Sexism, prejudice or discrimination typically against women, is an attitude that causes emotional distress and can negatively affect women's psychological and physical health. Studies have shown that psychological distress heightens when women are subjected to sexist events (Szymanski, Gupta, Carr, & Stewart, 2009). Sexism exists in the classroom, workplace, and politics, and is virtually inescapable for women (Miner-Rubino, 2007). It is common for women who are in positions of power to be unjustly branded with cruel epithets (Manne, 2016). Despite the modernity of today's culture and progression of gender equality, sexism is still a prevalent issue. This study assesses underlying predictors that are related to sexism. In order to identify these predictors, I examined Big Five personality traits, spirituality/religiousness, and moral reasoning, as well as demographic variables. Participants were university students within a general psychology course who completed an online questionnaire for course credit. Results indicate that there is a significant relationship between misogyny and moral foundations theory and a negative correlation between sexism and empathetic personality. These results suggest that there are several personality and religious predictors of sexism.


Most of the grandiose and often ostentatious Hellenistic monumental tombs were power- fully expressive and symbolic structures, built to glorify and display the wealth and power of kings, queens, nobles, and other persons of influence or to serve as shrines for the worship of the heroized dead. They were inventive in design and form, created to demonstrate the achievements of the dead in a public architecture of permanence and durability. This lavishly illustrated monograph brings together previously scattered information about Hellenistic funerary monuments and Janos Fedak's own research on the exterior architecture of these impressive structures in the Mediterranean region. The author first establishes a typology of main tomb forms and then considers some of the predecessors of the Hellenistic tombs. He explores the variations of form that resulted from differences in climate, building materials, and social and religious customs. Adherence to strong local traditional practice in building is visible in each region, but new ideas and novel funerary architecture were welcomed everywhere in the Hellenistic world. Fedak's wide-ranging approach makes the work of interest not only to specialists in Greek architecture and archaeologists but also to students of classical studies and historians of art and religion.


corresponding Author: Ziba Naaz M.Tech Scholar Adusumilli Vijaya Institute of technological and Research Center Ramanthapuram Hyderabad Keyword search is an intuitive paradigm for searching linked data sources on the web. We propose to route keywords only to relevant sources to reduce the high cost of processing keyword search queries over all sources. We propose a novel method for computing top-k routing plans based on their potentials to contain results for a given keyword query. We employ a keyword-element relationship summary that compactly represents relationships between keywords and the data elements mentioning them. A multilevel scoring mechanism is proposed for computing the relevance of routing plans based on scores at the level of keywords, data elements, element sets, and subgraphs that connect these elements. Experiments carried out using 150 publicly available sources on the web showed that valid plans (precision@1 of 0.92) that are highly relevant (mean reciprocal rank of 0.89) can be computed in 1 second on average on a single PC. Further, we show routing greatly helps to improve the performance of keyword search, without compromising its result quality


From the Publisher:
The PHP Manual, Volume 2 is the second in a two-part series on the popular PHP language. PHP is a popular server-side, cross-platform, HTML embedded scripting language. At the most basic level, PHP can do anything any other CGI program can do, such as collect form data, generate dynamic page content, or send and receive cookies. PHP is distributed free under the GNU license, and is used in tens of thousands of Internet Web sites around the globe.
Completing the reference set is PHP Manual, Volume 1 available separately. Both books are printed versions of the online documentation. These books are provided as a convenience, saving you the time and trouble of printing of making paper copies.


Linden Research's Second Life is a three dimensional world created by its residents. In this world is an island called Iowa that was envisioned, built, developed and is operated by Iowans, both faculty and citizens from other walks of life. This case study discusses the design and development process, the current content of the island called Iowa and operational issues. Virtual Iowa is a work in progress like many web pages were in the early days of the World Wide Web. The design process was driven by a vision and by funding realities, the building of the 3D space was largely accomplished by volunteers and people compensated with land to use for shopping rentals, or entertainment venues. The purpose of the case is to document the process used, share lessons learned and stimulate more systematic research on virtual building teams and their organization, motivation and management.


This paper deals with the comparative analysis of different policy options for water resources management in three south-eastern Mediterranean countries. The applied methodology follows a participatory approach throughout its implementation and is supported by the use of three different software packages dealing with water allocation budget, water quality simulation, and Multi Criteria Analysis, respectively. The paper briefly describes the general objectives of the SMART project and then presents the three local case studies, the valuation objectives and the applied methodology - developed as a general replicable framework suitable for implementation in other decision-making processes. All the steps needed for a correct implementation are therefore described. Following the conceptualisation of the problem, the choice of the appropriate indicators as well as the calculation of their weighting and value functions are detailed. The paper concludes with the results of the Multi Criteria and the related Sensitivity Analyses performed, showing how the different policy responses under consideration can be assessed and furthermore compared through case studies thanks to their relative performances. The adopted methodology was found to be an effective operational approach for bridging scientific modelling and policy making by integrating the model outputs in a conceptual framework that can be understood and utilised by non experts, thus showing concrete potential for participatory decision making.


Recent steep declines in honey bee health have severely impacted the beekeeping industry, presenting new risks for agricultural commodities that depend on insect pollination. Honey bee declines could reflect increased pressures from parasites and pathogens. The incidence of the microsporidian pathogen Nosema ceranae has increased significantly in the past decade. Here we present a draft assembly (7.86 MB) of the N. ceranae genome derived from pyrosequence data, including initial gene models and genomic comparisons with other members of this highly derived fungal lineage. N. ceranae has a strongly AT-biased genome (74% A+T) and a diversity of repetitive elements, complicating the assembly. Of 2,614 predicted protein-coding sequences, we conservatively estimate that 1,366 have homologs in the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi, the most closely related published genome sequence. We identify genes conserved among microsporidia that lack clear homology outside this group, which are of special interest as potential virulence factors in this group of obligate parasites. A substantial fraction of the diminutive N. ceranae proteome consists of novel and transposable-element proteins. For a majority of well-supported gene models, a conserved sense-strand motif can be found within 15 bases upstream of the start codon; a previously uncharacterized version of this motif is also present in E. cuniculi. These comparisons provide insight into the architecture, regulation, and evolution of microsporidian genomes, and will drive investigations into honey bee–Nosema interactions.


How do administrative agencies interpret statutes? Despite the theoretical treatment scholars offer on how agencies construe statutes, far less is known empirically about administrative statutory interpretation even though agencies play a critical role in interpreting statutes. This Article looks behind the black box of agency statutory interpretation to review how administrative agencies use canons and other tools of statutory interpretation to decide cases. Surveying over 7,000 cases heard by the National Labor Relations Board ("NLRB") from 1993-2016, I analyze the statutory methodologies the Board uses in its decisions in order to uncover patterns of how the Board interprets statutes over time. Overall, I find no ideological coherence to statutory methodology. Board members switch between textualist or purposive methods depending upon the partisan outcome sought. Indeed, Board members often use statutory methodologies to dueling purposes, with majority and dissenting Board members using the same statutory methodology to support contrasting outcomes. The Board has also changed how it interprets statutes over time, relying in recent years more on vague pronouncements of policy and less on precedent or legislative history. Moreover, despite scholars arguing that agencies should interpret statutes differently than courts, in practice, this study indicates that the NLRB interprets its governing statute in similar fashion to how courts do. After analyzing the empirical data, I set forth policy recommendations for how agencies should interpret statutes. The balance required—between policy coherence, stability and democratic accountability—is fundamentally different in the context of agency statutory interpretation than for interpretation by a judicial body. Rather than acting like a court, adjudicative agencies like the NLRB should leverage their expertise to arrive at an interpretation that best effectuates the purpose of the statute. For an agency like the NLRB that makes decisions almost exclusively through adjudication this may necessitate that the agency reveal its statutory interpretation in a more transparent fashion through rulemaking.


In judicial opinions construing statutes, it is common for judges to make a set of assumptions about the legislative process that generated the statute under review. For example, judges regularly impute to legislators highly detailed knowledge about both judicial rules of interpretation and the substantive area of law of which the statute is a part. Little empirical research has been done to test this picture of the legislative process. In this Article, Professors Nourse and Schacter take a step toward filling this gap with a case study of legislative drafting in the Senate Judiciary Committee. Their results stand in sharp contrast to the traditional judicial story of the drafting process. The interviews conducted by the authors suggest that the drafting process is highly variable and contextual; that staffers, lobbyists, and professional drafters write laws rather than elected representatives; and that although drafters are generally familiar with judicial rules of construction, these rules are not systematically integrated into the drafting process. The case study suggests not only that the judicial story of the legislative process is inaccurate but also that there might be important differences between what the legislature and judiciary value in the drafting process: While courts tend to prize what the authors call the "interpretive" virtues of textual clarity and interpretive awareness, legislators are oriented more toward "constitutive" virtues of action and agreement. Professors Nourse and Schacter argue that the results they report, if reflective of the drafting process generally, raise important challenges for originalist and textualist theories of statutory interpretation, as well as Justice Scalia's critique of legislative history. Even if the assumptions about legislative drafting made in the traditional judicial story are merely fictions, they nonetheless play a role in allocating normative responsibility for creating statutory law. The authors conclude that their case study raises the need for future empirical research to develop a better understanding of the legislative process.


Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-assisted biliary access is utilized when conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. We report a 10-year experience utilizing a transduodenal EUS rendezvous via a transpapillary route without dilation of the transduodenal tract, followed by immediate ERCP access. Patients included all EUS-guided rendezvous procedures for biliary access that were performed following ERCP failure. EUS-assisted bile duct puncture was performed via a transduodenal approach and a guide wire was advanced through the papilla without any dilation or bougienage of the tract; ERCP was performed immediately afterwards. EUS-assisted biliary rendezvous was attempted in 15 patients (mean age 66 +/- 18.2 years; malignant = 10, benign = 5). Mean diameter of measured bile ducts was 14.3 +/- 5.17 mm (range 4-23 mm). The reasons for initial ERCP failure were tumor infiltration or edema (n = 9), intradiverticular papilla (n = 2), pre-existing duodenal stent (n = 1), and anatomic anomalies (n = 3). Successful EUS-guided bile duct puncture and wire passage were achieved in all 15 patients (100 %), with drainage being successful in 12 / 15 (80 %). Failures occurred in three patients due to inability to traverse the biliary stricture (n = 2) or dissection of a choledochocele with the guide wire (n = 1); all were subsequently drained via percutaneous methods. Stents placed were metallic in eight patients and plastic in four. Complications consisted of moderate pancreatitis after a difficult ERCP attempt in one patient, and bacteremia after percutaneous biliary drainage in another. There were no instances of perforation, extraluminal air or fluid collections. EUS-assisted biliary drainage utilizing a transduodenal rendezvous approach demonstated a high success rate without any complications directly attributable to the EUS access. Advantages over percutaneous biliary and other methods of EUS biliary access include performance under the same anesthesia, and a very small-caliber needle puncture similar to EUS/fine-needle aspiration.


The amount of scientific information available on the Internet, corporate intranets, and other media is growing rapidly. Managing knowledge from the information that can be found in scientific publications is essential for any researcher. The management of scientific information is increasingly more complex and challenging, since documents collections are generally heterogeneous, large, diverse and dynamic. Overcoming these challenges is essential to give to the scientists the best conditions to manage the time required to process scientific information. In this work, we implemented a new similarity's function for scientific articles' clustering in based on the information provided by the references of the articles. The use of this function contributes significantly to discover relevant knowledge from scientific literature.


—A quantitative assessment of the fractionation of elements during sedimentation is made based on long-term comprehensive studies with the participation of geochemists, hydrobiologists, soil scientists, and chemists. Analytical studies of the chemical composition of water, soil, bottom sediments, and biota were carried out at the Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment for Multielement and Isotope Studies and at the Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk. Based on a mineralogical and geochemical approach, we chose lakes with different types of biogenetic formation and different classes of organomineral sediments and performed detailed studies of the relationship between the organic and mineral parts of the sediments. It has been established that the organomineral sediments of different classes and biogenetic types of formation differ not only in the contents of major elements (Si, Ca, C, and O) but also in the group composition of organic matter. The direct effect of the transformation of organic matter on the mineral composition of bottom sediments has been revealed. The contents of other elements vary in a narrow range of values. At the same time, the difference in the contents of elements between organomineral sediments of different types and classes is comparable with their difference within a class. The leading role in the formation of the geochemical and mineral compositions of the organomineral sediments of small lakes belongs to intricate biological, biochemical, and physicochemical processes depending mainly on azonal factors and occurring under prolonged freezing-up (anaerobic conditions).


Liquid/liquid extraction is a very common method used in the organic laboratory. Organic reactions often yield a number of by-products, some inorganic, some organic... Liquid/liquid extraction is often used as the initial step in the work-up of a reaction, before final purification of the product by recrystallization, distillation or sublimation. Salting-out effect can be used to improve the extraction of some solutes by modifying the solute distribution between two liquid phases. Experiments are conducted on the system Water + 1-propanol + Ethyl acetate with varying salt concentrations and varying temperatures. The basic objective of this project is to determine the best temperature range and the salt from NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 which enhances the separation or extraction of the solute by the specified solvent. The experiments were conducted and the resulting extract and raffinate phase was analyzed with the help of the gas chromatography. The plots of voltage vs time was obtained from the gas chromatography, showing the percent volume of the different components present in both the phases. For each phase a separate plot is obtained. Here we have considered two salts: NaCl and (NH4)2SO4. We have tried to show the effect of these two salts on the system at temperatures 27oC, 32oC and 37oC.The solubility data are tabulated in Table 5.1 and the equilibrium data are tabulated in Table 5.2. Considering these data the solubility curves and the distribution curves were plotted. All salt containing data are reported on salt free basis. The experimental tie-line data under no salt condition were determined and presented in respective tables. It can be seen from the diagrams that the addition of the salts shifts the distribution in favour of ethyl acetate layer especially at higher salt concentrations. The presence of the salt decreases the solubility of the system increasing the heterogeneous zone. Heterogeneous area is an important characteristic. In the present system, the areas of the solubility curves are more in case of salt addition than that of without salt. At increasing salt concentrations more 1-propanol is transferred to the ethyl acetate phase. This process is usually referred to as salting out and is caused by the fact that the presence of high amounts of hydrated ions reduces the availability of the water molecules in the aqueous phase to the salvation of other solvents. Presence of salts mainly increase the concentrations of 1-propanol in organic phase and hence enlargement of the two-phase region occurred.


This paper studies the most common economic phenomena in the People Republic of China—-"Red Envelope" as year-end cash bonus. Based on 108 employees' responses to the designed questionnaires in Henan Province, central part of P. R. China, the paper reveals the "Red Envelope" is an incentive measure for Chinese employees at present.


The Born and Rytov methods are applied to a study of the propagation and the scattering of waves in a one-dimensional (1-D) half-space medium with a permittivity either depending on the wave intensity or having a stochastic property. Both Born and Rytov series in the 1-D nonlinear half-space case are compared with their counterparts in a 1-D homogeneous dielectric half-space case. The multiple scattering in a 1-D random half-space, consisting of a host material and randomly distributed scatterers, is treated with a random medium model. We have derived the autocorrelation function for the case in which 1-D scatterers are randomly distributed in a host medium. We show that the autocorrelation function has an exponential-decay shape and depends on the fractional length, the average physical length, and the scattering strength of these scatterers. Under the bilocal approximation the effective permittivity for this 1-D random half-space medium is shown to have an oscillatory dependence on range. When it is applied to estimate the ensemble-averaged scattered fields in the 1-D random half-space case, the Rytov method is not as useful as the Born method because the Rytov method suffers a more serious divergence problem than the Born method.


This chapter looks into the kitchen as a place where things are transformed into culinary preparations. On the basis of a video-recorded cooking course in which a group of trainees prepared a dinner under the supervision of a chef, I examine how objects are assembled, manipulated and transformed in a visibly embodied way. The chef instructs the trainees on how to prepare some ingredients and they organise their actions to follow these instructions. The analysis deals with the manipulation of ingredients at three key moments within this sequence of cooking instructions: the chef 's instructions; questions following instructions; and instructed action leading to the final shaping of the ingredients. The first moment shows how objects have features that are taken for granted by experts; the second shows how participants work to identify the relevant aspects of the objects they manipulate; the third reveals the normative way in which objects are expected to be transformed.


The significantly lower annual rainfall experienced in Australia over the past decade together with projections of long-term climate change has placed increased emphasis on the use of pasture plants with superior tolerance to environmental stress, particularly drought, to ensure persistence for the grazing industries. Summer dormancy is one of the more important traits that grasses have to adapt to environments where there is little, variable, or no summer rainfall. In this article, the role that the summer dormancy trait has played in enhancing the survival of temperate perennial grasses in Australia is reviewed with special reference to orchardgrass (cocksfoot; Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.]. The performance of cultivars and populations with this trait is assessed in comparison to germplasm without the trait. Other major factors such as the contribution of rooting depth to stress tolerance and their possible relationship with summer dormancy are documented and evaluated. Current knowledge of the physiological basis by which summer dormancy improves survival of summer drought is also summarized.


The article analyses problems related to the development of the system of resocialization of delinquent behaviour underage and child's average care based on legal acts, analysis of programmes of Underage Justice as well as the data of sociological investigations. The paper deals with the following issues: situation of juvenile delinquency in Lithuania; trends of the system development of child's resocialization; application problems of the Law on Child's Minimum and Average care; activities of children socialization centres and cases of infringement of the rights of the underage living there. The conclusion drawn from the article is that the system of average care for the underage functions ineffectively. The main causes of this problem are as follows: legal basis is not duly regulated; structure of the institutions providing average care for the child is still under development, lack of skilled specialists, limited possibilities to improve professional skills, insufficient cooperation between departments.


The center of gravity in the technology world has shifted east. Today, India and China are churning out some of the world's best-trained computer science and electrical engineering graduates. In both countries, consumer classes and domestic markets for technology have ballooned. Western high-tech firms are increasingly sourcing their products' assembly from India and China and the innovation that drives those products. Meanwhile, indigenous Indian and Chinese companies are creating intellectual property and innovations that will compete with those same Western companies. In "IT and the East", James M. Popkin and Partha Iyengar examine the vital questions these developments raise: What's the long-term impact of high-tech outsourcing? How will innovation be managed in the future? Can Western firms compete in Asian markets while protecting key intellectual property? Will the innovation engine inexorably shift east? What would such a shift mean for Western countries currently driving innovation? The authors also discuss the emerging alliances between Indian and Chinese technology companies and outline the implications for Western businesses. Filled with extensive interviews with high-level executives, government officials, and academics from around the world, "IT and the East" is the first book to articulate the challenges that new business scenarios and capabilities in India and China pose for Western technology firms.


Poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene–thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione) (PBDTTPD) polymer donors yield some of the highest open-circuit voltages (VOC, ca. 0.9 V) and fill factors (FF, ca. 70%) in conventional bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with PCBM acceptors. Recent work has shown that the incorporation of ring substituents into the side chains of the BDT motifs in PBDTTPD can induce subtle variations in material properties, resulting in an increase of the BHJ device VOC to ∼1 V. In this contribution, we report on the synthesis of N-alkyloyl-substituted TPD motifs (TPD(CO)) and show that the electron-deficient motifs can further lower both the polymer LUMO and HOMO levels, yielding device VOC > 1 V (up to ca. 1.1 V) in BHJ solar cells with PCBM. Despite the high VOC achieved (i.e., low polymer HOMO), BHJ devices cast from TPD(CO)-based polymer donors can reach power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 6.7%, making these promising systems for use in the high-band-gap cell of tandem solar cells.


The current study presents a qualitative exploration into the personal and professional experiences of having a long term, daily practice of informal mindfulness for third wave therapists. The humanistic, pluralistic and phenomenological focus of this study aims to appeal specifically to counselling psychologists who practice mindfulness in their own personal and professional lives.

The participants included ten third wave therapists who delivered Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) or Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) as their main therapeutic approach. These therapists identified that they practiced informal mindfulness several times a day during various life activities and that it was their main form of mindfulness practice.

Thematic analysis of the semi-structured interview transcripts produced six themes across the data set. Overall it was found that the long term, daily practice of informal mindfulness produced several beneficial as well as some challenging experiences for third wave therapists across their personal and professional lives. Certain factors appeared to mediate these experiences including the therapists' current engagement in formal meditation, the specific third wave therapy delivered and also spiritual affiliations with mindfulness. These findings posed a number of significant implications for professional practice as well as avenues for future research into informal mindfulness practice.


Brain-machine interfaces hold promise for restoring basic functions such as movement or speech for severely disabled patients, as well as for controlling neuroprosthetic devices for amputees. One of the major challenges of clinically viable neuroprostheses for chronic use is the implementation of fully implantable recording devices for stable, long-term recordings over large populations of neurons. Recent progress in the microelectronics and MEMS technologies has enabled miniaturization of microelectrode arrays which can be used for recording the neural activity of the brain and for stimulating the neurons. Nevertheless, the demanding requirements of fully implantable recording devices necessitate the incorporation of other active components with the microelectrodes. The presence of the active components in the implant requires power to be delivered to the device. Transcutaneous wires are commonly used for this purpose as well as for communication with the outside world. However, these wires pose the risk of infection to the patient. Another common method of powering is to utilize batteries in the implant. Nevertheless, this method is not desirable as the batteries have to be replaced at the end of their lifetime with a surgical procedure. This thesis presents the development of a remotely powered wireless cortical neural interface system for brain-machine interface applications. In the scope of this work, firstly, the requirements and specifications of the system are analyzed to examine the limits of operation. In addition, the thermal impact of cortical implant operation in the head is investigated to determine the maximum allowable power consumption in the implant. In order to supply power to the active components in the cortical implant, a closed-loop inductive remote powering link operating from a single external battery is implemented. The closed-loop operation enables adaptive delivery of power depending on the implant activity. For improving the power efficiency of the link, a discrete optimization algorithm is developed to design the geometry of the power transmission coils. In addition, application specific integrated circuits are designed to enhance the overall performance of the system and to decrease the footprint of the implant electronics. Moreover, wireless data communication for cortical implants is discussed and a solution for coexistence of the power and data links is presented. For implanting the cortical recording device into the body, a two-body packaging topology is proposed to position the implant inside the cranial bone. With this topology, the performance of the cortical neural interface is significantly improved. The fabricated cortical implants with the two-body package are characterized in air and in vitro. The power transfer efficiency of the closed-loop remote powering link operating from a single supply is measured to be 10.6% in vitro for 10 mW power delivered to the implant load. Finally, the operation of the implant in vitro is validated for over five weeks.


Since second-order probability distributions assign probabilities to probabilities there is uncertainty on two levels. Although different types of uncertainty have been distinguished before and corresponding measures suggested, the distinction made here between first- and second-order levels of uncertainty has not been considered before. In this paper previously existing measures are considered from the perspective of first- and second-order uncertainty and new measures are introduced. We conclude that the concepts of uncertainty and informativeness needs to be qualified if used in a second-order probability context and suggest that from a certain point of view information can not be minimized, just shifted from one level to another


This Article considers the recent decline of the class action by comparing earlier, parallel developments in the law of business reorganizations. Until the 1930s, the equity receivership was the procedural device used to reorganize firms in financial distress, because a receivership, like a class action, could achieve a binding group resolution among dispersed claimants. Although initially viewed favorably, the receivership came under sustained attacks from political, academic, and judicial critics. These critics, like today's critics of the class action, challenged the legitimacy of the receivership process. In particular, they painted the lawyers in receivership cases as conflicted actors who placed their own interests above the interests of claimants — much as class action lawyers are sometimes portrayed. These criticisms led to bankruptcy reform legislation in the New Deal era that sharply constrained reorganization practice. Yet, the New Deal-era restrictions on reorganization practice were rejected a generation later with the adoption of Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.The Article proposes two explanations for the revival of reorganization law after a generation in decline. First, the practical needs that had driven the development of the receivership as a device for resolving the financial distress of firms did not dissipate simply because that device was hobbled. Instead, lawyers and courts attempted to find other, more cumbersome and inefficient pathways for achieving the same ends. Second, the control and supervision of lawyers was integral to the revival of business reorganization practice. Partly out of concern about actually deterring lawyer misconduct and partly out of concern about addressing the perception of lawyer misconduct, those who worked to revive the bankruptcy system understood the need to include institutions that seek to check excessive influence by lawyers in the process.The Article draws on these developments to suggest possible routes for the future development of the class action and aggregate litigation more generally.


Context: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is an important cause of pain and functional limitation in older people. Several short-term studies state that walking and resistance exercise reduce pain and disability and improve physical fitness in people with knee OA. Aims: To compare the effect of walking and resistance exercise on pain and function in older adults with knee OA. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at the physiotherapy department of General Hospital. Twenty one males and females in the age range of 60-75 years, diagnosed with knee OA by the orthopedic department according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria were randomly allocated into three groups. Conventional physiotherapy treatment remained common for all the groups. Group A subjects additionally walked at a self-paced speed. Group B subjects received resistance exercise for hip and knee muscles. Group C subjects received conventional physiotherapy treatment alone. Intervention was given 5 days/week for 2 weeks. Pain intensity at rest and during activity was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) and physical function was assessed by Western Ontario McMasters Arthritic Index (WOMAC). The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: There was a significant difference in VAS at rest within group A and group B. The difference in VAS during activity and WOMAC scores was significant within each group. Mean difference in VAS during activity revealed a significant difference between group B and group A and between group B and group C. The mean difference in WOMAC scores was significant between group A and group C. Mean difference in VAS at rest showed no difference between the groups. Conclusion: Resistance exercises are more effective in reducing pain during activity and walking is more effective in improving physical function in older adults with knee OA.


This paper analyzes the relationship between firm efficiency and vertical integration in the Italian machine tool (MT) industry. A theoretical model of entry and competition within an industry has been set up: in this model firms can choose either to be vertically integrated or not: the most efficient firms self-select in being vertically integrated, while less efficient firms prefer a disintegrated structure and they both coexist in equilibrium. In the second part of the paper the relationship between efficiency and vertical integration has been tested using a stochastic frontier framework in an novel panel dataset including around 500 MT builders. The theoretical prediction is confirmed: outsourcing seems a rational choice for less efficient firms to make positive operating profits and stay in the market; on the other hand, more efficient firms exploit their efficiency advantage to control a greater part of the production chain, possibly benefiting from greater coordination among different phases and tailored intermediate inputs.


The aim of this study was to enhance the nutritional value and the functional characteristics of muffins by enriching with chickpea protein isolate, while keeping their rheological characteristics. Chickpea Protein isolate (CPI) was prepared by alkaline solubilization (pH 11), followed by isoelectric precipitation at pH 4.5. SDS-PAGE revealed three subunits with molecular weights of 47, 30 and 85 kDa; representing the globulin fractions, legumin-like and vicilin-like proteins. Maximum protein solubility (83.32%) was obtained at pH 11. CPI exhibited an emulsifying activity index of 25.17 m2 g -1 , emulsion stability index of 14.09 min. The foaming capacity and stability were 62% and 94.49%, respectively. Water and oil absorption were 3.65 and 2.30 mL g -1 , respectively. CPI was added to muffin batter at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%. CPI fortifieded muffins showed reduction in moisture content, which influenced texture profile analysis through increasing hardness, gumminess and chewiness values. Additionally, both protein content and protein digestibility of muffins increased to 22.2 and 94.08%, respectively. CPI-enriched muffins were darker (lower L) with yellowish crumbs (higher b). Finally, preliminary sensory evaluation showed high consumer acceptance for CPI-enriched muffins.


The objective of the study is to observe the anti-motion sickness effect of volatile oil extract of Pinelia ternata in rats, compare the strength of anti-motion sickness action between the Pinelia ternata volatile oil extract and the dimenhydrinate, and analyze the constituents in volatile oil of Pinelia ternata. Rats with frequency is 0.05Hz, the peak speed of 240°/s2 rotated to stimulate, evoked kaolin behavior and conditioned anorexia, motion sickness severity was judged by kaolin intake and tired of drinking behavior of saccharin water. Intragastric administration of each drug group, observe inhibition on rat kaolin behavior and the rotation stimulation before and after stimulation of 0.15% saccharin drinking water continuous 3D output in 24h. Chemical constituents in volatile oil of Pinelia ternata were analyzed by capillary gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: After administration of Pinelia ternata volatile oil, kaolin intake was significantly lower than rats in the model group, Pinelia ternata extract could promote the drinking of saccharin solution, while there was no significant difference between the dimenhydrinate group and the model group. GC-MS analysis showed that volatile oil of Pinelia ternata mainly contained 15 chemical constituents. Conclusion: Chemical constituents in volatile oil of Pinelia ternata had a significant effect against motion sickness.


Physical and visual qualities of products, such as shape, colour, material and texture, are common outputs of an industrial designer's work. Among these, shape is perhaps the most influential characteristic in the user's perception of products. It is not surprising, therefore, that designers often focus on shape early in the process of product design. While various forms of 2D and 3D representations might be exploited, sketching forms a key technique in the generation and development of product shape. It allows ideas of shape to externalised and communicated. Perhaps more importantly, sketching can operate to assist individuals in the creative generation and development of shape. Central to this function is the capacity for sketches to display ambiguity. Design sketches of shape and form are a particularly interesting category of visual representations because perception and interpretation are bound together with creation and evaluation in the shape sketching process.

This paper reviews the exploitation of ambiguity in design sketches. It also outlines a recent study at the Open University of the sketches of industrial designers. It suggests ambiguity has a vital role to play in the transformation of ideas and reveals how sketches present an ideal form of representational technique that is well matched to the cognitive processes of creative designing.


Since the industrial revolution there have been a number of significant innovations in management that have increasingly tightened controls on employee behaviour and reduced the freedom for independent action in the performance of tasks in the workplace. Taylorism, Organisational Development, Business Process Engineering and Total Quality Management are just some of the innovations that have directly or unintentionally limited the space for employee engagement, even when promoting manifest intentions of empowerment and involvement. Time and work disciplines continue to regulate activities with new procedural and technical controls being developed and used in monitoring and evaluating immediate and remote behaviours in collecting data on the auditable achievements of employees. In an accelerating world where creativity, innovation and change are central to the hyper competition of business, concerns for employees rather than shareholder value should take centre stage but remain unvoiced and constrained by conventional management thinking. Innovation for excellence is witnessed by the stress of open surveillance, the strains of increasing workloads and the expectations (self, peer-group and organisational) to meet these standards of excellence (which are often set above average thresholds) that ultimately dehumanises and degrades employees' experience of work. It is argued that the rhetoric of autonomy and participation is being increasingly unmasked in a world of tightening budgets and work intensification where employees are required to take on more 'efficient' methods of work that enables organisations to capture quantifiable and transparent performance data. There is a small but growing call for more humane organisations that reduce oppressive controls, enabling space and freedom for self-management in the performance of tasks and activities, for new forms of social business and for replacing the economic with a more social model of work. This represents a major and difficult challenge requiring organisations to off-load the legacies from the tools and techniques of 20th century management (that are continually modified and repackaged as something new) which simply serve to stifle creativity, inhibit innovation and limit human initiative that are all critical to developments, not only to more human-oriented organisations, but also to developing more flexible and innovative business organisations for the future.


Writing relevant analytical paragraphs is crucial for GCSE English Language students. However, for students in the Further Education (FE) context of this research, confidence is often diminished by prior examination failures. This study introduces The Synonym Method (TSM)© – a teaching strategy I, the researcher, created and developed to improve this. The researcher teaches English in a West Yorkshire FE college. With recourse to qualitative methodology, the researcher recorded and transcribed interviews to explore the efficacy of the method, focusing on how it enables previously unsuccessful students to rethink English studies. The researcher's findings indicate that TSM improves confidence and performance in his students and colleagues' students. The researcher recommends further research into the applicability and efficacy of TSM in other educational contexts. As its title suggests, the study seeks the introduction of TSM for teachers and students to satisfy the criteria of GCSE English examination boards.


Objective Patients with irresectable granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) often receive chemotherapy. The effectiveness of this approach, however, is uncertain. The aim of our study was to assess the response rate to chemotherapy for residual and recurrent inoperable GCT. Methods All consecutive chemotherapy-naive patients in 3 referral hospitals who were treated with chemotherapy for residual or recurrent GCT between 1968 and 2011 were included. Main outcome was the response according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor criteria. A literature search in MEDLINE through PubMed was performed, from inception to August 19, 2013. Results Twenty-seven patients with a GCT who received chemotherapy were identified. Eighteen patients were not evaluable because they had either no measurable disease, or no imaging was performed before and after chemotherapy. One of the 9 evaluable patients (11%) had a complete response, and 1 patient (11%) had a partial response, resulting in a response rate of 22% (95% confidence interval, 0%–49%). Seven patients (78%) had stable disease (range, 2–50 months), and none had progressive disease. Fifteen studies that assessed response rates to chemotherapy on measurable disease in a total of 224 patients showed a response rate of 50% (95% confidence interval, 44%–57%). Strict criteria of response, however, were not uniformly applied in the majority of these published series. Conclusions In the present study, we present only a moderate beneficial effect of chemotherapy in patients with irresectable GCT with measurable disease. Comparison with previous studies is hampered by a lack of standardized response evaluation in the majority of studies. Given the toxicity of platinum-based chemotherapy, administering this treatment should be a well-considered decision.


In this paper I tested the hypothesis that areas around nests of raven Corvus corax built on electricity pylons in an intensively used farmland are avoided by small birds as their nest sites. Birds were counted along 13 transects (length 1000 m, width 200 m) starting from pylons with raven nests, as well as 13 control transect lines which started from pylons without any nests. These two types of transects did not differ with respect to the number of recorded bird species. However, the proximity of raven nests positively affected the total density of bird species, including skylark Alauda arvensis, the most abundant bird species. Neither the presence of raven nests nor control pylons influenced the number of breeding bird species along 100-m sections of the transect. Total density of breeding birds decreased with the increasing distance from raven nests, whereas it increased with the distance from control pylons. Contrary to expectations, these results indicate the positive impact of raven presence on breeding bird community in an open farmland. I suggest that breeding of birds near raven nests is an antipredator adaptation against nest-robbing by other predators.


Abstract. A new biophysical model SURFATM-NH3, simulating the ammonia (NH3) exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is presented. SURFATM-NH3 consists of two coupled models: (i) an energy budget model and (ii) a pollutant exchange model, which distinguish the soil and plant exchange processes. The model describes the exchanges in terms of adsorption to leaf cuticles and bi-directional transport through leaf stomata and soil. The results of the model are compared with the flux measurements over grassland during the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment at Braunschweig, Germany. The dataset of GRAMINAE allows the model to be tested in various meteorological and agronomic conditions: prior to cutting, after cutting and then after the application of mineral fertilizer. The whole comparison shows close agreement between model and measurements for energy budget and ammonia fluxes. The major controls on the ground and plant emission potential are the physicochemical parameters for liquid-gas exchanges which are integrated in the compensation points for live leaves, litter and the soil surface. Modelled fluxes are highly sensitive to soil and plant surface temperatures, highlighting the importance of accurate estimates of these terms. The model suggests that the net flux depends not only on the foliar (stomatal) compensation point but also that of leaf litter. SURFATM-NH3 represents a comprehensive approach to studying pollutant exchanges and its link with plant and soil functioning. It also provides a simplified generalised approach (SVAT model) applicable for atmospheric transport models.


With the aim of estimating the rates of seismic moment and deformation in seismic zones of southern Italy, constraints on tectonic style and kinematics data from geophysical and geologic data were integrated with the traditional constraints from seismicity catalogues. Seismotectonic considerations indicate that the region can be divided into four broad crustal seismogenic volumes, of relatively homogeneous deformation: an extensional crustal volume in the western part of the Southern Apennines and three crustal volumes characterized by a transcurrent regime in the eastern area. For each crustal volume, the annual seismic moment release showing the rate of the deformation was estimated by integrating magnitude-frequency relations of historical earthquakes. The application of a Monte Carlo simulation systematically incorporated the uncertainties of the input parameters. The results show that the westernmost crustal volume is undergoing extension, with velocity of ∼1.2 mm/a (along a nearly NE-SW direction), whereas the easternmost volumes are undergoing transcurrent deformation, with an along-strike deformation axis oriented along a nearly E-W direction, with velocities of ∼1 mm/a, ∼1.2 mm/a and ∼0.1 mm/a, respectively for the northern, central and southern volumes. The errors affecting the estimate of the crustal deformation using the seismicity catalogues may be significant. The parameters with the largest contribution are the coefficients of the magnitude-moment relationship; the second and third contributors are the coefficients of the magnitude-frequency distribution and the maximum magnitude. Uncertainties in the geometrics and kinematics parameters have slight, minor effects. Furthermore, the effects of the crustal model (and the consequent earthquake association) are of the same order as the uncertainties of the parameters involved in the computation. These results agree with recent GPS data and geological slip rates in terms of direction and rate of deformation.


Pulmonary vascular disease is characterized by remodeling and loss of microvessels and is typically attributed to pathological responses in vascular endothelium or abnormal smooth muscle cell phenotypes. We have challenged this understanding by defining an adult pulmonary mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) that regulates both microvascular function and angiogenesis. The current understanding of adult MPCs and their roles in homeostasis versus disease has been limited by a lack of genetic markers with which to lineage label multipotent mesenchyme and trace the differentiation of these MPCs into vascular lineages. Here, we have shown that lineage-labeled lung MPCs expressing the ATP-binding cassette protein ABCG2 (ABCG2+) are pericyte progenitors that participate in microvascular homeostasis as well as adaptive angiogenesis. Activation of Wnt/&bgr;-catenin signaling, either autonomously or downstream of decreased BMP receptor signaling, enhanced ABCG2+ MPC proliferation but suppressed MPC differentiation into a functional pericyte lineage. Thus, enhanced Wnt/&bgr;-catenin signaling in ABCG2+ MPCs drives a phenotype of persistent microvascular dysfunction, abnormal angiogenesis, and subsequent exacerbation of bleomycin-induced fibrosis. ABCG2+ MPCs may, therefore, account in part for the aberrant microvessel function and remodeling that are associated with chronic lung diseases.


Rapid advances in electronic communication devices and technologies have resulted in a shift in the way communication applications are being developed. These new development strategies provide abstract views of the underlying communication technologies and lead to the so-called user-centric communication applications. One user-centric communication (UCC) initiative is the Communication Virtual Machine (CVM) technology, which uses the Communication Modeling Language (CML) for modeling communication services and the CVM for realizing these services. In communication-intensive domains such as telemedicine and disaster management, there is an increasing need for user-centric communication applications that are domain-specific and that support the dynamic coordination of communication services commonly found in collaborative communication scenarios. However, UCC approaches like the CVM offer little support for the dynamic coordination of communication services resulting from inherent dependencies between individual steps of a collaboration task. Users either have to manually coordinate communication services, or reply on a process modeling technique to build customized solutions for services in a specific domain that are usually costly, rigidly defined and technology specific.
This dissertation proposes a domain-specific modeling approach to address this problem by extending the CVM technology with communication-specific abstractions of workflow concepts commonly found in business processes. The extension involves (1) the definition of the Workflow Communication Modeling Language (WF-CML), a superset of CML, and (2) the extension of the functionality of CVM to process communication-specific workflows. The definition of WF-CML includes the meta-model and the dynamic semantics for control constructs and concurrency. We also extended the CVM prototype to handle the modeling and realization of WF-CML models. A comparative study of the proposed approach with other workflow environments validates the claimed benefits of WF-CML and CVM.


Goa, located on the west coast of India, has made many contributions to art and architecture. One of the least documented components of intangible elements is the architectural art form of kaavi, a form of etching rendered on walls of temples and Hindu homes. The material used in the art form is fine red soil, charcoal powder and a natural binding plant extract from the liana creeper. This art defines a sacred space on interiors and exteriors of the walls of a temple or home. As it is rendered on the walls of a temple or home its status and survival is linked with the physical status of the structure itself. No systematic documentation of kaavi art has been carried out so far. Considering the intangible elements, does not seem to have any artists who practise kaavi art, there is no single community of artists in Goa. The knowledge of how the materials were chosen, the tools fashioned and employed has all been lost1.


ABSTRACT The author began making films and installations in the early 1970s. Although he has worked across a range of media, he has always concentrated on one particular theme that he conceptualizes as a two-sided question: How do we see ourselves in relation to the natural world, and how should we position our selves and our technologies within it? This essay traces some of the threads of these seminal ideas through a selection of works made in the years between 1974 and 2009. The author concludes with a detailed description of Tree Studies, a large-scale new media installation powered by real-time data from weather stations around the planet.


ABSTRACT In contrast to the empirical conditions in large parts of the authoritarian world, the systematic literature on political opposition under authoritarianism either treats the opposition as a static entity or fails to comprehensively address its dynamic character. On the basis of a critical literature review and an ensuing analysis of the Joint Meeting Parties, a cross-ideological opposition alliance that gradually evolved to become the main competitor of the Salih regime in Yemen, we suggest that political opposition in electoral authoritarian regimes is an intrinsically dynamic institution in terms of its organizational shape, its goals and its modes of contestation. We also show that, while authoritarian structures do set the basic conditions defining opposition action, much of what motivates this action and contributes to opposition dynamism emerges from within the opposition. In addition, our findings on the Yemeni case suggest that opposition dynamism peaks when the strength of the opposition is nearly on par with that of the regime.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical trends of racial segregation by position in the National Football League (NFL). Previous research has investigated how stereotypes of black players as athletic and white players as intellectual has produced racial segregation between certain positions. We hypothesized that the cornerback position, which is characterized as athletic, will over time remain racially segregated and "stacked" towards black players, due to continued presence of "black athlete" stereotypes. On the other hand, we hypothesized that the quarterback position, characterized as requiring intellect, will become less stacked towards whites with time, due to intellectual stereotypes about whites that have diminished but still endure. We predicted that the average career length of players, as measured by years and games, will differ based on the centrality of the position and the race of the player. Information about position, years, games, and race were collected from publicly available websites regarding NFL players who played in at least one game between 1990-2016. We found that the cornerback position has remained stacked in favor of black athletes over time, while the quarterback position has seen an increase in black athletes. We observed no racial differences in the number of active years or games played within a position. Our data suggest the "black athlete" stereotype continues to dominate in the NFL in both cornerback and quarterback positions.


The East Sussex co-ordinated rural transport project (ESCORT) was established to test the concept of co-ordinating the different forms of transport that receive public funding, with the aims of reducing expenditure and improving services. This report discusses the first year of operation of the various schemes introduced under the project. It covers operational aspects, changes in patronage and the views of passengers. In addition an assessment is made from a financial viewpoint, to determine how costs have changed as a result of co-ordination. In their first year the schemes, as a result of co-ordination, reduced operating costs by 6 per cent. However, when additional overheads were included it is estimated that public expenditure had marginally increased. From an examination of the finances of the second year of operation of the longest running scheme it was found that there was an improvement in operating costs compared with the first year. If similar improvements in operating costs were to occur in subsequent years for the other schemes then an overall saving is likely to accrue. Overall the project has led to an improved level of transport provision in the area. After some refinements all services operate satisfactorily. The services have been generally popular with users. (TRRL)


Objective: The aim of this study is to assessthe epidemiological situation of measles in one of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of measles morbidity during 2004-2014 was conducted. Statistical processing was carried out on the basis of the applied program of statistical processing "IBM SPSS Statistics 20." Results: The peak of incidence in one of the regions of Republic was registered in 2005, and by 2006, there has been a decrease in 81.1 times. Compared with the preceding year in 2014 there is an increase of incidence of measles in 1.1 times. Adults are sick with measles more often than children under 14. Until 2012, measles had often been registered among city dwellers; in 2013 and 2014, an increase of incidence of people who live in the country was noted. Index of timeliness of vaccination coverage against measles corresponded to normative indexes among babies under 1-year-old. A credible strong inverse correlation between measles morbidity and vaccination coverage ratio was found. Conclusion: The epidemiological situation of measles in the region remains tense.


In this paper we discuss the challenges faced whilst developing exclusion lists for the high-interaction client honeypot, Capture-HPC. Exclusion lists are Capture client system behaviours which are used in the decision making process when determining if a particular behaviour is malicious or benign. As exclusion lists are the main decision making method used by Capture-HPC to classify a given webpage as benign or malicious, we identify a number of issues with current research which are often overlooked. Exclusion lists by nature require constant updating as they are developed to meet the specific requirements of a particular operating system, web browser and application system environment. Any changes to these would mean the possibility of a given client to display different benign behaviour which consequently means new exclusions required. As a result of their specific version requirements, exclusion lists are not transferable from clients. We propose a set of recommendations to aid in the creation of exclusion lists. We also present and discuss some common drive-by-download attacks which we have captured using our Windows 7 compatible exclusion lists.


This study examines influences of the gender of participants and of small group leaders on the affective reactions of experienced managers attending a 1-week residential training program on leadership. A sample of 404 upper-level managers from the private and public sectors participated in eight offsite seminars held over a 3-year period. Three-month follow-up data were collected from 63% of participants. As expected, male managers were more likely than female managers to report positive affective reactions to this educational program. In addition, a "same gender" effect was found for women; the most positive affective reactions were reported by female managers with female leaders. A combination of social systems and attitude theories provides an explanation of the obtained differences. The results suggest that greater involvement of female group leaders and participants in educational programs is needed to enhance affective reactions by managers in an increasingly heterogeneous workplace.


Near-infrared diffuse reflectance (NIR) and attenuated-total-reflectance mid-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy techniques in hyphenation with multivariate analysis were utilized to determine the antioxidant capacity of ground Sambuci flos samples. Folin–Ciocalteu (FC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were optimized and performed as reference methods. To remove systematic errors several spectral pretreatments like 1st and 2nd derivative Savitzky–Golay, standard normal variate (SNV) or multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) were applied. Cross-validations and test-set validations were performed for all assays. The quality parameters, standard error of prediction (SEP) and the ratio performance deviation (RPD), were calculated. An acceptable quality of the calibration can be confirmed for ATR-IR spectroscopy (e.g. for the CUPRAC assay: R2: 0.85, RPDcorr: 2.68, SECV: 0.13% GAE for cross-validation; R2: 0.81, RPDcorr: 2.20, SEP: 0.15% GAE for test-set validation). Surprisingly all models calculated for NIR spectroscopy were of poor quality and point to unpredictability of the antioxidative capacity. Further investigations of extracts by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD) coupled to mass spectroscopy (MS) were performed to analyze the principal compounds. Thus, rutin and chlorogenic acid were confirmed to be the main components in the samples. This study demonstrates that ATR-IR spectroscopy is suitable to determine the antioxidative capacity in ground Sambuci flos samples and can be used for quality control.


The main purpose of this study was to identify differences in factors that predict financial satisfaction among retirees and non-retirees and to ascertain how retirees and non-retirees differ in financial beliefs and behavior. Non-retirees were more likely than otherwise similar retirees to report worrying about finances. A higher proportion of non-retirees reported dissatisfaction with various aspects of their financial situation. However, non-retirees were more likely to perceive themselves as financially better off in comparison to others, or in relation to the past, than the retired respondents. Non-retirees were more optimistic about their future financial situation.


This book examines the trends and innovations at the cutting edge of office design in the UK today. Selected from British Council for Offices Award winners since 2002 and interpreting empirical analyses by Davis Langdon, the varied and stunningly illustrated case studies presented here demonstrate the latest thinking from the world of workplace design. Taken together, they offer insight and inspiration for architects, developers, clients and anyone interested in getting the very best out of places of work.

Written by the distinguished author and journalist David Littlefield, the text is sharp and authoritative, and complemented by colour photographs, floor plans, elevations and detail drawings. The chapters are organised into salient topics the Workplace, Location, Structure, Cost and Sustainability but along the way take account of numerous critical issues such as light levels and staff amenities. A wide-ranging end chapter, written by Jeremy Myerson and Paul Warner, knits together contemporary socio-cultural influences to imagine the future of the office


The Barleeidae, a family of minute, marine rissoacean gastropods, is diagnosed and distinguished from the Rissoidae, with which it has usually been associated and with which it is convergent, particularly in shell form. Two subfamilies are recognized, the Barleeinae, containing five genera, two of which are new, and the Anabathrinae, containing 8 genera, one of which is new. The anatomy of several species in both subfamilies is described and the evolution of the female genitalia, in particular, is discussed. The shells, radulae, opercula and, where known, features of the head-foot and anatomy are described for each genus and typical species listed. The Barleeinae is centred in the warm-temperate and tropical eastern Pacific and the Anabathrinae in Australasia. The relationship of the Barleeidae to other families in the lower mesogastropods is briefly discussed. PONDER, W.F., 1983. Review of the genera of the Barleeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum 35(6):231-281.


Relative clauses have been studied from various perspectives, including their historical development from contact clauses (e.g. Suarez-Gomez 2006), changes in the inventory and choice of relative pronouns as well as different types of relative clause (e.g. Mustanoja 1960). Variationist studies have looked at relative clauses in regional varieties (see Sigley 1997), spoken and written language (e.g. Ball 1996) and different text types (e.g. Biber et al. 2009 or Johansson 2006). Linguists interested in the study of grammatical complexity have investigated the role that relative clauses play in the diachronic change of modification patterns in the noun phrase (e.g. Biber et al. 2009). The choice of the 'correct' relative pronoun has also been the topic of debate in prescriptivism, with interesting differences in the focus of attention on both sides of the Atlantic (e.g. Fowler 1926 and Strunk&White 41999).
Previous research on differential change in national varieties of English has had to focus on the lead varieties, BrE and AmE. Diachronic corpora of other varieties are a new development. Building on previous work (Hundt, Denison & Schneider forthcoming; Denison & Hundt 2011, Hundt & Leech 2012 and Sigley 1997) this paper looks at diachronic change in the use of relative clauses in scientific New Zealand English. The focus is on the choice of relative markers in restrictive relative clauses. The data reveal that in the early colonial days, New Zealand academic writing shows relativizer choice in restrictive relatives that is practically identical to that found in parallel BrE texts. In the twentieth century, New Zealand English starts out as a conservative variety that shows an even more marked preference for which in restrictive relative clauses than either BrE or AmE. New Zealand English is initially ahead of AmE in the development towards greater use of restrictive that in the twentieth century. At the end of the century, however, BrE catches up with New Zealand English and the two varieties display the same kind of preference in academic writing. Finally, the the data from this study show that AmE is the lead variety at the end of the twentieth century.


The problem of finding conflict-free trajectories for multiple agents of identical circular shape, operating in shared 2D workspace, is addressed in the paper and decoupled, e.g., prioritized, approach is used to solve this problem. Agents' workspace is tessellated into the square grid on which any-angle moves are allowed, e.g. each agent can move into an arbitrary direction as long as this move follows the straight line segment whose endpoints are tied to the distinct grid elements. A novel any-angle planner based on Safe Interval Path Planning (SIPP) algorithm is proposed to find trajectories for an agent moving amidst dynamic obstacles (other agents) on a grid. This algorithm is then used as part of a prioritized multi-agent planner AA-SIPP(m). On the theoretical side, we show that AA-SIPP(m) is complete under well-defined conditions. On the experimental side, in simulation tests with up to 250 agents involved, we show that our planner finds much better solutions in terms of cost (up to 20%) compared to the planners relying on cardinal moves only.


Abstract This study aims to illuminate how professional interactions among teachers form different types of teacher leadership in schools, which, in turn, shape different levels of teachers' involvement in activities related to their professional learning community (PLC). To investigate certain patterns of teachers' interactions that contribute to the formation of teacher leadership and thereby the development of PLC, two international schools that offer a full continuum of three International Baccalaureate (IB) programs were purposively chosen. The schools have similar numbers of students and are located in two different countries in East Asia. Using a mixed-methods research approach, the patterns of teacher professional interactions were first examined using social network analysis. Next, the degree to which teachers in the case study schools enact practices related to PLCs was assessed and compared through a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test. Further, based on findings from social network analysis, in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with selected key participants to understand the linkage between teacher leadership and teachers' involvement in their PLC in each case school. From the findings, we propose four conceptual types of teacher leadership that explain how teacher leadership shapes different levels of teachers' engagement in PLC in the two case schools.


In many mountain belts, deformation concentrates along mechanically weak fault zones inherited from earlier tectonic events. This work investigates the effects of two modes of structural weakening on the orientation of rifting and later tectonic inversion with respect to the imposed divergence/convergence direction in a high-resolution 3D finite difference model with a viscous-frictional rheology. In the first set of experiments, weakening consists in a decrease in frictional strength with increasing shear strain. The generated normal faults strike orthogonal to the imposed divergence direction. These faults are reactivated during tectonic inversion and absorb 50 to 70 percent of accumulated strain. In the second set of experiments, frictional strength is a decreasing function of shear strain rate. The generated faults are oblique to the divergence direction, implying oblique fault slip. Fault reactivation depends on the obliquity of the inverted rift to convergence direction, where larger obliquity leads to more intense fault reactivation. These new numerical results are compared to previous analogue and numerical models on the one hand, and natural examples of intracontinental mountain ranges due to tectonic inversion on the other hand. These comparisons demonstrate that both modes of frictional weakening should be taken into account when seeking to understand large-scale rifting and inversion tectonics.


Naturally coloured cotton is naturally pigmented fibre that grows in shades of brown and green. Because the colour is present in the fibres, fabrics made of them do not have to be dyed. The elimination of the dyeing process can save up to one half of the cost of preparing textiles and also lowers disposal costs for toxic dye waste dangerous to human health and the environment. In spite of the economic and ecological benefits resulting from the elimi nation of the dying process, the application of the naturally coloured cotton in the world textile industry is still limited. The low quality of fibres is considered as the most important reason for the limitation of naturally coloured cotton application. The aim of the work presented was to investigate the quality of naturally coloured cotton of different origin as well as to show the potential of the naturally coloured cotton as an excellent raw material for manufacturing ecological textiles of good quality and attractive design.


Multivariate public key signature scheme has a good performance on speed and signature size. But most of them have a huge public key size. In this paper, we propose a new method to reduce the public key size of unbalance oil and vinegar (UOV) signature scheme. We can reduce the public key size of UOV scheme to about 4KB for 128 bits security level. This method can be used to reduce the public key sizes of other multivariate public key cryptosystems.


Compared with the previous researches giving scattered and qualitative discussions about the exchange rate expectation China's foreign exchange reserves (FER), this paper conducted an empirical research by adding the exchange rate expectation. Starting from the evolution path of RMB exchange regime, two methods was used to examine the impact of expectation of RMB exchange rate on China's FER. The first method was based on the rational expectation theory. Firstly, the sequence of rational expectations of RMB exchange rate was generated, after which combined the sequence with other major macroeconomic indicators as a whole to examine their effects on FER in different periods. In the second method, the indicator of NDF was directly used and the next step was the same as method one. Both of the results based on the two different methods mentioned above indicated that the change of expectation of RMB exchange rate positively correlated to FER.


Positive psychology focuses on aspects that human beings can improve, thereby enhancing their growth and happiness. One of these aspects is willpower, a quality that has been demonstrated to have various benefits on people, as widely shown in the literature. As a result, a growing body of research is attempting to establish the conditions under which an individual's willpower can be increased. This work attempts to confirm whether the famous quotations that people often use to inspire or motivate themselves can have a real effect on willpower. Two experiments were conducted assigning randomly subjects to a group and priming them with famous quotations, and afterwards comparing their performance in a willpower task with a control group. The second experiment added a willpower depletion task before priming. As a result, primed subjects endured the willpower task significantly more time than control group, demonstrating that famous quotations related to willpower help to increase this capacity and to counteract the effect of willpower depletion.


We have introduced previously (1996) a neural predictive system for on-line word recognition. Our approach implements a hidden Markov model (HMM)-based cooperation of several neural networks. The task of the HMM is to guide the training procedure of neural networks on successive parts of a word. Each word is modeled by the concatenation of letter-models corresponding to the letters composing it. In this article, we present the discriminative training procedures introduced in order to improve the results of our first model. Discriminative training is described at the local level, that is of each extracted parameter vector, and at the global level, that is the level of sequences of labels. We relate this type of training in both cases to the maximum mutual information formalism. Discriminative training was performed on 7000 words from 9 writers, leading to improved results at the character level. Moreover, the use of a neural lexical post-processor (NLPP) gives very good word recognition rates.


Strategic information systems security initiatives have seldom been successful. The increasing complexity of the business environment in which organizational security must be operationalized presents challenges. There has also been a problem with understanding the patterns of interactions among stakeholders that lead to instituting such an initiative. The overall aim of this research is to enhance understanding of the issues and concerns in shaping strategic information systems security initiative. To be successful, a proper undertaking of the content, context and process of the formulation and institutionalization of a security initiative is essential. It is also important to align the interconnections between these three key components. In conducting the argument, this dissertation analyzes information systems security initiatives in two large government organizations—Information Technology Agency and Department of Transportation. The research methodology adopts an interpretive approach of inquiry. Findings from the case studies show that the strategic security initiative should be harmonious with the cultural continuity of an organization rather than significantly changing the existing opportunity and constraint structures. The development of security cultural resources like security policy may be used as a tool for propagating a secure view of the social world. For secure organizational transformation, one must consider the organizational security structure, knowledgeability of agents in perceiving secure organizational posture, and global security catalysts (such as establishing trust relations and security related institutional reflexivity). The inquiry indicates that strategic security change would be successful in an organization if developed and implemented in a brief yet quantum leap adopting an emergent security strategy in congruence with organizational security values.


Human rights violations are underlying causes of adverse health outcomes for vulnerable people and populations around the world. Public Health and Human Rights provides critical, evidence-based assessments and tools with which to investigate the role of rights abrogation in the health of populations-from repressive laws to social discord, gender-based violence, human trafficking, and violations in conflict. Divided into three sections, this provocative work investigates how the complex interactions between rights and health can best be studied, analyzed, and remedied; how the efforts of human rights advocates affect health outcomes; and how modern public health procedures can assist in documenting, understanding, and preventing human rights violations. Part I illuminates the powerful relationship between rights work and public health practice in Thailand, Russia, Burma, and China and in U.S. prisons. Part II explores new methodologies and new uses of previous practices for rights-based public health research. Part III confronts current policy approaches-such as Brazil's integration of rights, HIV/AIDS programming, and the contradictory and confounding global policies on illicit drugs-and offers recommendations for future programs and strategies.


Abstract : In the process of categorizing malicious domains, distinguishing between suspicious and benign name servers can allow the name servers themselves to be acted against. Name servers do not normally change internet protocol (IP) addresses frequently. Domains that do change IP addresses quickly or often are said to exhibit IP flux, which can allow services, such as web pages that deliver malicious content, to circumvent defenders' attempts to block their IP addresses. IP flux in a name server's domain may be a sign that the name server is suspicious. This report demonstrates that name-server flux exists and is ongoing. Furthermore, there are two types of data that can reveal IP flux in domain name system (DNS) servers: passively collected DNS messages and the contents of several large, top-level domains' official zone files.


Sir David Attenborough is Britain's best-known natural history film-maker. His career as a naturalist and broadcaster has spanned nearly five decades and there are very few places on the globe that he has not visited. In this volume of memoirs David tells stories of the people and animals he has met and the places that he has visited. Over the last 25 years he has established himself as the World's leading Natural History programme maker with several landmark BBC series, including Life on Earth (1979), The Living Planet (1984), The Trials of Life (1990), The Private Life of Plants (1995) and Life of Birds (1998). Sir David is a Trustee of the British Museum and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; an Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge; a Fellow of the Royal Society and was knighted in 1985.


Starting from the improbability of the evolution of truth as a symbolic generalization, out of which a communication medium developed that built the conditions of possibility of a functional system for science, I intend to underline the contingency of such an evolutionary pathway by studying the Moche culture. The Moche represent a fit case study because of their elaborated and narrative-loaded pottery, which played the role of diffusion medium along the Peruvian North Coast. The study of Andean iconographic media and its potential for information production might bring to the foreground the Graphocentrism underlying in Luhmann`s theory of sociocultural evolution, thereby correcting his theoretical model. In addition, a complex ancient culture would serve to illustrate the preconditions that sociocultural evolution had to fulfill in order to set forth a science functional system. My hypothesis is that sociocultural evolution is guided by the dynamic interactions between success and diffusion media, which by conditioning each other sometimes favor differentiation and gain complexity, and some others impede those possibilities leading to evolutionary blind alleys.


Approximately 40% of doctoral students are unable to complete their independent capstone research at the conclusion of their coursework and of those who do complete the capstone, time to completion is often longer than anticipated. At Walden University, students are often successful during their structured course work, but become overwhelmed with the demands of their capstone research and fail to progress. In order to scaffold the capstone process, the EdD program has several discrete steps in the completion and review processes such as prospectus (research plan) development, and later the proposal and final study approvals by committee members and the University Research Reviewer (URR). The EdD program recently added another early step to provide structured feedback and additional guidance to assist students in the development of their research plans. This step is the prospectus-stage review by the Research Program Director (RPD) or designee. Grounded by Hattie and Timperley's model of feedback to enhance student learning, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the RPD review by examining differences in the number of months to proposal approval between students who had their prospectus reviewed by the RPD and students who did not. Differences in the number of URR proposal returns will also be examined. Data analysis will include analysis of variances for the two dependent measures and descriptive statistics for the study sample.


The extreme potency of the plant toxin, ricin, is due to its enzymatic subunit, RTA, which inactivates mammalian ribosomes with near perfect efficiency. Here we characterized, at the functional and structural levels, seven alpaca single-domain antibodies (VHHs) previously reported to recognize epitopes in proximity to RTA's active site. Three of the VHHs, V2A11, V8E6 and V2G10, were potent inhibitors of RTA in vitro and protected Vero cells from ricin when expressed as intracellular antibodies ("intrabodies"). Crystal structure analysis revealed that the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) elements of V2A11 and V8E6 penetrate RTA's active site and interact with key catalytic residues. V2G10, in contrast, sits atop the enzymatic pocket and occludes substrate accessibility. The other four VHHs also penetrated/occluded RTA's active site, but lacked sufficient binding affinities to outcompete RTA-ribosome interactions. Intracellular delivery of high-affinity, single-domain antibodies may offer a new avenue in the development of countermeasures against ricin toxin.


Natural selection operates both directly, via the impact of a trait upon the individual's own fitness, and indirectly, via the impact of the trait upon the fitness of the individual's genetically related social partners. These effects are often framed in terms of Hamilton's rule, rb − c > 0, which provides the central result of social‐evolution theory. However, a number of studies have questioned the generality of Hamilton's rule, suggesting that it requires restrictive assumptions. Here, we use Fisher's genetical paradigm to demonstrate the generality of Hamilton's rule and to clarify links between different studies. We show that confusion has arisen owing to researchers misidentifying model parameters with the b and c terms in Hamilton's rule, and misidentifying measures of genotypic similarity or genealogical relationship with the coefficient of genetic relatedness, r. More generally, we emphasize the need to distinguish between general kin‐selection theory that forms the foundations of social evolution, and streamlined kin‐selection methodology that is used to solve specific problems.


Previous research in non-human primates has shown that the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF), a major intrahemispheric fiber tract, is actually composed of four separate components. In humans, only post-mortem investigations have been available to examine the trajectory of this tract. This study evaluates the hypothesis that the four subcomponents observed in non-human primates can also be found in the human brain using in vivo diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI). The results of our study demonstrated that the four subdivisions could indeed be identified and segmented in humans. SLF I is located in the white matter of the superior parietal and superior frontal lobes and extends to the dorsal premotor and dorsolateral prefrontal regions. SLF II occupies the central core of the white matter above the insula. It extends from the angular gyrus to the caudal-lateral prefrontal regions. SLF III is situated in the white matter of the parietal and frontal opercula and extends from the supramarginal gyrus to the ventral premotor and prefrontal regions. The fourth subdivision of the SLF, the arcuate fascicle, stems from the caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus arches around the caudal end of the Sylvian fissure and extends to the lateral prefrontal cortex along with the SLF II fibers. Since DT-MRI allows the precise definition of only the stem portion of each fiber pathway, the origin and termination of the subdivisions of SLF are extrapolated from the available data in experimental material from non-human primates.


Mobile communication is often frustratingly slow. When a user encounters poor performance, and perhaps even "confirms" the same by running a speed test, the tendency is to ascribe blame to the user's last-mile provider. However, as we argue in this paper, a more nuanced approach is needed to identify the location of the bottleneck responsible for the poor performance. Specifically, we focus on the question of whether the bottleneck lies in the cellular last hop (3G or LTE link) or elsewhere in the WAN path. We present QProbe, a tool that takes advantage of the proportional fair (PF) scheduler employed in cellular networks to determine whether queuing is happening at the cellular link. After validating QProbe through simulations and controlled experiments, we present our findings from a measurement study conducted over a 2 month period involving over 600 real-world users across 51 operator networks in 33 countries. We find that, for example, the cellular last-hop link is the bottleneck in 68.9% and 25.7% of the total bottleneck cases for 3G and LTE clients, respectively, suggesting that there is a significant fraction of cases where the poor performance experienced by the user is due to the WAN and could potentially be routed around. Moreover, we show that QProbe detects the bottleneck link location with greater than 85% accuracy for both 3G and LTE clients in our measurement study.


Neprilysin is a transmembrane metalloendopeptidase that degrades neuropeptides that are important for both growth and contraction. In addition to promoting carcinogenesis, decreased levels of neprilysin increases inflammation and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, which may predispose to vascular remodeling. Early pharmacological studies showed a decrease in chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension with neprilysin inhibition. We used a genetic approach to test the alternate hypothesis that neprilysin depletion increases chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Loss of neprilysin had no effect on baseline airway or alveolar wall architecture, vessel density, cardiac function, hematocrit, or other relevant peptidases. Only lung neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and a subtle neuropeptide imbalance were found. After chronic hypoxia, neprilysin-null mice exhibited exaggerated pulmonary hypertension and striking increases in muscularization of distal vessels. Subtle thickening of proximal media/adventitia not typically seen in mice was also detected. In contrast, adaptive right ventricular hypertrophy was less than anticipated. Hypoxic wild-type pulmonary vessels displayed close temporal and spatial relationships between decreased neprilysin and increased cell growth. Smooth muscle cells from neprilysin-null pulmonary arteries had increased proliferation compared with controls, which was decreased by neprilysin replacement. These data suggest that neprilysin may be protective against chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the lung, at least in part by attenuating the growth of smooth muscle cells. Lung-targeted strategies to increase neprilysin levels could have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of this disorder.


VOLUME TWO: SPECIAL INDUSTRIES AND SPECIAL TOPICS 22 Personal Financial Statements George I. Victor, CPA Giambalvo, Stalzer & Company, CPAs, P.C. 23 Stock-Based Compensation 24 Fair Value Measurement Mark L. Zyla, CPA/ABV, CFA, ASA Acuitas, Inc. 25 Valuation of Assets, Liabilities, and Nonpublic Companies Neil J. Beaton, CPA/ABV/CFF, CFA, ASA Grant Thornton, LLP 26 Accounting for Derivatives: A Primer Ira G. Kawaller Kawaller & Co. 27 Pension Plans and Other Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits Jason Flynn, FSA, MAAA Deloitte Consulting LLP Timothy Geddes, FSA, MAAA Deloitte Consulting LLP Daniel Thomas, EA, MAAA Deloitte Consulting LLP 28 Not-for-Profit Organizations Richard F. Larkin, CPA BDO USA, LLP 29 Cost-Volume-Revenue Analysis for Nonprofit Organizations JAE K. SHIM, PhD California State University, Long Beach 30 Financial Institutions Zabihollah Zabi Rezaee, PhD, CPA, CMA, CIA, CGFM, CFE, CSOXP, CGRCP, CGOVP The University of Memphis 31 Real Estate and Construction Benedetto Bongiorno, CPA, CRE Natural Decision Systems, Inc 32 Federal Government Accounting, Budgeting, and Auditing David M. Zavada, CPA, MPA Partner, Kearney & Company 33 State and Local Government Accounting Cynthia Pon, CPA Macias Gini O Connell LLP Richard A. Green, CPA Macias Gini O Connell LLP Caroline H. Walsh, CPA Macias Gini O Connell LLP 34 Oil, Gas, and Other Natural Resources Bill Godshall, CPA Frazier & Deeter, LLC 35 Health Care Organizations Martha Garner, CPA PwC LLP 36 Regulated Utilities Darin W. Kempke, CPA KPMG Partner, Power and Utility Audit Sector Leader 37 Producers or Distributors of Films Francis E. Scheuerell, Jr., CPA Navigant Consulting 38 Estates and Trusts Philip M. Herr, JD, CPA, PFS AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company Elizabeth Lindsay-Ochoa, JD, LLM (Taxation) AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company 39 Bankruptcy Grant W. Newton, PhD, CPA, CIRA Pepperdine University 40 Detecting Fraud W. Steve Albrecht Brigham Young University Conan C. Albrecht Brigham Young University 41 Forensic Accounting in Litigation Consulting Services, Investigations, and Compliance Matters Yogesh Bahl, CPA, MBA Deloitte Financial Advisory Services LLP Frank Hydoski, PhD Deloitte Financial Advisory Services LLP 42 Introduction to E-Discovery Jack Moorman PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Greg Schaffer PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 43 Financial Expert Witness Challenges and Exclusions: Results and Trends in Federal and State Cases Since Kumho Tire Lawrence F. Ranallo, CPA PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Keith R. Ugone, PhD Analysis Group, Inc. Index


Shuttling between two different worlds—two artworks that are in part fiction and in part fact—this essay gathers up a series of thematic commonalities which represent particular conceptions of landscape. Adopting the spirit of Walter Benjamin's The Arcades Project, the investigation proceeds via juxtaposed pieces of evidence, following his method of presenting his findings as a series of categories, or "convolutes." The two works are by filmmaker Patrick Keiller and environmental artist Robert Smithson and are set in two cities, London and Passaic. Keiller's film is set in early 1990s London and is simply called London, and Smithson's "artwork" is an article entitled "The Monuments of Passaic" published in Artforum in 1967, and features both photographs and text. Five convolutes are developed as containers for the observations and coincidences: expeditions and field trips, photographs and films, monuments, ruins, and topophilia. Each convolute forms part of a much greater whole, of the melancholy of modernity, which encompasses the spatio-temporal domain of decay, abandonment, and the ennui of the 20th century. Through the re-imagining of these two cities, the work of Smithson and Keiller offers landscape architecture theoretical apparatuses for bringing fresh eyes to the exhausted settings of daily life.