Background:Oral and dental health are a fundamental part of public health and the proper health behaviors
and attitudes are necessary for health correlated workings. It depends on the person recognition and his
behavior. Attitudes usually reveal his experiences, fam
have an effect on oral health behavior.
Aim of the study: The present study was designed for evaluating the influence of oral health awareness on
periodontal disease status among university non dental s
Methodology:Three hundred university, non dental students were selected in this study and they were
divided according to their selected colleges into three equal groups Humanities, Engineering and Sciences.
They completed the questionnaire of the present study during
gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. The
data were collected and analyzed by means of computerized SPSS statistical package.
Results:All the patients completed the study uneventfully. Participants showed poor knowledge of causes
signs, symptoms, and preventive measures of gum disease; there were significance differences between our
study groups (p 0.05) and there were significance differences betwe
almost of the participants of our study groups (p 0.05). In periodontal examination there was statistically
significant differences in all the periodontal parameters in the comparison between all groups of the present
study and harmonious with their oral hygiene knowledge.
Conclusion:There were significant differences in oral health awareness related periodontal disease and
status among non dental students in King Khalid University in different levels of studies and d
specialist


This paper endeavors to present a classification, review and analysis of the literature on Plant Maintenance Management Practices (PMMP) employed in Automobile Industries. There is a considerable amount of published research available concerning plant maintenance during the last few decades. Similarly many research articles are available which focuses on various aspects of automobile industries. However, very few studies focus on critical examination of maintenance practices in Automobile Industries in particular. Hence considering the slump in automobile industries in the recent times, a wide-ranging and focused review is attempted here and only those researches have been examined which mainly concentrates on this core aspect. Thus one of the objectives of this literature review is to investigate the present state of Plant Maintenance Management Practices, based on studies conducted in different countries and published in a variety of journals over the past two decades. An examination of 55 pertinent research studies have shown that the publications can be grouped in two categories namely Conceptual and Empirical Research. An analysis of these research articles published between 1990 and 2008, revealed that current maintenance practices ranges from conventional to the latest techniques for optimizing maintenance function like TPM, RCM and Proactive Maintenance. These studies focused more on maintenance problem solving and the main difficulties are reported along with probable solutions. Another goal of the paper is to analyze the articles by year and type of journal they were published in, to determine the trends in maintenance management studies and recommend future direction for research


In 2011, the former independent member of Tasmania's Upper House and Mayor of Glenorchy, Terry Martin, was found guilty of a number of criminal acts. His defence claimed that his behaviour was "caused" by the prescribed medication he was taking. While this is by no means an isolated case in its general outline, the decision and a handful of criminal prosecutions in other jurisdictions, raise interesting legal and philosophical questions about how the law ought to respond to offences committed by persons who engage in compulsive behaviour that they claim have been induced by medication prescribed for a serious, degenerative disease – in this case, Parkinson's disease.


Competing is a well established work model among Swedish
architects as well as in the international architect work force.
Through this study we set out to get better acquainted with this
work model in theory and in practice, and to hopefully gain
knowledge that will be of use to us and to others working in the
field of architecture.
Techniques, materials as well as the artistic expression of
contemporary architecture is international and today's architects
operate on a global labour market. Architects often commit to work
on assignments far away from where they are based. Therefore,
to physically visit the site of interest may be time consuming,
expensive as well as harmful to the environment. Is it possible for
a designer to accomplish relevant proposals on how to develop and
improve a place that he or she has never visited? May there even
be situations in which the outsiders point of view is preferable?
These are questions that we aim to investigate, and we do so
through participation in an international design competition. We
hope to explore if and how it is possible to familiarize oneself
with a site that is likely to have very little in common with our
home environments, regarding climate, culture and scale.
In the practical section of this study we aim to investigate and
to try out methods of getting to know an unfamiliar site, other
than through actually visiting it. We investigate the subject by
creating a proposal to an international design competition. The
process is carefully documented, the result is presented in full and
finally pros and cons about our proposal, relative to the amount of
information collected, are discussed.
We also look to collect knowledge and experiences regarding
three phases of architectural competitions: the program, the
proposal and the jury work. This is done through documented
meetings with representatives of each phase. We have met with
landscape architect Linda Kullanger at the Swedish Transport
Administration. Linda Kullanger has been involved in the
creating of programs for big international competitions such
as the Stockholmsporten competition. We have also met with
landscape architect Sam Keshavarz, a landscape architect at
White Architects working with creating proposals to design
competitions. Finally we met with architect Katarina Nilsson
who represent The Swedish Association of Architects as a jury
member when design proposals are judged and a winner is elected.
Unlike many countries architecture competitions in Sweden are
supervised by the trade association, The Swedish Association of Architects. Fragments of these meetings are presented throughout
the study in the form of quotes, that relate to the different topics
in the text.
We've chosen to participate in The Core Project Competition, an
international design competition hosted by the city of Sebastopol.
Sebastopol is a town of ca 8000 inhabitants in Sonoma county,
northern California. It is located in a region known for its many
wineries, its natural beauty and its agricultural history. Sebastopol
is located in the crossing of two state highways, making it a
commercial hub to some 50,000 people, with businesses and
sights attracting customers and tourists from the greater region.
It is also a town in a region and a part of the world that neither of
us has visited.
The competition homepage has been updated several times during
the competition so far, changing the conditions regarding deadline,
competition resources and even the character of the assignment
(such turns of events would almost certainly have compelled the
trade association to intervene and cancel the competition, had it
been held in Sweden). At the time when we designed our proposal
to the competition, it's focus was on the following three issues
(The Core Project 2011):
• Strengthen the towns connection to the natural surroundings,
including lakes, creeks and wetlands.
• Improve the traffic situation in Sebastopol. The town bares
many traces of modernistic city planning and the city core is
adapted to the car rather than to pedestrians. It is also located
in the intersection of two state highways, generating a great
deal of pass-through traffic.
• Support economical growth and create a favourable
commercial environment, supporting local businesses.
Our understanding is that most architects today use the internet as
a complement to visiting the site. In our case however, the use of
maps, satellite photos and images from Sebastopol found on the
internet has played a greater roll, as it has been the only available
way for us to see what the town looks like, and the only way to
analyse its physical structure. The scale and measures of streets
and buildings are more or less roughly estimated, using images
containing cars or people as reference objects.
We have also contacted groups and organisations in Sebastopol through an e-mail survey, in order to get to know about the issues
that are of most concern to the people living in Sebastopol.
Unfortunately this attempt didn't result in anything, except our
conclusion that e-mail is a form of communication that can easily
be ignored.
We have been working as a group of two persons during every
step in the process of creating the design proposal, as well as
during the process of writing this study. We believe that this
method has lead us to results that is not only different but also
better than had we divided the work between us. This also gave us
the opportunity to discuss and learn from our individual previous
experiences. This way of working may on the other hand be more
time consuming.
The name of our proposal to The Core Project Competition is
Inviting Landscapes. It is a proposal where we "invite" four
different elements of the northern Californian landscapes into
Sebastopol's city centre, creating four districts with different
themes. This is a conceptual proposal and these landscape themes
are meant to be inspirational to future design measures in the
public places of Sebastopol, such as parks, play grounds but also
the street scene.
The proposal also has a section with proposed practical actions.
This section includes suggested measures for improving the
street environment to prioritize pedestrians, by widening the
sidewalks and relocating parking spaces. We suggest the shape
and proportion, as well as the material in the space between the
buildings, to be chosen considering what is best for the site. This
can mean a wider pavement next to a popular resaurant or a
t
greener, more inviting street scene next to a park. This part of the
proposal also includes suggestions to introduce a new model for
public transportation and a model for dealing with Sebastopol's
underutilized properties, where decisions are made beforehand
regarding the structure and pattern of the street grid, making
Sebastopol a more walkable town.
Originally one of our intentions was to discuss and compare our proposal to the winning proposal (assuming of course that our
entry wasn't awarded first price). We also intended to contact
members of the jury to get their views on the importance of site
visits, or lack thereof. As the deadline was postponed we decided
to focus more on competitions in general, hence the interview
section of the study. Because of this, the discussion about whether
or not we managed to create a successful proposal to develop the
town of Sebastopol is based only on our own speculations.
Another topic of discussion in this study is the impact of cultural
differences. In many ways our proposal presents ideas and
concepts that may come across as European. We are in many
ways unfamiliar not only with the site but with American values
in general, and this may work both to our advantage or to our
disadvantage.


"Manifest and Other Destinies" critiques Manifest Destiny's exclusive claim as an explanatory national story in order to rethink the meaning and boundaries of the West and of the United States' national identity. Stephanie LeMenager considers the American West before it became a trusted symbol of U.S. national character or a distinct literary region in the later nineteenth century, back when the West was undeniably many wests, defined by international economic networks linking diverse territories and people from the Caribbean to the Pacific coast. Many nineteenth-century novelists, explorers, ideologues, and humorists imagined the United States' destiny in what now seem unfamiliar terms, conceiving of geopolitical configurations or possible worlds at odds with the land hunger and "providential" mission most clearly associated with Manifest Destiny. "Manifest and Other Destinies" draws from an archive of this literature and rhetoric to offer a creative rereading of national and regional borders. LeMenager addresses both canonical and lesser-known U.S. writers who shared an interest in western environments that resisted settlement, including deserts, rivers, and oceans, and who used these challenging places to invent a post-western cultural criticism in the nineteenth century. Le Menager highlights the doubts and self-reckonings that developed alongside expansionist fervor and predicted contemporary concerns about the loss of cultural and human values to an emerging global order. In "Manifest and Other Destinies", the American West offers the United States its first encounter with worlds at once local and international, worlds that, as time has proven, could never be entirely subordinated to the nation's imperial desire. Stephanie LeMenager is an assistant professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara.


The general objective of this Ph.D. thesis is to study the dynamics and control of rigid and flexible spacecraft supported by a high-fidelity numerical simulation environment. The attitude control system is one of the critical technology elements, a significant cost driver on most spacecraft programs and hence a key area of study and research. The thesis will focus on the different aspects of the problem including the modeling of flexible dynamics and the design and implementation of a suitable subclass of an attitude control system. We have named this the Attitude Recovery System which would be initiated autonomously in an emergency situation such as a thruster misfire, a micro-meteorite collision, a mechanical wheel malfunction, or any other large disturbing torques. The system proposed could equally well be used in the normal attitude acquisition phase beginning right after the launcher tip-off, which could typically impart unwanted angular body rates to the spacecraft. The demand for greater attitude pointing precision, attitude maneuvering or recovery with the increased use of lightweight and flexible materials necessitates the consideration of flexible dynamics in the control strategy. These highly nonlinear dynamics which increase the order of the system are extremely difficult to model with high degree of accuracy. A general model for attitude and flexible dynamics for a class of spacecraft is hence derived in detail based on the so-called hybrid coordinates approach. The spacecraft considered has a star topology with a rigid central bus and flexible plate-type appendages. Given that the flexible spacecraft is under-actuated, the input-output feedback linearization technique is specifically used to partition the system into two distinct parts, namely an external linear system and an internal unobservable nonlinear system. A general internal/zero dynamics theorem for a class of nonlinear systems is proved and then applied to a flexible spacecraft which results in a linear asymptotically stable zero dynamics. The overall closed-loop stability of the flexible spacecraft is also analyzed rigorously and shown to be locally asymptotically stable using the Lyapunov theory. The robustness of the controller against modeling and parametric uncertainties is examined through extensive numerical simulations


In July 1809 the largest British expeditionary force ever assembled weighed anchor off the Kent coast and sailed for the island of Walcheren in the Scheldt estuary. 1 2 French naval activity at Antwerp had made the Dutch coast "a pistol held at the head of England," and the government was keen to strike a decisive blow at Napoleon's ambitions. In the event, the preparation of the expedition was ponderous and its strategic aim was redundant before its execution. Napoleon had consolidated his grip on the continent by defeating the Austrians at Wagram earlier in the month.

The potential success of the venture was also compromised by the appointment of senior military and naval staff who appear, almost 200 years later, like characters from a pantomime. The overall commander, Lord Chatham, was elder brother to the late Mr Pitt and was himself nicknamed "the late earl" because of his difficulty in rising from bed in the morning. He was accompanied to Walcheren by his pet turtles. Commodore Sir Home Popham was described by a fellow officer, perhaps unfairly, as being like a hippopotamus—"an amfiberous hanimal, wot cannot live on the land, and wot dies in the water." His immediate naval superior, Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Strachan, was somewhat more competent but also out of his depth in the shallow waters of the Scheldt.3

#### Summary points

In July 1809 the largest British expeditionary force ever assembled departed for the island of Walcheren in the Scheldt estuary

The military objectives were soon overshadowed by an epidemic of disease that largely destroyed the army

Review of contemporary sources suggests that Walcheren fever was due to a lethal combination of malaria, typhus, typhoid, and dysentery

The conduct of the army's senior medical officers was severely criticised in a parliamentary inquiry

Whatever the military bungling, an account …


We reconsider the percolation approach of Russo, Aizenman, and Higuchi for showing that there exist only two phases in the Ising model on the square lattice. We give a fairly short alternative proof which is only based on stochastic monotonicity and avoids the use of symmetry inequalities originally needed for some background results. Our proof extends to the Ising model on other planar lattices such as the triangular and honeycomb lattice. We can also treat the Ising antiferromagnet in a homogeneous field and the hard-core lattice gas model on Z2.


To accurately assess putative risk factors for bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), we have used multivariate models to analyse data from 4,366 children living in four regions and from 878 adults. A standard protocol was used to measure bronchial responsiveness to histamine. The prevalence of BHR was high at 7-9 yrs (16-18%), decreased significantly at 11-14 yrs (7-8%), and then increased in adults (12-14%). Atopy was the most important risk factor for BHR at all ages. In children, parental asthma, early respiratory illness and being born in Australia also had a significant influence, and eating fish more than once a week had a protective effect. No effect of parental smoking, gender or race was found. In adults, BHR was associated with being female and with smoking history. It appears that many factors have a significant influence on the presence of BHR, with environmental factors, particularly atopy, birthplace and diet, being the most important.


This thesis describes the reliable design of tunnel diode and resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillator circuits. The challenges of designing with tunnel diodes and RTDs are explained and new design approaches discussed. The challenges include eliminating DC instability, which often manifests itself as low frequency parasitic oscillations, and increasing the low output power of the oscillator circuits.
To stabilise tunnelling devices, a common but sometimes ineffective approach is the use of a resistor of suitable value connected across the device. It is shown in this thesis that this resistor tunnel diode circuit can be described by the Van der Pol model. Based on this model, design equations have been derived which enable the design of current-voltage (I-V) measurement circuits that are free from both low frequency bias oscillations and high frequency parasitic oscillations. In the conventional setup, the I-V characteristic of the tunnelling device is extracted from the measurement by subtracting from the measured current the current through the stabilising resistance at each bias voltage. In this thesis, also using the Van der Pol model, a circuit for the direct measurement of I-V characteristics is proposed. This circuit utilises a series resistor-capacitor combination in parallel with the tunnelling device for stabilisation. Experimental results show that IV characterisation of tunnel diodes in the negative differential resistance (NDR) region free from oscillations can be made.

A new test set-up suitable for radio frequency (RF) characterisation of tunnel diodes over the entire NDR region was also developed. Initial measurement results on a packaged tunnel diode indicate that accurate characterisation and subsequent small-signal equivalent circuit model extraction for the NDR region can be done.
To address the limitations of low output power of tunnel diode or RTD oscillators, a new multiple device circuit topology, incorporating a novel design methodology for the DC bias decoupling circuit, has been developed. It is based on designing the oscillator specifically for sinusoidal oscillations, and not relaxation oscillations which are also possible in tunnel diode oscillators. The oscillator circuit can also be described by the Van der Pol model which provides theoretical predictions of the maximum inductance, in terms of the tunnel diode device parameters, that is required to resonate with the device capacitance for sinusoidal oscillations. Each of the tunnel diodes in the multiple device oscillator circuit is decoupled from the others at DC and so can be stabilised independently. The oscillator topology uses parallel resonance but with each tunnel diode individually biased and DC decoupled making it possible to employ several tunnel diodes for higher output power. This approach is expected to eliminate parasitic bias oscillations in tunnel diode oscillators whilst increasing the output power of a single oscillator. Simulation and experimental oscillator results were in good agreement, with a two-tunnel diode oscillator exhibiting approximately double the output power as compared to that of a single tunnel diode oscillator, i.e. 3 dB higher.
Another method considered for the realisation of higher output power tunnel diode or RTD oscillators was series integration of the NDR devices. A new method to suppress DC instability of the NDR devices connected in series with all the devices biased in their NDR regions was investigated. It was successfully employed for DC characterisation with integrations of 2 and 5 tunnel diodes. Even though no suitable oscillator circuit topology and/or methodology with series-connected NDR devices could be established for single frequency oscillation, the achieved
results indicated that this approach may be worthy of further investigation.
The final aspect of this project focussed on the monolithic realisation of RTD oscillators. Monolithic oscillators in coplanar waveguide (CPW) technology were successfully fabricated and worked at a fundamental frequency of 17.5 GHz with -21.83 dBm output power. Finally, to assess the potential of RTD oscillators for high frequency signal generation, a theoretical analysis of output power of stabilised RTD oscillators was undertaken. This analysis suggests that it may be possible to realise RTD oscillators with high output power (0 dBm) at millimetre-wave and low terahertz (up to 1 THz) frequencies.


Tetracycline was used as a chemical tag in a mark-recapture study to examine the pattern of increment formation in the otoliths of Tropheus moorii, a rock-dwelling cichlid from Lake Tanganyika. A totalof 256 fish were captured by divers and injected with tetracycl ine. Of these, nine were recaptured after either 1 or 2 years at liberty and eight retained tags within their otoliths. Comparison of the number of growth increments formed after the tag and the time at liberty demonstrated that increments were deposited on an annual basis in the otoliths of this species. Furthermore, there was a strong relationship between otolith mass and age suggesting that otoliths grew at a predictable rate throughout the life of the fish. Validation of an annual pattern of increment deposition allowed age and growth information to be derived from otoliths. This showed that T. moorii grew rapidly to attain adult size by 3 years of age. Males grew faster than females and also attained a larger size than females (8� 74 v .7 � 91 cm LS respectively). The longevity of some of these small freshwater fish was surprising; the oldest individual had an age of 10 years, while the average age of adults was 4 years. # 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles


Despite continuing advances in the development of macromolecules, including peptides, proteins and oligonucleotides, for therapeutic purposes, the successful application of these hydrophilic molecules has so far been hampered by their inability to efficiently traverse the plasma membrane. The discovery of a class of peptides (cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) with the ability to mediate the non-invasive and efficient import of a whole host of cargoes, both in vitro and in vivo, has provided a new means by which the problem associated with cellular delivery can be circumvented. A complete understanding of the translocation mechanism(s) of CPPs has so far proven elusive. Initial studies indicated an ATP-independent, nonendocytotic mechanism, dependent on direct peptide-membrane interactions, making it an enticing challenge from a biophysical point of view. To gain an insight into this mechanism, we identified three new CPP sequences, one corresponding to the third helix of the Islet-1 homeodomain, the other two corresponding to the unprocessed N-termini of the mouse and bovine PrPs, denoted mPrPp and bPrPp, respectively. We then investigated the membrane interactions of these peptides, comparing them to two well-characterized CPPs, the Antennapedia homeodomain-derived pAntp, and the chimeric transportan, in a variety of model membrane systems, using several spectroscopic techniques. Both pAntp and transportan were found to reside in the headgroup region of the bilayer, oriented along the surface (perpendicular to the bilayer normal). However, differences were observed between the peptides – with the homeodomain-derived peptides, pAntp and pIsl, on the one hand, and transportan and the prion-derived peptides on the other – in terms of their membrane interactions, in particular their membrane perturbation effects. These differences suggest that the peptides belong to two classes of CPPs that translocate through different mechanisms. This hypothesis was given further substance by the recent re-evaluation of the translocation mechanism, which led to the conclusion that many peptides, including pAntp, translocate by an energydependent, endocytotic mechanism. Interesting structural behaviour was observed for the homeodomain-derived CPPs, where they readily underwent an a!b structural conversion, depending on experimental conditions. High peptide concentration and/or high negative membrane surface charge was found to promote b-sheet structure. This structural conversion characteristic was shared by the prion-derived peptides, which along with their CPP property and their membrane perturbation effects, may have implications for the infectivity and toxicity associated with prion diseases.


Smartphones equipped with Wi-Fi technology are widely used nowadays. Due to the need for inexpensive indoor positioning systems (IPSs), many researchers have focused on Wi-Fi-based IPSs, which use wireless local area network received signal strength (RSS) data that are collected at distinct locations in indoor environments called reference points. In this study, a new framework based on symmetric Bregman divergence, which incorporates k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classification in signal space, was proposed. The coordinates of the target were determined as a weighted combination of the nearest fingerprints using Jensen-Bregman divergences, which unify the squared Euclidean and Mahalanobis distances with information-theoretic Jensen-Shannon divergence measures. To validate our work, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with the probabilistic neural network and multivariate Kullback-Leibler divergence. The distance error for the developed algorithm was less than 1 m.


Pr operly constructed cotton modules can prevent reduced lint value and increased ginning costs after significant rainfall occurs. Modules should be constructed with a convex top surface so that water will not collect on the module cover. Many modules are constructed with undesirable shapes because operators are inexperienced, must quickly construct modules, and have difficulty estimating the mass of cotton at various locations in the module. The objectives of this research were to design a system that would provide the operator an image of the predicted module shape, evaluate the accuracy of the system in predicting module shape, and determine the usefulness of this system. Final module shape was predicted by determining the height of the compressed cotton along the length of the module and this shape was graphically displayed for the operator. The display assisted the operator in moving cotton to appropriate locations for creation of desirably shaped modules. The heights of modules constructed with and without the feedback system were measured. The system correctly predicted the height with 67% accuracy. Use of the feedback system resulted in a 55% reduction in water collection area on the top surface of modules. Module builder operators indicated that the system was useful. The module builder feedback system is a simple and inexpensive tool that has the potential to provide rapid payback for producers.


ABSTRACT Selective leaching of a mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxide precipitate was investigated using potassium permanganate as oxidant in sulfuric acid solution. 94.9% Ni, 50% Co and 0.6% Mn were dissolved under the following conditions: sulfuric acid concentration of 0.75 M, potassium permanganate of 5 g/L, temperature of 30°C, leaching duration of 60 min, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1/10, and stirring speed of 400rpm. The pregnant leach solution was subjected to a solvent extraction process. 98% Co and 99% Mn were extracted at pH 4.84 with 30% (v/v) Cyanex 272, leaving essentially all nickel in the raffinate. Based on the experimental results, a flowsheet is proposed.


The Institute of Medicine report of 2011 defined Transgender Specific Health Needs as one of four priority research areas. While there is research asserting that health care providers (HCPs) do not have adequate training in providing competent care to transgender patients, there are no studies to date assessing HCPs' gender identity attitudes and their willingness to learn the Standards of Care (SOC) developed for this patient population. According to the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, as of 2010, 52% of Nurse Practitioners (NPs) were practicing in primary care settings. As more than half of NPs practice in primary care and transgender patients often initially present their gender concerns to their primary care provider, this study focuses on the NP population. This study describes a sample of NPs' attitudes towards gender variance, as well as their perceived need and interest in learning the SOC as published by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Multistate purposive sampling of NP professional organizations was conducted. Two conservative and two progressive states' professional organizations were included in the sample. The states were randomly assigned within both geopolitical groups to intervention or control with the use of a random numbers table. Comparisons between geopolitical groups and between control and intervention groups cannot be made due to low response rates of all states. The majority of this small sample of NPs agreed that they needed and wanted additional training in transgender health care. Future research with representative sample sizes is needed to better understand provider-sided barriers to caring for this marginalized patient population.


The application of lossless data compression methods may significantly decrease the required storage space or throughput. The quality of the compression ratio is influenced by several factors, like the available space and processing resources and the statistical characteristic of the data to be compressed. In this contribution we will perform the boundary analysis of Virtual Dictionary Extension(-VDE), which is an LZW based lossless compression method. The analysis will be performed along the previously mentioned factors. During the examinations the algorithmic approach will be applied. This means that the required space and time complexity will be determined as the dependency of the input length. Virtual Dictionary Extension is a parametric method with two extreme values. If the parameter is set to one extremity VDE acts as LZW. Therefore LZW will be used as a reference method and the results will be compared to it. The analysis is called transient since our examinations are limited to the dictionary construction period.


Dosimetry of high‐energy photon beams is based upon absorbed dose to water standards and requires the use of ionization chambers with several correction factors. This study investigates the wall correction factor, Pwall, in high‐energy photon beams for both cylindrical and parallel‐plate chambers using Monte Carlo calculations. For cylindrical chambers, dosimetry protocols use an empirical formula to determine Pwall despite high quality experimental evidence that there are problems with this formula. Wall corrections are not provided for parallel‐plate chambers in photon beams due to a lack of information available regarding the correction factors for these chambers. Monte Carlo calculations are carried out using the EGSnrc user‐code CSnrc to calculate the wall correction factor for a series of ion chambers using a correlated sampling variance reduction technique. Calculations of the wall correction are performed for a variety of chambers at the reference depth in photon beams, using realistic beam spectra from clinical accelerators, ranging in nominal energy from 60 Co to 24 MV. For cylindrical chambers, Pwall values differ by as much as 0.8% from the predicted values. This discrepancy is used to resolve previous experimental results that pointed to problems with the Pwall formalism. Pwall values are also shown for parallel‐plate chambers in high‐energy photon beams and have corrections up to 2%. These data should allow parallel‐plate chambers to be used in photon as well as in electron beams.


In this article I examine the negotiations of national and sexual belonging of a Romanian gay sex worker in Berlin in the contemporary geosexual context defined by binarism between 'modern', 'liberal' and 'tolerant' Western Europe and its 'traditionalist' and
'homophobic' East European Other. I analyse how, by means of an overt display of his own homosexuality, the sex worker symbolically distances himself from his native country. By extension, this reinforces the image of the East and its inhabitants as inherently homophobic and, therefore, backwards. The article is based on ethnographic
research in the drop-in centre for male sex workers in Berlin, an environment that reveals how deeply contemporary geosexual differences are anchored in the cultural logic of everyday life.


(Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)1−x(BiAlO3)x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) solid solutions were prepared by a solid state reaction and their electrical properties were established by ac impedance spectroscopy and electromotive force transport number measurements. Incorporation of BiAlO3 (BA) decreases the electrical conductivity of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) and sequentially changes the conduction mechanism with increasing x from predominant oxide-ion conduction to mixed ionic–electronic conduction and finally to predominant electronic conduction. The suppressed oxide-ion conduction by BA incorporation significantly reduces the dielectric loss at elevated temperatures and produces excellent high-temperature dielectric materials for high BA contents. The possible reasons for the suppressed oxide-ion conduction in the NBT–BA solid solutions have been discussed and we propose that the local structure, especially trapping of oxygen vacancies by Al3+ on the B-site, plays a key role in oxide-ion conduction in these apparently 'stoichiometric' NBT-based solid-solution perovskite materials.


Drug suspensions are of great interest because of their high bioavailability (the rate at which the active drug enters the systemic circulation) which significantly reduces the amount of drug that needs to be delivered into a patient as compared to drug emulsions. However, the particle size of the solid API plays a crucial role in 1) the stability of the suspension and 2) the safe delivery of the drug into the circulatory system. This paper describes a novel manufacturing technology, the PureNanoTM Continuous Crystallizer, which enables pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to overcome both issues. PureNano combines a unique high shear processor with expert process consulting to achieve breakthrough formulation results on the nano-scale. A pharmaceutical case study featuring successful processing of an oncology drug is profiled.


Although mucins have been studied at the biochemical and biophysical level for some time, attempts to define their structures in detail were only partially successful because of their size and complexity. The advent of monoclonal antibodies reactive with these molecules introduced a new approach to structural studies by defining antigenic epitopes, by allowing purification of the mucin molecules by affinity chromatography, and by providing a means to clone genes coding for the core proteins. By their profile of reactivity with the normal and cancer-associated mucin in a particular tissue, the antibodies also defined a difference in the mucin derived from the two sources. It is now clear that this difference lies in the carbohydrate side chains, as the core proteins are identical. Because the mucins are tumor-associated antigens and the cancer mucins can express epitopes that are relatively tumor specific, this family of molecules is now being intensively studied. There is also considerable interest in elucidating the normal function of the mucin and in determining whether, through an altered structure, this function is subverted in malignancy. In the next few years we should expect that the structure of other mucins will be defined in the same detail as the product of the MUC1 gene. We should also expect to see the continued application of mucin-reactive antibodies in the clinic and the investigation of mucins as agents for immunotherapy of some cancers. As to the function(s) of these molecules, perhaps we will learn enough in the future to make a critical reappraisal of the name.


The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of PL68 and soybean meal as alternative protein sources in the diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The experiment lasted for four weeks. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the final weight and HSI between treatments. There were no significant differences for feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, condition factor, and fillet weight between groups. The flesh color parameters, pH values and water losses (dripping loss, thawing loss, and cooking loss) did not show any significant differences between the three dietary treatments. In conclusion the result of this study showed that PL68 and soybean meal can partially replace fishmeal in common carp's diet without any adverse effect on growth but further research is needed to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels of PL68.


Hydropower is the most widely adopted form of renewable energy in the world today, accounting for approximately 16% of global energy production [1]. With increasing demand for electricity, and concern about reducing fossil fuel consumption, hydropower is likely to continue to play a key role in global energy production. The interest in pumped-storage systems is increasing, due to their ability to regulate power grids, increase the efficiency of thermal power (coal and nuclear), and maximise the penetration of renewable energy such as wind and solar. Since pumped-storage systems must respond quickly to load variations, transient flow phenomena are frequent. In the design of hydropower systems, transient effects are an important consideration, as rapid flow variations can lead to potentially catastrophic increases in pressure (water-hammer). Numerical techniques for hydraulic transient analysis appear to be well understood, but the hydraulic characteristics of reversible pump-turbines can create difficulties depending on the software used for the analysis. The "S" shape of the machine characteristic in the turbine runaway region is a cause of instability in real machines and a potential cause of numerical instability in incorrectly designed or unsuitable software packages. The commercial hydraulic analysis software package SIMSEN-Hydro was used to evaluate hydraulic transients in two systems. Project A is a 25.5 MW run of river system utilising three Francis turbines. Hydraulic transients in the system were successfully modelled, and the results showed good agreement with load rejection data measured on site during commissioning of the project. Project B is a 1333 MW pumped-storage system utilising four reversible Francis pump-turbines. The machine curves include the characteristic "S" shape in the runaway region of the turbine zone. Using SIMSEN-Hydro, the transients in the system were modelled, utilising the machine characteristics. Results were similar to those obtained during preliminary design of the system. By undertaking a sensitivity analysis for Project B, the effect of modifying input parameters on the simulation results was highlighted. The choice of pipe friction factor, surge tank throttling coefficient and generator inertia all had a notable effect on the results of the analysis. While the range of pressure wave-speeds that were examined did not have a significant effect on the results, this may differ for other systems. Based on these results, it seems important that sensitivity analysis be included on all transient analysis projects, unless the modelling inputs are all known with a reasonable level of accuracy.


The polar orientation of cells within a tissue is an intensively studied research area in animal cells. The term planar polarity refers to the common polar arrangement of cells within the plane of an epithelium. In plants, the subcellular analysis of tissue polarity has been limited by the lack of appropriate markers. Recently, research on plant tissue polarity has come of age. Advances are based on studies of Arabidopsis patterning, cell polarity and auxin transport mutants employing the coordinated, polar localization of auxin transporters and the planar polarity of root epidermal hairs as markers. These approaches have revealed auxin transport and response, vesicular trafficking, membrane sterol and cytoskeletal requirements of tissue polarity. This review summarizes recent progress in research on vascular tissue and planar epidermal polarity in the Arabidopsis root and compares it to findings on planar polarity in animals and cell polarity in yeast. BioEssays 26:719–729, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been used extensively in Earth Science for acquisition of digital outcrop data over the past decade. Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry has recently emerged as an alternative and competing technology. The real-world performance of these technologies for ground-based digital outcrop acquisition is assessed using outcrops from North East England and the United Arab Emirates. Both TLS and SfM are viable methods, although no single technology is universally best suited to all situations. There are a range of practical considerations and operating conditions where each method has clear advantages. In comparison to TLS, SfM benefits from being lighter, more compact, cheaper, more easily replaced and repaired, with lower power requirements. TLS in comparison to SfM provides intrinsically validated data and more robust data acquisition in a wide range of operating conditions. Data post-processing is also swifter. The SfM data sets were found to contain systematic inaccuracies when compared to their TLS counterparts. These inaccuracies are related to the triangulation approach of the SfM, which is distinct from the time-of-flight principle employed by TLS. An elaborate approach is required for SfM to produce comparable results to TLS under most circumstances.


The interference of nonpolarized light transmitted through an ensemble of nematic liquid crystal domains formed on a polycarbonate surface has been investigated. A model based on the superposition of the ordinary and extraordinary beams passing through domains with a radial structure has been developed. Expressions for the phase difference and intensity of the interfering beams have been derived that take into account the distribution of the liquid crystal director field. The dependences of the optical transmittance of a domain layer on the applied voltage have been calculated with regard to the material and optical constants of a liquid crystal and structural features and averaged morphological parameters of individual domains in the experimental sample. The results of the calculation are consistent with the experimental data, which confirms the validity of the proposed model.


JSE listed company deals
In early March, Pioneer Foods extended its African footprint with the conclusion of a deal with Food Concepts Plc that will see it take a 50.1% majority stake in a new venture - Food Concepts Pioneer - which will own Butterfield Bakeries, the Nigerian baked goods business that specialises in bread and sausage roll production. In SA, Pioneer manufactures brands such as Sasko and White Star Super Maize Meal. The stake will cost Pioneer $7m (R82m).


Therapeutic effectiveness research relies heavily on prediction modeling, as improving therapeutic outcomes for individuals often requires being able to predict which patients are likely to do poorly on a given therapy. In this dissertation, we examine the specific case of patients starting warfarin therapy, many of whom are at higher risk of bleeding and thrombotic events because they take a long time to determine their optimal therapeutic dose. Additionally, we examine the general problem of transportability of clinical prediction models and whether that problem can be improved through sequential model updating. Specifically, we conducted three projects with the following goals: 1) To determine the social, clinical, and genetic factors associated with time to maintenance dose in patients starting warfarin; 2) To develop and externally validate a prediction model of prolonged dose-titration in these patients; and 3) To determine whether sequential model updating can improve model transportability in a simulation study. Being able to predict which patients are likely to experience prolonged dose titration on warfarin could help clinicians and patients decide whether to use warfarin or a less burdensome alternative oral anticoagulant. Furthermore, the overall utility of this and other clinical prediction models could be greatly increased by strategies that improve model transportability, such as sequential model updating. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Epidemiology & Biostatistics First Advisor Stephen Kimmel


The design and implementation of an analog system-on-chip template-based pattern classifier for biometric signature verification at sub-microwatt power is presented. A pro- grammable array of floating-gate subthreshold MOS translinear circuits matches input features with stored templates and com- bines the scores into category outputs. Subtractive normalization of the outputs by current-mode feedback produces confidence scores which are integrated for category selection. The classifier implements a support vector machine to select programming values from training samples. A two-step calibration procedure during programming alleviates offset and gain errors in the analog array. A 24-class, 14-input, 720-template classifier trained for speaker identification and fabricated on a 3 mm 3 mm chip in 0.5 m CMOS delivers real-time recognition accuracy on par with floating-point emulation in software. At 40 classifications per second and 840 nW power, the processor attains a computational efficiency of multiply-accumulates per second per Watt of power.


Apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) data from ∼60 km of exposed footwall in the Harcuvar Mountains metamorphic core complex, Arizona, reveal a higher-precision late-stage cooling history than previously reported for this complex and others in the region. Progressively younger AHe ages recorded with distance along the slip direction show two distinct trends separated by a sharp inflection. At structurally shallower levels, ages decrease from ca. 23 to 15 Ma toward the northeast, defining an estimated slip rate of 2.6 +0.1/–0.2 km/ m.y. Samples from the structurally deepest ∼35 km of footwall yield concordant ages of ca. 15 Ma (±2σ error limits). The effects of mineralizing fluids, advection of isotherms toward the surface, and flexure-induced erosion are considered, but are unlikely to have influenced the ages. Therefore, it is suggested that the fault slip rate must have increased ca. 15 Ma to a rate of ∼30 km/m.y. Evidence for an increased slip rate ca. 15 Ma has also been observed in other metamorphic core complexes nearby, and this increase is attributed to the thermal effects of a slab-free window on the extending lithosphere.


The most profound danger to world peace in the coming years will stem not from the irrational acts of states or individuals but from the legitimate demands of the world's dispossessed....The only hope for the future lies in cooperative international action, legitimized by democracy. It is time to turn our backs on the unilateral search for security, in which we seek shelter behind walls. Instead we must persist in the quest for unified action to counter both global warming and a weaponized world....To survive in the world we have transformed we must learn to think in a new way. As never before, the future of each depends on the good of all. -- The Next 100 Years, a statement by 110 Nobel Laureates (December 11, 2001). ********** THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO "GLOBAL THREATS TO SECURITY" EXPLORE A RANGE OF issues that collectively constitute a challenge to the survival of a world community threatened by what one observer has noted to be an "Age of Extinction." As reflected against the prehistoric record of profound breaks in evolutionary progress, we are now in the midst of an epoch characterized by a significant assault on all forms of life from an interplay of toxic chemicals, ozone depletion, climate change, and habitat destruction (Lerner, 1998). In the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, the global outlook for harnessing the necessary resources and political will to combat such dread threats to public and environmental health has gone from bad to worse. Obviating the need for a planetary survival plan, war without limits in time and space is the future held out to all. The "War on Terrorism" has permitted an unbridled and increasingly unilateralist militarism to reign dominant among the American ruling elite. Key components of the armory include the resurrection of Reaganite "Star Wars" projects and preparedness programs purportedly offering protection from all manner of weapons of mass destruction -- an eerie high-tech sequel to an earlier "duck and cover" era. This upgrade of Fortress/Fallout Shelter America as the penultimate Gated Community is symbolic of an ecocidal conception of security that, carried out through force of arms or "structural adjustment" programs, has accelerated the severing of organic human connections with the biosphere. By magnifying the subjugation, desperation, and alienation of the very human resources so critical to offering any hope of reversing present trends, the Bush administration appears hell-bent on undermining any collec tive ability to muster the necessary resources and energy to place the world on a more sustainable, equitable, and survivable course. The dangers posed by the right-wing equation of collective security with militarism are demonstrated by Andrew Lichterman and Jacqueline Cabasso in "The End of Disarmament and the Arms Races to Come." The authors document evolving doctrines and weapons programs, many incubated in the pre-September 11 period, aimed at providing the U.S. with what Cold War architect Paul Nitze once referred to as the advantage of the "utmost level of violence that helps at every lesser level" (Bodenheimer and Gould, 1989). The Nuclear Posture Review unveiled by the Bush administration in early 2002 explicitly places nuclear weapons at the core of U.S. military strategies, countering any global progress, however limited, made toward nuclear disarmament over the last decades. Former Manhattan Project nuclear bomb scientist and 1995 Nobel Peace Prize winner Sir Joseph Rotblat (2002) has observed that the Nuclear Posture Review "abandons the previous doctrine of nuclear weapons viewed as weapons of last resort, spells out a strategy which incorporates nuclear capability into conventional war planning...[and is] a major and dangerous shift in the whole rationale for nuclear weapons." Spurning all treaties that might in any way limit U.S. …


Descartes' metaphysical doubts in the Third and Fifth Meditations present a scenario like this: it is possible that I (the Meditator) am so imperfect as to be deceived by my author (i.e., an omnipotent God/Deceiver) in the matters which I think I perceive clearly and distinctly. The metaphysical doubts attempt to cast doubt on beliefs based on present or recollected clear and distinct perceptions. This paper clarifies the intension of the metaphysical doubts by answering the question of how an omnipotent God/Deceiver might exercise a deceptive influence on clear and distinct perception. My analysis shows: (1) the memory interpretation and the retrospective interpretation to be implausible; (2) the incoherence interpretation to be ill-founded, though its conclusion is partly right, such that we should accept a weaker version of it; (3) the misrepresentation interpretation, the defective-origin interpretation, the truth-value variation interpretation and the radical interpretation to be plausible; (4) all of these credible interpretations to be compatible with each other as well.


Current design methods are limited in their ability to predict long term loading statistics
relating to wave loads and fatigue from prolonged cyclic loading. These methods either neglect
slam loads entirely or they are included as post-processed or simplified two-dimensional methods.
The work presented in this thesis introduces a combined theoretical-empirical approach
to determining long term load trends in realistic sea conditions during the initial stages of the
design spiral. This method builds on a previously developed non-linear time-domain seakeeping
strip theory method, for high-speed multi-hull vessels, using scale model testing in irregular seas
as a basis for an empirical slam module.
Towing tank experiments, using an extensively instrumented 2.5m hydroelastic scale model
wave-piercing catamaran representative of the 112m class Incat design, were used to develop a
database of slam events in a range of realistic (but idealised) irregular sea conditions. A total
of 2,103 slam events were identified over 22 test conditions during the scale model experiments.
Large slams generally occurred in the conditions where motions were largest; however significant
scatter was present with extreme events observed to be up to four times the median for most
conditions.
Occurrence rates were found to be a function of encountered wave frequency and significant
wave height. If the encountered wave frequency coincides with the motion resonance, slam
rates increased. Increasing the significant wave height also increased slam occurrences. A wave
height dependent slam threshold was identified by extrapolating occurrence rate trends with
decreasing significant wave heights. Pressure measurements also revealed that the cross-deck
structure was exposed to large local pressures at each measurement station, suggesting that ship
designers should ensure the structure can withstand large local loads along the entire length of
the bow.
The non-linear time-domain seakeeping program was extended to simulate motions and
loads in irregular seas and a method for constructing idealised wave spectra was developed as
an input to the seakeeping code. The extended code was verified by conducting a series of
program tests and then validated by comparing computational ship motions with results from
the scale model experiments in the absence of slamming.
A new module for predicting slam loads, based on a statistical analysis of scale model
tests was then developed and integrated into the extended time-domain seakeeping method,
allowing for the slam events to be determined on-line in the time-domain. Slams are identified
by defining a location dependant immersion threshold criterion based on the geometry of the
hull form combined with a stochastically determined variation originating from experimental
observations.
In the event of a slam, the maximum load and slam duration are determined by empirical
methods stemming from regression analyses on experimental data. Vessel forward speed and
relative vertical velocity at the centre bow truncation are used to predict the maximum slam
load. Slams loads are ramped up and down over a number of time steps. Forward speed
and immersion at the centre bow truncation are key explanatory variables in the duration
calculation. The slam load is then applied over a number of time steps according to its duration
at the location where it was first triggered.
A case study is finally undertaken demonstrating the application of this method. A highspeed
ferry service route was selected and real wave data used to determine expected wave
environments. The computer simulation was run for a range of sea conditions and slam events
are identified. Slam event statistics are then extrapolated to produce expectations for long
term (20+ years) loading expectations showing how this method could be a valuable tool when
considering the long term loading implications of a vessel for a particular route.


The role of spin-orbit and rotational couplings in radiative association of C((3)P) and N((4)S) atoms is investigated. Couplings among doublet electronic states of the CN radical are considered, giving rise to a 6-state model of the process. The solution of the dynamical problem is based on the L(2) method, where a complex absorbing potential is added to the Hamiltonian operator in order to treat continuum and bound levels in the same manner. Comparison of the energy-dependent rate coefficients calculated with and without spin-orbit and rotational couplings shows that the couplings have a strong effect on the resonance structure and low-energy baseline of the rate coefficient.


Longslade School , a Leicestershire plan Upper School , was one of the pilot schools involved in the development of the Oxford A83 Design syllabus. Having been familiar with the course since its inception, and being directly involved in teaching the syllabus for the past three years, I should like to express some ideas involving the teaching aspects of this course . I hope that these will not only be of interest to the reader but that they will also be useful, both from the practical teaching point of view , (I use practical here in the sense of the practice of teaching and not 'practical ' subjects) , and from the point of deciding how valid the course might be . In fairness , I must point out that my own attitude is very much in favour of this examination . In its present format I believe it to be an excellent syllabus and , with a few minor aspects which are discussed later, one whi c h would be difficult to improve upon . The organisation of such a course can cause problems, and staffing will depend on the numbers involved. At Longslade the average number of students in each year appears to have settled down to 6 or 7 and, therefore, first and second year sixth are taught together to make a viable teaching unit . However, since there are times when it is necessary to teach each group separately, a second member of staff is available for part of the time to allow the groups to be split. This second member of staff covers the ceramic element of the course, both practical and theoretical . For my part I cover the practical elements of wood, metal and plastics, and the theory elements of wood, plastics, and general design philosophy.


To study the pollution characteristics of PM_(2.5) during the haze period in October 2014, the hourly automatic monitoring data and 22-h atmospheric PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Changchun city. According to the statistical results of the hourly average PM_(2.5) concentration, heavy pollution occurred from October 13 to November 1 in 2014 in Changchun city. The daily concentration of PM_(2.5) during this period was 53.18 μg m^(-3) to 450.69 μg m^(-3). In addition, the PM_(2.5) concentration was higher at night and lower during the daytime on haze days, which is affected by pollutant emission and meteorological conditions. The Pearson correlation coefficient between PM_(2.5) and CO was high (r = 0.745), which implies that the concentration suddenly increased, probably because of the combustion of fossil fuels and other organic matter. The meteorological condition investigation shows that the wind speed, temperature and pressure are low and that the RH value is relatively high on haze days. In addition, stable weather during haze days makes the pollution heavier. The analysis of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) suggests that WSIIs constituted up to 21-56% of PM_(2.5), and the total ions, anions and cations showed a significant correlation. During the haze days, the NO_3^-/SO_4^(2-) ratio was substantial (3.7-4.6), except at the CP and JZP stations, which suggests that the pollutants in the atmosphere are from a mixture of stationary emission and mobile emission. The NOR and SOR values were more than 0.1 at most sampling stations, so serious secondary pollution occurs in the atmosphere on haze days, and secondary ion formation is enhanced by the atmospheric conditions and emissions of gaseous SO_2 and NO_2.


The relationships between people and natural environments in coupled socio-ecological systems (SES) are complex. As complex adaptive systems with humans as one of the central drivers, coupled SES exhibit non-linear behavior, multiple stable-states, path dependence, and highly dynamic webs of connectivity across domains and scales. It should come as no surprise therefore that efforts to push these relationships towards greater sustainability are challenging to design and execute, particularly in resource constrained contexts with multiple competing actors. In this dissertation I examine conservation efforts in Zambia and Namibia from perspectives that vary along two gradients. Theoretically, my analyses are based upon epistemologies ranging from highly qualitative, interpretative and relational explanations of project outcomes, to highly quantitative models of spatially structured processes. Empirically, I draw upon ethnographic methods that seek to develop a grounds-eye view of reality, to satellite-sensed data which capture large scale patterns at the expense of context and detail. These two poles are bridged by an information framework that employs the meta-language of vision to describe and bound different forms of understanding, with an emphasis on rich articulations of context to enable dialogue across knowledges.Part I of the dissertation engages a long-standing debate about community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), which together with protected areas has been one the core conservation strategies across countries in southern Africa. Since the advent of CBNRM in the mid-1980s, scholars and practitioners have sought to explain the uneven performance of CBNRM programs. Most CBNRM assessments examine the underlying principles of community-based conservation, the local social and ecological contexts, and connections with larger political and historical patterns. I argue that analysis of the potential and pitfalls of CBNRM also requires an understanding of the institutional history and internal dynamics of projects that implement CBNRM reforms. Drawing upon theory and methods from development ethnography and public policy, I examine the rise and fall of CONASA, a second-generation CBNRM project in Zambia that operated in the early 2000s. CONASA was constituted from a merger of organizations and discourses to create continuity with previous projects. Its ambitious suite of activities included support for household livelihoods, community-based resource management, policy analysis, advocacy, and conservation enterprises at local, national, and transboundary levels. While individual activities were largely successful, CONASA's hybrid origins and logframe-centric management created fissures between its holistic design and daily operations, and hindered its ability to develop a broader narrative and maintain key alliances. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the interplay between project design and operational context in order to fully appreciate the possibilities and limitations of project-mode conservation.While a ground's eye view highlights context and nuances of process, the bird's eye view reveals pattern and emergent behavior across scales. In Part II, I present a new spatial modeling method for location data from orbiting satellites to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns in movement data. Advances in GPS technology have created both opportunities in ecology as well as a need for analytical tools that can deal with the growing volume of data and ancillary variables associated with each location. Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH), is a home range construction algorithm that incorporates time into the construction and aggregation of local kernels. Time is integrated with Euclidean space using an adaptive scaling of the individual's characteristic velocity, enabling the construction of utilization distributions that capture temporal partitions of space as well as contours that differentiate internal space based on movement phase and time-use metrics. I test T-LoCoH against a simulated dataset and provide illustrative examples from a GPS dataset from springbok in Namibia. The incorporation of time into home range construction expands the concept of utilization distributions beyond the traditional density gradient to spatial models of movement and time, opening the door to new applications in movement ecology. Hulls also provide a means for characterization of the interactions between individuals, which are central to many aspects of population biology, including competition, predation, reproduction, resource optimization, and disease transmission. Classic measures of association are based on the intersection of static home range estimates and counts of matched locations, but the advances in GPS technology have created new possibilities for characterizing dynamic spatiotemporal properties of association. Hull metrics of association for both spatially and temporally overlapping hulls reveal the intensity of interaction both in raw terms as well as corrected for revisitation, as well as time lags. Similarly, a metric for the proportion of enclosed points constructed from the combined set of locations reveal the distribution of sharing across space and time for the entire time period. Illustrative examples of the methodology are provided using elephant tracking data from Tembe Elephant Park in South Africa. Plotting association metrics on a map, over time, and against other hull properties reveal novel patterns that can be basis for further study. Local hulls offer a promising approach for characterizing the spatiotemporal properties of association and exploring their covariates.Parts I and II of the dissertation both illustrate ways to pull out and characterize pattern in complex systems, but at scales and methods appropriate for the data and question. The challenge in seeing the 'whole picture' of complex coupled SES is not only to draw upon multiple disciplines and perspectives, but to do so in ways that enable dialog. Central to bridging nodes of knowledge is aggregation of detail into accessible and meaningful abstractions, embedding contextual information to inform new connections and enable extensions into new systems and domains, and making visible the spatial and social vantage points through which knowledge is produced and disseminated.


Statutory definitions of what constitutes an "insider" for the purposes of insider trading laws may be based on either a "person connection" approach or an "information connection" approach. The "person connection" approach defines "insider" by reference to the relationship of the person to the public issuer of securities, while the "information connection" approach considers anyone who has material price-sensitive information about the issuer to be an insider, regardless of his or her relationship to the issuer. In common with Japan, Hong Kong and China, New Zealand's insider trading law — the Securities Markets Act 1988 — uses a person connection approach in its definition of "insider". Other jurisdictions, however, including both the United Kingdom and Australia, have, to varying degrees, recently amended their definitions to reflect the information connection approach. The United States, although the first country to address the issue of insider trading, lacks a statutory definition of "insider" and instead relies on generally applicable laws against securities fraud. It has developed a definition with elements of both approaches. This paper reviews the definitions in use in the United States and in other countries (including New Zealand) which have been influenced by the American experience. It concludes that the narrow, relationship-based approach does not capture some conduct that may be damaging to the integrity of the securities market. A definition based on the information connection approach (perhaps combined with elements of the person connection approach) may therefore be preferable to New Zealand's current definition.


This book is a study of the New River Company. It gives a highly complex and comprehensive analysis of the complicated legal problems encountered from the company's inception in the in the first decade of the seventeenth century to its municipalization and conversion to a property company at the turn of the twentieth century. The problems of water supply, hygiene and even general business matters are examined in a relatively narrow framework. As s legal history, this book is full of technical terms. This book, however, is not without merits. It contains interesting chapters on shares, in which tracing the progress of some of the company stock through some of the various hands is discussed, as well as governance and finance yields.


This doctoral thesis deals primarily with condition assessment of road equipment. The road equipment concept is defined by five main groups, road lighting, fences and barriers, vertical signs, horizontal signs and traffic signals, respectively. Of these groups, road markings, street lighting and barriers of three-lane roads have been studied more in detail. A state-of-the-art, comprising information obtained by comprehensive literature studies on condition assessment of road equipment is presented. Comparably few fundamental studies were found, which, to some degree, can be explained by the lack of suitable physical measurement methods. However, in the case of road marking retroreflectivity, mobile instruments have been developed, and research published in this area is relatively comprehensive. Furthermore, although not based on mobile measurements, several studies on assessments on performance of road sign sheeting have been published. The experimental part of the thesis is divided into four studies, of which two are dealing with mobile measurement of wet road markings and street lighting, respectively. One of the studies concerns condition assessment of road marking performance accomplished in the Nordic countries. Finally, one study comprises risk analysis related to crashes into the barriers on three-lane roads. At road equipment condition assessment, mobile measurement methods are preferable compared to stationary methods. However, many relevant parameters are tricky to measure at speed. One example in this connection is characterization of performance of wet road markings, which has to be based on one or more parameters obtained by measurements on dry surfaces. Results presented in this thesis indicate that retroreflectivity and skid resistance of wet road markings can be predicted based on retroreflectivity and macro-texture of dry road marking. For traffic safety, street lighting is important. The performance of this type of road equipment is in most cases described in terms of luminance of the illuminated road surface. However, luminance measurements are tricky and time-consuming and not useful for condition assessment. On the contrary, measurement of illuminance is easy to carry out and can be performed at speed. One part of the thesis describes how road surface luminance in street lighting can be estimated based on illuminance and reflection properties of the road surface. With the purpose of comparing road marking performance in the Nordic countries, condition assessment using mobile measurement equipment was accomplished in 2002 and 2003. In each of the five Nordic countries, a number of roads were chosen for measuring retroreflectivity. The study showed that the retroreflectivity of edge, centre and lane lines was poor in some countries, but, at least regarding edge lines, this shortcoming could be compensated by use of wide, continuous lines. In other words, the visibility of longitudinal road markings was approximately equal in the different countries. The purpose of the risk analysis performed on three-lane road barriers was to estimate the influence of the time-period between initial crash and repair on the risk of a secondary accident. The result showed that, especially in winter-time, time-reduction means reduced risk of secondary accidents.


Purpose: To study the response of a silicon diode in clinical electron beams by using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code. Method and Materials: A Monte Carlo model of a cylindrical diode (from Rikner and Grusell) has been constructed. The diode is put on the central axis of a cylindrical water phantom and the dose ratios of water/silicon at various depths in 6 MeV electron beams are calculated. The dose ratio is also calculated for a bare silicon pellet of the same size as the active volume of the diode. Both calculated dose ratios are compared with the calculated water/silicon restricted stopping‐power ratio (SPR) as a function of depth. The dose ratio is calculated as well for various field sizes at the reference depth in the 6 MeV electron beam.Results: For the diode model, the dose ratio versus depth in electron beams is nearly flat: within 1% from near the phantom surface to R50 (calculation uncertainty <0.5%). For the pellet, the dose ratio versus depth behaves almost the same as the Spencer‐Attix water/silicon SPR with Δ = 100 keV. It varies more than 3% with depth. The diode dose ratio changes by less than 0.5% for field sizes ranging from 2 to 10 cm (beam radius) although it is 1.6% smaller in a 1 cm radius beam. Conclusion: The silicon pellet behaves like an ideal Spencer‐Attix cavity with Δ slightly greater than 100 keV. The Si behind the active region plays an important role in making the overall dosimeter response flat within about 1% per unit dose to water. The silicon diode is an excellent dosimeter for electron beams since its response relative to the dose to water changes little with respect to the depth in phantom or the field size of source.


This thesis describes and compares the autecology of two coexisting wet forest trees.
It demonstrates temporal, spatial and biological differentiation of the reproduction,
regeneration and growth characteristics which allow these taxa to coexist in
superficially similar environments.
The distributions of the species and the environmental correlates of the communities
in which they exist are compared and contrasted. The climatic range of P.
aspleniifolius is greater than A. biglandulosum but this may be attributed to the greater
vagility of P. asplennfolius allowing it to occupy areas that are dimatically susceptible
to repeated disturbance by fire. It is determined that both are most important in
poorly structured and diverse rainforest communities which are often associated with
low fertility substrates. The physiological basis for this correlation was tested
experimentally and by field measurements. A. biglandulosum performed best under
add conditions while P. aspleniifolius was relatively insensitive to fertility. These
responses are manifest in the absence of both species from the most fertile sites which
support floristically simple tall Nothofagus cunninghamii dominated forests. The
preference of A. biglandulosum for acid sites and the insensitivity of P. aspleniifolius
allow these species to take advantage of the decline in the performance of the
important canopy dominant, Nothofagus cunninghamii, and hence increase their
abundance on such sites. Other than possible exclusion from pure Nothofagus
cunninghamii forest their geographic range and phytosociological associations are not
limited by edaphic conditions. Field performance of both A. biglandulosum and P.
aspleniifolius does, however, reflect the physiological growth response measured
under experimental conditions.
The photosynthetic responses of A. biglandulosum and P. aspleniifolius were
investigated in the contrasting micro-environments of the canopy, a gap and the
understorey of a rainforest in Tasmania. Measurements were made using a portable
infra-red gas analyser. Both species displayed the highest light saturation levels at
the canopy but both produced the highest rates of photosynthesis in the gap
environment. Diffuse light on cloudy days was important in the understorey
environment. The rate of photosynthesis was affected considerably by low levels of
stomatal conductance two days after rain. The results indicate that both species are
"sun" plants and that their dependance upon high levels of light to maintain
competitive growth rates would influence their regeneration opportunities and may
induce competition for sites. The phenological and demographic strategies of both species were compared. The
timing of foliar and sexual development of Phyllocladus asplenhfolius and
Anodopetalum biglandulosum were recorded at Mt Field in Tasmania. Seed production,
seed predation, germination and survival were monitored in different regions of
Tasmania. The wind dispersed A. biglandulosum suffered an extremely high level of
fruit predation by a moth and by birds. The resultant low seed production is
reflected in the poor seed regeneration in this species.
The timing of pollen release and female cone development in P. asplenhfolius indicates
that outcrossing between populations is likely. Outcrossing may provide the species
with a high degree of genetic fitness but may not necessarily explain its wide
ecological amplitude as this situation contrasts with the poorly dispersed and
possibly genetically limited A. biglandulosum which also has a broad ecological range.
P. asplenhfolius produced spatially variable amounts of seed and is a mast seeder. The
number of germinants two springs after seed fall reflected the variation in annual
seed production and suggests that pulses in regeneration are likely although soilstored
seed and immigrant seed may offset this effect.
The consequences of the phenological differentiation on regeneration opportunities
was explored. The contrasting strategies required different approaches, as A.
biglandulosum dependsiargely upon vegetative regeneration and proliferation while
P. asplenhfolius is an obligate seed regenerator.
A growth-form/disturbance typology of A. biglandulosum based on data from 48 sites
was produced. A multivariate data set from each site summarizes a stands' growth-form
as stem types, densities and diameters. A canonical correlation indicates a
significant relationship between the growth-form data set and community floristics.
The basic architecture associated with a particular forest is modified by proliferation
in response to exogenic disturbances, such as fire and heavy snow-falls, or as a result
of community processes such as crown senescence and tree-fall.
This study aimed to determine the range of the P. asplenhfolius regeneration niche in
terms of differential microsite occupation, population structure and dispersion
pattern at 52 forest sites. The distribution and sizes of stems were mapped on belt
transects to within 0.5 m, and the microsites of seedlings and saplings were recorded.
A variety of population structures exist and are related to community floristics and
structure. Community variation provides different microsite opportunities. P.
asplenhfolius showed a preference for elevated sites, including logs, buttresses and old
stump mounds. Aggregation of seedlings is common and determined by microsite
distribution and dispersal characteristics. It is concluded that niche differentiation between P. aspleniifolius and A. biglandulosum
is demonstrated in edaphic responses and reproductive biology, and niche overlap is
evident in their use of the light environment. Although their coexistence is
theoretically dependent upon niche differentiation, stochastic events producing
opportunities for regeneration appear to be more important and therefore the results
conform with the theory of non-equilibrium coexistence of species. The broad and
common phytosociological associations may reflect Tertiary species extinctions which
have produced an environment of low competition with few specialists. The extant
species experience niche broadening via more opportunities for regeneration and
hence greater levels of coexistence which are expressed as low beta diversity in
Tasmanian wet forests.


In any public or private social-addressed programme arises the question of how to coordinate agency-client relationships, in order to obtain the best results, in terms of agency's policy and aims and people's interests and needs. Two american sociologists, Litwak and Meyer, of Michigan University, postulate that this coordination is a function of the degree of social distance between agency and clientele. Thus "maximum social control is most likely to occur when coordinating mechanisms develop between bureaucratic organizations and external primary groups that balance their relationships at a middle position of social distance where they are not too intimate and not isolated from one another". These mechanisms are 1) the detached expert approach; 2) the opinion leader approach; 3) the settlement house approach; 4) the voluntary association approach; 5) the common messenger approach; 6) the mass media approach; 7) the formal authority approach and 8) the delegated function approach, all of them with differential power of initiative, intensity, focused expertise and coverage. All the different mechanisms of coordination should be used according to the degree of social distance between agency and clientele, which means that in dealing with external groups the agency must decide whether they are supporting ones (same values of the agency, informed and organized), resistent ones (deviant values and organized), or a mixture tipe (some deviant, some conforming or with the desired values, but not organized or lacks knowledge). The agencies which are to deal with groups must not just select the appropriate mechanisms, but ought to have themselves the desired structure to facilitate the coordination, according to the cases. Besides that, the objectives of their programmes shall be analised, whether they are pure informative-content objectives or culture change-content objectives. We believe that the "balance theory of coordination between bureaucratic organizations and external primary groups", as the authors call it, is an important contribution to the intended integration of the Social Sciences with the Educational and Administrative ones. In the field of Health Education methodology, it gives a more sound criterium to choose the appropriate methods in dealing with people, according to the content of our message and the characteristics of the clientele concerned, without forgeting the bureaucratic structures of our own agencies.


We present field observations from the Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary Tampere palaeobasin, where the primary structures have been exceptionally well preserved. We use the observations to construct a new tectonic model for the southeastern margin of the Tampere basin during its inversion and subsequent closure. The observed volcano-sedimentary and structural features suggest a change in the local structural style from thick-skinned inversion to thin-skinned thrusting, to accommodate the crustal shortening during basin closure. Furthermore, it is suggested that there is a genetic relationship between the interpreted palaeothrust and the sulphide-bearing schist horizons in the study area. On a more general note, the results imply that currently subvertical mineralized shear zones may have originally been gently dipping, further suggesting that the mineralized fluids may not necessarily have been sourced from great depths (i.e. from deep within the basement).


The full season maturity group grown during the monsoon (kharif) season in 'All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project' trials from 1991 to 2012 in northwestern plains zone was analysed for grain yield for the best check and best entries. The rainfall trends were simultaneously analyzed in each month over years through Mann and Kendall approach. The increase or decrease in rainfall over years is not significant but the fluctuations in rainfall in each month over years were significant in all the months. In spite of rainfall fluctuations, there was continuous improvement in the new genotypes developed at 'All India Maize Improvement Project' especially in past two decades in 'zone II' as well as Punjab state. The performance of maize in AICMIP was higher in Punjab state than in overall 'zone II'. The new and improved hybrids developed in the program every year were suitable for changing climatic conditions.


Sub-Saharan Africa contains the highest number of people affected by droughts. Although this can easily be mitigated through the provision of timely, reliable and relevant weather forecasts, the sparse network of weather stations in most of these countries makes this difficult. Rapid development in wireless sensor networks has resulted in weatherboards capable of capturing weather parameters at the micro-level. Although these weatherboards offer a viable solution to Africa's drought, the acceptability of such data by meteorologists is only possible if these sensors are calibrated and their field readiness scientifically evaluated. This is the contribution of this paper; we present results of a calibration exercise that was carried out to: (1) measure and correct lag, random and systematic errors; (2) determine if Perspex was an ideal material for building sensor boards' enclosures; and (3) identify sensor boards' battery charging and depletion rates. The result is a calibration report detailing actual error and uncertainty values for atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature sensors, as well as the recharge and discharge curves of the batteries. The results further ruled out the use of Perspex for enclosing the sensor boards. These experiments pave the way for the design and implementation of a sensor-based weather monitoring system (SenseWeather) that was piloted in two regions in Kenya.


Collateralized debt obligations, which are securities with payoffs that are tied to the cash flows in a portfolio of defaultable assets such as corporate bonds, play a significant role in the financial crisis that has spread throughout the world. Insufficient capital provisioning due to flawed and overly optimistic risk assessments is at the center of the problem. This paper develops stochastic methods to measure the risk of positions in collateralized debt obligations and related instruments tied to an underlying portfolio of defaultable assets. It proposes an adaptive point process model of portfolio default timing, a maximum likelihood method for estimating point process models that is based on an acceptance/rejection resampling scheme, and statistical tests for model validation. To illustrate these tools, they are used to estimate the distribution of the profit or loss generated by positions in multiple tranches of a collateralized debt obligation that references the CDX High Yield portfolio and the risk capital required to support these positions.


This paper attempts to go beyond the typical assessments of file-sharing as either an unlawful activity or a market imperfection by demonstrating that the trajectory of capitalist development in the sphere of information production and distribution is conditioned by a social system of commoning. To that end, this exploratory research begins the process of mapping the intersections of the social structures implicated in the activity of file-sharing by surveying a group of file-sharers. The article concludes by arguing that the antagonisms produced by competing visions for the social relations implicated in the production and distribution of informational and cultural goods in the networked environment should be incorporated into future analysis of file-sharing.


Large quantities of arsenic are introduced into the environment through land application of poultry litter containing the organoarsenical feed additive roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid). The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioconversion of roxarsone and related N-substituted phenylarsonic acid derivatives under anaerobic conditions. The results demonstrate that roxarsone is rapidly transformed in the absence of oxygen to the corresponding aromatic amine, 4-hydroxy-3-aminophenylarsonic acid (HAPA). The formation of HAPA is attributable to the facile reduction of the nitro group. Electron-donating substrates, such as hydrogen gas, glucose, and lactate, stimulated the rate of nitro group reduction, indicating a microbial role. During long-term incubations, HAPA and the closely related 4-aminophenylarsonic acid (4-APA) were slowly biologically eliminated by up to 99% under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing conditions, whereas little or no removal occurred in heat-killed inoculum controls. Arsenite and, to a lesser extent, arsenate were observed as products of the degradation. Freely soluble forms of the inorganic arsenical species accounted for 19-28% of the amino-substituted phenylarsonic acids removed. This constitutes the first report of a biologically catalyzed rupture of the phenylarsonic group under anaerobic conditions.


In this paper, a novel method is developed for enabling Multi-Kernel Multi-Label Learning. Interlabel dependency and similarity diversity are simultaneously leveraged in the proposed method. A concept network is constructed to capture the inter-label correlations for classifier training. Maximal margin approach is used to effectively formulate the feature-label associations and the labellabel correlations. Specific kernels are learned not only for each label but also for each pair of the inter-related labels. By learning the eigenfunctions of the kernels, the similarity between a new data point and the training samples can be computed in the online mode. Our experimental results on real datasets (web pages, images, music, and bioinformatics) have demonstrated the effectiveness of our method.


Technology education (TE) and education for sustainable development (ESD) increasingly converge. This makes perfect sense given the techno-optimism that permeates the prevailing discourse on sustainable development. The present article reviews mainstream and more critical work within this emerging literature. A central argument is that even the more critical studies in the field tend to feed into the techno-optimistic sustainable development discourse; as they do not contest conventional understandings of technology, the scope of their critique remains limited. Reiterating Hornborg's theories of machine fetishism and ecologically unequal exchange, the present paper offers a radically different outlook and ultimately two conclusions are drawn. First, rather than engaging in conversations with fellow proponents of technological solutions, scholars in this emerging field ought to spend more time responding to those who seriously question technology's ability to deliver environmental and social sustainability. Second, if technology educators are sincere about wanting to promote technical literacy more broadly, the eco-innovation curriculum must be supplemented with perspectives that interrogate the prospects for a 'green' modernity.


We investigate the effect of hydro-thermal convection in an aquifer system. It is assumed that the aquifer is bounded below and above by impermeable boundaries and it is heated from below. The solution of the governing system is expressed in terms of the basic steady state solution and perturbed solution. We obtain the critical Rayleigh number and critical wavenumber using Runge-Kutta method in combination of shooting method and present the marginal stability curve. The amplitude equation is derived by introducing the adjoint system. After amplitude is obtained, we compute the linear solutions for super-critical and sub-critical cases. Numerical results for various spatial and time values are presented in graphical forms.


A wide range of commentators have raked through the ruins of the 2008 financial collapse confident that there were significant criminal prosecutions to bring against individuals and that the Justice Department should be faulted for its failure to have brought them. Their confidence that blockbuster criminal cases could have been made and were not rests on shaky grounds however. So too does their faith that the hunting of heads is a socially productive response to the collapse. All too frequently missing from current debates has been sustained engagement with realities of federal criminal law enforcement. The goal of this essay is to bring somewhat prosaic considerations of law and institutional capacity back into the conversation. While I offer little in the way of regulatory or architectural reform, I simply seek to clear away broad rhetoric that can only impede such efforts.


Despite the historical racial imbalance in capital punishment, interdisciplinary scholarship has failed to investigate fully how the human mind may automatically and systematically facilitate racial bias against African-American defendants in capital cases. Considered in the legal context, well-developed social science principles may help reveal how people's automatic and unintentional cognitive processes may either propagate racial disparities in the death penalty or serve as a masking agent in covering up those disparities. This Article introduces implicit social cognition research to the death penalty context and proposes new hypotheses that help explain why capital cases may be automatically infused with racial bias and why research to date may unintentionally cover up existing racial disparities. The author presents two preliminary hypotheses that apply social cognition theory to the capital context. Death Penalty Priming Hypothesis posits that the supposedly race-neutral death qualification of jurors unintentionally and automatically elicits implicit racial bias in the final jury panel. This hypothesis is based on the social cognition concept of priming, a phenomenon that explains how even seemingly race-neutral conversations can elicit automatically racially biased cognitive processes in jurors. This automatic activation results from both deep historical associations between capital punishment and race and the continuing propagation of racial stereotypes in the media and American culture generally. Racial Bias Masking Hypothesis proposes that influential studies examining racial bias in the death penalty have unintentionally covered up racial bias against African-American defendants because these studies rely upon sources of case information that are tainted by implicit bias. Social cognition studies have demonstrated that people store and retrieve information from the memory in stereotype driven ways, and that transmission of information from one source to another can unintentionally transform a non-biased story into a racially biased one. As a result of the unintentional fact-based errors that occur when racial stereotypes are present, even the most thoughtful and complex of empirical studies on race and capital punishment may use statistical techniques that unintentionally mask racial bias. The Article considers these two new hypotheses and calls for a comprehensive interdisciplinary collaboration designed to further investigate racial disparities in the death penalty.


This paper investigates the behaviour of employers' monopsony power and workers' wages over the business cycle. Using German administrative linked employer-employee data for the years 1985-2010 and an estimation framework based on duration models, we construct a time series of the firm-level labour supply elasticity and estimate its relationship to the aggregate unemployment rate. In line with theory, we find that firms possess more monopsony power during economic downturns, which shows to be robust to controlling for time-invariant unobserved worker heterogeneity. We also document that cyclical changes in workers' entry wages are of similar magnitude as those predicted under monopsonistic wage setting, suggesting that monopsony power should not be neglected when analysing wage cyclicality.