This paper first analyzes the reasons of complex monolithic movement of a brick-wooden building in Henan province in China. The building foundation integral underpinning technique and curved-track moving technique which combine the track sharing-monolithic movement method and efficient long distance movement method were put forward. These methods use the anchor static pile, in order to guarantee the safety of the building for complex monolithic movement. The analysis of the internal force and deformation of underpinning structure was calculated by finite element software SAP2000. A practice case showed that the internal force of the underpinning structure is less than the bearing capacity, which proved the efficiency of the proposed method.


Abstract Functional mitral regurgitation may have different haemodynamic consequences, clinical implications and treatment options, such as surgical or percutaneous interventions or implanting a pacemaker. Here we present two cases with haemodynamically significant intermittent functional mitral regurgitation as the underlying mechanism of heart failure. The cases underline the importance of a high index of suspicion in patients with intermittent heart failure, and a careful analysis of echocardiographic images with simultaneous ECG, in order to delineate systolic and diastolic mitral regurgitation.


Abstract The paper presents a 3D numerical model of the neutron source for the transmutation of long-lived radioactive waste in spent nuclear fuel. The projected plasma type neutron source is based on the Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) which is a special magnetic mirror system for the plasma confinement. A new improved version of the GDT type fusion neutron source is numerically simulated by use different numerical methods. New physical phenomena such as a vortex confinement, improved axial confinement, low radial transport, high β etc. were included in these simulations. The experimental and theoretical foundations of these phenomena were obtained in the GDT-U experimental facility in the Budker Institute. In result the proposed neutron source has two n-zones of 2 m length with a neutron power of 1.6 MW/m and a neutron production rate up to 1.5x1018 n/s each. This source can be used for application to a fusion driven system for the burning of MA in spent nuclear fuel.


The Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) suite of protocols has been defined to
control different switching technologies as well as different
applications. These include support for requesting TDM connections
including SONET/SDH and Optical Transport Networks (OTNs). This
document provides the extensions of the IETF Link State Routing
Protocols to meet the routing requirements for an Automatically
Switched Optical Network (ASON) as defined by ITU-T.


Courtship bouts of six founder‐flush populations (two‐pair founder‐flush) and two nonbottlenecked controls of the housefly were videotaped over the course of 26 generations in order to evaluate the stability of mating behaviour. Limited‐choice mate preference tests were conducted periodically to assess levels of homogamic preference. Both founder‐flush and control treatments showed significant evolutionary potential in courtship, along with homogamic and heterogamic preferences. The founder‐flush populations were significantly differentiated from the controls in courtship repertoire, but all of the populations pursued convergent evolutionary trajectories in adapting to the laboratory, resulting in dissolution of homogamic preferences. The phenotypic shifts in courtship and mate preferences were unrelated to evolutionary trends in overall mating vigour; therefore, the convergence in courtship could not be attributed to either a fitness meltdown due to inbreeding or the purge of deleterious alleles. Only one founder‐flush population showed some independence from the selectional pressures for convergence; therefore, the single two‐pair founder‐flush event was generally inadequate to stimulate stable incipient speciation. This study thus demonstrates how convergent evolution can dissolve founder‐flush effects.


This study explores the relationship between organizational control modes (behavior, outcome, and clan) and software quality. Much of the previous work on organizational control has examined the choice of modes given task characteristics. This research extends work in control theory by considering the impact of control modes on the increasingly critical organizational outcome of software quality. The research is set in the context of software development organizations in three of the largest software developing countries: India, Ireland, and Israel (the 3Is). A cross sectional survey of 400 software development organizations across the 3Is will be used to test the developed model. In addition to the theoretical contributions, the study will provide practical implications to support software project managers in making better organizational control choices.


Recommender systems are now popular both commercially and in the research community, where many algorithms have been suggested for providing recommendations. These algorithms typically perform differently in various domains and tasks. Therefore, it is important from the research perspective, as well as from a practical view, to be able to decide on an algorithm that matches the domain and the task of interest. The standard way to make such decisions is by comparing a number of algorithms offline using some evaluation metric. Indeed, many evaluation metrics have been suggested for comparing recommendation algorithms. The decision on the proper evaluation metric is often critical, as each metric may favor a different algorithm. In this paper we review the proper construction of offline experiments for deciding on the most appropriate algorithm. We discuss three important tasks of recommender systems, and classify a set of appropriate well known evaluation metrics for each task. We demonstrate how using an improper evaluation metric can lead to the selection of an improper algorithm for the task of interest. We also discuss other important considerations when designing offline experiments.


Gender in physiotherapy education is somewhat ambiguous. Physiotherapy is historically a women's profession, yet in recent decades there has been a growing proportion of men. The mass media portrays a masculine sporty image of physiotherapy, which notably ignores the presence of women. Previous research in physiotherapy education has shown gender differences in student preferences for work and career pathways. Gender differences in attainment in practice components of the course have also been demonstrated, with men doing less well than women and more likely to fail. As a physiotherapy educator faced with these issues, the aim of this study is to explore the significance of gender in students' constructions of identity.

Social constructionism was adopted as an underpinning theory in this professional practice research involving students from one cohort of undergraduate physiotherapy students at a university in the south east of England. Nine male and female participants were interviewed at the beginning of their second year and were asked to record stories about their experiences both on and off campus throughout the academic year using a digital recording device. Data from the interviews and audio-diary narratives were analysed using Judith Butler's theorisation of gender as 'performative' to understand how gender identities were constructed. Foucauldian and critical pedagogical perspectives were employed to further interrogate the gender discourses that emerged.

The findings indicate that gender was rarely explicitly discussed; yet participants' gender identities were constantly negotiated through relationships that were not limited to the university and clinical settings. A range of discourses of masculinity and femininity were identified illustrating a profound gender orthodoxy in physiotherapy education that simultaneously demanded acceptance, assimilation or resistance. As a consequence, students in this study used a number of discursive strategies in the struggle to be recognised within physiotherapy education and practice.

The implications from these findings raise questions about gender tensions and contradictions in the physiotherapy programme under scrutiny and about the pedagogic practices that reinforce them. In this context, there is a need to raise awareness amongst peers and managers of the possible sites of gender inequalities within this curriculum. Also, gender needs to come 'out of the closet' and be debated within the classroom and the wider social spaces inhabited by students in order to develop more nuanced understandings of gender within physiotherapy and healthcare. Finally this research indicates the need to provide more inclusive spaces within the curriculum for reflecting on the complexity of identity construction and for challenging its institutional forms.


Research on income distribution in South Africa has, for obvious reasons, focused on inter-racial (inter-group) income distribution. Quite dramatic changes have occurred in inter-racial income distribution patterns since the 1970s, with the black share of income rising for the first time and at times exceeding the rise in their population share. This implies a narrowing inter-racial income gap. Data on income distribution remain scarce, so that it remains difficult to obtain the full picture about changes in income distribution. In particular, widening inequality within the black population has received much attention. Rises in black unemployment and in black wages have had inequality-inducing effects on black incomes. Is maldistribution of income between races now making way for maldistribution of income within race groups? Put differently, is inequality shifting from inter-group to intra-group inequality (from between group to within group inequality)? This paper pieces together information from various sources of data (censuses, household surveys, marketing surveys, published wage data series, etc.) to inform estimates of inter- and intra-group distribution over a longer time frame, in an effort to improve analysis of income inequality and poverty trends. These income distribution patterns also have considerable implications for the growth and evolution of the South African consumer market.


Resource selection, also called server selection, collection selection or database selection, is a foundational problem in distributed information retrieval (DIR). This paper introduces a set-covering-based algorithm for resource selection in DIR, with consideration of overlapping extent between resources. Give different document with different weight according to its position in merged results for question Q. Only results that have not appeared in some earlier selected resource are focused on in later selected resources. The score of each resource is decided by the total weights of those merged results included in, and only the resource with max score is selected in each selecting step. So, the selecting order is the actual rank of selected resources which are used to search the question Q', which is similar to question Q. The approach saves big searching time due to overlapping between databases and, at the same time, enhances user's recall rate and precision.


Accumulation of sulfidic sediments in freshwater environments is a relatively recent phenomenon and an emerging environmental issue. In the present study, benthic sediments along short (~250m) reaches of an inland freshwater river in south-eastern Australia were examined to determine the abundance and vertical distribution of fine-grained organic sulfidic sediments, identified by acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and chromium-reducible sulfur (SCR) contents. Sulfidic sediments (up to 404mmolkg–1 SCR) preferentially accumulated in zones immediately overlying coarse sandy bed material. Conversely, where bed material was clay or silt dominated, comparatively limited sulfidic sediment had accumulated (where AVS and SCR were not detected). This suggests that the hydraulic conductivity of the underlying bed material could play a role in the formation of sulfidic sediments and that the overlying water column is not the sole source of SO42–. Evidence suggests that accumulation of sulfidic materials occurred preferentially downstream of channel obstructions, such as submerged logs or in scour pools. However, sediment accumulation was not limited to lower-energy parts of the channel, as would be expected for fine-grained organic sediments. Evidence of reworking, burial or sulfide formation at depth highlights the dynamism of the system and its differences to many coastal systems where these sediments are commonly found.


This study carries out an ex-ante impact assessment of substantial amendments put forward by the IMCO and JURI Committees of the European Parliament, which would introduce a commercial lifespan guarantee in the proposed online sales and digital content Directives. It analyses the impact of these proposed amendments through the development of specific policy options. Two non-legislative options, implying that none of the amendments are implemented, are first assessed: an Option zero and a soft law approach (Option 1). Three distinct legislative options are also defined, by integrating specific aspects of the amendments: Option 2 (subjective duration of lifespan), Option 3 (normal duration of lifespan) and Option 4 (binding technical standards for the determination of the lifespan) For each legislative option, two sub-options are developed by considering liability solely on the manufacturer (2a, 3a and 4a), or joint liability with the trader (2b, 3b and 4b). The key findings of the impact assessment reveal that the preferred options are Options 2 and 4. The former is certainly less ambitious than the latter and would result in less benefit overall, but it would also involve less cost and, contrary to Option 4, could be implemented within a relatively short period of time.

This study was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) as part of the Parliament's general commitment to improving the quality of EU legislation, and in particular in undertaking to carry out impact assessments of its own substantial amendments when it considers it appropriate and necessary for the legislative process. This study can also be downloaded from the European Parliament's website.


Compassionate use of Saltikva was sought for a patient with stage 4, metastatic pancreatic cancer. Approval was granted for an n=1 multiple dose (every 2 week) trial with concomitant FOLFIRINOX. Now, at 15 months, this patient has not experienced any toxicity to Saltikva, continues therapy, has normalized CA19-9 levels, maintained her immunologic cell populations despite cytotoxic chemotherapy, demonstrated a strong NK cell response, and has a radiologic regression of metastatic tumor burden with a complete absence of tumor activity by PET scan.


: Background : Nurses are vulnerable to various sleep disorders because of the nature of their job. If nurses do not experience a good general health, they will not be able to do their job (patient care) well. Materials and Method : We conducted a descriptive-comparative study in 180 nurses that were selected with the stratified sampling method who have been working in different work shift hours in teaching hospitals. We used PSQI and GHQ-28 questionnaire for collecting data. Results : The study results showed a statistically significant difference in sleep quality and general health of nurses based on two questionnaires (p=0.01 p=0.05) respectively. Conclusion : According to our findings we suggest fixed working shifts versus rotating one for nurses to reduce the side effects.


Co-Operative Intelligent transportation systems (C-ITS) incorporate distributed control and coordination to ensure better and safer transportation networks, reduced carbon emissions, and improved traffic flows. In particular, ITS may benefit greatly from the synergy of technologies for traffic simulation, real-time control, and communication networks. In this paper, we develop an augmented reality demo environment for ITS by combining traffic micro-simulation with a physical scaled intersection model containing toy vehicles controlled by embedded controllers. We use the framework to develop an application illustrating the use of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications between vehicles to facilitate safe driving. Vehicles maintain appropriate distance and use variable acceleration and smart lane-changing to ensure safety. We simulated V2V communications between autonomous vehicles by modifying the on-board electronics on the vehicles and by using the XBee wireless standard for communication.


This article examines the relationship between interpersonal trust and virtual collaborative relationship (VCR) performance. Findings from a study of 10 operational telemedicine projects in health care delivery systems are presented. The results presented here confirm, extend, and apparently contradict prior studies of interpersonal trust. Four types of interpersonal trust-calculative, competence, relational, and integrated are identified and operationalized as a single construct. We found support for an association between calculative, competence, and relational interpersonal trust and performance. Our finding of a positive association between integrated interpersonal trust and performance not only yields the strongest support for a relationship between trust and VCR performance but also contradicts prior research. Our findings indicate that the different types of trust are interrelated in that positive assessments of all three types of trust are necessary if VCRs are to have strongly positive performance. The study also established that if any one type of trust is negative, then it is very likely that VCR performance will not be positive. Our findings indicate that integrated types of interpersonal trust are interdependent, and the various patterns of interaction among them are such that they are mutually reinforcing. These interrelationships and interdependencies of the different types of interpersonal trust must be taken into account by researchers as they attempt to understand the impact of trust on virtual collaborative relationship performance.


This study explores the relationship between media images' portrayal of the "thin ideal" and college women's self-image and self-esteem. A review of the literature validated the researcher's hypothesis that women are negatively affected by the media's portrayal of "ideal" body types. However, the review of literature also presented a contrasting theme that media images can positively affect women through motivation and determination to maintain healthy lifestyles. A mixed methods study using Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale and media images portraying different body types was used to examine this relationship. Findings indicated that the level of the women's self-esteem prior to completing the survey will have an impact on the level of women's self-esteem after observing the images. In addition, findings gathered that women who have body types that are not considered "ideal" by society do not believe that their own body types are ideal; rather, body types that are more desired than their own are the "ideal" body types for which women should strive to resemble. An implication for future research and practice is concerned with the sensitivity of the relationship between media images' portrayal of a "thin ideal" and college women's self-esteem.


The performance of a Diesel engine was evaluated using fuels with varying T90 distillation temperatures. The T90 distillation temperature is an indicator of the yield of Diesel fuel extracted from crude oil. A higher T90 can translate to better utilization of raw petroleum resources. This experiment verified if high distillation temperatures have any effects on torque, power, specific fuel consumption and emissions. Engine vibrations were also measured and analyzed using accelerometers. Tests were done on a light truck engine connected to a chassis dynamometer.


OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinicopathologic prognosticators and survival of Asians and whites with corpus cancer. METHODS: Demographic, clinicopathologic, and survival data were obtained from the 1992–2001 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Statistical analyses were performed by Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: A total of 2,144 Asians and 32,999 whites with corpus cancer were identified. The age-adjusted incidence of uterine cancer in Asians compared with whites was 16.8 compared with 26.1 per 100,000. Asians presented at a younger age (mean 58.4 years compared with 65.1; P < .01) and with more advanced stage disease than whites (21.5% compared with 15.4%; P < .01). The 5-year survival rate for Asians was 79.4% compared with 75.2% for whites (P < .01). Asians with stage I-II and III-IV cancers had 5-year survival rates of 89.3% and 41.2% compared with 82.3% and 34.0% for the whites, respectively (P < .01, early stage; P < .01, advanced stage). The survival advantage of Asians persists in endometrioid (P < .01) and uterine papillary serous carcinomas (P < .01), but not in clear cell carcinoma (P = .62) or sarcomas (P = .78). In multivariate analysis, younger age (P < .01), earlier stage (P < .01), favorable histology (P < .01), and lower grade (P < .01) remained as significant independent prognosticators for improved survival. However, race was not an important prognosticator. CONCLUSION: The overall survival advantage experienced by Asians with uterine cancer is attributable to their younger age at diagnosis. Because Asian women present at a younger age with more advanced disease, physicians should have an increased index of suspicion for malignancy in young Asian women with suspicious symptoms and consider a lower age threshold for biopsy in this group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2


Objectives - This paper focuses on the specific business development activities pursued by Polish Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurs (EMEs) in Glasgow at later stages of their business lifecycles. Thus the paper analyses the process by which Polish EMEs are broadening their market base and their product and services offerings. Based on phenomenological analysis of empirical data, the paper proposes a new theoretical framework and makes recommendations for policy-makers and practice.
Approach - The paper utilizes semi-structured interviews with 21 Polish migrants who arrived following the 2004 enlargement of the European Union (EU) and who started their businesses in Glasgow subsequently. Following a phenomenological approach, the paper explores Polish EMEs' idiosyncratic sense-making of their own business development activities in greater depth including how they broadened their market and product/services offerings and thus achieved breakout.
Results - The paper highlights Polish EMEs' incremental and ad hoc process of broadening their clientele and product and services offerings. Since EMEs primarily target their ethnic community as a market at the start-up phase, the limited potential of these saturated market niches can lead to low levels of business survival at worst or weak growth at best. Of particular relevance to academic theory and policymakers, Polish EMEs are able to recognise opportunities to overcome this potential threat to survival or growth either by (1) broadening their client base; (2) introducing non-ethnic product or services offerings; and/or (3) extending the enclave. However, this process of 'breaking-out' from the co-ethnic niche market is incremental (i.e. step-by-step, undocumented, and based on idiosyncratic perceptions of opportunities). Subsequently, the paper makes a novel theoretical contribution by proposing a diversification process of EMEs' activities as an indirect route to break out into the mainstream market that is grounded in both empirical evidence and the extant literature. This framework captures the dynamic and incremental nature of EMEs' business development activities.
Implications - This paper enhances and refines our understanding of the business development activities undertaken by Polish EMEs to ensure survivability of their business and to achieve growth. It also informs policy-makers about the challenges faced by EMEs to raise the resources required to break out from niche markets. Access to support and finance is limited by the Polish EMEs' lack of awareness, understanding, language skills, and of access to wider social and business networks.
Value - This paper makes a valuable contribution to the field of research on EMEs. It stresses the incremental nature of the process of broadening market base and product or services offerings as a route to break out from the saturated, hypercompetitive ethnic niche market. Hence, the paper contributes to debates on breaking-out to new markets and networks, and on barriers to growth for EMEs. It then proposes the diversification process as a useful theoretical framework to analyse EMEs' business development activities.


In the military aviation domain, the decision maker, i.e. the pilot, often has to process huge amounts of information in order to make correct decisions. This is further aggravated by factors such as time-pressure, high workload and the presence of uncertain information. A support system that aids the pilot to achieve his/her goals has long been considered vital for performance progress in military aviation. Research programs within the domain have studied such support systems, though focus has not been on team collaboration. Based on identified challenges of assessing team situation awareness we suggest an approach to future military aviation support systems based on information fusion. In contrast to most previous work in this area, focus is on supporting team situation awareness, including team threat evaluation. To deal with these challenges, we propose the development of a situational adapting system, which presents information and recommendations based on the current situation.


The history of the music publishing industry resides not just in the printed scores, which have been assiduously collected by libraries for decades, but also in the business records of the companies and in the personal recollections of the professionals who comprise those companies. Today more and more publishing houses, large and small, are changing hands or leaving the scene entirely. In such circumstances, the time, expertise, and money needed to care for a firm's archives may not be easy to marshall internally, and the potential for outside assistance or cooperation may not be explored. Whenever old company records are put aside, dispersed, or discarded, another part of history, quite possibly embodying the lifework of generations of individuals, is in danger of disappearing forever. This regrettable outcome (and it is indeed a fact that the records of numerous music publishers have been irretrievably lost) is of great concern to historians of music and culture, to librarians whose responsibility it is to preserve historical documents and make them accessible, and to a growing number of music publishers who see their own heritage threatened. As understood in these guidelines, a music publishing archive is a systematic documentary record of a music publishing company: its activities, publications, history, and people - both its employees and the composers whose works have been published. Archives have both practical and cultural values. A well-maintained archive is, first of all, an indispensable part of an active publishing enterprise. Contracts, records of copyrights, royalties, licenses and fees, other legal and financial papers, back files of published music, and correspondence - all are essential to the conduct of daily business. In the event of mergers or acquisitions, orderly documentation is a positive element in a company's saleable value. Archives also offer source material for promotion and public relations: for example, advertising, anniversary events, journalistic profiles, etc. There is also a wider cultural importance in archives, in that historical understanding depends fundamentally on documents that are handed down from one generation to the next. The present guidelines, therefore, are not concerned merely with the custodianship of old files but with the building of a legacy. Ideally, these guidelines will promote the formation of quality archives through the concerted effort of all interested parties - companies, donors, repositories, and scholars - and through a mutual recognition that the same documents may be valued very differently by different people at different times.(2) It is to all these constituencies that these guidelines are addressed. By acting now we can give our descendants the means fully to understand their past. THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH These guidelines adopt a "functional" methodology towards understanding and organizing archives. Technological change combined with the unprecedented volume of documentation being produced by most institutions today have impelled archivists to rethink some long-established ideas and practices. Where traditionally archivists used administrative structure as the lens through which to view the entire entity, the functional viewpoint examines the different activities of an institution as a means to understand the whole. It is the evidence of those functions that consequently forms the documentary record, which ultimately comprises the archive.(3) The framework for these guidelines, then, is a list of six generic functions, those typical of the music publishing industry as a whole. (indeed, the guidelines could theoretically be applied as well to the entire industry as to individual publishers). Even so, not every function will carry equal weight in each specific environment. In determining what is to be collected and saved by a given publisher, an archival plan should reflect the relative importance of generic functions to the specific institution, and set priorities accordingly. …


This project is the culmination of a long-term program to enhance student competence and program outcomes related to ethical reasoning and professionalism. The process included: 1) developing 5 supporting competencies; 2) assessing related course content and evaluation methods; 3) incorporating ethics and professionalism throughout the curriculum; 4) implementing faculty development using core values for assessing students' professional judgment in clinic; 5) evaluating students' professional judgment during patient care; and 6) surveying graduating students and recent alumni in practice. Affective and tangible components of ethical reasoning and professionalism can be competitive with financial and production expectations in practice. Students must be taught ethical decision-making and critical thinking skills to resolve competing interests and provide patient-centered care. To ascertain if competence is retained effective evaluation is needed throughout the curriculum, at graduation, and after entry into practice. Outcomes assessment of ethics and professionalism included graduating seniors' exit interviews (N=25) and alumni surveys one and 3 years post-graduation (N=29). Qualitative differences after program implementation were notable with 100% exit interview comments positive regarding education in ethics and professionalism, no suggestions for improvement made, and all interviewees reporting competence and confidence in ethical reasoning and decision making. Comments (49%) prior to curricular change and faculty development suggested changes needed in this aspect of their education. One year and 3 years post-graduation respondents (100%) strongly agreed or moderately agreed with the following: 1) their reasoning ability about ethical and professional dilemmas was enhanced by their dental hygiene education; 2) they demonstrated professional conduct in practice using ethical decision making and problem solving skills; and 3) their professional decisions were consistent with dental hygiene standards of care and legal regulations. This project documents long-term effectiveness of one approach for increasing awareness and competency in ethics and professional responsibility during patient care.


WINNER OF THE MAN BOOKER PRIZE 2003 WINNER OF THE 2003 WHITBREAD FIRST NOVEL PRIZE Named as one of the 100 Best Things in the World by GQ magazine in 2003, the riotous adventures of Vernon Gregory Little in small town Texas and beachfront Mexico mark one of the most spectacular, irreverent and bizarre debuts of the 21st century so far. Its depiction of innocence and simple humanity (all seasoned with a dash of dysfunctional profanity) in an evil world is never less than astonishing. The only novel to be set in the barbecue sauce capital of Central Texas, Vernon God Little suggests that desperate times throw up the most unlikely of heroes. 'A showpiece of superb comic writing ...Out of the detritus of a morally bankrupt society, Pierre has fashioned a work of comic art.' Sunday Telegraph 'In a just world, this ridiculously funny first novel would come free with every television set ...Not since reading John Kennedy O'Toole's masterpiece, A Confederacy of Dunces ...have I laughed so much or felt such sheer delight at the discovery of a wholly fresh comic voice ...this novel reads like a modern day fairytale.' Mail on Sunday


This thesis is a study of code mixing in one of traditional play program in RCTI. RCTI is one of the Indonesian private television channels. The program that is chosen for this study is a popular traditional play 'Ketoprak Humor' in its episode 'Keong Mas'. The writer is interested in code mixing because she assumes that the use of code mixing has made the performance more interesting. Moreover, this program has provided many code mixings. Therefore, this study is trying to make a desription of the kinds of code mixing which might occur in one of the episodes by analysing type of languages that used by the actor and actresses in their dialogue. Several theories of sociolinguistic are employed. The writer uses those theories because they might underlie the occurrence of code mixing. She also uses some theories of code mixing, however for the analysis the writer chooses to use Suwito's as her main theory. The writer collects the data by recording several episodes, then she chooses one episode which is 'Keong Mas'. She transcribes the dialogue for the whole selected episode and classifies the data based on Suwito's theory. From the analysis, the writer finds that there are five types of inner code mixing which are Indonesian - Javanese (I-Ja), Indonesian - Jakartanese (I-Jk), Indonesian - Sundanese (I-S), Javanese - Jakartanese (Ja-Jk) and Indonesian - Javanese - Jakartanese (I-Ja-Jk). Also she finds out that there are six types of outer code mixing which are Indonesian - English (I-E), English - Javanese (E-Ja), Sundanese - Indonesian - English (S-I-E), English - Indonesian - Javanese (E-I-Ja), English - Javanese - Chinese (E-Ja-C), and Indonesian - Javanese - Latin (I-Ja-L). The writer also finds the form of code mixing based on Suwito's theory. The six forms are words (W), phrases (Phr), hybrid clause (HC), word reduplication (WR), idiom (I), and clause (CL). Among the eleven types of code mixing, Indonesian- Javanese (I-J) code mixing has the highest occurrence and the `word' form also occurs more than the other.


Taking 'The Memory Salvage Project' and associated exhibition of photographs, 'Lost and Found', as its focus, this essay explores the purpose and meaning of personal photographs salvaged from the debris of the Tohoku (or Great East Japan) earthquake and tsunami of March 2011. The essay discusses the photos' relationship to memory and to community. It also compares their capacity to affect the viewer with 'the usual' disaster photos that are replicated from one disaster to the next in a variety of news media. The essay considers how these very different photos (of people and places pre- rather than post- disaster) elicit a different response from the viewer.


Background and purpose: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is an important subject and unfortunately an overlooked symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) especially in women. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of affected functional systems on primary sexual dysfunction. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Tehran, Iran in which a sample of female patients with MS was recruited consecutively from an outpatient clinic. Sexual function was evaluated by the Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire. A neurologist evaluated the clinical characteristics including disease progress, duration, and affected functional systems. The neurological impairment was assessed by the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results: There were 226 women in whom brainstem and/or cerebellum (OR for suffering from Brainstem and/or cerebellum=2.54, 95% CI=1.40-4.60, P=0.002), pyramidal dysfunction (OR for suffering from pyramidal dysfunction = 3.14, 95% CI= 1.363-7.26, P=0.002), and sensory dysfunction (OR for suffering from sensory dysfunction = 3.13, 95% CI= 1.56-6.25, P<0.028) were significant contributing factors to primary sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: This study emphasized that sexual dysfunctions are associated with affected functional systems. Therefore, more consultations and sensitive approaches are suggested in treatment of


The aim of this paper is to propose a Six Sigma-DMAIC and food waste hierarchy-based framework that can be successfully implemented by Ethiopian University canteen managers to reduce food waste in a sustainable way. The importance of this research is twofold. First, the Six Sigma-DMAIC methodology is used to evaluate and improve the process to prevent food surplus and waste in the canteen. Second, other waste hierarchy options will be used to mitigate food waste problem in a sustainable way. This has a positive social, environmental, and economic implications.


This paper describes approaches to determine metrics, costs, and benefits from Smart Grid field projects including the 140 Smart Grid Investment Grants and Smart Grid Demonstration Projects funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The paper describes DOE's metrics and benefits framework that links Smart Grid technologies with their applications and the benefits that result from those applications. Benefits are derived by comparison of grid performance before and after installation and operation of Smart Grid components. These benefits are accrued to utilities/ratepayers, consumers, and society. There are significant challenges in attempting to collect field information and convert the information to metrics, costs, and benefits. For example, determining the monetary value of performance benefits such as reduced environmental emissions, reduced outages, and reduced peak load requires assumptions based on experience and must be rooted in solid technical and financial bases.


The social experience, including that within the school environment, is highly relevant to the developing sense of self of adolescents. Yet, a lack of focus has been given to the sense of self of autistic young people in this influential school setting. Instead, research has regularly explored autistic sense of self in terms of what is lacking, in comparison with 'normative' others. Autism advocates critique such autism research for the exclusion of autistic voice, in this predominant focus on identifying deficit development. My research joins these critiques, taking a participatory, Critical Autism Studies approach, with eight autistic adolescents, who attended a mainstream secondary setting. This year-long study placed autistic adolescents' conceptualisations and presentations of the self at the fore, which revealed the heterogenous complexity of their developing sense of self. Participants illustrated how they negotiated a wide range of social influences, with the self actively presented according to social context. This included the social context of school. The role of school pupil was considered as an academic and social role, with the school environment identified as a key influence on a positive or negative sense of self. These findings challenged reductive deficit narratives, which suppose a homogenised, unreflective, anti-social self-view. Within this, it is argued that altering the research methods employed enabled autistic adolescents to share these views and experiences, which countered deficit discourses. This alternative approach was present in the choice-based methodology employed, with participants choosing from a range of visual, oral, and written methods, which could then be further adapted to meet their preferred mode of communication. This was a continuously flexible process, evolving based on persistent dialogue with participant preferences, to ensure that their full contribution could be heard. Taking a participatory stance, active participation and empowerment across the project was prioritised. As such, the inclusive process was also evaluated by participants, offering an insider-evaluation of a rarely taken choice-based research approach. These detailed evaluations address the dearth of insider, participant perspectives on the participatory research process for autistic young people, thus providing valuable insights for future research, which also aims to prioritise the autistic voice.


Partisan disagreement is a salient feature of contemporary American politics. A surprising but robust aspect of this disagreement is that it is often the greatest among individuals who are the most cognitively sophisticated. A popular hypothesis for this phenomenon is that cognitive sophistication magnifies "politically motivated reasoning"—reasoning driven by the motivation to reach conclusions congenial to one's political group identity. However, in the designs of studies supporting this hypothesis, the effect of political group identity is typically conflated with the effect of specific prior beliefs about the issue under study; and reasoning can be affected by such beliefs in the absence of any political group motivation. The diagnosticity of existing evidence is thus ambiguous. To shed new light on this issue, we conducted three experiments in which we statistically controlled for people's specific prior beliefs—isolating the direct effect of political group identity—when estimating the association between their cognitive sophistication, political group identity, and reasoning in the paradigmatic design used in the literature. Despite observing a robust direct effect of political group identity (per se) on reasoning, we found no evidence that cognitive sophistication magnifies this effect. In contrast, we found fairly consistent evidence that cognitive sophistication magnifies a direct effect of specific prior beliefs on reasoning. We conclude that there is currently a lack of compelling empirical evidence that cognitive sophistication magnifies politically motivated reasoning as commonly understood.


This paper responds to Euler's consideration of the use of design principles to bridge between knowledge production and practice design in the first issue of this journal; and particularly to the question he left open on how design principles should be formulated more concretely. It does so by extending the discussion of the use of Sandoval's approach of 'conjecture mapping'. In this discussion article, we reflect upon our own efforts at a related form of 'bridge building', specifically on work to span the gap in practice designs between the contexts of science museums and more formal education settings. Museums offer opportunities for educational innovation. The evidence of impact of such innovation on the more formal le- arning environments, however, has been limited. Teachers in formal settings, it appears, tend to adopt individual exemplar activities, but do not transfer the innovative approaches to their wider practice. The ambition of the project we examine here was to design teacher professional learning activities that allow participants to move beyond a focus on the specifications of a specific innovation and instead appreciate - to make concrete - the design principles in use. We will argue that conjecture mapping has been useful making design principles concrete but, in doing so, will point to the need for further research


Abstract. The importance of soil water flow paths to the transport of nutrients and contaminants has long been recognized. However, effective means of detecting concentrated subsurface flow paths in a large landscape are still lacking. The flow direction and accumulation algorithm based on single-direction flow algorithm (D8) in GIS hydrologic modeling is a cost-effective way to simulate potential concentrated flow paths over a large area once relevant data are collected. This study tested the D8 algorithm for simulating concentrated lateral flow paths at three interfaces in soil profiles in a 19.5-ha agricultural landscape in central Pennsylvania, USA. These interfaces were (1) the interface between surface plowed layers of Ap1 and Ap2 horizons, (2) the interface with subsoil water-restricting clay layer where clay content increased to over 40%, and (3) the soil-bedrock interface. The simulated flow paths were validated through soil hydrologic monitoring, geophysical surveys, and observable soil morphological features. The results confirmed that concentrated subsurface lateral flow occurred at the interfaces with the clay layer and the underlying bedrock. At these two interfaces, the soils on the simulated flow paths were closer to saturation and showed more temporally unstable moisture dynamics than those off the simulated flow paths. Apparent electrical conductivity in the soil on the simulated flow paths was elevated and temporally unstable as compared to those outside the simulated paths. The soil cores collected from the simulated flow paths showed significantly higher Mn content at these interfaces than those away from the simulated paths. These results suggest that (1) the D8 algorithm is useful in simulating possible concentrated subsurface lateral flow paths if used with appropriate threshold value of contributing area and sufficiently detailed digital elevation model (DEM); (2) repeated electromagnetic surveys can reflect the temporal change of soil water storage and thus is a useful indicator of possible subsurface flow path over a large area; and (3) observable Mn distribution in soil profiles can be used as a simple indicator of water flow paths in soils and over the landscape; however, it does require sufficient soil sampling (by excavation or augering) to possibly infer landscape-scale subsurface flow paths. In areas where subsurface interface topography varies similarly with surface topography, surface DEM can be used to simulate potential subsurface lateral flow path reasonably so the cost associated with obtaining depth to subsurface water-restricting layer can be minimized.


One of the earliest steps in civil litigation is the motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b). Dismissal offers the opportunity to preemptively dispose of a given claim that does not present a legally-judiciable case or controversy prior to expending time or energy on matters like discovery or a trial. Everyday talk, of course, is not bound by such procedural rules. Yet in normal conversations we often engage in something very similar to legal dismissal. When faced with discomforting claims our instinct is not to engage in reasoned deliberation over them. Instead, we frequently brush them aside without considering their merits. By delegitimizing the claim as entirely unworthy of substantive public deliberation, we need not reason over it. This carries significant dignitary harms. Who we talk and listen to is an important marker of who we consider to be our moral and political equals. The decision to dismiss — casting the speaker as wholly unworthy of engagement and entirely incapable of transmitting useful knowledge — implicitly (sometimes not so implicitly) rejects that equal status. It represents an "epistemic injustice" — a wrong aimed at one's status as a knower. Yet despite being a ubiquitous part of everyday conversation, this broader understanding of dismissal has not been independently identified or assessed.

Dismissal is thus an important phenomenon in all deliberative forums, not just courts. But courts do possess one characteristic that makes them worth assessing independently: they are a site where — some of the time — deliberators have to listen. This places them on very different terrain than politicians, pundits, or everyday citizens, all of whom are relatively free to brush aside discomforting claims at their discretion. Courts may play an important role in protecting unpopular groups not because judges are wiser, less prejudiced, or more insulated from democratic pressures, but simply because courts offer a space where — some of the time — arguments must be heard and reasons must be given. This quality is not the whole game for marginalized groups. But it is not nothing either. It is a significant and valuable epistemic niche that courts can occupy in a broader deliberative system.


Background Identifying areas that support high malaria risks and where populations lack access to health care is central to reducing the burden in Afghanistan. This study investigated the incidence of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum using routine data to help focus malaria interventions. Methods To estimate incidence, the study modelled utilisation of the public health sector using fever treatment data from the 2012 national Malaria Indicator Survey. A probabilistic measure of attendance was applied to population density metrics to define the proportion of the population within catchment of a public health facility. Malaria data were used in a Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional-autoregressive model with ecological or environmental covariates, to examine the spatial and temporal variation of incidence. Findings From the analysis of healthcare utilisation, over 80% of the population was within 2 hours' travel of the nearest public health facility, while 64.4% were within 30 minutes' travel. The mean incidence of P. vivax in 2009 was 5.4 (95% Crl 3.2–9.2) cases per 1000 population compared to 1.2 (95% Crl 0.4–2.9) cases per 1000 population for P. falciparum. P. vivax peaked in August while P. falciparum peaked in November. 32% of the estimated 30.5 million people lived in regions where annual incidence was at least 1 case per 1,000 population of P. vivax; 23.7% of the population lived in areas where annual P. falciparum case incidence was at least 1 per 1000. Conclusion This study showed how routine data can be combined with household survey data to model malaria incidence. The incidence of both P. vivax and P. falciparum in Afghanistan remain low but the co-distribution of both parasites and the lag in their peak season provides challenges to malaria control in Afghanistan. Future improved case definition to determine levels of imported risks may be useful for the elimination ambitions in Afghanistan.


T-cell populations are subject to homeostatic control from cytokines and microenvironmental signaling.  Disruption of homeostasis can cause changes to the dynamics of the system that have implications for the progression of cancer.  Here we present two mathematical models that examine the progression of tumors in the context of T-cell homeostasis.  Model 1: During a chronic disease such as cancer, T cells often become tolerant to the antigens presented by the disease.  This tolerant state effectively limits the response of the immune system to the tumor.  Experimental evidence has shown that depletion of T-cells can lead to a loss of T-cell tolerance.  During the homeostatic phase of T-cell compartment repopulation, there is a temporary window of opportunity during which T cells lose their tolerant state, allowing them to respond to tumor antigens.  In addition, clonal expansion of the tumor-specific T-cell clone may be enhanced during the regrowth phase due to increased stimulation.  We use an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model to explore the effect of T-cell depletion and homeostatic repopulation on the loss of tolerance in the T-cell compartment and subsequent effectiveness of immune-mediated tumor cytotoxicity.   The model predicts different outcomes for the tumor and T-cell compartment, dependent on the strength and schedule of the depletion therapy.  The optimal regimen can lead to tumor control in some cases, but T-cell exhaustion is also common dynamic predicted by the model.  By understanding the effects of T-cell depletion, immune depleting therapies can be optimized to enhance immune potential.  Model 2: Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (LGLL) is a T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder that exhibits clonal expansion of a subset of T cells.  Since there are no clinical biomarkers to predict the aggressiveness of the disease, treatment decisions are often made on a watch and wait approach.  Using a set of ODEs, we develop a model of LGLL that uses clinical patient data from diagnosis to predict the timeframe for progression of the disease.  Our experimental results have suggested that the disease is caused by a change in sensitivity to both positive and negative regulators of T-cell homeostasis.  The model incorporates these cell-specific mechanisms to investigate their effect when placed in a homeostatic setting.  The level of dysregulation as measured from patient-specific data determines the rate of outgrowth of the diseased T-cell clone, and therefore serve as a useful predictive tool for managing treatment decisions in the clinic.


AbstractBeing able to transmit the audio bitstream progressively is a highly desirable property for network transmission. MPEG-
 version
 audio supports fine grain bit rate scalability in the generic audio coder (GAC). It has a bit-sliced arithmetic coding (BSAC) tool, which provides scalability in the step of 1 Kbps per audio channel. There are also several other scalable audio coding methods, which have been proposed in recent years. However, these scalable audio tools are only available for mono and stereo audio material. Little work has been done on progressive coding of multichannel audio sources. MPEG advanced audio coding (AAC) is one of the most distinguished multichannel digital audio compression systems. Based on AAC, we develop in this work a progressive syntax-rich multichannel audio codec (PSMAC). It not only supports fine grain bit rate scalability for the multichannel audio bitstream but also provides several other desirable functionalities. A formal subjective listening test shows that the proposed algorithm achieves an excellent performance at several different bit rates when compared with MPEG AAC.


Tetrahydrobipterin (BH4) is a pivotal enzymatic cofactor required for the synthesis of serotonin, dopamine and nitric oxide. BH4 is essential for numerous physiological processes at periphery and central levels, such as vascularization, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, regulation of oxidative stress and neurotransmission. BH4 de novo synthesis involves the sequential activation of three enzymes, the major controlling point being GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1). Complementary salvage and recycling pathways ensure that BH4 levels are tightly kept within a physiological range in the body. Even if the way of transport of BH4 and its ability to enter the brain after peripheral administration is still controversial, data showed increased levels in the brain after BH4 treatment. Available evidence shows that GCH1 expression and BH4 synthesis are stimulated by immunological factors, notably pro-inflammatory cytokines. Once produced, BH4 can act as an anti-inflammatory molecule and scavenger of free radicals protecting against oxidative stress. At the same time, BH4 is prone to autoxidation, leading to the release of superoxide radicals contributing to inflammatory processes, and to the production of BH2, an inactive form of BH4, reducing its bioavailability. Alterations in BH4 levels have been documented in many pathological situations, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and depression, in which increased oxidative stress, inflammation and alterations in monoaminergic function are described. This review aims at providing an update of the knowledge about metabolism and the role of BH4 in brain function, from preclinical to clinical studies, addressing some therapeutic implications.


In the past forty years, environmental researchers have achieved major advances in electronic mapping and spatially explicit, computer-based simulation modeling. Those advances have turned quantitative spatial analysis — that is, quantitative analysis of data coded to specific geographic locations — into one of the primary modes of environmental research. Researchers now routinely use spatial analysis to explore environmental trends, diagnose problems, discover causal relationships, predict possible futures, and test policy options. At a more fundamental level, these technologies and an associated field of theory are transforming how researchers conceptualize environmental systems.Advances in spatial analysis have had modest impacts upon the practice of environmental law, little impact on environmental law's structure or theory, and minimal impact on environmental law research. However, the potential legal implications of these advances are profound. By focusing on several of environmental law's traditional core debates, and by using urban development as a central example, this Article explores those implications. It shows that spatial analysis can change the problems environmental law addresses, the regulatory instruments environmental law uses, the entities law empowers to address those problems, and the methodologies of environmental law research.


This article focuses on the practice of sodomy, between the sixteenth and seventeenth century, in the rural context of the diocese of Monreale, a large territory in the west of Sicily under the jurisdiction of a bishop. The study of a number of cases prosecuted by the bishop's court of Monreale questions the traditional assumption of a severe repression on this crime in the early modern times, which was based on sources drawn from the urban context. Notwithstanding the stiff condemnation of the canon and state law, in the villages and in the countryside of Sicily sodomy remained a relatively tolerated behaviour, which became sanctioned by the community and the court once it overcame the boundaries of what the community considered licit. Sodomy existed inscribed within the social relations of an agricultural and pastoral economy and therefore cannot be equated to the much recent category of homosexuality. The article also compares the narration of sodomy in court with that of rape, finding that in the former the theological definition of crime "contra natura" required a detailed investigation of the physical circumstance of the act, which was not necessary in the case of rape, important mainly for its consequences on the woman's honour.


Cybercrime is on the rise. Attacks by hackers, organized crime and nation-state adversaries are an economic threat for companies world-wide. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have increasingly become victims of cyberattacks in recent years. SMEs often lack the awareness and resources to deploy extensive information security measures. However, the health of SMEs is critical for society: For example, in Germany, 38.8% of all employees work in SMEs, which contributed 31.9% of the German annual gross domestic product in 2018. Many guidelines and recommendations encourage companies to invest more into their information security measures. However, there is a lack of understanding of the adoption of security measures in SMEs, their risk perception with regards to cybercrime and their experiences with cyberattacks. To address this gap in research, we performed 5,000 computer-assisted telephone-interviews (CATIs) with representatives of SMEs in Germany. We report on their experiences with cybercrime, management of information security and risk perception. We present and discuss empirical results of the adoption of both technical and organizational security measures and risk awareness in SMEs. We find that many technical security measures and basic awareness have been deployed in the majority of companies. We uncover differ-ences in reporting cybercrime incidences for SMEs based on their industry sector, company size and security awareness. We conclude our work with a discussion of recommendations for future research, industry and policy makers. We provide a translation of the interview guide for our CATIs. It contains the questions in the form of "Question? (Choices → Factor in Regression [B:Baseline] ), (Scale)". The response options "not specified" and "I do not know" are given for any question, but not listed below. WZ08-Classification of the industries → Industry Sector [B:Construction] and headcount bins → Headcount were adopted from the underlying commercial sampling databases. For the full questions and supplementary material of the survey, please refer to Section 3.3.


CHEGAH, S., M. CHEHrAzi and M. AlbAji, 2013. Effects of drought stress on growth and development Frankenia plant (Frankenia Leavis). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 659-665 This research was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on Frankenia Leavis. Experiments carried out under a randomized complete blocks in horticulture farm in Ahwaz Shahid Chamran University-iran, with three replication. The irrigations treatments were 100% Field Capacity (FC) (control), 70% FC and 50% FC respectively. The results showed that control treatment to other had significant different (1%) at contents of proline, chlorophyll, soluble sugars, water use efficiency, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots. Among the evaluated parameters, the highest accumulation of proline and soluble sugars were observed at 50% FC treatment. While the highest of chlorophyll, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots were showed at control treatment (100% FC). The highest of water use efficiency showed at 70% FC treatment. At the other hand, there was not significantly difference between 100% FC and 70% FC treatments on water use efficiency. Finally, based on the obtained results, Frankenia Leavis can thrifty about 30% of irrigation content.


The investigation of contact area and pressure distribution in a wheel/rail contact is essential information required in fatigue and wear calculations to determine design life, regrinding requirements, and maintenance schedules. The aim of this work was to use ultrasound to non-destructively determine wheel/rail contact pressures. Three different contacts were investigated those resulting from; un-used, sand damaged, and worn wheel/rail specimens.

A wheel/rail interface behaves like a spring. If the pressure is high the interface is very stiff, with few air gaps, and allows the transmission of an ultrasonic sound wave. If the pressure is low, interfacial stiffness is low and almost all the ultrasound is reflected.

A spring model was used to determine maps of contact stiffness from wheel/rail ultrasonic reflection data. Pressure was then determined using a calibration experiment. Separate calibrations were performed for each of the three sets of wheel/rail specimens investigated. Measured contact pressure distributions are compared to those determined using analytical and computer bases numerical techniques.


Studies on public transit have emphasized the role of passenger satisfaction with service quality in travel choice decisions and indicated that satisfaction depends on various service attributes. Few studies have, however, systematically examined the underlying relationships among service attributes to assess their influence on passenger overall satisfaction. Therefore, to contribute to this rapidly-emerging literature, this paper applies Bayesian networks to quantify the influence of each service aspect on passenger overall satisfaction with regular bus service quality. This analysis involved 609 passengers who participated in a 2013 regular bus service survey in Nanjing, China. The derived Bayesian network shows the relationships among service attributes and passenger overall satisfaction graphically. In particular, service aspects such as running on schedule, acceptable waiting time, available seats, clean onboard environment, pleasant environment at stations, convenient design for transfers, and air-conditioning were the key determinants of overall satisfaction with bus service.


This thesis is based, upon a three year research project into the experiences of 14-15 year old male working class youth. It highlights, empirically, the areas of school, spare-time activity and ideas about future work as the experiences of major importance. These three areas were studied over a two year period in schools in Sunderland. A variety of research techniques were used. However, the empirical side of the research, is of little importance without the theoretical and methodological ideas that were worked out alongside the empirical research. Within these three areas of experience the thesis tries to show the way in which sociology has imported into its study a series of concepts that are not those of the boys. Thus through the filters of ideas about 'education', 'delinquency' and 'careers' sociology has tried to 'make sense' of working class youth experience. However, these concepts are at such distance from these boys that they can only warp their experiences beyond recognition. The thesis tries to show that in these areas if the sociologist is prepared to listen to the different forms of language of the working class youth then a much more separate world view can be seen. One that perceives education as an attack; the police as people that 'pick on us for doing nowt'; and jobs as things that you end up in. Discipline is not a series of rules but a series of power struggles in school and on the streets. The boys reactions to these power struggles are tactical rather than moral; 'truancy' and' deviancy' are tactics in this struggle. However, much 'delinquency' on a Saturday evening is a series of activities that the boys do not perceive as law breaking. Rather they perceive it as action within their own cultural categories. The interactions between boys working class culture and that of the school and law represents the substance of the theses.


The problem of covariate measurement error with heteroscedastic measurement error variance is considered. Standard regression calibration assumes that the measurement error has a homoscedastic measurement error variance. An estimator is proposed to correct regression coefficients for covariate measurement error with heteroscedastic variance. Point and interval estimates are derived. Validation data containing the gold standard must be available. This estimator is a closed-form correction of the uncorrected primary regression coefficients, which may be of logistic or Cox proportional hazards model form, and is closely related to the version of regression calibration developed by Rosner et al. (1990). The primary regression model can include multiple covariates measured without error. The use of these estimators is illustrated in two data sets, one taken from occupational epidemiology (the ACE study) and one taken from nutritional epidemiology (the Nurses' Health Study). In both cases, although there was evidence of moderate heteroscedasticity, there was little difference in estimation or inference using this new procedure compared to standard regression calibration. It is shown theoretically that unless the relative risk is large or measurement error severe, standard regression calibration approximations will typically be adequate, even with moderate heteroscedasticity in the measurement error model variance. In a detailed simulation study, standard regression calibration performed either as well as or better than the new estimator. When the disease is rare and the errors normally distributed, or when measurement error is moderate, standard regression calibration remains the method of choice.


Companion guide to the ASCE 150th Anniversary museum exhibit. This book is a consumer's-eye view of infrastructure—the technological networks that keep society connected and define modern life—and highlights the relationship of the public to civil engineers, the professionals who design the infrastructure that forms the foundation of the world. Each chapter of this highly illustrated book explores a fundamental question behind infrastructure and the role it plays in individual lives. Who's responsible? How safe is it? Why so big? Is it available? How much does it cost? How long will it last? The answers to these questions illuminate the invisible links between our private lives and public works. The book invites readers to examine their experiences and expectations while considering the role of civil engineering as innovators, builders, and managers.


Embedded many-core architectures are expected to serve as significant components in the infrastructure of upcoming technologies like networks for the Internet of Things (IoT), facing real-time and stream processing challenges. In this work we explore the applicability of ScaleGate, a synchronization object from the massive data stream processing domain, on many-core embedded systems. We propose a new implementation of ScaleGate on the Epiphany architecture, a scalable embedded many-core co-processor, and study communication patterns that appear in the context of a baseband signal processing application. Our experimental evaluation shows significant improvements over standard barrier-based approaches, due to the asynchrony exploited by the use of ScaleGate.


OBJECTIVE
This single blind, crossover design, clinical trial provided a comparative assessment of the oral cleaning of two dental devices as demonstrated through the removal of dental plaque when used according to marketed product-use directions.

METHODOLOGY
Twenty-six subjects, both male and female between the ages of 19 and 64 years, completed this two-cell crossover study. Subjects were assessed for whole mouth plaque levels, both before and after use of each of the randomly assigned floss devices, by assessing disclosed plaque using the Modified Turesky Plaque Index. The two floss devices were a Mint Floss Pick and a standard rolled floss. Subjects abstained from brushing the night before appearing in the clinic, and based upon meeting the minimum plaque criteria of 1.5 at the first phase of the crossover, used one of the two floss devices according to the directions for use found on the product packaging. Both pre- and post-device use plaque levels were recorded with calculations made of both the actual difference in plaque level, as well as the percent plaque removed. Data were subjected to an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and employed a model consistent with crossover design.

RESULTS
Overall results from both phases of the crossover showed the Mint Floss Pick product removed 19.4% of the plaque. The standard rolled floss product removed 15% of the plaque. Both products removed statistically significant plaque when assessed versus pre-treatment levels. Although the ANCOVA identified a statistically significant difference between treatments favoring the Floss Pick product, further statistical examination revealed a significant sequence effect, which led to a conservative product comparison of equivalence. This analysis confirmed that the Floss Pick product was "at least as good as" the standard floss product for plaque removal. Additional analyses of various sites in the mouth, i.e., interproximal, anterior, posterior, etc., also confirmed similarity of performance for both products in this test.

CONCLUSION
A two-way crossover assessment of the cleaning capability of a Mint Floss Pick product compared to a standard rolled floss product was performed through assessment of the removal of dental plaque. Results of this clinical investigation support the Floss Pick product to be "at least as good as" standard rolled floss in cleaning capability when both products were used according to their product-use directions.


We introduce the HSIC (Hilbert-Schmidt independence criterion) bottleneck for training deep neural networks. The HSIC bottleneck is an alternative to the conventional cross-entropy loss and backpropagation that has a number of distinct advantages. It mitigates exploding and vanishing gradients, resulting in the ability to learn very deep networks without skip connections. There is no requirement for symmetric feedback or update locking. We find that the HSIC bottleneck provides performance on MNIST/FashionMNIST/CIFAR10 classification comparable to backpropagation with a cross-entropy target, even when the system is not encouraged to make the output resemble the classification labels. Appending a single layer trained with SGD (without backpropagation) to reformat the information further improves performance.


The glucocorticoid receptor activity that can be detected in the liver from 15-day foetal rats would appear to be associated with the haemopoietic cells. In hepatocytes, purified by culture for 1-2 days from 15-day foetal rats, the glucocorticoid receptor activity is low and dexamethasone does not induce the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase. If culture is continued both receptor activity and steroid responsiveness are acquired. Cultured hepatocytes from 19-day foetal liver contain receptor from the first day of culture and, furthermore, the subsequent level of response to glucocorticoids is directly correlated with the actual receptor concentration. It would appear that the glucocorticoid receptor is not acquired by hepatocytes until after 18 days of gestation. Nevertheless, the fact that bromodeoxyuridine has no effect on the rate of accumulation of receptor in hepatocytes suggests that the differentiative event leading to the subsequent appearance of the receptor has already occurred before day 15 of gestation. However, the acquisition of the receptor would appear to be dependent on mitosis as cytosine arabinoside can inhibit the process.


This study assessed if staff members of two juvenile justice institutions in the Netherlands were able to motivate parents to participate in a programme of Family-centred Care. For research purposes, parents were considered to participate if they (a) attended the family meeting, (b) visited their son during regular visiting hours, and (c) participated in measurements. Study participants were the parents of 139 short-term detained male adolescents. The family meeting was attended by 47% of the parents, most adolescents (74.1%) were visited at least once by their parents, and 42% of the parents participated in measurements. Several factors influenced the parental participation rate variables, although effect sizes were small. The more parenting problems parents faced, the less likely they were to attend the family meeting. Parents with a job visited their son more often than unemployed parents. Finally, a longer stay of the adolescent and Dutch ethnicity predicted more parental participation in measurements. Our study showed that parental participation is feasible. However, the participation rates in the two years after the first steps of implementation were eligible for improvement. More implementation experience where staff could fully benefit from training and coaching in family-centred work could substantially increase parental participation rates.


BACKGROUND
Lessons in the Alexander Technique and exercise prescription proved effective for managing low back pain in primary care in a clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES
To understand trial participants' expectations and experiences of the Alexander Technique and exercise prescription.

METHODS
A questionnaire assessing attitudes to the intervention, based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, was completed at baseline and 3-month follow-up by 183 people assigned to lessons in the Alexander Technique and 176 people assigned to exercise prescription. Semi-structured interviews to assess the beliefs contributing to attitudes to the intervention were carried out at baseline with14 people assigned to the lessons in the Alexander Technique and 16 to exercise prescription, and at follow-up with 15 members of the baseline sample.

RESULTS
Questionnaire responses indicated that attitudes to both interventions were positive at baseline but became more positive at follow-up only in those assigned to lessons in the Alexander Technique. Thematic analysis of the interviews suggested that at follow-up many patients who had learned the Alexander Technique felt they could manage back pain better. Whereas many obstacles to exercising were reported, few barriers to learning the Alexander Technique were described, since it 'made sense', could be practiced while carrying out everyday activities or relaxing, and the teachers provided personal advice and support.

CONCLUSION
Using the Alexander Technique was viewed as effective by most patients. Acceptability may have been superior to exercise because of a convincing rationale and social support and a better perceived fit with the patient's particular symptoms and lifestyle.


The Church of England c.1689-c.1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism. Edited by John Walsh, Colin Haydon, and Stephen Taylor. (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1993. Pp. xii, 372. $69.95.) Ecclesiastical historians have devoted little scholarly attention to the Church of England during the Hanoverian era. To date, Norman Sykes's 1934 publication, Church and State and England in the Eighteenth Century, remains the only comprehensive monographic study of eighteenth-century Anglicanism. Presenting the most current research and historiography on this neglected theme, John Walsh, Colin Haydon, and Stephen Taylor offer an anthology of richly detailed essays designed to reassess the conventional view of the Georgian Church as a static, indifferent, and corrupt institution. Beginning with a sound overview of the Church during the 'long' eighteenth-century (i.e., c. 1689-c. 1833), the editors divide the book into three parts, with each put containing several essays examining specific aspects of the Hanoverian Church. Contrary to the somnolent, irreverent entity portrayed by Victorian churchmen, these essays demonstrate that the Georgian Church was a vital force in English Life. Between the Revolution Settlement of 1689 and the Tractarian movement of the 1830's, the established Church faced many new social and political developments. Protestant dissenters received legal protection to worship outside of the Anglican fold. Increased urbanization created a need for energetic clergymen to serve parishes in rapidly growing towns and cites. Clerical pluralism and non-residence existed in many parts of the kingdom, particularly, as Vivian Barrie-Curlen reveals, in the diocese of London (pp. 86-109). Similarly to the Restoration Church, politics remained inextricably linked to religious issues characterized by conflicts between High Church Tories and Whig Low churchmen. Throughout the period, the three principal schools of Anglican churchmanship--High Church, Low Church, and Evangelicals--competed for the hearts and minds of clergy and laity alike. But religious labels should be used cautiously, for as John Walsh and Stephen Taylor observe, "What makes the taxonomy of Church groups particularly difficult is the way in which political definitions became periodically entangled with religious ones" (p. 34). What emerges from this volume is a rehabilitated image of the eighteenth-century Anglican Church. Despite abuses such as pluralism and non-residence, Jeremy Gregory and Mark Smith describe the pastoral zeal of the Anglican clergy. Whatever their theological and devotional tendencies, many clergymen conscientiously performed their parochial duties. Sunday schools and charity schools were created, and clerics emphasized catechetical instruction in orthodox Anglican beliefs. In some localities such as the parochial chapelry of Saddleworth, much attention was given to building and repairing parish churches. An expanding population, among other things, forced church authorities to increase parish space. Thus, centers of Anglican pastoral activity and extensive church building, such as Saddleworth, counter the traditional view of a negligent and lax Hanoverian Church. Similar essays by John Spurr, Craig Rose, and Elizabeth Elbourne show the centrality of Anglican lay and clerical voluntary groups in English religious life. For example, the Societies for the Reformation of Manners (SRM) promoted godly living and the reform of people's behavior. …


Alzheimer's disease (AD) results from a series of dysfunctions which spread throughout the
cortex in a precise spatiotemporal manner, and which subsequently give rise to a
characteristic pattern of cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms. Whilst some of these
symptoms can be controlled with specific drug regimes, there are still no treatments
available to prevent the disease. Similarly, there are no drugs available which will reverse
or even halt the progression of the pathological changes which occur in the AD brain.
It is hypothesised that β-amyloid deposited within the brain as "plaques' causes slowly
evolving physical damage to neurons, which then triggers a stereotypical neuronal response
to trauma. This involves specific cytoskeletal alterations which give rise to the
characteristic neuropathology of AD, and which can be experimentally modeled in both in
vivo and in vitro models of neuronal injury. That the pathogenesis of AD crucially involves
the cytoskeleton, and that targeting these changes may be an effective method of delaying
or even preventing neurodegeneration in AD, was explored in this thesis.
A number of broad hypotheses were posed. Firstly, that there are significant cytoskeletal
alterations in the AD brain which may be ameliorated by the use of cytoskeletal stabilising
agents, and which may subsequently limit the evolution of the neuropathological changes
characteristic of AD. Secondly, that metallothioneins may play a role in AD, and perhaps
be able to prevent the aberrant neuronal sprouting associated with AD.
These hypotheses were addressed in a number of aims. The major conclusions from these
investigations were that morphologically distinct plaque types differentially affect the
architecture of the brain in the early and late stages of AD, to result in significant
cytoskeletal alterations. Similar observations were made following experimental cortical
injury, where it was demonstrated that the administration of cytoskeletal stabilising drugs
can both prevent and delay the onset of neuropathological changes. Finally,
metallothioneins were shown to be upregulated in both the early stages of AD and
following cortical injury, suggesting that they may have a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
This thesis has, therefore, demonstrated that it is possible to intervene in the sequence of
events which ultimately leads to neurodegeneration in AD. Agents which target
cytoskeletal alterations may represent alternatives to current therapeutic strategies.


Soil quality indices (SQIs) are often management driven and attempt to describe key relationships between aboveand below-ground parameters. In terrestrial systems, indices that were initially developed and modified for agroecosystems have been applied to non-agricultural systems in increasing number. We develop an SQI in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the Western US impacted by different types of geologic mineralization using the relationship between vegetation community parameters and soil abiotic and biotic properties. We analyze these relations in soils associated with three different mineralization types: podiform chromite, Cu/Mo porphyry, and acid-sulfate gold vein systems at four different sites in California and Nevada. Soil samples were collected from undisturbed soils in both mineralized and nearby unmineralized substrates as well as from waste rock and tailings. Aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), canopy cover and shrub density were measured for the vegetative communities. Minimum data sets were developed based on correlations between the soil and vegetation parameters, refined using principal components analysis, scored using non-linear functions, and combined into an overall SQI. The indices are comprised of one or two microbial parameters and three to six abiotic parameters, the latter consisting of nutrients and metals. Given the preliminary development of this approach, the parameters and combinations to arrive at an SQI for a given site cannot at this time be correlated or compared with that of another site. This SQI approach provides a means of quantifying disturbed ecosystem recovery resulting from mining, and could be applied to other disturbances in a way that readily distills the information for potential use by land managers. However, severely disturbed areas with little to no aboveground biomass, such as unreclaimed tailings, have likely crossed an precl ecological threshold that


The problem of wave propagation along the tip of a slender elastic wedge immersed in liquid is considered. Interaction between wedge mode and acoustic waves is studied. Namely, attenuation of the wedge wave occurs if the velocity of the wedge mode is greater than the velocity of the acoustic waves and the wedge mode velocity changes in the opposite case. A functional–differential equation is derived for the problem. This equation is solved asymptotically by using the Wiener–Hopf method in the case of very light liquid loading.


Co-ordinating Editor: Sabine Güsewell Abstract Questions: How does longterm increase in nutrient availability affect species composition, species diversity and functional composition in boreal rich fens, and how does this differ from shortterm effects? What are the possible mechanisms behind the observed changes, and how does nutrient limitation influence species diversity in these communities? Location: Sølendet Nature Reserve, central Norway. Methods: A fullfactorial field experiment. Plots in two localities received one of following treatments (n = 3): no nutrient addition (control), N, P, K, NP, NK, PK and NPK addition. Cover of plant species was recorded before treatment, and after two and 15 years of treatment. Results: Two years of nutrient addition caused small changes in species composition, but addition of NP led to large increase in abundance of species with high ability to exploit the added nutrients—a direct result of the elimination of nutrient limitation in the communities. After 15 years of nutrient addition there were significant changes following three different pathways, one for each of N, P and NP addition. The addition of NP led to large community shifts, considerable species turnover and reduced species and functional richness, mainly caused by increase in cover of highly competitive and tussockforming grasses like Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina and Molinia caerulea, outcompeting other species, especially bryophytes. Addition of N led to smaller changes in species turnover, and without clear dominant species. Addition of P led to considerable species turnover, but no reduction in species or functional richness, and the bryophyte diversity increased. This is explained by the bryophytes' association with Nfixing cyanobacteria, suggesting less N limitation and a greater ability to utilize the added P when vascular plants suffer from N shortage. In addition, bryophytes are more sensitive to low P availability, due to larger P requirements compared to vascular plants. There was no effect of K addition. Conclusions: Both N and P limitation is essential for the maintenance of high species diversity in boreal rich fens, and P limitation controls bryophyte diversity. From a management perspective, N and P limitation is vital in the conservation of boreal rich fens or when a functional fen system is reestablished through restoration measures.


A mathematical model for the transport in cathode of a lithium-ion cell is developed and analytical solutions to the model equations are obtained. The derived equation is tested by fitting it to published experimental discharge characteristics. Wherever possible, the values of the relevant parameters are obtained from the same literature from which the discharge characteristics were obtained. The agreement between the predicted and the experimental discharge curves are measured statistically using t-test. Since the discharge characteristics are usually plotted as voltage versus time or capacity or even state-of-discharge, hence the expression for the cell voltage has been derived.


Reviewed by Wendy Stocker Project Ploughshares Conrad Grebel College Waterloo, OntarioCatherine Hall is Reader in Cultural Studies at the Polytechnic of East London. She is also a self - declared feminist, a British Marxist historian in the tradition of the Co mmunist Party Historians' Group that includes Christopher Hill and Edward Thompson, a middle - class, white woman married to a non - white man, and the mother of mixed - race children. In the first of ten essays which make up this book, she provides a critique of her work as an hi storian, finding significant connections between her early training in materialist, socialist his tory, her position as a working woman professional, and her family life, on the one hand, and the f ocus of her academic interest on the other. After reading her opening essay, it is easy to understand why she would be drawn to such topics as "The History of the Housewife," "The Butche r, the Baker, the Candlestick - maker: The Shop and the Family in the Industrial Revolution," and "Missionary Stories: Gender and Ethnicity in England in the 1830s and 1840s." From her own development as a woman and a professional, from her position in contemporary Bri tish society, she has developed a desire to understand the connections between gender and cult ure, gender and class, gender and work. These topics are the concern of the middle six essa ys in the book. Finally, the last two essays look at "the shifting and contingent relations of g ender, class, race and ethnicity between the 1830s and the 1860s."The essays focus on the period between 1780 and 1850 in England -- a period when, as Hall describes it, the middle - class male became a dominant figure in British politi cs, business and industry. The period brought great change in the role of the woman in the famil y structure and in society. From an active participant in a family - run and home - centred bus iness, the working - class and middle - class woman became, by the end of the period, an id ealized figure designed by God to keep the hearth and home a sacred refuge for her husband from the wickedness of the outside world. Hall shows, however, that as she gained in mor al stature, the middle - class woman lost ground as a contributor to the family resources, so th at by the end of the period under examination, "respectable" women who needed to support thems elves had few opportunities to earn a living and little training for existing jobs. This p redicament of nineteenth - century women is brought to life in "Strains of the 'Firm of Wife, Children and Friends': Middle - class Women and Employment in Early Nineteenth - century Eng land." As well, women were further marginalized from public life as middle - class men bec ame more and more involved in an active political life -- a life for which women were conside red totally unsuitable.We see that to be "middle - class" meant something radically different for men and women. We see a move to the suburbs, but the men still left in the morning to work in t he city, while the women remained behind, separated from the source of their livelihood. …


This contribution analyzes the problem of selecting the desirable characteristics of a study area when using geo-information for natural risk assessment. Shape, boundary, density of detail of the study area and the distribution of hazardous occurrences can be fundamental in conditioning the estimation of values in a map of expected risk. A study area in the Basque Country of northern Spain is used in which previous studies produced maps of risks for linear infrastructures, land uses and buildings, from thousands of shallow translational landslides. The area is reconsidered here in terms of five telescopic sub-areas corresponding to different neighbourhoods of the landslide occurrences. The results of the corresponding hazard predictions are interpreted via prediction-rate tables and curves obtained from blind tests, i.e., prediction maps obtained using only part of the occurrences cross-validated with the distribution of the remaining occurrences. The subsequent introduction of socioeconomic thematic maps and scenarios enables the derivation of risk maps based on the prediction rates, the hazard maps and the socioeconomic indicator values. The comparison of the risk maps from the different study-area datasets is used to assess their impact on risk values and to provide guidance on how to perform the selection maintaining greater significance. A critical issue is the loss of significance when reducing study area neighbourhoods closer or further away from the hazardous locations. The application is an example of a general purpose spatial predictive modelling processing strategy for which dedicated software has been developed.


Genetic and biochemical experiments over the past decade have facilitated the construction of a viable working model for the molecular mechanisms that generate the circadian rhythm in Mus musculus. The basic mechanism consists of two intertwined transcription-translation negative feedback loops. One, the "positive loop," controls the rhythmic expression of a Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS)-domain-containing positive transcription factor, BMAL1 (also called MOP3). The other, the "negative loop," controls the transcription of mPeriod 1 and 2 and mCryptochrome 1 and 2, two families of genes that encode repressor proteins. The loops are intertwined because the proteins mPeriod and mCryptochrome directly repress transcription mediated by the CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimer, whereas CLOCK:BMAL1 drives transcription of the mPeriod and mCryptochrome genes, as well as that of Rev-erb-alpha, a repressor of Bmal1 expression. Mutations, including the tau mutation in hamsters [encoding Casein kinase I ϵ (CkIϵ)], have identified essential functions for other proteins in the timekeeping mechanism. The master pacemaker for circadian rhythms in mice is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Light cycles can synchronize molecular rhythms in the SCN by stimulating the release of glutamate and the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) from melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells. This results in increased transcription of mPeriod genes and a shift in the phase of the clock. This Pathway Map of the murine circadian mechanism describes the individual known components of the mouse circadian clock and their mutual interactions. Science Viewpoint R. N. Van Gelder, E. D. Herzog, W. J. Schwartz, P. H. Taghert, Circadian rhythms: In the loop at last. Science 300, 1534-1535 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This study investigates psychological determinants of tax compliance, particularly the predictions of the Slippery Slope Framework (SSF; Kirchler et al., 2008), among large businesses and their tax auditors. The SSF predicts that trust in tax authorities determines voluntary tax compliance and that the perceived power of tax authorities to detect and penalize tax evasion determines enforced tax compliance. While the predictions of the SSF have consistently been found in studies focusing on individual taxpayers, few studies have tested the SSF in the context of large businesses or focused on tax auditors and their perceptions of businesses' tax compliance. Nevertheless, trust-based approaches to tax collection have gained popularity, with cooperative tax auditing programs directly targeting large businesses. Using questionnaire data from 366 representatives of large businesses operating in Austria and 208 Austrian tax auditors, I conduct structural equation models testing the applicability of the SSF among these groups. In the group of businesses, the predictions of the SSF appear to hold. However, significant associations between trust and voluntary compliance and power and enforced compliance are mainly driven by the female subsample. Among tax auditors, there is no significant association between trust and voluntary compliance when power is introduced as a control variable. Overall, results suggest limited applicability of the SSF in a large business context and a stark mismatch between businesses' and tax auditors' perceptions on tax compliance. More research is needed to investigate the difference in results between female and male business representatives and non-economic determinants of tax compliance in a large business context.


PURPOSE
To molecularly clone the human lens thioredoxin (TXN) gene, characterize the recombinant protein (rTrx1) and study the regulation expression of thioredoxin (Trx1) in human lens epithelial cells under oxidative stress.

METHODS
The human TXN gene was cloned from a human lens cDNA library. Trx1 activity was measured by insulin reduction assay. For study of the upregulation of Trx1, 1.6 million human lens epithelial cells (HLE B3) were exposed to H(2)O(2) (0.1 mM) for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes. The cells were lysed with lysis buffer and used for Trx1 activity assay, Western blot analysis, and real-time PCR.

RESULTS
The sequence of the human lens TXN gene was identical with that of other human tissues. Recombinant Trx1 was sensitive to iodoacetic acid but showed strong resistance to oxidation (0.1 mM H(2)O(2)) at its approximate physiological protein level. Western blot analysis and assay of Trx activity revealed that Trx1 was expressed in HLE B3 cells and localized in epithelial, cortical, and nuclear regions of human and porcine lenses. In vivo oxidative stress of HLE B3 cells resulted in a 35% upregulation of the level of Trx1 protein after 10 minutes of H(2)O(2) treatment. Real-time PCR analysis showed an increase of approximately 50% in the level of Trx1 mRNA under the same oxidative stress conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
The upregulation of Trx1 in HLE B3 cells under oxidative stress and the presence of Trx1 in the lens suggest that the thioredoxin system may be an effective defense system that protects the lens against oxidative stress.