumulation of RelB in lung leukocytes compared to animals ventilated without CO2 after LPS treatment. These results suggest a model in which CO2 induces proteasomal-dependent cleavage of RelB, which then translocates to the nucleus, where it reduces the expression of proinflammatory genes. Although nuclear translocation of NF-κB transcription factors is generally proinflammatory, NF-κB transcription factors form various active and inactive homo- and heterodimers, so the relative abundance of these proteins in the nucleus may determine whether or not NF-κB–responsive proinflammatory genes are activated. K. M. Oliver, C. R. Lenihan, U. Bruning, A. Cheong, J. G. Laffey, P. McLoughlin, C. T. Taylor, E. P. Cummins, Hypercapnia induces cleavage and nuclear localization of RelB protein, giving insight into CO2 sensing and signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 14004–14011 (2012). [Abstract] [Full Text]


As the world moves towards its so-called urban 'tipping point', urbanization in the global South has increasingly come to be portrayed as the portent of a dystopian future characterized by ever-mounting levels of anarchy and brutality. The association between cities, violence, and disorder is not new, however. In a classic article on 'Urbanism as a way of life', Louis Wirth (1938: 23) famously links cities to 'personal disorganization, mental breakdown, suicide, delinquency, crime, corruption, and disorder'. He does so on the grounds that the urban context constituted a space that naturally generated particular forms of social organization and collective action as a result of three key attributes: population size, density, and heterogeneity. Large numbers lead to a segmentation of human relations, the pre-eminence of secondary over primary social contact, and a utilitarianization of interpersonal relationships. Density produces increased competition, accelerates specialization, and engenders glaring contrasts that accentuate social friction. Heterogeneity induces more ramified and differentiated forms of social stratification, heightened individual mobility, and increased social fluidity. While large numbers, density, and heterogeneity can plausibly be considered universal features of cities, it is much less obvious that they necessarily lead to urban violence. This is a standpoint that is further reinforced by the fact that not all cities around the world – whether rapidly urbanizing or not – are violent, and taking off from Wirth's characterization of the city, this paper therefore seeks to understand how and why under certain circumstances compact settlements of large numbers of heterogeneous individuals give rise to violence, while in others they don't, focusing in particular on wider structural factors as seen through the specific lens of urban gang violence.


The cluster randomised crossover (CRXO) design is a type of randomised trial that is used to assess the effects of interventions. The aim of this research was to assess the design, reporting quality, and statistical methods used in CRXO trials, and to facilitate improvement where shortcomings were identified. The research showed that incomplete reporting and the application of inappropriate methods for sample size calculation and analysis were common. This resulted in the development of graphical illustrations that explained the intuition behind the design, a proposal for a reporting guideline, detailed sample size considerations and sample size formulae for stratified trials.


Research into preschool education has paid a lot of attention to investigating children's conceptual development and cognitive learning about nature, with methods based on observations and verbal interviews before and after a teaching period. The purpose of this study has been to present and illustrate an approach that facilitates the analysis of practical meaning making in Early Childhood Education. The study is largely based on John Dewey's pragmatism and has a particular focus on his use of transaction, functional coordination, inquiry, educative experience and nature. In this context meaning making is understood as the growing, learning process that contributes to further actions in extended ways. A transactional approach to physical experiences, with a focus on analyses of toddlers' bodily actions in nature encounters, is illustrated by a video recording of a toddler's encounter with icy and clay surfaces. This encounter was analysed using Practical Epistemological Analysis. Toddlers' inquiry processes were studied with a specific focus on functional coordination, i.e. relations between different actions and their consequences when meeting the environment. The methodological approach contributes to further research by focusing on practical and physical learning processes. It can also be seen as a contribution to Early Childhood Science Education by showing the relation between previous experiences of natural phenomena and meaning making for further actions in extended ways.


Angier and Palmer (2006, p18), in the Royal Literary Fund Report, support the idea that, ideally 'every department would have its own writing tutor, or better still, it would integrate the skills of writing into the very fabric of learning'(Murray, 2005), but then go on to suggest that this is impractical, as it 'would require a wholesale change in the ethos and practice of higher education.' Here at Huddersfield we believe we've made a small start in changing that ethos and that this might impact on how students engage with learning.
We have developed a 'distributed' Academic Skills model with tutors based in each School. These tutors are experienced lecturers who seek to work closely with lecturing staff to look at how they can incorporate the development of student writing into their modules as well as alongside them. We believe that students are much more likely to engage with ideas about improving their own learning if they appear relevant and cohesive within their own subject area. Even where we do stand alone study skills, or one to one work, we endeavour to understand the module and the specific requirements of the assignment even though we are not dealing with content. This gives students reassurance and because the students are used to seeing us within the school, being fully involved and interacting with their lecturers, they feel confident in the relevance of our contribution.
Motivation will always be the key to student engagement; by publicising our approach within the School and emphasising the developmental rather than remedial aspects, we encourage students to see us as a means to an end: facilitating their 'academic integration' (Draper, 2005), improving their grades and also improving their chance of succeeding in an increasingly competitive world in which good communication skills can be a major factor in achieving goals. Feedback from evaluation of our provision suggests that students are beginning to take a far more positive attitude towards writing development.This presentation details how the model at Huddersfield has evolved from a small TQEF funded project and what challenges have been and are still being faced. We document a case study of a department where we feel the model has worked successfully and explore ideas for developing a cohesive cross-university strategy.


In this paper we offer a study on the interpretation of plural definites in discourse ('the tank engines') and their interaction with spatial adpositions ('to' and 'at'). The novel empirical findings in the paper support the following assumptions on the contribu-tion of spatial adpositions to the interpretation of plural definites. First, the interpre-tation of plural definites can be influenced by the lexical aspect type of adpositions. While 'to' as 'telic' predicate can license both a 'collective' and a 'distributive' reading for plural definites, 'at' as an 'atelic' predicate only licenses a 'collective' reading. Second, the precise lexical content of adpositions determines which interpretation is accessed. It is claimed that 'at' denotes a 'general location' relation between locatum and landmark object, and thus licenses a collective reading for plural definites.