Yarrowia lipolytica is a genetically tractable yeast species that has become an attractive model for analyses of lipid metabolism, due to its oleaginous nature. We investigated the regulation and evolution of lipid metabolism in non-Saccharomycetaceae yeasts, by carrying out a comparative physiological analysis of eight species recently assigned to the Yarrowia clade: Candida alimentaria, Y. deformans, C. galli, C. hispaniensis, C. hollandica, C. oslonensis, C. phangngensis and Y. yakushimensis. We compared the abilities of type strains of these species to grow on 31 non hydrophobic (sugars and other carbohydrate compounds) and 13 hydrophobic (triglycerides, alkanes and free fatty acids) carbon sources. Limited phenotypic diversity was observed in terms of the range of substrates used and, in the case of short-chain fatty acids, their toxicity. We assessed the oleaginous nature of these species, by evaluating their ability to store and to synthesize lipids. The mean lipid content of cells grown on oleic acid differed considerably between species, ranging from 30% of cell dry weight in C. oslonensis to 67% in C. hispaniensis. Lipid synthesis in cells grown on glucose resulted in the accumulation of C18:1 (n-9) as the major compound in most species, except for C. alimentaria and Y. yakushimensis, which accumulated principally C18:2(n-6), and C. hispaniensis, which accumulated both C16:0 and C18:1(n-9). Thus, all species of the clade were oleaginous, but they presented specific patterns of growth, lipid synthesis and storage, and therefore constitute good models for the comparative analysis of lipid metabolism in this basal yeast clade.


1-Benzazepine is a pharmaceutically important scaffold but is rare among natural products. Nanangelenin A (1), containing an unprecedented 3,4-dihydro-1-benzazepine-2,5-dione-N-prenyl-N-acetoxy-anthranilamide scaffold, was isolated from a novel species of Australian fungus, Aspergillus nanangensis. Genomic and retrobiosynthetic analyses identified a putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene cluster (nan). The detailed biosynthetic pathway to 1 was established by heterologous pathway reconstitution in A. nidulans, which led to biosynthesis of intermediates nanagelenin B-F (2-5 and 7). We demonstrated that the NRPS NanA incorporates anthranilic acid (Ant) and L-kynurenine (L-Kyn), which is supplied by a dedicated indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase NanC encoded in the gene cluster. Using heterologous in vivo assays and mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the C-terminal condensation (CT) and thiolation (T3) domains of NanA are responsible for the regioselective cyclization of the tethered Ant-L-Kyn dipeptide to form the unusual benzazepine scaffold in 1. We also showed that NanA-CT catalyzes the regioselective cyclization of a surrogate synthetic substrate, Ant-L-Kyn-N-acetylcysteamine, to give the benzazepine scaffold, while spontaneous cyclization of the dipeptide yielded the alternative kinetically favored benzodiazepine scaffold. The discovery of 1 and the characterization of NanA have expanded the chemical and functional diversities of fungal NRPSs.


Paradigms aid organizational researchers in their quest to find the 'truth' of a particular event, phenomenon, activity, or topic and by providing them a framework with which to make assumptions about the nature of society and reality. According to Burrell and Morgan (1978), organizational researchers use one of four paradigms: functionalist, interpretivist, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. However, there is a growing body of research which postulates that multiple paradigms can be used to interpret organizational phenomenon (Lewis & Grimes, 1999). Nevertheless, truly understanding and applying these four primary paradigms is challenging, so before they can be used in an integrative manner , HRD scholars need to find a means to help professionals learn about and make sense of the concept of paradigms. We contend that a highly effective means of learning about complex phenomena are popular culture artifacts such as fables and fairy tales. Thus, this paper presents a fable of the aftermath of the Three Little Pigs fairy tale as a vehicle for presenting the concept of paradigms in an accessible way by relating the four paradigms as presented by Burrell and Morgan (1978) to each of the characters in the fable. The paper then concludes by offering suggestions for using multiple paradigms in sensemaking, teaching and learning, and organizational research.


Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, immune-mediated disease that can have a profound negative impact on patients' quality of life. Five different types of psoriasis have been characterised according to their clinical features. A working group sanctioned by the Dermatology Society of South Africa engaged in discussions which resulted in the development of guidelines for the diagnosis and management of psoriasis in the South African context. Healthcare professionals can use these recommended guidelines to promote a strategic evidence-based approach when treating patients with psoriasis to ensure optimal treatment outcomes. Topical agents are the mainstay of treatment in mild psoriasis, and phototherapy and systemic agents should be considered if the treatment is ineffective or the severity of the psoriasis heightened.


This research analyzes the communication patterns of teams, based on their team performance, in order to understand the relationship between team communication and team performance using fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs). A two-pronged methodology was executed: (1) communication data processing by (a) classifying utterances into flow, (b) content, represented as speech acts, and (c) validation, and (2) analyzing the communication patterns using augmented FCMs. The strengths of the relationships among key communication concepts were estimated and compared between the ten teams' FCMs both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the comparison all the FCMs were separated into low performing teams (LPTs) and high performing teams (HPTs) according to their performance score (project grade in this case). Quantitative analysis included the calculation of intraclass correlations (ICC), as well as the testing of equality in means and variances between the two groups. Qualitative analysis looked at the different maps to find patterns in the connections. The results from the ICC show that LPTs were definitely homogeneous, but while HPTs did not pass the threshold to be considered homogeneous, they were close enough and as such cannot truly be classified as heterogeneous. Results of the test in means and variances show that although none of the means could be considered significantly different, some of the variances were. This would indicate that while LPTs might have a particular communication pattern that leads to low performance, HPTs have several communication patterns that lead to high performance. Further analysis is needed in order to better understand FCMs in communication and the use of the different FCM metrics available to interpret them. Furthermore, a deeper look is needed into FCM comparison metrics to determine which metric(s) is/are best suited for the analysis team communication FCMs.


Question Routing (QR) on Community-based Question Answering (CQA) websites aims at recommending answerers that have high probabilities of providing the "accepted answers" to new questions. The existing question routing algorithms simply predict the ranking of users based on query content. As a consequence, the question raiser information is ignored. On the other hand, they lack learnable scoring functions to explicitly compute ranking scores.To tackle these challenges, we propose NeRank that (1) jointly learns representations of question content, question raiser, and question answerers by a heterogeneous information network embedding algorithm and a long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The embeddings of the three types of entities are unified in the same latent space, and (2) conducts question routing for personalized queries, i.e., queries with two entities (question content, question raiser), by a convolutional scoring function taking the learned embeddings of all three types of entities as input. Using the scores, NeRank routes new questions to high-ranking answerers that are skillfulness in the question domain and have similar backgrounds to the question raiser.Experimental results show that NeRank significantly outperforms competitive baseline question routing models that ignore the raiser information in three ranking metrics. In addition, NeRank is convergeable in several thousand iterations and insensitive to parameter changes, which prove its effectiveness, scalability, and robustness.


Unique identification and secure authentication of users are essential processes in numerous security-critical areas such as e-Government, e-Banking, or e-Business. Therefore, many countries (particularly in Europe) have implemented national eID solutions within the past years. Such implementations are typically based on smart cards holding some certified collection of citizen attributes and hence follow a client-side and user-centric approach. However, most of the implementations only support all-or-nothing disclosure of citizen attributes and thus do not allow privacy-friendly selective disclosure of attributes. Consequently, the complete identity of the citizen (all attributes) are always revealed to identity providers and/or service providers, respectively. In this paper, we propose a novel user-centric identification and authentication model for eIDs, which supports selective attribute disclosure but only requires minimal changes in the existing eID architecture. In addition, our approach allows service providers to keep their infrastructure nearly untouched. Latter is often an inhibitor for the use of privacy-preserving cryptography like anonymous credentials in such architectures. Furthermore, our model can easily be deployed in the public cloud as we do not require full trust in identity providers. This fully features the Identity as a Service-paradigm while at the same time preserves citizens' privacy. We demonstrate the applicability of our model by adopting to the Austrian eID system to our approach.


The resource sector in northern Western Australia draws its workforce from local purpose-built towns (drive-in/drive-out (DIDO) workers) and metropolitan areas (fly-in/fly-out (FIFO) workers). However, each of these arrangements has a downside. Mining towns are costly to build and maintain. Staff turnover is high. FIFO lifestyles adopted by city-based tradesmen seeking high incomes can lead to social dysfunction. Hence, the question: is there a viable alternative in these regional and remote areas for local communities to provide workers and ancillary support for the resource sector? For example most of the inland mines in Western Australia are located near or within Aboriginal communities. Returning to these communities are ex-prisoners who have had the opportunity to gain trade skills while in metropolitan prisons. This article considers whether Aboriginal ex-prisoners might be gainfully employed in the resource sector in the Pilbara and Kimberley regions of Western Australia.


Avatars, as virtual humans possessing realistic faces, are increasingly used for social and economic interaction on the Internet. Research has already determined that avatar-based communication may increase perceived interpersonal trust in anonymous online environments. Despite this trust-inducing potential of avatars, however, we hypothesize that in trust situations, people will perceive human faces differently than they will perceive avatar faces. This prediction is based on evolution theory, because throughout human history the majority of interaction among people has taken place in face-to-face settings. Therefore, unlike perception of an avatar face, perception of a human face and the related trustworthiness discrimination abilities must be part of the genetic makeup of humans. Against this background, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment based on a multiround trust game to gain insight into the differences and similarities of interactions between humans versus human interaction with avatars. Our results indicate that (1) people are better able to predict the trustworthiness of humans than the trustworthiness of avatars; (2) decision making about whether or not to trust another actor activates the medial frontal cortex significantly more during interaction with humans, if compared to interaction with avatars; this brain area is of paramount importance for the prediction of other individuals' thoughts and intentions (mentalizing), a notably important ability in trust situations; and (3) the trustworthiness learning rate is similar, whether interacting with humans or avatars. Thus, the major implication of this study is that although interaction on the Internet may have benefits, the lack of real human faces in communication may serve to reduce these benefits, in turn leading to reduced levels of collaboration effectiveness.


Cattle have undergone significant gene expansion within two of the major NK receptor encoding complexes, the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) and natural killer complex (NKC). This expansion has resulted in a number of highly similar genes densely packed within each complex. The genes can be highly polymorphic and encode for fundamentally important receptors for controlling the functional response of NK cells. Understanding the nature of transcription of the LRC and NKC genes is required to confirm existing gene models, predicted functional status and also their distribution in cell and tissue types. RNA-Seq offers the potential for high-resolution analysis of LRC/NKC gene transcription. For this to occur, an analysis pipeline needed to be developed to account for the high sequence similarity and resulting multi-mapping of reads.

In this project an analysis pipeline, UniMMap, has been created that utilises the concept of mappability to weight the contribution of multi-mapping reads to the total read count. UniMMap was utilised to assess transcription of LRC/NKC genes in a number of RNA-Seq datasets. Transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and NK cells from two cattle was compared. Genes predicted to be non-functional based on the reference assembly were found to be consistently transcribed. Transcription was also compared between multiple immune cell types. CD8+ T cells were shown to transcribe killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) at an equivalent level to NK cells. RNA-Seq data from multiple cattle tissues was analysed to produce an LRC/NKC gene atlas. Transcription of at least one LRC and NKC gene was observed in every tested tissue. Total transcription of the LRC/NKC genes was found to be highest in the lymph node, mammary gland and lung tissue. To assess the utility of UniMMap in a controlled study, as well as in a different species, the transcription of LRC/NKC genes were investigated in goats from a peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) vaccination study. A subset of the genes were found to respond differently in PBMCs between unvaccinated and vaccinated animals. This supports a role for these genes during PPRV infection.

UniMMap has facilitated analysis of transcription of LRC/NKC genes from multiple species, cell/tissue types and RNA-Seq library types. The consistently observed transcription of predicted non-functional genes suggests the presence of functional alleles or possibly a role in regulating transcription of other genes within each complex. The changes observed in their transcription during infection, coupled with a similar distribution among tissues and immune cell types, suggests a functional similarity with their human counterparts.


In this paper we show an approach to the customization of GermaNet to the German HPSG grammar lexicon developed in the Verbmobil project. GermaNet has a broad coverage of the German base vocabulary and fine-grained semantic classification; while the HPSG grammar lexicon is comparatively small und has a coarse-grained semantic classification. In our approach, we have developed a mapping algorithm to relate the synsets in GermaNet with the semantic sorts in HPSG. The evaluation result shows that this approach is useful for the lexical extension of our deep grammar development to cope with real-world text understanding.


"A Sense of Dance: Exploring Your Movement Potential, Second Edition, " is written for true beginners--students who are exploring the art form for the first time and are not likely to describe themselves as dancers. Through this text, students discover that dance is an accessible art form that can bring greater self-awareness and self-confidence. It helps new dancers learn how to express themselves through dance.This second edition, based on an already-successful textbook, features three new chapters that add even more depth to the topics covered. The chapters address the power of dance through time and place, culture, and community; a sense of style; and patterns of coordination. Like the first edition, this empowering text uses an interactive approach to invite students to learn about dance through everyday experiences, personal observations, and guided experiences.The following are some of the special elements in the text: - "Inside Insights" encourage students to reflect on interesting observations that may affect their movement and expression. -"Try This Experiment" exercises are guided physical explorations of concepts in the text that help students become more kinesthetically aware of their movements and discover new ways of moving.-"Think About It" sections require students to reflect on how they can apply the information presented. These considerations provide good material for journal entries.-"Your Turn to Dance" provides two opportunities per chapter for students to work in small groups to discover movement possibilities, solve problems, and hone their observation and evaluation skills. These become springboards for choreography that reinforces the concepts in the chapter--and provide another adventure of exploring movement potential.The author uses a basic movement vocabulary that you can use to describe and evaluate movement possibilities, improve sensitivity when working in groups, develop critical-thinking skills, and express ideas and emotions through movement.The book also contains these features designed to help students personalize and interact with the content: -Short quizzes-Highlight boxes-Self-assessment exercises -Updated, easy-reference index Whatever your students' level of artistic awareness, this engaging text will inspire innovation and help you guide students in the discovery of their own creativity and sense of dance.


Several previous investigators have conducted experiments leading to expressions for predicting the transformation of waves passing through closely-spaced pile or large cylinder breakwaters. The present study extends the earlier experiments which used a single row of piles instead of a double row of piles forming a breakwater. The experiments using the double-pile breakwater were performed in the same facility as the experiments conducted on a single-pile breakwater and employed the same method of analysis for a more meaningful comparison. The experiments consisted of allowing waves to pass through a pile array and measuring the incident and transmitted wave heights. The variables were: depth, period, diameter, monochromatic and random waves. The experimental matrix was three water depths, four wave periods, two pile diameters, two gap dimensions between piles and four random wave spectra: Darbyshire, I.T.T.C., Pierson- Moskowitz and JONSWAP, two pile diameters and two gap dimensions between piles. The two-row breakwater had less wave transmission than the single-row breakwater, as expected. For a gap to a pile diameter ratio, or b/D = 0.2 (where b = gap spacing, D — pile diameter), the wave transmission was reduced by 15 percent, as compared with a single-row breakwater; for a gap ratio of b/D - 0.1, the wave transmission was reduced by 5 to 10 percent.


We investigated the concentration dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) in microbial populations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). We used radiotracers to measure substrate uptake into whole water communities, differentiated microbial size classes, and two flow sorted groups; Prochlorococcus (PRO) and non-pigmented bacteria (NPB). The Pi concentrations, uptake rates, and Pi pool turnover times (Tt) were (mean, ±SD); 54.9 ± 35.0 nmol L−1 (n = 22), 4.8 ± 1.9 nmol L−1 day−1 (n = 19), and 14.7 ± 10.2 days (n = 19), respectively. Pi uptake into >2 μm cells was on average 12 ± 7% (n = 15) of the total uptake. The kinetic response to Pi (10–500 nmol L−1) was small, indicating that the microorganisms were close to their maximum uptake velocity (Vmax). Vmax averaged 8.0 ± 3.6 nmol L−1 day−1 (n = 19) in the >0.2 μm group, with half saturation constants (Km) of 40 ± 28 nmol L−1 (n = 19). PRO had three times the cell specific Pi uptake rate of NPB, at ambient concentrations, but when adjusted to cells L−1 the rates were similar, and these two groups were equally competitive for Pi. The Tt of γ-P-ATP in the >0.2 μm group were shorter than for the Pi pool (4.4 ± 1.0 days; n = 6), but this difference diminished in the larger size classes. The kinetic response to ATP was large in the >0.2 μm class with Vmax exceeding the rates at ambient concentrations (mean 62 ± 27 times; n = 6) with a mean Vmax for γ-P-ATP of 2.8 ± 1.0 nmol L−1 day−1, and Km at 11.5 ± 5.4 nmol L−1 (n = 6). The NPB contribution to γ-P-ATP uptake was high (95 ± 3%, n = 4) at ambient concentrations but decreased to ∼50% at the highest ATP amendment. PRO had Km values 5–10 times greater than NPB. The above indicates that PRO and NPB were in close competition in terms of Pi acquisition, whereas P uptake from ATP could be attributed to NPB. This apparent resource partitioning may be a niche separating strategy and an important factor in the successful co-existence within the oligotrophic upper ocean of the NPSG.


We have previously demonstrated that benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) co-exposure with dermatophagoides group 1 allergen (Der f 1) can potentiate Der f 1-induced airway inflammation. The underlying mechanism, however, remains undetermined. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the potentiation of BaP exposure on Der f 1-induced airway inflammation in asthma. We found that BaP co-exposure potentiated Der f 1-induced TGFβ1 secretion and signaling activation in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and the airways of asthma mouse model. Moreover, BaP exposure alone or co-exposure with Der f 1-induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity was determined by using an AhR-dioxin-responsive element reporter plasmid. The BaP and Der f 1 co-exposure-induced TGFβ1 expression and signaling activation were attenuated by either AhR antagonist CH223191 or AhR knockdown in HBECs. Furthermore, AhR knockdown led to the reduction of BaP and Der f 1 co-exposure-induced active RhoA. Inhibition of RhoA signaling with fasudil, a RhoA/ROCK inhibitor, suppressed BaP and Der f 1 co-exposure-induced TGFβ1 expression and signaling activation. This was further confirmed in HBECs expressing constitutively active RhoA (RhoA-L63) or dominant-negative RhoA (RhoA-N19). Luciferase reporter assays showed prominently increased promoter activities for the AhR binding sites in the promoter region of RhoA. Inhibition of RhoA suppressed BaP and Der f 1 co-exposure-induced airway hyper-responsiveness, Th2-associated airway inflammation, and TGFβ1 signaling activation in asthma. Our studies reveal a previously unidentified functional axis of AhR–RhoA in regulating TGFβ1 expression and signaling activation, representing a potential therapeutic target for allergic asthma.


Generalized perturbation theory (GPT) has been recognized as the most computationally efficient approach for performing sensitivity analysis for models with many input parameters, which renders forward sensitivity analysis computationally overwhelming. In critical systems, GPT involves the solution of the adjoint form of the eigenvalue problem with a response-dependent fixed source. Although conceptually simple to implement, most neutronics codes that can solve the adjoint eigenvalue problem do not have a GPT capability unless envisioned during code development. We introduce in this manuscript a reduced-order modeling approach based on subspace methods that requires the solution of the fundamental adjoint equations but allows the generation of response sensitivities without the need to set up GPT equations, and that provides an estimate of the error resulting from the reduction. Moreover, the new approach solves the eigenvalue problem independently of the number or type of responses. This allows for an efficient computation of sensitivities when many responses are required. This paper introduces the theory and implementation details of the GPT-free approach and describes how the errors could be estimated as part of the analysis. The applicability is demonstrated by estimating the variations in the flux distribution everywhere in the phase space of a fast critical sphere and a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor prismatic lattice. The variations generated by the GPT-free approach are benchmarked to the exact variations generated by direct forward perturbations.


This article examines the implications of the financialization of social impact and the emerging social impact bonds (SIBs) market for socially engaged art practices. How do SIBs, which allow for investment in social impact metrics, shift the broader contexts through which the value of social impact is understood in art discourses? In the British context, recent projects by Assemble, Open School East and others do important social work, yet echo the logic of the social investment market by outsourcing social impact. Rather than dismissing socially engaged art initiatives as having been recuperated by financialized capitalism, I suggest the need to develop new ways of achieving a double reading of these works as they relate to – and upset the distinctions between – stakeholder and bondholder valuation.


CaveUT, an open source freeware project, uses game technology to make projection-based virtual reality affordable and accessible. The CaveUT works well for low-cost displays and supports real-time spatial tracking and stereographic imaging. Computer games with the most advanced simulation and graphics usually employ a game engine, a commercially available software package that handles basic functions. Based on the Unreal Tournament the CaveUT game engine gives developers a high-performance, low-cost VR alternative. VR applications developed with CaveUT inherit all the Unreal Engine's capabilities along with Unreal Tournament's authoring support, open source code, content library, and large user community.


Self-attention mechanisms have been widely adopted in many machine learning areas, including Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Graph Representation Learning (GRL), etc. However, existing works heavily rely on hand-crafted design to obtain customized attention mechanisms. In this paper, we automate Key , Query and Value representation design, which is one of the most important steps to obtain effective self-attentions. We propose an automated self-attention representation model, AutoAttend , which can automatically search powerful attention representations for downstream tasks leveraging Neural Architecture Search (NAS). In particular, we design a tailored search space for attention representation automation, which is flexible to produce effective attention representation designs. Based on the design prior obtained from attention representations in previous works, we further regularize our search space to reduce the space complexity without the loss of expressivity. More-over, we propose a novel context-aware parameter sharing mechanism considering special characteristics of each sub-architecture to provide more accurate architecture estimations when conduct-ing parameter sharing in our tailored search space. Experiments show the superiority of our proposed AutoAttend model over previous state-of-the-arts on eight text classification tasks in NLP and four node classification tasks in GRL.


This report outlines the rules on the taking and using of evidence in Austrian civil procedure law. On the basis of principles such as the free disposition of parties, the attenuated inquisitorial principle or the principles of orality and directness, the judge and the parties form a "working group" when investigating the matter in dispute. The Austrian concept of an active judge, however, goes along with the judge's duty to do case-management and especially to induce a truthful fact-finding using judicial discretion. While only five means of proof (documents, witnesses, expert opinions, evidence by inspection and the examination of parties) are explicitly listed the Austrian civil procedure code, there is no numerus clausus regarding the means of evidence. Evidence may be freely assessed by the judge.


When 'environmentally friendly' items are added to a set of conventional items, people report that the total set will have a lower environmental impact even though the actual impact increases. One hypothesis is that this "negative footprint illusion" arises because people, who are susceptible to the illusion, lack necessary knowledge of the item's actual environmental impact, perhaps coupled with a lack of mathematical skills. The study reported here addressed this hypothesis by recruiting participants ('experts') from a master's program in energy systems, who thus have bachelor degrees in energy-related fields including academic training in mathematics. They were asked to estimate the number of trees needed to compensate for the environmental burden of two sets of buildings: one set of 150 buildings with conventional energy ratings and one set including the same 150 buildings but also 50 'green' (energy-efficient) buildings. The experts reported that less trees were needed to compensate for the set with 150 conventional and 50 'green' buildings compared to the set with only the 150 conventional buildings. This negative footprint illusion was as large in magnitude for the experts as it was for a group of novices without academic training in energy-related fields. We conclude that people are not immune to the negative footprint illusion even when they have the knowledge necessary to make accurate judgments.


The success of the Standard Oil monopoly is not well understood. Standard Oil first developed a monopoly over the refining of crude oil, though later extended its control to gathering pipelines, later still to trunk pipelines (from the western Oil Regions to East Coast ports) and, even later, expanded operations to include oil production (drilling) and retail sales at the time the Supreme Court ordered its dissolution 100 years ago, in 1911. Though there are several journalistic exposes of Standard Oil - Henry Demerest Lloyd and Ida Tarbell - as well as business histories - none very explanatory - the currently dominant theory of Standard Oil's success is by Elizabeth Granitz and Benjamin Klein who assert that Standard Oil was chosen by oil shippers, the railroads, to police a railroad cartel. According to Granitz and Klein, the railroads split with Standard Oil the profits from cartelization of the crude and refined oil industry. This paper challenges that explanation, claiming that there were attempts to cartelize at all levels of the oil industry - producers, gathering pipelines, refiners, and the railroads. There are good economic reasons that explain why Standard Oil, a refiner and at the remote western location of Cleveland, secured a monopoly as against the producers and the railroads.


OBJECTIVE
The transition to college is considered as a risk period for the development of behavioral symptoms of eating disorders (BSEDs) and some evidence suggests that, amongst men, these symptoms occurring on a regular basis remain relatively stable over the college period. Nevertheless, little is known about factors associated with persistent engagement in and initiation of recurrent (or regular) binge eating and inappropriate weight compensatory behaviors in this population. The objective of this report was to address these research gaps.

METHOD
Data were examined from 2,555 male first-year college students who completed an assessment of potential vulnerability factors and BSEDs at the beginning of the autumn semester (baseline) and nine months later (end of the spring semester; follow-up).

RESULTS
Elevated negative affectivity, body dissatisfaction, self-objectification, and lower self-esteem at baseline were predictive of persistent engagement in regular binge eating and four compensatory behaviors (self-induced vomiting, laxative/diuretic abuse, fasting, exercise) at follow-up, as well as initiation of all these behaviors occurring regularly (i.e., at least weekly for 3 months). Self-objectification (thinking and monitoring the body's outward appearance from a third-person perspective) emerged as the largest contributor of both the initiation and persistence of all behavioral symptoms.

DISCUSSION
Data emphasize that the same psychological factors underlie initiation and persistence of recurrent BSEDs and should shape the focus of future interventions for college men. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:581-590).


Lung carcinoma is a malignant lung tumor that is deadly and is characterized by the uncontrolled cell growth in the tissue of lung. Normally the lung cancer detection is done by visual inspection of x-ray image by medical doctor. The purpose of this study is to create a computational tool that can automatically detect early lung cancer from x-ray image. This research has two main steps, with first being to characterize cancer or cancer symptoms based on x-ray images and second step is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN). In first step, particularly it is wanted to lay out a rigorous image processing framework with sequential steps: (i) image noise reduction, (ii) image enhancement, (iii) lung organ segmentation, (iv) object edge detection, and (v) tumor boundary detection. The framework incorporates image processing techniques such as thresholding and morphological detections (erosion and dilation). The framework is expected to reveal the relevant features that define lung cancer or early lung cancer such as area, perimeter, density profile and shape ratio. For the second step, the ANN is built based on machine learning algorithm to study a large set of x-ray images of positively diagnosed lung cancer patients. In addition to learning solely based on the 2D x-ray images, it is also incorporated the previously studied tumor features. The two combined with a large dataset is expected to enable the machine to reach a close to 100 % detection accuracy. Based on the test results of 10 samples obtained the comparative value of the calculated by the ANN with the results of measurement with Matlab program is tends to approach the same. It can be concluded that ANN has been successfully educated so that can identify 10 samples correctly.


Due to the on-going worldwide trend towards investment in de-regulated electricity markets driven by political, economic and environmental issues, increasing interconnection between modern power systems has made power system dynamic studies much more complex. The continuous load growth without a corresponding increase in transmission network capacities has stressed power systems further and forced them to operate closer to their stability limits. Large power transfers between utilities across the interconnections stress these interconnections. As a result, stability of such power systems becomes a serious issue as operational security and reliability standards can be violated. On the other hand, the evolving technology of Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) has led to advanced applications in Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC) systems, which offer a cost-effective solutions to tackle these challenging issues. The main focus of this research project was to develop a wide-area based stability enhancement control scheme for large interconnected power systems. A new method to identify coherent clusters of synchronous generators involved in wide area system oscillations was the initial part of the work. The coherent clusters identification method was developed to utilise measurements of generators speed deviation signals combined with measurements of generators active power outputs to extract coherency property between system's generators. The obtained coherency property was then used by an agglomerative clustering algorithm to group system's generators into coherent clusters. The identification of coherent clusters was then taken as a base to propose a new structure of a WAMS based stability control scheme. The concept of WAMS and a nonlinear control design approach (fuzzy logic theory) was used to provide a comprehensive new control algorithm. The objectives of the developed control scheme were to enhance and improve the control performance of modern power systems. Thus, allowing improved dynamic performance under severe operation conditions. These objectives were achieved by means of enhanced damping of power system oscillations, enhanced system stability and improved transfer capabilities of the power system allowing the stability limit to be approached without threatening the system security and reliability.


We survey research that studies the connection between the computational complexity of optimization problems on the one hand, and the duality gap between the primal and dual optimization problems on the other. To our knowledge, this is the first survey that connects the two very important areas. We further look at a similar phenomenon in finite model theory relating to complexity and optimization.


Synchronous differentiation of delayed-rectifier potassium current regulates electrical excitability and calcium entry in motor, sensory, and interneurons of the developing amphibian spinal cord. Although Kv1 and Kv2 potassium channel transcripts are detectable in these cells, it is not known which transcript contributes to functional expression. Overexpression of a Kv1 dominant-negative subunit indicates that 20% of neurons have only Kv1 potassium currents. In other neurons, non-Kv1 channels function because the dominant-negative subunit either only partially suppresses or has no effect on current. Thus, diverse embryonic neurons coordinate differentiation of excitability yet rely on heterogeneous potassium channel gene expression.


We describe the microstructure and optical properties of near-ultraviolet InGaN-GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated onto conventional and patterned sapphire substrates (PSSs) using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The PSS LED with an optimized hole depth (1.5 µm) shows an improvement of the room-temperature photoluminescence intensity by one order of magnitude compared with that of the conventional LED. As much as a 63% increased light emission intensity of the PSS LED was obtained at a forward current of 20 mA. For a typical lamp-form PSS LED (at 20 mA), the output power and external quantum efficiency were estimated to be 10.4 mW and 14.1%, respectively. The increase of the output power could be partly due to the improvement of the internal quantum efficiency upon decreasing the dislocation density, which was further confirmed by the transmission-electron-microscopy and etch-pit-density studies for the GaN-on-PSS samples. Moreover, the emitted light scattering at the GaN/PSS interface could also contribute to the enhancement of light extraction efficiency.


Elevated mixing ratios of ozone in the lower troposphere are a major summer time air pollution issue in Europe. Photochemical in-situ production is the most important source of ozone in the planetary boundary layer and has been studied extensively. However, the contributions of background ozone due to stratospheric intrusions, lightning nitrogen oxide followed by ozone production, convective mixing and intercontinental transport are still poorly quantified. We analyze in this paper the influence of the large-scale ozone background on near-surface ozone throughout a summer smog period in July 1994 over Europe. For this purpose a chain of global to mesoscale models is applied with a nesting procedure coupling the individual model simulations. It is found that background ozone as determined by the global model dominates the results of the higher resolution limited area models increasingly with height. But improvements of limited area model results are not only restricted to the free troposphere. Strong convective events like thunderstorms couple free tropospheric and planetary boundary layer air masses so that ozone from above is injected into the planetary boundary layer contributing an amount of 5–10 ppbv to nearsurface ozone in the afternoon hours. A decrease in the same range of 5–10 ppbv in maximum near-surface ozone over Central Europe is found in a model simulation where European anthropogenic emissions are reduced by 25%, an amount equal to the reported emission trends in Germany from 1994 to 2000. We conclude that intercontinental transport of pollution can obscure the results of local efforts to reduce critical exposure levels of ozone.


For a long time, the African continent was regarded as the 'Dark Continent'.The rapid assimilation of information technologies into the African economies has placed Africa firmly on a trajectory that will see it compete and integrate with the developed world. As nations and organisations become more information-centric, it is natural that conflicts and competition amongst the various nations or organisations will become increasingly information-based. In this article, the authors reflect upon information-based conflict in Africa. Areas of information conflict that are discussed include censorship, communications intercepts, the use of information and communications to instigate violence and uprisings, and the possibility of cyberwarfare. The article shows that the use of technology to conduct information conflict in Africa is prevalent, and that it is likely to increase.


Increasing availability of Geo-Social Media (e.g. Facebook, Foursquare and Flickr) has led to the accumulation of large volumes of social media data. These data, especially geotagged ones, contain information about perception of and experiences in various environments. Harnessing these data can be used to provide a better understanding of the semantics of places. We are interested in the similarities or differences between different Geo-Social Media in the description of places. This extended abstract presents the results of a first step towards a more in-depth study of semantic similarity of places. Particularly, we took places extracted through spatio-temporal clustering from one data source (Twitter) and examined whether their structure is reflected semantically in another data set (Flickr). Based on that, we analyse how the semantic similarity between places varies over space and scale, and how Tobler's first law of geography holds with regards to scale and places.


Background: Aphasia is a language impairment affecting approximately one third of people after stroke. It can disrupt speaking, comprehension, reading and writing. This thesis concerned people with aphasia (PWA) with spelling and writing impairments (some also had reading difficulties) but relatively preserved speech and comprehension.

Aims:
1. Consider the evidence for writing treatment interventions with a systematic review of the literature;
2. Conduct a pilot study testing the acceptability of a compensatory narrative writing treatment intervention using assistive technology (AT) software;
3. Report an empirical study which designed, delivered and evaluated a program to train ten PWA to operate two mainstream AT packages (Dragon NaturallySpeaking™, a voice recognition software (VRS) to support writing via dictation, and ClaroRead™, supporting reading via auditory processing). The study tested whether: a) AT could be used to produce functional narrative writing, b) reading support promoted writing success c) the intervention could be customised to suit individual goals.

Methods:
1. Systematic literature review
Electronic databases were searched; 53 papers meeting inclusion criteria were identified. Data were extracted, papers were critically appraised and their findings described.
2. Pilot
Ten week AT training with two PWA to test acceptability of the intervention, design training schedule and materials, and test quantitative assessments and qualitative data collection methods for the main study
3. Main study
Design and setting: Small group study with mixed methods, repeated measures design. Assessments and AT training in participants' homes or at City, University of London.
Participants: Ten participants meeting eligibility criteria (over 18 years old, medically stable, no significant cognitive impairment, aphasia due to stroke, presenting with acquired dysgraphia) were recruited via convenience sampling. They were not receiving speech and language therapy, had no marked evidence of neuromuscular, structural or motor-speech impairments, nor self-reported history of developmental dyslexia.
Measures and procedure. Participants received 7-10 one-hour individual training sessions. Screening (language, cognition) and diagnostic (single word writing, single word reading) assessments took place at T1 (first baseline). Outcome measures (narrative writing, reading comprehension, quality of life, mood) were taken at T1 and repeated at T2 (second baseline), T3 (end of intervention) and T4 (three month follow up). Participant observation occurred throughout training; qualitative semi-structured interviews, a social participation assessment and cognitive monitoring took place at T2, T3 and T4.

Results:
1. Systematic literature review
Writing treatments were effective but often focused on single word production and seldom tested functional generalisation. Most were single case or small case series studies with remediatory goals; few used qualitative methodologies or investigated the impact of reading deficits. All narrative writing therapies were delivered via technology.
2. Pilot
The intervention was acceptable to participants. Training schedule and materials were created and refined; quantitative outcome measures were finalised; emphasis on participant observation was increased.
3. Main study: Keyboard narrative writing was significantly improved by AT (Friedman's χ² (3) = 8.27, p = .041), as was keyboard reading comprehension (Friedman's χ² (3) = 21.07, p < .001), indicating compensatory effects of both AT. There was no change over time in pen and paper assessments of writing or reading, indicating no remediatory effect. A wide range of written genres were produced. Social network size significantly increased. There were no significant changes in mood or quality of life. Individual success rates varied; diagnostic and observation data suggested contributing factors were attitude, creativity, preserved speech production skills, spectrum of other aphasic traits, therapeutic goals, and cognition.
Conclusion: The compensatory customisable AT training was acceptable to eight of ten participants, and resulted in significantly improved narrative writing performance.
Implications: Compensatory AT interventions serve as a useful adjunct to remediatory spelling interventions, and are particularly useful for supporting functional narrative writing.


The most common genetic disorder Down syndrome (DS) displays various developmental defects including mental retardation, learning and memory deficit, the early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), congenital heart disease, and craniofacial abnormalities. Those characteristics result from the extra-genes located in the specific region called nDown syndrome critical region (DSCR)' in human chromosome 21. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of the DYRK1A and RCAN1 genes, which are located on DSCR and thought to be closely associated with the typical features of DS patients, and their implication to the pathogenesis of neural defects in DS. DYRK1A phosphorylates several transcriptional factors, such as CREB and NFAT, endocytic complex proteins, and AD-linked gene products. Meanwhile, RCAN1 is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin A, and its unbalanced activity is thought to cause major neuronal and/or non-neuronal malfunction in DS and AD. Interestingly, they both contribute to the learning and memory deficit, altered synaptic plasticity, impaired cell cycle regulation, and AD-like neuropathology in DS. By understanding their biochemical, functional and physiological roles, we hope to get important molecular basis of DS pathology, which would consequently lead to the basis to develop the possible therapeutic tools for the neural defects in DS. [BMB reports 2009; 42(1): 6-15].


Phytoplankton primary productivity is most commonly measured by 14C assimilation although less direct methods, such as O2 exchange, have also been employed. These methods are invasive, requiring bottle incubation for up to 24 h. As an alternative, Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf) has been used, on wide temporal and spatial scales within aquatic systems, to estimate photosystem II (PSII) electron flux per unit volume (JVPSII), which generally correlates well with photosynthetic O2 evolution. A major limitation of using FRRf arises from the need to employ an independent method to determine the concentration of functional photosystem II reaction centers ([RCII]); a requirement that has prevented FRR fluorometers being used, as stand‐alone instruments, for the estimation of electron transport. Within this study, we have taken a new approach to the analysis of FRRf data, based on a simple hypothesis; that under a given set of environmental conditions, the ratio of rate constants for RCII fluorescence emission and photochemistry falls within a narrow range, for all groups of phytoplankton. We present a simple equation, derived from the established FRRf algorithm, for determining [RCII] from dark FRRf data alone. We also describe an entirely new algorithm for estimating JVPSII, which does not require determination of [RCII] and is valid for a heterogeneous model of connectivity among RCIIs. Empirical supporting evidence is presented. These data are derived from FRR measurements across a diverse range of microalgae, in parallel with independent measurements of [RCII]. Possible sources of error, particularly under nutrient stress conditions, are discussed.


Proceedings of the NODALIDA 2009 workshop
WordNets and other Lexical Semantic Resources — between Lexical Semantics,
Lexicography, Terminology and Formal Ontologies.
Editors: Bolette Sandford Pedersen, Anna Braasch, Sanni Nimb and
Ruth Vatvedt Fjeld.
NEALT Proceedings Series, Vol. 7 (2009), 27-32.
© 2009 The editors and contributors.
Published by
Northern European Association for Language
Technology (NEALT)
http://omilia.uio.no/nealt .
Electronically published at
Tartu University Library (Estonia)
http://hdl.handle.net/10062/9209 .


The extreme ultraviolet reflectance of aluminum prepared under optimized conditions is reviewed, including a study of the aging parameters. The theory of reflectance-increasing films for the vacuum ultraviolet is discussed. It is shown that single dielectric films, in addition to preventing the growth of an oxide film, can have a surprisingly strong reflectance-increasing effect on aluminum in this spectral region. The use of MgF2 as a reflectance-increasing coating for the extreme ultraviolet above 1100 A is considered in some detail. It is pointed out that two-layer reflectance-increasing coatings on aluminum have only a very small advantage over single-layer coatings in the extreme ultraviolet. The usefulness of single slightly absorbing films as reflectance-increasing coatings is treated. The problem of increasing reflectance in the spectral region below 800 A is discussed. A new apparatus is described which allows the preparation and measurement of film samples without exposure to air. The effect of the new high-reflectance coatings on the relative merit of vacuum ultraviolet monochromator designs is considered.


Without a doubt e-learning is now truly embedded in all educational institutions; from the provision of an appropriate technological infrastructure to support teaching, research and administrative activities in the institutions through to the innovative use of technologies for learning. National and international policies in the area reflect this and are filled with rhetoric about the potential technologies offer for education – personalisation, flexibility, adaptively, lifelong learning and engaging authentic and immersive environment. However, closer inspection suggests that there is still a gap between the promises inherent in the policy rhetoric and actual use in practice. This paper will focus on a e-learning timeline, mapping the shifting directions of policy perspectives and their subsequent impact on practice. It will reflect on implications for the future. It will then present a new framework for ensuring that e-learning interventions are effective that emphasises the relationship between e-learning policy, research and practice. The paper argues that use of such a framework can help ensure that e-learning research informs and helps shape both policy and practice and vice versa that activities in practice can in turn inform further policy directions and suggestions for areas which need further research investigation.


The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic, highly selective barrier primarily formed by endothelial cells connected by tight junctions that separate the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid. The endothelial cells lining the brain microvessels are under the inductive influence of neighboring cell types, including astrocytes and pericytes. In addition to the anatomical characteristics of the BBB, various specific transport systems, enzymes and receptors regulate molecular and cellular traffic across the BBB. While the intact BBB prevents many macromolecules and immune cells from entering the brain, following epileptogenic brain insults the BBB changes its properties. Among BBB alterations, albumin extravasation and diapedesis of leucocytes from blood into brain parenchyma occur, inducing or contributing to epileptogenesis. Furthermore, seizures themselves may modulate BBB functions, permitting albumin extravasation, leading to activation of astrocytes and the innate immune system, and eventually modifications of neuronal networks. BBB alterations following seizures are not necessarily associated with enhanced drug penetration into the brain. Increased expression of multidrug efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein likely act as a 'second line defense' mechanism to protect the brain from toxins. A better understanding of the complex alterations in BBB structure and function following seizures and in epilepsy may lead to novel therapeutic interventions allowing the prevention and treatment of epilepsy as well as other detrimental neuro-psychiatric sequelae of brain injury.


The debate over whether dual class of shares increases or decreases share value, should be prohibited or not, should be subjected to mandatory sunset provisions, and so on has been heating up over the last few years. This paper reviews the pros and cons of dual class of shares in light of more recent empirical results of (mostly) American studies. The paper surveys the evolution of dual-class companies in the Canadian context and makes a number of recommendations to enhance the usefulness of this type of capital structure and protect the rights of minority shareholders.

The paper comes out against time-based sunset clauses but supports the obligation for dual-class companies to adopt a "coattail" provision, as is the case in Canada, which provision ensures that all shareholders will have to be offered the same price and conditions should the controlling shareholder decide to sell its controlling stake in the company. The paper also recommends that separate tallies of vote results be made public for each class of shares and that a third of board members be elected by shareholders with "inferior" voting rights.

Not only is there growing evidence of their better economic performance but the coupling of dual class and family ownership brings about longer survivorship, better integration in the social fabric of host societies, less vulnerability to transient shareholders and more resistance to strategic and financial fashions.

This precious form of ownership must come with appropriate measure to ensure and protect the rights of minority shareholders.


The study evaluated the total and available heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn) contents of two red soils in Samar, Philippines, one developed from slate near a mining site (Bagacay soil) and the other from serpentinite (Salcedo soil), a well-known source of heavy metals. Soil samples were collected from every horizon in each profile and samples were digested using aqua regia and NH4NO3 to determine total and available heavy metals content, respectively. Results revealed that Salcedo soil had high contents of total Cr (average: 1353 mg kg-1), total Ni (average: 610 mg kg-1), and available Cr (average: 0.19 mg kg-1) that exceeded the maximum allowable contents in agricultural soils but it had low amounts of the available form of the heavy metals. Bagacay soil showed very low contents of both total and available heavy metals due to their low amounts in the parent rock. The red Bagacay soil showed no effect of the nearby mining activity.


Leshu Torchin uses Sorry to Bother You, Boots Riley's genre-defying take on race, slavery, and capitalism in 21st century America, as a launching pad for a broader discussion of what she terms the "economic rights" film. Often global in scope, these films argue for rights to sustenance, shelter, education, health, and labor while mapping out the myriad systems that impede access to these rights. Torchin suggests that Sorry's playful hybridity, combining science fiction, performance art, and even corporate-video mockumentary to invoke recent experimentations in black American media, belies a preoccupation around labor that positions the film within the "economic rights" film's robust legacy.


Introduction Julie, a 13-year old flute player, began playing her flute in the fifth-grade band at her public middle school three years ago. Today, Julie sat in her chair reflecting upon how she had gotten to this point. Back in fifth grade, Julie's main impetus for joining band was for social reasons. Her brother had played the trombone and, according to her parents, was quite good at it. Moreover, Julie's best friend, Sarah, had chosen to play the flute, so it just made sense at the time for Julie to play the same instrument and sit by her friend in band. Last year, Julie had performed at her regional junior high school solo festival and received a top rating. She had worked hard for months knowing that the competition was going to be fierce (or so her brother and peers in a higher grade had alleged). A low rating would make her look foolish in front of Sarah and her band director; Julie did not want to disappoint either. On this day, sitting first chair in the statewide honors band, Julie was glad that she had persisted in instrumental music. She was thankful that she had found that little "spark" that had made her want to improve her skills on the flute for her own benefit. Julie loved listening to professional musicians on her portable music device; she even created her own recordings by playing her favorite musical works on her flute so that she could take her performances with her wherever she went. Julie wondered just how much more she would learn on her instrument and imagined that if she worked hard--even though there would be minor challenges to overcome--someday she could play just as well as the professional flute soloist performing in front of the honors band right now. Motivation is the foundation for human achievement. A psychological construct, "motivation is considered both a catalyst for learning and an outcome of learning" (Hurley, 1993, p. 17). Without motivation little can be achieved, but with the appropriate inspiration, substantial growth may occur. A study by Cattel, Barton, and Dielman (1972) noted that nearly 25% of student achievement might be attributed to motivational elements. Asmus (1994) suggested that estimates of student achievement that were due to motivation ranged from 11 to 27 percent in the literature. Experienced educators may believe that this percentage is even higher yet. Motivation takes many different forms and is, in many ways, unique to each person. Ormrod (2004) defined one motivational construct--achievement motivation--as "the need for excellence for its own sake, without regard for any external rewards that one's accomplishments might bring" (p. 438). One of the first writings on achievement motivation was by Murray (1938) who considered achievement motivation to be based upon three fundamental conditions: (a) a need for achievement, (b) an approach motive, and (c) infavoidance (the avoidance motive). While the terminology has evolved over the past 70 years, the basic premises set forth by Murray continue to be maintained. This review of literature will consider the achievement motivation paradigm in regard to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, mastery goals, and performance goals, as well as other motivational concepts germane to the classroom of the adolescent musician. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation A basic underpinning of motivational theory, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are two key terms directly relating to the internal or external nature of a person's motivation. Intrinsic motivation may be viewed as being derived from within the individual or task, while extrinsic motivation may result when the source of motivation occurs from outside the individual or task (Ormrod, 2004). Whereas intrinsic motivation may be the performance of a piece of music for the benefit of musical growth or the experience of performing with other capable musicians, extrinsic motivation could be viewed as the performance of the same piece of music for audience approval or a competitive rating. …


Suddenly, the universe of people making typographical decisions has expanded. Effective visual communication through the informed manipulation of the size and style of type, its placement on a two dimensional surface, its integration with graphic material, and the quality of its reproduction is within reach of anyone who has a computer. Typographic Communications Today places this phenomenon in historical perspective, covering the whole of 20th century graphic design.With over 900 illustrations, more than 500 in color, it is an essential reference book for graphic artists and designers and for those who, regardless of profession are involved in design choices. It clarifies the options available in this new era of print while at the same time examining the new technologies in the context of art history. The numerous quotations by first rate designers make this a treasury of good thinking about the hows and whys of typographic design.Types are displayed and grid systems employed as they are being discussed. Gottschall's lively commentary examines the many typographic solutions designers have evolved for communication problems, beginning with the creative solutions devised by artists, painters, architects, poets and concluding with the new opportunities and challenges posed by computers and laser technologySeveral chapters focus on how these technologies have changed the ways typefaces are being designed and used. Gottschall explains how terminals, output devices, networks, scanners, and software have revolutionized the world of typesetting and given graphic designers a whole new set of tools, freedoms, and restrictions. The chapter "Bits, Bytes, and Typographic Design," for example, offers a state of the art review of keyboarding on terminals, image scanning, electronic filing, and networking. Not only does Gottschall discuss the role of personal computers and word processing software, he also reviews the packages and languages available from all of the major corporate players Apple, Xerox, Wang, IBM AT&T, Interleaf, and many others and evaluates the future of such possibilities as X-ray chip etching.Edward M. Gottschall is Vice Chairman of International Typeface Corporation and Editor of U&lc magazine.


The objective of this PhD project is to investigate the clinical and radiological behaviour of thermo-chemically treated implants comparing immediate and early loading protocols with definitive abutments in a functionally high-demanding clinical situation such as posterior areas of maxilla and mandible. Before starting the clinical trial a literature review on the latest scientific advances in osseointegration and physical-biochemical characteristics of the thermo-chemically treated surface used in the study has been conducted. The results of in-vitro and in-vivo studies on this surface until the present day have also been reviewed. Currently bio-engineering has enabled us to understand the different biological events that characterize osseointegration -namely, protein adsorption, clot formation, granulation tissue formation, provisional matrix formation, interface formation, bone apposition and remodelling. Protein adhesion has proven to play a key role in the earliest stages of osseointegration, where the presence of fibronectin and vitronectin favor osteoblastic cell line proliferation, while proteins such as TGF-α inhibit it. Rough implant surfaces (Sa over 1-2 μm) lead to quicker osseointegration relative to micro-rough surfaces (Sa = 0.5-1 μm) due to the phenomenon of bone neoformation, where bone starts to form from implant surface toward the periphery at greater speed. Implants presenting hydroxyapatite in their surface lead to accelerate osseointegration due to osteoblasts' affinity to calcium phosphate. However, the surfaces produced up to date have presented long-term problems due to the bonding of this layer to the underlying titanium. Biomimetic behaviour of the investigated surface in this project has been demonstrated by current studies since -out of a chemical reaction of precipitation of plasma ions- is able to produce a crystalline hydroxyapatite layer chemically bonded to the titanium of the implant without osteoblasts taking part. Results from In-vitro assays have demonstrated a surface roughness (Sa) of 1,74μm, high hydrophilia with a contact angle of 77.6 degrees, an increased osteoblastic cellular activity and high mechanical resistance of thermo-chemical treated titanium. Augmented adhesion strength of titanium-bonded hydroxyapatite without detached areas has been observed in in-vivo assays and a BIC (bone-to-implant contact) of 80% at 3-weeks has been registered histologically. Results of the 1-year randomized clinical trial suggest that there are no statistically significant differences in terms of survival, implant stability and radiographic bone loss between implants restored with immediate or early loading protocols. 100% survival rate was registered in both groups. A mean radiographic bone loss of 0.04±0.08mm at the implant and 0.3±0.5mm at the crest in the immediate-loaded group has been observed. In the early-loaded group the means of radiographic bone loss were 0.1±0.2mm at the implant and 0.6±0.8 mm at the crest. 62.5 % of the implants showed bone contact at the abutment after 1 year. Thermo-chemically treated implants may be considered a reliable treatment option for the rehabilitation of the posterior areas of the maxilla or mandible using immediate or early loading protocols with definitive abutments placed at the time of surgery. These results must be confirmed by studies with longer follow-up.


This paper presents a sampling-based approach to computing and executing feedback-motion strategies by defining a global navigation function over a collection of neighborhoods in configuration space. The collection of neighborhoods and their underlying connectivity structure are captured by a sampling-based neighborhood graph (SNG), on which navigation functions are built. The SNG construction algorithm incrementally places new neighborhoods in the configuration space, using distance information provided by existing collision-detection algorithms. A termination condition indicates the probability that a specified fraction of the space is covered. Our implementation illustrates the approach for rigid and articulated bodies with up to six-dimensional configuration spaces. Even over such spaces, rapid online responses to unpredictable configuration changes can be made in a few microseconds on standard PC hardware. Furthermore, if the goal is changed, an updated navigation function can be quickly computed without performing additional collision checking.


This article offers a critique, a reinvigoration and a reconstruction of partnership marriage theory, a theory that now, at least rhetorically, dominates modern divorce law. Although current constructions in law have distorted the model, I argue that the core substantive values embodied in the partnership marriage model continue to have considerable appeal as the basis for a system of wealth distribution at divorce. Perhaps the greatest virtue of this approach to marriage is that couples themselves commonly understand sharing and joint contribution as defining characteristics of marriage. Infused with an equality norm, partnership marriage also offers hope of advancing the status of women, both in terms of concrete economic outcomes and normatively. In particular, I argue that partnership marriage calls for equal treatment of home and market work. In addition, the theory more broadly recognizes and encourages sharing and commitment-values considered essential in marriage. I advocate a reconstruction of the model. Contribution in marriage must be broadly understood in the sense that both spouses furnish a range of resources for the benefit of the marital relationship as a whole. Further, the law must recognize that sharing conduct in marriage plays a significant role in causing the respective economic positions the parties find themselves in at the end of the relationship. Collaborative conduct in marriage results in benefits and burdens that, at the brink of divorce, are possessed, but not rightly "owned" by the spouses individually. Partnership marriage calls for a presumption of equal division of traditional property and, in stark contrast to current interpretations, also requires income sharing for a period of time following divorce. Partnership thus provides a unified theoretical basis for all economic entitlements at divorce, bringing together spousal claims to "property" and "alimony" that modern law now artificially separates.


The results of research in the use of Au grain morphological and compositional properties applied in primary Au ore exploration are presented here. Two different and independent topics are discussed: (1) morphological characteristics of Au grains from active stream sediments for use as a distance-to-source indicator; (2) compositional signature of Au grains from various deposit types for use as a discrimination tool for source type and present deposit erosion level determination. The purpose of this study is to improve and integrate these two approaches as an exploration tool for Andean covered areas. Au grain morphology for over 1500 nuggets recovered from 60 active stream sediment samples in the Coastal Cordillera of Central Chile shows morphological variations (general shape, outline, surface, primary crystal imprints, associated minerals, flatness index) characteristic of three distance ranges (0–50 m; 50–300 m; >300 m) from source. Comparison with results from other similar studies of Au morphology characteristics in different climatic and/or sedimentological environments (arid, semi-arid, wet, lateritic, fluvial, fluvio-glacial and glacial) resulted in the determination of the recommended parameters (outline, surface, associated minerals, flatness index) to be used as distance-to-source indicator, independent of the climatic and/or sedimentological environment. Au grain morphological characteristics may assist in location of target but are not indicators of source type. Study of Au composition via electron microprobe analysis of Au grain cores from epithermal, Au-rich porphyry and Au-rich porphyry Cu systems indicated Au–Ag–Cu contents to be the best discrimination tool for these different types of Au-bearing deposits. In addition, such analysis of grains recovered at different vertical levels from the Cerro Casale Au-rich porphyry provides evidence that the Au compositional signature for a single type of deposit can also aid in the determination of vertical position. This may provide an estimate of the current level of erosion and remaining potential of the source. Some limitations of the proposed techniques are: (1) Au liberated from rock fragments already distant from source would be common in cordilleran and glacial environments, although this would be a detectable feature; (2) these techniques are applicable only for coarse-Au sources; (3) estimate of erosion level of liberated Au is limited to the case here presented.


As 2004 came to a close, Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, found itself facing a variety of stakeholder issues. The largest company in the world, which had ranked number one on the Fortune 500 for several years, was accused of, among other things, sending jobs overseas, destroying small-town America, paying its workers substandard wages and providing abysmal health care coverage, and discriminating against women and minorities. Many outsiders accused the retailer of circumventing or ignoring the principles upon which the legendary Sam Walton founded the company: respect for the individual, service to customers, and constant striving for excellence. As 2005 began, Wal-Mart CEO H. Lee Scott and other Wal-Mart executives had to address the various issues. This case details not only the rise of Wal-Mart and its notable capabilities and strategies, but also how the retailer had inadvertantly found itself with such a negative reputation.


This case study aims to identify the teaching styles preferred by the adult learners. It also investigates the dominant teaching styles of the lecturers as perceived by the learners. Comparisons between the preference for and the perception of the learners
with respect to the lecturers' teaching styles were made to determine any significant difference. The teaching styles employed for this study were based on Grasha's Model (1996) which consisted of five styles which are the Expert, Formal Authority, Personal Model, Facilitator and Delegator teaching styles. The survey method uses the 5-point Likert Scale questionnaire as the instrument to collect data. The data collected was analysed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean and standard deviation were used to describe the respondents' preferences for and perceptions of the
lecturers' teaching styles. Meanwhile, t-tests were used to analyse the difference between the preferences for and perceptions. The samples were selected through the nonprobability convenience sampling. They were 44 TESL students from the GSTT Foundation Programme who were currently in the first semester and 2 lecturers from the Language Development component. Analysis of the data showed that the three most preferred teaching styles of the adult learners were the Facilitator, Personal Model and the Expert teaching style respectively. It was also found that the three most dominant teaching styles of the lecturers as perceived by the learners were the Facilitator, Expert and the Personal Model style. There were no significant difference between the learners' preferred teaching styles and the perceived teaching styles of the lecturers for all the styles except for the Personal Model. Findings of this study is consistent with the Cluster 3 combination of Grasha * s Model which consists of the Expert, Personal Model and the Facilitator style. The increasing number of adult learners initiated this study in which the teaching styles that work best for these learners will be identified. It will further enable educators to ensure that active learning takes place through the process of teaching and learning. Recommendations to study students' attitude and level of motivation are suggested to further ensure active learning takes place as these are some
of the contributing factors that affect the teaching and learning process in the classroom.


PURPOSE
To investigate the work associated stress and nicotine dependence among law enforcement personnel in Mangalore, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among law enforcement personnel in Mangalore, India. Demographic details, stress factors experienced at work and nicotine dependency were the variables studied. The extent of stress factors experienced at work was assessed using the Effort-Reward Imbalance scale (ERI). Nicotine dependence was measured using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST). Logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS
Three hundred and four law enforcement personnel participated in the study, among whom 68 had the presence of one or more habits like tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing and alcohol use. The mean effort score was 15.8±4.10 and the mean reward and mean overcommitment scores were 36.4±7.09 and 17.8±5.32 respectively. Effort/Reward ratio for the total participants was 1.0073 and for those with nicotine habit was 1.0850. Results of our study demonstrated no significant association between domains of ERI scale and presence of habits but work associated stress was associated with the presence of one or more habits. Compared to constables, head constables had 1.12 times higher risk of having a nicotine habit.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study implies job designation is associated with nicotine habits. However, there was no association between work associated stress and nicotine dependence among law enforcement personnel in Mangalore.


Who benefits from genetically-modified crops? Will there be enough water for people to survive this century? What are the implications of the HIV/AIDS pandemic? These are some of the questions that the STEPS Centre is asking. This booklet gives a quick insight in to the STEPS approach as the Centre seeks to grapple with two of the most pressing challenges of our times: linking environmental sustainability with poverty reduction and social justice, and making science and technology work for the poor.

Today's world is highly complex and dynamic, involving interacting social, technological and ecological processes across multiple scales, many uncertainties, and often conflicting understandings and priorities amongst different people. This booklet outlines an approach to understanding dynamic systems and addressing their governance so as to promote pathways to Sustainability that meet the perspectives and priorities of poorer and marginalised groups. It lays out essential ingredients of the STEPS Centre's work, including linking diverse social and natural science perspectives, connecting theory, policy and practice, and an engaged, interactive approach to communications.


We studied changes in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression by myenteric neurons during early postnatal development in parallel with maturation of the environment of myenteric neurons, specifically the expression of ECM components and NTF. Although these molecules are known to promote neuronal differentiation [Shetty & Turner, 1998: Sieber-Blum et al. 1981], very little is known about their role in the early postnatal ENS. Sprague-Dawley rats were killed by cervical dislocation. The ileal muscularis externa, including myenteric ganglia, was processed for semi-quantitative RT-PCR at postnatal days P1, P7 and P21 (internal standards: βIII tubulin and PGP9.5). VIP (Fig. 1), nNOS and NT-3 mRNA levels showed a consistent increase between P1 and P21. Although no changes in GDNF mRNA levels were observed, there was an increase in levels of mRNA of its co-receptor, GFRα-1, indicating that the responsiveness of myenteric neurons to GDNF might be enhanced at older ages. Immunofluorescent labelling of ileal cross sections revealed changes in the levels of laminin (peak at P7) and fibronectin (peak at P21). Next, we tested the effect of ECM and NTF on myenteric neurons in cultures of dissociated myenteric ganglia (P7/8) [Schafer et al. 1997]. Changes in cell numbers per unit area of coverslips were measured after double labelling for βIII tubulin and VIP. GDNF, but not NT-3 or BDNF (all at 1 ng/ml), enhanced survival of the overall neuronal population (35-67% increase, n=3 experiments, P<0.02, paired t-test) and the percentage of VIP positive neurons (39-59%, n=3, P<0.02). Elevation of VIP and nNOS mRNA levels after treatment with GDNF was confirmed by RT-PCR. The effect of GDNF on neuronal survival was maintained in the presence of laminin (26-58% increase, n=3, P<0.05) and fibronectin (34-55%, n=3, P<0.012), although neither factor alone influenced neuronal survival. Fibronectin (10-18% increase, n=3, P=0.10), but not laminin (19-81% increase, n=3, P<0.04), reduced the effect of GDNF on the proportion of VIP positive neurons. Our study suggests that GDNF regulates VIP and nNOS expression by myenteric neurons. Fibronectin was found to influence the effect of GDNF on VIP phenotype. Together with the observed changes in the environment of myenteric neurons in the early postnatal gut, our results indicate that both NTF and ECM components are likely to contribute to postnatal development of the ENS.


The curriculum restructuring of recent times clarifies the relevance of students of developing their skills, because of the policy provisions produced by the Universities regarding the contact hours between the student and the teacher. The aim of this study was to understand the particularities of academic entrepreneurship in the Mozambican context, which involves stimulating students' creativity and innovation of promising ideas. Methodologically, the exploratory research of the qualitative paradigm was used, where the application of the bibliographic research was also pertinent, as well as the case study, at the Resource Center of University Rovuma. Data collection instruments respected document analysis; participant observation and semistructured interviews through intentional non-probabilistic and accessibility procedures. The data obtained throughout the research were treated according to the content analysis model. Given this research, it was understood that the achievement of academic entrepreneurship in higher education institutions in Mozambique would contribute significantly to the frame of man as a person, as well as to social development. Academic entrepreneurship promotes social inclusion, the detachment of the formative idea, corporate employment, the increase in the number of applied scientific researches and the emergence of more companies in the country, among other advantages.


The recent introduction of low-cost, moored data-logging acoustic receivers has provided opportunities for tracking marine organisms over small (hundreds of metres) and large scales (hundreds of kilometres). Acoustic receivers have been deployed in many different environments to examine specific hypotheses regarding the movement of aquatic species. This technology provides many advantages for studying aquatic animal movement patterns, but also has limitations and provides unique difficulties for users. Study design, applications, advantages and limitations are discussed with examples from past and current studies. Data management and analysis techniques are in their infancy and few standardised techniques exist. Complications with data management and potential data analysis techniques are discussed. Examples from the literature are utilised wherever possible to provide useful references.


In this special issue of the Journal of Physical Therapy Education we discuss, expand, and explore the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) in physical therapist education. For the majority of papers, we have linked physical therapist educators with faculty members from other disciplines engaged in SoTL, and who have participated in the Carnegie Fellow program of the Carnegie Academy for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (CASTL). This allows us to focus on the emergence and development of SoTL in general, and in physical therapist education in particular. The first assumption of this special issue is that different disciplines will approach SoTL in different ways, ask different questions, and differ in their views of what counts as argument and evidence. The distinction between general observations about SoTL and the specific focus on physical therapy is an important one. We want to focus on the discipline of physical therapy and the way it organizes thinking about teaching and learning and how physical therapist educators approach critical inquiry into pedagogy. The discipline of physical therapy has its own history, agreements, and disputes about subject matter and methods that influence what is taught, to whom, when, where, how, and why.1 Contributors from the discipline of physical therapy will report on what has been going on in SoTL and answer the following broad questions: How do physical therapists talk about teaching and learning issues in their field? Is physical therapy concerned about advancing the practice and profession of teaching? Does physical therapy recognize SoTL as having the same intrinsic value as other forms of scholarship? The second major assumption we make is that, even though SoTL may be "domainspecific," there is great richness in working across disciplines and finding common language or new ways to approach problems and reach resolutions. This special issue will be a sort of "trading zone" as described by Shulman,2 where scholars of teaching and learning seek advice, collaborate, discuss references and methods, and fill in the gaps in the discipline of physical therapy. We established partnerships between physical therapists and members of the Carnegie Academy for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (CASTL), who hail from a variety of disciplines such as mathematics, American literature, psychology, women's studies, psychiatry, and education, in the hope that it will broaden our inquiry, provide perspective, and, in the long run, contribute to enhanced student understanding. The partners were not randomly assigned, as we looked for areas of mutual interest in teaching and learning as a starting point for discussion and inquiry. The first 3 articles herein provide a background and overview of the basic components in SoTL applied to physical therapist education and practice. Ellen Spake, PT, PhD, and Anita Salem, MS, provide both an overview of the general characteristics of scholarly inquiry into teaching and learning, along with evidence of how this work is viewed by physical therapist educators. In their paper, "Setting the Stage: Scholarship of Teaching and Learning." Martha Hinman, PT, PhD, and Alix Darden, PhD, examine the role of SoTL in physical therapist education more specifically in "Beyond Scholarly Teaching: Opportunities for Engaging in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Physical Therapist Education." They provide examples of how faculty scholarship in teaching and learning fits with faculty expectations in the accreditation criteria from the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE). In addition, they describe opportunities for implementing SoTL in education programs. In the third paper, Cathy Peterson, PT, EdD, and Judith Haymore Sandholtz, PhD, focus on strategies for supporting and promoting SoTL with new faculty. The authors make a strong case by including examples of how to blur the boundaries between teaching and research. …


This study investigated the effects of carbon dioxide (CO)2 enrichment and soil water deficit on the water use efficiency (WUE) and growth of Sanguisorba minor Scop, (salad burnet I and Anthyllis vulneraria L. (kidney vetch), growing in controlled environments. Instantaneous WL E (IWUE) increased in both species in elevated CO2 , with a higher average increase in unwatered (UW) A. vulneraria over the drying cycle. Total plant WUE of A. vulneraria increased in elevated CO, and under water deficit: the UW plants in elevated CO., had higher WUE and reduced water loss. By contrast, thee was only an effect of water supply on S. minor: total plant WUE increased and water loss decreased in the UV plants in both CO2 , treatments. Total apparent root length (ARL) of both species increased with CO2 , enrichment and in UW S. minor total ARL was increased. By contrast, for A. vulneraria, total ARL of UV plants increased in ambient CO2 , but decreased in elevated CO2 as compared with well-watered (WW) plants. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight increased in both species (WW and UW) with CO2 . enrichment. For UW S. minor, SDW decreased relative to WW plants in both CO2 treatments. By contrast, ANOVA showed no significant effect of water supply on SDW of A. vulneraria. Leafier length increased in both species in elevated CO2 , and decreased following drought. Cell wall tensiometric extensibility (%P) increased in expanding leaves of S. minor in elevated CO., and for both species %P decreased in the UW plants as compared with those WW. Leaf water potential (f) of both species was lower in growing leaves of WAV plants in elevated CO2 Water deficit reduced the Ψ of growing leaves in both CO2 , treatments. The different responses of these species suggest that in a drier, enriched CO2 , environment survival in a community might depend on their ability to maintain growth at the same time as conserving water.


Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to hypoxia, including SLC19A3, thiamine transporter 2, a facilitative carrier that mediates intracellular uptake of thiamin across the plasma membrane. Thiamin plays a significant role in energy production, which is required for myocardial contraction. In addition, thiamin deficiency (TD) induces heart complications that lead to heart failure as observed in type 2 diabetics, who are prone to be susceptible to ischemic complications. These studies suggested that HIF-1 enhances the expression of the thiamine transporter expression in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.
Our initial findings led us to hypothesize that the HIF-1α-SLC19A3 signaling axis could be a cardioprotective therapeutic target against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our results indicate that thiamin administration minimized infarction size when compared to control groups. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanistic potential of thiamin in treatment and prevention of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.


As progress is made toward environmental protection and developing lightweight vehicles, noise control in automobiles is becoming increasingly significant. For designing a quieter vehicle, the knowledge of acoustic impedance of the trim materials is crucial to the prediction of the interior noise level in the passenger compartment. Since automobile noise is usually dominated by low frequencies, 50 to 300 Hz, the knowledge of low‐frequency impedance of trim materials is particularly important. This paper presents the use of the two‐microphone tube technique to measure low‐frequency impedance. A purpose‐built impedance tube was developed based on theoretical analysis of the evaluation accuracy of impedance. The measurement results are reported for the tests on some typical trim materials, carpet, underlay, seat foam, and acoustic foam, over the frequency range of 100 to 600 Hz. It has been found that the location of microphones is crucial to the accuracy of measurement. Analytical and experimental results showed that the ideal microphone location is that both microphone spacing and the distance from the tested material to the nearest microphone takes the value of a quarter wavelength. Care should be taken to avoid a microphone spacing of a half‐wavelength of the frequency of interest.


This remains a problem—suggestions from colleagues welcome!

Who would have thought 10 years or even 5 years ago that our current success in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could have an adverse effect on future drug development? Even a decade ago this question would have been considered moot owing to the limited number of effective treatments available then for RA. Since that time therapeutic advances have made a substantial impact on the ability to control this disease.

To understand the problems that we now face in drug development in RA it is important to look back and see how far we have progressed over the past 20 years. In 1985 many rheumatologists considered RA to be a slowly progressing disease, one in which radiographic damage required years to become evident. The approach to treatment was the "pyramid" concept: a sedate escalation from aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), then to corticosteroids, and finally, the eventual introduction of slow acting antirheumatic drugs, which included antimalarial agents, gold salts, and d-penicillamine.

The year 1985 was a watershed year for therapeutics in RA: the first placebo controlled trials were published, which validated the effectiveness of low dose weekly methotrexate (MTX) in RA.1–3 Twenty years later MTX has become the "standard of care", both as a monotherapy for RA and as the "anchor" drug in combination treatments. What has changed most over the past two decades is an appreciation of the need for early and aggressive intervention with disease modifying treatments. Seminal studies, primarily from Europe, show that disease modifying treatments, regardless of the type, lead to a better outcome than NSAIDs or low dose prednisone alone in improving clinical disease activity.4–6 Studies have established that control of synovitis with drug treatment, particularly combination treatments, not only improves the symptoms …


In this critique of security studies, with insights into the thinking of Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida, Levinas and Arendt, Michael Dillon contributes to the rethinking of some of the fundamentals of international politics developing what might be called a political philosophy of continental thought. Drawing on the work of Martin Heidegger, Politics of Security establishes the relationship between Heidegger's readical hermeneutical phenomenology and politics and the fundamental link between politics, the tragic and the ethical. It breaks new ground by providing an etymology of security, tracing the word back to the Greek asphaleia (not to trip up or fall down), and a unique political reading of Oedipus Rex . Michael Dillon traces the roots of desire for security to the metaphysical desire for certitude, and points out that our way of seeking that security is embedded in 20th century technology, thus resulting in a global crisis. Politics of Security will be invaluable to both political theorists and philosophers, and to anyone concerned with international relations, continental philosophy or the work of Martin Heidegger.


Purpose of review Differentiated service delivery (DSD) has emerged as an approach for HIV programs seeking to better serve the needs of people living with HIV, reduce unnecessary burdens on the health system, and improve client outcomes. We reviewed recent evidence that addresses the challenge of DSD scale-up. Recent findings Most current evidence focuses on treatment of clinically stable adult clients in high HIV prevalence settings. Nonetheless, a growing body of research is emerging on how the concept of differentiation is being applied to HIV testing, linkage, and initiation; service delivery to specific demographic groups including key populations – MSM, people who inject drugs, people in prisons, sex workers, and transgender people; service delivery to adolescents and pregnant women; and impact on related medical conditions like advanced HIV. There is also an increasing emphasis on measuring client experience. Key barriers to scale-up include the capacity of monitoring and evaluation systems, access to viral load monitoring and funding for community-led demand generation efforts. Another barrier is the lack of sufficient data to evaluate the various manifestations of the DSD model. Summary Emerging evidence is providing welcome nuance to the discourse on the concept of DSD for HIV. The challenge will be taking evolving DSD concepts from pilot to scale. Countries must review their particular context, define the expected needs of their clients in different settings, introduce appropriate models – and be willing to adjust programming based on quantitative and qualitative outcomes.


The paper reviews the present knowledge of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) diversity, historical and geographical distribution, based on mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA data. The observed differences in the estimates of genetic differentiation between different types of genomes suggest that both pollen and seed contribute significantly to gene flow within species. Organelles' diversity represents an important criterion which could be later applied in planning for future forest management and breeding through a better understanding of adaptation strategies of different Scots pine haplotypes. This analysis would provide valuable references when facing current day problems with climate change, species adaptation, and loss of forest with negative effects on biodiversity. Research on organelles' diversity could lead to important practical applications in areas such as traceability and eco-certification of forest products, and the identification of plant populations for conservation. Based on the results from earlier investigations, Scots pine in Europe can be divided into at least three evolutionary units (Spain, northern/central Europe and northern Fennoscandia), each with a different origin after glaciations. However, it must be emphasized that these interpretations are preliminary and further mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA data need to be analyzed in conjunction with evidence from pollen and fossil analysis.