Recently the literature on free expression has turned to the question, Should the law of free expression be adjusted because of the availability of new information technologies (hereafter NIT), and if so, how? The only thing about NIT that distinguishes them from traditional media is that disseminating expression via NIT is much less expensive than doing so via traditional media. The tenor of recent scholarship on NIT and free expression is that the invention of NIT does support some modification of free expression law. This Essay argues that that conclusion might be correct, but that many of the arguments offered in support move much too quickly. The Essay tries to slow them down and in so doing to suggest that the arguments require complex and contestable judgments about exactly how an expansion of expression might elicit new rules regulating it. My goal is to identify the lines of analysis that need to be pursued before we conclude that the existing law of free expression should be modified in response to NIT. In that somewhat limited sense the Essay is contrarian.

The Essay examines and critiques Professor Tim Wu's prominent version of the argument that the development of NIT should lead us to rethink the law of free expression. After laying out the paradigm underlying free expression law, that speech causes harm, the Essay examines two aspects of the argument that the more speech, the more harm, which might lead us to seek a new set of rules that jointly optimize speech and harm. One is that NIT should lead us to alter substantive First Amendment law because NIT lead us to reconsider the general balance we have struck among the values promoted by free expression. Section IV deals with that argument. The second is that NIT affect the mechanisms by which specific categories of speech cause specific harms. That argument calls for a more granular approach. To implement that approach the Essay looks at the mechanisms by which more speech might render the "rules in place" no longer socially optimal. It examines false statements that injure reputation (libel), expression that induces unlawful action (the subject of the traditional law of sedition); sexually explicit expression (obscenity and pornography); false statements that inflict no material harm ("fake news"); and threats (cyberstalking).

A final section turns to arguments about the platforms used by NIT – Twitter, Facebook, and the like. (1) The platforms should be subject to the same limitations on speech regulation that apply to the government. These arguments sound in the state-action doctrine rather than in the First Amendment, and I have relatively little to say about them. (2) The platforms can be regulated through the application of antitrust or fiduciary law without violating the First Amendment. I discuss existing First Amendment doctrine about the application of "general" laws to the media and examine some issues that might arise in connection with tinkering with antitrust or fiduciary law as the vehicle for platform regulation. (3) The platforms should be held liable for the utterances they disseminate, holding constant the substantive rules of libel, threats, and the like.

The Essay's overall theme is that the First Amendment rules in place probably already accommodate the concerns that motivate arguments for adjusting the law of free expression. The First Amendment, that is, is not obsolete.


The anal triangle is the posterior half of the perineum, by definition. The perineum can be found between the thighs and below the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is comprised of the anal and urogenital triangles. A theoretical line connecting the two ischial tuberosities of the pelvis divides the perineum into the posterior anal triangle and anterior urogenital triangle. The anal triangle is formed by the coccyx, sacrotuberous ligaments, and an imaginary line between the ischial tuberosities. The anal triangle contains the anal canal and two ischiorectal (ischioanal) fossae that lie on either side of the anal canal. Boundaries of the anal triangle:


Many maintenance approaches have been developed and applied successfully in a variety of sectors such as aviation and nuclear industries over the years. Some of those have also been employed in the maritime industry such as condition-based maintenance; however, choosing the best maintenance approach has always been a big challenge due to the involvement of many attributes and alternatives which can also be associated with multiple experts and vague information. In order to accommodate these aspects, and as part of an overall novel Reliability and Criticality Based Maintenance strategy, an existing fuzzy multiple attributive group decision-making technique is employed in this study, which is further enhanced with the use of Analytical Hierarchy Process to obtain a better weighting of the maintenance attributes used. The fuzzy multiple attributive group decision-making technique has three distinctive stages, namely rating, aggregation and selection in which multiple experts' subjective judgments are processed and aggregated to be able to arrive at a ranking for a finite number of maintenance options. To demonstrate the applicability in a real-life industrial context, the technique is exemplified by selecting the best maintenance approach for shipboard equipment such as the diesel generator system of a vessel. The results denote that preventive maintenance is the best approach closely followed by predictive maintenance, thus steering away from the ship corrective maintenance framework and increasing overall ship system reliability and availability.


The Second Amendment, by far the most controversial amendment to the US Constitution, will soon celebrate its 225th anniversary. Yet, despite the amount of ink spilled over this controversy, the debate continues on into the 21st century. Initially written with a view towards protecting the nascent nation from more powerful enemies and preventing the tyranny experienced during the final years of British rule, the Second Amendment has since become central to discussions about the balance between security and freedom. It features in election contests and informs cultural discussions about race and gender.

This book seeks to broaden the discussion. It situates discussion about gun controls within contemporary debates about citizenship, culture, philosophy and foreign policy as well as in the more familiar terrain of politics and history. It features experts on the Constitution as well as chapters discussing the symbolic importance of Annie Oakley, the role of firearms in race, and filmic representations of armed Hispanic girl gangs. It asks about the morality of gun controls and of not imposing them.

The collection presents a balanced view between those who favour more gun controls and those who would prefer fewer of them. It is infused with the belief that through honest and open debate the often bitter cultural divide on the Second Amendment can be overcome and real progress made. It contains a diverse range of perspectives including, uniquely, a European perspective on this most American of issues.


Between the fall of 2009 and the summer of 2010, Synagogue 3000's Next Dor initiative inaugurated four experiments in engaging congregationally unaffiliated adults Jews in their 20s and 30s. They were set in widely scattered locations across the United States (Washington, DC; St. Louis; Marin County, CA; and Miami Beach). All four adhered to the Next Dor philosophy of providing relational engagement rather than just a series of unrelated programs; but they differed significantly from one another. This report briefly follows each one's trajectory. It analyzes the demographic characteristics of each site's appeal, demonstrates significant Jewish growth in all four instances, and urges an expansion of the relational approach as a successful means of long-term engagement.


Pattern databases are dictionaries for heuristic estimates based on state-to-goal distances in state space abstractions. Their effectiveness is sensitive to the selection of the underlying patterns. Especially for multiple and additive pattern databases, a manual selection of pattern sets that lead to good exploration results is involved. For automating the selection process, greedy bin-packing strategies have been suggested. This paper proposes genetic algorithms to optimize their output. Patterns are encoded as Boolean matrices and optimized using an objective function based on predicting the heuristic search tree size, given the distribution of heuristic values in the abstract state spaces. To reduce the memory requirements of the databases we apply a construction process based on BDDs. Experiments in heuristic search planning show that the search efforts are significantly reduced.


OBJECTIVE. In this study we identified child and family-level characteristics that were associated with medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using nationally representative survey data. METHODS. National Survey of Children's Health data from 79264 youth 4 to 17 years of age were used. Data were weighted to adjust for the complex survey design of the National Survey of Children's Health. Gender-specific logistic regression models were generated to identify child and family-level characteristics that were collectively associated with current medication status among youth with a reported diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RESULTS. Nationally, 7.8% of youth aged 4 to 17 years had a reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, and 4.3% had both a disorder diagnosis and were currently taking medication for the disorder. Current medication treatment among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was associated with white race, younger age, English spoken in the home, health care coverage, a health care contact within the last year, and reported psychological difficulties. Gender-specific logistic regression models revealed that, together, younger age, higher income, health care coverage, having psychological difficulties, and a health care contact in the past year were associated with medication use among boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Among girls with the disorder, younger age, psychological difficulties, fair-to-poor paternal mental health status, and a health care contact within the last year were collectively associated with current medication use. CONCLUSIONS. Regardless of gender, younger age, the presence of psychological difficulties, and a recent health care contact were significantly associated with medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, additional health care access and income variables among boys and paternal mental health status among girls represented gender-specific factors that were also associated with medication treatment for the disorder. Future studies should characterize how and when the burden associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder leads to treatment, support, or services for this prevalent and impairing neurobehavioral disorder.


This paper reports the results of a pre-post outcomes study on the impact of tilt-in-space power wheelchairs on the health, activity, and participation of 5 subjects. Using a methodology which combines traditional self-reports and activity monitoring technology, subjects who had previously used an upright power wheelchair were monitored at baseline and 3 months following receipt of a new tilt-in-space power wheelchair. Subjects visited similar numbers of destinations pre and post. However, wheelchair use metrics including occupancy time, distance wheeled, and number of bouts varied pre and post, without a consistent direction of change. Quality of life measured as self-perceived health status increased in all subjects. Although subject population is too small to generalize results, this study illustrates the complexity of participation measurement and the utility of this methodology to provide insights into the relationship between wheelchair use and activity and participation.


Atlantis, the Lost City, has been a focal point of folklore, archeological inquiry, literary criticism, and mystic interpretation. It has boggled the brilliant, confused scientists, and sparked the interest of children. "Skeptics, archaeologists, geologists, and anthropologists may rant and rave, but the myth of Atlantis endures. In every generation, someone emerges to champion the cause and to embroider the story." But the significance of Atlantean prose as an avenue through which to best understand critical legal thought has not been explored in depth. To be sure, there have been numerous books, articles, and opinions analyzing Atlantis, but little attention has been given to the legal significance of this type of storytelling. What does it mean to engage myth? How can legal scholars and practitioners learn from and use lessons of antiquity? Where does modern narrative theory fit into traditional legal discourse? I ask the reader to dive into the depths with me and consider what Atlantis can teach us about democracy, critical legal studies, and the rule of law.


In theory, certain forms of remote warfare are ideal for compliance with the principle of distinction. Technologically advanced weaponry, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (also known as UAVs, or drones), are able to conduct precision attacks, eliminating targets with a degree of exactness and surety unmatched by previous technologies such as missiles or bombs. In the realm of cyber-hostilities, precisely engineered software or computer code can target and disable very specific objectives, ensuring that only specific objectives are affected by the attack, leaving other systems untouched. Equally, however, the remoteness of such warfare can make distinction assessments and distinction-compliant targeting a harder task. This chapter therefore examines certain questions that arise regarding the principle of distinction and remote warfare. What impact does the remoteness of these means and methods of warfare have on the principle of distinction? Does the fundamental 'remoteness' of these kinds of attacks – drone attacks and cyber-attacks – mean that compliance with the principle of distinction is made easier or harder? That is to say, does the physical removal of the attacker from the immediate or proximate vicinity of the target make respecting the principle of distinction more or less achievable? And if compliance with the principle of distinction is facilitated by these remote means and methods of war, how much of that is due to the 'remoteness' of the weapons? Is the remoteness of the drone pilot or the cyber-attacker fundamentally linked to distinction-compliant warfare?


This qualitative case study reports on the experiences of six recent-arrival immigrant and refugee girls as they participated in an afterschool program designed to promote critical multicultural citizenship through graphic novels. Analysis of discourse data revealed how the girls explored the interdependence among nation-states and wrestled with the complexities in their new home country. The study's findings challenge deficit perspectives that immigrant youth, who are learning English, are not ready to engage in deliberative discourse around social and global issues. The findings offer a different way of thinking about citizenship education for recent-arrival immigrant youth.


This paper introduces Yarra, a conservative extension to C to protect applications from non-control data attacks. Yarra programmers specify their data integrity requirements by declaring critical data types and ascribing these critical types to important data structures. Yarra guarantees that such critical data is only written through pointers with the given static type. Any attempt to write to critical data through a pointer with an invalid type (perhaps because of a buffer overrun) is detected dynamically. We formalize Yarra's semantics and prove the soundness of a program logic designed for use with the language. A key contribution is to show that Yarra's semantics are strong enough to support sound local reasoning and the use of a frame rule, even across calls to unknown, unverified code. We evaluate a prototype implementation of a compiler and runtime system for Yarra by using it to harden four common server applications against known non-control data vulnerabilities. We show that Yarra defends against these attacks with only a negligible impact on their end-to-end performance.


Outpatient Treatment of Post Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Adhesions: How we do it?
Objective: The formation of intra-nasal adhesions following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a well-known cause of surgical failure. Many publications discuss the roles of various intra-operative nasal packing or haemostatic agents with regard to post-operative haemostasis and wound healing but not after the adhesions have formed. We describe our technique using Gelfoam in outpatient based adhesiolysis post-operatively.
Methods: A retrospective study on all patients operated by the senior author who had ESS for chronic sinusitis or nasal polyposis between Jan 2011 and Dec 2011 revealed 16 nasal cavities who developed post-operative intra-nasal adhesions. Adhesiolysis was performed with a sickle knife under local anaesthesia in the outpatient department. Gelfoam was placed over the raw edges as a spacer to avoid reformation of adhesions. Repeated adhesiolysis and replacement of the Gelfoam was carried out on a weekly basis until the edges healed.
Results: A combination of different adhesion types were observed and treated - 12 middle to inferior turbinate/lateral wall adhesions, 6 middle turbinate to septal adhesions and 5 inferior turbinate to septal adhesions. 7 nasal passages had multiple adhesion formation needing more judicious management.


Effective performance measurement drives performance and supports the development of construction. Only minimal literature measuring construction performance, efficiency and effectiveness simultaneously can be identified. A global relational two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is here proposed in order to produce effective and informative performance results. A relational two-stage DEA method systematically measures overall efficiency for a whole construction system and also yields scores for the individual stages of construction. The DEA results can be directly compared through global benchmark technology. The Australian construction industry is employed in order to implement the new method, in which profitability performance as a vital indicator of business survival, and its two dimensions of efficiency and effectiveness, are measured. The construction profitability performance and efficiency measures obtained provide evidence of underperformance and a slight imbalance in Australia between 1991 and 2012, while the measures obtained for the effectiveness factor indicate better achievement. The approach here developed promotes progress in modelling two-stage performance measurement and it can be replicated worldwide by construction projects, organizations or industries in order to quantify their performance, identify internal inefficiency components and recognize competitive advantages for promoting sustainable development.


This paper examines trade across the Mediterranean against the background of the efforts to foster both North-South and intra-South trade flows as engines of growth. We first consider the shares of these regions (and of the countries constituting them) in the trade of each other as indicators of trade importance; and relative trade intensity indices – the ratio of these shares to the corresponding ones in the trade of the rest of the world – as measures of trade affinity and as means of identifying 'natural' trade partners. Because of the sheer size disparity, trade with the North-Med is more important to the South-Med than the other way round. But both regions display trade affinities with each other, making them natural trading partners, though there are wide disparities between individual countries within each region. Insofar as being natural trading partners forms a criterion for economic integration, there are promising prospects for some form of integration between the countries on the North and the South littorals of the Mediterranean. Contrary to the popular view of Arab South-Med trade being dominated by cultural, religious and linguistic commonalities, our findings show that geography still matters: the Arab South-Med affinity with the group of EU countries not lying on the Mediterranean littoral is much lower than with those that do. Arab commonality also seems to be more important in the trade of the Levant than in that of the Maghreb, whose trade affinities with its former colonial powers suggest the colonial heritage there to be still of importance. More generally, the differences observed here between the Maghreb and the Arab Levant have relevance to the EU's Barcelona Process policy, which encourages the formation of a South Mediterranean Free Trade Area. The findings of our study suggest that though the Arab Levant constitutes indeed a natural trading area, this is not as true for the region as a whole.


Disability organisations have not been engaged in the debate about the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in Sweden. We wanted to know representatives' attitudes about the ICF. The aim of the study was to elucidate the arguments for and against the ICF among representatives of disability organisations. The study consisted of eighteen representatives (from six disability organisations) that answered electronic questionnaires. The questionnaires involved ten open questions about the arguments for and against the ICF. The answers of the questionnaires have been categorized according to qualitative content analysis. Our results indicated four themes: awareness, arguments for and against, influence and the future. More than half of the representatives had very limited awareness of the ICF. There was an explicit criticism of individual classification but more positive comments about classification on an aggregated level. The most important issue for representatives was influencing social policy in society, not learning and spreading information about the ICF.


1. Parallels in the evolution of x-ray angiographic systems and devices used for minimally invasive endovascular therapy Charles Strother - DSA, invented by Dr. Charles Mistretta at UW-Madison, was the technology which enabled the development of minimally invasive endovascular procedures. As DSA became widely available and the potential benefits for accessing the cerebral vasculature from an endovascular approach began to be apparent, industry began efforts to develop tools for use in these procedures. Along with development of catheters, embolic materials, pushable coils and the GDC coils there was simultaneous development and improvement of 2D DSA image quality and the introduction of 3D DSA. Together, these advances resulted in an enormous expansion in the scope and numbers of minimally invasive endovascular procedures. The introduction of flat detectors for c-arm angiographic systems in 2002 provided the possibility of the angiographic suite becoming not just a location for vascular imaging where physiological assessments might also be performed. Over the last decade algorithmic and hardware advances have been sufficient to now realize this potential in clinical practice. The selection of patients for endovascular treatments is enhanced by this dual capability. Along with these advances has been a steady reduction in the radiation exposure required so that today, vascular and soft tissue images may be obtained with equal or in many cases less radiation exposure than is the case for comparable images obtained with multi-detector CT.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the full capabilities of today's angiographic suite 2. To understand how c-arm cone beam CT soft tissue imaging can be used for assessments of devices, blood flow and perfusion. 3. Advances in real-time x-ray neuro-endovascular image guidance Stephen Rudin - Reacting to the demands on real-time image guidance for ever finer neurovascular interventions, great improvements in imaging chains are being pursued. For the highest spatial and temporal resolution, x-ray guidance with fluoroscopy and angiography although dominant are still being vastly improved. New detectors such as the Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) and x-ray source designs that enable higher outputs while maintaining small focal spots will be highlighted along with new methods for minimizing the radiation dose to patients. Additionally, new platforms for training and device testing that include patient-specific 3D printed vascular phantoms and new metrics such as generalized relative object detectability for objectively inter-comparing systems will be discussed. This will improve the opportunity for better evaluation of these technological advances which should contribute to the safety and efficacy of image guided minimally invasive neuro-endovascular procedures.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the operation of new x-ray imaging chain components such as detectors and sources 2. To be informed about the latest testing methods, with 3D printed vascular phantoms, and new evaluation metrics for advanced imaging in x-ray image guided neurovascular interventions 3. Advances in cone beam CT anatomical and functional imaging in angio-suite to enable one-stop-shop stroke imaging workflow Guang-Hong Chen - The introduction of flat-panel detector based cone-beam CT in clinical angiographic imaging systems enabled treating physicians to obtain three-dimensional anatomic roadmaps for bony structure, soft brain tissue, and vasculatures for treatment planning and efficacy checking after the procedures. However, much improvement is needed to reduce image artifacts, reduce radiation dose, and add potential functional imaging capability to provide four-dimensional dynamic information of vasculature and brain perfusion. In this presentation, some of the new techniques developed to address radiation dose issues, image artifact reduction and brain perfusion using C-arm cone-beam CT imaging system will be introduced for the audience.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the clinical need of one-stop-shop stroke imaging workflow 2. To understand to technical challenges in cone beam CT perfusion 3. To understand the potential technical solutions to enable one-stop-shop imaging workflow 4. Recent advances in devices used in neuro--interventions Mattew Gounis - Over the past two decades, there has been explosive development of medical devices that have revolutionized the endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. There is now Level 1, Class A evidence that intra-arterial, mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke is superior to medical management; and similarly that minimally invasive, endovascular repair of ruptured brain aneurysms is superior to surgical treatment. Stent-retrievers are now standard of care for emergent large vessel occlusions causing a stroke, with a number of patients need to treat for good clinical outcomes as low as 4. Recent technologies such as flow diverters and disrupters, intracranial self-expanding stents, flexible large bore catheters that can reach vessels beyond the circle of Willis, stent-retrievers, and super-compliant balloons are the result of successful miniaturization of design features and novel manufacturing technologies capable of building these devices. This is a rapidly evolving field, and the device technology enabling such advancements will be reviewed. Importantly, image-guidance technology has not kept pace in neurointervention and the ability to adequately characterize these devices in vivo remains a significant opportunity.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. A survey of devices used in neurointerventions, their materials and essential design characteristics Funding support received from NIH and DOD; Funding support received from GE Healthcare; Funding support received from Siemens AX; Patent royalties received from GE Healthcare; G. Chen, Funding received from NIH; funding received from DOD; funding received from GE Healthcare; funding received from Siemens AX.; M. Gounis, consultant for Codman Neurovascular and Stryker Neurovascular; Holds stock in InNeuroCo Inc, research grants: NIH, Medtronic Neurovascular, Microvention/Terumo, Cerevasc LLC, Gentuity, Codman Neurovascular, Philips Healthcare, Stryker Neurovascular, Tay Sachs Foundation, and InNeuroCo Inc.; S. Rudin, Supported in part by NIH Grant R01EB002873 and the Toshiba Medical System Corp.


Objectives Estimate and compare the risk of mortality in patients whose antidiabetic therapy is modified to include pioglitazone compared with an alternative antidiabetic medication at the same stage of disease progression. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Pooled analysis of clinical data collected from primary and/or secondary care settings in four European countries: Finland, The Netherlands, Sweden and the UK . Participants 56 337 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus first prescribed pioglitazone between 2000 and 2011, and 56 337 patients never prescribed pioglitazone matched by treatment stage, history of diabetes, diabetes complications and cardiovascular disease, and year of cohort entry using exact and propensity score matching. Patients were followed-up for a mean of 2.90 (SD 2.21) and 2.83 (SD 2.37) years in the pioglitazone-exposed and non-pioglitazone-exposed groups, respectively. Outcomes All-cause mortality ascertained from clinical or registry data. Mortality was a planned secondary outcome in a study primarily studying the association of pioglitazone use with bladder cancer risk. Results The crude overall mortality rate per 10 000 patient years was 206 (95% CI 199 to 213) in the pioglitazone-exposed group and 448 (95% CI 438 to 458) in the non-pioglitazone-exposed group. The crude HR comparing pioglitazone to alternative antidiabetic exposure was 0.46 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.48). This reduced in magnitude to 0.67 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.70) following further adjustment for matching variables, propensity scores, age, gender and time-dependent variables representing use of alternative antidiabetic drugs. Conclusions In this large observational cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone exposure was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality across four European countries. Results should be interpreted with caution due to the potential for residual confounding. Protocol registration European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance.


In this work, we exploit the integration of an advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry technique and the application of the finite-element method for the assessment and the interpretation of a localized subsidence phenomenon that took place within a specific area of Lisbon, Portugal. SAR images over the Lisbon city, covering different time intervals in the period of 1995-2010, were acquired and processed by means of the persistent scatterers (PSs) technique. Results clearly reveals a localized subsidence, limited to an area 2 km × 1.5 km wide, which has been confirmed by the leveling performed in 1976, 1996, and 2010. A physical interpretation of the observed ground deformations is provided based on the results of a finite-element model using stratigraphic data, in situ piezometric measurements, and geotechnical properties of the involved soils. The ground subsidence is interpreted as the consequence of a consolidation process affecting the central fine-grained soil layer, which in turn has been driven by water withdrawal from the existing aquifers. The change of the hydraulic boundary conditions was generated by the excavation works for the construction of underground lines and also by the reduction of rainfall water infiltration as an effect of the increase in ground surface impermeable areas due to urbanization. The consequent consolidation process of the compressible fine-grained soil layer is supposed to provide a reasonable explanation of the observed time series of ground displacement in the examined area.


Background: Good oral health is a key for ensuring overall well-being. Dental caries and periodontitis may also be linked to different systemic diseases. Good oral health practices are the clue for preventing the diseases of the oral cavity. Objectives: To assess the oral health knowledge and oral health practice of the people in a rural community. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state. Sample population has been selected based on systematic random sampling. Study has included 798 participants above 3 years of age. Statistical Analysis Used: Percentage. Results: Study results have shown poorest oral health status amongst population below 19 years of age. Constant pain in teeth/ gums was also reported maximum in this age group. Habit of having sticky food was reported maximum in 3-10 years age group with poorest practice of brushing teeth (daily brushing was reported by only 67% population and twice a day was reported by only 2.4%.). Discussion: Study results have shown that perception of having good oral health is high in this population but oral health practices are not satisfactory. Conclusion: Study finding recommends that oral health awareness needs to be increased in the area especially focusing young children. Awareness programs should be supplemented with primary care services for better oral health and hygiene.


What does it mean to look like a lesbian? Though it remains impossible to conjure a definitive image that captures the breadth of this highly nuanced term, today at least we are able to consider an array of visual representations that have been put into circulation by lesbians themselves over the last six or seven decades. In the early twentieth century, though, no notion of lesbianism as a coherent social or cultural identity yet existed. In Women Together/Women Apart, Tirza True Latimer explores the revolutionary period between World War I and World War II when lesbian artists working in Paris began to shape the first visual models that gave lesbians a collective sense of identity and allowed them to recognize each other. Flocking to Paris from around the world, artists and performers such as Romaine Brooks, Claude Cahun, Marcel Moore, and Suzy Solidor used portraiture to theorize and visualize a "new breed" of feminine subject. The book focuses on problems of feminine and lesbian self-representation at a time and place where the rights of women to political, professional, economic, domestic, and sexual autonomy had yet to be acknowledged by the law. Under such circumstances, same-sex solidarity and relative independence from men held important political implications. Combining gender theory with visual, cultural, and historical analysis, Latimer draws a vivid picture of the impact of sexual politics on the cultural life of Paris during this key period. The book also illuminates the far-reaching consequences of lesbian portraiture on contemporary constructions of lesbian identity.


Abstract. Many studies examining shortwave-absorbing aerosol-cloud interactions over the southeast Atlantic apply a seasonal averaging. This disregards a meteorology that raises the mean altitude of the smoke layer from July to October. This study details the month-by-month changes in cloud properties and the large-scale environment as a function of the biomass-burning aerosol loading at Ascension Island from July to October, based on measurements from Ascension Island (8º S, 14.5º W), satellite retrievals and reanalysis. In July and August, variability in the smoke loading predominantly occurs in the boundary layer. During both months, the low-cloud fraction is less and is increasingly cumuliform when more smoke is present, with the exception of a late morning boundary layer deepening that encourages a short-lived cloud development. The meteorology varies little, suggesting aerosol-cloud interactions consistent with a boundary-layer semi-direct effect can explain the cloudiness changes. September marks a transition month during which mid-latitude disturbances can intrude into the Atlantic subtropics, constraining the land-based anticyclonic circulation transporting free-tropospheric aerosol to closer to the coast. Stronger boundary layer winds help deepen, dry, and cool the boundary layer near the main stratocumulus deck compared to that on days with high smoke loadings, with stratocumulus reducing everywhere but at the northern deck edge. Longwave cooling rates generated by a sharp water vapor gradient at the aerosol layer top facilitates small-scale vertical mixing, and could help to maintain a better-mixed September free troposphere. The October meteorology is more singularly dependent on the strength of the free-tropospheric winds advecting aerosol offshore. Free-tropospheric aerosol is less, and moisture variability more, compared to September. Low-level clouds increase and are more stratiform, when the smoke loadings are higher. The increased free-tropospheric moisture can help sustain the clouds through reducing evaporative drying during cloud-top entrainment. Enhanced subsidence above the coastal upwelling region increasing cloud droplet number concentrations may further prolong cloud lifetime through microphysical interactions. Reduced subsidence underneath stronger free-tropospheric winds at Ascension supports slightly higher cloud tops during smokier conditions. Overall the monthly changes in the large-scale aerosol and moisture vertical structure act to amplify the seasonal cycle in low-cloud amount and morphology, raising a climate importance as cloudiness changes dominate changes in the top-of-atmosphere radiation budget.


. Indigenous and rural communities have developed strategies aimed at supporting their livelihoods and protecting biodiversity. Motivational factors underlying these local conservation strategies, however, are still a largely neglected topic. We aimed to enrich the conceptualization of community-based conservation by exploring trigger events and motivations that induce local people to be engaged in practical institutional arrangements for successful natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. By examining the history and development of three community conservation initiatives in Brazil, Mexico, and Bolivia, we have illustrated and discussed two main ways of understanding community-based conservation from the interaction between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. First, incentive-based conservation policies can stimulate people's economic interests and mobilize individual and collective behavior toward the formalization of conservation-oriented actions. Second, environmental justice concerns, such as international and national movements for the recognition of indigenous peoples' rights, can support local people's sense of autonomy and result in increased control over their territory and resources, as well as a renewed conservation commitment. The results are useful from a policy perspective because they provide insight into the governance of conservation development by bridging the gap between communities' culturally based motivations for conservation, which are still embedded in customary institutions, and broader political and socioeconomic contexts.


The travel times among demand points are strongly influenced by traffic in a supply chain. Due to this fact, the service times for customers are variable. For this reason, service time is often changes over a time interval in a real environment. In this paper, a time-dependent periodic green vehicle routing problem (VRP) considering the time windows for serving the customers and multiple trip is developed with this assumption that urban traffic would disrupt timely services. The objective function of proposed problem is to minimize the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced by the vehicle, earliness and lateness penalties costs and costs of used vehicles. At first, a novel linear integer mathematical model is formulated and then the model is validated via solving some test problems by CPLEX solver. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is carried out to study the role of two critical parameters in the optimal solution.


SUMMARY It is suggested that vertical migration is an inescapable consequence of the use of light by planktonic forms as a means of attaining a level within the euphotic zone; no other sense organ appears capable of producing this result. The mechanism of light response in Daphnia fulfils the necessary requirements for vertical migration, and field observations on other species suggest the presence of similar if not identical physiological features in them. These features are a positive photokinesis which is combined with negative geotaxis at low light intensities; at a critical higher value of light intensity a typical dorsal light reflex cuts off the vertical rise. The dorsal light reflex is probably a response to illumination of the eye within the critical cone of submarine illumination, and is therefore not related to the direction of a particular light source such as the sun.


Ferric oxide-loaded hybrid sorbents are environmentally benign and exhibit sorption behaviors for chromium removal from waters. In the current study, glycidyl methacrylate-based polymer (GMD) and nanosized ferric oxide loaded glycidyl methacrylate-based polymer (GMDFe) were prepared and assayed to examine the effect of ferric oxide loading on chromium sorption from aqueous solution for the first time from the equilibrium and kinetic points of view. The experimental equilibrium data, suitably fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, have shown that ferric oxide loaded hybrid sorbent exhibits higher adsorption capacity than glycidyl methacrylate-based polymer (GMD). The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be the most suitable one for the Cr(VI) adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities of GMD and GMDFe sorbents were determined at pH 4 as 109.54 and 157.52 mg/g, respectively. A series of column experiments was carried out to determine the breakthrough curves. The column was regenerated by eluting Cr(VI) using NaOH (10% w/v) solution after adsorption studies.


Aziz and Stursberg propose an "Egalitarian Simultaneous Reservation" rule (ESR), a generalization of Serial rule, one of the most discussed mechanisms in the random assignment problem, to the more general random social choice domain. This article provides an alternative definition, or characterization, of ESR as the unique most ordinally egalitarian one. Specifically, given a lottery p over alternatives, for each agent i the author considers the total probability share in p of objects from her first k indifference classes. ESR is shown to be the unique one which leximin maximizes the vector of all such shares (calculated for all i, k). Serial rule is known to be characterized by the same property. Thus, the author provides an alternative way to show that ESR, indeed, coincides with Serial rule on the assignment domain. Moreover, since both rules are defined as the unique most ordinally egalitarian ones, the result shows that ESR is "the right way" to think about generalizing Serial rule.


Time is a precious commodity, especially if you're a system administrator. No other job pulls people in so many directions at once. Users interrupt you constantly with requests, preventing you from getting anything done. Your managers want you to get long-term projects done but flood you with requests for quick-fixes that prevent you from ever getting to those long-term projects. But the pressure is on you to produce and it only increases with time. What do you do? The answer is time management. And not just any time management theory--you want Time Management for System Administrators, to be exact. With keen insights into the challenges you face as a sys admin, bestselling author Thomas Limoncelli has put together a collection of tips and techniques that will help you cultivate the time management skills you need to flourish as a system administrator.Time Management for System Administrators understands that an Sys Admin often has competing goals: the concurrent responsibilities of working on large projects and taking care of a user's needs. That's why it focuses on strategies that help you work through daily tasks, yet still allow you to handle critical situations that inevitably arise.Among other skills, you'll learn how to:Manage interruptionsEliminate timewastersKeep an effective calendarDevelop routines for things that occur regularlyUse your brain only for what you're currently working onPrioritize based on customer expectationsDocument and automate processes for faster executionWhat's more, the book doesn't confine itself to just the work environment, either. It also offers tips on how to apply these time management tools to your social life. It's the first step to a more productive, happier you.


This study examined the development patterns in Lancaster and Seward Counties and their interaction with local agriculture. The Lincoln-Lancaster Planning Department approved a development plan through the year 2040, referred to as LPlan 2040. Data from the USDA Census and the Lincoln-Lancaster Planning Department was collected in Excel and used for multivariable regressions. Historical trends in development and factors of development were analyzed, and then compared to LPlan 2040. The factors of development include the value of farmland, the number of farms, and the population of Lincoln. The focus of the agricultural analysis was the change in farm size due to the connection between farm size and local food markets and environmental conditions. Factors of change in farm size that were examined include the value of farmland, the price of corn, and the cumulative area of Lincoln. Additionally, these trends in farm size were examined over time and projected to estimate the characteristics of agricultural production in 2040. The Lincoln-Lancaster Planning Department stated that the goal of LPlan 2040 was to reduce urban sprawl (2011). This is important because urban sprawl not only reduces natural spaces and agricultural land, but can generate hazardous environmental consequences. This study found that the planning department was successful at keeping the size of Lincoln in 2040 under the projected cumulative area based on the historical annual rate of development. Also, the size of farms in Lancaster and Seward Counties appears to be strongly bimodal by 2040. Moderately sized farms are projected to reach zero, while the majority of farms will be either under 140 acres or over 1,000 acres in 2040. This could have significant impacts for local food markets as well as environmental conditions in these counties.


This paper explains a full design and implementation process of a feasible solar car as an effective alternative to the gasoline powered car. A solar car is independent of fossil fuels, and would entirely eliminate emissions. Comparing to the previous manufactured solar cars which were characterized by expensive, one seat driver and unfeasible, the presented solution in this study develops a commercially feasible version of a solar car. The structure's mass and passengers' mass are considered to calculate the required electrical power for the car to be able to reach the target speed at 100 km/h. A three photovoltaic panels of 320 W are parallel connected as a photovoltaic array to charge a lithium ion battery bank of 48 V and 200 Ah during the day hours. The testing of the implemented car guarantees the successful and flexible design and promises an effective commercial prototype of solar car. The presented work is done in the American University of Ras Al Khaimah.


On 26 September 2011 the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) passed resolution A/HRC/ RES/18/7, creating a new special-procedures mandate for a Special Rapporteur (SR) on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantees of Non-recurrence. The announcement was welcomed by human-rights and peacebuilding organisations around the world as an important development in establishing increased accountability for human-rights violations and atrocities committed during violent conflict. The mandate came almost 14 years after former SR, Louis Joinet, a UNappointed expert on the human-rights situation in Haiti, submitted a report outlining a fundamental set of principles to combat impunity in 1997. These have since become known as the Joinet Principles. In 2007, the Chicago Principles on Post-Conflict Justice provided seven widely accepted guidelines on addressing post-conflict justice. P olic y Brief


We aimed to estimate the individual and joint impact of age, marital status and diagnosis with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV acquisition among young women at a population level in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A total of 3,978 HIV seronegative women were recruited for four biomedical intervention trials from 2002–2009. Point and interval estimates of partial population attributable risk (PAR) were used to quantify the proportion of HIV seroconversions which can be prevented if a combination of risk factors is eliminated from a target population. More than 70% of the observed HIV acquisitions were collectively attributed to the three risk factors: younger age (<25 years old), unmarried and not cohabiting with a stable/regular partner and diagnosis with STIs. Addressing these risks requires targeted structural, behavioural, biomedical and cultural interventions in order to impact on unacceptably high HIV incidence rates among young women and the population as a whole.


}The Fleischer brothers, Max and Dave, were animation pioneers. Creators of Betty Boop, Koko the Clown, and the Bouncing Ball, they also brought Popeye the Sailor Man to the screen and produced the first feature-length animated cartoonon the theory of relativity! Max invented the Rotoscope and for a while the brothers kept pace with Disney in performance and profit. But after 1942 the studio closed and their films vanished. What happened and how they developed are examined for the first time in this workfor many years out of print and a collector's item. It is here, updated and enlarged with hundreds of sketches and storyboard layouts where these classic cartoons can once again receive the attention and adulation they deserve. }


One‐dimensional vertical heat transfer and mixing models, such as the Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model (DYRESM), have seldom been applied to lakes in the boreal region even though this region houses the majority of global freshwater lakes. In order to employ DYRESM to predict the thermal structure of a boreal lake located near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, we overcame two methodological challenges. First, we developed models to predict the vertical light extinction coefficient (Kd) from dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and hydraulic retention time. We also developed models to predict stream temperatures from local meteorology, and to predict the discharge of lake inflows and the lake outflow from runoff per unit area at gauged streams nearby. We then re‐calibrated several DYRESM parameters which had been tested previously primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, and explored the sensitivity of the re‐calibrated model to all of the remaining uncalibrated inputs implicated in heating and mixing processes. The mean difference between values predicted with the re‐calibrated model and field measurements (± 1 standard deviation), 1.09 m (± 0.89 m) for thermocline depth and 1.98°C (± 1.58°C) for bottom water temperature, was relatively small compared with other North American studies, and likely due to the model rather than our parameterization. Our calibration of DYRESM for Clearwater Lake, and supplementary models, provide a demonstration for and guidance to those wishing to simulate changes in thermal regimes of boreal lakes in response to climate change or other broad‐scale environmental stressors of importance both to local fisheries and freshwater resource management.


The 16th century French author and physician Rabelais was obsessed with vaginas. In one of his stories an old lady drives the devil away by showing him her vagina.1 Today the devil might recommend she go to the nearest aesthetic surgeon for vaginal rejuvenation. A touch off the labia (labioplasty), a bit of tightening here (vaginoplasty), and voila: a designer vagina.

The number of cosmetic genital operations is seemingly on the rise.2 3 4 The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, in its section on genital surgery, notes: "With a growing acceptance of surgery designed to alter appearance, and the increasing availability of explicit images of naked women, a number of women are requesting surgery to alter their intimate appearance, feeling that they compare unfavourably."5

Here is my paternalistic view: medical professionals, whether working in the private or public sector, should not succumb to these requests. Although it would be hard to argue that anyone seeking aesthetic genital surgery is unable to make an informed decision, it is plausible to argue that patients' autonomy is often …


Fibrous dysplasia is a benign skeletal developmental anomaly where normal bone is replaced by fibrous tissue. There is a defect in osteoblastic differentiation and maturation of normal bone, which results in formation of structurally weak bone. Disease can affect one bone (monostotic) or multiple bones (polyostotic). Fibrous dysplasia usually involves femur, tibia, pelvis, ribs and skull. It rarely occurs in bones of hands and feet. We report a case of fibrous dysplasia of proximal phalanx of left middle finger in a 10 year old female.


i»?i»?Many have argued that the major source of the existing global macroeconomic imbalances are the twin deficits of the United States (US). However, there is still a debate about whether the global imbalances indeed pose a significant threat to the world economy. This matter is settled by arguing that the global imbalances acted as a "handmaiden†to the 2008 financial crisis. One way to reduce global imbalances is to reform the international monetary system and reduce the role of the US dollar as a reserve currency. Robert Triffin was one of those critical of this "exorbitant†privilege granted to the US, which makes it both a system maker and privilege taker. The Triffin Dilemma captures the fundamental instability that underlies the dollar reserve system. However, there are major obstacles to this proposal. Some analysts including Triffin cited the US security umbrella as the primary reason the US and its major allies would want to retain the role of the dollar in global trade and finance despite the underlying inequities in the system. This is related to the imbalance in global governance which is largely US-centric. The imbalance in global governance is also reflected in the dominance of the US financial system brought about by the "first-mover advantage†. Because of the inertia brought about by the imbalance in global governance, economic arguments to reform the international monetary system are likely to be trumped by political reality. The paper analyzes whether current efforts in East Asia in terms of financial and monetary cooperation and rebalancing of economic growth could significantly mitigate the adverse impacts of a global system that will still be dominated by the US dollar in the foreseeable future. It also explains why the People's Republic of China (PRC) is unlikely to make significant unilateral adjustments to reduce global macroeconomic imbalances.


* 5th Edition of best-selling After Effects book by renowned authors Trish and Chris Meyer covers the important updates in After Effects CS4 and CS5* Covers both essential and advanced techniques, from basic layer manipulation and animation through keying, motion tracking, and color management* Companion DVD is packed with project files, source materials, and nearly 200 pages of bonus chaptersTrish and Chris Meyer share over 17 years of hard-earned, real-world film and video production experience inside this critically acclaimed text. More than a step-by-step review of the features in AE, readers will learn how the program thinks so that they can realize their own visions more quickly and efficiently. This full-color book is packed with tips, gotchas, and sage advice that will help users thrive no matter what projects they might encounter.Creating Motion Graphics 5th Edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect the new features introduced in both After Effects CS4 and CS5. New chapters cover the revolutionary new Roto Brush feature, as well as mocha and mocha shape. The 3D section has been expanded to include working with 3D effects such as Digieffects FreeForm plus workflows including Adobe Repouss, Vanishing Point Exchange, and 3D model import using Adobe Photoshop Extended. The print version is also accompanied by a DVD that contains project files and source materials for all the techniques demonstrated in the book, as well as nearly 200 pages of bonus chapters on subjects such as expressions, scripting, and effects.Subjects include: Animation Techniques; Layer Management; Modes, Masks, and Mattes; Mastering 3D Space; Text Animation; Effects & Presets; Painting and Rotoscoping; Parenting, Nesting, and Collapsing; Color Management and Video Essentials; Motion Tracking and Keying; Working with Audio; Integrating with 3D Applications; Puppet Tools; Expressions; Exporting and Rendering; and much more. * 5th Edition of best-selling After Effects book by renowned authors Trish and Chris Meyer covers the important updates in After Effects CS4 and CS5* Covers both essential and advanced techniques, from basic layer manipulation and animation through keying, motion tracking, and color management* Companion DVD is packed with project files, source materials, and nearly 200 pages of bonus chapters


The reach for excellence is prevalent across society whether that be in sport, the arts, science or medicine. Importantly in all these fields of endeavour, standards for excellence have been set, many people strive for excellence, and – critically – excellence is recognised, rewarded and indeed lauded. Missing, however, is the recognition of excellence in teaching in addition to research as a mission of a medical school. To fill this omission leaders in medical education around the world have designed, developed and delivered the ASPIRE initiative under the auspices of AMEE (the leading international association for medical education) www.amee.org. This recognises in a medical school, excellence in assessment of students, student engagement in the curriculum and in the medical school and social responsibility and accountability as a mission of the medical school. We are pleased to announce that the University of Leeds, School of Medicine, UK has been recognised for outstanding performance in assessment of students with the ASPIRE-toExcellence award. Excellence in student engagement in the medical school and the curriculum was recognised with the ASPIRE award to the University of Southampton, UK. Excellence in the recently identified important area of social responsibility as a mission of the medical school was recognised with the award to the University of New Mexico, USA and Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. Schools will be presented with the ASPIRE trophy at the AMEE 2014 Conference in Milan, Italy on Tuesday 2nd September 2014, when about 3500 teachers and leaders in medical education from around the world will be present. Further information is available on the ASPIRE website www.aspire-to-excellence.org Ottawa 2014/CCME 2014 conference archives and abstract book


This report describes an evaluation of high friction surface (HFS) systems. The goal of this evaluation was to develop guidance for agencies when considering whether an HFS was an appropriate solution when addressing specific instances of low skid resistance and/or especially high friction demand. HFS systems are specially designed thin surface treatments that provide significant additional skid resistance of pavements and bridge decks without significantly affecting other qualities of the surface such as noise, ride quality, or durability. This report documents the location and climatic conditions where some of these systems are placed, recounts the experiences reported by the agencies that were responsible for their placement, and summarizes key HFS service-level indicators (friction and texture). The agency experiences include a sample benefit-cost analysis from an installation in Wisconsin that justified an HFS application through crash reductions that resulted following the measured increase in skid resistance. Analysis of the service-level indicators included development of the coefficients necessary to obtain the International Friction Index (IFI) values for each of the tested systems. Review of the IFI values suggested that more experiments with different types of wearing surfaces, to include HFS systems as well as more conventional surface treatments, are necessary in order to demonstrate the validity of the speed gradient and friction coefficients recommended by the ASTM standard for the IFI.


Mitochondria-encoded ND (NADH dehydrogenase) subunits, as components of the hydrophobic part of complex I, are essential for NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity. Mutations or lack of expression of these subunits have significant pathogenic consequences in humans. However, the way these events affect complex I assembly is poorly documented. To understand the effects of particular mutations in ND subunits on complex I assembly, we studied four human cell lines: ND4 non-expressing cells, ND5 non-expressing cells, and rho degrees cells that do not express any ND subunits, in comparison with normal complex I control cells. In control cells, all the seven analysed nuclear-encoded complex I subunits were found to be attached to the mitochondrial inner membrane, except for the 24 kDa subunit, which was nearly equally partitioned between the membranes and the matrix. Absence of a single ND subunit, or even all the seven ND subunits, caused no major changes in the nuclear-encoded complex I subunit content of mitochondria. However, in cells lacking ND4 or ND5, very low amounts of 24 kDa subunit were found associated with the membranes, whereas most of the other nuclear-encoded subunits remained attached. In contrast, membrane association of most of the nuclear subunits was significantly reduced in the absence of all seven ND proteins. Immunopurification detected several subcomplexes. One of these, containing the 23, 30 and 49 kDa subunits, also contained prohibitin. This is the first description of prohibitin interaction with complex I subunits and suggests that this protein might play a role in the assembly or degradation of mitochondrial complex I.


In 2006, the Iranian government-aligned newspaper Hamshahri sponsored The International Holocaust Cartoon Contest. The stated aim of the contest was to denounce "Western hypocrisy on freedom of speech," and to challenge "Western hegemony" in relation to Holocaust knowledge. This government-backed initiative was a clear attempt to export the Iranian regime's anti-Zionist agenda. Using qualitative thematic analysis and Social Representations Theory, this article provides an in-depth qualitative analysis of the cartoons submitted to the contest in order to identify emerging social representations of Jews and Israel. Three superordinate themes are outlined: (i) "Constructing the 'Evil Jew' and 'Brutal Israel' as a Universal Threat;" (ii) "Denying the Holocaust and Affirming Palestinian Suffering;" (iii) "Constructing International Subservience to 'Nazi-Zionist' Ideology." Although the organizers of the International Holocaust Cartoon Contest claimed that their aims were anti-Zionist, this article elucidates the overtly anti-Semitic character of the contest and its cartoons. It is argued that the cartoons exhibit a distorted, one-sided version of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and of Jewish history, and may therefore shape viewers' beliefs concerning Jews and Israel in fundamentally negative ways, with negative outcomes for intergroup relations and social harmony.


Macrophages (M/M) are identified as the second cellular target of HIV and a crucial virus reservoir. M/M are persistently infected cells and not susceptible to the HIV cytophatic effects typical of infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes. HIV replication in M/M is a crucial pathogenetic event during the whole course of the disease. Moreover, the dynamics of HIV-1 replication and cumulative virus production is quite different in M/M and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the presence or in the absence of antiviral drugs. Thus, for their unique cellular characteristics, the activity of anti-HIV compounds could be different in M/M than in CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Indeed, nucleoside analogues inhibitors of HIV-reverse transcriptase (NRTIs) show potent antiviral activity in macrophages, although the limited penetration of these compounds in sequestered body compartments and the scarce phosphorylation ability of macrophages, suggest that a phosphate group linked to NRTIs may confer a greater anti-HIV activity in such cells. The antiviral activity of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in macrophages is similar to that found in CD4-lymphocytes. Interestingly, protease inhibitors (PIs), acting at post-integrational stages of virus replication, are the only drugs able to interfere with virus production and release from macrophages with established and persistent HIV infection. For these reasons, a careful analysis of the distribution of antiviral drugs, and the assessment of their activity in cells of macrophage lineage, represent key factors in the development of therapeutic strategies aimed to the treatment of the HIV-infected patients.


Description of the Topic: In 1999 there was an AAEA preconference on "Agroindustrialization, Globalization, and International Development;" that started a ball rolling of integrating agribusiness and development work among agricultural economists. The emphasis in 1999 was on the "midstream" of food supply chains, specifically on the rapid rise of large-scale agri-processing firms in developing countries especially Latin America, parts of Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe, induced by the then relatively recent liberalization of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) and the recent surge in incomes and the start of urbanization. Attendant on that theme were developments in the economics of institutional change, an "upstream" theme of agri-processing links with contract farming, and the theme of the emergence of private quality and safety standards required of suppliers by large processors. Intensification, diversification, and commercialization of agriculture was surging on the heels of the relatively recent (1970s/1980s) Green Revolution, public sector induced change in food systems (such as wholesale market investments) had been important over the several decades before the 1999 preconference. As of 1999, however, very little to no work had been done by agricultural economics on a number of themes but a body of research pertaining to agrifood system transformation in developing countries would rise to prominence over the 15 years since the 1999 preconference leading to our preconference in 2014 for a stocktaking of changes over the past several decades. The themes below were not really "gaps" in the 1999 preconference – rather, they were not much treated then because much of the change noted in the themes below was only emerging in the mid to late 1990s and "took off" in the 2000s. This rush of new themes and real world changes drew much more attention to our general theme, inducing research on these themes and deepening and extension of the work on the prior themes. The new themes include: (1) downstream segment transformation, the "supermarket revolution" in Asia, Africa, Latin America; (2) further midstream segment transformation, with a "Quiet Revolution" along value chains in Asia and Africa of small and medium enterprise activity in processing, logistics, wholesale, cold storage, with concomitant rise of processed food and fresh produce consumption; (3) upstream segment transformation, both of inputs as products (such as the rise of Monsanto and Syngenta's activities in developing countries), and of inputs as services (such as the development of outsourcing services of combine harvesting teams in China); (4) cross-cutting themes linking transformation of agrifood markets with rapidly increasing urbanization, with nutritional challenges such as obesity, with institutional change in food quality, safety, and environmental sustainability, with rural nutrition, with labor and credit markets; (5) impacts of the transformation of agrifood systems cum globalization on the rural poor and on farm technology modernization; this theme has included work on "poverty traps" and on the issues of inclusion and exclusion of small farmers in transforming markets.


This very short comment examines the relationship between the Constitution and the presuppositions of the Constitution with respect to the right of self defense. As central as this right appears to be in the liberal tradition, its treatment in Hobbes' "Leviathan" shows why it is more problematic than we generally assume. Moreover, as well-established as it seems to be in our legal tradition, it seems not be included as such in the Constitution, and only partially or erratically protected by constitutional law.


This thesis explores the potential of the 'Cognition and Culture' approach to serve as a conceptual framework to facilitate an integrated study of the contents of social group stereotypes and the cognitive processes and structures underpinning stereotyping. More specifically, it explores the extent to which evolved cognitive predispositions may shape the contents of stereotypes, and facilitate the naturalization of status differences between groups. Experiments 1-3 utilized the Minimal Group Paradigm to investigate whether cognitive predispositions shape the contents of social group stereotypes. Experiment 1 provided evidence for a default stereotyping mode based on two dimensions found to capture social group stereotypes universally: competence and morality/warmth. Participants rated members of their own group as competent and moral/warm. Experiment 2 provided evidence for a default status stereotyping mode. Participants rated members of high status groups as competent and members of low status groups as incompetent. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of experiment 2 using an implicit measure of stereotyping. These are the first experiments to provide evidence for stereotyping in minimal groups. The final three experiments explored whether humans hold essentialist beliefs about social status as this mode of category representation may facilitate the purported ability of stereotypes to naturalise status differences between groups. In experiment 4 it was found that status differences trigger essentialist beliefs about social groups. Experiment 5 explored essentialist beliefs about group-based social status using two thought experiment paradigms. No evidence was found for essentialist beliefs about group-based social status. However, there was an indication from participants' qualitative responses that these paradigms were not optimal. A final follow-up experiment found evidence for essentialist beliefs about group-based social status using the soul exchange paradigm. Implications for the social psychology of stereotyping, the 'Cognition and Culture' approach and social policy are discussed.


In this paper we describe the effect computers can have on the creativity of people. We do so by classifying the people into four different groups primarily based on their age groups and their interaction type with the computer. This includes children, adults, business people and gamers in the virtual gaming worlds. The study was done using surveys to directly involve the above groups of people in the surveys in order to arrive at the results of the effects of computers on creativity. Author


The guide outlines the main evaluation challenges associated with ALMP's, and shows how to obtain rigorous impact estimates using two leading evaluation approaches. The most credible and straightforward evaluation method is a randomized design, in which a group of potential participants is randomly divided into a treatment and a control group. Random assignment ensures that the two groups would have had similar experiences in the post-program period in the absence of the program intervention. The observed post-program difference therefore yields a reliable estimate of the program impact. The second approach is a difference in differences design that compares the change in outcomes between the participant group and a selected comparison group from before to after the completion of the program. In general the outcomes of the comparison group may differ from the outcomes of the participant group, even in the absence of the program intervention. If the difference observed prior to the program would have persisted in the absence of the program, however, then the change in the outcome gap between the two groups yields a reliable estimate of the program impact. This guideline reviews the various steps in the design and implementation of ALMP's, and in subsequent analysis of the program data, that will ensure a rigorous and informative impact evaluation using either of these two techniques.


Abstract Although the United States has consistently experienced a recent declining growth in carbon dioxide emissions, the country is currently the largest emitter of CO2 after China and suffers a biocapacity reserve deficit. Against the backdrop of further identifying the determinants of carbon emissions in the United States, this study employed the dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to observing the tripartite impact of trade policy, migration index, and health care on carbon emission over the period 1990: Q1–2018: Q2. By incorporating renewable energy consumption and the real gross domestic product (GDP) to control for unobserved factors, the study found that migration and carbon emissions are positively related in the long and short run. The trade policy is only significant in the short run but with negative linkage with carbon emission. There is no significant evidence of short- or long-term health impact on carbon emission. Also, impacts of both renewable energy consumption and the real GDP are significant in terms of carbon emission. With the series of robustness and diagnostic tests employed, the study provides significant valid results. Additionally, a policy framework toward cutting back CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development is provided in the study.


This article explores the dominant explanations of the failure of forest management in Indonesia within the public discourse of the late New Order period. Drawing on a review of salient literature and relevant case studies the major part of the article discusses the underlying historical institutional and political causes of the failure of the state property regime. By taking a narrow view of the issues public discourse during the New Order (1966-98) avoided discussion of the structure of property relations and the power relations that supported them. However the forest fires of 1997-98 and the ensuing ecological crisis have revealed that the forest policy that allocated property rights over vast areas of the nations forests to well-connected conglomerates and politico-business families was inequitable and lacked legitimacy. While new legislative initiatives open up possibilities for co-management the reforms so far barely engage with the underlying structure of property rights. These issues will need to be more thoroughly addressed if Indonesia is to tackle the bitter legacy of the Suharto period. (authors)


: Underground cables are prone to a wide variety of faults due to underground conditions, wear and tear, rodents etc. Also detecting fault source is difficult and entire line is to be dug in order to check entire line and fix faults. So here we propose cable fault detection over IOT that detects the exact fault position over iot that makes repairing work very easy. The repairmen know exactly which part has fault and only that area is to be dug to detect the fault source. This saves a lot of time, money and efforts and also allows to service underground cables faster. We use IOT technology that allows the authorities to monitor and check faults over internet. The system detects fault with the help of potential divider network laid across the cable. Whenever a fault gets created at a point shorting two lines together, a specific voltage gets generated as per the resistors network combination. This voltage is sensed by the microcontroller and is updated to the user. The information conveyed to the user is the distance to which that voltage corresponds to. The microcontroller retrieves the fault line data and displays over LCD display, also it transfers this data over internet to display online. We use IOT Telnet to develop the online system that links with the system to display the cable faults online.


As many of us begin to embrace the concept of sustainability, we realize that it is not simply something that we 'do.' Rather, sustainability is a destination that we aspire to reach with the selection of the sustainable pathways that we choose as we proceed along the journey. We are embarking on a new journey with the creation of Sustainability , an on-line, open access journal. As stated on the journal's website, Sustainability is an international and cross-disciplinary scholarly journal of environmental, cultural, economic and social sustainability of human beings, which provides an advanced forum for studies that are related to sustainability and sustainable development. To genuinely wrap our brains around the impact that our actions have on the sustainability of our planet, we must first understand something of the big picture and have a firm grasp of the terminology. To help further clarify the elusive term 'sustainability,' without attempting to provide an exact definition, this paper outlines various, inter-related concepts and basic practices and approaches that are being used in the name of sustainability, including: traditional end-of-pipe control strategies, life cycle, environmental sustainability, urban sustainability, industrial ecology, business sustainability, sustainable supply chain systems, sustainability indicators and metrics, green chemistry and green engineering, design for the environment, sustainable buildings, eco-tourism, and renewable and sustainable energy and fuels.


The project 'UNEP Global Mercury Partnership and Mercury Programme' was implemented 2009-2014 and it supported the ongoing work of the UNEP Global Mercury Partnership; including support for the Partnership Advisory Group; coordination of the partnership areas and support for the negotiation of the legally binding instrument on mercury. The objective of the project was to reduce the risks to environment and human health from the anthropogenic releases of mercury and contribute to the development of and the adoption of the Minamata Convention in 2013. The Terminal Evaluation was undertaken at completion of the project to assess project performance (in terms of relevance, effectiveness and efficiency), and determine outcomes and impacts (actual and potential) stemming from the project, including their sustainability.


Extracted from text ... NEWS & VIEWS FOR MAGISTRATES
7
The Ubombo Magistrates Court was
established in 1892 and is situated
in the beautiful Maputaland part of
Zululand in KwaZulu-Natal. In many
ways, the region remains largely
unchanged since the 1994 elections and
most of the people in the district are
very poor and uneducated with a large
percentage of unemployed people
depending on social grants to survive.
HIV/Aids is a big problem, with some
35% of women dying of Aids-related
illnesses.
The Court services a large area -
some 1662km2 with a population of
about 174 714. It is a mainly rural ..


The Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International (PATH Intl.) is an organization that offers therapeutic horseback riding (THR) and other equineassisted activities and therapies in the United States. Research on how horses are used and cared for in PATH Intl.-affiliated THR programs is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gather data regarding horse use and care to form a baseline. A survey developed via SurveyMonkey® and distributed through Google Mail Merge to 659 PATH Intl.-affiliated programs in September 2017. A total of 270 responses were received; 264 were eligible for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Mean session length was 8.30 ± 2.55 weeks (n = 111) while mean lesson length was 47.04 ± 13.68 minutes (n = 142); horses spent the majority of lessons at the walk. Most programs tracked horse use daily through written/electronic methods, over half of horses were donated, and the majority of horses were barefoot. Horses remained in THR programs for an average of 7.08 ± 3.02 years (n = 216) and most commonly left due to aging. Mean number of horses in programs was 11.44 ± 6.57 horses (n = 241). Most horses were geldings, aged 16 to 20 years, and of a stock-type breed (Quarter Horse, Appaloosa, Tennessee Walking Horse). Programs varied widely in client riding ability and types of disabilities served. Most common horse lameness issues were limb lameness, back soreness, and hoof issues. Most prevalent types of supplemental care were chiropractic adjustment and massage.


Three nationally representative British data sets have been used to analyse trends and differentials in contact between adult children aged 22–54 years and their non-coresident mothers and fathers. The results show that having at-least-weekly contact is positively associated with children being female, lower levels of education, and living in the North, and negatively associated with age, number of siblings, and being a tenant in the privately rented sector. Daughters had more contact with mothers than with fathers, and children were less likely to see their fathers at least weekly if their mother was no longer alive, indicating a strong gender dimension to intergenerational contact. These associations were observed whether or not proximity, which was very strongly associated with contact, was controlled for in the analysis. Odds of at-least-weekly contact with parents were significantly lower in 1995 than in 1986, but there was no significant difference between 1999 and 1986, and so no clear indication of a trend towards reduced contact.


Each fall, the author teaches an undergraduate architectural acoustics course to around 40 third-year architectural engineering students at the University of Nebraska. Beginning in 2011, a social media component was introduced to explore the use of this technology and how it may supplement the students' learning experience. Students were given an opportunity to receive extra credit by using Twitter and/or blogging about course material using a set hashtag (#AE3300) or through the course website. Results were positive, and the author will discuss pros and cons that she has experienced in adding this social media component. Suggestions for future implementations and examples of student participation will be presented.


INTRODUCTION Throughout the past forty years, institutions of higher education have become well acquainted with Title VII, the Equal Pay Act, and other laws that prohibit discrimination of protected classes. As incidents of discrimination have been played out in the courts, administrators have learned that sovereignty laws do not protect institutions from lawsuits based discrimination (Anderson v. State University of New York at New Paltz, 2000); Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 2005; & Nanda v. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, et.al., 2002), that hiring, salary determinations, and promotions must occur through well-documented and fair practices (EEOC v. Georgia Southwestern, et.al., 1985), and that the Equal Employment Opportunity Council (EEOC) will seek remedies and sanctions against universities and colleges that violate the law. Yet, women and other protected classes continue to lag behind white males. For example, Dey and Hill (2007) found that, "controlling for hours, occupation, parenthood, and other factors normally associated with pay, college-educated women still earn less than their male peers earn." Also, the National Women's Legal Counsel (NWLC), citing U.S. census information, states that "women today are paid, on average, only 77 cents for every dollar paid to men, and women of color are paid even less" (NLWC, 2011). More specifically related to higher education, the American Association of University Women (AAUW) has published studies illustrating the condition of women in the academe. Their research has found that "on average, compared to men, women earn less, hold lower-ranking positions, and are less likely to have tenure" (AAUW, 2004). Further, they assert that sex discrimination in higher education persists because "universities and colleges have been powerful cultural institutions in western culture since medieval times" (West, 2012). Given the disparity that still exists in higher education institutions, continued examination and evaluation of current issues are important. As such, the purpose of this paper is to present legal issues, remedies, and settlements that impact college and university pay discrimination. Equal Pay, Title VII, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) Pay disputes in higher education usually start with a charge of discrimination filed through the Equal Employment Opportunity Center (EEOC). Plaintiffs typically file a complaint based on Title VII, the Equal Pay Act, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, or a combination. The EEOC's enforcement of pay discrimination laws in the higher education arena has often proven to be a slow and arduous process. One of the most difficult hurdles to overcome has been decoding the subjective, unclear ways that universities award salaries and/or salary increases. Also, past law that set timeliness deadlines for reporting discrimination has barred many individuals from arguing their discrimination cases in a court of law. However, there have been successes in pay disparities through litigation and/or settlements. In recent years, the Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has successfully won lawsuits and settlements against universities on behalf of employees who have been victims of discrimination. EEOC v. Eastern Michigan University (EMU), 2000 Dr. Pamela Speelman was the second lowest paid professor in her department, despite the fact that she had a higher rank and more seniority than four of her male colleagues. The EEOC's investigation found no justification for the significantly lower wages the university paid Dr. Speelman as compared to her male counterparts. In a Consent Decree, the university agreed to raise Dr. Speelman's salary to the same level as the highest of her male colleagues. EMU also agreed to provide Dr. Speelman $100,000 in monetary compensation, consisting of $45,400 to make up for the difference in her pay for the past seven years; $4,600 to her retirement fund, and an additional $50,000 to resolve a related sex discrimination case. …


With over 5 million Venezuelans fleeing their home country, Latin America is facing the largest migration crisis in its history. Colombia, Peru, and Chile host the largest numbers of Venezuelan migrants in the region. Each country has responded differently to the crisis in terms of the provision of education. Venezuelan migrants attempting to enter the primary, secondary, and higher education systems encounter a variety of barriers, from struggles with documentation, to limited availability of spaces in schools, to cultural barriers and xenophobia. This paper examines the distinct educational policy responses to Venezuelan migrants in Colombia, Peru, and Chile. It begins by contextualizing the current crisis through a sociopolitical and economic analysis of the origins of the Venezuelan migration phenomenon. Venezuelans are not officially and legally recognized as refugees by the UNHCR. Refugee status is considered on a case-by-case basis at the country level. The regional coordinating bodies tasked with promoting safe, orderly, and legal migration of Venezuelans to host countries have given uneven attention to education. The paper examines each country's response to Venezuelan migrants from a human rights perspective. It provides sociopolitical context and discusses the specific educational offerings from the primary to tertiary levels in Colombia, Peru, and Chile. It considers alternative or flexible education models, second shift schools, access to school transportation and feeding programs, and teacher training opportunities that cater to the growing migrant population. It explores barriers to entry into the educational system, including documentation challenges due to legal and enrollment requirements, constraints on the host countries' education systems, and discrimination due to lack of intercultural training and xenophobia. It also discusses challenges related to the quality of the educational opportunities for Venezuelan migrant children, and the specific needs of these children. The paper considers several ideas to protect Venezuelan migrants' rights to an education and to strengthen their integration. Finally, it offers recommendations on sustainable education solutions for Venezuelan migrants at all levels in the three countries. These recommendations include improving information sharing, addressing structural bottlenecks to school enrollment, and expanding pathways (existing and complementary) to higher education.


Recent research has shown that the use of c-business can provide an important advantage in today's competitive business environment and it is likely that not using ebusiness will be a disadvantage in the future. Recent research has also shown the need for a strategic approach when undertaking a new investment such as c-business. In this context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face special problems; they are often dependent on larger enterprises where they are suppliers of products (goods or services)or the buyers of products. They also tend to neglect strategies more than large enterprises and they cannot adopt the strategies of large enterprises because of their different situation. The literature review discovered that research in this area is deficient. While the subjects SME, c-business, and strategy are frequently covered in
academic literature there is insufficient research available covering integration of all three subjects. The research available suggests that, although general models and frameworks exist, SMEs generally do not use these models and frameworks and even tend to neglect strategies, operate without strategies or do not have the time to develop a strategy: they are reactive rather than proactive, when making decisions.

For the first stage of the study a questionnaire was conducted with 1000 SMEs in the North West of England to find out more about the SMEs' e-business strategies. The
analysis of the collected responses has corroborated the belief that many SMEs are neglecting c-business strategies and that they enter the e-business arena without careful
planning. Moreover the data has indicated that the choice of strategic models, if any, is to a large extent confined to the use of one model. The data suggests that the SMEs can
be grouped into five different clusters, according to their adoption of e-business technology and their use of general business and e-business strategies.

For the second stage 29 SMEs from the five different clusters were interviewed to find out more about their use of e-business technologies, their c-adoption and their use of business strategies and e-business strategies. The interviews found that old fashioned SMEs, blind e-business users, formal strategy leaders, e-adoption leaders and e-business strategy leaders were distinct groups whose existence can also be confirmed through the interviews. The knowledge gained form this stage, together with the findings from the quantitative survey were used to create a model addressing the need of SMEs to develop e-business strategies in a quick and easy way.

This work contributes to knowledge in the area of strategic management and information systems by providing a taxonomic classification of SMEs based on the dimensions of c-adoption, business strategy and c-business strategy and by providing a model that can help SMEs by allowing them to carry out suitable strategic analysis rapidly before undertaking an investment in c-business.


T his article discusses the events at Nandigram in West Bengal where in 2006-7, a Left Front government collaborated with an Indonesian corporate group to forcibly acquire land from local peasants and construct a Special Economic Zone. The events are placed against the broad processes of accumulation by dis- possession through which peasants are losing their land and corporate profits are given priority over food production. The article looks at the working and impli- cations of the policies and the way in which a Communist Party-led government had become complicit with such processes over the last decade. It critically exam- ines the logic that the government offered for the policies: that of the unavoidable necessity of industrialization, demonstrating that industrialization could have been done without fresh and massive land loss and that industries of the new sort do not generate employment or offset the consequences of large scale displacements of peasants. The article's central focus is on the peasant resistance in the face of the brutalities of the party cadres and the police. We explore the meaning of the vic- tory of the peasants at Nandigram against the combined forces of state and cor- porate power, especially in the context of the present neo-liberal conjuncture.


OBJECTIVE Compelling biological pathways suggest that selenium (Se) may lower onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but very few studies have evaluated this relationship, with mixed results. We examined the association between toenail Se and incidence of T2DM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed prospective analyses in two separate U.S. cohorts, including 3,630 women and 3,535 men, who were free of prevalent T2DM and heart disease at baseline in 1982–1983 and 1986–1987, respectively. Toenail Se concentration was quantified using neutron activation analysis, and diabetes cases were identified by biennial questionnaires and confirmed by a detailed supplementary questionnaire. Hazard ratios of incident T2DM according to Se levels were calculated using Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS During 142,550 person-years of follow-up through 2008, 780 cases of incident T2DM occurred. After multivariable adjustment, the risk of T2DM was lower across increasing quintiles of Se, with pooled relative risks across the two cohorts of 1.0 (reference), 0.91 (95% CI 0.73–1.14), 0.78 (0.62–0.99), 0.72 (0.57–0.91), and 0.76 (0.60–0.97), respectively (P for trend = 0.01). Results were similar excluding the few individuals (4%) who used Se supplements. In semiparametric analyses, the inverse relationship between Se levels and T2DM risk appeared to be linear. CONCLUSIONS At dietary levels of intake, individuals with higher toenail Se levels are at lower risk for T2DM. Further research is required to determine whether varying results in this study versus prior trials relate to differences in dose, source, statistical power, residual confounding factors, or underlying population risk.


Conditional gene targeting and transgenic strategies utilizing Cre recombinase have been successfully applied to the analysis of development in mouse embryos. To create a conditional system applicable to heart progenitor cells, a Cre recombinase gene linked at its 5' end to an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) was inserted into the 3' untranslated region of the cardiac homeobox gene Nkx2-5 using gene targeting. Nkx2-5IRESCre mice were fully viable as homozygotes. We evaluated the efficacy of Cre-mediated deletion by crossing Nkx2-5IRESCre mice with the Cre-dependent R26R and Z/AP reporter strains. Efficient deletion was observed in the cardiac crescent and heart tube in both strains. However, the Z/AP locus showed transient resistance to deletion in caudal heart progenitors. Such resistance was not evident at the R26R locus, suggesting that Cre-mediated deletion in myocardium may be locus-dependent. From cardiac crescent stages, deletion was seen not only in myocardium, but also endocardium, dorsal mesocardium and pericardial mesoderm. The Cre domain apparently includes cells dorsal to the heart that have been shown to constitute a secondary heart field, contributing myocardium to the outflow tract. Other sites of Nkx2-5 expression, including pharyngeal endoderm and its derivatives, branchial arch epithelium, stomach, spleen, pancreas and liver, also showed efficient deletion. Our data suggest that the Nkx2-5IRESCre strain will be useful for genetic dissection of the multiple tiers of lineage allocation to the forming heart as well as of molecular interactions within the heart fields and heart tube.