CONTEXT
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be assigned to prognostic subgroups, including germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell subgroups, by using gene expression profiling and, reportedly, immunohistochemistry for CD10, Bcl-6, and multiple myeloma-1/interferon regulatory factor-4 (MUM1/IRF4).

OBJECTIVE
To compare 2 commercial MUM1/IRF4 antibody formulations for accuracy in subtyping DLBCL against gene expression profiling, compare subtyping to patient survival, and evaluate the usefulness of GCB and non-GCB subtyping in relapsed and transformed DLBCL.

DESIGN
Evaluation of 2 commercial MUM1/IRF4 antibodies, ICSTAT/M17 and Mum-1p, by using 40 cases of de novo, relapsed, and transformed DLBCL; and comparison of the results obtained with gene expression profiling and survival.

RESULTS
Immunohistochemistry predicted the gene expression profiling subtype 71.8% and 69.2% of the time overall with use of the Mum-1p and ICSTAT/M17 antibodies, respectively, and 100% and 91.7% of the time when MUM1/IRF4 expression determined subtype. Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry revealed nearly identical 5-year overall survival rates for the GCB vs non-GCB subtypes (68.0% for GCB vs 24.7% for non-GCB with use of gene expression profiling [P = .03] and 70.2% vs 18.4%, respectively, with use of immunohistochemistry [P < .001]). When de novo, transformed, and relapsed cases were analyzed separately, 5-year overall survival rates were also significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS
Immunohistochemistry can be used to subclassify DLBCL, including a very small series of transformed and relapsed cases, into GCB and non-GCB subtypes and predict survival rates similar to those predicted by use of gene expression profiling. The 2 MUM1/IRF4 antibodies performed similarly.


In the brain, alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) have a special role amongst nAChRs. α7 nAChRs are forming homopentamers, they display a high permeability for Ca2+, and they are the most prevalent nAChRs in the brain. α7 nAChRs are found at the highest concentration in the hippocampus where they are located mostly on GABAergic interneurons and play an important role in learning and memory. Moreover α7 nAChRs have been involved in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia, and are attracting considerable scientific interest to elucidate their contribution to disease mechanisms. While central cholinergic circuits have been investigated very extensively, the cell- and molecular biological properties of α7 nAChRs have not been studied in depth. The exact subcellular localization of α7 nAChRs is still debated, in particular in relation to synaptic sites, and only two proteins interacting with α7 nAChR, namely RIC-3 and Src-family kinases, have been identified to date. However, none of them is involved in synaptic clustering of α7 nAChR.

In chapter 2 we describe the discovery of PICK1 as a novel α7 nAChR interacting protein. Thereby the PDZ domain of PICK1 binds to the large cytoplasmatic loop of α7 nAChR. We present evidence that PICK1 regulates clustering of α7 nAChRs in rat hippocampal interneurons.

The more detailed investigation of α7 nAChR clustering and surface dynamics demanded the ability to express exogenous gene constructs in cultured neurons. In chapter 3 we report an optimized transfection protocol for rat hippocampal neurons. Use of the magnetofection technique allowed the parallel transfection of several constructs and their expression in neurons for
up to 3 weeks in vitro.

To understand the clustering and localization of α7 nAChRs it is necessary to investigate the surface dynamics of single receptors. In chapter 4 we report a detailed analysis of α7 nAChR cell surface mobility, using α-BT and QDots labeled single receptor trafficking. α7 nAChRs were found to be very mobile within the membrane. Clusters were found to be mobility traps, suggesting α7 nAChRs interact with underlying scaffolding proteins at these sites. Mobility traps were found extrasynaptically and perisynaptically in close vicinity to GABAergic and glutamatergic postsynaptic densities. While extrasynaptic α7 nAChRs might activate Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways, the perisynaptic α7 nAChRs are probably playing a modulatory role in GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic activity. α7 nAChR mobility was not only dependent on localization but also on chronic synaptic activity changes and activation of the receptor itself.

Taken together, in this thesis work we identify α7 nAChR as a highly regulated receptor. The sites of α7 nAChR-dependent Ca2+ influx are tightly controlled by the cell. α7 nAChRs are clustered at distinct sites, reflecting functional heterogeneity. We identify for the first time a direct protein-protein interaction mechanism involved in the regulation of α7 nAChR clustering and
possibly surface expression. We uncover α7 nAChR clusters as sites where mobility is constrained, but single receptors are able to diffuse in and out, confirming receptor clusters as steady-state receptor aggregations. We find α7 nAChR distributed all over the cell surface with clusters formed at extra and perisynaptic sites. We speculate that α7 nAChRs have a variety of different functions dependent on their localization. The distinct mechanisms of the particular α7 nAChR subpopulations remain unclear, and are left to be addressed in future work.


We consider an extremely broad class of M/G/1 scheduling policies called SOAP: Schedule Ordered by Age-based Priority. The SOAP policies include almost all scheduling policies in the literature as well as an infinite number of variants which have never been analyzed, or maybe not even conceived. SOAP policies range from classic policies, like first-come, first-serve (FCFS), foreground-background (FB), class-based priority, and shortest remaining processing time (SRPT); to much more complicated scheduling rules, such as the famously complex Gittins index policy and other policies in which a job's priority changes arbitrarily with its age. While the response time of policies in the former category is well understood, policies in the latter category have resisted response time analysis. We present a universal analysis of all SOAP policies, deriving the mean and Laplace-Stieltjes transform of response time. The full version of this work appears in POMACS [Scully et al., 2018].


We propose a practical yet rigorous near-optimal bidding strategy for demand-side platforms (DSPs) that scales to thousands of advertising campaigns programmatically bidding in real-time (RTB) in billions of auctions per day. The strategy is logically derived from two different —stylized but realistic— constrained global profit maximization problems, so there are no ad hoc rules for pacing, pricing, etc. The approach relies on a few assumptions that we identify and analyze, providing a basis for further extensions to other kinds of problem/contract. It is expected to find a near-optimal solution by solving a convex relaxation of the original hard combinatorial problem. It is based on Lagrange duality so it has a sound, wellknown, theoretical foundation. Optimal bids for first/second-price auctions can be cheaply computed in real-time given the shadow prices of the problem constraints; on the other hand, shadow prices are daily updated by a simple subgradient descent algorithm that converges logarithmically. The algorithm should be robust in the face of noisy real-life environments and of market seasonal oscillations and structural breaks. For a special case, we also offer an alternative derivation based on an intuitive continuous relaxation argument that reinforces our confidence in the general solution proposed here.


This article reviews the experience of the Small Business Development Company (SBDC) in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) with a view to identifying six key lessons that have been learnt over the five years of operating a loan guarantee programme. T&T set up a guarantee programme in 1990 which has been severely criticized by consultants employed by both the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the European Commission. Neither of these two agencies could be persuaded to provide capital support or technical assistance to the programme, yet, after five years the programme has broadly succeeded in widening access to formal sector financial institutions for a large segment of the small-scale enterprise (SSE) market.


A pedigree of hairy ear rims published in Italy in 1907 indicated holandric inheritance. The recent collection of over 20 pedigrees in India appears to show conclusively that the gene for hairy ear rims is in the Y chromosome. This is further evidence of relationship between the Mediterranean race in Europe and the population of India.


The development of tissue engineered conduits for the surgical repair of peripheral nerves has raised important questions with regard to the mechanical aspects of neuroanatomy. Restoration of the ability of a repaired nerve to accommodate the movements required during limb movement is an important consideration in the design of repair strategies. A model has been developed for
use alongside existing experimental assays of nerve function to explore the restoration of mechanical features in the regenerating rat sciatic nerve. This is based on the presence of a distinct core and sheath with an interface at the level of the innermost perineurial cell layer. The core and sheath can be separated
experimentally using tensile testing equipment which allows quantification of the force required. This force has been shown to be consistent in control nerves from
unoperated animals, providing a reference for the subsequent investigation of the interaction between these neural regions after repair. In this investigation, the left sciatic nerves in 18 Wistar rats were transected and immediately repaired using epineurial sutures. Animals were sacrificed 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-repair and
the nerves underwent mechanical testing to measure the force required for separation of the core and sheath. Controls were unoperated contralateral sciatic
nerves from animals in the experimental group. The ability to separate the endoneurial core from the nerve sheath depends on the maximal force required
being less than the break-strength of either region. 4 weeks after primary repair, separation of core and sheath was possible and required a greater force than
controls. At the other time points the endoneurial core failed before separation from the sheath could take place, suggesting that the strength of the interface
was greater than the strength of the endoneurial core. These data provide an insight into the mechanical changes that occur following primary repair in the rat
sciatic nerve. Knowledge of such changes provides an additional means by which to compare alternative approaches to nerve regeneration in this animal
model with a view to developing implantable devices which restore mechanical integrity along with conductional functionality.


ABSTRACT

Objective:

The meaning of life is important for older people to attain a high level of life satisfaction and face the future with hope by recognizing and integrating previous life experiences with current situation. Rediscovering the meaning of life is a crucial psychological objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of meaning of life after the application gerotranscendence reminiscence therapy among institutionalized elders.

Methods:

This study used an experimental, two-group, repeated measurement design. Using purposive sampling, 82 older adults were recruited from eight long-term care facilities in Taiwan. Subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention group or the comparison group. All the subjects were 65 years old or older and had normal cognitive functioning as measured by the Small Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. 41 subjects in the intervention group received the gerotranscendence reminiscence intervention once a week for eight weeks, with each session lasting 60 minutes. 41 subjects in the comparison group continued received regular activities provided by their institutions. The structured questionnaire included demographic items and a purpose in life test. The subjects completed each question at three different study time points: prior to receiving the intervention, right after the intervention, and six weeks after the intervention.

Results:

The results of the GEE analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the comparison and intervention groups in purpose in life scores one week after the completion of the intervention (β=14.07, p<0.001) and also after 6 weeks of the intervention (β=16.01, p<0.001). This indicated that the gerotranscendence reminiscence therapy enhanced the belief that life has meaning and that the effects of the therapy lasted for at least six weeks.

Conclusions:

The results of this study support the conclusion that gerotranscendence reminiscence therapy can significantly increase the meaning of life for institutionalized elders.


In order to obtain a balanced corpus, a sub-corpus of 2,576 sentences illustrating contemporary social media language has been added to the Dependency Treebank for Romanian. The texts were taken from the chat. The subject of this paper is to describe the second step of processing non-standard texts with a hybrid POS-tagger for Romanian and with a Malt parser, both until now trained on standard language and on other styles of communication. The results obtained show that the UAIC tools are comparable with the tools for other languages trained on similar corpora. Another purpose is to develop this resource, the Dependency Treebank for Romanian, not only quantitatively, doubling its dimension in a year, but also changing its format with a new one, compatible with other similar foreign corpora, and adding new, more complex annotation layers. A semantic layer and a discursive annotation will be added, permitting the study of discursive and conversational particularities. Finally, examples illustrating discursive particularities of the chat communication are discussed.


Relationship marketing during the nineties has become an accepted approach in marketing research. This type of marketing, however, consists of many different perspectives. Here, the network approach is covered. This perspective's origin and its differences to the marketing management approach are discussed. It is concluded that the development of the network perspective was influenced by its Swedish context, however the network view is not pertinent on all marketing situations in Sweden. Finally it is argued that research in marketing should prosper with many different perspectives that could be applicable for different marketing situations.


Abstract. This paper examines the effects of changes in information-processing technology on the efficient organizational forms of data-processing in decision-making systems. Data-processing is modelled in the framework of the dynamic parallel processing model of associative computation with an endogenous set-up costs of the processors. In such a model, the conditions for efficient organization of information-processing are defined and the architecture of the efficient structures is considered. It is shown that decreasing returns to scale of the function describing data- processing technology and the information overload of the system are necessary and sufficient conditions for the hierarchical information- processing, respectively. Moreover, the size of the efficient structures is determined exclusively by their information workload and the current state of information-processing technology.


In the last ten years mass production of goods has been recognized as highly responsible of having critical impact
on the planet. Many companies are pushed by institutions and policy makers to embrace circular economy
nevertheless new studies show that recycling is not enough, if production does not decrease. In this context a
driving force for digital fabrication research is developing the ability to manufacture multiples of one without loss of
complexity. This emerging approach is demonstrating that sustainable, high quality, long lasting and affordable
products can be implemented through the set up of new business models based on locally manufactured, hi-tech, on
demand products. Through the presentation of the results of a transnational collaboration funded by EU on
design-driven services, the paper highlights a preliminary set of implications of the assumed shift from centralized
mass production to a distributed micro-factory model. The workflow implemented during the project is focused on
digitally fabricated items personalized through a fabrication system based on a hand-woven textile sensor matrix
able to capture unique data from the body of customers. Moreover the paper describes the key role makerspaces
have into enabling an interdisciplinary work environment and creating bridges between textile craft tradition and
digital fabrication processes in order to lowering the barriers for design and fashion enterprises to benefit from
technological textile innovation in a sustainable manufacturing environment.


Altered expression of cyclin D1 contributes to the development of several types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. This study examined cyclin D1 expression in 32 intestinal tumors in different stages of tumorigenesis in Apc1638N mice, a mouse model for human familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Three morphological patterns of expression of cyclin D1 in intestinal epithelial cells were found: nuclear, punctate-cytoplasmic and fine granular cytoplasmic. The nuclear pattern of cyclin D1 was detected in all of the tumors, including adenomas (n = 18) and adenocarcinomas (n = 14); this pattern was found predominantly in the tubular region of the tumors and in flat mucosa adjacent to a subset of the tumors (67% of adenomas and 57% of carcinomas). The punctate-cytoplasmic pattern of cyclin D1 expression was found in all adenocarcinomas and a majority of adenomas (80%), mainly in invasive and villous areas of the tumors; it was not found in normal flat adjacent mucosa suggesting that this pattern and altered cytoplasmic/nuclear expression were associated with tumor progression. Fine cytoplasmic granules were located in normal duodenum in the basal portion of the crypts and in colon in epithelial cells at the surface of the colonic crypts; in both duodenum and colon the number of cells with fine cytoplasmic granules significantly increased after feeding a Western-style diet. These altered patterns of expression of cyclin D1 may provide useful biomarkers of abnormal cell development for studies of tumorigenesis and the effects of chemopreventive agents.


The use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) in adult patients with acute severe but potentially reversible respiratory failure remains controversial and it is recommended that V-V ECMO is restricted to a small number of specialised centres. We present a case in which initiating V-V ECMO in a large teaching hospital, complemented with mechanical circulatory support using an Impella® device, was lifesaving in a 55-year-old man with severe respiratory failure secondary to massive gastric aspiration and cardiogenic shock following cardiac arrest. V-V ECMO may be lifesaving in some well-selected patients with life-threatening hypoxaemia, even if the hypoxaemia is of combined cardiac and pulmonary origin. For additional circulatory support, Impella® might be a better choice than veno-arterial ECMO, because of avoiding an increase in left atrial pressure. In a rapidly deteriorating patient it may be necessary to initiate V-V ECMO immediately, outside an ECMO centre of expertise. In such situations, it is of paramount importance to have a close collaboration with an ECMO centre of expertise.


The article contributes to the trade and environment literature by assessing the claim that industrialized country proposals to integrate environmental protection into the WTO trade regime constitute environmental imperialism - the imposition of industrialized country values and preferences on less powerful nations. This claim is usually based on two distinct premises. The first is that environmental protection is a luxury that poor countries can ill afford. The second is that wealthy countries have played a leadership role in the protection of the global environment. The article questions these assumptions. It argues that environmental protection is essential to well-being of the poor, and that wealthy countries have achieved economic prosperity by shifting environmental degradation to the global commons and to the developing world. The article re-defines environmental imperialism as the over-utilization of the world's limited pool of natural resources and waste sinks. It concludes that the industrialized world has indeed engaged in environmental imperialism and that trade liberalization threatens to accelerate this process. Developing countries are therefore justified in asserting that environmental trade restrictions are hypocritical in light of developed countries' failure to address their own far more ecologically damaging behavior. The article proposes several legal strategies designed to scale back industrialized countries' over-consumption of the world's resources and to support grassroots resistance to environmental degradation. The article calls for close scrutiny of proposals to reconcile trade and environment to make sure that they promote environmental justice and do not merely reinforce industrialized countries' economic and political dominance.


ABSTRACT

The Intellectual style inventory (ISI) is a tool for learning style assessment after cortical functional specialization. It introduces four perception styles and four thinking styles that are functionally rooted at the four brain cortical lobes. Alpha activity detected by EEG at rest is known to associate intrinsic neural patterns that differ from one person to another.

Aim: The present work aimed to investigate the association between the activities of alpha wave at rest at different brain regions and between the scores obtained by the ISI regarding the different thinking and perception style.

Methods: Participants included in the study reached 36 neurologically healthy females, 16 years of age, and at the same education level. All participants completed the ISI with EEG recording amplitude of alpha oscillations at rest with closed eyes in 19 electrode sites
according to 10-20 international system.

Results: Significant negative correlations were detected between amplitude of alpha oscillations and scores on the ISI at the different brain regions with lower mean for the groups showing higher scores on the ISI for the front thinking styles and the base perception styles.

Conclusion: The ISI is able to introduce a promising conceptual frame and applicable tool for comprehensive investigation of neural patterns relevant to cognitive tasks eminent to psychological functions of learning and information processing.


Fifteen barrel lots — 7 American, 6 French and 2 Hungarian — each containing 10 barrels, were used for the fermentation and sur lies aging (7 months) of Chardonnay wines in three consecutive vintages (1992, 1993, and 1994). Barrel samples were taken periodically throughout the aging process and after filtration and bottling each year. Each wine sample was extracted with dichloromethane and concentrated under nitrogen gas before analysis by capillary gas chromatography. Twenty-five compounds were identified including, 10 compounds generally recognized in the literature as being oak-related. It was found that the extraction of each oak-related compound from the barrels into the wine followed a curve unique to that compound and that extraction rates were lower in the one-year-old barrels than in the new barrels. These curves reflected an exponential approach to a limit, suggesting that extraction is diffusion-controlled. Extraction rates were slower in year 2 than in year 1. In comparing data from the two successive vintages, concentrations of most oak-related compounds, especially those related to toasting, decreased significantly in the second year. However, levels of s-methyl-γ-octalactone, particularly the cis isomer (the more important isomer in sensory terms), were significantly higher in the wines aged in the one-year-old barrels. However, in the two-year-old barrels (year 3 of the experiment), s-methyl-γ-octalactone, concentrations decreased to levels lower than those found in year 1.


We discuss computationally efficient ways of accounting for the impact of uncertainty, e.g., lack of detailed knowledge about sources, materials, shapes, etc., in computational time-domain electromagnetics. In contrast to classic statistical Monte Carlo--based methods, we explore a probabilistic approach based on high-order accurate expansions of general stochastic processes. We show this to be highly efficient and accurate on both one- and two-dimensional examples, enabling the computation of global sensitivities of measures of interest, e.g., radar-cross-sections (RCS) in scattering applications, for a variety of types of uncertainties.


Hall (1978) showed that the permanent income hypothesis implies that consumption (1) follows a random walk, and (2) cannot be predicted by past income. Reexamination of Hall's data results in rejection of the random walk hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis of positively autocorrelated changes. Evidently this is due to Hall's choice of a quadratic utility function. A logrithmic utility function implies a random walk in the log of consumption which is supported by the data. Hall reported that past income had a negative but insignificant relation to consumption. Changes in the log of income, however, do have a positive predictive relation to changes in the log of consumption. The adjustment of consumption to income seems to be spread over two quarters. Flavin's (1981) test of the theory is formally equivalent to Hall's except for assuming stationarity around a time trend. Mankiw and Shapiro (1984) have pointed out that the effect of detrending may be to tend to rejection of the theory when it is in fact correct. For Hall's data the effect of detrending is to reverse the sign of the coefficient on past income. Its magnitude is what the Mankiw-Shapiro analysis predicts under the permanent income hypothesis.


The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between family characteristics and young sex offenders. The analysis used draws upon data from juvenile delinquents in the England's secure Youth Treatment Service in 1999, containing 126 males between 11 and 17 years old. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to ascertain the relationship of family factors (i.e., family structure, domestic violence, criminality, alcohol and drugs misuse, and psychiatric illness) on the likelihood that adolescents become sex offenders. Results suggest that all variables used in the logistic regression model were associated with committing a sex offence, except foster care, which reveals that foster placements are a protective factor related to sexual offending behaviours. Additional findings and implications are discussed.


Key revocation functionality is important for identity-based encryption (IBE) to manage users dynamically. Revocable IBE (RIBE) realises such revocation functionality with scalability. In PKC 2013, Seo and Emura first considered decryption key exposure resistance (DKER) as a new realistic threat, and proposed the first RIBE scheme with DKER. Their RIBE scheme is adaptively secure against chosen plaintext attacks (CPA), and there is no concrete RIBE scheme adaptively secure against chosen ciphertext attacks (CCA) even without DKER so far. In this paper, we first propose three constructions of adaptively CCA-secure RIBE schemes with DKER. The first and second schemes are based on an existing transformation, which is called a BCHK transformation, that a CPA-secure hierarchical IBE scheme can be transformed into a CCA-secure scheme. The third scheme is constructed via the KEM/DEM framework. Specifically, we newly propose a revocable identity-based key encapsulation mechanism (RIB-KEM), and we show a generic construction of a CCA-secure RIBE scheme from the RIB-KEM and a data encapsulation mechanism (DEM). The third scheme is more efficient than the first and second ones in terms of the ciphertext size.


Nymphs of Rhodnius decapitated 24 hr. after feeding can be induced to moult by implanting into the abdomen the dorsal region of the protocerebrum removed from other nymphs during the critical period. Implantation of other parts of the brain, of the corpus allatum, and of fat body from the same insects did not cause moulting.

The presence of large nerve cells with fuchsinophil inclusions discovered by Hanstrom in this region of the brain has been confirmed.

The histological changes in the epidermis of the abdomen and the distribution of mitoses at an imaginal moult and at a nymphal moult have been compared. During a nymphal moult mitoses occur all over the tergites; during an imaginal moult they are largely confined to the intersegmental membranes and the periphery of the abdomen, and there is a more extensive breakdown of existing cells.

If 5th stage nymphs in the course of moulting to become adults receive "inhibitory hormone" from young nymphs, they may be caused to "switch over" to nymphal development. Such a "switch over" soon becomes impossible for the most specialized structures of the adult; other structures follow in turn; but the general cuticle of the tergites may still be influenced up to a short time before it is due to be laid down. The various faculties of a given cell can become determined to some extent independently of one another.

Isolated fragments of cuticle and epidermis from Rhodnius adults may be induced to moult, more than once, by transplantation to young moulting nymphs.

Decapitated Cimex adults may be caused to moult again if they receive blood from moulting Rhodnius nymphs; but they lay down a normal cuticle with bristles only if they have become adult very recently.

Decapitated Rhodnius adults may be caused to moult again if they receive blood from two moulting 5th stage nymphs. They lay down a cuticle of normal adult type even when they have been adults for several months. The old skin is digested up to the level of the exocuticle.

If such moulting adults are provided with inhibitory hormone from the corpus allatum of young nymphs, they show a partial reversion to nymphal characters when they moult. This change probably does not extend to the most specialized imaginal structures; but the pigmentation and the structure of the general cuticle, and of the bristles it carries, may become partially nymphal again.

The "determination" of imaginal or nymphal characters thus takes place at different times in different organs. And for some characters, at least, such determination is not irrevocable. In the light of these results a new hypothesis is put forward to explain the action of the inhibitory hormone in controlling metamorphosis.

This work was begun during a stay of three months in Berlin-Dahlem as the guest of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft, to whom my thanks are due. Throughout this stay I was indebted to Prof. A. Kuhn and his colleagues at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fur Biologie for every assistance and for much stimulating discussion.


The paper examines the imperatives of ethical practices for sustainable National enterprises. It uncovers challenge of ethical practices in Nigerian business activities. The paper observes that there are massive incidences of unethical business practices in Nigeria. It also observes that unethical practices have militated against the growth and development of sustainable entrepreneurial development. The paper posits that as Nigeria makes renewed attempts at encouraging the growth of entrepreneurship due to global economic uncertainties, it has become imperative on Nigerian business enterprise to take ethical practices more seriously in an emerging dispensation of global business moral order. The paper concludes by identifying critical business ethical issues that Nigerian entrepreneurs must imbibe for sustainable entrepreneurial growth and development.


Abstract -In this thesis a design of a Coriolis mass flow-meter is chosen by considering all advantages and disadvantages and the project requirements. The chosen geometry is imported into COMSOL, because modelling is implemented by FEM and two different physics should be coupled. To consider both applications of the device include measuring density and flow rate, modeling is divided into two parts: Coriolis density meter and Coriolis mass flow-meter. Both applications are based on Fluid Structure Interaction. The results are compared to existing setup's experimental data. Keywords: Coriolis mass flowmeter, Fluid Structure Interaction, Modal order, FEM, Acoustic Shell Interaction, Phase-shift, Disposable and Polymer.


Since Friedrich Hayek, debates about the proper relationship between the state and the market, and about the optimal design of regulatory institutions, often turn on assumptions about the workings of legal expertise — and in particular about the difference between public expertise (bureaucratic knowledge) and private expertise (private law). Hayek's central argument, adopted uncritically by a wide array of policy-makers and academics across the political spectrum, is a temporal one: bureaucratic reasoning is inherently one step behind the market, and hence effective market planning is impossible. In contrast, Hayek argues, private ordering is superior because it is of the moment, happening in real time. My research suggests that Hayek's description of the limitations of bureaucratic planning resonates with the sense of powerlessness and frustration experienced by many government officials themselves as they attempt to manage economic fluctuations. But Hayek's rich (and even empathetic) account of the limits of well-meaning public legal expertise is far less complete when it comes to the strengths of private legal reasoning. Public reasoning has temporal weaknesses, so private reasoning must have equivalent temporal strengths, the argument goes. This chapter from a forthcoming book, Collateral Knowledge: Legal Reasoning in the Global Financial Markets, takes on Hayekian arguments against government regulation through a detailed examination of real-world examples of how public and private legal technologies manage the temporal dimensions of risk in the over-the-counter derivatives markets. It draws upon over ten years of fieldwork conducted among regulators and market participants involved in the global derivatives markets in Japan. The specific examples are: the usage of collateral on the private law side, and the usage of "real time gross settlement" payment settlement systems on the public side. My research shows that while there is no reason to believe that either of these is actually more effective than the other as a stop-gap against future uncertainties in the market, there is nevertheless a kind of "Hayekian" perception, by market participants and government officials alike, that the private devices are more legitimate, and that the experts who deploy these are more knowledgeable, more expert. In order to understand the root of this legitimacy gap, the paper explores in detail how collateral, as a private legal technology, handles the temporal uncertainties surrounding market risk. At the heart of "collateral" is a deceptively mundane, but actually quite audacious legal trick called the legal fiction. In legal terms, a legal fiction is a statement that is consciously understood to be false, and hence is irrefutable. An example would be the statement that "a corporation is a person". Collateral is actually just a set of legal fictions, layered one on top of another. I explain how these fictions — which are just as problematically related to market "realities" as government planning technologies — nevertheless come to be much more readily accepted predictors, and indeed creators of market realities. So does this mean that private regulation is inherently superior to public regulation? The fallacy of the Hayekian argument is the assumption that these "private" technologies can only be deployed by private actors. In fact, there is nothing inherently private or public about the legal fiction or other similar devices of private law. The paper demonstrates this by showing how financial regulators in Japan redeployed the trick of the legal fiction and hence regained legitimacy in their own eyes and in the eyes of market participants.


Management and treatment of wounds is costly to health care. As such, accurate wound assessment is an essential skill required to enhance the wound healing process. Wound assessment tools are available to assist practitioners to ensure that wounds are correctly assessed, healing is documented, and factors that could delay healing are identified and appropriately managed. In an attempt to understand current practices a survey was undertaken of delegates attending the Wound Expo 2011 wound assessment zone to provide a clearer insight into today's practises and opinions relating to wound assessment. The results were collated and are presented in this article.


In 1971, U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield introduced a proposal calling for a fifty percent reduction of the number of U.S. troops stationed in Europe. The proposal was ultimately voted down in the Senate but it sparked sweeping changes in the defence policies of some major NATO nations. This paper examines the pre and post "Mansfield Amendment" defence policies of Britain, France, and West Germany, and strives to answer the question of how a single failed Senate proposal could lead three major NATO countries to drastically change their defence policies.


Allyl alcohol, a toxic compound with mutagenic nature, is known to be very harmful for humans. Due to its demand as industrial chemical with hazardous characteristics, its recognition and capture is of high topical interest. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as front-runners for the recognition of various environmentally-toxic molecules or biologically-active reactive species, owing to their design flexibility and ability to anchor guest-specific sites. In the present investigation, the targeted selective detection of allyl alcohol in two rationally constructed MOFs is reported. This systematic study emphasizes that the interaction of allyl alcohol with coordinated functional sites has a pronounced effect on its screening from other small alcohols via a luminescence pathway. The experimental findings were further supported the theoretical calculations.


There is a wide collection of journal articles and academic discourse on family firms' social capital. However, the focus on the comprehensive synthesis of the collections is limited. The lack of efforts to synthesize the issue of family firms' social capital focuses on emerging economies further limiting the utility of the literature. Despite the various differences between family firms in developed and emerging economies; no attempt was undertaken to separate the different insights and issues between the two different contexts. Thus, this article focusing on emerging economies is an attempt to bridge this gap in the literature. Consequently, to provide a review on researches that focus on family firm's social capital in emerging economies, Bibliometric analysis is used to provide quantitative insights. The qualitative insights are generated from a systematic literature review. Journal articles are retrieved as data to achieve these objectives. The time frame of literature extraction is from 1960 to the year 2018. Data is extracted from WOS and Scopus indexed database yielding 288 documents. After manual scrutinizing the content, only 31 (10.8%) of the cited literature is on the family firm social capital related issue. The paper finds that there is an increasing trend in the number of family firms' social capital study in the context of the emerging economies. The highly cited articles are published by Deephouse and Jaskiewicz (2013) in the Journal of Management Studies with 179 citations, and Khavul et al. (2009) in the Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice with 140 citations. The findings provide a collection of evidence about the focus, variables, and theories used from credible sources of the family firms' social capital studies. Research paper Keywords: Social capital; socioemotional wealth; family firm; emerging economies; Bibliometric; systematic review  Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Nordin, N., Abdul Khalid, S., Ale Ibrahim, N., & Samsudin, M. A. (2020). Bibliometric Analysis of Publication Trends in Family Firms' Social Capital in Emerging Economies, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics , 8 (1), 144–179


Worldwide fisheries decline has spurred the utilization of new conservation and management approaches, including the implementation of marine reserves. The diversity of goals and expected outcomes should guide the marine reserve design process, coupled with a thorough understanding of the ecology of all species targeted for protection. Central California's network of coastal marine protected areas (MPAs) was established in an environment of some uncertainty regarding the expected outcomes for temperate nearshore fish species, especially the Sebastes genus (rockfishes). Movement behavior of temperate reef-fishes plays an important role in the level of protection that a reserve will afford a species. Consistent small-scale movements (<10 km) and limited home range sizes decrease the likelihood that individuals will encounter fishing mortality. Conversely, large-scale movements outside of reserve boundaries may contribute to fisheries in surrounding waters ('spillover'). The current study sought to further elucidate the movement behavior of some shallow-water temperate reef fish species throughout California's central coast, with goals of providing useful data for future MPA design processes. Tag-and-recapture methodology was utilized in order to observe fish movements, centered on a public participation program for acquiring information on recaptured tagged fishes. A total of v 476 fishes representing 14 species were recaptured from a sample of 37,111 tagged (1.3%) over a five-year period spanning 2005-2009. The majority (75%) of distances traveled were less than one kilometer, however some species made consistent far-ranging travels on the order of hundreds of kilometers as well. Analyses of factors with potential for shaping movement behavior included geographic variation, source of recapture data, gear type, days at liberty, length, initial capture depth, handling condition, and fish density. Additionally, the applicability of tag-and-recapture methodology is examined as an effective source of fish movement information. The results of this research corroborate findings of previous studies as well as provide new insight into the movement patterns of some nearshore temperate reef species. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


The wave drag of a combination of slender bodies of revolution at zero angle of attack is studied with a view to determining the arrangements for which the total drag is a minimum.Linearized theory is used to calculate the pressure distribution in the field surrounding the bodies. The interference drag coefficient is computed for different arrangements. The special cases of two bodies and of a three-body combination with bilateral symmetry are considered. The bodies treated are of the form determined by Sears and Haack as having minimum wave drag for prescribed volume and length. They also have equal fineness ratios. Numerical calculations of the drag coefficient of interference are carried out and curves are drawn which show the relative positions at which minimum drag occurs. A three-body configuration is found for which the total wave drag is about 35 percent less than the sum of the individual wave drags of the three bodies.


Book synopsis: Since the end of the Cold War, activists and scholars alike have celebrated the phenomenal growth of transnational social movements across the globe. For some, this new eruption of grass-roots political activism on a world scale - from the Rio Earth Summit to the Seattle anti-globalization protests - represents the emergence of a global or transnational civil society.

This book provides a critical survey of recent approaches to the study of civil society and international relations, presenting an alternative historical and sociological account of the interaction between these two spheres. It makes a theoretical case for the importance of social movements in world politics arguing that modern social movements emerging out of civil society have been instrumental in shaping the contemporary international system.

In this wide-ranging engagement with past and present controversies in international relations, Colas shows how a renewed conception of international civil society can illuminate future possibilities for international social movement activity.

This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of international relations, political sociology and social history, as well as those who seek to play a part in global politics.


The financial crisis that began in 2007 as a liquidity crisis for banks has transformed itself into a sovereign debt crisis that threatens the viability of the eurozone and the foundations of the European Union. In this study, we analyse some of the recent regulatory initiatives in response to the crisis and their implications for the EU financial system and economy. Although EU policymakers are adopting important institutional reforms to create a more robust macro-prudential supervisory framework, serious gaps and weakness remain in EU regulation, crisis management, and burden sharing. We conclude that in liberalised international financial markets it will always be very difficult for regulators to control systemic risks and that alternative regulatory approaches should be considered.


We present cross-country evidence on the impact of remittances on labor market outcomes. Remittances appear to have a strong impact on both labor supply and labor demand in recipient countries. These effects are highly significant and greater in size than those of foreign direct investment or official development aid. On the supply side, remittances reduce labor force participation and increase informality of the labor market. In addition, male and female labor supply show significantly different sensitivities to remittances. On the demand side, remittances reduce overall unemployment but benefit mostly lower-wage, lower-productivity nontradables industries at the expense of high-productivity, high-wage tradables sectors. As a consequence, even though inequality declines as a result of larger remittances, average wage and productivity growth declines, the latter more strongly than the former leading to an increase in the labor income share. In fragile states, in contrast, remittances impose a positive externality, possibly because the tradables sector tends to be underdeveloped. Our findings indicate that reforms to foster inclusive growth need to take into account the role of remittances in order to be successful.


The emergence of networks within education has been driven by a number of factors, including: the complex nature of the issues facing education, which are typically too great for single schools to tackle by themselves; changes to educational governance structures, which involve the hollowing out of the middle tier and the introduction of new approaches with an individualized focus; in addition is the increased emphasis on education systems that are 'self-improving and school-led'. Within this context, the realization of teacher and school improvement actively emerges from establishing cultures of enquiry and learning, both within and across schools. Since not every teacher in a school can collaboratively learn with every other teacher in a network, the most efficient formation of networks will comprise small numbers of teachers learning on behalf of others.  Within this context, Professional Learning Networks (PLNs) are defined as any group who engage in collaborative learning with others outside of their everyday community of practice; with the ultimate aim of PLN activity being to improve outcomes for children. Research suggests that the use of PLNs can be effective in supporting school improvement. In addition, PLNs are an effective way to enable schools to collaborate to improve educational provision in disadvantaged areas. Nonetheless harnessing the benefits of PLNs is not without challenge. In response, this paper explores the notion of PLNs in detail; it also sheds light on the key factors and conditions that need to be present if PLNs are to lead to sustained improvements in teaching and learning. In particular, the paper explores the role of school leaders in creating meaningful two-way links between PLNs and their schools, in order to ensure that both teachers and students benefit from the collaborative learning activity that PLNs foster. The paper concludes by suggesting possible future research in this area.


Abstract. Retina is one of the important layers of the eyes, which includes sensitive cells to colour and light and nerve fibers. Retina can be displayed by using some medical devices such as fundus camera, ophthalmoscope. Hence, some lesions like microaneurysm, haemorrhage, exudate with many diseases of the eye can be detected by looking at the images taken by devices. In computer vision and biomedical areas, studies to detect lesions of the eyes automatically have been done for a long time. In order to make automated detections, the concept of ROI may be utilized. ROI which stands for region of interest generally serves the purpose of focusing on particular targets. The main concentration of this paper is the algorithm to automatically detect retinal region of interest belonging to different retinal images on a software application. The algorithm consists of three stages such as pre-processing stage, detecting ROI on processed images and overlapping between input image and obtained ROI of the image.


Peatland has an important role in environmental sustainability which can be used for agricultural purposes. However, deforestation in the logged-over forest may disrupt the diversity of microbial population in peat soil. Therefore, this study focuses on the differences of microbial populations in Maludam primary forest and Cermat Ceria logged-over forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. The prokaryotic 16S rDNA region was amplified followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (16S PCR-DGGE) analysis. Berger-Parker and Shannon-Weaver Biodiversity Index showed that Maludam (0.11, 7.75) was more diverse compared to Cermat Ceria (0.19, 7.63). Sequence analysis showed that the bacterial community in Maludam and Cermat Ceria were dominated by unclassified bacteria, followed by Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and α-Proteobacteria. Based on the findings, the distinct species that can be found in Maludam were Acidobacterium capsulatum, Solibacter sp., Mycobacterium intracellulare, Rhodoplanes sp., Clostridia bacterium, Exiguobacterium sp. and Lysinibacillus fusiformis. While, the distinct species that can be found in Cermat Ceria were Telmatobacter, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bacillus tequilensis. Overall, the findings showed that microbial population in the logged-over forest are less diverse compared to primary forest. Higher prokaryotic diversity identified in the primary forest compared to logged-over forest showed that deforestation might cause prokaryotic population changes to both ecosystems.


We present a method for fusing two acquisition modes, 2D photographs and 3D LiDAR scans, for depth-layer decomposition of urban facades. The two modes have complementary characteristics: point cloud scans are coherent and inherently 3D, but are often sparse, noisy, and incomplete; photographs, on the other hand, are of high resolution, easy to acquire, and dense, but view-dependent and inherently 2D, lacking critical depth information. In this paper we use photographs to enhance the acquired LiDAR data. Our key observation is that with an initial registration of the 2D and 3D datasets we can decompose the input photographs into rectified depth layers. We decompose the input photographs into rectangular planar fragments and diffuse depth information from the corresponding 3D scan onto the fragments by solving a multi-label assignment problem. Our layer decomposition enables accurate repetition detection in each planar layer, using which we propagate geometry, remove outliers and enhance the 3D scan. Finally, the algorithm produces an enhanced, layered, textured model. We evaluate our algorithm on complex multi-planar building facades, where direct autocorrelation methods for repetition detection fail. We demonstrate how 2D photographs help improve the 3D scans by exploiting data redundancy, and transferring high level structural information to (plausibly) complete large missing regions.


Objective: The aims of this study were to know the safety using Hen's eggs-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test method and hair growth promoting activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Nothopanax scutellarium leaves. Methods: Safety test was measured by scoring and categorizing irritation onHET-CAM. Meanwhile, activity test was conducted by applying the hair tonic of the ethylacetate fraction on the back of the rabbits, and the length of hair was measured in the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd week.In the 3 rd week, the hair growth was weighed and hair diameter also was measuredusing scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The result showed that 0.2 gram of ethyl acetate fraction of N.scutellarium leaves have mild irritation effect, whereas the formulation contained with 0.5% and 1% of fraction increased hair growth and hair diameter. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of N. scutellarium have mild irritan effect, and the hair tonic demonstrated hair growth promoting activity. Key words: Hair Tonic, Hair Growth Activity, Nothopanax scutellarium , Safety, HET-CAM.


We study various aspects of proximity effects in $F/S$ (Ferromagnet/Superconductor) bilayers, where $F$ has a spiral magnetic texture such as that found in Holmium, Erbium and other materials, and $S$ is a conventional s-wave superconductor. We numerically solve the Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) equations self-consistently and use the solutions to compute quantities relevant to the proximity effects in these bilayers. We obtain the relation between the superconducting transition temperature $T_c$ and the thicknesses $d_F$ of the magnetic layer by solving the linearized BdG equations. We find that the $T_c(d_F)$ curves include multiple oscillations. Moreover, the system may be reentrant not only with $d_F$, as is the case when the magnet is uniform, but with temperature $T$: the superconductivity disappears in certain ranges of $d_F$ or $T$. The $T$ reentrance occurs when $d_F$ is larger than the spatial period of the conical exchange field. We compute the condensation free energies and entropies from the full BdG equations and find the results are in agreement with $T_c$ values obtained by linearization. The inhomogeneous nature of the magnet makes it possible for all odd triplet pairing components to be induced. We have investigated their properties and found that, as compared to the singlet amplitude, both the $m=0$ and $m=\pm 1$ triplet components exhibit long range penetration. For nanoscale bilayers, the proximity lengths for both layers are also obtained. These lengths oscillate with $d_F$ and they are found to be long range on both sides. These results are shown to be consistent with recent experiments. We also calculate the reverse proximity effect described by the three dimensional local magnetization, and the local DOS, which reveals important energy resolved signatures associated with the proximity effects.


Background Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Stroke burden is immense as it leads to premature deaths, leaves survivors with ongoing disabilities, and has a major financial impact on the individual, their families, and the community. Reliable, high-quality evidence is needed on stroke risk factors, incidence, and outcomes to provide information on how best to reduce this burden. Population-based studies are regarded as the 'gold-standard' of measuring disease burden but are not common due to the logistical and financial challenges they present. The Auckland Regional Community Stroke Studies are among a few in the world that have been carried out at a population level and at regular intervals. Aim The aim of the fourth Auckland Regional Community Stroke Studies IV is to examine the current measures of stroke incidence, prevalence, and outcomes as well the trends over four decades. This article describes the methodology of the Auckland Regional Community Stroke Studies IV with stroke and transient ischemic attacks cases registered over a 12-month period from March 1, 2011 to February 29, 2012. Conclusions The methodology described may be used as a guide in order to design similar population-based stroke incidence and outcome studies in other countries and populations, thus facilitating the collection of most consistent and accurate stroke epidemiological data.


The diversity of social bees was assessed at 15 sites across five locations of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India, from January to December 2007. We also conducted floristic analyses of local vegetation in each site using one-hectare sample plots. All woody species with a dbh (diameter at breast height) : 30 cm were recorded within the plots. A total area of 9.72 ha was assessed for floristic composition. Similarity of floristic composition between sites was determined using the Jaccard's distance measure and a dendrogram constructed based on the hierarchical clustering of floristic dissimilarities between sites. A Bee Importance Index (BII) was developed to give a measure of the bee diversity at each site. This index was a sum of the species richness of bee species in a site and their visitation frequencies to flowers, calculated as mean flower visits hour 1 within 2 focal patches within one hectare plots. The visits of bee species to flowers were also recorded. The Jaccard distance measure indicated that the montane sites were quite dissimilar to the low elevation sites in floristic diversity. The BII was 7-9 for the wet forest sites and ranged from 4-6 for drier forest sites. Seventy three plant species were identified as social bee plants and of them 45% were visited by one species of bee, 37% by two bee species and 18% by more than two bee species, indicating a certain degree of floral specialization among bees.


A preparation of blood capillaries was isolated from the rete mirabile of the eel swim bladder. The capillaries, incubated for two hours at 37° C. in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 5 mM glucose, contained 29.3 ± 4.6 nmoles of sorbitol per gram and released in the medium 725 ± 60 nmoles of fructose per gram. When glucose in the medium was raised from 5 to 30 mM, capillary sorbitol and medium fructose rose by approximately 100 per cent. There were no accompanying changes in capillary water content as determined by the ratio of wet weight to dry weight and by the difference between water-3H space and inulin-l4C space. Respiration of cap Diary tissue was lower at 30 mM glucose than at 5 mM glucose. The addition of 30 mM mannitol to a medium containing 30 mM glucose did not restore the oxygen uptake by capillary tissue to values obtained with a medium containing 5 mM glucose alone. It is concluded that the polyol pathway is operative in vertebrate blood capillaries. At high medium glucose concentration, the activity of the pathway is enhanced, respiration is depressed, and water content is unchanged.


The article presents a literature review on intrauterine bone fractures in fetuses suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta. Prenatal ultrasound investigation of the condition is made to identify pathologically changed bone tissue including shortened and deformed limb segments and ribs, bone fractures and callus formation and widened intracranial sutures. Comprehensive clinical, paraclinical and radiological evaluations are produced after the birth to determine treatment strategy. Skeletal fractures in newborns are treated conservatively. With diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfect established medical treatment with bisphosphonates is administered to inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, facilitate bone mineralization and lower fracture incidence. The case report describes fractures of both femurs and left tibia in a female newborn suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta type III diagnosed in utero with ultrasonographic screening. The case presented highlights infant's trauma-focused status, radiological findings and the treatment performed.


An l-cysteine-assisted self-assembly process for constructing complex PbS from cubes to star and dendritic structures via hydrothermal routes is reported. In this process, l-cysteine (Cys) was used as both a sulfur source and a chelating reagent. The effects of the molar ratios of Cys/Pb2+, the concentrations, reaction time and temperature on the self-assembly of PbS microcrystals were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the crystalline structure of PbS crystals. Raman spectroscopy helped to further demonstrate the purity of the products. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) helped to determine the size and shape of the products. On the basis of systemic studies about the influence of experimental parameters on the products, possible evolution processes were proposed. The shape of PbS crystals was closely related to the relative growth rate of the {100} and {111} faces. The Cys/Pb2+ molar ratios, the concentrations, and the reaction temperatures influenced the growth rate of the...


(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution for noncommercial purposes with no derivatives, provided the original work is properly cited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book. The chapter is from the book Resource Recovery from Water: Principles and Application, Ilje Pikaar, Jeremy Guest, Ramon Ganigué, Paul Jensen, Korneel Rabaey, Thomas Seviour, John Trimmer, Olaf van der Kolk, Céline Vaneeckhaute, Willy Verstraete (Eds.) doi: 10.2166/9781780409566


The boosted turbo fan or parallel hybrid is a promising means to reduce fuel consumption of gas turbines on aircraft. With an electric drive on the low-pressure spool of the gas turbine, it requires a trade-off between the characteristics of the gas turbine and the electric power sub-systems. Reducing specific thrust at a given thrust requirement results in a larger fan with a lower pressure ratio. This leads to improved propulsive efficiency but at the expense of increased weight and nacelle drag. At a given design relative tip Mach number, increasing fan size and hence tip diameter means the fan shaft speed will need to be reduced. This will, according to occasionally quoted 'rules of thumb', make the directly coupled electrical drive more efficient but heavier. The objective of this paper is to expose some key aspects of this trade-off in terms of efficiency and weight, and relate them to these guidelines. The paper applies sophisticated methodology in both addressed domains. For the gas turbine, multi-point design is used. Here, established synthesis matching schemes focusing on gas turbine performance parameters are extended with parameters from the sizing and weight estimation such as diameters and tip speeds. For the electrical machine, fully analytical sizing capturing the impact of cooling supply is used. The paper reports estimated gas path and machine geometries. It gives an understanding of the interactions between both sub-systems and allows concluding which low pressure spool speed gives the best instantaneous performance. It largely confirms the quoted rules of thumb but exposes that the factors affecting machine efficiency are more involved than implied for an integrated design.


The present study was undertaken in view of the demand for probiotic products as a
result of health awareness in consumers and the lack of information pertaining to
industrial probiotic production processes. Response surface methodology (RSM) was
used to optimize the culture medium for the growth of a probiotic bacterium,
Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. The factors studied were yeast extract,
glucose, vitamins concentrations and initial culture pH. A polynomial regression
model with cubic and quartic terms was used for analysis of the experimental data.
RSM was found to be effective in developing an analysis model, finding the
optimum point of the factors and assessing the effects of the factors. It was found
that the effects involving yeast extract, glucose, vitamins and pH on the growth of L.
rhamnosus were significant, and the strongest effect was given by the yeast extract
concentration. Estimated optimum conditions of the factors for the growth of L.
rhamnosus were as follows : pH = 6.9; vitamin solution = 1.28% (v/v); glucose =
5.01% (w/v) and yeast extract = 6.0% (w/v).
iii
Further improvement of cell production was made by using a process optimization
approach. The fermentation parameters investigated were aeration, mixing, pH,
inoculum size and temperature. Cell production and viability were greatly influenced
by the culture pH and temperature compared to other parameters such as agitation
speed. The optimal culture conditions for the cultivation of L. rhamnosus in the 2-L
stirred tank fermenter were as follows : mixing speed, 0.69 ms-1; pH, 6.9;
temperature, 37°C and inoculum size of 5% (v/v) in facultative condition. Under this
condition, final cell viability obtained was 1.61 x 1010 CFU mL-1, viable cell yield
and productivity were 3.20 x 1011 CFU gglucose
-1 and 1.33 x 109 CFU mL-1 h-1,
respectively.
Unstructured models based on Monod and Luedeking-Piret equations were
developed and found to be suitable to describe the cell growth, lactic acid production
and substrate consumption by L. rhamnosus in batch cultivation in a shake flask, 2-
L, 10-L and 100-L stirred tank fermenters. Lactic acid production was a growthassociated
and non-growth-associated (mixed) process. Scaling-up on the basis of
constant impeller tip speed resulted in increasing mixing time as fermenter working
volumes increased, but the mixing times were still within the critical acceptable
range as fermentation performance was not significantly affected.
Continuous cultivation was used in an attempt to further improve biomass
production of L. rhamnosus. The maximum specific growth rate, μmax, and the
Monod cell growth saturation coefficient, Ks, were estimated at 0.4 h-1 and 0.25 g L-
1. Maximum cell viability (1.29 x 1010 CFU mL-1) was achieved in the dilution rate
(D) range of D = 0.28 h-1 to 0.35 h-1, while both maximum viable cell yield and
iv
productivity were achieved at D = 0.35 h-1. Continuous cultivation of L. rhamnosus
at D = 0.35 h-1 gave 267% improvement in viable cell count productivity as
compared to batch cultivations. Results obtained from exponentially fed-batch
cultivation of L. rhamnosus at a D = 0.4 h-1 indicated that this mode of cultivation
might be a good alternative for L. rhamnosus production as higher cell concentration
and lower lactic acid production could be achieved when compared to batch and
continuous cultivations


Abstract Ensuring access to crude oil and natural gas forms a crucial component of India's security calculus. It also critically underlines the significance of sea transportation through which much of these vital resources are traded. With India virtually insular in terms of its land communications, its trade interests are increasingly focused on the maritime domain. Its vital interests in the security of sea routes at the same time are beginning to converge with those of Japan, the economic powerhouse of Asia, which being an island state is critically dependent on Pacific and Indian Ocean 'maritime lifelines' not only for its energy imports but also for much of its food and other vital resource supplies. As the Indian economy grows, the strategic congruence between the two states is likely to strengthen because of two factors; first, the growing Asian economic integration, and second, the geographic locations of India and Japan vis-à-vis the global distribution of potential sources of strategic commodities.


Pragmatism, a philosophical movement that had considerable influence in the United States in the early twentieth century, has recently undergone an intellectual revival. In the 1980s, its precepts were applied to legal analysis and commentary by a diverse group of scholars who refer to themselves as "legal pragmatists." Moreover, a number of philosophers and legal scholars have attempted to apply pragmatic thought to ethical aspects of protecting the non-human natural world. This Article surveys and evaluates selected aspects of that varied, provocative body of scholarship. After summarizing the fundamental principles espoused by pragmatic thinkers, the Article focuses on the writings of two neo-pragmatic scholars, Keith Hirokawa and Daniel Farber, whose works provide useful illustrations of pragmatic approaches to environmental laws and policies. It also assays the overall benefits and shortcomings of pragmatic analysis, both as a tool for environmental policymaking and as an aid to advocates of needed improvements in environmental laws.


So-called open source software (OSS) is marked by free access to the software and its source code. Copyright-based OSS licenses permit users to use, change, improve and redistribute the software, which is designed and developed in a public, collaborative manner. High quality OSS products like Linux, Apache etc. are developed by thousands of volunteers, who often do not receive direct monetary reward. Thus, OSS seems to be an example of a 'private provision of a public good', and some argue that OSS is a 'new intellectual property paradigm' for the digital economy. Therefore, OSS has been in the focus of economic research for some years. However, it is still not known which institutional and cultural factors favor OSS development, although the differences of countries in OSS activities can not be solely explained by GDP, education and internet access. For this reason, we perform a cross-country study analyzing how the number of OSS developers per inhabitants and the level of OSS activity of a country depends on institutional and cultural factors. We make use of data about OSS developers registered at SourceForge, and are able to assign 94% of them to their countries. We then run regressions with several institutional and cultural factors. Our findings are that a culture characterized by individualism/self-determination is in favor of OSS. Also, social capital in terms of interpersonal trust has a positive impact on the number of OSS developers as well as on the OSS activity level. The openness to novelty is relevant only with respect to scientific progress, i.e. an optimistic view of scientific progress is significantly positive. While the attitude towards competition was never significant, less regulated countries have more OSS activists and activity. Furthermore, the protection of intellectual property rights has (if all) a positive impact. Our study contributes to the understanding of the impact of cultural and institutional factors in general as well as in particular with respect to OSS. Additionally it also improves the understanding of OSS. OSS has similarities to technical science and scientific culture, is a a public good game with the contributions are a means to an end. OSS is a new intellectual property right paradigm and is based on an entrepreneurial spirit.


Purpose – To introduce the special issue on "Genres of digital documents." While there are many definitions of genre, most include consideration of the intended communicative purpose, form and sometimes expected content of a document. Most also include the notion of social acceptance, that a document is of a particular genre to the extent that it is recognized as such within a given discourse community. Design/methodology/approach – The article reviews the notion of document genre and its applicability to studies of digital documents and introduces the four articles in the special issue. Findings – Genre can be studied based on intrinsic genre attributes or on the extrinsic function that genre fulfills in human activities. Studies on intrinsic attributes include classifications of genres as clusters of attributes, though these classifications can be problematic because documents can be used in flexible ways. Also, new information technologies have enabled the appearance of novel genres. Studies on extrinsic function include ways to use genre for education or information accesses, as well as the use of genre as a lens for understanding communications in organizations. The four articles in the special issue illustrate these approaches. Originality/value – The paper provides a framework that organizes the range of research about genres of digital documents that should be helpful to those reading this research or planning their own studies. KeywordsDigital libraries, Research, Digital storage, Classification Paper typeGeneral review


Ureteral obstruction is characterized by a marked reduction in renal hemodynamic function that is mediated in part by increased production of the vasoconstrictor eicosanoid thromboxane. However, animals with bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) sustain less renal functional impairment than unilaterally obstructed (UUO) animals. Recent evidence suggests that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) may be important in maintaining these differences. We therefore investigated the possibility that ANP-induced changes in renal arachidonic acid metabolism may be linked to and important in maintaining the differences between BUO and UUO animals. We measured renal function, renal eicosanoid production, and plasma ANP levels in BUO and UUO animals after the release of 24 h of ureteral obstruction. Renal function was reduced in both groups of obstructed animals compared with sham-operated controls. Inulin and p-aminohippurate clearance were significantly increased in BUO compared with UUO animals. Renal 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha production by BUO kidneys was also significantly increased compared with kidneys from the UUO group or the sham-operated controls. In contrast, thromboxane B2 production by BUO kidneys was significantly reduced compared with UUO kidneys and was not significantly different from controls. Plasma ANP levels of BUO animals were significantly greater than those of UUO or sham-operated animals. When ANP was administered to in situ perfused UUO or BUO kidneys, renal vascular resistance fell significantly, and ANP induced a dramatic increase in 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha production without affecting production of thromboxane B2. Indomethacin blunted the reduction in renal vascular resistance to ANP by 35-50%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


This authoritative research review discusses the most influential papers relating to the economics of transfer pricing. The piece notably covers the topic of transfer pricing in light of divisionalization, government regulations, bargaining models, market distortions and product characteristics as well as touching on the important subjects of empirical estimates of transfer price manipulation and transfer mispricing estimates. Written by Lorraine Eden, one of the founders and a leading contributor to the field, this research review promises to be useful reading for doctoral students, faculty members and policy makers who wish to extend their knowledge on the economics of transfer pricing.


This article was aimed at assessing the establishment of the Kongo in the Teke territory of the Pool XVII-XX th century. Furthermore, the article sought to explore how the Kongo settled on the Teke territory. The Teke space, as we know through the peoples who had occupied and occupied it, is almost the whole of the Republic of the Congo: from the foothills of the Mayombe to the Congolese basin, Alima and the Likouala. In the Congolese territory, hydronyms, toponymy, that is to say, the names of rivers, mountains, villages, and forests ... are enough to get an idea of the countries Teke once. Numerous results of researchers and researchers show that the Teke were the first to occupy the present area of the Republic of Congo in general and the department of the pool in particular. This study tries to trace the history of the occupation of the said territory by the Kongo considered as the new arrivals, and the heritage left by the Teke people in this space.


Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) using conventional methods of propulsion cannot operate in a dynamic environment such as the surf zone or around a reef. Bio-inspired propulsion mechanisms can provide the capabilities required to deal with the hazards of these locations. Animals such as birds, fish, and turtles use flapping foils as a means of propulsion and high maneuverability. Robotic flapping foils can be applied similarly to underwater vehicles like the AUV, Finnegan the RoboTurtle from MIT. Finnegan used four flapping foil "turtle fins" each with two degrees of freedom. One of those fins was outfitted to house force sensors which could provide instantaneous measurements of the forces acting on the foil. The purpose of this project, is to create a system capable of testing submerged underwater flapping foils in a tow-tank using force sensors to detect fluid flow phenomena. The force sensors had to be tested, installed, and calibrated so that they measured the forces about the desired axes. A method of attaching the fins to the towing carriage had to be devised and built out of aluminum. This attachment had to be sturdy due to dynamic loading and life expectancy for future use, streamlined where it would be submerged, and user friendly. The attachment also had to be able to adjust the depth of the fin. A data acquisition system was setup to record and transfer the force sensor measurements and foil positioning data from the towed flapping foil to the computer station. Tests were run to compare to past data in an effort to validate the testing system. The system can collect valid data currently, but improvements are necessary to achieve the desired functionality.


This Note's primary purpose is to test Professor James Ryan's assertion that at least two extra legal factors-the predominant race and setting of plaintiff school districts-have an influence on the outcome of education finance reform litigation. Although the subject matter of this Note is education finance reform litigation, its findings may be significant to readers who have an interest in judicial decisionmaking as well. Yohance C. Edwards and Jennifer Ahern conduct a quantitative study that surveys the education finance reform litigation that has reached the respective state supreme courts of forty-one states. After analyzing the various factors that have been evaluated in previous quantitative studies of education finance reform litigation, the authors conclude that none of these factors explains why minority and city school districts fare poorly in this litigation. This Note is the first quantitative study of education finance reform litigation to include the number of plaintiff school districts as a variable. The authors find that along with race and school district setting, this variable does have an association with outcome. The authors conclude by discussing how the results of their study suggest that multiracial coalition building may be beneficial for all potential education finance litigation plaintiffs.


New discoveries in neuroscience show that the human brain and body work together to experience and evaluate emotions and thoughts and to create a felt sense of presence in the material (or virtual) world. The brain engenders (creates) bodily feelings that represent emotions and thoughts. By directing attention to present moment bodily sensations we experience embodied presence. Practicing meditation increases the capacity and propensity to experience embodied presence. Virtual worlds are experienced by the human system that is deeply grounded in bodily sensations. In this essay we explore the implications of neuroscience and meditation for designing and studying self-presence in virtual worlds. We explain how presence is a dynamic, ongoing internal process that is the active result of sustained directed attention.


We have learned a great deal about taxation and development over the last half-century. However, we still have much to learn. Even the best research answers to particular questions have usually turned out to be extremely difficult to apply in practice. Over the past fifty years what might be called the standard approach to tax and development has undergone a number of major model changes over the years but no magical fiscal medicine suitable for all has been found. In this brief paper I first attempt to provide a perspective on a half century of work and then to note some questions that seem to call for more research. I emphasize that even the best research is only one of many inputs in shaping public policy and suggest that to some extent the task we face is perhaps not so much to improve research on tax and development as it is to improve how we market what we learn to those who can, if they wish, put the knowledge to use. What is needed is less a non-existent 'universal fix' than a fiscal medicine kit containing a variety of remedies and treatments that may help developing countries to cope with the wide variety of fiscal problems that arise at different times and often in different ways.


Approximately 280 Simmentaland Hereford-sired feedlot steers were ultrasonically evaluated for intramuscular fat deposition using CPEC and Critical Vision, Inc. (CVI) ultrasound systems. Warner-Bratzler shear force measurements were taken on steaks from the 13th rib region. Differences between CPEC and CVI ultrasound and actual marbling measurements were corrected for bias and identified as CPEC deviation and CVI deviation. Correlation coefficients and linear models were used to determine if shear force values were associated with amount of intramuscular fat predicted by the ultrasound systems. Correlation coefficients of CPEC deviation and CVI deviation with shear force were 0.18 and 0.15, respectively. This indicates that animals overestimated for marbling by ultrasonic measures had a tendency to have higher shear force values. However, when the data were evaluated with linear models, which take many variables into account, we found that animals with ultrasound marbling predictions higher than the actual carcass marbling score were not associated with higher shear force values. Thus, animals with a higher marbling prediction are not associated with an unfavorable increase in shear force values. Selecting animals for increased marbling through ultrasound evaluation should have neither a favorable nor unfavorable effect on tenderness.


The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) has received much attention over the last five years. It is predicted that the IoT will influence every aspect of our lifestyles in the near future. Wireless Sensor Networks are one of the key enablers of the operation of IoTs, allowing data to be collected from the surrounding environment. However, due to limited resources, nature of deployment and unattended operation, a WSN is vulnerable to various types of attack. Security is paramount for reliable and safe communication between IoT embedded devices, but it does, however, come at a cost to resources. Nodes are usually equipped with small batteries, which makes energy conservation crucial to IoT devices. Nevertheless, security cost in terms of energy consumption has not been studied sufficiently. Previous research has used a security specification of 802.15.4 for IoT applications, but the energy cost of each security level and the impact on quality of services (QoS) parameters remain unknown. This research focuses on the cost of security at the IoT media access control (MAC) layer. It begins by studying the energy consumption of IEEE 802.15.4 security levels, which is followed by an evaluation for the impact of security on data latency and throughput, and then presents the impact of transmission power on security overhead, and finally shows the effects of security on memory footprint. The results show that security overhead in terms of energy consumption with a payload of 24 bytes fluctuates between 31.5% at minimum level over non-secure packets and 60.4% at the top security level of 802.15.4 security specification. Also, it shows that security cost has less impact at longer packet lengths, and more with smaller packet size. In addition, the results depicts a significant impact on data latency and throughput. Overall, maximum authentication length decreases throughput by almost 53%, and encryption and authentication together by almost 62%.


We discuss a unified theory of directed technological change and technology adoption that can shed light on the causes of persistent productivity differences across countries. In our model, new technologies are designed in advanced countries and diffuse endogenously to less developed countries. Our framework is rich enough to highlight three broad reasons for productivity differences: inappropriate technologies, policy-induced barriers to technology adoption, and within-country misallocations across sectors due to policy distortions. We also discuss the effects of two aspects of globalization, trade in goods and migration, on the wealth of nations through their impact on the direction of technical progress. By doing so, we illustrate some of the equalizing and unequalizing forces of globalization.


This paper gathers the available information on submarine landslides identified in the northeastern Iberian continental margin and presents new data on both already known landslides and new, previously unknown ones. The 2,000 km2, 26 km3 resulting deposit of the BIG'95 debris flow in the Ebro margin; the 4 up to 16 km2, 0.4 km3 Eivissa slides in the Eivissa Channel; the 2 up to 65.6 km2, 1.46 km3 Barcelona slides in the shallow southern Catalan margin; and the western Gulf of Lions debris flow in the deep north Catalan margin are presented. This compilation is completed with several other previously undescribed small-scale mass-wasting deposits together with those observed in the Balearic Promontory. The amount and widespreading of submarine landslide deposits in the northern Iberian margins demonstrate that these margins are not an exception to the common occurence of these kind of structures worldwide, and gives an idea on this phenomena recurrence even in margins considered moderately quiet, in terms of seismicity


This paper explores the presence and function of pragmatic markers(PMs) which have been argued to be associated with Irish English (Kallen2006; Schneider 2008; Amador-Moreno 2010; Clancy and Vaughan 2012;Schweinberger 2012), through an analysis of a corpus of advertisements froman Irish radio channel. Following Lee (1992), the ads themselves are brokeninto the "Action" (usually comprised of context-based dialogic interaction) and"Comment" (generally monologic, decontextualised and associated with theslogan or voice of authority) components (Sussex 1989). The rationale for thisdivision is based on the hypothesis that the location of PMs according to thesecomponents can throw light on their function as primarily related to supportingdiscourse cohesion or as connotational, relating to heteroglossia as "linguisticfetish" in advertising texts (Kelly-Holmes 2005).


Final report of a project to determine habitat parameters influencing distributions of Golden Orb (Q.aurea) mussels in the Guadalupe-San Antonio river basin: "The objectives of this study can be summarized by the following task: 1) Identify four samples with sufficient populations of Q.aurea to evaluate habitat parameters. 2) Evaluate the distribution of Q.aurea at selected sample sites in relation to habitat parameters and monitor flow conditions at these locations. 3) Calculate the shear stress ratio (RSS) for multiple flow conditions and the relationship with mussel density at selected sites. 4) Compile and summarize life history information for Q.aurea and related species" (p. 8).


EU Member States have agreed on a grand strategy, the 2016 Global Strategy (EUGS). However, the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC), where Member States define the EU's foreign, security and defence policies, has failed to fully implement it. In fact, neither the Member States nor the European Commission feel ownership of the EUGS. However, the need to leverage the internal competences of the Commission in order to maintain the EU's position in the competition between the great powers, may forge more grand strategic unity. Nevertheless, introducing majority decision-making remains imperative – but unlikely. What the EU could and ought to do immediately, however, is to introduce a regular strategic review.
Strategy, CFSP, CSDP, High Representative, EEAS


This paper introduces a model of multiple-instance learning applied to the prediction of aspect ratings or judgments of specific properties of an item from user-contributed texts such as product reviews. Each variable-length text is represented by several independent feature vectors; one word vector per sentence or paragraph. For learning from texts with known aspect ratings, the model performs multiple-instance regression (MIR) and assigns importance weights to each of the sentences or paragraphs of a text, uncovering their contribution to the aspect ratings. Next, the model is used to predict aspect ratings in previously unseen texts, demonstrating interpretability and explanatory power for its predictions. We evaluate the model on seven multi-aspect sentiment analysis data sets, improving over four MIR baselines and two strong bag-of-words linear models, namely SVR and Lasso, by more than 10% relative in terms of MSE.


Abstract The Scenario Weights for Importance Measurement (SWIM) package implements a flexible sensitivity analysis framework, based primarily on results and tools developed by Pesenti et al. (2019). SWIM provides a stressed version of a stochastic model, subject to model components (random variables) fulfilling given probabilistic constraints (stresses). Possible stresses can be applied on moments, probabilities of given events, and risk measures such as Value-At-Risk and Expected Shortfall. SWIM operates upon a single set of simulated scenarios from a stochastic model, returning scenario weights, which encode the required stress and allow monitoring the impact of the stress on all model components. The scenario weights are calculated to minimise the relative entropy with respect to the baseline model, subject to the stress applied. As well as calculating scenario weights, the package provides tools for the analysis of stressed models, including plotting facilities and evaluation of sensitivity measures. SWIM does not require additional evaluations of the simulation model or explicit knowledge of its underlying statistical and functional relations; hence, it is suitable for the analysis of black box models. The capabilities of SWIM are demonstrated through a case study of a credit portfolio model.


This article introduces a tri-national research and development project which aims to develop indicators for the cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary educational task 'education for sustainable development' (ESD). These indicators are meant to help monitor the implementation of ESD efforts in schools and institutions of higher education and, potentially, may apply to educational monitoring reports. As these kinds of indicator-based reports address a variety of stakeholders, the article focuses on how these stakeholders are included in the process of developing a set of ESD indicators in the course of the project. Its empirical stages and intentions are therefore presented, as well as some of the project's main challenges and the ways of coping with them.


A unified framework to optimize power discrimination for self-routing switching of solitonlike pulses in multiple-core fiber arrays is presented. This framework, based on the variational approach, is applicable to all-optical switching in N-core nonlinear fiber arrays for any configuration of the cores. By defining a quality factor as the product of the maxima of all the transmission curves characterizing the switching process in the fiber array, we show that when linearly varying coupling coefficients are considered improved performance can be achieved. By use of the split-step Fourier method the accuracy of the reduced formulation is ensured.


Bank of Canada research done prior to the most recent renewal of the inflation-control agreement in 2011 concluded that the benefits associated with a target below 2 per cent were insufficient to justify the increased risk of being constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB) on nominal interest rates. International experience and analysis since the 2011 renewal has reinforced the importance of the ZLB. Despite the deployment of unconventional monetary policy measures by many central banks, the ZLB has proven to be a more severe and persistent obstacle to the achievement of policy goals than expected. At the same time, analysis by the Bank and others has found that interest rates are likely to be lower on average in the future than they were during the first two decades of inflation targeting. As a consequence, the probability of being constrained by the ZLB is likely higher. Together, these factors suggest that a target above 2 per cent should be considered. This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge and key outstanding issues regarding the costs and benefits of a higher inflation target.


Memorable tales of financial collapse, such as that of Lehman Brothers (Lehman), Bear Stearns, and American Financial Group (AIG), frequently drive narratives of financial market crises and future preventative regulatory solutions. Much U.S. financial regulation, such as the monumental and historic "Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act," (Dodd-Frank) can be understood from this perspective. Aspects of such responses, however, are sometimes puzzling. An example is the reforms surrounding certain financial market utilities in Dodd-Frank's Title VIII, "Payment, Clearing, and Settlement Supervision Act of 2010" (Title VIII). Financial market utilities often play a vital role in a process known as "payment, clearing and settlement," which occurs after a financial trade is made. Title VIII authorizes the Federal Reserve Board (Fed), in consultation with the Treasury Department, to extend "discount and borrowing privileges only in unusual or exigent circumstances" to financial market utilities designated by Dodd-Frank's new Financial Stability Oversight Council as "systemically important" or of "systemic importance." That is, to provide an emergency funding backstop to such financial utilities. The Fed's new emergency authority is additional to and separate from its "13(3)" emergency powers reformed by Dodd-Frank. What little attention has so far focused on Title VIII analyzes the Fed's new authority in relation to over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, especially credit default swaps (CDS). The actual scope of financial contracts for which this new authority is relevant, however, is quite vast: it includes any financial transactions using designated financial utilities. Therefore, Title VIII's financial utility reforms are relevant not only to OTC derivatives, but also potentially to repurchase agreements (repos), and any other "financial transactions" that use designated financial utilities now or in the future. On the one hand, these reforms purport to be a critical component in "solving" the AIG problem, but this conclusion is uncertain. On the other hand, these reforms lay the groundwork for alleviating the problem of Lehman and Bear Stearns, but fall short of achieving a potential solution. For these reasons, I suggest that Title VIII's financial utility reforms both go too far in theory in addressing the "AIG problem," but not far enough in practice in addressing the "Bear Stearns and Lehman problem."


The ongoing financial crisis in the global markets, which originated in the US subprime mortgage segment (real estate) and quickly spread into other market segments and countries, is already seen today as one of the biggest financial crises in history. Underlying the subprime crisis had essentially two interrelated factors; the boom in US real estate markets, and the high liquidity demand in the global financial markets. The later period was, in turn, fuelled by the significant easing of US monetary policy over an extended period of time and by the additional boost to global liquidity as many emerging markets had tied their exchange rates to the US dollar and therefore had to match the expansive US monetary policy. The occurrence of market crash or financial crisis is possible key factor of earning per share (EPS) and inventory turnover ratios (ITR) inefficiency. This paper empirically investigates that the effects of the current financial crisis on the efficiency -earning per share (EPS) and inventory turnover ratios- listed food and textile companies in Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE). The EPS and inventory turnover ratios, applying the multivariate test statistics for the two sub-periods of pre-crisis and the crisis time. The article proceeds in the following manner. Firstly, the study will explain main reasons of global financial crises. Secondly the study will analyze all EPS and inventory turnover ratios changing are of related companies. Finally, that will be argued for adjustment of related ratios of sectors


Results Hand osteoarthritis (HOA) is one of the most common joint disorders in elderly people. Osteoarthritis is known as degenerative arthritis since it is a condition in which the cartilage wears out between joints causing the bones to rub directly against other bones. Along with causing pain, it can limit mobility and range of motion, making it difficult for a person to grasp or use small objects, such as keys or pens. Other functional consequences may include hand weakness and force deficit. Depending on the severity of HOA a person has, the mobility, pain, and level of joint stiffness varies. Introduction