In partial response to the inability of intellectual property laws to adapt to data-sharing over computer networks, several initiatives have proposed techno-legal alternatives to encourage the free circulation and transformation of digital works. These alternatives have shaped part of contemporary digital culture for more than three decades and are today often associated with the "free culture" movement. The different strands of this movement are essentially derived from a narrower concept of software freedom developed in the nineteen-eighties, and which is enforced within free and open source software communities. This principle was the first significant effort to articulate a reusable techno-legal template to work around the limitations of intellectual property laws. It also offered a vision of network culture where community participation and sharing was structural.

From alternate tools and workflow systems, artist-run servers, network publishing experiments, open date and design lobbies. cooperative and collaborative frameworks, but also novel copyright licensing used by both non-profit organisations and for-profit corporations, the impact on cultural production of practices developed in relation to the ideas of free and open source software has been both influential and broadly applied. However, if it is true that free and open source software has indeed succeeded in becoming a theoretical and practical model for the transformation of art and culture, the question remains at which ways it has provided such a model, how it has been effectively appropriated across different groups and contexts and in what ways these overlap or differ.

Using the image of the sandbox, where code becomes a constituent device for different communities to experience varying ideologies and practices, this dissertation aims to map the consequent levels of divergence in interpreting and appropriating the free and open source techno-legal template. This thesis identifies the paradoxes, conflicts, and contradictions within free culture discourse. It explores the tensions between the wish to provide a theoretical universal definition of cultural freedom, and the disorderly reality of its practice and diffusion, appropriation, misunderstanding and miscommunication that together form the fabric of free culture. This dissertation argues that, even though feared, fought, and criticized, these issues are not signs of dysfunctionality but are instead the evidence of cultural diversity within free culture. This dissertation will also demonstrate that conflicts between and within these sandboxes create a democratic process that permits the constant transformation of the free and open source discourse, and is therefore something that should be embraced and neither resisted for substituted for a universal approach to cultural production.


Maya Angelou's five volumes of autobiography are a testament to the talents and resilience of this extraordinary writer. Loving the world, she also knows its cruelty. As a black woman she has known discrimination and extreme poverty, but also hope, joy, achievement and celebration. In the fifth volume, Maya Angelou emigrates to Ghana only to discover that 'you can't go home again' but she comes to a new awareness of love and friendship, civil rights and slavery - and the myth of mother Africa


Measurements of the force generated by the legs of rock doves Columba livia during vertical and near-vertical take-off showed that the birds were able to develop an upward directed force of from 1.3 to 2.3 times their body weight. This force resulted in an instantaneous acceleration of 15.63 ms−2 at maximum thrust. Motion pictures taken during the take-off showed that as the birds' feet left the experimental perch, their wings were in the overhead clap position. We suggest that the vertical take-off in birds is accomplished in three stages; leg thrust, clap-and-fling and steady-state flight.


Housing is a basic necessity of life. As a result of this, the severe housing supply problems experienced by most cities in the developing world are of utmost concern to governments and policy makers. The main focus of this study is to document the major underlying forces prohibiting housing development in Urban Ghana. We analyse both institutional and market-based constraints on the supply of housing. Using a purposive sampling technique, we surveyed CEOs of private real estate development companies within Accra and Tema with a Likert scale questionnaire to measure the severity of the factors hindering housing development in these areas. All the CEOs surveyed work for firms that are part of the Ghana Real Estate Developers Association (GREDA) and thus, have a good understanding of the constraints on housing development. The results show that real estate developers consider the supply problems in housing to be more driven by institutional factors than market forces. A large percentage of the CEOs report that land tenure arrangements, the lengthy procedure involved in securing building permits, the process of land acquisition and registration in Ghana are the major factors that significantly affect housing supply. The difficulty in accessing development funds, underdeveloped mortgage market, high interest rates are some of the market-based factors constraining housing development. Policy recommendations are proposed for a more effective and direct government intervention to improve urban housing supply.


The objective of this study was to understand the mechanism of lipid fouling in chromatography through the investigation of a hydrophobic interaction
chromatography (HIC) operation. This was motivated by the need to understand this phenomenon during the manufacture of biological products such as vaccines. The
systematic approach and novel analytical techniques employed create a unique platform to study fouling of other chromatographic adsorbents and process feed
materials. HIC is employed as a primary capture step in the purification of yeast derived hepatitis R surface antigen (HBsAg), where the required cell disruption and detergent liberation steps release high levels of lipid content into the feed stream. From lipid-
rich and lipid-depleted feedstocks, comparative analysis was able to quantify the deterioration in HIC performance (binding capacities, purities and recoveries) under
successive cycles. Furthermore, a full mass balance on host lipids identified the highly hydrophobic triacylglyceride as the main foulant. Intra-particle distribution and
progression of lipid fouling and its effects on material adsorption and diffusion were then examined under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In addition, high-
resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fouled bead (after 40 cycles) confirmed that a thick lipid layer was building up on the outer bead surface.
Based on these findings, the mechanism of fouling was thought to be the rapid accumulation of lipid foulant at the rim of the bead, which was aggravated by the
possible diffusion hindrance resulting from multi layer adsorption. Finally, pretreatments to reduce this mechanism of chromatography fouling were evaluated in terms of improvement on feed quality and HIC performance. Selective adsorbent polystyrene XAD-4 demonstrated promising lipid removal capabilities with satisfactory HBsAg VLP recoveries. The improved feed into the column resulted in a
three-fold increase in product capacity, whilst the overall yield remained constant over 40 cycles.


Abstract : The National Guard of the United States is the nation's oldest military service, tracing its roots to the Massachusetts Bay Colony of 1636. Since its inception, the Guard has enjoyed a unique dual-role responsibility of supporting state and federal missions, and while serving in every war since the American Revolution, Guardsmen and women have also supported domestic operations from the southwest border to Hurricane Katrina. Today, the Guard is a fully operational reserve, and a critical part of the national security framework. While fully engaged in the Global War On Terror, the Guard has also made great strides toward becoming the lead military agency in domestic missions, which has always been a key mission of the Guard, and which sets it apart from its Title X counterparts. Recently, the Guard has achieved increased relevance and political victories highlighted by the recent National Guard Empowerment Act that gave the Chief of National Guard Bureau membership on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As defense spending and the size of the active force is cut in a post-war environment, this thesis reviews the best future use of the Army National Guard, and offers alternative solutions for increased effectiveness, particularly in a domestic capacity.


Monodansylcadavarine (MDC) was used to synthesise a fluorescent derivative of cyclosporin A and
the product of the reaction was isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and
purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fluorescent derivative was shown
to bind with a polyclonal antibody to cyclosporin A by submitting the derivative for analysis by
cyclosporin radioimmunoassay (RIA). However this derivative did not bind with a monoclonal
antibody used in a RIA specific for the parent compound. To achieve this fluorescent derivatives
were synthesised using cyclosporin-C-hemisuccinate as the staring material with MDC, 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin (BMMC), 4-bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (BMDC) and
tetramethyl rhodaminecadavarine (TRC) as the labels. All derivatives were isolated and purified by
TLC and HPLC and shown to have antibody binding in the parent compound specific RIA. The
fluorescent properties of the derivatives were investigated and the most promising, BMMC and TRC
used in the immunoassay development. [Continues.]


The cost of renewable energy technology has plunged in recent years. But the extent to which electricity consumers can benefit from the reduced costs depends on the design of renewable remuneration mechanisms. Calculations of a financing model show that the current sliding premium is leading to increasingly higher risks for investments and in turn, increasing equity requirements. As a result, financing costs increase, which counteracts the lower cost of technology. Furthermore, increased equity requirements could negatively affect the diversity of players investing in renewable energy and thus the level of competition as well as the rate of project realization in the sector. A change towards contracts for difference (CFDs) can remedy the situation. CFDs lead to low financing costs and therefore reduce overall costs of supplying renewable electricity, reducing expected annual costs for German consumers by approximately 0.8 billion euros per year by 2030. They also safeguard consumers against high payments for renewable electricity in case of high electricity prices. A transition to CFDs provides the opportunity to create more effective and simpler incentives for system-compatible site selection and plant design.


In this paper, modeling and simulation of a 500 KW prototype wind turbine that is being developed in the context of the MILRES (National Wind Energy Systems) Project in Turkey are presented. This prototype wind turbine has a nominal power of 500 KW at a nominal wind speed of around 11 m/s. Aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical and control models are built in S4WT (Samcef for Wind Turbines) environment. Kaimal turbulence model have been used to generate realistic wind profiles in Turbsim that can be integrated with S4WT. The standard components (tower, bedplate, rotor, rotor shaft, gearbox, generator and coupling shaft) consisting of Samcef elements (bush, hinge, beam) have been used compatible with the IEC 61400-1 in S4WT to perform the simulations. The pitch and torque controllers are used to achieve the ideal power curve. A pitch function and a PI controller with gain scheduling have been used to control the pitch angle of the blades to limit the power at the full load operating region. The generator torque which consists of an optimal mode gain method, is used to control the power at both partial and full load operating regions. The performance analysis of 500 KW wind turbine prototype is done under different scenarios including power production, start up, emergency stop, shut down and parked, and the simulation results are presented.


This is an evaluation report of the Boarding Provision for Vulnerable Children Pathfinder announced in the white paper 'Higher standards, better schools for all' (2005). The Pathfinder was intended to explore whether boarding school provision might be used to provide support, stability and improved life chances for a larger number of vulnerable children and young people. Ten local authorities and fifty boarding schools originally signed up to the Pathfinder. The Thomas Coram Research Unit at the Institute of Education, University of London, was commissioned to evaluate the scheme between December 2006 and October 2008. Findings included an analysis of the motivations of those authorities and schools involved; factors affecting selection and success in placements; the effectiveness of partnership working between schools and children's services; funding; and policy implications for local and central government. This is recommended reading for those in local authorities involved in placements for children and young people.


Abstract: This paper presents a study of the implications of using auxetic materials in the design of smart structures. By using auxetic materials as core and piezoelectric actuators as face layers to provide control forces, the problem of the shape control of sandwich beams is analyzed under loading conditions. The mechanical model is based on the shear deformable theory for beams and the linear theory of piezoelectricity. The numerical solution of the model is based on superconvergent (locking-free) finite elements for the beam theory, using Hamilton's principle. The optimal voltages of the piezo-actuators for shape control of a cantilever beams with classical and auxetic material are determined by using a genetic optimization procedure. Related numerical solutions of static problems demonstrate the role of auxetic material in the deformation, shape control and stress distribution of the beam and related twodimensional composite elastic structures.


Prior research on facial beauty has suggested that the average female face in a population is perceived to be the most attractive face. This finding, however, is based on an image processing methodology that appears to be flawed. An alternative method for generating attractive faces is described and the findings using this procedure are compared with the reports of other experimenters. The results suggest that (1) beautiful female faces are not average, but vary from the average in a systematic manner, and (2) female beauty can best be explained by a sexual selection viewpoint, whereby selection favors cues that are reliable indicators of fertility.


More than half of US states are working to establish programs that would automatically enroll workers who are not offered a retirement plan by their employer in Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). These programs are designed to address a perceived shortfall of retirement saving, particularly among low-wage workers who are less likely to be offered an employer-sponsored plan. But the designers of state-run auto-IRA plans fail to consider three questions: Do the poor need to save more for retirement? Will state-run auto-IRA plans increase net household savings? And, after accounting for interactions with means-tested government transfer programs, will state-run auto-IRA plans make the poor better off? The answer to all three questions may well be "no." First, tax data indicate that most low-income retirees have incomes adequate to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living. Second, employees who are automatically enrolled in retirement plans may accrue additional debts that offset their own contributions. Third, income and asset tests for federal and state transfer programs could reduce benefits to low-earners in substantially greater amounts than they could save in auto-IRA accounts. In light of these issues, policymakers should reconsider the design of state-run auto-IRA programs. One potential improvement is to exempt truly low-earning workers, such as those with earnings below $12,000, from automatic enrollment in these plans while leaving open the option to voluntary participate. TOPICS: Pension funds, portfolio theory


In certain animal models of autoimmunity the isoxasol derivative leflunomide has been reported to exert a protective effect against autodestruction. In the present study, the immunomodulatory potential of the main metabolite of leflunomide, A77 1726, in experimentally induced autoimmune diabetes was investigated. The disease was induced in genetically susceptible CBA/H mice by multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD‐SZ, 40 mg/kg per day, given intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days). Effects of leflunomide were evaluated by two treatment protocols: mice treated with MLD‐SZ were injected intraperitoneally with A77 1726 for 10 consecutive days, either during the first 10 days of the disease (early treatment), or starting from day 10 after disease induction (late treatment). Disease manifestations defined by hyperglycaemia, mononuclear infiltration into pancreas, expression of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and destruction of the islets of Langerhans were reduced in a dose‐dependent fashion after early treatment with A77 1726 (dose range of 5–35 mg/kg per day). Moreover, late treatment with the high dose of the drug (25 mg/kg per day), started when the autoimmune disease was already apparent, arrested progression of ongoing inflammatory response. Analysis of the effects of A77 1726 on the adhesive interactions of spleen‐derived or peripheral blood‐derived mononuclear cells from MLD‐SZ‐treated and normal mice demonstrated that the drug inhibits both ex vivo and in vitro spontaneous mononuclear cell aggregation, thus suggesting that an important component of leflunomide's immunomodulatory action is suppression of adhesive interactions. These results demonstrate both preventive and therapeutic effects of leflunomide in a model of MLD‐SZ‐induced diabetes and suggest that the drug may be considered a potent therapeutic tool for autoimmune inflammatory disorders, including diabetes.


In an important but thus far unnoticed development, federal courts have created a new series of "default principles" for statutory interpretation, authorizing regulatory agencies, when statutes are unclear, (a) to exempt trivial risks from regulation and thus to develop a kind of common law of "acceptable risks," (b) to take account of substitute risks created by regulation, and thus to engage in "health-health" tradeoffs, (c) to consider whether compliance with regulation is feasible, (d) to take costs into account, and (e) to engage in cost-benefit balancing, and thus to develop a kind of common law of cost-benefit analysis. These cost-benefit default principles are both legitimate and salutary, because they give rationality and sense the benefit of the doubt. At the same time, they leave many open questions. They do not say whether agencies are required, and not merely permitted, to go in the direction they indicate; they do not indicate when agencies might reasonably reject the principles; and they do not say what, specifically, will be counted as an "acceptable" risk or a sensible form of cost-benefit analysis. Addressing the open questions, this essay urges that the principles should ordinarily be taken as mandatory, not merely permissive; that agencies may reject them in certain identifiable circumstances; and that steps should be taken toward quantitative analysis of the effects of regulation, designed to discipline the relevant inquiries. An understanding of these points should promote understanding of emerging "second generation" debates, involving not whether to adopt a presumption in favor of cost-benefit balancing, but when the presumption is rebutted, and what, in particular, cost-benefit analysis should be taken to entail.


This study investigated entrepreneurial intention among graduate students of USM**** Engineering Campus. Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen), we examined the empirical model of entrepreneurial intention determinants. Although research has been conducted in entrepreneurial intention, limited study has been done among Iranian graduate students who are studying abroad. This research aims to fill this gap using Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ, version 3.1). Accordingly, a survey study was applied and Iranian graduate students of the USM Engineering Campus were studied using the census method. The authors propose an empirical model and tested its reliability and validity using structural equation modeling. Data was analyzed using Spss16 and Amos18 software. Results revealed that the level of knowledge about business sources of assistance for entrepreneurs in addition to components of the TPB, affected entrepreneurial intention. Empirical model 's goodness of fit indices indicated good model fit χ2=1.047, df=2, probability 0.592; NFI=0.981; CFI=1.000; RMSEA=0.000). It seems that current empirical model could be a guide for future research on this important topic.


Abstract: This paper presents a post-experiment evaluation of a public participatory process that was conducted in a Geneva neighborhood. During the experiment, a set of geographic indicators was used to help residents express their opinions and formulate a diagnosis of the neighborhood. The evaluation is centered on a specific set of considerations that were based on observations regarding others' research using public participation and geographic information systems (PPGIS) in public participatory processes. These considerations, which provide reference points for discussion about the use of geographic information in participatory processes, focus on the following elements: access to information, level of information and decision sharing, the difference between knowledge and values, the choice and design of media and interfaces to communicate information, and the role of information. It was determined that these considerations could both facilitate a discussion of the experiment's benefits and limitations, and enable future improvements. This article demonstrates the importance of fundamental reflection on the use of geographic information in participatory processes. Introduction The complexity associated with sustainable development (Ascher 1995; Hales 2000) presents a specific challenge for urban management professionals. Planners are often obliged nowadays to work with a wide variety of criteria that integrate economic, social, and environmental objectives (Healey 1997). At the same time, social demand for participation in the planning process is on the rise, and many traditional planning procedures are at a standstill because of social conflicts (Couclelis and Monmonnier 1995; Soderstrom and Cogato Lanza 2000). Within this context, public participation has become a key issue in land use planning processes. Participatory approaches, which serve to open up discussion to new stakeholders with a different set of territorial issues, provide opportunities for building the consensus needed to carry out urban projects (Dente et al. 1998). Several tools and methods have been developed to provide information and encourage public participation in decision-making processes (Howard 1998; Al-Kodmany 1999; Kingston and Carver 2000, Soderstrom and Cogato Lanza 2000; World Bank 1996). These include the use of geographic information systems (GIS), which have--by virtue of their geographic information collection, storage, analysis, and dissemination capabilities--served to introduce new perspectives. Given stakeholders' increasing need for information, applications linking public participation and GIS (PPGIS) are becoming more and more widespread (Craig et al. 2002). Based on these findings, the Swiss "CITYCOOP" project, a contributor to the European COST-C9 "Processes to reach urban quality" Action, has spearheaded a research study on the use of GIS and "cartographic indicators" (defined as "cartographic representations of specific socio-economic indicators") in participatory processes. In order to bolster reflection and facilitate tool development through the use of actual public participation, the CITYCOOP research team decided to conduct an experiment involving residents in a specific district of Geneva. This experiment has been described in detail in other publications (Nembrini et al. 2005; Joerin et al. 2005). Despite the strong impression of success overall at the conclusion of the trial, we were left wondering how this research could be adequately evaluated: What were the experiment's specific successes and failures? What improvements would be required when conducting other, similar experiments? Essentially, this paper describes the evaluation process as it was carried out. The first component consists of a review of the literature dealing with PPGIS applications, focussing specifically on the discussion of their respective evaluations. Based on this literature review, we developed our own set of considerations, which are in turn used to evaluate and discuss our application in detail. …


Vitamin D is emerging as a probably important environmental risk factor in multiple sclerosis, affecting both susceptibility and disease progression. It is not known to what extent this effect is due to a modulation of peripheral lymphocyte function, or to intrathecal effects of vitamin D. We investigated the effect of dietary vitamin D3 content on de/remyelination in the cuprizone model, which is a well established toxic model of demyelination, with no associated lymphocyte infiltration. The mice received diets either deficient of (<50 IU/kg), or supplemented with low (500 IU/kg), high (6200 IU/kg) or very high (12500 IU/kg) amounts of vit D3. Cuprizone (0.2%) was added to the diet for six weeks, starting two weeks after onset of the experimental diets. Mouse brain tissue was histopathologically evaluated for myelin and oligodendrocyte loss, microglia/macrophage activation, and lymphocyte infiltration after six weeks of cuprizone exposure, and two weeks after discontinuation of cuprizone exposure. High and very high doses of vitamin D3 significantly reduced the extent of white matter demyelination (p = 0.004) and attenuated microglia activation (p = 0.001). No differences in the density of oligodendrocytes were observed between the diet groups. Two weeks after discontinuation of cuprizone exposure, remyelination was only detectable in the white matter of mice receiving diets deficient of or with low vitamin D3 content. In conclusion, high dietary doses of vitamin D3 reduce the extent of demyelination, and attenuate microglia activation and macrophage infiltration in a toxic model of demyelination, independent of lymphocyte infiltration.


Chicken has been used as a suitable model for lipid metabolism studies, because dietary modifications especially dietary fat type can change chicken body composition. Fats act as a condense source of energy and certain fatty acids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are required for both animal and human health. The n-3 PUFAs, especially, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are well known for their favourable effects on human health. The n-3 PUFAs act as feed originated modulators of fatty acid oxidation and are feedback inhibitors of new fatty acid synthesis. This regulatory mechanism not only decreases overall liver lipid content and VLDL secretion, but also removes excessive very long-chain PUFA from cell membranes that may cause oxidant stress or damage membrane integrity. This paper reviews in brief the most important metabolic effects of PUFA in chickens.


Politicians, journalists and academics have exhausted many hours over the last decade debating the question of whether Australia should have a statutory cause of action for invasion of personal privacy. In the midst of this ongoing debate, a simple question has often been overlooked: what remedies should be available to a person whose privacy been breached? In posing and answering that question, it is argued that a wide range of remedies for intrusions of personal privacy should be available to the courts. Perhaps most controversially, the author asserts that exemplary damages, which aim to punish defendants and deter future breaches of the law, should be available for the most heinous breaches of personal privacy.


Abstract. In this paper, we describe a cross-disciplinary process that uses photogrammetric surveys as a precise basis for video projection mapping techniques. Beginning with a solid basis that uses geoinformatics technologies, such as laser scanning and photogrammetric survey, the method sets, as a first step, the physical and geometrical acquisition of the object. Precision and accuracy are the basics that allow the analysis of the artwork, both at a small or large scale, to evaluate details and correspondences. Testing contents at different scales of the object, using 3D printed replicas or real architectures is the second step of the investigation.The core of the process is the use of equations of collinearity into an interactive system such as Max 7, a visual programming language for music and multimedia, in order to facilitate operators to have a fast image correction, directly inside the interactive software. Interactivity gives also the opportunity to easily configure a set of actions to let the spectators to directly change and control the animation content. The paper goes through the different phases of the research, analysing the results and the progress through a series of events on real architecture and experiments on 3d printed models to test the level of involvement of the audience and the flexibility of the system in terms of content.The idea of using the collinearity equation inside da software Max 7 was developed for the M.Arch final Thesis by Massimo Visonà and Tommaso Pasini of the University of Venice (IUAV) in collaboration with the Digital Exhibit Postgraduate Master Course (MDE Iuav).


It is widely assumed that visual processing follows a forward sequence of processing steps along a hierarchy of laminar sub-populations of the neural system. Taking the example of the early visual system of mammals, most models are consequently organized in layers from the retina to visual cortical areas, until a decision is taken using the representation that is formed in the highest layer. Typically, features of higher complexity (position, orientation, size, curvature, ...) are successively extracted in distinct layers [1]. This is prevalent in most deep learning algorithms and stems from a long history of feed-forward architectures. Though this proved to be highly successful, the origin of such architectures is not known [2]. Using a generic unsupervised learning algorithm, we first trained a simple one-layer convolutional neural network on a seta of natural images with a growing number of neurons. By doing this, we could quantitatively manipulate the complexity of the representation that emerges from such learning and analyze if sub-populations within the layer could be grouped by their similarity, hence justifying the emergence of a hierarchical processing. As shown in previous studies [3], such an algorithm converges to a weight matrix that has strong analogies with the receptive fields of simple cells located in the Primary Visual Cortex of mammals (V1). This result extends naturally to a cortical representation of the input image that encodes second-order features (edges) as neural responses arranged in a three-dimensional space, where the third dimension can be seen as a model of hyper-columns of the Primary Visual Cortex. From this bio-inspired encoding, we were able to define contours in images as simple smooth trajectories in a cortical representation space. This simple model shows that hierarchical processing may originate from the neural encoding of different visual transformations within natural images: respectively translation, rotations and zooms, which correspond to rigid translation in the cortical space. The model can be further extended to reproduce the effect of complex cells in V1 (max pooling) and feedback signals from higher cortical areas. We predict that invariance to more complex transformation like shearing (perspective) and viewpoint changes (looming) will emerge as these additional steps in sensory processing are taken into account. Indeed, a higher level of complexity can be introduced as the cortical representation is extended from smooth trajectories (space domain) to smooth surfaces (space-time domain). As such, this justifies the extension of a simple sparse network formalism to translation invariant neural networks (such as the convolutional neural networks used in deep learning) that is able to generalize geometrical transformations, such as translation, rotations, and zooms, in an invariant bio-inspired representation [4]. This should provide some key insights into higher-order features such as co-occurrences, but also to novel categorization architectures. Indeed, such features were recently found to be sufficient to allow the categorization of images containing an animal [5]. Crucially, as the geometrical transformations develop in time, we expect that the detection of these features is made robust by dynamical processes.


Abstract. Forested tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia store at least 42 000 Million metric tonnes (Mt) of soil carbon. Human activity and climate change threatens the stability of this large pool, which has been decreasing rapidly over the last few decades owing to deforestation, drainage and fire. In this paper we estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from drainage of lowland tropical peatland for agricultural and forestry development which dominates the perturbation of the carbon balance in the region. Present and future emissions from drained peatlands are quantified using data on peatland extent and peat thickness, present and projected land use, water management practices and decomposition rates. Of the 27.1 Million hectares (Mha) of peatland in Southeast Asia, 12.9 Mha had been deforested and mostly drained by 2006. This latter area is increasing rapidly because of increasing land development pressures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission caused by decomposition of drained peatlands was between 355 Mt y−1 and 855 Mt y−1 in 2006 of which 82% came from Indonesia, largely Sumatra and Kalimantan. At a global scale, CO2 emission from peatland drainage in Southeast Asia is contributing the equivalent of 1.3% to 3.1% of current global CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel. If current peatland development and management practices continue, these emissions are predicted to continue for decades. This warrants inclusion of tropical peatland CO2 emissions in global greenhouse gas emission calculations and climate mitigation policies. Uncertainties in emission calculations are discussed and research needs for improved estimates are identified.


ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to outline some of the parts of the brain to increase understanding of the aetiology of criminal behaviours. It goes without saying that any complete answer will encompass: evolutionary, genetic, biochemical, neuropsychological, and cognitive factors as well as social factors (familial and societal). Antisocial and social behaviours are underpinned by feeling, cognitions and actions, which are in turn, underpinned by the neurobiological actions in the brain. The daunting task of understanding the relations between brain function and offending is made potentially more tractable by the way in which the brain can be seen as being organised into discrete anatomical circuits, many of which have definable functions. The paper describes a number of these circuits in detail.


The Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE) is an assessment of a student's performance during medical school. There is great variability in the composition and format of the MSPE from school to school.

We sought to appraise the variability in ranking systems in MSPE among US medical schools. We reviewed MSPE documents from 125 (95%) US allopathic medical schools over the course of two academic years, 2012-2013 and 2014-2015. We recorded whether the medical school had a ranking system, the type of ranking system used, the size and description of student categories, and the location of the ranking statement and category legend.

Seventy-four percent (74%) of medical schools provide comparative performance (ranks) for their students. Of these, the vast majority (87%) group their students into categories or quantiles, but there is wide variation in the number and size of these groups. The most common descriptors for the top, second, third, and lowest groups were "outstanding", "excellent", "very good", and "good". We found the student's rank and description of ranking system in variable locations in the MSPE.

There is extensive variation among ranking systems within MSPEs. Program directors (PDs) may find it tedious to locate and translate a student's rank and may have difficulty making inter-school comparisons.


Subsidies to private theatres are one of the main cultural policy problems of many countries. Increasing the number of audience is an important priority of many countries' cultural policies. Private theatreas like public theatres are important cultural entities to increase the number of audience in many countries. The main goals of public theatres can be also met by private theatres if the governmet subsidies them. In addition, private theatres can serve very well to the cultural diversity of countries. State theatre, in politically polarized countries like Turkey, can not provide cultural diversity since they can not produce political plays. If government draws a good defined cultural subsidy program, it can provide fiscal aid to any theatre that meets the requirements of subdity program. Market structure of private theatres all over the world is close to perfect competion. It is not monopoly, but monopolistic comptetition. If the number of private theatres is increasing, it does not mean that the market becomes competely capitalistic. Theatre sector is not like cinema, TV, or media sector. There are more private theatres than public theatres in more developed countries and most of them get government subsidy from central and local governments.


Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) quantification has recently been introduced to guide treatment in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients. No information is currently available on use of HBsAg levels to guide HBV immune globulin (HBIG) administration after liver transplantation (LT). We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database. Patients were included if: adults (≥18 years); recipients of a primary liver graft; HBsAg-positive and HBV DNA-negative at transplantation; hepatitis C and/or HIV-negative; not transplanted for fulminant hepatic failure; on nucleoside analogues. All patients were administered 30,000 IU HBIG, perioperatively, and hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) was tested at day 7, 14, 28, and monthly thereafter. A further 30,000 HBIG were administered if HBsAb <100 mIU/mL and/or HBsAg >100 IU/mL on day 7. The primary endpoint was the efficacy of HBIG as a percentage of patients achieving HBsAg <100 IU/mL and HBsAb ≥100 mIU/mL at day 7. Secondary endpoints were performance of HBsAg levels in predicting HBsAg loss at day 7, HBV recurrence, graft, and patient survival at last follow-up. 41 LT recipients – transplanted between January 2011 and June 30, 2013 – were included (median age 54 years; male 78%). Hepatocellular carcinoma was present in 24 (58.5%) and hepatitis delta in 19 patients (46.4%); 7 (17.1%) patients did not achieve efficacy at day 7 and wereboosted with additional 30,000 HBIG. A pre-transplant HBsAg level ≥1,000 IU/mL was associated with 60-fold odds for failure at day 7 (p=0.0002). At a median follow-up of 14 months after LT, graft and patient survival were 100% and no case of HBV recurrence had been observed. Based on our results, we advocate the use of HBsAg titre to guide HBIG prophylaxis after LT.


This highly original monograph treats movement operations within the Minimalist Program. Jairo Nunes argues that traces are not grammatical primitives and that their properties follow from deeper features of the system, and, in particular, that the phonetic realization of traces is determined by linearization computations coupled with economy conditions regarding deletion. He proposes a version of the copy theory of movement according to which movement must be construed as a description of the interaction of the independent operations Copy, Merge, Form Chain, and Chain Reduction. Empirical evidence to support this claim includes instances of "sideward movement" between subtrees in a derivation. According to this analysis, the linearization of chains in the phonological component constrains sideward movement so that it is possible to account for standard properties of multiple gap constructions, including parasitic gap and ATB constructions, without construction-specific operations or principles that are not independently motivated.Theoretical linguists will find Linearization of Chains and Sideward Movement of great interest both theoretically and empirically. The version of the copy theory of movement proposed by Nunes will stir debate and shape future research in the field.


ICT4D initiatives hold the potential to transform health service delivery in settings of poverty, yet, in practice, they face many of the same implementation complexities and coordination challenges as the global health and development programs that they aim to streamline or strengthen. Researchers and practitioners alike are now quick to observe that "context matters", but such an observation does not amount to a coherent alternative vision of more appropriate ICT4D design and implementation. In this paper, we draw on the metaphor of imbrication to elucidate the iterative process by which ICTs become entangled with particular contexts of use. Our longitudinal ethnographic study examines the implementation and iterative redesign of an Internet of things (IoT) technology that collects real-time data and alerts health workers of disruptions in the cold storage of vaccines in Kenya. Extending recent work on imbrication, we show that technologies imbricate not only with the social context but also with local material infrastructure and that designers play a limited yet clearly consequential role in this process. To explain these findings, we highlight instances of material "back talk" and concomitant practice breakdown in which initial attempts to shape a situation yield puzzling or unappreciated consequences, which lead designers to accommodate material realities and, ultimately, pursue unanticipated courses of action. Drawing on these conceptual tools, we reveal six overlapping activities through which designers may guide the emergence of sociomaterial practices. We say that they design for the emergence of sociomaterial practices to underscore that designers cannot predict or control all contextual complexities, though they can adapt to them when they arise. Based on our insights about this process, we develop three contributions. First, we offer fresh perspective on the longstanding concern with local context in ICT4D research. Second, we suggest that our notion of designing for the emergence of sociomaterial practices is relevant for and adds to contextually aware design research frameworks such as action design research. Finally, we propose that ICT4D practitioners should attend to practice breakdowns and material back talk as they grapple with the complexities of the implementation bottleneck in global health and development.


Otariids such as the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) are among the most manoeuvrable of marine mammals (expressed as a minimum turning radius and speed during manoeuvres). They evolved in terrestrial and aquatic environments that are structurally complex, and feed on prey that are an order of magnitude smaller than themselves. Compared to other aquatic organisms, Steller sea lions have an unstable body design and are presumed to invoke swimming techniques that reflect their need to be highly manoeuvrable. Detailed information was experimentally obtained about the turning techniques employed by otariids through jointly analysing kinematic and kinetic parameters measured from video recordings of three captive Steller sea lions. Centripetal force and thrust production were determined by examining body movements throughout a series of turns. Results showed that most of the thrust was produced during the power phase of the stroke cycle of the pectoral flippers. As opposed to previous findings, very little or no thrust was generated during initial abduction of the pectoral flippers and during the final drag-based paddling style of the stroke cycle. Peak of the thrust force was reached halfway through the power phase, while the centripetal force reached its maximum value at the beginning of the power phase. Kinematic aspects of the manoeuvres changed with the tightness of the turns and the initial velocities. The degree of dorsal flexion of the body changed with the turning radius and the degree of flipper abduction varied with swimming speed. However, the general manoeuvring technique and turning sequence remained the same in all the recorded manoeuvres. Contrasting the turning performance of the Steller sea lion with a simple dynamic model of unpowered manoeuvres in aquatic animals showed significant departures from model predictions due to the hydrodynamic effects of body movements. Overall, the turning sequence of the Steller sea lion was found to be very consistent, and their manoeuvrability was found to come from their ability to vary the duration and intensity of movements within the turning sequence.


This thesis has a dual theme a) to make a contribution to the promotion of the geographical approach in the field of transportation and b) to make a contribution to the development of transportation in Saudi Arabia. After an examination of the historical evolution of transport in Saudi Arabia detailed analytical surveys have been undertaken on the present development of transportation with especial emphasis on road transport which forms the backbone of the transportation services in the country. Chapter one is a short introduction to get the reader acquainted with the relevant aspects of the geography of Saudi Arabia as well as with the scope approach and objectives of the study. Chapter Two is a study of the history of transport in Saudi Arabia from the very early times until the first half of the present century. Chapters Three Four and Five deal with the development of the modern road network and its association with socio-economic and other geographical factors. Chapters Six and Seven examine the motor vehicle stock and road traffic whilst Chapter Eight is a study of air traffic. In Chapter Nine three problems of under-utilization in road traffic were discussed whilst in Chapter Ten the impact of transport development on settlements and social changes were investigated and analysed. Chapter Eleven ends this analytical survey with a study of the cost and pricing of road transport. In Chapter Twelve the Ideal-Typical Sequence Model of transport development in underdeveloped countries was applied to Saudi Arabia the Sudan and some other Middle Eastern countries and certain modifications were suggested to make the model of more general application. The final chapter deals with the problems and prospects of transport development in Saudi Arabia drawing the broad lines of a general strategy for future transport development.


Design and test results for a fully integrated translinear tail-biting MAP error-control decoder are presented. Decoder designs have been reported for various applications which make use of analog computation, mostly for Viterbi-style decoders. MAP decoders are more complex, and are necessary components of powerful iterative decoding systems such as turbo codes. Analog circuits may require less area and power than digital implementations in high-speed iterative applications. Our (8, 4) Hamming decoder, implemented in an AMI 0.5-/spl mu/m process, is the first functioning CMOS analog MAP decoder. While designed to operate in subthreshold, the decoder also functions above threshold with a small performance penalty. The chip has been tested at bit rates up to 2 Mb/s, and simulations indicate a top speed of about 10 Mb/s in strong inversion. The decoder circuit size is 0.82 mm/sup 2/, and typical power consumption is 1 mW at 1 Mb/s.


Introduction To supply quality services and healthcare, it is evident that medical ethics and patients' rights, while providing medical and healthcare services need to be observed. This study was conducted to evaluate observance of the Patients' Rights Charter among medical staff of educational hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in four educational hospitals in Mashhad on eighty physicians, nurses, nurse aids and medical students. Data were collected using a two-part inventory of patients' rights, including demographic data and inventory of patients' rights observance. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-16 as well as descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square, Spearman correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation. Results Mean age of subjects was 36.3±8.3. Observance of human rights was perfect by 84.4 percent of subjects. The highest amount of observance of patients' rights was related to the area of respecting patients' privacy and observing the principle of confidentiality, which was evaluated to be perfect by all subjects (100%). The lowest value of patients' rights observance was related to presenting appropriate and adequate information for patients, which was perfect among 48.1% of subjects. There was no significant relation between personal details (age, gender, education and career) and observance of patients' rights (p>0.05). Conclusion Although in this study, the observance of patients' rights by medical staff is optimal in most areas, the area of providing appropriate and adequate information needs to be promoted. Therefore, it is suggested that more stringent regulatory policies be compiled and implemented to the items of Patients' Rights Charter along with training courses, to strengthen medical staff's awareness in this regard.


The following work examines the mechanisms by which Tip60-p400 chromatin remodeling complex regulates gene expression in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Tip60-p400 complex has distinct functions in undifferentiated and differentiated cells. While Tip60-p400 is often associated with gene activation in differentiated cells, its most prominent function in ESCs is to repress differentiation-related genes. I show that Tip60-p400 interacts with Hdac6 and other proteins to form a unique form of the complex in ESCs. Tip60-Hdac6 interaction is stem cell specific and is necessary for Tip60-p400 mediated gene regulation, indicating that Tip60- p400 function is controlled in part through the regulation of Hdac6 during development. Furthermore, I find that Hdac6 is required for the binding of Tip60- p400 to many of its target genes, indicating Hdac6 is necessary for the unique function of Tip60-p400 in ESCs. In addition to accessory proteins like Hdac6, Tip60-p400 also interacts with thousands of coding and noncoding RNAs in ESCs. I show that R-loops, DNA-RNA hybrids formed during transcription of many genes, are important for regulation of chromatin binding by at least two chromatin regulators (Tip60-p400 and PRC2). This finding suggests that transcripts produced by many genes in ESC may serve as a signal to modulate binding of chromatin regulators. However, R-loops might also function to regulate chromatin architecture in differentiated cells as well. Future studies based on this work will be necessary to understand the full repertoire of cell types and chromatin regulators regulated by these structures.


The 20th century was a golden age of map-making, and maps permeated almost every aspect of daily life. It was a century overshadowed by war which was also marked by tremendous social and technological change to which millions of contemporary maps bear witness. Most were created for a specific and immediate purpose, and have never been reprinted or discussed, until now. From the first British concentration camps to the only Nazi labour camp on British soil, and from a trench map used at the Battle of the Somme to an escape and evasion map from the first Gulf War, this book explores the cartographic legacy of 20th-century conflict, from top-secret documents to mass propaganda. These 100 maps tell many stories, revealing changing social attitudes towards the unfamiliar and unconventional, from Jewish London at the turn of the century to women in the workplace, and from the Edwardian opium trade to gay London in the 1980s. The maps cover the peak of imperial pageantry as well as rapid post-war decolonisation, and they explore technological change from the expansion of the London Underground system to 1980s computer games. This book tells the story of a 'British' 20th century, but one which has been interpreted in the broadest possible sense, culturally and geographically.


Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing public health concern in both developed and developing countries. The successful management of the disease is however dependent on the patients' abilities to undertake self-care in their daily lives. Patient education is also considered an essential component of achieving this objective. Aim/Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitude, practice and factors influencing the practice of preventive measures for diabetes mellitus amongst secondary school teachers in Awka South LGA of Anambra state. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which data was collected using self-administered questionnaires among 180 consenting study participants. The Cluster sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Response rate was 99%. Results: The mean knowledge and attitude scores were 31.76 ± 12.0% and 58.28 ± 26.02% respectively. The respondents that do not perform exercise were 36 (22.5% while 34 (21.3%) exercise daily and 30 (18.8%), exercise once in a week. Less than half of the respondents 72 (43.6%), practice regular/ routine medical checkup. It was observed that 41.3% attributed the major factor which positively influenced the practice of DM to always been health conscious as a person and 27.4% to been aware of DM and the problem it causes while 32.7% attributed the major factor which negatively influenced their practice of preventive measures to not being well informed of DM while 30.9% don't believe they can suffer from the disease and 27.3% do not have time. There is a statistical significant difference between Gender, Marital status and Ethnic group and the practice of regular/ routine medical checkup among the respondents (χ2=7.236, p = 0.007), (χ2=0.048, p = 0.048) and (χ2=0.003, p = 0.003) respectively. A high proportion of the respondents 137 (80.6%) do not consume alcohol in comparison with those who do, 33 (119.4%). All of the respondents 168 (100%), do not smoke. Conclusion and recommendations: This study demonstrated a poor mean knowledge and fair attitude scores towards DM. Most of the preventive measures were practiced by a high proportion of the respondents except for routine medical checkup which was practiced by less than half of the respondents. Proper education and awareness program tailored to the need of the patients' group can improve their knowledge, change their attitude and improve their practice of preventive measures towards DM.


This memo describes a key-exchange method for the Secure Shell (SSH)
protocol based on Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) public-key encryption.
It uses much less client CPU time than the Diffie-Hellman algorithm
specified as part of the core protocol, and hence is particularly
suitable for slow client systems. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


First published in 1951, "Shamanism" soon became the standard work in the study of this mysterious and fascinating phenomenon. Writing as the founder of the modern study of the history of religion, Romanian emigre--scholar Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) surveys the practice of Shamanism over two and a half millennia of human history, moving from the Shamanic traditions of Siberia and Central Asia--where Shamanism was first observed--to North and South America, Indonesia, Tibet, China, and beyond. In this authoritative survey, Eliade illuminates the magico-religious life of societies that give primacy of place to the figure of the Shaman--at once magician and medicine man, healer and miracle-doer, priest, mystic, and poet. Synthesizing the approaches of psychology, sociology, and ethnology, "Shamanism" will remain for years to come the reference book of choice for those intrigued by this practice."


A five-year study was initiated in 1972 to study propogation procedures, artificial soil mixes and season of planting for two types of tubeling containers. A cost comparison, based on plant survival was also made between plant materials grown in the two types of tubeling containers. (Authors)


Floods are governed by largely varying processes and thus exhibit various behaviors. Classification of flood events into flood types and the determination of their respective frequency is therefore important for a better understanding and prediction of floods. This study presents a flood classification for identifying flood patterns at a catchment scale by means of a fuzzy decision tree. Hence, events are represented as a spectrum of six main possible flood types that are attributed with their degree of acceptance. Considered types are flash, short rainfall, long rainfall, snow‐melt, rainfall on snow and, in high alpine catchments, glacier‐melt floods. The fuzzy decision tree also makes it possible to acknowledge the uncertainty present in the identification of flood processes and thus allows for more reliable flood class estimates than using a crisp decision tree, which identifies one flood type per event. Based on the data set in nine Swiss mountainous catchments, it was demonstrated that this approach is less sensitive to uncertainties in the classification attributes than the classical crisp approach. These results show that the fuzzy approach bears additional potential for analyses of flood patterns at a catchment scale and thereby it provides more realistic representation of flood processes.


Summary D-dimer, a marker of fibrin turnover, exhibits many interesting properties as a biological marker of thrombosis. Some of the properties of D-dimer might also be used to provide additional information about patients with heart failure. In this study, we evaluate the prognostic information acquired from D-dimer concerning increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in an elderly population with symptoms associated with heart failure. A cardiologist examined 458 elderly patients, out of 548 invited, attending primary care for symptoms of dyspnoea, fatigue and/or peripheral oedema and assessed NYHA functional class and cardiac function. Abnormal systolic function was defined as EF <40% on Doppler echocardiography. Abnormal diastolic function was defined as reduced E/A ratio and/or an abnormal pattern of pulmonary venous flow. Blood samples were drawn, and BNP and D-dimer were analysed. D-dimer was analysed using an automated micro-latex assay. A statistical analysis was performed to identify the prognostic value of increased plasma concentration of D-dimer. Results showed that during a median follow-up period of 5.5 years, 68 (14%) patients died of cardiovascular disease. No gender difference was noted. A plasma concentration of D-dimer >0.25mg/L increased the risk almost 4-fold. In conclusion, D-dimer is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality that may be used to risk-stratify patients with heart failure.


Low-lying Holocene coastal plains supporting freshwater wetlands are often close to or even below the level reached by the highest tides. The vulnerability of such freshwater systems to saltwater intrusion will increase should the sea level rise as a consequence of global warming. In areas with a large tidal range, one of the main processes inducing a reversion to saltwater influence is likely to be the rapid extension of tidal-creek systems. This is demonstrated with an example from the coastal plains of the Mary River in northern Australia, where tidal-creek systems have extended more than 30 km inland in 50 years, invading freshwater wetlands and destroying associated vegetation over an area of at least 17000 ha. Networks have grown at an exponential rate through a combination of headward extension along main channels and tributary development. Large tidal range, very small elevational differences over the plains, the presence of incompletely infilled paleochannels, and uncontrolled feral buffalo have been major factors contributing to the rapid rate of expansion.


Given the growing use of and dependency that individuals have on media, the relationship between media use and political engagement has been a subject of study among scholars across nations. The current study expands this line of research using a secondary analysis of a worldwide survey ( N = 1,775) collected by Pew Research to examine antecedents of political engagement in three nations: the United States, Kenya, and Nigeria. This study examines country-specific differences in how views on national politics and media use differently relate to political engagement. Results identify differences in the effects of traditional and new media use on political engagement between countries. Specifically, accessing news from social media and online news platforms is related to higher levels of political participation across countries. However, the influence of positive perceptions of the economy on political participation is found to differ in each nation. Implications for research on media use and political behavior across countries varying in democratization are discussed.


"Community" has featured in the discourse about medical education for over half a century. This discourse has explored relationships between medical education programs and communities in community-oriented medical education and community-based medical education and, in recent years, has extended to community-engaged medical education (CEME). This Perspective explores the developing focus on "community" in medical education, describes CEME as a concept, and presents examples of CEME in action at Flinders University School of Medicine (Australia), the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Canada), and Ateneo de Zamboanga University School of Medicine (Philippines). The authors describe the ways in which CEME, which features active community participation, can improve medical education while meeting community needs and advancing national and international health equity agendas. They suggest that CEME can redefine student learning as taking place at the center of the partnership between communities and medical schools. They also consider the challenges of CEME and caution that criteria for community engagement must be sensitive to cultural variations and to the nature of the social contract in different sociocultural settings. The authors argue that CEME is effective in producing physicians who choose to practice in rural and underserved areas. Further research is required to demonstrate that CEME contributes to improved health, and ultimately health equity, for the populations served by the medical school.


Statiatical analysis, A total of 505 patients in general practice were asked to respond to a list of 25 obligatory nourishment for a child while going to have the first teeth, for its effectiveness in dealing with patient's periodontal health especially include chewing hard food. They were also asked to select the three effective nutrition for periodontal tissue. The indicts of patient perceived importance of the periodontal health were derived and each compared with actual effectiveness as determined from a sample of 250 patients opinion. Although the majority of patient's 18 of 25 nutrition as being very effective, there was no significant association with patient perceived nourishment effectiveness and actual effectiveness. The implications for patient training are discussed.


The existing literature on youth participation shows that there is a noticeable tendency of weak participation in formal politics among Moroccan youth. However, it does not tell us much about the alternative modes of youth engagement. During the past two decades, youth have been expressing their positions and views by occupying new spaces outside the formal sphere. They participate in marches, organize sit-ins and post their ideas on blogs. In other words, the youth "do politics in a different way," not mainly through the formal modes of political participation. This paper will first shed some light on the existing spaces of formal and informal political participation. Then, it will explore how the contextual realities shape the perceptions and meanings of the experience of "being young." The third section will analyse how the youth engage in politics and the factors that promote or inhibit their participation. Finally, the paper will discuss youth agency and transformative impact on society, specifically in relation to policies that are affecting them directly.


The stricture against flat adverbs, adverbs without the suffix - ly , originated in the eighteenth century. In a micro-level analysis of the epistolary language of Jane Austen, this paper focuses on her use of flat adverbs. Using flat adverbs herself, Jane Austen adopted them to mark her non-standard fictional characters, a process which was independent of the development of the normative stricture. Focusing on early grammatical discussion of the phenomenon, in comparison with the grammarians' own usage, the paper shows that the development of the category of adverbs as modifiers of verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, was not a straightforward process. It illustrates the enormous potential of Jane Austen's letters as a source for our knowledge of informal Late Modern English.


Iceland has developed an oversized banking system – with assets valued at 8 times its GDP – which has effectively transformed the country into a hedge fund. Domestic banks have borrowed heavily abroad to buy foreign banking assets, leveraging their capital base several times over. As a bust is following the global boom in the banking sector, the country is highly exposed to the current crisis. The lender of last resort in Iceland would not be able to save even one of the large domestic banks should write downs in the value of foreign assets bring any one of them into difficulties. Other European countries with financial centres have either avoided becoming lender of last resort for their banks (Luxembourg) or accumulated large foreign assets as a cushion (Switzerland). By contrast, Iceland's extremely high net foreign debt ratio adds to the vulnerability of the country, which thus resembles a hedge fund with negative capital. Moreover, Iceland has experienced a construction/housing boom even more extreme than in the US or the one now ending in Spain. This exposes the country to the classical combination of an exchange rate cum banking crisis coupled with a long real estate bust. Exchange rate devaluation can provide only limited compensation for the housing construction bust that seems unavoidable because Iceland is a rather closed economy, with manufacturing exports accounting for less than 10% of GDP.


If the aim of British colonizers, Frederick Lugard wrote, was to civilize Africans 'and to devote thought to those matters which…most intimately affect their daily life and happiness, there are few of greater importance than the constitution of native courts'. Moreover, he argued that only from native courts employing customary law was it 'possible to create rudiments of law and order, to inculcate a sense of responsibility, and evolve among a primitive community some sense of discipline and respect for authority'. Britain had not the manpower, the money nor the mettle to rule by force of arms alone. Essentially, in order to make colonial rule work with only a 'thin white line' of European administrators, African ideas of custom and of law had to be incorporated into the new state systems. In a very real way, customary law and African courts provided the ideological and financial underpinnings for European colonial rule. In Kenya from at least the 1920s, but especially in the 1940s and 1950s, administrators struggled with the question of how customary law could best be used in African courts. Prominent among their concerns was the codification of customary law, against which most administrators vigorously fought. British officials believed that reducing African custom to written law and placing it in a code would 'crystalize' it, altering its fundamentally fluid or evolutionary nature. Colonizers naturally harbored intentions of using the law to shape society (as Cooper has demonstrated for the Kenya coast) but a fluid, unwritten law provided much greater latitude to pursue these goals. It was necessary, as one administrator put it, to allow 'changing traditions to meet current altering conditions'. This case study of Kenya offers a different understanding of the history of customary law.


Seals are supposed to forage in efficient manner during dives due to strict physiological constraints. Understanding of foraging behavior is essential for a comprehensive understanding of overall diving behavior. Although several techniques of measuring feeding behavior have been developed, direct measurement of feeding efficiency has not been made. Simultaneous measurement of feeding rate and effort is essential to study feeding efficiency. In order to develop simultaneous measurement of feeding events and effort (swim stroke) we tested a new mandible accelerometer method on free ranging Weddell seals in the Atka Bay, Eckstroem Ice Shelf, Antarctica in November/December 2008. Before to conduct the field test on Weddell seals, we attached the accelerometers (D2GT; 15mm in diameter, 53mm in length, 18g in air, Little Leonardo, Tokyo) on the mandible of captive harp seals. The experiment showed that frequency filtered signal (Igor Filtering Design Laboratory: IFDL WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR U.S.A.) of acceleration from the mandible is quite distinct at moments of prey ingestion allowing us to use mandible accelerometer for the detection of feeding events of seals in the wild. We attached the same accelerometers equipped with two sensors (surge and heave axes) on the mandible of Weddell seals to detect movements associated with feeding and also swim activities. We successfully obtained feeding data together with stroke and depth data. Here we report the results of the diving behavior and foraging success of Weddell seals in Antarctica.


Brant's climbing mice were found to utilize weaver nests after the weavers had completed breeding, at Zandvlei lake in Cape Town. Mice built their own balls-shaped nests within weaver nests of both Cape and Southern Masked Weavers. In this study the weaver nests were in reeds. Mean nest height for all weaver nests (both species) in the study area was 119.3 cm (range 57-207 cm, n=15) and for weaver nests used by mice mean height was 128.1 cm (57-207 cm, n=8). The main period of climbing mouse occupation of weaver nests was from November to April. In total 9 out of 23 weaver nests at the site contained mice nests, but not all were occupied at the same time, i.e., some mice pairs may have deserted a nest and occupied a new nest. Six nests contained mice during a single visit, indicating that there were a minimum of six pairs utilizing weaver nests. One mouse nest was present in a weaver nest for over six months.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Qualitative decreases in maternal brain size have been observed late in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate changes to the maternal brain during and after healthy pregnancy and to compare these changes with those observed in cases of preeclampsia. METHODS: Three-dimensional T1-weighted MR volume images were obtained in nine healthy participants before and after delivery. Additional images were obtained in some of these participants before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and within 52 weeks after delivery. Five women with preeclampsia were examined before delivery and 6 weeks after delivery. Three of these patients were examined within 52 weeks after delivery. Images were registered, and both brain and ventricular volumes were calculated by using a semiautomated computer program. RESULTS: Both the healthy and preeclamptic groups had a reduction in brain size during pregnancy that was maximal at term and that reversed by 6 months after delivery. The ventricular size showed a corresponding increase in size during pregnancy and a decrease in size after delivery. In the preeclamptic patients, brain size was significantly smaller ( P (cid:1) .05) than in healthy participants, both before and after delivery. CONCLUSION: The brain decreases in size during pregnancy and increases in size after delivery. The changes follow a consistent time course in each woman. The mechanism and physiologic importance of these findings are speculative at the present time. During pregnancy, the pituitary gland increases in size (1–3), but the effect of pregnancy on the maternal brain as a whole is not known. Our aims in this study were to evaluate brain and ventricular size during and after healthy pregnancy with MR imaging and to compare any changes detected with those observed in patients with preeclampsia.


The purpose of this study is to examine the historical and musical correlation
between the shaped-note hymn book, The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion
and Donald Grantham's composition Southern Harmony, which is based on the hymn
book. The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion was first published in 1835 by
William "Singin' Billy" Walker of Spartanburg, South Carolina. This study begins by
exploring the historical background of the shaped-note music tradition, and the
importance of William Walker and The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion
within the genre. From that point, the characteristics of the shaped-note music tradition
specific to Walker's hymnbook are examined, and the manner in which that style and
musical language then manifests itself in Grantham's composition.
Five hymn tunes from Walker's book are used for the basis of this four-movement
composition. In the first three movements, Grantham sets hymns that are intertwined
with his own newly composed material. Two hymn tunes are integrated, again with
Grantham's original material, to create a "modified rondo" form for the last movement.
Each hymn tune is briefly presented and surveyed, followed by a formal and motivic
analysis of each movement from the work. Finally, performance considerations are then
regarded for each movement.


A short time after the discovery of ordered mesoporous materials, which possess unique features such as high specific surface area and pore volume, highly uniform pore distribution and tunable pore size, these materials have been prospected as promising carriers for enzyme immobilization. The immobilization of enzymes in ordered mesoporous materials has been studied for almost two decades. With the development of tailored ordered mesoporous materials and advances in enzyme technology, this field attracted increasing interest due to its quickly expanded functions and applications. This review focuses on the relation between the progress in ordered mesoporous materials and its corresponding contribution to enzyme immobilization as well as the applications of these materials in biocatalysis. The potential trends in the future development of this field are also pointed out.


"Defines the challenges facing the movement and offers comprehensive prescriptions for its successful transformation." --The George Washington Law Review A valuable analysis of the rise, fall, and--hopefully--the revival of unionism in America. [The book] distills into readable form a mass of legal and empirical analysis of what has been happening in the workplaces of the United States and other industrial democracies. Most important, Craver has drawn a blueprint of what must be done to save collective bargaining in this century--must reading for scholars, lawmakers, and, especially, union leaders themselves. --Paul C. Weiler, Harvard Law SchoolAuthor of Governing the Workplace: The Future of Labor and Employment Law "A thoroughly researched, insightful, and readable look at why American unions have declined. . . . This is a very informative analyis of a vital topic, and it will have a multidisciplinary appeal to anyone interested in union- management relations. --Peter Feuille, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of IllinoisWhen employees at firms like Greyhound and Eastern Airlines walk out to protest wage and benefit reductions, they are permanently replaced and their representative labor unions destroyed. Every year, the threat or drama of a high-profile strike--in air traffic control towers, at Amtrak, or at Caterpillar--makes national headlines and, every year, several hundred thousand unrepresented American employees are discharged without good cause. During the past decade, employer opposition to unions has increased. Industrial and demographic changes have eroded traditional blue-collar labor support, and class-based myths have discouraged organization among white-collar workers. As the American labor movement begins its second century, it is confronted by challenges that threaten its very existence. Is the decline of the American labor movement symptomatic of a terminal condition? In this work, Charles Craver presents an incisive analysis of the current state of the American labor movement and a manifesto for how this crucial institution can be revitalized. Journeying with the reader from the inception of labor unions through their heyday and to the present, Craver examines the roots of their decline, the current factors which contribute to their dismal condition, and the actions that are needed--such as the recruitment of female and minority employees and appeals to white-collar personnel--that are necessary to ensure union viability in the 21st century. Craver thoughtfully discusses what labor organizations must do to organize new workers, to enhance their economic and political power, and to adapt to modern-day advances and to an increasingly global economy. He also suggests changes that must be made in the National Labor Relations Act. This book is essential reading for lawyers, scholars, and policy-makers, as well as all those concerned with the future of the labor movement.


The article touches upon the range of problems concerning globalization of culture and the way globalization influences the process of the world development in its sociocultural and ethnic aspects. Much attention is paid to the necessity of the interaction of cultures, their dialogue which may serve as basis for the development of interethnic relations. The fact that a distinctive feature of the modern world is the transition to a new qualitative state of society, which is characterized by a sharp increase in information processes is underlined too. The process of creating a new information culture is not easy at all because it is based on the confrontation of national interests but it is very important for assistance in the issue of dialogue of cultures.


Despite the fact that neonatal endotracheal intubation was described more than 2000 years ago,1 it was only in the 18th and 19th centuries that it began to be accepted as a worthwhile technique for ventilating lungs at birth.2–4 Nevertheless, the practice fell out of favour and many other strange methods were used to resuscitate babies at birth.5 However, in the early 20th century Flagg recommended endotracheal intubation for positive pressure ventilation of newly born babies in the USA6 and Blaikely and Gibberd made similar recommendations in the UK in 1935.7 Conversely, the only trial in humans of intubation at birth compared with the standard technique of resuscitation in a pressure chamber in 1966 found no difference between the two practices.8 It was with the developments in artificial respiration in the 1960s and 1970s that endotracheal intubation became an established part of the developing speciality of neonatal intensive care. Although it is now well established as a requirement for a few babies at birth and for infants receiving positive pressure ventilation, the interest in non-invasive ventilation and continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP)9 as alternatives underlines the lack of randomised human evidence for its use. This article will review some of the evidence and describe the technique of neonatal intubation.

Endotracheal intubation is either an emergency or an elective/semi-elective procedure and examples of some indications are listed in table 1. Some intensive care units in the UK have experienced a reduction in emergency intubation at birth following the introduction of structured resuscitation training,10 although prior to this intubation rates varied from 1.5% to 12% depending upon the hospital.10 11 As few as 1 in 500 babies may need intubation at birth.12 However, it is clear that with less time …


We describe a Profiling Optical and Water Return (POWR) system that has been developed and used extensively at sea. The POWR system is a collection of oceanographic instruments used to measure the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of the upper 100m of the ocean while simultaneously collecting up to eight water samples at various depths for chemical and biological analysis. IOPs are local measurements that are directly related to the properties of the water at the depth sampled; hence it is critical that the water samples be taken at the same time and location as the IOPs. Used during three major experiments, the POWR system has proven valuable for relating IOPs to in-water constituents in support of ocean color remote sensing data product validation, optical model validation, and other interdisciplinary programs.


A simple one-pot procedure for conversion of 2-iodo/2-nitro benzoic acids and dihydropyranone fused benzoic acids into corresponding anilines, using tosyl azide, under transition metal-free conditions is explained. TsN3, is one of the more stable azides, much cheaper and easy to handle. This method is environmentally benign, adoptable for large scale preparation. Different factors such as steric and electronic effect of 2-iodo/2-nitro substituents, and the effect of conformational constraints of the fused dihydropyranone ring on co-planarity of the aromatic ring should contribute to the success of this reaction. Tosyl nitrene was found to be involved in the decarboxylation reaction. As this method is simple, scalable and requires only simple reagents we expect this method to find widespread application in organic synthesis.


Objective: Genetic and neurobiological factors are considered to be the major causes of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, over last few years study results revealed that socio-demographic factors contribute a significant role in abnormal functional activity and recognized as major causative factors to the pathogenesis and severity of MDD. The aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of Bangladeshi MDD patients and to discover their role on the severity of disease. Material and Methods: A retrospective review of the case notes of psychiatry outpatients at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) was carried out between Sep-Nov 2016. A total of 234 MDD patients (aged 18 to 60 years) were randomly recruited. Relevant information was obtained by collection of prescription details from the patients or their relatives by face to face interview. Results: Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were found 34.734 years (SEM ± 0.842) and 22.014 kg/m2 respectively. Among all respondents, 56% (133) were male and 44% (106) were female where mean income was 26.84 KBDT (Kilo Bangladeshi Taka) (SEM ± 0.749). Roughly 46% (111) patients were found to be below secondary level of education. Married people (56%) had a tendency to develop depression compare to unmarried people (36%). Urban residents (64%) are more prone to suffer from depression than rural residents (36%). There was mild depression in 28% (68), moderate in 37% (157), and severe in 14% (34) patients. Correlation analysis shows that age, sex, marital status, education, family income, and area of residence (p-values 0.004, 0.001, 0.000, 0.011, 0.000 and 0.000, respectively) are associated with the severity of disease. Moreover, among all significant correlations age, marital status and area of residence were positively correlated with the severity of MDD (r = 0.184, r = 0.238 and r = 0.256) while sex, education and family income were negatively correlated with the severity of depression (r = ﹣0.207, r = ﹣0.164 and r = ﹣0.722). Conclusion: Current study shows that age, gender, marital status, education, family income, and area of residence are associated with the severity of depression. Age, marital status and residence of MDD patients are positively correlated with the severity of disease while gender, education and family income are negatively correlated with the severity of depression. It is predicted that this study will be helpful for the management and assortment of MDD patients with more accuracy based on their socio-demographic features.


Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial-
preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized
Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute
and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not
comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of
ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious
WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance-
liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY
rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or
losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute
experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day),
vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic
compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using
HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/
kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration
of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until
3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid
was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 ± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 ± 10.30
ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute
antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP's effect was more prominent than ADSP.


Palladium/porous nitrogen-doped carbon-nanofiber (Pd/PNCNF) composites with a three-dimensional (3D) network structure have been prepared by decorating Pd nanoparticles onto PNCNFs, which were derived from KOH activated polypyrrole nanofibers. The Pd nanoparticles decorated on the walls of the PNCNFs as a bifunctional catalyst play a key role in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as evidenced by the electrochemical results in aqueous solution. With the synergistic effects from the PNCNF matrix with a highly conductive porous structure and the Pd nanoparticles with high electrocatalytic performance, a Li–O2 cell containing the Pd/PNCNF composite catalyst with 25 wt% Pd nanoparticles showed notably improved electrocatalytic performance compared to a cell containing its pure PNCNF counterpart, with higher capacities, lower overpotentials, and better cycling stability. Therefore, the Pd/PNCNF composite is proposed as a potential cathode catalyst for Li–O2 batteries.


In response to cold shock, Bacillus subtilis makes unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) that become part of its lipid membrane to prevent changes in the physical characteristics of the lipids at low temperatures. Aguilar et al. identified a two-component signal transduction system, consisting of the cold-sensing kinase DesK and its response regulator DesR, that regulates the synthesis of UFAs. DesR bound to a dyad-symmetric element in the promoter of the Δ5-lipid desaturase (des) gene responsible for making UFAs, and overexpression of DesR correlated with increased amounts of Δ5-lipid desaturase activity. Further experiments revealed that the presence of UFAs led to decreased transcription from the Δ5-lipid desaturase promoter in gene reporter assays, suggesting that UFAs function in a negative feedback system to decrease des transcription. Thus, the range of a two-component histidine kinase-regulator system can be extended to include responses to cold temperature. P. S. Aguilar, A. M. Hernandez-Arriaga, L. E. Cybulski, A. C. Erazo, D. de Mendoza, Molecular basis of thermosensing: A two-component signal transduction thermometer in Bacillus subtilis. EMBO J. 20, 1681-1691 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Just as a burn is an injury caused by heat, so is privacy harm a unique injury with specific boundaries and characteristics. This Essay describes privacy harm as falling into two related categories. The subjective category of privacy harm is the unwanted perception of observation. This category describes unwelcome mental states – anxiety, embarrassment, fear – that stem from the belief that one is being watched or monitored. Examples include everything from a landlord listening in on his tenants to generalized government surveillance. The objective category of privacy harm is the unanticipated or coerced use of information concerning a person against that person. These are negative, external actions justified by reference to personal information. Examples include identity theft, the leaking of classified information that reveals an undercover agent, and the use of a drunk-driving suspect's blood as evidence against him. The subjective and objective categories of privacy harm are distinct but related. Just as assault is the apprehension of battery, so is the unwanted perception of observation largely an apprehension of information-driven injury. The categories represent, respectively, the anticipation and consequence of a loss of control over personal information. The approach offers several advantages. It uncouples privacy harm from privacy violations, demonstrating that no person need commit a privacy violation for privacy harm to occur (and vice versa). It creates a "limiting principle" capable of revealing when another value – autonomy or equality, for instance – is more directly at stake. It also creates a "rule of recognition" that permits the identification of a privacy harm when no other harm is apparent. Finally, the approach permits the sizing and redress of privacy harm – including privacy in public – in novel ways.


A number of central banks publish their own business conditions survey based on non-random sampling methods. The results of these surveys influence monetary policy decisions and thus affect expectations in financial markets. To date, however, no one has computed the statistical accuracy of these surveys because their respective non-random sampling method renders this assessment non-trivial. This paper describes a methodology for modeling complex non-random sampling behaviour, and computing relevant measures of statistical confidence, based on a given survey's historical sample selection practice. We apply this framework to the Bank of Canada's Business Outlook Survey by describing the sampling method in terms of historical practices and Bayesian probabilities. This allows us to replicate the firm selection process using Monte Carlo simulations on a comprehensive micro-dataset of Canadian firms. We find, under certain assumptions, no evidence that the Bank's firm selection process results in biased estimates and/or wider confidence intervals.


Previous investigations have established the dependence of ebb delta volumes on wave energy and tidal energy at sandy inlets. In this study, this dependence was examined with respect to the rate of delta growth and the final equilibrium delta volume starting with the opening of a new inlet when no delta is present. A diagnostic model was developed for examining the influence of the ratio of wave energy to tidal energy on delta growth. Model sensitivity tests showed that increasing the suspended sediment concentration in the littoral zone caused the delta to approach equilibrium faster, but did not affect the equilibrium volume. Increasing the wave height increased the time of approach to equilibrium but decreased the volume. Finally, increasing the sand size increased the growth rate as well as the equilibrium volume. The model was applied to five Florida inlets. It was shown that the delta may never attain a true equilibrium volume, and the actual volume may fluctuate about a "quasi"-equilibrium volume consistent a wave energy to tidal energy ratio representative of the long-term wave and tidal conditions at the entrance.


This article addresses the patterns of gender and temporary international research visits among researchers, using data from a population of 10,349 Spanish doctorate holders in nine research fields. It analyzes rates of international mobility, and the frequency, duration, and destinations of temporary visits, by gender, with implications for scientific careers. We find that in their overall rates of mobility across fields, women are more internationally mobile than men. But compared to men: first, women's frequency of international visits is lower; second, their visits occur at earlier ages and stages in their careers; third, their visits are shorter; and finally, their destinations are closer to home. Given the paucity of empirical research on gender and international research mobility, the patterns reported here are sound data points for continuing comparative, cross-national investigations, and point to consequential considerations for gender equity and science and public policy.


In this study we investigated the chemical constituents of bioactive methanol extract of Euphorbia schimperi C. Presl. For this the methanol extract was fractionated into 20, 40, 60, 80% MeOH in CHCl3, and 100% MeOH fractions respectively by vacuum liquid chromatography. Excision wound surface of the animals were topically treated with these fractions at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for twenty days. Povidone-iodine ointment was used as a reference drug. Wound contraction measurement and period of epithelialization were used to assess the effect of fractions on wound repairing. The 100% MeOH fraction treated animals achieved significant (p < 0.001) value by showing 100% wound contraction and minimum period of epithelization (17.75±0.47) on the 20 day as compared to standard drug treated animals on the same day. The active 100% MeOH fraction was subjected to various chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of miquelianin (1), kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide (2) and quercitrin (3). Compounds (1-3) were isolated from this plant for the first time.


Decolonization influenced the rise of environmental activism and thought in Australia and South Africa in ways that have been overlooked by national histories of environmentalism and imperial histories of decolonization. Australia and South Africa's political and cultural movement away from Britain and the Commonwealth during the 1960s is one important factor explaining why people in both countries created more, and more important, public indigenous botanic gardens than anywhere else in the world during that decade. Effective decolonization from Britain also influenced the rise of indigenous gardening and the growing popularity of native gardens at a critical period in gardening and environmental history. Most facets of contemporary gardening—using plants indigenous to the site or region, planting drought-tolerant species, and seeing gardens as sites to help conserve regional and national flora—can be dated to the 1960s and 1970s. The interpretation advanced here adds to historical research tracing how the former Commonwealth settler colonies experienced effective decolonization in the same era. This article expands the focus of research on decolonization to include environmentalism. The interpretation of the article also augments national environmental histories that have hitherto downplayed the influence of decolonization on the rise of environmentalism. Putting decolonization into the history of the rise of environmental thought and action sheds light on why people in contemporary Australia and South Africa are so passionate about protecting indigenous flora and fauna, and so worried about threats posed by non-native invasive species.