Received 19 July 2012; revised 21 January 2013; accepted 25 January 2013; published 11 March 2013. [1] The shelf circulation off Ningaloo Reef near the North West Cape of Western Australia is driven by complex interactions between the southward flowing Leeuwin Current and wind-driven currents that episodically reverse the coastal flow toward the north. The presence of these northward (equatorward) wind-driven currents is thought to make this section of coast one of the few locations along Western Australia to experience periodic coastal upwelling. We used a combination of field observations and numerical modeling to investigate the summer circulation and upwelling dynamics along Ningaloo Reef. We analyzed current and temperature profiles from moorings at four sites across the shelf and used two Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) sub-models: (1) a coarser model of northwestern Australia forced by a global ocean model and (2) a nested fine-scale model of the Ningaloo region. This nesting significantly improved model skill as it included the offshore mesoscale dynamics that strongly influenced the shelf circulation off Ningaloo. The field observations revealed several northward flow reversals, accompanied by cooling of the coastal waters adjacent to Ningaloo, which were associated with strong northward wind events. Analysis of the coastal heat budget revealed that cooling events were primarily driven by upwelling, whereas warming of coastal waters during relaxation events resulted mostly from along-shelf advection of warm water from the north. Due to the combined effects of its relatively steep (~1/50 slope) shelf and strong summer stratification, upwelled water was sourced from the interior of the water column, likely influencing the sources and fluxes of nutrients to Ningaloo Reef.


Margaret Bent and Andrew Wathey, eds. Fauvel Studies: Allegory, Chronicle, Music, and Image in Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, MS francais 146. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. xix, 666 pp. ISBN 0-19-816579-X (hardcover). This enormous collection of essays combines the work of 27 authors, including ten musicologists, seven literary scholars, and ten historians, four of whom specialize in the history of art and architecture. Few musical manuscripts would warrant the breadth of attention and scholarly scrutiny found here, but Paris, Bibliotheque nationale, MS francais 146 (henceforth Fauvel) is an indisputable exception. Dating from the first decades of the fourteenth century, this is the oldest and largest (93 folia, measuring 33 ? 46 cm) of the thirteen extant manuscripts containing an interpolated version of the Roman de Fauvel, written by Gerves du Bus. A satirical allegory, the Roman encapsulates the last decades of the reign of the French king, Philip the Fair (d. 1314), and the downfall of his finance minister, Enguerran de Marigny, using the mocking image of a horse called Fauvel, whose name (an acrostic) and nature is representative of the vices ijlaterie, avarice, vilanie, variete, envie, and laschete. This grand literary creation, written in Old French and intended for a sophisticated audience, is richly decorated with both highly detailed illuminations and interpolated music. It includes settings of both French and Latin poetry, in the form of motets, conductus, and monophonie songs, early examples of the formes fixes. Also included in the manuscript are the complete works of an otherwise obscure composer, Jehannot de Lescurel, a verse chronicle of French history (1300-1316), and several French and Latin narrative dits (moralizing poems) by Geffroy de Paris. A modern edition of the Latin examples, by Leofranc Holford-Strevens, appears for the first time in the present volume ("The Latin Dits of Geffroy de Paris: An Editto Princeps"); this article alone is an unquestionably valuable contribution to the existing literature. Any musical scholar approaching this extremely complex manuscript for the first time would do well to begin with a detailed reading of this volume, which not only handily summarizes all relevant scholarship to date (and provides a valuable introduction to the source by the volume editors) but also considerably advances our knowledge of compositional technique and manuscript organization in early Ars nova France. Several articles are essential reading for an analytical understanding of the music of this period. Wulf Arit ("Jehannot de Lescurel and the Function of Musical Language in the Roman de Fauvel as Presented in BN fr. 146") shows Fauvel not only as a substantial early source of the separate genres of rondeaux, ballade, and virelai, but also as a previously unrecognized exemplar of new compositional methods in these monophonie songs. Joseph C. Morin ("Jehannot de Lescurel's Chansons, Geffroy de Paris's Dits, and the Process of Design in BN fr. 146") posits a credible theory that the works of Geffroy and Lescurel, like the Roman, were manipulated carefully by the compilers of the manuscript in order to best reflect its political focus. Included as evidence is a useful appendix of column widths and ruling markings, showing the careful design of the copyists. Christopher Page shows the manuscript as an early source for an innovative new genre, the ballade, which had only recently appeared on the scene in Paris, some time between the writing of the treatise of Johannes de Grocheio (c. 1300) and the compiling oi Fauvel ("Tradition and Innovation in BN fr. 146: The Background to the Ballades"). This volume also provides a new catalogue, by Susan Rankin, for all the short plainchants of the manuscript ("The 1AUeIUyS, antenes, respons, ygnes et verssez' in BN fr. 146: A Catalogue Raisonne"). Anne Walters Robinson ("Local Chant Readings and the Roman de FauveF), contributes a comprehensive study of variants for several Fauvel chants in thirteenth- and fourteenthcentury French manuscripts (most of which are Parisian). …


In this paper, interconnection length estimation is discussed and a general, simple, fast and efficient estimation technique is proposed. In contrast to traditional average length estimation techniques, such as the one based on Rent's rule, the new technique utilizes the topological information of the actual netlist and estimates the length of each interconnection separately. The result of the estimation can be directly used to assign a reasonable R and C to each interconnect, including long and wide buses. Consequently, the new technique enhances the accuracy of power and delay estimations at higher design levels of abstraction.


Abstract Rejection mechanism of nanofiltration (NF) membrane for organic solutes (including alkyl phenol, bisphenol A, phthalate acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, other plastic additives, and natural hormones like 17β estradiol, etc) was examined. The experiments indicated almost complete removal of these solutes by the tight NF membranes, while the rejection obtained by the loose membranes was dependent on solute species. Compounds with flat-shaped structure like 2-H-benzothiazol and dimethyl phthalate were more permeable than other target solutes within the same molecular size range. Of the four methods of size determination used, there was no significant difference in the accuracy of prediction of rejection from the solute sizes. The size configurations of molecules have been identified to greatly influence the permeation or retention, yet the size parameter was thought to be incomplete as a single parameter in describing rejection of organic solutes. The logarithm of octanol-water partitioning coefficients of solutes appears not to be an effective parameter in modelling rejections as its contribution was only slight or minor. We obtained better correlations with structural configuration of molecules (by molecular width and length) and polarity of the molecules.


Many powerful machine learning models are based on the composition of multiple processing layers, such as deep nets, which gives rise to nonconvex objective functions. A general, recent approach to optimise such "nested" functions is the method of auxiliary coordinates (MAC) (Carreira-Perpiñán and Wang, 2014). MAC introduces an auxiliary coordinate for each data point in order to decouple the nested model into independent submodels. This decomposes the optimisation into steps that alternate between training single layers and updating the coordinates. It has the advantage that it reuses existing singlelayer algorithms, introduces parallelism, and does not need to use chain-rule gradients, so it works with nondifferentiable layers. With large-scale problems, or when distributing the computation is necessary for faster training, the dataset may not fit in a single machine. It is then essential to limit the amount of communication between machines so it does not obliterate the benefit of parallelism. We describe a general way to achieve this, ParMAC. ParMAC works on a cluster of processing machines with a circular topology and alternates two steps until convergence: one step trains the submodels in parallel using stochastic updates, and the other trains the coordinates in parallel. Only submodel parameters, no data or coordinates, are ever communicated between machines. ParMAC exhibits high parallelism, low communication overhead, and facilitates data shuffling, load balancing, fault tolerance and streaming data processing. We study the convergence of ParMAC and propose a theoretical model of its runtime and parallel speedup. To illustrate our general results in a specific algorithm, we develop ParMAC to learn binary autoencoders with application to fast, approximate image retrieval. We implement this using Message Passing Interface (MPI) in a distributed system and demonstrate nearly perfect speedups in a 128-processor cluster with a training set of 100 million high-dimensional points. The speedups achieved agree well with the prediction of our theoretical speedup model.


The present study was conducted to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of thermophilic bacteria isolated from Pasinler hot spring, Erzurum, Turkey. Fatty acid profiles, BOX PCR fingerprints, and 16S rDNA sequence data were used for the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of thermophilic bacteria. Totally 9 different bacterial strains were selected based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests. These strains were characterized by molecular tests including fatty acid and BOX profiles, and 16S rDNA sequence. The data of fatty acid analysis showed the presence of 14 different fatty acids in the 9 bacterial strains examined. Additionally, 5 of these fatty acids, 15:0 iso, 15:0 anteiso, 16:0 iso, 17:0 iso, and 17:0 anteiso fatty acids, were found in all isolates. Based on fatty acid profiles, it was determined that the bacterial strains were classified into 2 phenotypic groups, and these data were confirmed by BOX PCR genomic fingerprint profiles and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The first group, identified as Bacillus licheniformis, was represented by 4 strains, and the second group, identified as Aeribacillus pallidus, was represented by 5 strains.


This paper revisits the Education and Beyond plenary session from the Visual Artists Today symposium held at Birkbeck in May 2015, by one of its conveners and chair Sarah Scarsbrook.  Each of the presentations that took place during the session on art education; Jenny Robins, All Inspiration is Valid, Indrani Ashe, The Unconventional Woman: Portrait of the Artist in Limbo and Alison Goodyear, Precarity: practice and the PhD, are summarized and key points are explored as an overview of the plenary session is compiled. Central arguments that followed the talks on the day that were discussed through audience contribution and debate, are later critiqued in the paper utilising theoretical interpretations relating to Sarah's MPhil/PhD research in the area of identity and visual arts education.  Lastly one of the key debates of the session and wider subject, that of the oft-assumed conflict between creativity, the market and professionalism, is examined through some contradictory viewpoints from a range of artists, educators and curators.


DEMOGRAPHIC, DIETARY, AND LIFESTYLE DETERMINANTS OF VITAMIN D STATUS IN THE U.S. POPULATION: NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY, 2005-2006 by SHALINI PATEL Background: Determinants of vitamin D status are of interest when studying the epidemiology of disease in population groups because vitamin D is now recognized to decrease the risk of diseases such as osteoporosis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding modifiable determinants of vitamin D status are important for managing vitamin D deficiency at the individual level and for addressing this issue at population level. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between serum vitamin D status (deficiency and insufficiency) and distinct demographic, dietary, and lifestyle characteristics of adults in the United States using a large, nationally representative sample survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. Methods: The study sample consisted of 2340 adults aged 20-59 who had serum 25(OH)D measured and who had completed various questionnaires concerning dietary intake of vitamin D and other lifestyle factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency in adults based on distinct demographic, dietary, and lifestyle characteristics. Statistical significance was set at α < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in obese adults than in underweight to normal weight adults (50.9% ± 4.57 vs. 29.3% ± 3.57), higher in adults who reported no sunburns than in adults who reported ≥ 3 sunburns (49.9% ± 3.82 vs. 18.0% ± 3.07), and higher in adults who use sun protective measures regularly than in adults who do not (48.4% ± 3.93 vs. 27.0% ± 3.75). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increased as dietary intake of vitamin D decreased. Non-Hispanic black adults were significantly more likely to be vitamin D deficient (OR = 45.27, 95% CI = 17.27118.64) and insufficient (OR = 9.37, 95% CI = 3.43-25.61) than non-Hispanic white adults. Significant positive associations were found between vitamin D deficiency and several characteristics, namely obesity (OR = 7.43, 95% CI = 4.33-12.77), physical inactivity (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.03-2.58) poor dietary vitamin D intake (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.44-3.81), non-supplement use or supplement use with a low amount of vitamin D (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.05-2.89), and activities that decrease exposure to sunlight (from OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 2.14-4.13 to OR = 5.30, 95% CI = 3.17-8.85). Conclusion: The results of this nationally representative study demonstrate that obesity, physical inactivity, poor dietary intake of vitamin D, and low sunlight exposure increases the risk for vitamin D deficiency in U.S adults. Future studies are needed to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation, sunlight exposure, and vitamin D-fortified foods are efficient in correcting vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among these groups. DEMOGRAPHIC, DIETARY, AND LIFESTYLE DETERMINANTS OF VITAMIN D STATUS IN THE U.S. POPULATION: NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY, 2005-2006


The study deals with the company leaders' attitude in connection with the company information systems, which has a huge impact on the company innovation. It examines the target company's human and leadership side as users, furthermore also the sales company. The examinations happened with deep interviews and case studies. My aim is to raise awareness for the responsibility, that reside in the activity of companies, which develop corporate governance and decision support systems. Because in these days has become evident that there is great innovation potential in companies in the sphere of corporate governance programmes. The backwardness of these can result in uncompetitiveness, because they can not respond to the market changes in time. Even if they manage to react, it is not sure that they are in the possession of the sufficient information, and they reach the expected effect. I think of the consequence of their decisions, which react to the company. The study introduce via case studies the unsuccessful, on the short run operating and for a long time operating company information systems' introduction and operating projects and experience, and it values their edifications.


Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of Salvadora persica in cigarette smoke-induced neurobehavior changes in rats. Methods: The lyophilized decoction of Salvadorapersica (S. persica) was administered daily for four weeks by oral route at the doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg to the cigarette smoke exposed rats. The depression and anxiety studies were done by forced swim test and elevated plus maze test, respectively. The serum levels of monoamine oxidase-A and relative brain weight were also determined. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncans' multiple range tests. p<0.05 was considered to indicate the significance of results. Results: The observation from the study indicated that exposure of cigarette smoke for eight weeks significantly (p<0.01) enhanced the experimental parameters of depression and anxiety, besides increasing the monoamine oxidase-A and relative brain weight when compared with control animals. Administration of S. persica exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition in the neurobehavioral parameters. S. persica at 200 mg/kg produced significant (p<0.01) antidepressant and antianxiety effects. The treatment was also found to reduce the serum monoamine oxidase-A and relative brain weight in the cigarette smoked animals. Conclusion: The data suggests that decoction of S. persica might possess antidepressant and anxiolytic properties in the cigarette smoke exposed animals. These actions could be related to its antioxidant and reversal in the neurocircuilatory changes induced by the cigarette smoke.


Abstract This article addresses the constitutional discourse surrounding the status of economic and social rights in Israel. It examines the principal interpretive strategies adopted by the Supreme Court with regard to the 1992 basic laws (in particular, with respect to the right to human dignity) and criticizes the Court's reluctance to apply analogous strategies to incorporate economic and social rights into Israeli constitutional law. Potential explanations for this biased approach are also critically discussed. The ensuing outcome is a constitutional imbalance in Israeli law, which perpetuates the unjustified view that economic and social rights are inherently inferior to their civil and political counterparts, and puts in question Israel's compliance with its obligations under the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. At the same time, encouraging recent Supreme Court decisions, particularly the YATED and Marciano judgments, indicate growing acceptance on the part of the Court of the role of economic and social rights in Israeli constitutional law, and raise hopes for a belated judicial change of heart concerning the need to protect at least a 'hard core' of economic and social rights. Still, the article posits that the possibilities of promoting the constitutional status of economic and social rights through case-to-case litigation are limited and calls for the renewal of the legislation procedures of draft Basic Law: Social Rights in the Knesset.


This paper deals with the determinants that encourage therapeutic mobility from Senegal to France. I am both a patient and a researcher and my thesis focused on how health professionals make decisions to refer patients to a dialysis method. I also underlined how patients with kidney failure construct their choice of dialysis method. As a patient in Senegal, a low income country, I experienced some difficulties due to insufficient human resources in the health sector, the little number of dialysis centers, medical pluralism and low performance of the health system. . Choosing a dialysis method depended on many factors such as doctors' opinions, my family's approach and my student status at that time, among other things. That situation resulted in the involvement of health professionals, of my family, who both talked me into going to France in order to get a kidney transplant. Therefore, I will analyse therapeutic mobility as the outcome of social factors and personal experience beyondsocial bifurcations. Then, I propose here, from my experience, how to move from low performance health system (Senegal) to a high performance one (France) through an autoethnography analysis.


Information Technology is responsible for approximately 2% of the world's emission of greenhouse gases. The IT sector itself contributes to these greenhouse gas emissions, through its massive consumption of energy - and therefore continuously exacerbates the problem. At the same time, however, the IT industry can provide the technological solutions we need to optimise resource use, save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We call this Greening IT. This book looks into the great potential of greening society with IT - i.e. the potential of IT in transforming our societies into Low-Carbon societies. The book is the result of an internationally collaborative effort by a number of opinion leaders in the field of Greening IT.


Are setts significant determinants of badger socio-spatial organisation, and do suitable sett sites represent a limited resource, potentially affecting badger distributions? The factors determining diurnal resting den, or sett, location and selection by Eurasian badgers Meles meles L. were investigated in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire. 279 sett sites were located. The habitat parameters that were associated with the siting of these setts were analysed and associations were sought between sett location and character and the body condition and body weight of resident badgers Habitat characteristics in the vicinity of setts were significantly different from randomly selected points. Badgers preferentially selected sites with sandy, well-drained soils, situated on NW-facing, convex and moderately inclined slopes at moderate altitude. There was no evidence that sett morphology (number of entrances, sett area, number of hinterland latrines) was affected by the surrounding sett site habitat characteristics. Mean body weight was significantly higher for badgers occupying territories with setts in sandy soils, situated on NW-facing slopes, than in territories with less optimal sett characteristics. Contrary to the hypothesis that the availability of sett sites was limiting, and therefore that sett dispersion dictates the spatial and social organisation of their populations, the badgers were clearly able to excavate new setts. On our measures, these new setts were not inferior to old established ones, despite occupying subsequently exploited sites; the badgers utilising these new setts had neither lighter body weights nor poorer body condition scores. During the period of our study badgers have manifestly been able to dig numerous new setts; as satisfactory sites still remain available, this indicates that suitable sett sites have not yet become a limiting resource. There was no relationship between sett age and the characteristics of the site in which it was dug, as suitable sites were not limiting. Significantly, population expansion during the decade 1987-1997 was not constrained by lack of setts, rather the main proliferation in setts occurred after the population size had peaked in 1996. Some implications for the management and conservation of the Eurasian badger are considered.


Colombia has long experienced acute forms of political violence in and at the periphery of its major cities. Humanitarian agencies have also for decades protected civilians in order to minimize suffering within armed conflicts. Yet in recent years, humanitarian organizations have started to engage in settings that are neither war nor peace. These environments feature complex forms of politicallyand economically-motivated violence. The city of Medellin (Colombia), in particular, is the paradigmatic example of such an environment where different types of violence come together in complex ways.


INTRODUCTION : Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain without abnormalities of reproductive organs (without gynecological abnormalities). Dysmenorrhea primer is purely due to the process of uterine contractions without basic illness as the cause. The characteristic of menstrual pain is not reduced in the days that follow. The objective of the study to determine the relationship of sports with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhoea  in Senior High School 01 Kauman Tulungagung.
METHOD : This research uses analytical research design with retrospective approach. The independent variable in this study is sport and the dependent variable is the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea. The population of 273 female student in Senior High School  01 Kauman Tulungagung. The sample size  163 respondents. The Instrumen of this research is questioner. The research was conducted by distributing  to respondents at Seior High School 01 Kauman Tulungagung on Monday, June 5, 2017. Analyzed using chi square test with significant level 0,05.
RESULT : The results showed that of 163 respondents who have routine sport habit as much as 38 respondents (23.3%).  From the data of respondents experiencing primary dysmenorrhoeal as much as 120 respondents (73.6%) and respondents who did not sport primary dysmenorrhea as much as 43 respondents (26.4%). After Chi Square test obtained results X 2 count (93.4)> x 2 table (5,991). This indicates that H0  rejected and H1 accepted. While the calculation of contingency coefficient test obtained results 0.6 then obtained the results of correlation values or a strong relationship between sports with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhoea .
CONCLUSION : Regular sport can increase the production of endorphins ( body's natural pain killers ), can increase serotonin levels. Getting regular sport and physical activity such as healthy walking, running, cycling, or swimming, it can make the blood flow in the muscles surrounding the uterus become fluent, so the pain is reduced .

Keywords               : Sports, Primary Dysmenorrhoea


Block copolymers are a well-studied and canonical self-assembly paradigm. Despite active research, new methods are continually emerging that allow the formation of yet more diverse and complex morphologies. In this review, we analyze and comment on the state-of-the-art with respect to exploiting block copolymers in order to form 'non-native' morphologies; that is, structures that deviate from the bulk equilibrium morphologies observed in the simplest block copolymer systems. The range of reviewed strategies can be organized with respect to where the final structural information is encoded. Self-assembly involves intrinsic encoding within the molecules themselves, while external fields or templates can be used to externally encode a desired structure. Hybrid strategies, which exploit the responsiveness of self-assembly but control it through external forces or process history, are particularly promising.


During the Polarstern 1995 Expedition, a long-term mooring system with two cone-shaped multi-sampling traps was deployed at the dominantly ice-covered western slope of the southern Lomonosov Ridge (81°04.5'N, 138°54.0'E, 1712 m water depth). One trap was installed at 150 m below the sea surface, the other at 150 m above the bottom at 1550 m depth; material was collected in 20 time intervals between September 1995 and August 1996. For background data see Fahl and Nothig (2007). Here, we present new biomarker data recording the seasonal variability of sea-ice cover. This type of data representing modern seasonal variability of the sea-ice biomarker proxies, was not available so far but may help significantly the interpretation of these proxies to be used in sedimentary records for reconstruction of paleo-sea-ice distributions.

In this study, we have focused on the novel sea ice proxy IP25, a direct proxy for sea ice coverage (Belt et al., 2007). Furthermore, we used the phytoplankton-IP25 index (PIP25 Index), a further development of the IP25 index, based on the coupling of the environmental information carried by IP25 (sea ice) and brassicasterol (open-water phytoplankton productivity) (Muller et al., 2011).

The interval November 1995 to June 1996 is characterized by the absence of the sea-ice proxy IP25 (except very minor values for January and April), suggesting a predominantly permanent sea ice cover at the trap location. During July/August 1996, maximum fluxes of the diatom-specific fatty acids and brassicasterol as well as maximum contents of biogenic opal (Fahl and Nothig, 2007) indicate increased primary productivity. The marine organic matter (here POC, brassicasterol, and fatty acids) and the IP25 values decrease systematically from 150 to 1550m depth, indicating the typical biogeochemical degradation with increasing water depth. Due to the coincidence of maximum abundances of sea-ice proxies and open-ocean primary productivity proxies during the July/August time interval we propose a ice-edge situation characterized by increased phytoplankton productivity and sea-ice algae input. This interpretation is also supported by the phytoplankton-IP25 index (PIP25 Index), reaching quite high values of 0.5-0.8. It seems to be that in general PIP25 values do not change significantly between the shallow and deep trap, i.e., with increasing water depth, an important observation when thinking about the interpretation of PIP25 sedimentary records.

The distinctly reduced September/October values of brassicasterol and fatty acids suggest a decrease in primary productivity, probably related to the start of new-ice formation in late September. This situation is reflected in high IP25 values and high PIP25 ratios. Whereas for October no IP25 was determined in the shallow trap, medium-high IP25 values were determined in the deep trap with maximum PIP25 ratio of about 0.7. This may indicate lateral IP25 input, but also means that in this case the PIP25 ratios should be interpreted with caution.


We are pleased to share with you NeSI's Annual Review for 2019. During 2019, we looked to build on the platform's core infrastructure foundation, to develop services that deliver full benefits of the investment to the science sector. Our collaborators – NIWA, the University of Auckland, University of Otago, and Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research – play an essential role in the NeSI national platform by investing in the shared infrastructure, employing NeSI team members at their institutions, and enabling NeSI to connect with and respond to the evolving needs of research communities. We also achieve this with a strong partnership with the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) and team, always in the national interest. For more information about NeSI and our current activities, visit https://www.nesi.org.nz/.


The notion of culture has loomed large in discourses and polemics regarding European integration and immigration in the European framework. While culture, as in fundamental cultural difference, is identified as the source of contemporary political quandaries, its incarnation as intercultural dialogue is conceived as their solution. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in the arts settings of Berlin and Istanbul, this article elucidates how this type of "culture talk" intersects with recent cultural policy formations in the European Union and the national arenas of Germany and Turkey. Much of the political productivity of culture arises from a constant slippage between the different, often contradictory, meanings accorded to the culture-concept. This extension of the "rhetoric of culture" engenders a shift from a governance of culture to one through culture by relaying an array of pressing political concerns from the realm of social and economic policy to that of culture in the sense of artistic expression.


Population aging is a significant issue for Australia and across the globe. Not only is Australia's population predicted to almost double over the next three decades to around 40 million people (ABS, 2012), the current profile is for those in the 65 years and older age bracket to increase from 3.2 million in 2012 to 11.1 million by 2061 (ABS, 2012). This reflects an overall percentage increase from approximately 13 % of the current population to just over 25% of the predicted population as those born during the baby boomer period reach retirement age. Significant tension exists between past and current housing policies and the move towards age friendly communities. These tensions need to be highlighted and resolved if older Australians are to undertake the roles allocated to them in later life such as working, volunteerism and family assistance, remaining active, healthy and able to contribute to society in later life.
Existing housing policies place emphasis on urban consolidation through increasing housing density particularly in middle ring suburbs. There are frequent calls for older people to give up their three bedroom homes in established middle ring suburbs to make way for 'working families' and move into apartments. This continued focus on working families has left little room for discussion of the housing needs of older age groups. There has been an associated failure to address the needs growing numbers of elderly people living in apartments despite known links between health and housing, particularly for an increasing number of elderly renters expected to reach 800,000 by 2050 (Sharman et al. 2016). Dementia, and age related illness affects both home owners and renters. It has gained prominence as a key health, aged care and social policy challenge. It is predicted to become the leading cause of disability in Australia by 2030. While aged and dementia care places have increased, they have decreased as a percentage of the population. Current policy targets are that by 2050, 85% of the predicted 960,000 people with dementia will live in community (AHWI).
It is not possible to support the elderly, including people with dementia in community without taking their housing needs into account. Accordingly, we undertook semi structured interviews with representatives from peak housing organisations and advocacy organisations to assess how well prepared their membership were for the changing demographics and associated health care needs with an emphasis on dementia. Included in the sample were strata managers. We present a comparison between the different organisations with a focus on strata managers as an organisation that provides support and advice to the committee of management on a range of issues but also enacts committee requests.
We found that where the peak body nominated a person who had personal experience of dementia, then there was a greater understanding of the needs of people with dementia and how it would impact on their organisation's membership. Additionally, we found that of all the organisations, strata manager representatives were more familiar with and could more easily identify a growing trend for older people to live in apartment buildings and that this trend related to both owners and renters. They noted that physical changes to the common property were sometimes requested and/or carried out to meet the needs of aging owners. This trend dovetails with current urban densification policies indicate a move away from younger age groups being located in apartments and flats.
There is a significant push for age and dementia friendly communities at federal, state and local government levels. Developing age and dementia friendly housing needs to be a central part in this process. Though principles for universal design were discussed across all rental housing sectors, the design principles best understood related to physical changes rather than cognitive change. This finding supports the need for better understanding and training related to an aging population in which dementia is a key age related health and housing issue.


The activity and levels of the metazoan HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) are regulated by its hydroxylation, catalysed by 2OG (2-oxoglutarate)- and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases. An oxygen consumption assay was developed and used to study the relationship between HIF hydroxylase activity and oxygen concentration for recombinant forms of two human HIF hydroxylases, PHD2 (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2) and FIH (factor inhibiting HIF), and compared with two other 2OG-dependent dioxygenases. Although there are caveats on the absolute values, the apparent K(m) (oxygen) values for PHD2 and FIH were within the range observed for other 2OG oxygenases. Recombinant protein substrates were found to have lower apparent K(m) (oxygen) values compared with shorter synthetic peptides of HIF. The analyses also suggest that human PHD2 is selective for fragments of the C-terminal over the N-terminal oxygen-dependent degradation domain of HIF-1alpha. The present results, albeit obtained under non-physiological conditions, imply that the apparent K(m) (oxygen) values of the HIF hydroxylases enable them to act as oxygen sensors providing their in vivo capacity is appropriately matched to a hydroxylation-sensitive signalling pathway.


ABSTRACT The mental health services in Aotearoa New Zealand, have changed significantly since the late 1990s. Community services have expanded, and the role of the mental health support worker has developed and grown to be a significant presence in the mental health and disability workforce. Despite this, the role is minimally discussed, both in Aotearoa New Zealand, and internationally. In December 2014, Auckland University of Technology (AUT) hosted a panel presentation and discussion at the then Department of Psychotherapy & Counselling Forum. This article coalesces the contributions of the presenters at this panel discussion. Consideration is given to the development of the role and education of support workers, the environment in which they work, and the contemporary mental health support work workforce. Two examples of professionalization, with regard to different forms of registration, contribute to the discussion. A tentative conclusion is made that support workers, their employers, and the people they support would all benefit through some form of professionalization, standardization, and recognition.


The major keratins in the pancreas and liver are keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18), but their function seemingly differs in that liver K8/K18 are essential cytoprotective proteins, whereas pancreatic K8/K18 are dispensable. This functional dichotomy raises the hypothesis that K8-null pancreata may undergo compensatory cytoprotective gene expression. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the gene expression profile in pancreata of wild-type and K8-null mice. Most prominent among the up-regulated genes in K8-null pancreas was mRNA for regenerating islet-derived (Reg)-II, which was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and by an anti-Reg-II peptide antibody we generated. Both K8-null and wild-type mice express Reg-II predominantly in acinar cells as determined by in situ hybridization and immunostaining. Analysis of Reg-II expression in various keratin-related transgenic mouse models showed that its induction also occurs in response to keratin cytoplasmic filament collapse, absence, or ablation of K18 Ser52 but not Ser33 phosphorylation via Ser-to-Ala mutation, which represent situations associated with predisposition to liver but not pancreatic injury. In wild-type mice, Reg-II is markedly up-regulated in two established pancreatitis models in response to injury and during the recovery phase. Thus, Reg-II is a likely mouse exocrine pancreas cytoprotective candidate protein whose expression is regulated by keratin filament organization and phosphorylation.


This book is the winner of the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for History Financial Times and New Statesman Books of the Year 2014. On the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War, Deluge is a powerful explanation of why the war's legacy continues to shape our world - from Adam Tooze, the Wolfson Prize-winning author of The Wages of Destruction In the depths of the Great War, with millions of dead and no imaginable end to the conflict, societies around the world began to buckle. As the cataclysmic battles continued, a new global order was being born. Adam Tooze's panoramic new book tells a radical, new story of the struggle for global mastery from the battles of the Western Front in 1916 to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The war shook the foundations of political and economic order across Eurasia. Empires that had lasted since the Middle Ages collapsed into ruins. New nations sprang up. Strikes, street-fighting and revolution convulsed much of the world. And beneath the surface turmoil, the war set in motion a deeper and more lasting shift, a transformation that continues to shape the present day: 1916 was the year when world affairs began to revolve around the United States. America was both a uniquely powerful global force: a force that was forward-looking, the focus of hope, money and ideas, and at the same time elusive, unpredictable and in fundamental respects unwilling to confront these unwished for responsibilities. Tooze shows how the fate of effectively the whole of civilization - the British Empire, the future of peace in Europe, the survival of the Weimar Republic, both the Russian and Chinese revolutions and stability in the Pacific - now came to revolve around this new power's fraught relationship with a shockingly changed world. The Deluge is both a brilliantly illuminating exploration of the past and an essential history for the present.


New technologies are often radical innovations that change current activities across different areas of social and economic life. At the beginning of the 21st century, some of these technologies are information and communications technology (ICT), nanotechnology, biotechnology, robotics, and artificial intelligence. These innovations stimulate new opportunities for the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and thus can help solve social problems. But they also cause new social risks and inequalities.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acarbose and Rumex patientia on liver ultrastructure in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (type II) rats. Forty-two-day-old, neonatal Wistar albino rats were used. They were divided into six groups. STZ was injected into groups 4, 5 and 6 on postnatal day 2. Groups 1 and 5 received water, groups 2 and 6 received 2% decoction of R. patientia grain and groups 3 and 4 received 40 mg acarbose/100 g feed. During the experimental period, blood glucose levels were checked periodically and HbA1c levels were measured from cardiac blood at the end of the experiment. In addition, liver tissue was examined by electron microscopy. Our results showed that glucose and HbA1c levels, which are increased by STZ, were decreased by acarbose and R. patientia. In group 5, most of the mitochondria of hepatocytes were swollen and some hepatocytes contained lipid granules in their cytoplasm. In group 4, no pathological changes were observed in hepatocytes, but some lysosomes were found in their cytoplasms. In group 6, mitochondrial changes were minimal compared with those in group 5, and no lipid granules were observed in hepatocytes.


This study identifies the factors that could affect the adoption of teleconsultation technology in public hospitals in Malaysia from the qualitative standpoint. Based on theory-driven and prior-research approach, a conceptual framework was developed and used to facilitate the data collection and analysis processes. The underlying framework derived from a consideration of integrated model of established technology acceptance and diffusion theories and also findings of published telemedicine studies. Semi-structured interviews involving twenty eight key informants coupled with reviews of relevant documents were conducted within eleven participating hospitals to examine the key issues addressed in the framework which subsequently entailed thematic analysis. A summary of six themes and sub-themes drawn upon a priori issues appeared from the patterning of the responses were found to be of great importance in describing teleconsultation adoption phenomenon in Malaysia. Most respondents perceived teleconsultation as beneficial and useful for delivering health services. However the central issues appeared to be more focused on the actual need for the technology, perceived trust in technology and subsistence of facilitating conditions in explaining the way teleconsultation is utilized, suggesting more rigorous research should be conducted to uncover and acknowledge the actionable factors that potentially influence teleconsultation and health information technology adoption.


Abstract The dependency of fossil fuels in the transport sector causes large emissions of carbon dioxide. This problem can we reduce by using vehicle gas from digested solid manure and left over of pasture. I have studied the potential for this in the county of Vasternorrland. The purpose is to investigate how much vehicle gas that can be extracted. One central, large scale digestion and upgrade plant should be placed in Harnosand. The amount of pasture and manure that is economical and practical available is enough to produce 2,7-3,5 millions Nm3 vehicle gas. It corresponds to 1 800- 2 400 cars, each driving 17 860 km per year. The heating value of the vehicle gas is 26-34 GWh. To extract this energy you have to supply energy corresponding to a heating value of 4,9 GWh for transport of raw material and digested sludge together with 13-14 GWh for process heat and electricity. If the gas replaces petrol the emissions from the lifecycle of the fuel decrease with 5 600-7 400 ton CO2-equivalents. The emissions by the vehicle decreases with 640-840 kg NOx, the emissions of hydrocarbon increases with 60-80 kg and the emissions of particles remains the same. The increased content of easy available nitrogen is about 40 tons, it can replace about 5 % of the nitrogen supplied as synthetic fertilizer. The contribution to the nitrogen resource by digested sludge is greater than its contribution to the supply of fuel. The cost for the gas is 12-14 kr per petrol equivalent, that is little more than the today's price of petrol of 11,28-12,24 kr. Above all, it is the cost of transport that cause the high cost.


The equations presented in this report give the interference on the trailing-vortex system of a uniformly loaded finite-span wing in a circular tunnel containing partly open and partly closed walls, with special reference to symmetrical arrangements of the open and closed portions. Methods are given for extending the equations to include tunnel shapes other than circular. The rectangular tunnel is used to demonstrate these methods. The equations are also extended to nonuniformly loaded wings.


Image registration is typically formulated as an optimization problem with multiple tunable, manually set parameters. We present a principled framework for learning thousands of parameters of registration cost functions, such as a spatially-varying tradeoff between the image dissimilarity and regularization terms. Our approach belongs to the classic machine learning framework of model selection by optimization of cross-validation error. This second layer of optimization of cross-validation error over and above registration selects parameters in the registration cost function that result in good registration as measured by the performance of the specific application in a training data set. Much research effort has been devoted to developing generic registration algorithms, which are then specialized to particular imaging modalities, particular imaging targets and particular postregistration analyses. Our framework allows for a systematic adaptation of generic registration cost functions to specific applications by learning the "free" parameters in the cost functions. Here, we consider the application of localizing underlying cytoarchitecture and functional regions in the cerebral cortex by alignment of cortical folding. Most previous work assumes that perfectly registering the macro-anatomy also perfectly aligns the underlying cortical function even though macro-anatomy does not completely predict brain function. In contrast, we learn 1) optimal weights on different cortical folds or 2) optimal cortical folding template in the generic weighted sum of squared differences dissimilarity measure for the localization task. We demonstrate state-of-the-art localization results in both histological and functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets.


We present a simplified model and experimental verification for multiplexed substrate-mode volume holograms. The analysis is based on coupled-wave theory for uncoupled S- and P-polarization states of the incident beam. The theory is used to investigate a practical situation with the reconstruction beam normally incident upon the substrate plane and the diffracted multimode beams propagating in orthogonal directions within the substrate. Model results are then used to optimize the performance of experimental holograms formed in dichromated gelatin. The resultant multiplexed grating splits the incident beam into four orthogonal beams with nearly equal intensities, for a total efficiency of 80%.


Vibrio anguillarum is the causative agent of vibriosis, a fatal hemor rhagic septicemic disease. V. anguillarum infects more than 50 fresh and salt-water fish species including various species of economic impor tance to the larviculture and aquaculture industry. In vibriosis, V. anguillarum invades its host fish through the intestine and skin. Infected fish usually die with systemic infection of V. anguillarum. Bacterial hemolysins are exotoxins that cause lysis of erythrocytes in the host and thus the release of the intracellular heme, and are ther efore identified as important virulence factors. Moreover, hemolysins are known t o also cause lysis in other cell types, including mast cells, neutrophils and polymo rph nuclear cells. Two hemolysin gene clusters, vah1-plp and rtxACHBDE, have been previously identified and described. The activities of the protein encoded by the plp gene were not known. In the first manuscript, we describe the biochemica l activities of the plp-encoded protein and its role in pathogenesis. The plp gene, one of the components in vah1 cluster, encodes a 416-amino-acid protein (Plp), w hich has homology to lipolytic enzymes containing the catalytic site ami no acid signature SGNH. Hemolytic activity of the plp mutant increased 2-3-fold on sheep blood agar indi cating that plp represses vah1; however, hemolytic activity of the plp mutant decreased by 2-3-fold on fish blood agar suggesting that Plp has different e ffects against erythrocytes from different species. His 6-tagged recombinant Plp protein (rPlp) was over-exp r ssed in E. coli. Purified and re-folded active rPlp exhibited phos pholipase A2 activity against phosphatidylcholine and no activity against phospha tidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, or sphingomyelin. Charact erization of rPlp revealed broad optimal activities at pH 5–9 and at temperatures of 30-64°C. Divalent cations and metal chelators did not affect activity of rPlp. We also demonstrated that Plp was secreted using thin layer chromatography and immunoblot anal ysis. Additionally, rPlp had strong hemolytic activity towards rainbow trout ery throcytes, but not to sheep erythrocytes suggesting that rPlp is optimized for lysis of phosphatidylcholine-rich fish erythrocytes. Further, only the loss of the plp gene had a significant effect on hemolytic activity of culture supernatant on fish erythrocyte s, while the loss of rtxA and/or vah1 had little effect. However, V. anguillarum strains with mutations in plp or in plp and vah1 exhibited no significant reduction in virulence co mpared to the wild type strain when used to infect rainbow trout. In the next manuscript, we used degenerate PCR to i dentify a positive hemolysin regulatory gene, hlyU, from the unsequenced V. anguillarum genome. The hlyU gene of V. anguillarum encodes a 92-amino acid protein and is highly homologous to other bacterial HlyU proteins. An hlyU mutant was constructed, which exhibited ~5-fold decrease in hemolytic activi ty on sheep blood agar with no statistically significant decrease in cytotoxicity of the wild type strain. Complementation of the hlyU mutation restored both hemolytic and cytotoxic act ivity. Both semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real time RT-qPCR were used to examine expression of the hemolysin genes under exponential and stationary phase conditions in wild type, hlyU mutant, and hlyU complemented strains. Compared to the wild type strain, expression of rtx genes deceased in the lyU mutant while expression of vah1 and plp was not affected in the hlyU mutant. Complementation of the hlyU mutation restored expression of the rtx genes and increased vah1 and plp expression to levels higher than in the wild type. The transcript ional start sites in the intergenic regions of both vah1/plp and rtxH/rtxB genes were determined using 5'-RACE and the binding sites for purified HlyU was discovered usin g DNA gel mobility shift experiments and DNase protection assays. In the third manuscript, we identified the ns gene, which encodes the H-NS protein, and acts as a negative regulator of both g ene clusters. The V. anguillarum H-NS protein shares strong homology with other bact erial H-NS proteins. An hns mutant exhibited increased hemolytic activity and c ytotoxicity compared to the wild type strain. Complementation of the ns mutation restored hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity levels to near wild type levels. Furt her, expression of rtxA, rtxH, rtxB, vah1 and plp increased in the hns mutant, and decreased in the complemented hns mutant strain when compared to the wild type strain . Additionally, experiments using DNase I, showed that purified recombinant H-N S protected multiple sites in the promoter region of both gene clusters. The hns mutant also exhibited significantly attenuated virulence against rainbow trout. Comple entation of the hns mutation restored virulence to wild type levels, suggesting hat H-NS regulates many genes that affect fitness and virulence. Previously, we showe d that HlyU is a positive regulator of expression for both gene clusters. In this study , we demonstrate that up-regulation by hlyU is hns-dependent, suggesting that H-NS acts to repress or ilence both gene clusters, and HlyU acts to relieve that repression or silencing. In the last manuscript, we aimed to create avirulen t and immunogenic V. anguillarum strains that can be used as a live vaccine for fis h, without knocking out any of the hemolysin genes. For this purpose, six g enes ( mdh, icd, sucA, sucC, sdhC, and fumA) encoding enzymes in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycl e and one gene ( cra) encoding a fructose metabolism repressor were ident ified and mutated in wild type V. anguillarum M93Sm (serotype O2a). Among all mutants, icd mutant showed high attenuation of virulence and lowest cell density li mit in two forms of rich media. All mutants exhibited the same or higher levels of hemo lysin gene expression compared to wild type during log phase. Further, fish that were p -treated by immersion with icd mutant protected rainbow trout from the subsequent challenge of V. anguillarum M93Sm; and fish that were pre-treated with injectio n f the icd mutant elicited cross-serotype immunity against the subsequent chal lenge of V. anguillarum NB10 (serotype O1). The results suggest the TCA cycle mu tation approach is likely to be an easy method to construct modified live vaccine for a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria.


This article reports the findings of a quasi-experimental evaluation of community resource centers (CRCs)—nonresidential, day reporting centers employed for recent parolees. CRC participants (n = 2,789), drawn from release cohorts in 2008, 2009, and 2010, were matched using propensity scores to similar parolees who did not participate in CRC programming (n = 16,500). At the conclusion of the scoring and matching process, 2,789 CRC–parolee pairs were identified, including the full population of program participants. Outcome measures, including rearrest, reconviction, and parole revocation rates, after 1, 2, and 3 years are reported. Across all release cohorts, CRC participants were arrested and revoked at significantly higher rates, resulting in higher rates of returns to custody. Implications for correctional policy are considered.


Part I: Agricultural Planning and Rural Development 1. Agricultural Versus Other Activities on the National Level 2. Methods and Techniques of National Agricultural Planning 3. Macro-planning, Micro-planning and Comprehensive Regional Planning 4. Institutional Planning as a Means for Comprehensive Regional Development 5. Agriculture and Industry in Rural Development 6. The Region as a Basis for Comprehensive Rural Development 7. The Role of Government in Rural Development 8. Investments in Credit and Agricultural Development Part II: The Human Factor in Agricultural Development 10. Social and Political Structures Influencing Agricultural Development 11. The Interrelationship Between Rural Development and Other Sections of Society Part III: Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education 12. General Problems of the Three Services and a Definition of their Aims 13. Research 14. Extension 15. Education 16. Co-Ordination of the Three Services.


Oncolytic viruses which infect and kill tumour cells can also be genetically modified to express therapeutic genes that augment their anti-cancer activities. Modifying oncolytic viruses to produce effective cancer therapies is challenging as encoding transgenes often attenuates virus activity or prevents systemic delivery in patients due to the risk of off-target expression of transgenes in healthy tissues. To overcome these issues we aimed to generate a readily modifiable virus platform using the oncolytic adenovirus, enadenotucirev. Enadenotucirev replicates in human tumour cells but not cells from healthy tissues and can be delivered intravenously because it is stable in human blood. Here, the enadenotucirev genome was used to generate plasmids into which synthesised transgene cassettes could be directly cloned in a single step reaction. The platform enabled generation of panels of reporter viruses to identify cloning sites and transgene cassette designs where transgene expression could be linked to the virus life cycle. It was demonstrated using these viruses that encoded transgene proteins could be successfully expressed in tumour cells in vitro and tumours in vivo. The expression of transgenes did not impact either the oncolytic activity or selective properties of the virus. The effectiveness of this approach as a drug delivery platform for complex therapeutics was demonstrated by inserting multiple genes in the virus genome to encode full length anti-VEGF antibodies. Functional antibody could be synthesised and secreted from infected tumour cells without impacting the activity of the virus particle in terms of oncolytic potency, manufacturing yields or selectivity for tumour cells. In vivo, viral particles could be efficaciously delivered intravenously to disseminated orthotopic tumours.


We integrate insights from the social embeddedness perspective with research on immigrant entrepreneurship to theorize on how family resources influence exit from entrepreneurship among previously unemployed immigrant entrepreneurs. Results from a cohort study of immigrant entrepreneurs in Sweden reveal that family resources are important for immigrants to integrate economically into a country. We find that having family members in geographical proximity increases immigrant entrepreneurs' likelihood of remaining in entrepreneurship. Further, family financial capital enhances immigrant entrepreneurs' likelihood of remaining in entrepreneurship as well as their likelihood of exiting to paid employment. Although often neglected in immigrant entrepreneurship studies, resources accruing from spousal relationships with natives influence entrepreneurs' exit behavior. We discuss contributions for research on entrepreneurial exit, entrepreneurs' social embeddedness, and immigrant entrepreneurship.


Networks form a key part of the institutional infrastructure of contemporary society and are likely to continue in this role for some time. Drawing on a set of cross-jurisdictional network case studies (Australia and the United States), this paper examines the influence of the type of network formed and the impact of network actors on the operational dynamics and performance of the network. The paper argues that the interplay of these factors will determine the degree to which a network will or will not be successful. The findings extend current network typologies by specifying a network identification level and highlight the intermediary role of agency in network performance. The paper concludes with the view that there is a continued need for holistic research approaches that uncover the often hidden interconnections between components and highlight the emergent phenomena that can arise from these intersections.


This resource includes three classroom-tested activities that were created using the ideas outlined in the article "Getting more out of animations" by Pruneski and Donovan (in press). The driving idea is that animations can be a powerful tool for learning complex biological processes, but when students are passive viewers, it limits their usefulness and may become simply another source of content to be memorized. Engaging students with animations can greatly increase the amount of information that can be extracted and can help students develop important learning skills that can be useful in the future. These sample assignments help make the use of animations more effective and active by structuring student viewing using guiding questions. These questions focus on particular objects, features, or steps of the process to help students accomplish specific learning objectives for that topic. The assignments also help students think about animations as media objects that are created by scientists and animators using specific tools and conventions that affect how the process is depicted and the ways in which it should be viewed. Lastly, by comparing and contrasting multiple animations of the same process, students can extract more information, overcome the limitations of each individual animations, and generate a more complete view of the process.


'Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?' asked the Roman poet Juvenal - 'who will watch the watchers, who will guard the guardians?' As legislative and regulatory processes around the globe progressively put greater emphasis on impact assessment and accountability, we ask: who oversees the regulators? Although regulation can often be necessary and beneficial, it can also impose its own costs. As a result, many governments have embraced, or are considering embracing, regulatory oversight - frequently relying on economic analysis as a tool of evaluation. We are especially interested in the emergence over the last four decades of a new set of institutional actors, the Regulatory Oversight Bodies (ROBs). These bodies tend to be located in the executive (or sometimes the legislative) branch of government. They review the flow of new regulations using impact assessment and benefit-cost analysis, and they sometimes also appraise existing regulations to measure and reduce regulatory burdens. Through these procedures of regulatory review, ROBs have become an integral aspect not only of regulatory reform programs in many countries, but also of their respective administrative systems. Although most academic attention focuses on the analytical tools used to improve the quality of legislation, such as regulatory impact assessment (RIA) or benefit-cost analysis, this chapter instead identifies the key concepts and issues surrounding the establishment and operation of ROBs across governance systems. It does so by examining and comparing the oversight mechanisms that have been established in the United States and in the EU and by critically looking into their origins, rationales, mandates, institutional designs and scope of oversight.


This text provides a comprehensive introduction to current thinking on language acquisition. Following an introductory chapter that discusses the foundations of linguistic inquiry, the book covers the acquisition of specific aspects of language from birth to about age 6. Topics include the language abilities of newborns, the acquisition of phonological properties of language, the lexicon, syntax, pronoun and sentence interpretation, control structures, specific language impairments, and the relationship between language and other cognitive functions. At the conclusion of each chapter are a summary of the material covered, a list of keywords, study questions, and exercises. The book, which adopts the perspective of Chomskyan Universal Generative Grammar throughout, assumes a familiarity with basic concepts of linguistic theory.


The annual onset of the east Pacific cold tongue is diagnosed in an ocean GCM simulation of the tropical Pacific. The model uses a mixed-layer scheme that explicitly simulates the processes of vertical exchange of heat and momentum with the deeper layers of the ocean; comparison with observations of temperature and currents shows that many important aspects of the model fields are realistic. As previous studies have found, the heat balance in the eastern tropical Pacific is notoriously complicated, and virtually every term in the balance plays a significant role at one time or another. However, despite many complications, the three-dimensional ocean advection terms in the cold tongue region tend to cancel each other in the annual cycle and, to first order, the variation of SST can be described as simply following the variation of net solar radiation at the sea surface (sun minus clouds). The cancellation is primarily between cooling due to equatorial upwelling and warming due to tropical instability waves, both of which are strongest in the second half of the year (when the winds are stronger). Even near the equator, where the ocean advection is relatively intense, the terms associated with cloudiness variations are among the largest contributions to the SST balance. The annual cycle of cloudiness transforms the semiannual solar cycle at the top of the atmosphere into a largely 1 cycle yr 21 variation of insolation at the sea surface. However, the annual cycle of cloudiness appears closely tied to SST in coupled feedbacks (positive for low stratus decks and negative for deep cumulus convection), so the annual cycle of SST cannot be fully diagnosed in an ocean-only modeling context as in the present study. Zonal advection was found to be a relatively small influence on annual equatorial cold tongue variations; in particular, there was little direct (oceanic) connection between the Peru coastal upwelling and equatorial annual cycles. Meridional advection driven by cross-equatorial winds has been conjectured as a key factor leading to the onset of the cold tongue. The results suggest that the SST changes due to this mechanism are modest, and if meridional advection is in fact a major influence, then it must be through interaction with another process (such as a coupled feedback with stratus cloudiness). At present, it is not possible to evaluate this feedback quantitatively.


Abstract: This study presents the finite element analysis technique to predict the fatigue life using narrow band frequency response approach. The life prediction results are worthy for improving the component design at the very early developing stage. This approach is adequate for periodic loading, however, requires very large time records to accurately describe random loading processes. This study describes how this technique can be implemented in the finite element environment to rapidly identify the critical areas of the structure. Fatigue damage in conventionally determined from time signals of the loading, frequently in the form of stress and strain. However, there are scenarios when a spectral form of loading is more appropriate. In this case the loading is defined in terms of its magnitude at different frequencies in the form of a Power Spectral Density (PSD) plot. The vibration fatigue calculation can be utilized where the random loading and response are categorized using power spectral density functions and the dynamic structure is modeled as a linear transfer function. This study also investigates the effect of the mean stress on the fatigue life prediction using the random loading. The acquired results indicate that the Goodman mean stress correction method gives the most conservative results with the Gerber and no (zero) mean stress method. The proposed technique is capable of determining premature products failure phenomena. Therefore, it can be reduce cost, time to market, improve the product reliability and finally the user confidence.


A series of experiments were conducted in 2003 in the Upper Gila River Valley in Safford, AZ to evaluate several different formulations of the plant growth regulator (PGR) Pix manufactured by BASF. Two experiments were conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center (SAC) while the third was conducted on a grower-cooperator field in the same valley. Experiments conducted at SAC involved evaluating the four formulations of Pix (Pix, Pix Plus, Pix Ultra, and Pentia) in a standard (STD) treatment regime and a low rate multiple (LRM) regime. The untreated control plots in both the LRM and STD experiments produced higher yields than any of the other PGR formulations. Comparing only the PGR formulation treatments the Pentia treatment produced the highest yield in both the STD and LRM experiments. No significant differences were observed in fiber quality for either the LRM or STD experiment. The third experiment conducted on a growercooperator field was a Pentia demonstration experiment. Three treatments including a control, a standard, single Pentia application, and an aggressive split application of Pentia were employed. The highest yield was produced in the most aggressive Pentia treatment. Results from this set of experiments demonstrate the importance of incorporating information from plant monitoring techniques when making decisions about PGR applications.


Why do citizens in pluralist democracies disagree collectively about the very values they agree on individually? This provocative book highlights the inescapable conflicts of rights and values at the heart of democratic politics. Based on interviews with thousands of citizens and political decision makers, the book focuses on modern Canadian politics, investigating why a country so fortunate in its history and circumstances is on the brink of dissolution. Taking advantage of new techniques of computer-assisted interviewing, the authors explore the politics of a wide array of issues, from freedom of expression to public funding of religious schools to government wiretapping to antihate legislation, analyzing not only why citizens take the positions they do but also how easily they can be talked out of them. In the process, the authors challenge a number of commonly held assumptions about democratic politics. They show, for example, that political elites do not constitute a special bulwark protecting civil liberties; that arguments over political rights are as deeply driven by commitment to the master values of democratic politics as by failure to understand them; and that consensus on the rights of groups is inherently more fragile than on the rights of individuals.


BACKGROUND
Antidepressant drug therapy can precipitate mania in vulnerable individuals, but little is known about the effects of age on this phenomenon.

OBJECTIVE
To pharmacoepidemiologically evaluate the risk of conversion to mania by antidepressant class and patient age.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
Using an administrative national database of more than 7 million privately insured individuals, linked outpatient and pharmacy claims were analyzed for mental health users aged 5 to 29 years (N = 87,920).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The proportion and cumulative hazard of manic conversion were analyzed by antidepressant class and subject age among children, adolescents, and young adults with an anxiety or nonbipolar mood disorder in the United States between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2001. Manic conversion was defined as a new diagnosis of bipolar illness.

RESULTS
During median follow-up of 41 weeks (range, 8-251 weeks), manic conversion occurred in 4786 patients (5.4%). Multivariate analyses using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models indicated that an increased risk of manic conversion was associated with antidepressant category vs no antidepressant exposure (hazard ratios: 2.1 for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, P<.001; 3.8 for "other" antidepressants, P<.001; and 3.9 for tricyclic antidepressants, P =.002). Antidepressant x age interactions revealed inverse age effects for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants (beta = -.05; P<.001 for both) but not for tricyclic antidepressants (beta = -.02; P =.25). Peripubertal children exposed to antidepressants were at highest risk of conversion (number needed to harm: 10 [95% confidence interval, 9-12] among 10- to 14-year-olds vs 23 [95% confidence interval, 21-25] among 15- to 29-year-olds).

CONCLUSIONS
Patient age is an effect modifier on the risk of antidepressant-associated manic conversion. Treatment with antidepressants is associated with highest conversion hazards among children aged 10 to 14 years.


While most moderation actions on major social platforms are performed by either the platforms themselves or volunteer moderators, it is rare for platforms to collaborate directly with moderators to address problems. This paper examines how the group-chatting platform Discord coordinated with experienced volunteer moderators to respond to hate and harassment toward LGBTQ+ communities during Pride Month, June 2021, in what came to be known as the "Pride Mod" initiative. Representatives from Discord and volunteer moderators collaboratively identified and communicated with targeted communities, and volunteers temporarily joined servers that requested support to supplement those servers' existing volunteer moderation teams. Though LGBTQ+ communities were subject to a wave of targeted hate during Pride Month, the communities that received the requested volunteer support reported having a better capacity to handle the issues that arose. This paper reports the results of interviews with 11 moderators who participated in the initiative as well as the Discord employee who coordinated it. We show how this initiative was made possible by the way Discord has cultivated trust and built formal connections with its most active volunteers, and discuss the ethical implications of formal collaborations between for-profit platforms and volunteer users.


Social role theory postulates that gender stereotypes are restrained for men and women observed in the same social role. Cultural differences in the valuation of communal attributes might moderate this effect. To examine this possibility, 288 participants (144 German, 144 Japanese) estimated the communal and agentic attributes of an average man or woman described in a male-dominated role, a female-dominated role, or without role information. We hypothesized and found that in Germany and Japan, participants perceived men as more agentic than women without role information and as similarly agentic in the same role. However, for communion, German and Japanese participants reacted differently. German participants perceived women as more communal than men without role information and in male-dominated roles and perceived men as more communal than women in female-dominated roles. Japanese participants perceived all targets as similarly communal, regardless of role or gender, suggesting that communion is generally expected in Japan.


Giano is a simulation framework for the full-system simulation of arbitrary computer systems, with special emphasis on the hardware-software co-development of system software and Real-Time embedded applications. It allows the simultaneous execution of binary code on a simulated microprocessor and of Verilog code on a simulated FPGA, within a single target system capable of interacting in real-time with the outside world. The graphical user interface creates the interconnection graph of the user-provided simulation modules in PlatformXML, an XML-based platform description language. Experience with several projects reveals that the tool is effective in reducing the development and maintenance time for system software and for embedded applications. The most visible benefits are a shorter modify-compile-test cycle, better support for performance tuning and improved flaw detection. Giano is freely available in source and binary form for non-commercial use.


Geophysical seismic surveys have been applied to marine geo-site characterization to create images of the complex geological conditions under the seafloor. Accurate knowledge of the ground conditions is critical for geo-risk assessment purposes such as mapping shallow gas hydrate deposits, over-pressured zones, or geological anomalies. Traditional seismic reflection profiling is a relatively fast and flexible method of processing seismic data to recover information on the spatial variation in facies boundaries and subsurface structure. However, the method usually does not provide quantitative information on the composition of the sediments and their physical properties. Seismic inversion is a method to convert the wave signals from time-to space-domain and derive specific material properties by using iterative numerical modeling. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic seismic inversion scheme to recover the vertical profiles of the shallow soil bulk density from marine seismic survey data. This acoustic impedance inversion is based on the geophysical seismic convolution method and the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rj-MCMC) method. The rj-MCMC is a recently developed stochastic sampling technique that allows the modeling to free the number of layers under the seafloor. Hence the number of soil units is estimated from the data in an objective manner. We applied this new approach to a single trace of post-stack seismic data, collected from the Hydrate Ridge area on the west coast of Oregon. Since the purpose of this shallow seismic inversion is to support the design of the offshore foundation, we focused on the relatively short length of seismic signals near the seafloor. The inverted results of the bulk densities along the depth compare well with the field measurements performed at the nearby drilled borehole. This study introduces an advantage of the probabilistic seismic inversion approach to support shallow marine site characterization from low-frequency data, and we discuss the benefits of this new approach on geotechnical site characterization.


Margaret Cavendish's The Unnatural Tragedy (1650) is both tribute to and critique of Ford's 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (1633). I argue that The Unnatural Tragedy undermines the masculine ideology on female speech and silence, linking male figures' voices with treachery and incest and female voice, conventionally sexualized, with truth and honesty. The main thrust of The Unnatural Tragedy is against the passive feminine virtues embodied by Madame Bonit and Soeur whose adherence to the feminine virtues of silence and obedience and the masculine ideology of honour lead to their loss of control over their lives. In contrast to silence, Cavendish shows that speech is a subjective space from which female figures criticize male figures' voices and systems of governance. Following the methodology of presentism, I argue that The Unnatural Tragedy resonates with contemporary Palestinian representation of gender difference through the binary opposites of speech and silence. Bonit's oppressive silence and her refusal to publicize her husband's mistreatment of her and Soeur's rape and subsequent murder by her brother offer my female students a point of focus to consider the destructive Palestinian ideology of honor which is based on silencing the female voice.


Over the past decade, policymakers and business leaders across New England have been concerned that the region's slower population growth and loss of residents to other parts of the U.S. will lead to a shortage of skilled labor—particularly when the baby boom generation retires. Even with the current economic downturn, there is a recognized need to ensure that there is a sufficient pipeline of skilled workers to fill their region's high-growth, high-demand jobs when the economy recovers. This means not only having a sufficient number of skilled workers, but also a workforce with the right mix of skills to meet the diverse needs of the region's economy. ; This report examines the potential mismatch between the supply of and demand for skilled labor in New England. It explores changes in the balance between labor supply and labor demand at multiple skill levels across the New England region and the nation and examines both historical trends as well as future projections in the supply of and demand for skilled labor. ; The evidence indicates that, although New England currently has many more workers seeking employment than there are job opportunities, the supply of skilled workers is not likely to keep pace with demand over the next two decades. Although these trends are not unique to the region, New England will likely face even greater challenges in maintaining an adequate supply of skilled workers compared to the nation—particularly for "middle-skill" jobs. The report concludes with a discussion of the role that public policy could play in addressing this challenge.


Introduction: Addiction is one of the phenomena of social evil, which not only has negative effects on the life of the addict, but the addict's family and relatives at risk of social phenomenon are multiple injuries, understanding emotions and expectations play an important role in guiding medical staff to care and support will be more effective. The purpose of this qualitative study, experience and the meaning of life from the wives of men addicted. Method: A qualitative research methods as phenomenological description is colaizzi. The method of collecting the data in this study, semi-structured interviews with 10 female participants experienced a year after addiction wife from districts 2 and 10 and 18 in Tehran, respectively. Interviews on the question central to your experience of life is dependent spouse. Results: The main concepts extracted from the experiences of the participants in such research was long-term involvement with the challenges, the need to get on the safety net, damaging isolation and shields against the vulnerability. Conclusion: The families, especially the wives of men addicted are extremely vulnerability and entitled to silent victims, and so the community needs to understand and support broadly. This finding is a newA insight into the treatment for addict patients and families via understanding their real problems.


Objective To examine the factors associated with the use of institutional delivery and home birth services among women in Ethiopia. Methods Fifteen peer-reviewed, primary research articles published between 2011 and 2015 were selected for this scoping review. The articles included case-control, cross-sectional, and retrospective follow-up studies conducted in Ethiopia. Results Findings were categorized with use of content and factorial analysis. The data in this scoping review revealed a significant inequality in skilled care use among Ethiopian women with differences in economic status, education, residence, autonomy in decision making, parity, and antenatal care attendance. Conclusion Sociodemographic, accessibility, and obstetric factors are key determinants of skilled care utilization. Strategies and policy changes to address maternal health service use should aim to improve economic status, facilitate higher education, increase access to care, promote the empowerment of women, and enhance antenatal care initiatives. Additional research should be conducted to evaluate the influence of the media and culture on skilled care utilization, since few studies have examined these factors.


Could it be true? Pascal's runaway brother was back saying they were free! The slaves had been freed by President Lincoln! And besides, Gideon and maybe a mule just for the asking. Gideon said land meant freedom.That night Pascal, twelve, and his friend Nelly, eight, ran away with Gideon. They were going to get a farm. They had to hide lest they be taken back into slavery. Also land didn't seem as easy to find as Gideon had thought. What did it mean if you had to run and hide, if you were crippled and couldn't do what others did?Joined by other former slaves, Pascal, Gideon, and Nelly did find a farm. They even found a school that Pascal and Nelly could attend. They learned about dignity and the Freedmen's Bureau and the Union League and the Republicans. But they also discovered it was not easy for former slaves to stay free and to keep their land.


To discriminate between breast cancer patients and controls, we used a three-step approach to obtain our decision rule. First, we ranked the mass/charge values using random forests, because it generates importance indices that take possible interactions into account. We observed that the top ranked variables consisted of highly correlated contiguous mass/charge values, which were grouped in the second step into new variables. Finally, these newly created variables were used as predictors to find a suitable discrimination rule. In this last step, we compared three different methods, namely Classification and Regression Tree (CART), logistic regression and penalized logistic regression. Logistic regression and penalized logistic regression performed equally well and both had a higher classification accuracy than CART. The model obtained with penalized logistic regression was chosen as we hypothesized that this model would provide a better classification accuracy in the validation set. The solution had a good performance on the training set with a classification accuracy of 86.3%, and a sensitivity and specificity of 86.8% and 85.7%, respectively.


Solar energy is one of the few renewable, low-carbon resources with both the scalability and the technological maturity to meet ever-growing global demand for electricity. Among solar power technologies, solar photovoltaics (PV) are the most widely deployed, providing 0.87% of the world's electricity in 2013 and sustaining a compound annual growth rate in cumulative installed capacity of 43% since 2000. Given the massive scale of deployment needed, this article examines potential limits to PV deployment at the terawatt scale, emphasizing constraints on the use of commodity and PV-critical materials. We propose material complexity as a guiding framework for classifying PV technologies, and we analyze three core themes that focus future research and development: efficiency, materials use, and manufacturing complexity and cost.


The world is facing a biodiversity crisis of unprecedented magnitude. Unless there are radical changes in human behaviour, we can expect significant and alarming species loss in the near future. DNA and tissue banks have great potential as tools for biodiversity conservation, yet few have been established. Arising from a collaborative project on DNA banking, phylogeny and conservation of the South African flora, this publication provides the practical and legislative framework necessary to establish more DNA banks and is essential reading for anyone wishing to understand the application of genetic technologies to conservation.


The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, is the largest of the federal food and nutrition assistance programs. Studies show that SNAP is vital in increasing recipients' food budgets, as reflected in recipients' food spending before and after the 2009 Stimulus Package. SNAP has also been shown to reduce food insecurity for U.S. households. Proposed changes to SNAP by the Trump administration in its initial 2019 budget request could have major impacts on households that depend on the program to lessen the setbacks caused by poverty. Based on economic theory and results from previous studies examining expenditure responses to changes in SNAP, this article explores possible impacts of allocating half of SNAP benefits in the form of food boxes. It argues that these changes would have a negative impact on low-income households—especially children. These changes could create further food insecurity among some of the most vulnerable, while also increasing costs to the government.


In the present climate of energy conservation and CO2 emission consciousness, building
heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are required to achieve thermal
comfort and indoor air quality in the most energy efficient manner possible. To this end
optimising the use of natural ventilation is considered an area which can significantly
reduce both the occupants discomfort and the energy consumption. The ability to
effectively control the indoor environment would considerably enhance the use of natural
ventilation. The overall aim of this research is to develop, commission and evaluate a
fuzzy rule-based controller which can vary the resistance of ventilation opening in order
to maintain an acceptable comfort conditions in the occupied space.
The design of the fuzzy control system starts by establishing certain quantization levels
for the input/output variables along with corresponding membership functions. Aspects of
input and output variable choice together with their linguistic labels are explained and
presented. Control rules are defined based on the off-line thermal modelling, experimental
results and through discussions with experts. A dynamic air flow distribution is
investigated through a series of experiments for different environmental conditions and
opening levels without any control action. Three rule-bases of different complexity are
developed and presented. All solutions are simulated in an input-output space and their
differences presented in more detail through examples of the Mamdani inference method
application. Controller validation is initially carried out using simulation as this offers the
possibility of testing controllers under extreme conditions regardless of test room physical
limitations. Simulations are carefully designed to allow simultaneous comparison of
different controllers' performances. Then on-line validation is carried out in the test room
by measuring the air flow distribution with and without the controller in action. A
naturally ventilated test room and its instrumentation is set up. A controller
commissioning methodology is established, involving the choice of software and
hardware platforms and data acquisition methodology.


A review of theories and practices pertaining to the possible underlying dynamics of international community-based resilience enhancing psychosocial sport and play programs, established to help children and youth experiencing adversity in their lives. Sport and play activities (with play being inclusive of any organized movement, exercise, game or artistic activities) can have a stabilizing impact on most children through supporting and encouraging their resilience processes, with resilience being described as the process of, and capacity for, successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances. Psychosocial sports and play programs are a relatively new approach to helping children manage adversity, so more field investigations need to be implemented to establish best practices methodology, and to discover the impact that sport and play activities may have on the enhancement of children's resilience. Additionally, more funding must be allocated for research on the effectiveness of these psychosocial sport and play programs.


The rationale for most public transportation projects is a requirement imposed on the operating agency by an existing or expected service demand. These expected operations may be intended to provide direct service to the public transport users such as a new or remodeled station, a section of line on a fixed guideway system, or an entire new system. This definition of operational needs at a project's inception will assure communication among the builder, the maintenance forces and the operator, will provide for evolution of operational plans with the project's development and be a key to assuring operation of the project as it was intended. This paper will review briefly the project development process and the types of operations input required. Then the types of institutional conditions under which a new project may be initiated will be reviewed. Given the context of the project development process and the agency's capability at the outset for design and construction, various ways in which operations input to the project can be made will then be discussed.


The idea for this project arises from the purposeful intersection of three ideas: generative drawing, collaborative drawing, and playful interaction. It attempts to bridge the three through the creation of a game, which has as an outcome both a drawing and a human interaction. This research is carried out through prototyping and testing, and founded in different theoretical frameworks that allow for a back-and-forth analysis between the different components and the game as a whole. The project attempts to make meaningful theoretical connections that may lead to new ways of approaching drawing in the social context. Author


Chagas disease is a deadly infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Afflicting approximately 8 million people in Latin America, Chagas disease is now becoming a serious global health problem proliferating beyond the traditional geographical borders, mainly because of human and vector migration. Because the disease is endemic in low-resource areas, industrial drug development has been lethargic. The chronic form remains incurable, there are no vaccines, and 2 existing drugs for the acute form are toxic and have low efficacy. Here we report the efficacy of a small molecule, VNI, including evidence of its effectiveness against chronic Chagas disease. VNI is a potent experimental inhibitor of T. cruzi sterol 14α-demethylase. Nontoxic and highly selective, VNI displays promising pharmacokinetics and administered orally to mice at 25 mg/kg for 30 days cures, with 100% cure rate and 100% survival, the acute and chronic T. cruzi infection.


This work aims to explore a novel intermittently operated fixed-bed column with drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) as main medium to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from secondary effluent under different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). The results showed that the WTR was beneficial for N removal and the average removal efficiency reached 59%. The denitrification was the primary pathway for N removal and the denitrification rate (2.19 g N/m 3 d) was higher than the theoretical value based on the organic matter removal rate (7.35 g COD cr /m 3 d). The P removal was excellent and the efficiency still remained 98% after 260-day operation. The lifetime of the WTR fixed-bed column regarding P saturation was estimated to be 7.9 years under the highest HLR of 0.45 m 3 /m 3 d. Moreover, the efficiency and stability of the nutrients removal further increased with the reduction of HLR. Based on regulations, the system holds great promise as a technology for water environment restoration and WTR recycling.


Telocyte is a communicating cell established relations to various types of cells. Few experimental studies are performed on telocytes. The current study investigated responce of telocytes to salinity stress in relations to osmoregualtory, immune and stem cells. We exposed Common carp to salinity level 0.2, 6, 10, 14 ppt. Gill samples were fixed and processed for microscopic and TEM. Two types of telocytes were identified: intraepithelial and stromal telocytes. Intraepithelial telocytes comprised the cellular lining of the lymph spaces where they shed the secretory vesicles. Stromal telocytes shed their secretory vesicles in the secondary circulatory vessels. Telocyte enlarged and exhibited high secretory activities. They exert their effect either by direct contact or by paracrine mode. In sanity treated samples, chloride cells enlarged and the mitochondria became cigar-shaped. pavement cells enlarged and micro-ridges elongated. Stromal telocytes established contact with stem cell and skeletal myoblast. Macrophages and Rodlet cells increased in number. In conclusion, intraepithelial and stromal responded to salinity stress by activation of cellular signaling. They play a major role in osmoregulation, immunity, and regeneration.


In this essay, we argue that key assumptions in international macroeconomic theory, though useful for understanding the economic relationships among developed countries, have been pushed beyond their competence to include relationships between developed economies and emerging markets. The Achilles heel of this extended development model is the assumption that threats to deprive the debtor countries of gains from trade provide incentives for poor countries to repay more than trivial amounts of international debt. Replacing this assumption with the idea that collateral is required to support gross international capital flows suggests that the pattern of current account balances seen in recent years is a sustainable equilibrium.


A green chemistry methodologies were utilized for the efficient synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives by one-pot multicomponent reaction of substituted aldehydes, ethyl/methyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate by conventional, microwave, solvent-free and ultrasonication techniques. All the compounds were characterized by TLC, FT-IR, 1 H NMR and elemental studies.