Summer dormancy improves drought survival and autumn recovery of perennial forage species in Mediterranean areas. Morocco has served as a source of germplasm for orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) breeding, but little is known of the incidence and variability of the summer dormancy trait in Moroccan orchardgrass germplasm. This paper characterizes summer dormancy and summer drought survival in Moroccan ecotypes of orchardgrass. Ten Moroccan ecotypes and the cultivar Kasbah were studied in the field in Guich experimental INRA, Rabat, Morocco. Two trials were conducted in irrigated (to test summer dormancy) and in rainfed conditions (to test drought survival after summer). Under irrigation, Moroccan ecotypes of orchardgrass and Kasbah were summer dormant. According to a summer dormancy index and a combination of physiological responses, most ecotypes and Kasbah were found completely dormant. A single ecotype was considered incompletely dormant. After intense first year summer drought, plant survival was correlated (P < 0.001) with water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content and osmotic potential in immature leaf bases (r = 0.67 and 0.62, respectively). Two Moroccan ecotypes exhibited higher post-drought survival after summer drought (98%) than Kasbah (90%) (P < 0.01). After a second year with severe drought, an ecotype outyielded Kasbah for autumn recovery (P < 0.001). Moroccan germplasm exhibited good levels of dormancy and agronomic performance that would be desirable in breeding programs.


Climate trends in the Antarctic region remain poorly characterised, owing to the brevity and scarcity of direct climate observations and the large magnitude of interannual to decadal-scale climate variability. Here, within the framework of the PAGES Antarctica 2k working group, we build an enlarged database of ice core water stable isotope records from Antarctica, consisting of 112 records. We produce both unweighted and weighted isotopic (δ 18 O) composites and temperature reconstructions since 0 CE, binned at 5 and 10-year resolution, for 7 climatically-distinct regions covering the Antarctic continent. Following earlier work of the Antarctica 2k working group, we also produce composites and reconstructions for the broader regions of East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the whole continent. We use three methods for our temperature reconstructions: i) a temperature scaling based on the δ 18 O-temperature relationship output from an ECHAM5-wiso model simulation nudged to ERA-interim atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2013, and adjusted for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet region to borehole temperature data; ii) a temperature scaling of the isotopic normalized anomalies to the variance of the regional reanalysis temperature and iii) a composite-plus-scaling approach used in a previous continental scale reconstruction of Antarctic temperature since 1 CE but applied to the new Antarctic ice core database. Our new reconstructions confirm a significant cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE across all Antarctic regions where records extend back into the 1 st millennium, with the exception of the Wilkes Land coast and Weddell Sea coast regions. Within this long-term cooling trend from 0–1900 CE we find that the warmest period occurs between 300 and 1000 CE, and the coldest interval from 1200 to 1900 CE. Since 1900 CE, significant warming trends are identified for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Dronning Maud Land coast and the Antarctic Peninsula regions, and these trends are robust across the distribution of records that contribute to the unweighted isotopic composites and also significant in the weighted temperature reconstructions. Only for the Antarctic Peninsula is this most recent century-scale trend unusual in the context of natural variability over the last 2000-years. However, projected warming of the Antarctic continent during the 21st Century may soon see significant and unusual warming develop across other parts of the Antarctic continent. The extended Antarctica 2k ice core isotope database developed by this working group opens up many avenues for developing a deeper understanding of the response of Antarctic climate to natural and anthropogenic climate forcings. The first long-term quantification of regional climate in Antarctica presented herein is a basis for data-model comparison and assessments of past, present and future driving factors of Antarctic climate.


This article will explore recent initiatives in customer engagement in water services in Scotland, UK. Scotland has a well-established and successful model for water services regulation and governance, with a public supplier performing as efficiently as the top quartile of private English companies. One recent innovation has been a form of negotiated settlement between the provider and a group representing customers, as part of the price setting process. The paper will assess the initial intention and the subsequent evolution of this initiative, arguing that such developments can work well, when conditions are right. Enabling conditions may include a surrounding regulatory structure that is sufficiently mature and performing sufficiently well. It will offer some reflections on the process and on the role of such a body in the future, and will also posit that there are features of public sector providers that may make these more, rather than less, conducive to efficient and effective service delivery in the customer interest.


This thesis offers an analysis of workplace emotions by interweaving social constructionist and psychoanalytic theoretical frameworks. The introduction highlights the importance of workplace emotion for organisation studies and discusses the significance of drawing on more than one framework for an understanding of the complexities of workplace emotions. India was chosen as thelocale for the study for a variety of reasons, including its global significance, its history of psychoanalysis, and immense diversity, which offer a vast landscape for exploring emotions from multiple perspectives. Engaging with India provides a cultural corrective to research on organisational emotion focussed upon Western spaces. The literature review discusses the tenets, limitations, and possibilities for cross-fertilisation of social constructionist and psychoanalytic accounts, and explores further the opportunities provided by the choice of India as the site for this work. The methodology informing the research is then introduced, focussing on qualitative interviews, storytelling, and countertransference as key features of the data collection and analysis. Four data chapters follow, which present and analyse empirical data from the field work to highlight the importance of both frameworks for an enriched understanding of emotions. The major themes that emerge from the data include cultural dynamics influencing emotions, emotional labour, workplace traumas, and the legacy of colonialism in work spaces. The thesis concludes with a review of the theoretical contributions and an identification of new possibilities and new stories for exploration opened upon by this research.


The concept of 'purposeful metaphor' is proposed as an alternative to 'deliberate metaphor' (Steen, 2008) in providing a theory of metaphor in discourse and communication. The case for 'purposeful metaphor' is framed within a discussion of intentionality in a murder trial. It is argued that 'deliberateness' originates in epistemologies based in language use, but is not valid for epistemologies that distinguish between conscious and unconscious thought process; in literary studies it is known as the 'intentional fallacy'. However, considerations of intention are relevant in critical metaphor analysis that seeks insight into the social and political motivation of metaphor. Insights from Speech Act Theory and rhetorical theory suggest that 'deliberate metaphor' could be modified to 'purposeful metaphor' because we conceptualise 'purpose' in terms of a SOURCE (or idea), a PATH (or rhetorical plan) to realise a GOAL (or rhetorical outcome). 'Purposeful metaphor' therefore integrates the source (or idea behind) path, (or rhetorical plan), and goal, (or rhetorical outcome) of metaphor, while 'deliberate metaphor' only profiles its inception. Illustrations are given of how 'purposeful metaphor' contributes to an explanation of metaphor use in political and legal discourse, and other persuasive genres. Linguistic evidence for purposefulness is in the interaction between textually complex use of metaphor and contextual features such as political purpose or describing medical conditions.


The present document was prepared by the ECLAC Women and Development Unit for the International Meeting on Gender Statistics and Indicators for Measuring the Incidence of and Trends in Violence against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (La Paz, Bolivia, 21-23 November 2001). The document reflects the inputs which the participants provided for the working paper submitted by ECLAC at that event. It is a tool for measuring the incidence of violence against women in intimate relationships, as well as the main characteristics of the phenomenon. The first part describes how the problem of violence against women came to be part of national, regional and international public agendas. One of the problems detected in the enforcement of the relevant laws is the lack of sufficient and adequate follow-up mechanisms for monitoring the application of penalties. This document represents an attempt to meet that need by providing indicators that make it possible to carry out the consultation processes that result in the formulation of public policy. The second part presents a classification and non-exhaustive analysis of the surveys and administrative records used to measure violence against women in recent years. This part also highlights the challenges that should be analyzed and considered in adapting and improving such sources as statistically valid inputs for the construction of indicators. The third and final part presents a minimum set of indicators in the form of a proposal to be considered by the countries of the region. The proposal aims to strike a balance between what is ideal and what is possible by attempting to complement efforts already under way while incorporating characteristics, purposes and objectives that go beyond the bare minimum. The document concludes by suggesting institutional arrangements for ensuring that the implementation of this set of indicators is integrated into the process of institutionalizing public policies with a gender perspective.


Being located in the Deccan Plateau region, Hyderabad city has been dotted with a number of lakes, which formed very important component of its physical environment. With the increasing control of the State and private agencies over the years, and rapid urban sprawl of the city, many of the water bodies have been totally lost. Many have been shrunk in size while the waters of several lakes got polluted with the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents. This study makes an attempt to analyse the transformation of common property resources (the lakes) into private property. The adverse consequences of the loss of water bodies are felt in the steep decline in water table and the resultant water crisis in several areas. Further, the severity of flooding that was witnessed in August 2000 was also due to a reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels. The State has not bothered to either implement the existing laws or pay attention to the suggestions of environmental organisations in this regard. The paper argues that in this process of loss of water bodies in Hyderabad, the State is as much responsible as private agencies in terms of the policies that it has formulated and the lack of ensuring legislation and implementation.


In order to develop a technique of controlled prestressing of metal components, mild steel discs were dynamically loaded using explosives. Subsequently, mild steel discs of similar dimensions were loaded statically. The following loading conditions were studied:(i) at fixed radius and varying load (ii) at varying radial positions and fixed load (iii) at constant load and fixed radius but varying outer diameter of disc (dynamic tests only).For the dynamically loaded discs, residual radial stresses have been obtained by an experimental technique, based on strain gauge readings, which permitted the estimation of the residual stresses at the incremental radius of the successively cut sections of the discs for both outer and inner sections. Further analysis of the experimental results has produced values for the residual radial and hoop stress at radii close to the explosive loading radius. Correlation from results obtained from the statically loaded discs was provided by strain gauges fixed at varying fixed radii on each-loaded disc. The experimental analysis for the statically loaded discs was of simpler form than that required for the dynamically loaded discs.In order to establish the validity of the method for estimating the residual radial stresses, certain other experimental measurements have been made viz: planedeformation, hardness, microstructural examination and buckling tests. A theoretical model based on plastic deformation of the loaded annulus has been developed which requires an estimation of the energy transferred from the loading ring or annulus to the surface of the disc. In the majority of cases, agreement between experimental and theoretical values of residual radial and hoop stress have been found in both magnitude and sign. A further theoretical approach was applied using finite element technique to validate the equivalent stress values obtained from the experimental results of the statically loaded discs. Comparison of the results again showed good agreement in magnitude and sign.


Polar radio brightenings at 87 GHz (3.5 mm) are compared for the rst time with features seen in EUV and soft X-rays. The data consist of nearly simultane- ous full disk images and maps from Metsahovi Radio Observatory, SOHO/EIT, and Yohkoh/SXT on 9 selected days near the solar minimum (1996-1997). The observed radio brightenings corresponded to var- ious features seen in EUV, such as diuse or localized intensity enhancements (e.g., bright points and bases of polar plumes), and intensity depressions of varying sizes (e.g., coronal holes). Some of these features were also vis- ible in soft X-rays. The visibility of radio bright coronal holes seemed to depend on how much of the polar area was exposed, due to the variation of the B0-angle. The observed radio depressions near the solar poles were very well correlated with coronal holes and other EUV and/or soft X-ray intensity drops. More than half of the coronal holes, or coronal hole-like intensity drops in EUV and soft X-rays, had radio brightenings inside them. Therefore coronal holes do not have uniform radio bright- ness at 87 GHz. Many of the bright points seen at lower latitudes in the EIT and SXT images had no, or just faint, counterparts in the millimeter radio maps. It appears that for an EUV bright point to show up at 87 GHz it has to be bright and/or spatially large also in soft X-rays.


In this work we analyze earthquake parameters published in the Seismic Bulletin of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) The analysis and the interpretation of the digital signals, done by specialized employees daily, produce most of the seismological information that comprises INGV's earthquake bulletins. After a brief introduction on the criteria we use to obtain seismic parameters, this paper will review the processing procedures employed over a period of sixteen years from 1988 to September 2003. This study also addresses the issue of the comparison between Magnitude calculated on signal duration (Md) and on amplitude (ML) and the lack of a correct calibration between them . A completeness analysis of the whole bulletin performed using both the Stepp and the Habermann techniques shows the importance of considering changes in the seismicity rate and in the geometry of the seismological network. To conclude this excursus, we calculated the errors of hypocentral locations and the detection capacity of individual seismic stations. This final step stresses the increasing improvement of the INGV seismic network over the past 16 years.


The 1995 Sandwell & Smith WGI7.2 satellite gravity map has been compared with high quality
ship gravity data offshore Sabah. The standard deviation of the differences between gravity
profiles interpolated from WGI7.2 and the ship survey was 5.7 mGal. Spectral analysis indicated
that WGI7.2 resolves features with half-wavelengths greater than 10 km.
Three hundred new gravity stations, including ten base stations tied to IGSN71, were established
during a survey of Sabah and were merged with two previous surveys to complete the gravity
coverage of the state at reconnaissance level. New gravity maps of Sundaland, compiled from the
Sabah and WGI7.2 gravity data sets have been interpreted. ' Subtraction from these data sets of
the long wavelength GEM-T3 gravity anomaly field, which is dominated by the effects of the
subducted proto-South China Sea and the ongoing subduction of the Australian, Indian and
Philippine Sea Plates, achieved a simple 'regional-residual' separation and the isolation of
crustal-scale anomalies.
5' x 5' maps of the depth to Moho, crustal thickness and β (crustal extension) factor beneath the
Sunda Shelf and the South China Sea have been produced by 1-D geometric manipulation of the
marine gravity field using sediment isopach and bathymetry control data. The average difference
between the new Moho map and seismic refraction depth-to-Moho estimates at the south China
margin was 0.2 ± 2.0 km. The Moho rises from an average depth of 29 km beneath the Sunda
Shelf to a depth of about 16 km beneath the South China Sea oceanic basin. It is estimated that
approximately 1100 km of oceanic crust of the proto-South China Sea was subducted at the
northwest Borneo margin. Gravity modelling independently confirmed the average 35 mm/yr
spreading rate prediction for the southwestern subbasin of the South China Sea oceanic basin
from magnetic lineation interpretation.
Quantitative interpretation indicates that Sabah is underlain by thick continental crust, and
gravity modelling of the Maliau Basin predicts a minimum sediment thickness of 8 km. The
ophiolite bodies at Telupid and Darvel Bay are separated by a gravity low and there is no
evidence that the two are related. The crustal root of the Crocker Ranges extends to a depth of
~49 km below sea level. In order to reach this present day crustal thickness, the turbiditic
sediments forming the Crocker Ranges must have been compressed to less than half of their
original lateral extent during the Sabah Orogeny.


Never before has so much popular culture been produced about what it means to be a girl in today's society. From the first appearance of Nancy Drew in 1930, to Seventeen magazine in 1944 to the emergence of Bratz dolls in 2001, girl culture has been increasingly linked to popular culture and an escalating of commodities directed towards girls of all ages. Editors Claudia A. Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh investigate the increasingly complex relationships, struggles, obsessions, and idols of American tween and teen girls who are growing up faster today than ever before. From pre-school to high school and beyond, Girl Culture tackles numerous hot-button issues, including the recent barrage of advertising geared toward very young girls emphasizing sexuality and extreme thinness. Nothing is off-limits: body image, peer pressure, cliques, gangs, and plastic surgery are among the over 250 in-depth entries highlighted. Comprehensive in its coverage of the twenty and twenty-first century trendsetters, fashion, literature, film, in-group rituals and hot-button issues that shape-and are shaped by-girl culture, this two-volume resource offers a wealth of information to help students, educators, and interested readers better understand the ongoing interplay between girls and mainstream culture.


Mammalian cells depend on glucose as a major substrate for energy production. Glucose is transported into the cell via facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) present in all cell types. Many GLUT isoforms have been described and their expression is cell-specific and subject to hormonal and environmental control. The kinetic properties and substrate specificities of the different isoforms are specifically suited to the energy requirements of the particular cell types. Due to the ubiquitousness of these transporters, their differential expression is involved in various disease states such as diabetes, ischemia and cancer. The majority of cancers and isolated cancer cell lines over-express the GLUT family members which are present in the respective tissue of origin under non-cancerous conditions. Moreover, due to the requirement of energy to feed uncontrolled proliferation, cancer cells often express GLUTs which under normal conditions would not be present in these tissues. This over-expression is predominantly associated with the likelihood of metastasis and hence poor patient prognosis. This article presents a review of the current literature on the regulation and expression of GLUT family members and has compiled clinical and research data on GLUT expression in human cancers and in isolated human cancer cell lines.


Three-dimensional (3D) hydraulic modelling of rapidly varying surface flows is a challenging task for practical engineering applications. One example is represented by the fast-moving fronts originating from dam breaches that proceed downstream through artificial channels. In this work, a fully 3D lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is tested. The numerical model is a front-tracking variant of the LBM, being the free surface tracked through the liquid volume fraction. Model performances are evaluated simulating the effect of dam-break flows on synthetic settings schematically represented by an artificial domain and comparing results with analytical data and experimental laboratory measurements. Obtained results are promising for the use of LBM for practical engineering applications.


Abstract We develop a new framework to characterize the dynamics of triangular (three-point) arbitrage in electronic foreign exchange markets. To examine the properties of arbitrage, we propose a wavelet-based regression approach that is robust to estimation errors, measurement bias and persistence. Relying on this wavelet-based (denoising) inference, we consider various liquidity and market risk indicators to predict arbitrage in a unique ultra-high-frequency exchange rate data set. We find strong empirical evidence that limit order book, realized volatility and cross-correlations help forecast triangular arbitrage profits. The estimates are statistically significant and relevant for investors such that on average 80−100 arbitrage opportunities exist with a short duration (100−500 ms) on a daily basis. Our analysis also reveals that triangular arbitrage opportunities are counter-cyclical at ultra-high-frequency levels: arbitrage returns tend to increase (decrease) in periods when volatility risk and correlations are relatively low (high). We show that liquidity-driven microstructure measures, however, appear to be more powerful in exploiting arbitrage profits when compared to market-driven factors.


* Corresponding author Abstract The worldwide transfer and introduction of non-indigenous invasive aquatic organisms via ships' ballast water has been amply demonstrated to cause significant ecological, economic and human health impacts. Possible solutions to the problem include: 1) treating ballast water to remove or destroy unwanted organisms; 2) re-designing new vessels to eliminate the need to discharge ballast water; and 3) retaining ballast water onboard. Ballast water exchange is currently the only widely acceptable and suggested (sometimes even required) procedure to minimise the risk of ballast water mediated invasions but the variable efficacy and operational limitations of this approach have led to significant financial investment in the last two decades in the research and development of more effective shipboard and shore based ballast water treatment technologies. Specific technologies under consideration include mechanical separation, heat treatment, UV irradiation, cavitation, de-oxygenation and active substances. To date, no single treatment option has proved to be universally effective and increasing attention has focused on multi- component treatment systems. The high flow rates and volumes of ballast water that must be treated pose significant technological challenges, and the presence of sediment in ballast tanks reduces the efficacy of many treatment options as this provides a habitat for resistant organisms such as resting stages of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Mechanical separation devices would best be used as a primary stage of a treatment system comprising multiple technologies because free-living organisms and sediment below a certain size are likely to be largely unaffected. UV treatment systems are unlikely to eliminate all ballast water organisms, as they are not able to deliver a stable lethal dose across a wide range of water quality conditions and many organisms are resistant to UV exposure or can recuperate after treatment. At the current stage of development, cavitation would not be considered appropriate for the shipboard treatment of ballast water due to high capital and operating costs and high power requirements. The heating of ballast water using waste heat from ships' engines has been claimed to be a practical and cost effective treatment options for eliminating ballast water zooplankton and phytoplankton (including resting stages) but concerns have been expressed that attainable temperatures may not eliminate all bacterial pathogens, that this approach does not apply to ships traversing colder seas and may impact on the integrity of vessel structures. Promising research has been conducted on several systems that are able to achieve temperatures capable of eliminating bacteria but these technologies are still under development. De-oxygenation by the addition of glucose or reducing agents are not effective treatment options, however de- oxygenation technologies based on the injection of an inert gas are more promising (notably against larval and adult zooplankton) as they could be cost effective and do not impact on the aquatic environment as ballast water is re-oxygenated prior to discharge. Biocide dosing systems have low capital costs and power requirements but the costs of active substances are significant. Chemical treatment costs and space requirements can be significantly reduced by using onboard chemical generators but the capital cost of these systems is significant and all have biological efficacy, safety, operational and environmental (poor biodegradation) concerns. Treatment systems that produce free hydroxyl radicals would be favourable over other chemical treatments as they are claimed to produce less or no toxic by-products at ballast discharge but these technologies have high power requirements. Each treatment option requires further research on their biological and operational efficacy and safety under full-scale shipboard conditions. As of July 2009, 16 promising systems using active substances had received basic approval and 8 systems final approval from IMO, with 4 systems receiving type approval certification and 2 systems receiving national approval certification. Effectively eliminating the risk of ballast water mediated invasions still remains a monumental technological and economical challenge.


The population of Gloriosa species is gradually diminishing in Udupi district of Karnataka, due to their over exploitation for colchicine-the therapeutic alkaloid. The scattered and scant occurrence of this genus is further attributed to their seasonal and truncated seed set in nature. The present study is the first report on polymorphism studies in this plant using AFLP, the dominant molecular marker. Genetic distance based on the AFLP data could authenticate, low intraspecific diversity more efficiently than RAPD. This genetic similarity identified could be correlated with collection sites and altitude. 2C DNA values of the collected accessions ranged between 5.24 and 5.81 pg, when determined by flow cytometer. The study indicated that the genetically isolated smaller population of G. superba is experiencing genetic drift within the Udupi district of Karnataka, India and hence must be subjected to suitable conservation measures.


ABSTRACT The current plan for US nuclear modernization would replace the nation's aging Minuteman III missiles with next-generation missiles known as the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent, at a cost of $100 billion or more. As part of the agreement that resulted in the Senate's approval of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty nuclear agreement with the Russian Federation, the Obama administration agreed to a nuclear modernization plan that includes retaining and upgrading the nation's intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). But from a military standpoint, these missiles are the most vulnerable and least essential components of the US nuclear arsenal. As part of its comprehensive nuclear posture review, the Trump administration should take the time to determine whether ICBMs fit into America's nuclear deterrent strategy, and to consider options such as reducing or even eliminating them – which could be done with little risk to the overall security of the United States or its allies.


This paper reports a pilot study of development and implementation of an interactive environment for construction design and maintenance. The environment is based on a three-tier architecture, where user interface, web server and distributed databases are kept separate. The environment supports design, visualisation (2D layout, 3D or panoramic view), searching, planning, specifications, computation and supplier information. The system enables users to be able to simulate and evaluate a 3D environment interactively. The paper presents the software structure, implementation and test examples. In addition to 3D visualisation, data format conversion and content-based information retrieval are also discussed. Some conclusions and further work are drawn.


Reef-building corals are extremely important for maintenance of marine biodiversity and coastal economy and are currently under severe threat from anthropogenic warming. Warming is predicted to drive preferential survival of warm-adapted genotypes that have migrated to cooler locations and result in an overall decline in genetic diversity due to bleaching-related mortality. To quantify these trends, we analyzed five populations of a common coral Acropora millepora along the latitudinal extent of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Population genomic analysis revealed that most populations were demographically distinct and that migration was indeed preferential southward, from lower (warmer) to higher (cooler) latitudes. However, no recent increase in southward migration was detectable, and inferred migration rates remained closely correlated with predictions of a biophysical model of larval dispersal based on ocean currents. There was also no evidence of recent declines in genetic diversity. A multi-locus adaptation model indicated that standing genetic variation spread across latitudes could be sufficient to fuel continuous adaptation of A. millepora metapopulation to warming over the next 100-200 years. Unexpectedly, we found that naturally low heritability of thermal tolerance in reef-building corals due to contribution from horizontally transmitted algal symbionts would facilitate longer metpopulation persistence. Still, despite good prospects for gradual adaptation, our model predicted increase in severity of mortality events due to random thermal anomalies, which could lead to much faster coral extinction if there are ecological feedbacks preventing rapid reef recovery.


Multidomain polymeric nanoparticles containing different blocks with different properties have gained great interest for a wide range of applications in the past two decades. In this work, core multishell (CMS) structures consisting of hyperbranched polyglycerol as core and polylactide and polycaprolactone as shell structures are presented. Number of arms and thickness of shells have been manipulated by precise control over the molar ratios of monomer to terminal functional groups in the reaction feed. The ability of CMS to load and release small guest molecules and also the loading capacities are studied using Rose Bengal as a model dye. Loading capacity of CMS depends on molecular weight, type, and thickness of shells. Due to the difference in polarity and solubility of different blocks, the CMS nanocarriers show medium-responsive behavior whereupon the encapsulated guest molecules are released in a controlled manner.


Cosmopolitan Dharma, through an analysis of the diverse voices of racial, sexual and gender minority Buddhists, explores how cultural politics from the ground up can offer a more inclusive philosophy and lived experience of spirituality for Western Buddhism.


The positive impact that religion generally has on human beings has been suggested by different studies. However, it cannot be assumed that religion always contributes to the well-being of believers. Religious systems can be misused, resulting in people being spiritually and even physically hurt and harmed. This study investigates certain aspects of some alternative religious group in order to determine the impact it has on the well-being of the members of these groups. It was found that people are drawn to these groups because of the challenges they present, the display of true love amongst members and the 'message' of an authoritative charismatic leader that resonates with them and convinces them to become part. As time pass, members were challenged with questionable aspects that appear in the activities and teaching of these groups. Obtaining clarity on these concerns was strongly discouraged by the culture and other members of the group, resulting in members suppressing doubts and emotions. Adherence to the tenets of the group then occurred as a result of peer pressure and out of fear instead of true conviction. The study concludes that most of the respondents in the study reported that their experience in these groups did not contribute to their well-being, and emotionally, they struggled to adapt to society and other religious groups after leaving the group.


This article summarizes a recently completed study, funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and conducted by the Urban Institute, of discrimination against black and Hispanic homebuyers when they visit mortgage lending institutions in two major metropolitan markets to make pre-application inquiries. It represents the first application of paired testing to rigorously measure discrimination in the mortgage lending process. The paired tests disclosed significant levels of adverse treatment on the basis of race and ethnicity, with African Americans and Hispanics receiving less information and assistance than comparable whites, even at this very early stage in the application process.


Objective To determine which postoperative rehabilitation regime is superior following surgical repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture. The primary outcomes were patient safety and satisfaction. Design Intervention meta-analysis. Data sources The MEDLINE and CINAHL electronic databases were searched from their date of inception until June 2015 using keywords related to acute Achilles tendon rupture, surgical repair and rehabilitation. The electronic database search was supplemented with forward citation tracking using the Web of Science. Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials comparing clinical and/or patient-reported outcomes between patients receiving early functional postoperative ankle motion and weight bearing (bracing group), and traditional ankle immobilisation with a non-weight bearing rigid cast (cast group) were eligible for inclusion. Fourteen articles were identified as potentially eligible; 10 sufficient-quality randomised controlled trials involving 570 patients were included for meta-analysis. Main results A high proportion of patients were able to return to prior employment and sporting activity in both groups. Five of the six trials measuring the time interval showed a faster return to prior sporting level in the bracing group. Subjective patient outcomes were significantly better in the bracing group (for good and excellent results, p=0.01; OR, 3.13; 95% CI 1.30 to 7.53). There was no difference in major complications between the two groups (p=0.21; RD, −0.03; 95% CI −0.06 to 0.01). Dynamometry and anthropometry measurements favoured functional rehabilitation at 6–12 weeks postoperation; however, by 6 months postoperative, the differences were negligible. Conclusions Compared to traditional ankle immobilisation, with a non-weight bearing cast following surgical repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture, early dynamic functional rehabilitation is as safe with higher patient satisfaction.


Model selection in the context of bandit optimization is a challenging problem, as it requires balancing exploration and exploitation not only for action selection, but also for model selection. One natural approach is to rely on online learning algorithms that treat different models as experts. Existing methods, however, scale poorly ($\text{poly}M$) with the number of models $M$ in terms of their regret. Our key insight is that, for model selection in linear bandits, we can emulate full-information feedback to the online learner with a favorable bias-variance trade-off. This allows us to develop ALEXP, which has an exponentially improved ($\log M$) dependence on $M$ for its regret. ALEXP has anytime guarantees on its regret, and neither requires knowledge of the horizon $n$, nor relies on an initial purely exploratory stage. Our approach utilizes a novel time-uniform analysis of the Lasso, establishing a new connection between online learning and high-dimensional statistics.


This article develops, illustrates, and defends Husserlian Phenomenology from a critique in Terry Eagleton's Literary Theory: An Introduction second edition (1996). Husserlian Phenomenology is construed as a methodology of philosophical hunt for certainty and universal essences by pure perception through"phenomenological reduction". Eagleton's charge that Husserlian Phenomenology is a form of methodological idealism necessarily committed to a science of subjectivity and an imaginary solution to the world that leads to the sacrifice of human history. But Husserlian phenomenology insists that meaningful and potentially efficacious certainty must be connected to relevant entity and consciousness internal to the culture or social order at which the criticism is directed. Thus, to our defense, the complaint that phenomenological demand will likely limit actual historical backgroundwherecriticism is denied, and the ability of Husserlian Phenomenology to develop from pure phenomenon to unphenomenological thinking is defended and demonstrated.


The necessity of dealing with uncertainty in real world problems has been a long-term research challenge which has originated different methodologies and theories. Recently, the concept of Hesitant Fuzzy Sets (HFSs) has been introduced to model the uncertainty that often appears when it is necessary to establish the membership degree of an element and there are some possible values that make to hesitate about which one would be the right one. Many researchers have paid attention on this concept who have proposed diverse extensions, relationships with other types of fuzzy sets, different types of operators to compute with this type of information, applications on information fusion and decision-making, etc. Nevertheless, some of these proposals are questionable, because they are straightforward extensions of previous works or they do not use the concept of HFSs in a suitable way. Therefore, this position paper studies the necessity of HFSs and provides a discussion about current proposals including a guideline that the proposals should follow and some challenges of HFSs. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


This qualitative study was conducted in the context of a preservice teacher education program with a focus on early literacy. The study focused on the insights preservice teachers gained from working closely beside one emergent writer. The authors report on six focus cases and identify five cross-case themes—describing preservice teachers who (a) approached young children's efforts to compose texts with deep appreciation regardless of the child's level of development; (b) deeply valued the time spent near a young writer and described their own learning as emanating both from the writer and the writing; (c) gained an understanding of how literacy emerges/develops, and made efforts to take up the discourse of literacy teachers; (d) talked sensitively about the importance of their teaching moves—the "just right" invitations or steps that enabled children to take risks; and (e) valued the purposeful writing that emanated from children's interests and lives and motivated them to write. The findings are interpreted within Grossman's (2011) framework for reenvisioning teacher education as "practice" supported by representations, deconstructions, and approximations.


We calculate corrections to the fermion propagator and to the Green's functions of all fermion bilinear operators of the form , to one-loop in perturbation theory. We employ the Wilson/clover action for fermions and the Symanzik improved action for gluons. The novel aspect of our calculations is that they are carried out to second order in the lattice spacing, (a2). Consequently, they have addressed a number of new issues, most notably the appearance of loop integrands with strong IR divergences (convergent only beyond 6 dimensions). Such integrands are not present in (a1) improvement calculations; there, IR divergent terms are seen to have the same structure as in the (a0) case, by virtue of parity under integration, and they can thus be handled by well-known techniques. We explain how to correctly extract the full (a2) dependence; in fact, our method is generalizable to any order in a. The (a2) corrections to the quark propagator and Green's functions computed in this paper are useful to improve the nonperturbative RI-MOM determination of renormalization constants for quark bilinear operators. Our results depend on a large number of parameters: coupling constant, number of colors, lattice spacing, external momentum, clover parameter, Symanzik coefficients, gauge parameter. To make these results most easily accessible to the reader, we have included them in the distribution package of this paper, as an ASCII file named: Oa2results.m; the file is best perused as Mathematica input.


In order to mitigate barrier effects of highways and exclusion fences on wildlife, many countries have invested in specific wildlife crossing structures placed at selected strategic locations. While such structures may be significant to species conservation or management at local scale, they may not necessarily suffice to maintain landscape connectivity at broad scale. Conventional, non-wildlife road bridges, tunnels and culverts, however, are usually abundant along the major infrastructure corridors and are known to be used by animals at least occasionally. Given the large number and density of such passages, their accumulative effect may well be underestimated. On the other hand, there is uncertainty about how effectiveness of wildlife passages should be judged, because clear objectives and performance targets are undeveloped. We used track inventories to study the relative use of a total of 57 conventional road underpasses in south-central Sweden by common wildlife species such as moose (Alces alces), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), badger (Meles meles) and hares (Lepus spp.).
We studied the influence of passage dimensions, design, human disturbance and landscape factors and derived recommendations on limits in size and openness based on selected multiple regressions. Our results support earlier findings in that ungulates are more sensitive to underpass dimensions as medium-sized carnivores and hares. In general, moose and, to some degree also roe deer, used underpasses much less than expected from their occurrence in the surrounding habitat, whereas badgers and foxes, in particular, showed clear preference towards the underpasses. Openness appeared as a strong predictor for the relative use by most species, but also traffic within the underpasses and distance to nearest forest cover were important variables. Landscape attributes, such as habitat composition within 500 m around the passage or the distance to the nearest alternative crossing option, were of less significance to the relative use of underpasses. We estimated that underpasses with a relative openness of 2.3 (and minimum width of 11m), with limited human and vehicular traffic (12 passages per day) and nearby forest cover (distance <15 m) are likely to be used by moose at random, i.e., as much as expected from moose activity on control track beds. Smaller animals, including roe deer, will use such passages more frequently.
We propose establishing random passage use (use as expected) as a performance target for non-wildlife crossing structures. Higher targets should be set for adapted wildlife passages. Additional, ecologically scaled performance targets must address the distance between adjacent crossing facilities. We conclude that, at least in Sweden, only a minor proportion of conventional road underpasses built for local access roads provide effective passages to roe deer and smaller species, and only very few to moose. It is worthwhile studying, however, whether other facilities can be created to provide safe passage for wildlife across roads or whether additional protective features can increase the attractiveness of existing structures and thereby provide more costefficient mitigation than the investment in new, adapted wildlife passages.


This article examines the charge that the "New Perspective" on health (as exemplified by the Lalonde Report in Canada, by Prevention and Health in the United Kingdom) represents an abandonment of liberal principles in favor of a collectivist and paternalistic role for the state. It looks first at the problems confronting modern health policy, and at the reasoning behind the New Perspective's approach. It then explores whether and how the charge of paternalism applies to that approach, and just what such a charge implies. The article concludes with a discussion of the "liberal paternalist" viewpoint towards health policy, a viewpoint that combines respect for individual liberty with an interest in taking effective public action to improve the health status of modern populations.


We describe an empirical study of open-source and closed-source software projects. The motivation for this research is to quantitatively investigate common perceptions about open-source projects, and to validate these perceptions through an empirical study. We investigate the hypothesis that open-source software grows more quickly, but does not find evidence to support this. The project growth is similar for all the projects in the analysis, indicating that other factors may limit growth. The hypothesis that creativity is more prevalent in open-source software is also examined, and evidence to support this hypothesis is found using the metric of functions added over time. The concept of open-source projects succeeding because of their simplicity is not supported by the analysis, nor is the hypothesis of open-source projects being more modular. However, the belief that defects are found and fixed more rapidly in open-source projects is supported by an analysis of the functions modified. We find support for two of the five common beliefs and conclude that, when implementing or switching to the open-source development model, practitioners should ensure that an appropriate metrics collection strategy is in place to verify the perceived benefits.


Footballing legend Tommy Smith played with Liverpool for eighteen years from 1960 to 1978. During this time he won almost every honor club football has to offer - 4 First Division Championship medals, 2 FA Cup winners medals, 2 European Cups, 2 UEFA Cups, 1 European Super Cup and 5 Charity Shields. He captained Liverpool for a number of seasons and played under both Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley, widely regarded as two of the greatest managers British football has ever produced. In that time he was forged into one of football's original hard men - Shankly once said, 'Tommy Smith wasn't born, he was quarried'.A uniquely tough but thoroughly fair player (in spite of his fame for the most punishing of tackles), he was sent off only once and booked only twice, on all three occasions for dissent. In this fascinating autobiography, Tommy gives us the inside story of a whole host of footballing legends - Bill Shankly, Bob Paisley, Ron Yeats, Kevin Keegan, Matt Busby, Brian Clough, George Best, Jimmy Greaves, Bobby Moore, Denis Law and Pele, as told by one of their own. A nostalgic view of a golden age of English football, this is a window on the glory days of Liverpool. It is also the story of the time before the game was all about the money and Tommy has a lot to say about football today - so he's not changed. As Bob Paisley once said, 'Tommy doesn't tackle opponents so much as break them down for resale as scrap'.


Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among women in the world. It develops by a multistage pathogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism of cervical carcinogenesis remains unclear. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has received widespread attention during the past decade due to its essential role as an effective defense against the emergence of cancer. Anticancer agents are effective through the induction of apoptosis specifically in cancer cells. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a commonly used, effective anticancer drug. In addition, our laboratory has developed a model system for multistage cervical carcinogenesis. To obtain a better understanding of how the progression of cervical cancer may occur in women, we studied whether and how 5-FU may differentially induce apoptosis in the multiple cellular stages. -- To determine whether 5-FU induces apoptosis in our multistage model system composed of primary human ectocervical cells (HEC), HPV 18-immortalized HEC (HEC-18), and CSC-transformed HEC-18 cells (HEC-18T), we treated these cells with 5-FU. 5-FU induced apoptosis in HEC, HEC-18, and HEC-18T, as evidenced by morphologic changes, DNA ladder formation, and flow cytometry analysis. Growth inhibition assay results further indicated that 5-FU-induced apoptosis occurred in a dose-and time-dependent manner. In addition, comparison of HEC with HEC-18 and HEC-18T revealed that both of the latter cell lines were less sensitive to 5-FU-induced apoptosis than HEC when cultured in serum-free medium KGM. However, a higher level apoptosis induced by 5-FU was observed when HEC-18 and HEC-18T were grown in serum-containing medium DMEM compared with KGM. -- The expression level of apoptosis-regulating proteins without treatment with apoptotic stimuli is known to correlate with the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis. To examine whether such a correlation exists in our model system for multistage cervical carcinogenesis, a panel of apoptosis-regulating proteins was analyzed by Western blot analysis without 5-FU treatment. The results revealed that the levels of pro-apoptotic p53, Bak, and Bax proteins were lower in HEC-18 and HEC-18T compared to those in HEC, whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and BAG-1 p33 isoform, but not Bcl-xL and BAG-1 p50, p46 and p29, were found in enhanced levels. These findings suggest that immortalization by HPV 18 results in decreased sensitivity to 5-FU-induced apoptosis, possibly due to underexpression of pro-apoptotic proteins and overexpression of specific anti-apoptotic proteins. On the other hand, pro-apoptotic p53 and Bax, but not Bak, showed higher expression levels in HEC-18 and HEC-18T in DMEM than KGM, whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, but not Bcl-xL and BAG-1 isoforms, was lower in expression. These findings suggest that the two media differentially affect the sensitivity of cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis, possibly involving the overexpression of p53 and Bax pro-apoptotic proteins and underexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. -- Apoptosis is of special interest for chemotherapy for human cancers. Extensive studies have been performed towards the understanding of the mechanism for the initiation of apoptosis. Various apoptosis-regulating proteins have been identified and studied. To investigate whether the expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins is involved in the initiation of apoptosis induced by 5-FU treatment, a panel of such proteins was assayed by Western blot analysis in 5-FU-treated HEC-18 and HEC-18T grown in DMEM. Of the apoptosis-regulating and related proteins, p53, p53 target proteins p21 and PCNA but not MDM-2, and Bak but not Bax displayed enhanced expression, whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and BAG-1, but not Bcl-xL, exhibited decreased expression. These results suggest that the dysregulated expression of certain apoptosis-regulating proteins is involved in the initiation of 5-FU-induced apoptosis. -- Resistance to anticancer agents is the major limitation to chemotherapy for cancers. It has become clear that the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis reflects the sensitivity to being killed by anticancer drugs. Therefore, any method that can increase the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis may be effective in chemotherapeutic strategies. As described above, higher susceptibility of HEC-18 and HEC-18T to 5-FU-induced apoptosis was observed when the medium used was DMEM instead of KGM. To study in more detail methods to increase susceptibility to apoptosis, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or elevated Ca²⁺ concentration was employed to study the factors involved in the difference between susceptibility to apoptosis in KGM versus DMEM. Both HEC-18 and HEC-18T exhibited more apoptosis induction by 5-FU treatment when they were cultured in KGM plus LDL than in only KGM or KGM plus Ca²⁺. This suggests that elevated delivery of 5-FU may play an important role in the differential sensitivity to apoptosis in the two media. Furthermore, both Western blot analysis and flow cytometry results showed that differential expression of LDL receptor on cell surfaces was not involved in the differential apoptotic response. -- In summary, this study showed that 5-FU induces apoptosis in our model system for multistage cervical carcinogenesis, discovered that expression level changes of apoptosis-regulating proteins correlate with sensitivity changes of cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis, implied how 5-FU-induced apoptosis might be initiated and regulated in human ectocervical cells, and also provided information suggesting a feasible approach for clinical application of 5-FU in cervical cancer chemotherapy.


This article summarizes the research on children and environmental print. There are three sections. The first section describes what we know about learning and early literacy. The second part is a literature review. Since the research clearly shows that exposure to environmental print, even before formal education begins, contributes to early literacy, the final section discusses suggestions for appropriate uses of environmental print in the classroom. The joint literacy statement published by six professional national educational organizations included a list of what young children already know before they come to school (Schickedanz, 1986). These organizations agreed that many children are reading environmental print, such as road signs, grocery labels, and fast food signs, before they come to school. Children often engage in reading environmental print before reading print in books. Marie Clay found that children explore the details of print in their environment, on signs, cereal packages and television advertisements. They have developed concepts about print in their environment and about books before they start their formal education. Consequently, more advanced concepts emerged out of children's earlier understandings. Exposure to environmental print led them to form primitive hypotheses about letters, words, or messages they saw enabling the development of early literacy. This article is divided into three sections. The first section describes what we know about learning and early literacy. The second part is a literature review explaining what researchers have discovered about children and environmental print. This includes research on environmental print and children with special needs, environmental print and elementary students, and environmental print and school readiness. Finally, suggestions for appropriate uses of environmental print in the classroom are discussed. What do we know about learning and early literacy? Since the use of environmental print is based on the theories of constructivism and developmental contextualism, as well as what we know about early literacy, it is worthwhile examining how these theories and knowledge contribute to ascertaining the value of environmental print. While there are many "brands" of constructivism, Piaget (1970) is the most recognized for his general scientific theory about how children construct knowledge. Although he did not propose a specific theory about reading and writing, his theory of how children construct knowledge provided a much broader framework, which allows individuals to understand any process of acquiring knowledge. Simply put, children construct knowledge from the inside out through interacting with their environment. This would be true of literacy in general, and more specifically, environmental print. Vygotsky (1978) also recognized the importance of children's construction of knowledge but took a more contextual view. Since literacy is specific to each language and culture, he believed young children need some assistance in making sense of environmental print from a more able peer or teacher. Bronfenbrenner (1989) believed that the child is influenced by multiple contexts in which there are reciprocal interactions between children and their environments. While children are impacted by face to face interactions, they are also influenced by the guardian's workplace, and the social, historical, political and economic realities of the time. The day to day context of a child is especially important in utilizing environmental print to plan and implement an integrated curriculum to meet the child's needs. Environmental print is also based on what we have learned about early literacy. Ferreiro and Teberosky (1982) explored the literacy knowledge of first grade children before instruction in reading began and later on at various times during the school year. They found that children's learning processes may take paths unsuspected by the teacher. …


Record keeping in an institution as the most vital tool that can help develop or bring it down in equal measure. Records management activities include the creation, receipt, maintenance, use and disposal of records. In this context, a record is content that documents a business transaction the problem that led to this study is that health workers in the public health institutions, such as medical doctors and nurses, are usually not able or are struggling to render timely and effective health services to citizens due to a lack of effective records management systems. Ineffective records management systems usually lead to long patient waiting times before patients receive health service. The general objective of this study is to look at the effects of health records management on service delivery, a case study of Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital specific objectives are finding out the types of health records kept by Kenyatta National Hospital and their functions, establishing the relationship between health records keeping and service delivery and to find out the challenges faced by KTRH health records personnel in record keeping and service delivery. The researcher will use a case study design and the researcher will focus on health record keeping and management specifically in matters dealing with medical care and hospital management at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital. Random sampling will be used to select respondents this study will use a structured questionnaire an interview schedule to gather primary data from the respondents. Data analysis will be quantitative. The data will first be perused to identify the information that is relevant to the research questions and objectives. After this, the data will be read and re-read to take note of recurring ideas. The data will be coded and sorted according to apparent categories and themes. All the coded data under major themes will be placed together to make a write-up.


ABSTRACT The developing world is currently undergoing fast urbanization, and urban infrastructure systems built today are likely to influence global greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption patterns for decades to come. This study draws on the analysis of 1994–2014 climate finance investments by five major multilateral climate funds that have a record of directly supporting urban climate mitigation and adaptation actions in cities across developing countries. The analysis indicates that the administered funds provided very limited support to urban climate finance across the developing world. In middle-income countries mitigation projects within transport sector dominated both urban multilateral climate finance and co-finance. Cities in low-income countries attracted non-considerable amounts of urban climate finance, most of which were supporting urban adaptation efforts. The study concludes by outlining that multilateral climate funds should give higher priority to urban climate finance on their investment portfolios with a particular emphasis on rapidly urbanizing cities in low-income countries.


Most corporate bond research on liquidity and dealer inventories is based on the USDdenominated bonds transactions in the US reported to TRACE. Some of these bonds, however, are also traded in Europe, and those trades are not subject to the TRACE reporting requirements. Leveraging our access to both TRACE and ZEN, the UK's trade reporting system which is not publicly available, we find an overlap of about 30,000 bonds that are traded both in the US and in Europe. This paper examines how using the CUSIP-level information from TRACE and ZEN affects the computation of bond liquidity metrics, dealer inventories, and the relationship between the two. We find that in the combined dataset, the weekly volume traded and number of trades are significantly higher than in TRACE: e.g., the average unconditional number of trades in investment-grade (high-yield) bonds is 17% (20%) higher and the average unconditional volume traded is 15% (17%) higher when we incorporate the information from ZEN. We find a strong positive relationship between inventories and liquidity, as proxied by the trading activity metrics (i.e., number of trades, zero trading days, or par value traded) in TRACE data, and this result carries over to the combined dataset. When measuring bond liquidity with the Amihud ratio, we find strong relationships in both TRACE and ZEN but of opposite signs: greater (lagged) inventories result in higher liquidity in the US but lower liquidity in Europe. The two effects offset each other and significance disappears in the combined dataset. We conclude that (i) neither of the individual datasets paints a complete picture of the effects of dealer inventories on bond market liquidity, (ii) the measures based on the combined dataset appear more precise in describing the market characteristics, and (iii) data sharing across transaction reporting databases would allow a variety of stakeholders to gain a more accurate understanding of the liquidity and dealer inventories in global bond markets.


Governing forest ecosystem services as a forest socio-ecological system is an evolving concept in the face of different environmental and social challenges. Therefore, different modes of ecosystem governance such as hierarchical, scientific–technical, and adaptive–collaborative governance have been developed. Although each form of governance offers important features, no one form on its own is sufficient to attain sustainable environmental governance (SEG). Thus, the blending of important features of each mode of governance could contribute to SEG, through a combination of both hierarchical and collaborative governance systems supported by scientifically and technically aided knowledge. This should be further reinforced by the broad engagement of stakeholders to ensure the improved well-being of both ecosystems and humans. Some form of governance and forest management measures, including sustainable forest management, forest certification, and payment for ecosystem services mechanisms, are also contributing to that end. While issues around commodification and putting a price on nature are still contested due to the complex relationship between different services, if these limitations are taken into account, the governance of forest ecosystem services will serve as a means of effective environmental governance and the sustainable management of forest resources. Therefore, forest ecosystem services governance has a promising future for SEG, provided limitations are tackled with due care in future governance endeavors.


We present evidence that intrinsic demand for information about the future is increasing in expected future consumption utility. In the first experiment, subjects may resolve a lottery now or later. The information is useless for decision making but the larger the reward, the more likely subjects are to pay to resolve the lottery early. In the second experiment subjects may pay to avoid being tested for HSV-1 and the more highly feared HSV-2. Subjects are three times more likely to avoid testing for HSV-2, suggesting that more aversive outcomes lead to more information avoidance. In a third experiment, subjects make choices about when to get tested for a fictional disease. Some subjects behave in a way consistent with expected utility theory and others exhibit greater delay of information for more severe diseases. We also find that information choice is correlated with positive affect, ambiguity aversion, and time preference as some theories predict.


Abstract : When a computer security attack on an organization occurs, an intrusion is recognized, or some other kind of computer security incident occurs, it is critical for the organization to have a fast and effective means of responding. One method of addressing this need is to establish a formal incident response capability or a Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT). When an incident occurs, the goal of the CSIRT is to control and minimize any damage, preserve evidence, provide quick and efficient recovery, prevent similar future events, and gain insight into threats against the organization. This handbook describes different organizational models for implementing incident handling capabilities, including each model's advantages and disadvantages and the kinds of incident management services that best fit with it. An earlier SEI publication, the Handbook for Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) (CMU/SEI-2003-HB-002), provided the baselines for establishing incident response capabilities. This new handbook builds on that coverage by enabling organizations to compare and evaluate CSIRT models. Based on this review they can then identify a model for implementation that addresses their needs and requirements.


In this dialogue, the editor of the Inter-American Journal of Education for Democracy, Bradley Levinson, interviews the distinguished educator and educational researcher Sylvia Schmelkes, member of the Editorial Board of this Journal, who is currently the Chair of the Department of Education and Director of the Institute for Educational Research of the Ibero-American University of Mexico. Sylvia Schmelkes has a long and prominent trajectory as an educational researcher, specializing in values education, popular and non-formal education, and aspects of quality in basic education. Among her more significant books and articles are Quality in Primary Education in Mexico; Toward Better Quality in our Schools; and Values Education in Basic Education. For many years Ms. Schmelkes was a researcher for the Center of Educational Studies, and later on, the Department of Educational Research (CINVESTAV-IPN), in Mexico. After 2001 she joined the Secretariat of Public Education as Director of the Office of Intercultural and Bilingual Education, a position she held until 2007.


Adversarial attack on question answering systems over tabular data (TableQA) can help evaluate to what extent they can understand natural language questions and reason with tables. However, generating natural language adversarial questions is difficult, because even a single character swap could lead to huge semantic difference in human perception. In this paper, we propose SAGE (Semantically valid Adversarial GEnerator), a Wasserstein sequence-to-sequence model for TableQA white-box attack. To preserve meaning of original questions, we apply minimum risk training with SIMILE and entity delexicalization. We use Gumbel-Softmax to incorporate adversarial loss for end-to-end training. Our experiments show that SAGE outperforms existing local attack models on semantic validity and fluency while achieving a good attack success rate. Finally, we demonstrate that adversarial training with SAGE augmented data can improve performance and robustness of TableQA systems.


Effective learner driver education promotes a partnership between the learner and the supervising driver, who is often the parent. To enhance the quality of this partnership, the supervising driver requires support that combines practical and theoretical components, whilst remaining financially accessible. A model recently developed by RACV called the Parent Plus Program provides the supervisor with a free modelled on-road lesson with their learner and a professional driving instructor. The driving instructor acts as a mentor for the learner as well as the supervisor. The supervisor also receives sequential instructional information which is specific to the supervisor's and learner's experience, over a 3 month period. A program evaluation has shown that parents who actively participate in the program report being more likely to provide greater levels of on-road experience for their learner. This paper provides an overview of the Parent Plus Program and reports on evaluation results of parents who participated in the program. Conclusions and implications for effectively engaging with parents and learners will also be highlighted.


This paper analyzes the meaning of comparing the economic performance of strict liability and negligence rule in a unilateral standard accident model under Knightian uncertainty. It focuses on the cost expectation of major harm on which the injurers form beliefs. It shows first that, when the Court agrees with the regulator, whatever the liability regime, the first best level of care is never reached but under both regimes the tortfeasors define the same level of care. Second, when, judge and regulator disagree, it is impossible to discriminate among liability standards because the issue depends on the injurer's optimism degree.


Abstract— Physical properties from rocks of the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana, Central Africa, are essential to understand the formation of the relatively young (1.07 Ma) and small (10.5 km) impact crater and to improve its geophysical modeling. Results of our petrophysical studies of deep drill cores LB‐07A and LB‐08A reveal distinct lithological patterns but no depth dependence. The most conspicuous difference between impactites and target lithologies are the lower bulk densities and significantly higher porosities of the suevite and lithic breccia units compared to meta‐graywacke and metapelites of target lithologies. Magnetic susceptibility shows mostly paramagnetic values (200–500 × 10−6 SI) throughout the core, with an exception of a few metasediment samples, and correlates positively with natural remanent magnetization (NRM) and Q values. These data indicate that magnetic parameters are related to inhomogeneously distributed ferrimagnetic pyrrhotite. The paleomagnetic data reveals that the characteristic direction of NRM has shallow normal (in a few cases shallow reversed) polarity, which is in agreement with the Lower Jaramillo N‐polarity chron direction, and is carried by ferrimagnetic pyrrhotite. However, our study has not revealed the expected high magnetization body required from previous magnetic modeling. Furthermore, the LB‐07A and LB08‐A drill cores did not show the predicted high content of melt in the rocks, requiring a new interpretation model for magnetic data.


During his presidential campaign, Barack Obama promised to distance the United States from the neoconservative foreign policy legacy of his predecessor, George W. Bush, and usher in a new era of a global, interconnected world. More than two years have passed since his inauguration, and the reality of President Obama's approach is in stark contrast to the ebullient and optimistic image that he originally built up. In fact, Obama is not committed to redefining U.S. foreign policy in a transformational way, but calibrating and correcting the Bush policies, and reclaiming the neorealist approach that defined America's foreign policy since WWII. Taking stock of Obama's first two and a half years in the White House, this book places his engagement in the Middle East within the broader context of U.S. foreign policy since 9/11 and examines key areas that have posed a challenge to his administration: negotiation with Israel and Palestine, troop levels in Iraq and Afghanistan, engagement with the Arab Spring, intervention in Libya, and the death of Osama bin Laden.


Every developed and adapted biological system extracts useful energy from outside, converts, stores it, and uses for muscular contraction, substrate transport, protein synthesis, and other energy utilising processes. This energy management in a living cell is called the bioenergetics, and the useful energy is the exergy, which is destroyed in every irreversible process because of the entropy production. The converted exergy is the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced through the oxidative phosphorylation coupled to respiration in which the exergy originates from oxidation of reducing equivalents of nutrients. A living cell uses the ATP for all the energy demanding activities; it has to maintain non-vanishing thermodynamic forces, such as electrochemical potential gradient, and hence is an open, nonequilibrium system, which manages the exergy destruction and power production to adapt the fluctuations in energy demand and production within mitochondria. A simplified example presented here shows that the use of exergy analysis is helpful for understanding and analysing oxidative phosphorylation in bioenergetics.


There are two possible criticisms of direct appeals to a court of appeal. The first is that it would add to costs. This would only be so if advocates charge more for appearing in the appeal court, and there is no real reason for that. The appeal court would probably tighten up on records and procedure: any increased costs here should be made up by a saving in court time. The second possible criticism would be that appellants would be denied a further appeal. This is offset by the point that they would be able to go direct to the final court, and that without the costs of two appeals. If there were only the one court of appeal, hearing appeals direct from the trial courts, much, if not all, depends on those who would sit on the court. Neither Botswana nor Bophuthatswana has yet reached the stage where the expense of permanent judges of appeal can be justified. But neither would want to forego the prestige brought by the import of judges or distinction.


CONTEXT
New evidence has emerged regarding the use of corticosteroids and antiviral agents in Bell palsy.

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the association of corticosteroids and antiviral agents with the risk of unsatisfactory facial recovery in patients with Bell palsy.

DATA SOURCES
The search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, PAPERSFIRST, PROCEEDINGSFIRST, and PROQUEST to identify studies up to March 1, 2009.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION
Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials comparing treatment with either corticosteroids or antiviral agents with a control and measuring at least 1 of the following outcomes: unsatisfactory facial recovery (> or = 4 months), unsatisfactory short-term recovery (6 weeks to < 4 months), synkinesis and autonomic dysfunction, or adverse effects. Two reviewers extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. Disagreement was resolved by consensus.

RESULTS
Eighteen trials involving 2786 patients were eligible. Regression analysis identified a synergistic effect when corticosteroids and antiviral agents were administered in combination compared with alone (odds ratio for interaction term, 0.54 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.35-0.83]; P = .004). Meta-analysis using a random-effects model showed corticosteroids alone were associated with a reduced risk of unsatisfactory recovery (relative risk [RR], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.55-0.87]; P = .001) (number needed to treat to benefit 1 person, 11 [95% CI, 8-25]), a reduced risk of synkinesis and autonomic dysfunction (RR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.36-0.65]; P < .001) (number needed to treat to benefit 1 person, 7 [95% CI, 6-10]), and no increase in adverse effects. Antiviral agents alone were not associated with a reduced risk of unsatisfactory recovery (RR, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.80-1.62]; P = .48). When combined with antiviral agents, corticosteroids were associated with greater benefit (RR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.29-0.79]; P = .004) than antiviral agents alone. When combined with corticosteroids, antiviral agents were associated with greater risk reduction of borderline significance compared with corticosteroids alone (RR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.56-1.00]; P = .05).

CONCLUSIONS
In Bell palsy, corticosteroids are associated with a reduced risk of unsatisfactory recovery. Antiviral agents, when administered with corticosteroids, may be associated with additional benefit.


Writer, teacher, and public intellectual, Betty Friedan has been in the spotlight almost continuously since the publication of The Feminine Mystique, her landmark book, in 1963. Transforming Friedan into the mother of modern feminism, that book challenged the prevailing gender ideology in the country and ultimately led to one of the most profound movements for social change in American history. Friedan has been a passionate advocate of social and economic justice in America for nearly four decades. Interviews with Betty Friedan is the first collection of her public discussions. Combative, witty, sly, and unrestrained, Friedan was often her own worst enemy in interviews. Early in her public career she avoided them, distrusting the way media portrayed her. Journalists, she complained, wrote as often about her appearance--droopy-eyed, messy, frumpy, drunk--as they did about what she said. "It is ironic," notes editor Janann Sherman, "that the genre she resented for misrepresenting her serves so well in this volume in letting her speak for herself." In Interviews with Betty Friedan, Sherman has gathered interviews spanning the thirty-six years at the heart of Friedan's career as a public intellectual. While Friedan's body of published work spells out her positions on a host of important public matters, these interviews cover a much broader range of social, political, and personal topics. Though she spawned a movement, the tenor of feminism quickly changed, and Friedan battled to regain ground lost to radicals and lesbian feminists, whom she called "the lavender menace." Throughout these interviews the logic of her arguments about equity and fairness--as well as the remarkable consistency of her views about men, women, and the American family--provide a rich resource for scholarly research. In showing her political and philosophical development, the interviews reveal Friedan as one of the twentieth century's most significant thinkers. Janann Sherman is an associate professor of history at the University of Memphis. Her previous books include No Place for a Woman: A Life of Senator Margaret Chase Smith and, with Carol Lynn Yellin, The Perfect 36: Tennessee Delivers Woman Suffrage.


Incorporating the evolutionary history of species into community ecology enhances understanding of community composition, ecosystem functioning and responses to environmental changes. Phylogenetic history might partly explain the impact of fragmentation and land-use change on assemblages of interacting organisms and even determine potential cascading effects across trophic levels. However, it remains unclear whether phylogenetic diversity of basal resources is reflected at higher trophic levels in the food web. In particular, phylogenetic determinants of community structure have never been incorporated into habitat edge studies, even though edges are recognized as key factors affecting communities in fragmented landscapes. Here, we test whether phylogenetic diversity at different trophic levels (plants, herbivores and parasitoids) and signals of co-evolution (i.e. phylogenetic congruence) among interacting trophic levels change across an edge gradient between native and plantation forests. To ascertain whether there is a signal of co-evolution across trophic levels, we test whether related consumer species generally feed on related resource species. We found differences across trophic levels in how their phylogenetic diversity responded to the habitat edge gradient. Plant and native parasitoid phylogenetic diversity changed markedly across habitats, while phylogenetic variability of herbivores (which were predominantly native) did not change across habitats, though phylogenetic evenness declined in plantation interiors. Related herbivore species did not appear to feed disproportionately on related plant species (i.e. there was no signal of co-evolution) even when considering only native species, potentially due to the high trophic generality of herbivores. However, related native parasitoid species tended to feed on related herbivore species, suggesting the presence of a co-evolutionary signal at higher trophic levels. Moreover, this signal was stronger in plantation forests, indicating that this habitat may impose stresses on parasitoids that constrain them to attack only host species for which they are best adapted. Overall, changes in land use across native to plantation forest edges differentially affected phylogenetic diversity across trophic levels, and may also exert a strong selective pressure for particular co-evolved herbivore-parasitoid interactions.


Mortality in longline fisheries is a critical global threat to most albatross and large petrel species. Here we identify key principles and approaches to identify and achieve broad use of effective seabird by-catch avoidance methods. Despite the availability of highly effective and cost-saving seabird avoidance methods, few longline fleets employ them. Given the political context and capacity of management authorities of the majority of longline fisheries, it is critical to identify seabird avoidance strategies that are not only highly effective, but are also economically viable and commercially practical. Adoption of an international performance standard for longline baited hook‐sink rate, and prescribing minimum gear weighting designs that meet this standard that are achievable by all longline fisheries, would be an important step forward towards resolving low use of seabird avoidance methods by vessels, including those in illegal, unregulated and unreported fisheries. Due to differences between fleets, no single seabird avoidance measure is likely to be effective and practical in all longline fisheries. Therefore, testing of seabird avoidance methods in individual fleets is needed to determine efficacy and economic viability. Longline fishers should directly participate in these trials as they have a large repository of knowledge and skills to effectively develop and improve seabird by-catch avoidance techniques, and this provides industry with a sense of ownership for uptake of effective by-catch reduction methods. Establishing protected areas containing seabird colonies and adjacent waters within a nation's EEZ can be an expedient method to address seabird by-catch. However, establishing high seas marine protected areas to restrict longline fishing in seabird foraging areas, which would require extensive and dynamic boundaries and large buffer zones, may not be a viable short-term solution because of the extensive time anticipated to resolve legal complications with international treaties, to achieve international consensus and political will, and to acquire requisite extensive resources for surveillance and enforcement. Analysis of results of research on seabird avoidance methods reveals that the most reliable comparisons of the efficacy of alternative strategies are from comparing the effectiveness of methods tested in a single experiment. Benefits from standardizing the reporting of seabird by-catch rates to account for seabird abundance are described. To provide the most precise inputs for seabird population models, estimates of seabird mortality in longline fisheries should account for seabird falloff from hooks before hauling, delayed mortality of seabirds caught but freed from gear, and mortality caused by hooks discarded in offal.


This paper deals with the problem of navigation for an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) through image mosaicking. It represents a first step towards a real-time vision-based navigation system for a small-class low-cost UUV. We propose a navigation system composed by: (i) an image mosaicking module which provides velocity estimates; and (ii) an extended Kalman filter based on the hydrodynamic equation of motion, previously identified for this particular UUV. The obtained system is able to estimate the position and velocity of the robot. Moreover, it is able to deal with visual occlusions that usually appear when the sea bottom does not have enough visual features to solve the correspondence problem in a certain area of the trajectory.


Aptamers are a special class of nucleic acid molecules that are beginning to be investigated for clinical use. These small RNA/DNA molecules can form secondary and tertiary structures capable of specifically binding proteins or other cellular targets; they are essentially a chemical equivalent of antibodies. Aptamers have the advantage of being highly specific, relatively small in size, and non-immunogenic. Since the discovery of aptamers in the early 1990s, great efforts have been made to make them clinically relevant for diseases like cancer, HIV, and macular degeneration. In the last two decades, many aptamers have been clinically developed as inhibitors for targets such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and thrombin. The first aptamer based therapeutic was FDA approved in 2004 for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and several other aptamers are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. With advances in targeted-therapy, imaging, and nanotechnology, aptamers are readily considered as potential targeting ligands because of their chemical synthesis and ease of modification for conjugation. Preclinical studies using aptamer-siRNA chimeras and aptamer targeted nanoparticle therapeutics have been very successful in mouse models of cancer and HIV. In summary aptamers are in several stages of development, from pre-clinical studies to clinical trials and even as FDA approved therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the current state of aptamers in clinical trials as well as some promising aptamers in pre-clinical development.


Deputy Vice Chancellor and Pro Vice Chancellor positions have proliferated in response to the global, corporatised university landscape [Scott, G., S. Bell, H. Coates, and L. Grebennikov. 2010. "Australian Higher Education Leaders in Times of Change: The Role of Pro Vice Chancellor and Deputy Vice Chancellor." Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 32 (4): 401–418]. Senior leadership is the sphere where academic and management identities are negotiated and values around the role of the university are decided. This paper examines the changing and gendered nature of the senior leadership setting and its implications for diversity in and of university leadership. The analysis draws from a three-year empirical study funded by the Australian Research Council on leadership in Australian universities. It focuses on executive leaders in three universities – one which is research-intensive, the second, in a regional site, and the third, university of technology. The article argues that the university landscape and its management systems are being restructured in gendered ways. It utilises the notion of organisational gender subtexts to make explicit how gender works through structural and cultural reform.


The Western export control organization COCOM is often viewed as an example of `economic sanctions'. This is misleading, as the COCOM embargo was never intended to coerce Soviet leaders into changing their conduct, but to weaken the Soviet Union's military capabilities. COCOM is better understood as `economic warfare'. Analysts differ as to whether to base their definition of economic warfare on means employed or on ends sought after; the solution preferred here is to view economic warfare as a continuum of policies aiming to weaken the economic base of the adversary's power. `Strategic embargo', defined as restrictions on the export of strategic goods, is viewed as a means either to conduct economic warfare or to control the export of predominantly military items. Analysts building on the theory of comparative advantages and fungibility of resources define strategic goods as items which are relatively inefficient to produce domestically and needed for a given strategy. By importing such items, resources can be freed for more effective production. Not all inefficiently produced items are strategic: they should also contribute, directly or indirectly, to the adversary's military potential. Attempts to control strategic exports through the concept of contraband were built on this observation. In the world wars these efforts ended in the embargo of almost all goods, however, as very few commodities are irrelevant to war potential. Western Cold War perceptions of Soviet intentions have had it that the Kremlin has been bent on aggressive expansion. The logical policy to follow such an analysis would be a severance of trade relations with Eastern Europe. West European policy-makers refrained from this course, probably out of fear of political and economic repercussions. The logical policy to follow the current re-evaluation of Soviet intentions after the end of the Cold War would be to embargo only arms and items solely or predominantly useful for military purposes, but not to abolish COCOM as long as NATO exists.


Sports psychology and consumer scholars have acknowledged the importance of attitudes in shaping spectators' preferences for sport products. Because gender plays a salient role in shaping and directing consumer attitudes and experiences, a plethora of studies have examined the links between gender and spectators' relationships with team sports. Yet, much of this research is limited to the examination of sex differences, without measuring the psychological and social factors of gender (e.g., Klomsten, March, & Skaalvik, 2005; Krane, Choi, Baird, Aimar, & Kauer, 2004). A few studies have identified the significance of individuals' masculine and feminine gender traits on spectators' and athletes' relationships with team sports (e.g., Matteo, 1988; Wann & Waddill, 2003). More recently, it has been demonstrated that a multifactorial approach to gender (Spence, 1993) provides an increased understanding of the ways in which gender identity traits (i.e., instrumental and expressive traits) and gender-role attitudes influence spectators' attitudes toward college team sports as well as women's professional basketball (e.g., McCabe, 2007, 2008). In addition to gender, spectators' psychological involvement has received a great deal of attention within the sports marketing and psychology literature. A critical outcome of understanding the nature of spectators' involvement with competitive sports is its relevance in predicting consumption attitudes and purchasing behaviors (Funk & Pastore, 2000; Kwon & Armstrong, 2004). Not surprisingly, much of the sports involvement research suggests that involved sports fans are more likely to be young, single, and male (e.g., Weiller & Higgs, 1997). As is the case with gender, limiting our perception of spectators' involvement to sex differences constrains our ability to enhance our understanding of spectators' involvement profiles (Burnett, Menon, & Smart, 1993; McCabe, 2008; Shank & Beasley, 1998). Grounded in multifactorial gender identity theory and the psychological involvement literature, the current study is an important first step in examining the complex relationships between multiple gender factors and spectators' psychological involvement with and attitudes toward competitive sports. While there is a dearth of research regarding the relationship between gender identity traits and spectators' involvement with team sports, interesting results have emerged from the few empirical investigations that have examined the influence of gender identity traits on sports fans. Psychological gender traits refer to instrumental and expressive traits associated with males and females. Traits are defined as "internally located response predispositions or capacities that have considerable transituational significance for behavior but are neither conceptually equivalent to behavior nor its sole determinant" (Spence & Helmreich, 1979, p. 1037). Expressive traits include characteristics such as understanding, ability to deal with others' emotions, kindness, helpfulness, and nurturing. Instrumental traits consist of competitiveness, independence, ability to make decisions easily, and self-confidence. For example, Wann and Waddill (2003) and Wann, Waddill and Dunham (2004), suggest that instrumental traits (e.g., competitiveness) positively influence sports' fans, while expressive traits (e.g., understanding) do not consistently contribute to sports fandom. Recently, studies grounded in multifactorial gender identity theory found that instrumental traits contribute to spectators' affect towards men's college basketball, but not affect towards women's college or professional basketball. Expressive traits were found to contribute positively to spectators' attitudes toward women's professional basketball but not men's or women's college basketball. In addition, the sex of fans did not influence their attitudes toward women's professional basketball whereas men were found to have a more positive affect for men's college basketball and women had a more positive affect toward women's college basketball (McCabe, 2007; McCabe, 2008). …


In recent year's child sexual exploitation has received significant attention in the UK
politically, publically, and in the media. In particular, high profile cases involving groups of
men and adolescent girls have resulted in criticism directed towards safeguarding services.
Of specific concern is whether sexually exploited young people have been safeguarded, as
they should have been. If they have not been, is this because safeguarding professionals
understand young people to be 'making a choice' to be in sexually exploitative situations
and therefore they are 'left to it'. Thus, this doctoral research considers how social workers
understand CSE, with a focus on the social workers' understandings of sexually exploited
girls as choice-makers and agents. Eighteen social workers, from three local authorities,
within one region in England were interviewed. The interviewees work in all areas of
safeguarding. To further elicit the social workers' understandings of sexually exploited girls,
the interviewees' understandings of girls sexually abused in the home were also explored.
How girls' choice-making and agency are understood and responded to, depending on
where, and by whom they have been abused/exploited, is explored. The methodology is
qualitative and adopts a social constructionist, feminist approach utilising thematic analysis.
The social workers understand that CSE happens to a certain 'type' of girl: one who is likely
to be socially and economically deprived; that is why the social workers understand she is
vulnerable to CSE. The interviewees have complex understandings regarding who is to
blame for CSE and the lack of overt blame placed on the perpetrators, alongside significant
culpability placed on the girls, is striking. Moreover, the confluence of choice-making and
blame within the interviewees' epistemological framework concerning CSE and sexually
exploited girls is of specific note. The social workers 'wrestle' with their understandings of
sexually exploited girls as choice-makers, this is because they associate choice with blame
and this leaves them conflicted. The way in which they resolve this conflict is to invalidate
certain choices that girls make which they understand 'result' in her being exploited, in
order not to blame her. The research concludes that social workers need to separate out
choice-making from blame and recognise that sexually exploited girls make choices, within
a context but that they should never be blamed for making those choices. Furthermore,
their agency needs to be encouraged and enabled in positive directions and blame should
always and unequivocally be placed on the perpetrators.