There is more to the prosodic and tonal features in Tang-dynasty poems than their mere use in the formal classification of individual texts as either new-style regulated verse (lushi, jueju) or old-style verse such as the music bureau poem (yuefu). The prosodic and tonal patterns of a poem can also be related to its contents and its expressive qualities. Therefore, the close analysis and highlighting of such acoustic effects can support textual interpretation. The present paper scrutinizes a small sample of seven poems on the topic of Mount Wu ("Wushan gao"), comprising five yuefu and two jueju poems. It points out the deliberate use of tonal and formal peculiarities also in irregular poems. The significant tonal elements include such diverse features as the structuring function of prosodic patterns in longer poems, word repetition or a "missing" verse. Moreover, for instance, clusters of uneven tones are analyzed as expressing strong emotions. Creative elements such as these should be taken into consideration in reading, analyzing and translating classical Chinese poetry.


The timing and mode of deposition for Martian regolith breccia Northwest Africa (NWA) 7034 were determined by combining petrography, shape analysis, and thermochronology. NWA 7034 is composed of igneous, impact, and brecciated clasts within a thermally annealed submicron matrix of pulverized crustal rocks and devitrified impact/volcanic glass. The brecciated clasts are likely lithified portions of Martian regolith with some evidence of past hydrothermal activity. Represented lithologies are primarily ancient crustal materials with crystallization ages as old as 4.4 Ga. One ancient zircon was hosted by an alkali‐rich basalt clast, confirming that alkalic volcanism occurred on Mars very early. NWA 7034 is composed of fragmented particles that do not exhibit evidence of having undergone bed load transport by wind or water. The clast size distribution is similar to terrestrial pyroclastic deposits. We infer that the clasts were deposited by atmospheric rainout subsequent to a pyroclastic eruption(s) and/or impact event(s), although the ancient ages of igneous components favor mobilization by impact(s). Despite ancient components, the breccia has undergone a single pervasive thermal event at 500–800°C, evident by groundmass texture and concordance of ~1.5 Ga dates for bulk rock K‐Ar, U‐Pb in apatite, and U‐Pb in metamict zircons. The 1.5 Ga age is likely a thermal event that coincides with rainout/breccia lithification. We infer that the episodic process of regolith lithification dominated sedimentary processes during the Amazonian Epoch. The absence of pre‐Amazonian high‐temperature metamorphic events recorded in ancient zircons indicates source domains of static southern highland crust punctuated by episodic impact modification.


Because they engage in maturity transformation, a steepening of the yield curve should, all else equal, boost bank profitability. We re-examine this conventional wisdom by estimating the reaction of bank intraday stock returns to exogenous fluctuations in interest rates induced by monetary policy announcements. We construct a new measure of the mismatch between the repricing time or maturity of bank assets and liabilities and analyze how the reaction of stock returns varies with the size of this mismatch and other bank characteristics, including the usage of interest rate derivatives. Our results indicate that bank stock prices decline substantially following an unanticipated increase in the level of interest rates or a steepening of the yield curve. A large maturity gap, however, significantly attenuates the negative reaction of returns to a slope surprise, a result consistent with the role of banks as maturity transformers. Share prices of banks that rely heavily on core deposits decline more in response to policy-induced interest rate surprises, a reaction that primarily reflects ensuing deposit disintermediation. Results using income and balance sheet data highlight the importance of adjustments in quantities--as well as interest margins--for understanding the reaction of bank equity values to interest rate surprises.


From May 2009 through June 2010, Herrera Environmental Consultants conducted hydrologic and water quality monitoring of a compost-amended biofiltration swale and a standard (control) biofiltration swale in the median of State Route 518 for the Washington State Department of Transportation. Herrera conducted this monitoring to obtain performance data that supports the issuance of a General Use Level Designation (GULD) for the compost-amended biofiltration swale from the Washington State Department of Ecology. This monitoring was performed in accordance with procedures described in "Guidance for Evaluating Emerging Stormwater Treatment Technologies; Technology Assessment Protocol – Ecology (TAPE)" (Ecology 2008). This document is a technical evaluation report on the compost-amended biofiltration swale, prepared by Herrera and based on results of the monitoring described above. The goal of this report is to demonstrate satisfactory performance of the compost-amended biofiltration swale for issuance of a GULD for basic, enhanced (dissolved metals removal) and oil treatment.


In theory, the rate of interpatch dispersal significantly influences the population dynamics of predators and their prey, yet there are relatively few field experiments that provide a strong link between these two processes. In tallgrass prairies of North America, the planthopper, Prokelisia crocea, and its specialist parasitoid, Anagrus columbi, exist among discrete host-plant patches (prairie cordgrass, Spartina pectinata). In many areas, the matrix, or habitat between patches, has become dominated by the invasive exotic grass, smooth brome (Bromus inermis). We performed a landscape-level field study in which replicate cordgrass networks (identical in number, size, quality, and distribution of cordgrass patches) were embedded in a matrix composed of either mudflat (a native matrix habitat) or smooth brome. Mark–recapture experiments with the planthopper and parasitoid revealed that the rate of movement among cordgrass patches for both species was 3–11 times higher in smooth brome than in mudflat. Within three generations, planthopper and parasitoid densities per patch were on average ∼50% lower and spatially 50–87% more variable for patches embedded in a brome as compared to a mudflat matrix. A brome-dominated landscape also promoted extinction rates per patch that were 4–5 times higher than the rates per patch in native mudflat habitat. The effect was more acute for the parasitoid. We suggest that the differences in population dynamics between networks of patches in brome and those in mudflat were driven by underlying differences in interpatch dispersal (i.e., patch connectivity). To our knowledge, this is the first experimental study to reveal that matrix composition, in particular, the presence of an invasive plant species, affects the spatial and temporal dynamics of an herbivore and its natural enemy.


BACKGROUND
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in South African children. The incidence, severity and spectrum of childhood pneumonia have changed owing to the HIV epidemic. Increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance necessitates a rational approach to the use of antibiotics in pneumonia management.

OBJECTIVE
To develop guidelines for the diagnosis, management and prevention of CAP in South African children.

METHODS
The Paediatric Assembly of the South African Thoracic Society established five expert subgroups to address: (i) epidemiology and aetiology; (ii) diagnosis; (iii) antibiotic treatment; (iv) supportive therapy; and (v) prevention of CAP. Each subgroup developed a position paper based on the available published evidence; in the absence of evidence, expert opinion was accepted. After peer review and revision, the position papers were synthesised into an overall guideline which was further reviewed and revised.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations based on epidemiological factors include a diagnostic approach, investigations, supportive therapy, appropriate antibiotic treatment and preventive strategies. Specific recommendations for HIV-infected children are provided.

VALIDATION
These guidelines are based on the available evidence supplemented by the consensus opinion of South African experts in paediatrics, paediatric pulmonology, radiology, infectious diseases and microbiology. Published international guidelines have also been consulted.


The rise of global supply chains over the last three decades intensified international attention to the conditions endured by workers in poor countries. Collapsed buildings, fires and death created an imperative to address poor conditions. Consumers, non-governmental organizations, inter-governmental organizations, international buyers and governments began seeking ways to improve working conditions in exporting factories in developing countries. The goals of this chapter is to describe the birth and growth of the Better Factories Cambodia (BFC) program, review the academic literature that has focused on both the BFC program and its descendent, Better Work, and identify some of the key aspects of the program that have been shown to be particularly successful.


Understanding the kinetics of water adsorption/desorption on activated carbon is significant for chemical applications in which competitive adsorption of water occurs. In this study, we investigated the water adsorption process by determining the adsorption rate constant using the novel pressure feedback method (PFM), which measures the rate of adsorption directly with high precision (∼10 nmol s–1) by controlling the introducing and outgassing flow rates. The PFM was used to investigate water vapor adsorption kinetics on activated carbon fibers (ACFs) of different pore sizes and to obtain a correlation of rate constant with pore size. The systems show good agreement with the stretched exponential model. The adsorption rate constants were found to be lower for ACFs with a larger pore width (average pore width; w = 1.03 nm) as compared with those for smaller pore systems (w = 0.57, 0.72 nm).


Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seedlings were cultured with air lateral root pruning (side-vented containers, VT) or without (solid-walled containers, SW). Seedling root system morphology and growth were assessed before planting and 8 and 14 months after planting. Although VT seedlings had greater root collar diameter than the SW before planting, seedling height and ground line diameter were not affected by root pruning 14 months after planting. Root pruning did not affect seedling biomass. However, root pruning changed the patterns of biomass allocation. Before planting, VT seedlings allocated a greater percentage of biomass to roots and less to shoots than SW seedlings. Furthermore, VT seedlings allocated more root biomass to taproots at the expense of the first-order lateral roots (FOLR) and fine roots. This trend of favoring taproots by VT seedlings continued through 14 months after planting. For both types of seedlings, more than 50 percent of the FOLR originated in the top 2.5 cm of the taproot whereas greater than 70 percent of FOLR egressed below 7.5 cm of the root plug after planting. Fourteen months after planting, SW seedlings accumulated greater root biomass within the dimensions of the original root plug than VT seedlings. The VT seedlings had less extent of FOLR spiraling within the root plug than the SW seedlings before and after planting. Less FOLR spiraling and less root biomass increase within the root plug after planting in the VT seedlings may improve the physical stability of the VT longleaf pine saplings.


Historically, family ties have been understood as the primary source of support for aging adults, and past empirical and theoretical work has highlighted the tendency of older adults to focus on close family. However, in line with demographic changes and historical increases in the diversity of social structures, friendships are increasing in importance in recent generations of older adults. Given the powerful role of context in shaping these changes, this paper offers a conceptual analysis linking individual agency to sociohistorical context as a way to understand this increasing diversity of social ties. More specifically, we propose that the individual invests time and energy to form and maintain social ties, and that each individual has a specific social opportunity structure (all potential ties that are available to invest in, as well as the costs of those investments). Furthermore, this investment of time and energy is determined in part by individual differences in capacities and motivations. We argue that sociohistorical context influences this process in three important ways: (1) in its effect on the social opportunity structure; (2) in its direct effect on time and energy; and (3) in its effect on individuals' capacities and motivations. We believe that these mechanisms can account for the increasing diversity of social ties across adulthood, as well as the potential for future historical changes.


The authors develop a liability-driven investment framework that incorporates downside risk penalties for not meeting liabilities. The shortfall between the asset and liabilities can be valued as an option that swaps the value of the endogenously determined optimal portfolio for the value of the liabilities. The optimal portfolio selection exhibits endogenous risk aversion and, as the funding ratio deviates from the fully funded case in both directions, effective risk aversion decreases. When funding is low, the manager swings for the fences to take on risk, betting on the chance that liabilities can be covered. Over-funded plans also can afford to take on more risk, as liabilities are already well covered and so invest aggressively in risky securities.


The paper adopts and modifies Austin�s (1962) notion of perlocutionary effects and argues for recognizing the significance of such effects in communication. I draw a parallel between persuasion, which has received much attention in RT and is believed to be intrinsically linked to comprehension, and other effects, such as amusement or taking offence. I hypothesise that the latter occur not merely as consequences of interpretations consisting in an explicature and a set of implicatures, but that they may also have some impact on the inferential path and ultimately on the outcome of the comprehension process. To support this view, I refer to selected psychological findings on the inseparability of cognition and affect in stimuli processing.


"I hope that readers will learn to use the full expressibility and power of OpenMP. This book should provide an excellent introduction to beginners, and the performance section should help those with some experience who want to push OpenMP to its limits." --from the foreword by David J. Kuck, Intel Fellow, Software and Solutions Group, and Director, Parallel and Distributed Solutions, Intel Corporation OpenMP, a portable programming interface for shared memory parallel computers, was adopted as an informal standard in 1997 by computer scientists who wanted a unified model on which to base programs for shared memory systems. OpenMP is now used by many software developers; it offers significant advantages over both hand-threading and MPI. Using OpenMP offers a comprehensive introduction to parallel programming concepts and a detailed overview of OpenMP. Using OpenMP discusses hardware developments, describes where OpenMP is applicable, and compares OpenMP to other programming interfaces for shared and distributed memory parallel architectures. It introduces the individual features of OpenMP, provides many source code examples that demonstrate the use and functionality of the language constructs, and offers tips on writing an efficient OpenMP program. It describes how to use OpenMP in full-scale applications to achieve high performance on large-scale architectures, discussing several case studies in detail, and offers in-depth troubleshooting advice. It explains how OpenMP is translated into explicitly multithreaded code, providing a valuable behind-the-scenes account of OpenMP program performance. Finally, Using OpenMP considers trends likely to influence OpenMP development, offering a glimpse of the possibilities of a future OpenMP 3.0 from the vantage point of the current OpenMP 2.5. With multicore computer use increasing, the need for a comprehensive introduction and overview of the standard interface is clear. Using OpenMP provides an essential reference not only for students at both undergraduate and graduate levels but also for professionals who intend to parallelize existing codes or develop new parallel programs for shared memory computer architectures.


This article grapples with the question of cause in fact in lawsuits against handgun manufacturers based on theories of negligent marketing. We note that the conventional test for cause in fact -- whether the defendant's breach of duty was more likely than not the cause of the plaintiffs injury -- is something which is very hard for plaintiffs in these cases to prove given the fact that at least half of handguns used in crime are not negligently marketed. Thus, even if a jury finds that the defendant breached a duty, they still must deal with the problem of the indeterminate plaintiff. We consider whether a looser test for cause in fact, such as the one articulated by Wex Malone in 1956, could help make sense of the handgun cases. Malone argued that in certain classes of cases-such as those involving shipowners who failed to provide lifesaving equipment--a court would be justified in sending a case to the jury even if the court believed that it was not likely that the plaintiff's injury would have been prevented by the missing equipment. We examine Malone's various policy arguments for allowing plaintiffs to sue for the loss of a "gamblers chance" and conclude that it would be a violation of basic tort law and fairness to extend Malone's approach to the handgun cases without modification. The modification we propose is that plaintiffs in the handgun cases can recover for negligent marketing only that portion of their injury which corresponds to the increase in risk which the defendants' breach of duty added to the existing risk. We therefore adopt and apply the proportional causation arguments developed by David Rosenberg and those courts who have considered 'loss of a chance' in the context of medical malpractice. We then go through various recent cases involving allegations of negligent marketing and apply our theory to these cases, detailing what a court should require a plaintiff to prove. We conclude by arguing that courts in the handgun cases need not abandon their fundamental commitment to cause in fact as an element of negligence, since our approach allows victims of handgun violence to address manufacturers' alleged breaches of duty without making them liable for a vast number of injuries which they did not cause.


Synthetic peptides of the five alternative NH2-terminal sequences of Shaker when applied to the cytoplasmic side of ShB channels that have an NH2-terminal deletion (ShB delta 6-46) block the channel with potencies correlated with the rate of inactivation in the corresponding variant. These peptides share no sequence similarity and yet three out of the five have apparent dissociation constants between 2 and 15 microM, suggesting that the specificity requirements for binding are low. To identify the primary structural determinants required for effective block of ShB delta 6-46, we examined the effects of substitutions made to the 20 residue ShB peptide on association and dissociation rates. Nonpolar residues within the peptide appear to be important in stabilizing the binding through hydrophobic interactions. Substitutions to leucine-7 showed there was a clear correlation between hydrophobicity and the dissociation rate constant (koff) with little effect on the association rate constant (kon). Substituting charged residues for hydrophobic residues within the region 4-8 disrupted binding. Within the COOH-terminal half of the peptide, substitutions that increased the net positive charge increased kon with relatively small changes in koff, suggesting the involvement of long-range electrostatic interactions in increasing the effective concentration of the peptide. Neutralizing charged residues produced small changes in koff. Charges within the region 12-20 act equivalently; alterations which conserved net charge produced little effect on either kon or koff. The results are consistent with this region of the peptide having an extended conformation and suggest that when bound this region makes few contacts with the channel protein and remains relatively unconstrained. Analogous mutations within the NH2-terminal domain of the intact ShB channel produced qualitatively similar effects on blocking and unblocking rates.


This study investigated the intercorrelations and the independent and combined factor structures of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire Fifth Edition (16PF5) and the Fundamental Interpersonal Orientation-Behaviour Scale (FIRO-B). Four thousand four hundred and fourteen U.S. participants completed these measures as part of executive assessments between 1994 and 2003. Exploratory factor analyses supported the five-factor higher-order structure of the 16PF5; however, the three-component structure for the FIRO-B was not supported. A six-factor structure was found to underlie the variance in the measures in combination. Five of these were close to the 16PF5 higher-order structure, but a sixth factor labelled Social Independence also emerged. This new factor consisted of the 16PF5 primaries of Liveliness and Social Boldness, and the FIRO-B Wanted Control scale.


The Vernal Mesa-type quartz monzonite is an igneous body of batholithic proportions of Precambrian age in western Colorado and eastern Utah. A Rb-Sr age of 1,480 ± 40 m.y. has been previously reported; other Rb-Sr data reported suggest that the rock might be as much as 200 m.y. older than this. The U-Pb age of the suite of zircons is 1,443 ± 22 m.y., confirming that the Vernal Mesa was formed during the igneous activity which was widespread in the southwestern and central United States 1,450 to 1,500 m.y. ago.


Several different economic models have been applied to try to understand how new regulations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) could impact coal-fired generation in the United States as well as the electricity system as a whole. This paper provides an overview of many of the key studies and the models used to analyze the potential impacts of EPA's rules. The regulations surveyed include the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), the proposed Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 316(b) rule, and the proposed Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) rule. The models generally agree that these regulations will result in coal plant retirements, though there is far less agreement on how much generation may retire. Assumptions about the price of natural gas and the expected stringency of regulations play a key role in determining modeling results. The models provide useful guidance for policymakers when considering the potential impact of EPA regulation.


Video camera sensor networks (VCSN) has numerous applications in smart cities, including vehicular networks, environmental monitoring, and smart houses. Scheduling of video camera sensor networks (VCSN) can reduce the computational complexity, increase energy efficiency, and enhance throughput for the Internet of things (IoT) systems. In this paper, we apply the iterative low‐complexity probabilistic evolutionary method for scheduling video cameras to maximize throughput in VCSNs for IoT systems. Scheduling of video cameras in VCSNs to maximize throughput is a combinatorial optimization problem whose computational complexity increases exponentially with the increase in the number of video cameras. We propose an iterative probabilistic method named as cross‐entropy optimization (CEO), which is an evolutionary algorithm. The combinatorial optimization problems can be solved using the CEO which is a generalized Monte Carlo technique. The proposed method updates its selected population (video cameras) at each iteration based on the Kullback Leibler (KL) distance/divergence. The KL distance/divergence is minimized using the probability distribution obtained from the learned from the group of selected samples of better solutions found in the previous iterations. The effectiveness of the CEO is verified in terms of optimality and simplicity through simulations. In addition, the results of the CEO are better than the suboptimal algorithms (ie, best norm‐based algorithm, genetic algorithm, and capacity upper‐bound–based greedy algorithm) and maximum of 2%‐3% deviation from the exhaustive search (optimal) with less complexity. The trade‐off between CEO and optimal is the computational complexity.


This paper analyzes the determinants of the labor-capital split in national income for 20 countries since the late 1800s. Our main identification strategy focuses on unique historical quasi-experimental events: i) the introduction of universal suffrage, ii) close election wins of left-wing governments, iii) decolonization, iv) unionization shocks, and v) wars. We also run instrumented panel regressions. Our findings show that the capital share decreased in response to radical institutional and political shifts, such as the introduction of universal suffrage in the early 1900s, the undoing of colonialism and the implementation of redistributive policies during the post-war period. By contrast, the capital share increased following the erosion of trade unionism since the 1980s. Wars, despite destroying the capital stock, generated windfall profits that increased the capital share.


Although many have come to regard the collection of models that predict anticompetitive consequences from strategic conduct by dominant firms as a "post-Chicago" revolution, the canonical post-Chicago "Naked Exclusion" theory of exclusive dealing maintains the fundamental Chicago structure where exclusive dealing is modeled as a contract driven quid pro quo. However, in the highly influential case U.S. v. Dentsply, the Third Circuit analyzed exclusive dealing in terms of a discriminatory refusal to deal where buyers received no compensation for exclusivity. This article develops a model of exclusive dealing consistent with Dentsply and many other major antitrust cases.


"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." ― Jane Austen.Jane Austen's beloved novel Pride and Prejudice opens with the news that Mr. Bingley, "a young man of large fortune from the north of England," has let Netherfield Park. According to local gossip, Mr. Bingley is "quite young, wonderfully handsome, extremely agreeable, and, to crown the whole, he meant to be at the next assembly with a large party." Obsessed with finding spouses for her daughters, Mrs. Bennet's joy in hearing news of wealthy, handsome Mr. Bingley's imminent move to Netherfield Park may only be imagined. Of course, nothing goes quite as Mrs. Bennet imagines. While most women today do not see themselves as a Mrs. Bennet who goes hysterical when a new marriage prospect moves into town, do many women nonetheless still, at least initially, evaluate the Mr. Bingleys of life by their age, looks, wealth, and personality?Historically, restrictive property laws such as primogeniture and coverture prevented married women from owning or inheriting property. With limited employment and educational opportunities, marriage was every girl's preeminent goal. Potential suitors were critically evaluated for their wealth, good looks, and social status — just ask Mrs. Bennet. By contrast, today women may independently own property, enter into contracts, earn advanced degrees, and pursue nearly limitless career options. Since New York authorized the Married Women's Property Act of 1848, the law has continuously expanded women's legal rights and opportunities. Women now have vast educational opportunities, with young women today more likely to earn an undergraduate and more likely to earn a graduate degree than their male counterparts. As a practical outcome, these educational attainments result in higher earnings than women have ever enjoyed before. Yet, despite these developments, could it be that the modern online dating trend indicates millions of women still evaluate suitors based on a remarkably similar criteria to that used generations ago, using a computer to filter matches based on evaluators such as wealth, social status, looks, and education? Since Match.com launched in 1995 as the first internet dating website, searching for spouses online has rapidly proliferated. Today, over 91 million people around the world use such websites, spending nearly $1.75 billion annually. Spousal matching is based on objective factors, with users inputting a list of what they are seeking in a spouse, such as age, distance, height, body type, education, job status, relationship status, religious background, and ethnicity. A computer algorithm then begins the matchmaking process. Statistics show that women "click" more on men with a higher income and it is axiomatic that better physical looks engender more responses for all users. This leaves the perplexing question: if women are still, at least initially, seeking the same things in a man that they have for generations — such as wealth, good looks, and social status — have the changes in women's legal status and economic opportunities actually changed the spousal selection process or have we functionally returned to arranged marriage, only now arranged by computer algorithms instead of the village matchmaker? This Article suggests that women's dramatic change in legal status has not changed the criteria for initially evaluating a potential spouse but it may have fundamentally changed the reasons for marriage. Part I traces the changes in a women's legal and economic status throughout the last two centuries. Part II explores the historic changes in spousal selection from arranged marriage to online dating. Finally, Part III analyzes how a women's reason for marriage has changed when her initial filtering criteria for a spouse remains the same. Part III concludes that while once women married for economic necessity, women today marry instead in an effort to find happiness. And for Jane Austen, marrying for happiness would probably make a lot of sense — after all, she turned down Mr. Harris Bigg-Wither because she did not think that they would be happy together. Would she be on eHarmony today?


Abstract Zimbabwean small and medium enterprises (SMEs), since independence in 1980, have struggled for survival and development due to a plethora of challenges. The government responded by implementing policies and strategies to address the challenges confronting SMEs. This article gives a country perspective and historical understanding of the SME policies and strategies at play within Zimbabwe. The researchers contribute to the understanding of the dynamics surrounding SMEs particularly in developing countries by providing a historical account of the policy issues and strategies used to ensure growth of the sector. Methodologically, the study adopted a critical analysis of literature related to SME policies in Zimbabwe. The researchers drew insights from different government policy documents and pieces of legislation since 1980. The results of the analysis indicate that the policies and strategies, to a larger extent, have not yielded the required results, and largely not addressed the major challenges confronting SMEs.


Recent studies suggested that many fossil marine turtles might not be closely related to extant marine turtles (Che-lonioidea). The uncertainty surrounding the origin and phylogenetic position of fossil marine turtles impacts our understanding of turtle evolution and complicates our attempts to develop and justify fossil calibrations for molecular divergence dating. Here we present the description and phylogenetic analysis of a new fossil marine turtle from the Lower Cretaceous (upper Barremian-lower Aptian, >120 Ma) of Colombia that has a minimum age that is >25 million years older than the minimum age of the previously recognized oldest chelonioid. This new fossil taxon, Desmatochelys padillai sp. nov., is represented by a nearly complete skeleton, four additional skulls with articulated lower jaws, and two partial shells. The description of this new taxon provides an excellent opportunity to explore unresolved questions about the antiquity and content of Chelonioidea. We present an updated global character-taxon matrix that includes D. padillai and marine turtles known from relatively complete specimens. Our analysis supports D. padillai as sister taxon of D. lowi within Protostegidae, and places protostegids as the sister to Pan- Dermochelys within Chelonioidea. However, this hypothesis is complicated by discrepancies in the stratigraphic appearance of lineages as well as necessarily complicated biogeographic scenarios, so we consider the phylogeny of fossil marine turtles to be unresolved and do not recommend using D. padillai as a fossil calibration for Chelonioidea. We also explore the definition of "marine turtle," as applied to fossil taxa, in light of many littoral or partially marine-adapted fossil and extant lineages. We conclude that whereas the term "oldest marine turtle" depends very much on the concept of the term being applied, we can confidently say that D. padillai is the oldest, definitive, fully known to date.


On 8 July 1991, Qatar filed an application instituting proceedings against Bahrain in respect of certain disputes between the two states relating to sovereignty over the Hawar Islands, sovereign rights over the shoals of Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah, and the delimitation of the maritime areas of the two states.


ABSTRACT Following the rise in far-right inspired terrorist attacks globally, social media and electronic communications companies have been criticized, mainly by politicians, for allowing far-right extremist content to be available. This article is a comparative legal study focusing on Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the U.K., and the U.S.' legal provisions regarding the right to freedom of expression, hate crime, and proscription of terrorist organizations. This study found a disparity in the form of expression protected under this right. This disparity widens further when related to hate crime and proscribing groups as terrorist organizations. As such, social media and communications companies have difficulty setting at global level a baseline in determining whether content is legitimate commentary or is extremism promoting or inciting hatred and violence. The article concludes with a recommendation for how states can provide comparable legislation on hate crime as they have done in relation to Islamist inspired extremism. This will assist social media and communications companies in removing content and suspending accounts. These companies are not the guardians of freedom of expression, that is the role of states' legislatures and judiciary.


We show that a Z-transform-based time-response analysis of the electro-optical response of a crystal to a step voltage with a short rise time allows one to obtain the dispersion of the electro-optical coefficients over a wide frequency range. We describe the method employed and present the results obtained for the main electroptic coefficients (r22, r61, and rc) of a standard LiNbO3 crystal. We also show that this method is able to provide even small values of the electro-optic coefficient as well as the dispersion within a wide frequency range, which is limited only by the rise time of the step voltage.


The emplacement mode of Upper Cretaceous plutons from the southwestern part of the Sredna Gora Zone (Bulgaria): structural and AMS study Several plutons located in the southwestern part of the Sredna Gora Zone — Bulgaria are examples of the Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Sredna Gora type of granites emplaced during Late Cretaceous (86-75 Ma) times. The studied intrusive bodies are spatially related to and deformed by the dextral Iskar-Yavoritsa shear zone. The deformation along the shear zone ceased at the time of emplacement of the undeformed Upper Cretaceous Gutsal pluton, which has intruded the Iskar-Yavoritsa mylonites. A clear transition from magmatic foliation to high-, moderate- and low-temperature superimposed foliation and lineation in the vicinity of the Iskar-Yavoritsa and related shear zones gives evidence for simultaneous tectonics and plutonism. Away from the shear zones, the granitoids appear macroscopically isotropic and were investigated using measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility at 113 stations. The studied samples show magnetic lineation and foliation, in agreement with the magmatic structures observed at a few sites. Typical features of the internal structure of the plutons are several sheet-like mafic bodies accompanied by swarms of mafic microgranular enclaves. Field observations indicate spatial relationships between mafic bodies and shear zones as well as mingling processes in the magma chamber which suggest simultaneous shearing and magma emplacement. Structural investigations as well as anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data attest to the controlling role of the NWSE trending Iskar-Yavoritsa shear zone and to the syntectonic emplacement of the plutons with deformation in both igneous rocks and their hosts. The tectonic situation may be explained by partitioning of oblique plate convergence into plate-boundary-normal thrusting in the Rhodopes and plate-boundary-parallel transcurrent shearing in the hinterland (Sredna Gora).


This study provides detailed accounting of the current levels of social exclusion in education and factors contributing to them. It provides a quantitative and qualitative accounting and profiling of social exclusion in education in the region. Drawing from the micro-data of household surveys, it produces a state of the art inventory of indicators and contextual factors intervening in the delivery of a quality education at all levels to socially excluded groups, particularly ethnic and racial minorities and the poor. Included here are detailed analyses of the education profile these populations exhibit relative to other populations, their access to a quality education and the levels of attainment they achieve, and the extent to which specific targeting mechanisms are effective in mitigating structural inequities in opportunity.


Context. Large-scale software development projects are those consisting of a large number of teams, maybe even spread across multiple locations, and working on large and complex software tasks. That means that neither a team member individually nor an entire team holds all the knowledge about the software being developed and teams have to communicate and coordinate their knowledge. Therefore, teams and team members in large-scale software development projects must acquire and manage expertise as one of the critical resources for high-quality work.Objectives. We aim at understanding whether software teams in different contexts develop transactive memory systems (TMS) and whether well-developed TMS leads to performance benefits as suggested by research conducted in other knowledge-intensive disciplines. Because multiple factors may influence the development of TMS, based on related TMS literature we also suggest to focus on task allocation strategies, task characteristics and management decisions regarding the project structure, team structure and team composition.Methods. We use the data from two large-scale distributed development companies and 9 teams, including quantitative data collected through a survey and qualitative data from interviews to measure transactive memory systems and their role in determining team performance. We measure teams' TMS with a latent variable model. Finally, we use focus group interviews to analyze different organizational practices with respect to team management, as a set of decisions based on two aspects: team structure and composition, and task allocation.Results. Data from two companies and 9 teams are analyzed and the positive influence of well-developed TMS on team performance is found. We found that in large-scale software development, teams need not only well-developed team's internal TMS, but also have well- developed and effective team's external TMS. Furthermore, we identified practices that help of hinder development of TMS in large-scale projects.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that teams working in large-scale software development can achieve performance benefits if transactive memory practices within the team are supported with networking practices in the organization.


PERIKLIS is a Greek National project for the development of an innovative e-Government platform for public services, using mobile and social network technologies. PERIKLIS consists of a content management system for publishing, editing and modifying content in both desktop and mobile and a middleware framework containing core functionalities and intelligence. The main services of the platform include: identity management, social relations analysis, degree of reliability calculation, interoperability with various social networking sites and e-Government services and provision of geo-located services. PERIKLIS e-government platform will be evaluated in two major national pilots. This work presents the core modules and system architecture plus their innovative research solutions for its construction and implementation.


An efficient shim system and an optimized localization sequence were used to measure in vivo 1H NMR spectra from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum of C57BL/6 mice at 9.4 T. The combination of automatic first‐ and second‐order shimming (FASTMAP) with strong custom‐designed second‐order shim coils (shim strength up to 0.04 mT/cm2) was crucial to achieve high spectral resolution (water line width of 11–14 Hz). Requirements for second‐order shim strengths to compensate field inhomogeneities in the mouse brain at 9.4 T were assessed. The achieved spectral quality (resolution, S/N, water suppression, localization performance) allowed reliable quantification of 16 brain metabolites (LCModel analysis) from 5–10‐μL brain volumes. Significant regional differences (up to 2‐fold, P < 0.05) were found for all quantified metabolites but Asp, Glc, and Gln. In contrast, 1H NMR spectra measured from the striatum of C57BL/6, CBA, and CBA/BL6 mice revealed only small (<13%, P < 0.05) interstrain differences in Gln, Glu, Ins, Lac, NAAG, and PE. It is concluded that 1H NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T can provide precise biochemical information from distinct regions of the mouse brain noninvasively that can be used for monitoring of disease progression and treatment as well as phenotyping in transgenic mice models. Magn Reson Med 52:478–484, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Sustainability of irrigated agriculture with declining water supplies is a critical agricultural issue in the US Great Plains. Imposing water deficits on crops during noncritical growth periods must be implemented to maximize net economic output per unit of water consumed by the plant. An irrigation timing and amount determination for such a scenario is not a simple straight‐forward procedure. Methods that monitor plant stress indicators would appear to be most promising. Several canopy temperature‐based irrigation timing techniques exist that determine when to irrigate but do not indicate how much to irrigate. The reference ET‐crop coefficient procedure for determining crop ET which is used in fully irrigated crop conditions would be easiest to implement; however the water stress coefficient used in that procedure may not be applicable for prolonged periods of water stress. The objective of this study was to investigate use of a ratio of canopy temperature (Tc) measured over fully irrigated and water‐stressed corn (Zea mays L.) as a substitute for the water stress coefficient presently used in the reference ET‐crop coefficient concept. Preliminary results indicated that the Tc ratio is a reasonable quantitative water stress coefficient for calculating crop ET under water stress conditions. This ratio allows application of the crop coefficient method for scheduling deficit irrigation. Furthermore the Tc ratio lends itself to hourly incorporation of plant stress effects on crop ET since canopy temperature can be measured continuously throughout the day. Published in 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.


This research focused on how music therapy strategies could be used to improve the milieu in a rehabilitation centre in a New Zealand city. Residents in the rehabilitation centre had difficulty interacting with each other. I planned to use a Community Music Therapy approach to address residents' social needs. The research methodology was Action Research which involves the study of one's own practice. Cycles of learning led to the introduction of more 'open' groups and the use of the 'sharing concert' as a vehicle for promoting interaction between residents, staff, and family members, and staff and children at an early childhood centre. I examined the group dynamics, encouraged residents to move from small groups to bigger group or even open groups, and began to challenge them to take responsibility for individual tasks for their own and others' benefit. Through interactive music making, the residents improved understanding about conversation courtesy; their motivation for active participation increased as they developed a sense of togetherness, and appreciation for their community. They enjoyed interacting with the wider community also, and had the wish to 'branch out'. Further, the action research changed my understanding and leadership style: I learnt to gradually move from an aesthetic focus and into a supportive role as residents prepared for "their own concert".


We report on the effects of almost a decade of 1080-fox baiting on a lizard community in a mosaic Australian habitat. Replicated comparisons of baited versus non-baited control areas with near-identical histories of bush fires, grazing and climate showed a higher density of red fox tracks (Canis vulpes) in the non-baited areas. Furthermore, the fox-baited areas showed a more than five times higher density of sand goannas (Varanus gouldii), a species that strongly overlaps the red fox in food niche breadth and is itself a direct target of fox predation, in particular its eggs and young. Exclusion of predators from a natural habitat led to significant increases in the density of small lizards, suggesting that predation can drive lizard population dynamics in this ecosystem. Replicated pitfall-trapping in three habitats in the control areas (with high fox and low goanna density) versus the baited areas (with low fox and high goanna density) showed that fox baiting had positive effects on the density of diurnal scincid lizards in open grassland, whereas the control areas showed higher density of nocturnal gecko lizards. Our interpretation is that fox removal may result in a shift in the top predator towards the sand goanna. Historically, this indigenous, endemic species was the natural top predator. It has co-evolved with its prey and that may have moulded it into a more efficient lizard predator per encounter than the introduced fox.


We analyzed genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 124 HIV-1 and 19 HIV-2 strains in sera collected in 1986 from patients of the state hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic analysis of the HIV-1 env gp41 region of 65 sequences characterized 37 (56.9%) as CRF06_cpx strains, 25 (38.5%) as CRF02_AG, 2 (3.1%) as CRF09_cpx, and 1 (1.5%) as subtype A. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis of the protease (PR) gene region of 73 sequences identified 52 (71.2%) as CRF06_cpx, 15 (20.5%) as CRF02_AG, 5 (6.8%) as subtype A, and 1 (1.4%) was a unique strain that clustered along the B/D lineage but basal to the node connecting the two lineages. HIV-2 PR or integrase (INT) groups A (n = 17 [89.5%]) and B (n = 2 [10.5%]) were found in both monotypic (n = 11) and heterotypic HIV-1/HIV-2 (n = 8) infections, with few HIV-2 group B infections. Based on limited available sampling, evidence suggests two recombinant viruses, CRF06_cpx and CRF02_AG, appear to have driven the beginning of the mid-1980s HIV-1 epidemic in Burkina Faso.


Abstract. An analysis to evaluate the impact of multiple radar reflectivity data with a three-dimensional variational (3-D-Var) assimilation system on a heavy precipitation event is presented. The main goal is to build a regionally tuned numerical prediction model and a decision-support system for environmental civil protection services and demonstrate it in the central Italian regions, distinguishing which type of observations, conventional and not (or a combination of them), is more effective in improving the accuracy of the forecasted rainfall. In that respect, during the first special observation period (SOP1) of HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) campaign several intensive observing periods (IOPs) were launched and nine of which occurred in Italy. Among them, IOP4 is chosen for this study because of its low predictability regarding the exact location and amount of precipitation. This event hit central Italy on 14 September 2012 producing heavy precipitation and causing several cases of damage to buildings, infrastructure, and roads. Reflectivity data taken from three C-band Doppler radars running operationally during the event are assimilated using the 3-D-Var technique to improve high-resolution initial conditions. In order to evaluate the impact of the assimilation procedure at different horizontal resolutions and to assess the impact of assimilating reflectivity data from multiple radars, several experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are performed. Finally, traditional verification scores such as accuracy, equitable threat score, false alarm ratio, and frequency bias – interpreted by analysing their uncertainty through bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) – are used to objectively compare the experiments, using rain gauge data as a benchmark.


A computer simulation technique useful for generating superposed coherent and chaotic radiation of arbitrary spectral shape is described. Its advantages over other techniques include flexibility and ease of implementation, as well as the capability of incorporating spectral characteristics that cannot be generated by other methods. We discuss the implementation of the technique and present results to demonstrate its validity. The technique can be used to obtain numerical solutions to photon statistics problems through computer simulation. We furthermore argue that experiments involving photon statistics can be carried out using a wideband source in place of an amplitude-stabilized source whenever the spectral characteristics of the source are not important. Experimental results that corroborate the argument are presented.


Abstract. A negative-ion proton-transfer chemical ionization mass spectrometric technique (NI-PT-CIMS), using acetate as the reagent ion, was applied to the measurement of volatile inorganic acids of atmospheric interest: hydrochloric (HCl), nitrous (HONO), nitric (HNO3), and isocyanic (HNCO) acids. Gas phase calibrations through the sampling inlet showed the method to be intrinsically sensitive (6–16 cts/pptv), but prone to inlet effects for HNO3 and HCl. The ion chemistry was found to be insensitive to water vapor concentrations, in agreement with previous studies of carboxylic acids. The inlet equilibration times for HNCO and HONO were 2 to 4 s, allowing for measurement in biomass burning studies. Several potential interferences in HONO measurements were examined: decomposition of HNO3·NO3− clusters within the CIMS, and NO2-water production on inlet surfaces, and were quite minor (≤1%, 3.3%, respectively). The detection limits of the method were limited by the instrument backgrounds in the ion source and flow tube, and were estimated to range between 16 and 50 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) for a 1 min average. The comparison of HONO measured by CIMS and by in situ FTIR showed good correlation and agreement to within 17%. The method provided rapid and accurate measurements of HNCO and HONO in controlled biomass burning studies, in which both acids were seen to be important products.


Marja-Liisa Helasvuo's paper discusses passive constructions in Finnish. Based on a large database of spoken Finnish, she argues that contrary to the received view in Finnish linguistics, there are actually two types of passive in Finnish, namely the so-called simple passive (formed by the verb stem + passive suffix + personal marker) and a periphrastic passive; the latter is the so-called be -passive, formed with the verb 'to be' in its 3 rd person singular form ( on ) and a passive participle of the main verb. In the be -passive, the finite verb is in the 3 rd person form, but in the simple passive, there is a special passive "personal" marker on the verb. The passive personal marker creates personal reference, but the reference is not explicit, but rather has to be construed from the context. Helasvuo investigates the role of these two types of passives in the Finnish person system and the discourse functions that they serve. She shows that the two passives have quite distinct discourse profiles. In the linguistic literature, the Finnish passive has been described as impersonal based on the fact that argument relations do not change (see e.g. Comrie 1977). In contrast, in a personal passive, the object of the active clause takes the role of subject in a corresponding passive clause. Helasvuo shows, however, that this use of the term "personal" vs. "impersonal" is misleading: it equates the function of person marking with the coding of the subject role. Instead, she suggests that the function of person marking on verbs is to provide a grammatical means for expressing person, either by explicit reference to person or open reference that has to construed in the context (e.g. the passive). From this perspective, the Finnish passive is by no means impersonal, but instead, is an integral part of the person system for verbs.


Scholars and policy makers consider knowledge accumulation a major driver of growth and regional development. During the past two decades, the geography of innovation literature has provided a rich and detailed account of the underlying processes of regional knowledge production. More recently, a growing body of empirical literature has analysed the specific knowledge bases of regions and their evolution over time. The aim of these studies is not to explain why some regions produce more knowledge outputs than others, but why some regions produce a specific type of knowledge. The author refers to this body of literature as the relatedness literature. In the chapter the author discusses the theoretical foundations of this literature, its methodological framework and recent empirical findings. Based on evolutionary thinking, the spatial dynamics of knowledge are understood as a cumulative, path-dependent and interactive process. As a result, a main driving force is relatedness, as new knowledge is expected to branch out from related, pre-existing knowledge. Empirically, relatedness has mainly been formalized as a network, the knowledge space. In this network, nodes are knowledge categories, such as technological classes or scientific fields, and the links between these knowledge types indicate their degree of relatedness. The empirical analysis of relatedness and the knowledge space allows the mapping of regions' knowledge bases, explaining scientific and technological change and identifying further opportunities for recombination and innovation. After having reviewed the empirics on knowledge space, the author discusses implications for research and innovation policy and suggests some avenues for future research.


About five thousand women are murdered by their families each year in the name of family honor. A young Muslim girl was murdered in Berlin by her own brother, because she "behaved like a German." Both of them had German citizenship. He was sentenced to nine years of incarceration, and was released after six years. His family celebrated his release from prison. Fatima Sehindel, a Muslim Swedish girl, was a student. She wanted to assimilate in Swedish society. She spoke to the Swedish parliament. She even had a Swedish boyfriend. She was murdered by her own father. These crimes were committed in advanced western countries. It is difficult to get precise numbers of "honor killings," since most cases are not reported. When a woman is murdered in the name of family honor in the country of origin, it is justified by law, since the concept of family honor justifies the killing of women in these societies. The perpetrators of such killings in these societies are considered heroes of their culture. In these societies, the concept of woman as a vessel of the family reputation is prevalent, and this concept is completed and accompanied by the concept of honor killings. The story of Soraya M., which was publicized in a book and a movie, is another example. Her husband wanted to marry a younger woman, so he claimed that she was flirting with a neighbor. She was stoned to death. This phenomenon is not exclusive to the countries of origin. Many of the women murdered by their families in the name of family honor are murdered in western societies, very advanced western societies that have open-gate policies and are absorbing immigrant populations. Some of the immigrants in these societies come from countries where the concept of honor killing is in common use, is morally acceptable and is legal. Upon settling in their new homeland, the immigrant population continues this accepted practice, as they used to in their homeland. Reports submitted to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights show that honor killings have been committed in Great Britain, Italy, Sweden, the United States, Germany, France, and other countries absorbing immigrants. Some of these honor killings are perpetrated or assisted by women. The concept of honor killing is considered by most of the immigrants, including women, as part of their culture, which must be preserved. They sometimes rely on Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Honor killings are not the only offenses committed against women in the name of culture. When the perpetrators are charged in court, they frequently claim the "ignorance of law" defense, since they have been behaving that way for generations, and why would the legal situation be different in their new homeland. In most cases, this claim is rejected, but it is used to mitigate punishments down to ridiculous sentences. Most western countries share this problem. This article argues that the mistake of law defense is irrelevant in relation to culture-based crimes against women. It is further argued that committing an offense on the grounds of preserving a culture in and of itself justifies harsher sentencing. In the following paragraphs culture-based crimes against women in countries absorbing immigrants will be introduced. Then the relevance of the mistake of law defense shall be examined in relation to culture-based crimes against women. Finally, and on those grounds, the sentencing considerations when punishing such crimes shall be examined


The Wide Field Camera Transit Survey is a pioneer program aiming at for searching extra-solar planets in the near-infrared. The images from the survey are processed by a data reduction pipeline, which uses aperture photometry to construct the light curves. We produce an alternative set of light curves using the difference-imaging method for the most complete field in the survey and carry out a quantitative comparison between the photometric precision achieved with both methods. The results show that difference-photometry light curves present an important improvement for stars with J {gt} 16. We report an implementation on the box-fitting transit detection algorithm, which performs a trapezoid-fit to the folded light curve, providing more accurate results than the box-fitting model. We describe and optimize a set of selection criteria to search for transit candidates, including the V-shape parameter calculated by our detection algorithm. The optimized selection criteria are applied to the aperture photometry and difference-imaging light curves, resulting in the automatic detection of the best 200 transit candidates from a sample of ~{}475 000 sources. We carry out a detailed analysis in the 18 best detections and classify them as transiting planet and eclipsing binary candidates. We present one planet candidate orbiting a late G-type star. No planet candidate around M-stars has been found, confirming the null detection hypothesis and upper limits on the occurrence rate of short-period giant planets around M-dwarfs presented in a prior study. We extend the search for transiting planets to stars with J {le} 18, which enables us to set a stricter upper limit of 1.1%. Furthermore, we present the detection of five faint extremely-short period eclipsing binaries and three M-dwarf/M-dwarf binary candidates. The detections demonstrate the benefits of using the difference-imaging light curves, especially when going to fainter magnitudes.


We present extensive evolutionary models of stars with initial zero-metallicity, covering a large range of initial masses (i.e. 0:7 M M 100 M). Calculations are carried out at constant mass, with updated input physics, and applying an overshooting scheme to convective boundaries. The nuclear network includes all the important reactions of the p-p chain, CNO-cycle and -captures, and is solved by means of a suitable semi-implicit method. The evolution is followed up to the thermally pulsing AGB in the case of low- and intermediate-mass stars, or to the onset of carbon burning in massive stars. The main evolutionary features of these models are discussed, also in comparison with models of non-zero metallicity. Among several interesting aspects, particular attention has been paid to describe: i) the rst synthesis of 12 C inside the stars, that may suddenly trigger the CNO-cycle causing particular evolutionary features; ii) the pollution of the stellar surface by the dredge-up events, that are eective only within particular mass ranges; iii) the mass limits which conventionally dene the classes of low-, intermediate-, and high-mass stars on the basis of common evolutionary properties, including the upper mass limit for the achievement of super-Eddington luminosities before C-ignition in the high-mass regime; and iv) the expected pulsational properties of zero-metallicity stars. All relevant information referring to the evolutionary tracks and isochrones is made available in computer-readable format.


Background: We aimed to create a shortened form of the Champion Health Belief Model instrument which is a widely used questionnaire about breast cancer screening behaviors with acceptable validity and reliability.Methods: The Persian version of the Champion Health Belief Model (CHBM) instrument consists of 57 items in 8 concepts. The subjects of the study were 40 female faculty members and 34 nurses of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Based on the results, the most influential questions in each concept were chosen and then analyzed for internal consistency and the mean scores of the concepts were compared to the original questionnaire. Next, the original form was delivered to a different population. The mean scores of each concept were compared between original and short forms. At last, the same second population was asked to fill in the shortened form in a two-week interval and a test re-test comparison was done. Results: In the first step, out of 57 items in the original questionnaire, 28 items were selected based on their influence on the mean score of each concept. In 40 female faculty members who were all above 40, all of the Cronbach's alphas for all subscales were above 0.6 (ranging from 0.624 to 0.830) in the shortened form questionnaire; although they were lower than the original form. There were no significant differences between short and original questionnaires in terms of mean subscale scores. In the second step, in the second population including 34 female nurses aged over forty years in a university medical center, there was again no significant statistical difference between the 28-item and 57-item instruments. In the third step, two weeks later, the completed shortened questionnaire among 20 subjects of the same population of the nurses showed similar results, indicating the reliability of the newly design shortened form of the questionnaire.Conclusions: The shortened 28-item form of the CHBM instrument seems to be both valid and reliable, and less time-consuming. Its results can be comparable to other studies that used the standard form.


Over the last 40 years the reputation of Theophilus Shepstone has grown and grown. In his own time, most white settlers in Natal denounced him as the man who had locked up the land and the African labour they coveted. Most, though not all, missionaries opposed his toleration of African customs such as polygyny, bride wealth and beer brewing. After his death, historians tended to endorse the opinion of the Colonial Office that having served as a gifted colonial administrator in Natal, he brought about his own downfall after being promoted beyond his competence as the first Administrator of the British Transvaal in South Africa following its annexation in 1877.

Others took a more sinister view. C J Uys, an Afrikaner nationalist, blamed Shepstone for subjecting a pioneering Boer republic to imperialist oppression. The crusading daughters (Frances, Harriette and Agnes) of Bishop J W Colenso blamed him and his sons for extinguishing the Zulu monarchy and running an unjust system of African administration. Shepstone's handling of the Langalibalele affair, and particularly the chief's trial in 1874, angered Colenso and caused a breakdown in a long friendship between him, his family and Shepstone. In a letter to her brother Charles in 1874, Frances Colenso wrote, 'as to Mr Shepstone, as soon as John found the line he was taking, he says in this case "it must be war to the knife between us", and he has not been to his house since, though of course they salute in public'.1

With the publication of David Welsh's Origins of Segregation in 1968 different views began to surface. Welsh suggested that Shepstone deserved whatever credit or opprobrium might be due for laying the foundations of segregation based on culture, which underpinned the development of the twentieth-century apartheidregime. By the 1970s, he had been even more widely recognised as an architect of the British imperial policy known as indirect rule, which left day-to-day administration and judicial functions in the hands of hereditary rulers, provided they kept the peace and saw to the collection of taxes – a system that spread from Africa (and India) to colonies across the globe.2 By the 1990s Shepstone acquired further credit for innovation through the work of Carolyn Hamilton, who argued that he had been highly effective in working with African chiefs to forge conceptions of rulership and Zulu ethnic identity.3

In view of these reassessments, it may seem surprising that Shepstone has yet to attract a biographer.4 The reason appears to be that he gave away too little of his own personality, opinions and philosophy. As he left only fragmentary private papers, we are left to guess at his motivations through the official letters, speeches and memoranda that survive in archival deposits.5 His reputation for sphinx-like silence can be traced back to the man under whom he served in the late 1870s, Sir Bartle Frere, High Commissioner for Southern Africa 1877–80. He called Shepstone 'a singular type of an Africander Talleyrand, shrewd, observant, silent, self-controlled, immobile'.6 This chapter opens a window on a very different Shepstone – impetuous, voluble and passionate. Although it is rare that a single document can totally alter our picture of an individual, surely the letter printed here provides grounds for a major revision.


Homing by the nocturnal Namib Desert spider Leucorchestris arenicola (Araneae: Sparassidae) is comparable to homing in diurnal bees, wasps and ants in terms of path length and layout. The spiders' homing is based on vision but their basic navigational strategy is unclear. Diurnal homing insects use memorised views of their home in snapshot matching strategies. The insects learn the visual scenery identifying their nest location during learning flights (e.g. bees and wasps) or walks (ants). These learning flights and walks are stereotyped movement patterns clearly different from other movement behaviours. If the visual homing of L. arenicola is also based on an image matching strategy they are likely to exhibit learning walks similar to diurnal insects. To explore this possibility we recorded departures of spiders from a new burrow in an unfamiliar area with infrared cameras and analysed their paths using computer tracking techniques. We found that L. arenicola performs distinct stereotyped movement patterns during the first part of their departures in an unfamiliar area and that they seem to learn the appearance of their home during these movement patterns. We conclude that the spiders perform learning walks and this strongly suggests that L. arenicola uses a visual memory of the burrow location when homing.


The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated poleward heat transport are balanced by northern heat loss to the atmosphere and corresponding water-mass transformation. The circulation of northward-flowing Atlantic Water at the surface and returning overflow water at depth is particularly manifested—and observed—at the Greenland–Scotland Ridge where the water masses are guided through narrow straits. There is, however, a rich variability in the exchange of water masses across the ridge on all time scales. Focusing on seasonal and interannual time scales, and particularly the gateways of the Denmark Strait and between the Faroe Islands and Shetland, we specifically assess to what extent the exchanges of water masses across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge relate to wind forcing. On seasonal time scales, the variance explained of the observed exchanges can largely be related to large-scale wind patterns, and a conceptual model shows how this wind forcing can manifest via a barotropic, cyclonic circulation. On interannual time scales, the wind stress impact is less direct as baroclinic mechanisms gain importance and observations indicate a shift in the overflows from being more barotropically to more baroclinically forced during the observation period. Overall, the observed Greenland–Scotland Ridge exchanges reflect a horizontal (cyclonic) circulation on seasonal time scales, while the interannual variability more represents an overturning circulation.


The Scottish Mathematics Support Network (SMSN) was formed in July 2008 with the aim of creating a support network for people working in Scottish universities who were involved with, or wished to be involved with, providing mathematical and/or statistical support for their students. The consensus of the SMSN is that increasingly more students need assistance with their basic mathematical and statistical skills than was the case in the past, and that consequently mathematics support is an area on which universities will need to focus on in future years. Through networking and professional development opportunities with other practitioners in the field of mathematics and statistics support, the SMSN have developed and maintained strong links with individual practitioners, and more broadly with like-minded groups such as the sigma Network and the Irish Mathematics Learning Support Network. With the provision of mathematics and statistics support becoming more prevalent in UK Higher Education institutions, it seemed timely to assess the current state of this provision in Scotland, and to compare with the rest of the British Isles. At the 2016 SMSN AGM, it was unanimously agreed that such a study should be carried out with the SMSN committee taking responsibility for conducting the research.