The recent report of the National Academy of Sciences on forensic science documents an array of problems with the current use of forensic science in law enforcement and as evidence in criminal prosecutions. These problems are economic, political, legal, scientific, or epistemological in nature. The report recommends widespread reform aimed at improving the quality of forensic science and the juridical use of such evidence. The proposed reforms include, for example, creating an independent agency to oversee forensic science in the United States; establishing best practices and standardized protocols; improving education and training; and conducting further research into the scientific foundations of the various forensic techniques. Although many of the report's proposed reforms focus on activities that take place outside of legal proceedings, the report also provides an invitation for courts to respond to, and perhaps to improve upon, the law's use of forensic evidence now and in the future. For this reason, it also provides an invitation to evidence scholars to develop a solid theoretical foundation for possible avenues of legal response to forensic science. This article discusses two possible avenues of response in light of theoretical accounts of the evidentiary proof process and its primary goals (accuracy and allocating the risk of error). Although much of the discussion regarding judicial responses to forensic science has focused on admissibility, I argue that sufficiency-of-the-evidence determinations provide a more theoretically justified response. Such a response, however, would require courts to develop more robust sufficiency review in criminal cases. I briefly sketch how this development might proceed in light of the theoretical considerations discussed. This article was written for a symposium entitled, "Crime Laboratories on Trial: The Future of the Forensic Sciences," forthcoming in the Utah Law Review.


The genre of Roman Elegy represents a narrative told by a youthful member of the Roman elite on the liminal threshold of adulthood. This discourse represents a ludic space in which such a narrator can engage in erotic misadventure represent himself as rejecting and alienated from the nornative responsibilities and attitudes of an adult member of Rome's ruling classes. Elegiac ideology is thus projected as a resistance to maturation and social and civic integration. At the same time the ultimate rejection of this elegiac lifestyle by the Propertian narrator at the end of Book Three points to a questioning of the validity of the elegiac perspective and the assorbtion of youthful disidence into mainstream ideology.


The expansion of executive powers amid the war on terrorism has brought the presidency to the center of heated public debate. Now, in The American Presidency, presidential authority Charles O. Jones provides invaluable background to the current controversy, in a compact, reliable guide to the office of the chief executive. This marvelously concise survey is packed with information about the presidency, some of it quite surprising. We learn, for example, that the Founders adopted the word "president" over "governor" and other alternatives because it suggested a light hand, as in one who presides, rather than rules. Indeed, the Constitutional Convention first agreed to a weak chief executive elected by congress for one seven-year term, later calling for independent election and separation of powers. Jones sheds much light on how assertive leaders, such as Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, and FDR enhanced the power of the presidency, and illuminating how such factors as philosophy (Reagan's anti-Communist conservatism), the legacy of previous presidencies (Jimmy Carter following Watergate), relations with Congress, and the impact of outside events have all influenced presidential authority. He also explores the rise of federal power and the dramatic expansion of federal agencies, showing how the president takes a direct hand in this vast bureaucracy, and he examines the political process of selecting presidents, from the days of deadlocked conventions to the rise of the primary after World War II. "In 200 years," he writes, "the presidency had changed from that of a person-Washington followed by Adams, then Jefferson-to a presidential enterprise with a cast of thousands." Jones explains how this remarkable expansion has occurred and where it may lead in the future. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.


Architect-designed houses of the period 1950-65 proposed an innovative response to the social, economic, and climatic conditions of post-war Australia. At the same time they embraced the aesthetic, technological, and egalitarian aspirations of modern architecture. An Unfinished Experiment in Living traces the emergence of this architectural phenomenon in Australia, documenting the full range of its expression: from the postwar optimism of the early 1950s through to the affluence of the 1960s. It is a catalogue of the most significant houses of the period. It includes comprehensive plans and period photographs of 150 houses from around Australia, dating from a time when the great Australian dream was the single family house. This book puts forward new research founded on the premise that the most significant houses of the 1950s and 60s represent an unfinished and undervalued experiment in modern living. Issues such as the open plan, the changing nature of the family, the embrace of advances in technology, the use of the courtyard, and the orientation of the house to capture sun and privacy, were valuable and critical lessons. This is a compelling reminder of their continuing relevance. [Subject: Architecture, Design, Australian History, Sociology]


Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the genes on the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 5, and characteristic features include microcephaly, developmental delays, and a distinctive high-pitched mewing cry. Most cri-du-chat syndrome cases result from a sporadic de novo deletion that is associated with a low recurrence risk. On rare occasions, however, cri-du-chat syndrome with 5p monosomy can be accompanied by 5q trisomy. This combination is virtually always associated with parental large pericentric inversions. Among previously reported cri-du-chat syndrome cases with 5p monosomy accompanied by 5q trisomy, the aneusomy of chromosome 5 in all but one case was cytogenetically visible using G-banding. When an accompanying 5q trisomy is detected, a significant recurrence risk is expected. We here report on a patient with cri-du-chat syndrome phenotype who initially exhibited a normal karyotype on G-banding but in whom molecular analysis using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and array comparative genomic hybridization revealed a 5p deletion accompanied by a 5q duplication. Parental chromosomal testing led to the identification of a very large pericentric inversion, of which breakpoints resided at the terminal regions of 5p15.31 and 5q35.1. This information was vital for counseling the family regarding the significantly high recurrence risk.


Background : Meat has been linked as a risk factor for several cancers. Red meat and processed meat specifically have been suggested as risk factors for esophageal cancer, but this has not been established. We performed a meta-analysis to summarize available evidence from case-control and cohort studies on this topic. Methods : A systematic search of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE was completed up until November, 2013. Studies were included that reported confirmed histological diagnosis of cancer, odds ratios (OR) or relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals (CI). Pooled ORs and 95% CIs were calculated for the effect of different meats on the development of esophageal cancer using a random effects model. Studies were assessed for heterogeneity and publication bias. Results : 29 studies were included in this analysis, involving 1,208,768 individuals with a total of 8,620 cases and 44,574 controls. High consumption rates were associated with development of cancer for red meat (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.31-1.93), processed meat (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.28-2.38), barbecued meat (OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.25–1.91) and overall (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.11-1.43). Low and medium consumption rates were also significant for red and barbecued meat. High and medium consumption of white meat was significantly protective. High consumption of fish was also found to be protective (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.55-0.95). Conclusions : Findings of this meta-analysis demonstrated red meat, processed meat and barbecued meat are likely to increase the risk of esophageal cancer in a dose dependent relationship. Fish and white meat were shown to have a protective effect.


Background: Ethics is a founding component of the nursing profession; however, nurses sometimes find it difficult to constantly adhere to the required ethical standards. There is limited knowledge about the factors that cause a committed nurse to violate standards; moral disengagement, originally developed by Bandura, is an essential variable to consider. Research objectives: This study aimed at developing and validating a nursing moral disengagement scale and investigated how moral disengagement is associated with counterproductive and citizenship behaviour at work. Research design: The research comprised a qualitative study and a quantitative study, combining a cross-validation approach and a structural equation model. Participants and research context: A total of 60 Italian nurses (63% female) involved in clinical work and enrolled as students in a postgraduate master's programme took part in the qualitative study. In 2012, the researchers recruited 434 nurses (76% female) from different Italian hospitals using a convenience sampling method to take part in the quantitative study. Ethical considerations: All the organisations involved and the university gave ethical approval; all respondents participated on a voluntary basis and did not receive any form of compensation. Findings: The nursing moral disengagement scale comprised a total of 22 items. Results attested the mono-dimensionality of the scale and its good psychometric properties. In addition, results highlighted a significant association between moral disengagement and both counterproductive and citizenship behaviours. Discussion: Results showed that nurses sometimes resort to moral disengagement in their daily practice, bypassing moral and ethical codes that would normally prevent them from enacting behaviours that violate their norms and protocols. Conclusion: The nursing moral disengagement scale can complement personnel monitoring and assessment procedures already in place and provide additional information to nursing management for designing interventions aimed at increasing compliance with ethical codes by improving the quality of the nurses' work environment.


This document describes the Namespace Identifier (NID) "nena" for
Uniform Resource Name (URN) resources published by the National
Emergency Number Association (NENA). NENA defines and manages
resources that utilize this URN model. Management activities for these
and other resource types are provided by the NENA Registry System
(NRS). This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification;
it is published for informational purposes.


In the present scenario of rapid change and technological advancement, academicians and management professionals around the world are in a dilemma as to how to achieve a competitive edge to promote performance in this era of stiff competition. The globalization of the economy has opened up floodgates of knowledge and opportunities for them but globalization has also brought new challenges as to how to manage. Probably the greatest challenge that is presented by globalization is the management of the human resource pools. This is true at a macro (overall staffing levels) and micro (delegation of work to labor pools) level. Human resource management is now assuming a greater role to strategic business partners. Successful companies realize that true competitive advantage lies in their people. They have been forced to redefine their responsibilities and develop a compelling response for critics who dispute human resource's value to the bottom-line. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of Neuro Linguistic Programming in building up the organizational capabilities and paving the way to business excellence. The data were collected through the use of questionnaire and structured interviews conducted with different clients of select companies based in the southern part of India. The results was further analyzed and compared with the findings of secondary research undertaken to study the genesis of Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP). It was revealed that NLP gives the managers and staff a significant improvement in the efficiency to work with, understand and motivate other people, both individually and in groups. An NLP-oriented manager is sound in all aspects, especially with the human factor, which is the vital element in this scenario.


Laser-accelerated ion sources have exceptional properties and could stimulate development of compact ion accelerators. For many applications beam control is an essential requirement. A new and interesting technique to control proton beam characteristics has been recently developed. It consists in using an ultrafast laser-triggered micro-lens, which provides simultaneous energy selection and focusing of the incoming ion beam and is tunable. Particle-in-cell simulations coupled with particle tracing are used to model the focusing and energy selection mechanisms, and to study the symmetry of the expanding plasma inside the micro-lens. The model developed is able to reproduce and explain the experimental results obtained at the Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses in France.


The study of ecological networks is severely limited by (i) the difficulty to access data, (ii) the lack of a standardized way to link meta-data with interactions, and (iii) the disparity of formats in which ecological networks themselves are represented. To overcome these limitations, we conceived a data specification for ecological networks. We implemented a database respecting this standard, and released a R package (rmangal) allowing users to programmatically access, curate, and deposit data on ecological interactions. In this article, we show how these tools, in conjunctions with other frameworks for the programmatic manipulation of open ecological data, streamlines the analysis process, and improves eplicability and reproducibility of ecological networks studies.


This paper analyzes 3656 research publications of the eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) as covered in Scopus International database covering the period 2010-14 with the purpose to understand their comparative performance in research. The findings reveal that publications of eight new IITs increased at an annual average rate of 68.78% and registered an average citation impact per paper of 4.63. About 35.39% and 28.34% publications of eight new IITs resulted from national and international collaboration respectively during 2010-14. The major areas of research across eight new IITs were engineering, physics & astronomy, computer science, materials science and chemistry, constituting institutional publication share of 34.85%, 27.05%, 25.16%, 22.16% and 18.90% in their total output during 2010-14. Mathematics, chemical engineering, energy, biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology, social sciences and medicine constituted as the 6 medium productive subject areas of new IITs with institutional share of 11.41%, 9.05%, 6.35%, 6.18%, 5.44% and 4.68% during 2010-14. Thirty five (35) significant authors across eight new IITs together accounted for 41.68% share in the total output of IITs during 2010-14. About 26 high cited papers were published by these eight new IITs, which received 50 and above citations per paper in five years. Amongst these 26 papers, 17 received 50 to 99 citations and 9 other 100-226 citations per paper.Twenty six highly cited papers (17 papers in citation range 50-99 and 9 papers in citation range 100 to 276) together received 2392 citations, registering an average citation per paper of 92.0.


The existing train basically adopts wired network such as CAN, MVB and WTB networks (conforming to the IEC 61375 protocol) connected to the sensor, actuator and controller. These wired sensor networks have the advantage of mature technology and reliable work but they are also limited by cost and volume of the sensor. Besides, monitoring nodes are difficult to arrange and wire, and the maintenance cost is too high to expand network monitoring. With the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence nowadays, these technologies become a hot topic in the field of research on intelligent train while demanding for backup of large amounts of perception data. The current wired sensor network, however, is difficult to meet the increasing demand of train intelligence for the perception system. The wireless sensor network technology adopts distributed network protocol which supports self-organization of the network and reconfigures the network automatically in case of partial nodes failure. Without limitation of wiring, the networking process becomes rather convenient. The rapid development of MEMS technology makes miniaturization of sensor nodes possible, which can be easily embedded in every part of the car body structure. On a basis of IEEE 802.15.4 technology, this paper introduced the key technology and application field of train wireless sensor network with low power consumption, such as wireless communication technology with low power consumption and short distance, sensor technology with low power consumption and technology of energy collection and storage. The focus is on the issues such as reliability and real time of the wireless sensor network protocol which is based on IEEE 802.15.4 technology in case of train environment. Related research directions are also pointed out.


Nepal has enormous potential for cultivation of coffee as the climate is suitable throughout the mid hills of the country. High demand of coffee and higher price, comparative to other crops in the internationl market lure farmers for its cultivation. This paper deals with the present state of same product focusing on the production and consumer behaviour on preferences of Nepalese coffee. For the study,growth rate in area, production and yield of coffee was estimated using the secondary information. Similarly import and export trend of coffee was estimated through secondary information. Consumers behaviour on preferences of coffee was analyzed through individual survey by selecting 120 consumers randomly including coffee-drinker and restaurant owners. Semi-structured questionnaire was administred to study the consumers behaviours. The study revelaed that annual growth rate of area under coffee and its production during 1999 to 2013 was 11.61 percent and 10.59 percent, respectively. Whereas, the productivity of coffee during the same period decreased by 1.01 percent. The decline in productivity might be due to problem of irrigation, inadequate nutrient supply and diseases and pests. Large proportion of coffee produced in Nepal is exported. However, the analysis showed that there is decrease of coffee export by 25.6 per cent annually due to increase in local consumption of coffee. Analysis also showed that the foreign people prefer foreign coffee in comparison to Nepalese coffee (p-value is <0.000) and generally consume three cups of coffee per day (p-value=0.008), while in case of Nepalese consumers, it is only two cups per day.


Most if not all antigen-specific immune responses are initiated by dendritic cells (DCs), among the most efficient of all antigen presenting cells, and one with an exceptional capacity to stimulate even naive T lymphocytes. DCs can not only elicit both MHC class I and class II-restricted T-cell responses, but can polarize T cells to develop along specific pathways (e.g. Th1 vs Th2 cells). Another feature of DCs is their ability to mediate "cross presentation", i.e. the presentation of exogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules. Cross presentation is thought to play a critical role in triggering anti-viral and perhaps anti-tumor immune responses while, at the same time, ensuring tolerance to self antigens. Thus, DCs appear to be important both for initiating and for controlling T-cell responses to antigen.

The DC's remarkable capacity for antigen presentation is currently the subject of intense investigation. It is a problem of interest because of its fundamental cell biology but also because understanding the mechanisms of antigen presentation by DCs will greatly assist mobilizing their activities for the purposes of aiding the development of rational vaccine strategies or for intervening in chronic inflammatory reactions. Indeed, recent work from our group as well as other groups have demonstrated that DCs exhibit a range of specializations that combine to enhance their antigen presenting abilities. Central to these specializations is the fact that DCs developmentally and spatially compartmentalize their abilities for antigen accumulation and antigen presentation by a process termed "maturation". In peripheral tissues, highly endocytic immature DCs reside as sentinels awaiting the arrival of foreign antigen. As immature cells, antigen is internalized, delivered to lysosomes which are also rich in MHC class II molecules, but reside there undegraded and are thus unable to be used to generate peptide-MHC class II complexes.

Shortly after encountering any of a variety of activating stimuli, however, the immature DCs initiate a dramatic alteration both in morphology and function. Endocytosis and thus antigen accumulation is down regulated, newly synthesized MHC class II molecules are now transported to the plasma membrane, and lysosomes are turned on. This latter event involves an activation of lysosomal enzymes that had been quiescent in immature DC lysosomes. This, in turn, leads to the proteolysis of previously internalized antigen and the subsequent production of peptide-MHC class II complexes. The activation of proteolysis also enhances the rate of invariant chain degradation, probably responsible for the redirection of newly synthesized molecules. Finally, the lysosomes themselves begin to exhibit unique tubular extensions, which break off and serve as carriers of the newly formed MHC-peptide complexes to the DC surface. This last event has most recently been observed by live cell video imaging of DCs expressing GFP-tagged MHC class II molecules.

Similarly, cross presentation of exogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules becomes activated concomitant with DC maturation. Interestingly, however, not all maturation signals are capable of triggering cross presentation. Thus far, we have found this to occur only following the ligation of surface CD40 molecules or the disruption of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts.

It is likely that a variety of specializations also occur at the DC plasma membrane. DCs appear to interact with T cells in a highly dynamic fashion, most typically "embracing" them closely but only for finite periods of time (<90 min) even in the presence of antigen. MHC molecules may also be clustered in a unique fashion at the DC surface, perhaps increasing the opportunity for recognition events by T cells.

This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity , a [Cancer Research Institute][1] journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research .

 [1]: http://cancerresearch.org/


This article investigates how to use UK probabilistic climate-change projections (UKCP09) in rigorous building energy analysis. Two office buildings (deep plan and shallow plan) are used as case studies to demonstrate the application of UKCP09. Three different methods for reducing the computational demands are explored: statistical reduction (Finkelstein-Schafer [F-S] statistics), simplification using degree-day theory and the use of metamodels. The first method, which is based on an established technique, can be used as reference because it provides the most accurate information. However, it is necessary to automatically choose weather files based on F-S statistic by using computer programming language because thousands of weather files created from UKCP09 weather generator need to be processed. A combination of the second (degree-day theory) and third method (metamodels) requires only a relatively small number of simulation runs, but still provides valuable information to further implement the uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. The article also demonstrates how grid computing can be used to speed up the calculation for many independent EnergyPlus models by harnessing the processing power of idle desktop computers.


Who can believe it? 'The great dissenter', the judge with a Facebook site dedicated to him,1 the person known affectionately to his associates as 'our Judge', Justice Michael Kirby has reached the end of his federal judicial tenure. Justice Kirby has turned 70 and, as required by section 72 of the Constitution, must leave his office in the High Court of Australia. Analysis of the Judge's jurisprudential influence will flow soon enough. This piece is instead a reflection on the experiences of his associates to provide some different insights, such as into the workings of his High Court chambers. Those chambers consisted of a small team — the Judge, his indomitable personal assistant Janet Saleh and the two associates. There was never any doubt that the associates (who changed annually) were the least expert of the four. But between the Judge and his PA, no-one can say who had the upper hand. Janet, may you enjoy your retirement (that coincides with the Judge's) and may 'The Edit Queen' live on for many happy years without ever having to see another 'edit'.


Infant-directed speech (IDS) has distinctive properties that differ from adult-directed speech (ADS). Why it has these properties-and whether they are intended to facilitate language learning-is a matter of contention. We argue that much of this disagreement stems from lack of a formal, guiding theory of how phonetic categories should best be taught to infantlike learners. In the absence of such a theory, researchers have relied on intuitions about learning to guide the argument. We use a formal theory of teaching, validated through experiments in other domains, as the basis for a detailed analysis of whether IDS is well designed for teaching phonetic categories. Using the theory, we generate ideal data for teaching phonetic categories in English. We qualitatively compare the simulated teaching data with human IDS, finding that the teaching data exhibit many features of IDS, including some that have been taken as evidence IDS is not for teaching. The simulated data reveal potential pitfalls for experimentalists exploring the role of IDS in language learning. Focusing on different formants and phoneme sets leads to different conclusions, and the benefit of the teaching data to learners is not apparent until a sufficient number of examples have been provided. Finally, we investigate transfer of IDS to learning ADS. The teaching data improve classification of ADS data but only for the learner they were generated to teach, not universally across all classes of learners. This research offers a theoretically grounded framework that empowers experimentalists to systematically evaluate whether IDS is for teaching. (PsycINFO Database Record


The author studies random walk estimators for radiosity with generalized absorption probabilities. That is, a path will either die or survive on a patch according to an arbitrary probability. The estimators studied so far, the infinite path length estimator and finite path length one, can be considered as particular cases. Practical applications of the random walks with generalized probabilities are given. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the variance is given, together with heuristics to be used in practical cases. The optimal probabilities are also found for the case when one is interested in the whole scene, and are equal to the reflectivities.


This descriptive study determined whether the quality of internet connection at the college unit of the University of the Immaculate Conception in Davao City is significantly related to the academic services availed of by the student internet users. Employing stratified proportional random sampling, 365 students from the various programs of the university measured the levels of quality of internet connection and their availment academic services to assess the relevance of technology to the current curriculum of the university. The survey data generated using the researcher-made questionnaire (α=0.914) and the narrative accounts revealed by the FGD participants resulted in the following findings: internet speed can provide satisfaction or dissatisfaction to the users depending on the activities they intend to do; computer-specification performance level depends on functionality and ease of use; computer-aided academic services maximize student's learning; computer-aided academic services are influenced by the quality of internet connection, and students, regardless of their academic programs; have the same perception as regards the quality of the internet connection in the university.


Abstract Voters tend to be richer, more conservative, and more educated than non-voters. While many electoral reforms promise to increase political participation, these policy instruments may have multidimensional and differential effects that can increase or decrease the representativeness of turnout. We develop an approach that allows us to estimate these effects and assess the impact of postal voting on representational inequality in Swiss referendums using individual-level ($N = 79,\; 000$) and aggregate-level data from 1981 to 2009. We find that postal voting mobilizes equally across a wide range of political and sociodemographic groups but more strongly activates high earners, those with medium education levels, and less politically interested individuals. Yet, those who vote are not less politically knowledgeable and the effects on the composition of turnout remain limited. Our results inform research on the consequences of electoral reforms meant to increase political participation in large electorates.


IBM defines autonomic computing as "an approach to build computing systems that are self-managed and operate with a minimum of human interference". To build an autonomic system, some characteristics such as self-knowledge, self-optimization, self-healing, self-defense, among others, have to be built into it. Service oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural paradigm that promotes development of software systems as sets of collaborative and loosely coupled services. It defines principals for achieving service interoperability, agility, reusability, integration and such others across heterogeneous distributed software systems. It is widely accepted that Web services are entities that provide many out-of-the-box capabilities for building service oriented software systems. Since the SOA approach has been proposed recently, various standards for addressing areas such as service orchestration, security, contract definition languages, policy exchange mechanisms and such others, are presently under development. One such key area that is gaining a lot of attention recently is Web service manageability. This paper discusses an approach for modeling the manageability of a Web service at design time and implementing that model to impart autonomic capabilities to it at run time. Of the various characteristics of autonomic systems self-knowledge, self-recovery and self-optimization are discussed herein.


This text explores the significance of perspectives from the cognitive sciences for interdisciplinarity or cross-domain thinking in science, and particularly in geography.First interdisciplinarity is examined, describing some of the central conditions that such ventures exist under. The interaction between different conceptual systems is identified as a core issue in interdisciplinarity. By focusing on our conceptual systems the dissertation aims to say something general about interdisciplinarity and science, as well as focusing on what may be considered specific to geographic ways of thought.The conditions for scientific and cross-domain thinking are explored through an examination of the human mind. The problem of relating our mental microstructures to cultural and scientific phenomena is given particular attention. Evolution, it is argued, has given the human mind an 'intuitive ontology,' which has significance for science, especially since it incorporates deeply rooted boundaries between knowledge domains. While this is important, it is incomplete as a view of science or of a discipline. The thesis therefore seeks to supply this theory with as much context as possible in order to get a more complete understanding of scientific activities.To establish some features of the geographical way of thought, the intellectual history of the discipline is explored. Three features are particularly emphasised, namely its focus on usefulness, on synthesis, and on visual analysis. These features, it is theorised, form important parts of the explanation for why geographers often have sought to transgress boundaries despite the above mentioned intuitive ontology.The thesis is mainly a theoretical contribution, but has also an empirical component. The Department of Geography at NTNU, Trondheim is described with a dual focus on intellectual characteristics and socio-cultural characteristics. The purpose of this is to better understand the theory about human cognition and geography in light of the complexities of a concrete case. By treating the Department as a complex adaptive system, the many different factors found to be significant are sought treated within one, relatively unified conceptual system.


This study examines the working memory systems involved in human wayfinding. In the learning phase 24 participants learned two routes in a novel photorealistic virtual environment displayed on a 220° screen, while they were disrupted by a visual, a spatial, a verbal or ‐ in a control group ‐ no secondary task. In the following wayfinding phase the participants had to find and to "virtually walk" the two routes again. During this wayfinding phase a number of dependent measures were recorded. We show that encoding wayfinding knowledge interfered with the verbal and with the spatial secondary task. These interferences were even stronger than the interference of wayfinding knowledge with the visual secondary task. These findings are consistent with a dual coding approach of wayfinding knowledge


William Morris was one of the outstanding writers, artists and political activists of the nineteenth century. This book examines the significance of his legacy and his continuing influence in the twenty-first century. Currently many of Morris's primary concerns are once again at the forefront of social, political and academic debate, and his work continues to attract interest across a range of academic disciplines. Now is a particularly apt time for the publication of this collection of new essays, which opens up original areas of debate and encourages innovative ways of approaching and understanding William Morris in a new century. The book contains essays from scholars and professionals researching and working in fields relevant to Morris's diverse interests. The contributors offer a reappraisal of his achievements and influence in areas such as literature, art, architecture, politics, environmentalism, science and technology. The essays provide a comprehensive introduction for those new to
Morris Studies whilst presenting a series of fresh perspectives for those already familiar with Morris's work


This article presents a pragmatic approach to Chinese word segmentation. It differs from most previous approaches mainly in three respects. First, while theoretical linguists have defined Chinese words using various linguistic criteria, Chinese words in this study are defined pragmatically as segmentation units whose definition depends on how they are used and processed in realistic computer applications. Second, we propose a pragmatic mathematical framework in which segmenting known words and detecting unknown words of different types (i.e., morphologically derived words, factoids, named entities, and other unlisted words) can be performed simultaneously in a unified way. These tasks are usually conducted separately in other systems. Finally, we do not assume the existence of a universal word segmentation standard that is application-independent. Instead, we argue for the necessity of multiple segmentation standards due to the pragmatic fact that different natural language processing applications might require different granularities of Chinese words. These pragmatic approaches have been implemented in an adaptive Chinese word segmenter, called MSRSeg, which will be described in detail. It consists of two components: (1) a generic segmenter that is based on the framework of linear mixture models and provides a unified approach to the five fundamental features of word-level Chinese language processing: lexicon word processing, morphological analysis, factoid detection, named entity recognition, and new word identification; and (2) a set of output adaptors for adapting the output of (1) to different application-specific standards. Evaluation on five test sets with different standards shows that the adaptive system achieves state-of-the-art performance on all the test sets.


I. Biological System. 1. The Evolutionary Psychology of Human Social Behavior. D.M. Buss, Mate Preferences in Thirty Seven Cultures. 2. Social Neuroscience. J.T. Cacioppo, G.G. Berntson, Social Psychology Contributions to the Decade of the Brain: Doctrine of Multilevel Analysis. 3. Social Psychosomatics. S.E. Taylor, J.D. Brown, Illusion and Well-being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. II. Cognitive System. 4. Knowledge Activation: Accessibility, Applicability and Salience. E.T. Higgins, W.S. Rholes, C.R. Jones, Category Accessibility and Impression Formation. 5. Automaticity in Social Psychology. J.A. Bargh, P. Pietromonaco, Automatic Information Processing and Social Perception: The Influence of Trait Information Presented Outside of Conscious Awareness on Impression Formation. P.G. Devine, Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components. 6. Principles of Mental Representation. D.L. Hamilton, D.M. Driscoll, L.T. Worth, Cognitive Organization of Impressions: Effects of Incongruency in Complex Representations. 7. Expectancies. H.H. Kelley, The Warm-cold Variable in First Impressions of Persons. C.O. Word, M.P. Zanna, J. Cooper, The Nonverbal Mediation of Self-fulfilling Prophecies in Interracial Interaction. 8. Social Hypothesis Testing: Cognitive and Motivational Mechanisms. M. Snyder, W.B. Swann, Jr., Hypothesis-testing Processes in Social Interaction. 9. Explanations: Processes and Consequences. H.H. Kelley, Attribution Theory in Social Psychology. Y. Trope, T. Alfieri, Effortfulness and Flexibility of Dispositional Judgement Processes. III. Personal and Motivational System. 10. Principles of Self-regulation: The Nature of Willpower and Self-control. C.S. Carver, M.F. Scheier, Origin and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect. E.T. Higgins, R.N. Bond, R. Klein, T. Strauman, Self-discrepancies and Emotional Vulnerability: How Magnitude, Accessibility, and Type of Discrepancy Influence Affect. W. Mischel, Y. Shoda, M.L. Rodriguez, Delay of Gratification in Children. 11. Goal Effects on Action and Cognition. E.S. Elliott, C.S. Dweck, Goals: An Approach to Motivation and Achievement. P.M. Gollwitzer, H. Heckhausen, B. Steller, Deliberative and Implemental Mind-sets: Cognitive Tuning Toward Congruous Thoughts and Information. 12. The Psychology of Evaluation. R.H. Fazio, D.M. Sanbonmatsu, M.C. Powell, F.R. Kardes, On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes. A. Tesser, D. Paulhus, The Definition of Self: Private and Public Self-evaluation Management Strategies. 13. Feelings and Phenomenal Experiences. N. Schwarz, G. Clore, Mood, Misattribution, and Judgments of Well-being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States. D.M. Mackie, L.T. Worth, Processing Deficits and the Mediation of Positive Affect in Persuasion. 14. Mental Control. D.M. Wegner, R. Erber, The Hyperaccessibility of Suppressed Thoughts. 15. Motivated Social Cognition. Z. Kunda, Motivated Inference: Self-serving Generation and Evaluation of Casual Theories. A.W. Kruglanski, T. Freund, The Freezing and Unfreezing of Lay-inferences: Effects on Impressional Primacy, Ethnic Stereotyping, and Numerical Anchoring. IV. Interpersonal System. 16. Attachment and Intimacy: Component Processes. D. Griffin, K. Bartholomew, Models of Self and Other: Fundamental Dimensions Underlying Measures of Adult Attachment. C. Hazan, P.R. Shaver, Love and Work: An Attachment-theoretical Perspective. 17. Interdependence Processes. P.A.M. Van Lange, W. Otten, E.M.N. De Bruin, J.A. Joireman, Development of Prosocial, Individualistic, and Competitive Orientations: Theory and Preliminary Evidence. 18. Social Support. W. Stroebe, M. Stroebe, G. Abakoumkin, H. Schut, The Role of Loneliness and Social Support in Adjustment to Loss: A Test of Attachment Versus Stress Theory. 19. Conflict in Close Relationships. S.L. Murray, J.G. Holmes, Seeing Virtues in Faults: Negativity and the Transformation of Interpersonal Narratives in Close Relationships. 20. Social Psychological Models of Interpersonal Communication. R.M. Krauss, P.S. Vivekananthan, S. Weinheimer, "Inner Speech" and "External Speech": Characteristics and Communication Effectiveness of Socially and Nonsocially Encoded Messages. E.T. Higgins, Achieving 'Shared Reality' in the Communication Game: A Social Action that Creates Meaning. G.R. Semin, K. Fiedler, The Cognitive Functions of Linguistic Categories in Describing Persons: Social Cognition and Language. 21. Principles of Persuasion. S. Chaiken, Heuristic versus Systematic Information Processing and the Use of Source versus Message Cues in Persuasion. R.E. Petty, J.T. Cacioppo, R. Goldman, Personal Involvement as a Determinant of Argument-based Persuasion. A.W. Kruglanski, E.P. Thompson, Persuasion by a Single Route: A View From the Unimodel. V. Group and Cultural System. 22. Conflict in Groups. C.J. Nemeth, Differential Contribution of Majority and Minority Influence. J.M. Levine, R.L. Moreland, Group Socialization: Theory and Research. 23. Social Identification. D. Abrams, M.A. Hogg, Comments on the Motivational Status of Self-esteem in Social Identity and Intergroup Discrimination. A. Reid, K. Deaux, Relationship Between Social and Personal Identities: Segregation or Integration? 24. The Construction of Social Norms and Standards. R.C. Jacobs, D. Campbell, The Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition through Several Generations of a Laboratory Microculture. D.A. Prentice, D.T. Miller, Pluralistic Ignorance and Alcohol Use on Campus: Some Consequences of Misperceiving the Social Norm. 25. Culture and "Basic" Psychological Principles. H.R. Markus, S. Kitayama, A Collective Fear of the Collective: Implications for Selves and Theories of Selves.


The Article examines the ad hoc, multifactor, regulatory takings doctrine derived from Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York. It analyzes the conventional three-factor characterization of the Penn Central tests, and concludes that a four-factor approach better captures the dynamics of Penn Central analysis. "Parcel as a whole," conceptually regarded as delimiting the relevant parcel for the Penn Central inquiry, in fact interacts with the "economic impact," "investment-backed expectations," and "character of the regulation" tests. While the four-factor analysis advocated here is conceptually better and enhances understanding of how Penn Central operates, the doctrine remains under-theorized, subjective, with its factors mutually referential, and unable to provide a reliable guide to courts or litigants.


Support vector machine (SVM) is one of the most popular and promising classification algorithms. After a classification rule is constructed via the SVM, it is essential to evaluate its prediction accuracy. In this paper, we develop procedures for obtaining both point and interval estimators for the prediction error. Under mild regularity conditions, we derive the consistency and asymptotic normality of the prediction error estimators for SVM with finite-dimensional kernels. A perturbation-resampling procedure is proposed to obtain interval estimates for the prediction error in practice. With numerical studies on simulated data and a benchmark repository, we recommend the use of interval estimates centered at the cross-validated point estimates for the prediction error. Further applications of the proposed procedure in model evaluation and feature selection are illustrated with two examples.


ARISTOTLE OPENS POLITICS 7, his discussion of the "best form of government" (politeias aristes), which he later calls "the city according to prayer" (kat'euchen), by informing his audience of his plan of attack. (1) Anyone who undertakes an inquiry into the ideal city must, he says, first determine what the most "choice-worthy life" is. (2) After all, "it is fitting for those who are best governed to act in the best way." (3) To commence discussion of the nature of this best life he refers to what he calls "the exoteric discourses," which, whatever exactly they were, seem to have expressed basic ethical principles. (4) Concerning one distinction, no one would disagree. There are three divisions [to be made within the best life]: external [goods], those of the body, and those of the soul. All of these must belong to those who are to be among the blessedly happy (makariois). (5) For no one would say that the blessed man has no share of courage or moderation or of justice or practical wisdom, but is afraid of flies buzzing around, can resist nothing when he desires food or drink, destroys his dearest friends for a pittance, and is as foolish and prone to error when it comes to intellectual matters as a child or a madman. With these assertions everyone would agree. (6) Aristotle is confident that no one would disagree that the best life requires possession of sufficient external goods (like money), a healthy body, and most important of all, the good which belongs to the "soul"; namely, "virtue" (arete). He does not use this last word in the passage above, but his mention of courage, moderation, and so on, as well as the fact that he uses it shortly thereafter clearly indicate that "virtue" is what he has in mind. (7) Even if it is granted that the best life requires virtue, it is not clear in what sort of virtue such a life consists. Politics 7.2 narrows the possibilities to two: Which is the more choiceworthy life, that of engaging in political activity and sharing in the life of the city, or is it rather the life of the stranger (ho xenikos) whose ties to the political community have been dissolved? (8) Among those who agree that the best life is most choiceworthy there is dispute whether the political and practical life is choiceworthy, or whether the life whose ties to all external matters have been dissolved--namely, the theoretical life, which some people say is the only life for a philosopher--is more choiceworthy. For it is nearly the case that the most honor-loving of men, both of the past and of the present, seem to choose these two lives when it comes to virtue. The two I mean are the political and the philosophical. (9) From a long tradition, Aristotle inherits the view that there are two genuinely excellent forms of life: the theoretical-philosophical and the practical-political. (10) In Nicomachean Ethics 10.7-8 he argues unambiguously on behalf of the former. Most commentators think he is less straightforward here in the Politics 7.1. For example, Kraut says that Aristotle "does not decisively draw a conclusion about which is better." (11) Reeve describes him as "cagey, dialectically balancing the claims on the political life against the philosophical, but not giving decisive precedence to either." (12) Solmsen puts the point strongly by saying that "we have to accept the oscillations of Aristotle's argument and the ambiguity of his conclusion; they are indicative of a deeper conflict between diverging tendencies and inclinations in his mind." (13) Miller concurs: "Aristotle's discussion is somewhat inconclusive because he does not explicitly answer the question he has posed as to whether the best life is political and or philosophical." (14) Miller's assertion is based on his reading of the following passage. Some consider that the despotic rule over one's neighbors involves the greatest injustice, while political rule, even if it does not involve injustice, nonetheless is an impediment to one's own well-being. …


Abstract The species-characteristic combination of morphological characters that depend on an environmental gradient can be used to determine the frequency distribution of the species along the gradient. All functional characters of a phylogenetically closely related species group demonstrate overlapping intervals along an environmental gradient. The gradual change in character composition along the gradient is called a morphocoenocline. Based on transfer functions, a morphocoenocline can be used for gradient values estimation (proxies) in the historical or geological past, similar to a coenocline based on species (democoenocline). Transforming the empirical frequency distributions of characters and character states along the gradient to probability distributions enables calculating a probability density function of any subset of characters of the morphocoenocline. Because a species is distinguished by a specific combination of characters that are functionally related to the gradient, the distribution of this species along the gradient can be estimated using the probability density functions of combined characters. Assuming "functional uniformitarianism" this estimation can be extended into the geologic past for all fossil species, as long as their functional characters are homologous or analogous to those found among Recent forms. When a morphocoenocline is based on a compound environmental gradient, such as depth, which represents a combination of single environmental factors, the gradient estimation reflects only a specific combination of single factors. A morphocoenocline for test characters of symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera from the West Pacific was established for water depth. This compound environmental gradient represents tropical open sea conditions at a slope where the water is highly transparent (low inorganic nutrients and sediment input). Depth distributions based on probability density functions were compared with empirical distributions to prove the accuracy of this method, and were used to estimate the depth distribution of other living species that had not been included in the determination of the morphocoenocline because they live in other regions. The method was also applied to fossil species that are closely related to Recent forms (Nummulites, Assilina from the Eocene) and to fossil species that are more distantly related to the living species (Orbitoides from the Upper Cretaceous).


The "problem" of judicial review turns out to be a number of different problems that should be disaggregated. There are two main categories of such problems. The first concerns the fact that the legal norms being judicially enforced have nondemocratic provenances. I shall call this the "democratic" critique of judicial review. What is important to note about the democratic critique is that democratic majoritarianism comes in various shapes and degrees. The democratic critique may or may not apply to constitutional entrenchments of rights, constitutional entrenchments of powers, bicameralism and even parliamentary systems (as opposed to plebiscitary rule). Moreover, the democratic critique applies, not to the subjecting of legal norms to judicial interpretation, but to the origin of the legal norms so subject. The second category of problems concerns the fact that it is the courts rather than some other institution that is interpreting the legal norms. Here, it is important to ask how the problems are affected by (1) whether judges are elected; (2) whether the norms they are interpreting are constitutional or statutory; (3) whether those norms deal with the separation of governmental powers, federalism, or individual rights; and (4) whether those norms are determinate rules or vague standards. In sum, the judicial review "problem" is not one thing but potentially many, some more serious than others.


" A Clerk ther was of Oxenford also, That unto logik hadde longe y-go As lene was his hors as is a rake, And he was not right fat, I undertake; But loked hoI we, and therto soberly_ Ful thredbar was his overest courtepy, For he had geten him yet no benefyce, Ne was so worldly for to have offyce_ For him was lever have at his beddes heed Twenty bokes, clad in blak or reed, Of Aristotle and his philosophye, Than robes riche, or fithele, or gay sautl'ye_ But al be that he was a philosophre, Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre; But al that he might of his freendes hente, On bokes and on lerninge he it spente, And bisily gan for the soules preye Of hem that yaf him wherwith to scoleye, Of studie took he most cure and most hede, Noght 0 word spak he more than was nede, And that was seyd in forme and reverence And short and quik, and ful of hy sentence. Souninge in moral vertu was his speche. And gladly wolde he Ierne, and gladly teche."


The coupled equations satisfied by the pump, probe, and signal waves in a four-wave interaction in a two-level saturable absorber are derived, taking into account the effects of absorption and depletion. Numerical solutions of these equations are presented in two limits; one in which the probe-wave amplitude is small compared with that of the pump waves and another in which the probe- and pump-wave amplitudes are comparable. The results indicate that absorption effects are important when the wave amplitudes are less than the saturation amplitude of the absorption process. The importance of the depletion effects depends on the type of four-wave interaction. The most significant effects occur when the undepleted theory predicts probe-wave reflectivities exceeding unity.


The Dark Triad offers measurement and predictive validity of egotistic and anti-social dispositions, including the factors Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Based on the well established link between personality traits and values, this study proposes that the Dark Triad can be used to understand individuals' propensity towards including or excluding other people in their social relationships. A group of 80 human resource management students whose future comptence among other things will be to cooperate with others were measured on the Dark Triad, Schwartz' ten Value Orientations, and two versions of the Big Five personality traits (FIPI, BFI44). The results showed consistent negative correlations between the Dark Triad and the value dimensions of concern for generalized others, as well as positive correlations between the Dark Triad and the value dimensions of concern for self. The study also concluded that the Dark Triad works as a moderator of the relationship between personality traits (Big Five) and values (Schwartz'), and substantially adds additional explained variance especially on values of exclusion. The etiology of social in-group and out-group processes in everyday life is suggested to be individuals' dispositions for dark values, a path towards deviant and negative behaviors.


This special issue represents a small milestone in the crossing of Africa into the sovereign territory of border studies. In June 2007, a first step in this direction was taken at the workshop on "African Borderlands Research: Emerging Agendas and Critical Reflections" at the African Studies Centre of the University of Edinburgh. There, the "African Borderland Research Network" ABORNE (www.aborne.org) was founded by fifteen participants as an interdisciplinary network of European, American and African scholars who seek to integrate history, anthropology, development, migration, and refugee studies in a broad field of African border research. The publication of this set of articles by ABORNE members in such a distinguished journal in the field represents both a recognition and a product of progress since then.


This article elucidates Gertrude Stein's theory of rhetorical grammar by locating it in her studies at Harvard University/Radcliffe College in the mid-1890s and by demonstrating how for Stein the study of grammar correlates with rhetoric's first canon, invention. In her experimental primer, How to Write (1931), a book about the craft of composition, Stein devotes chapters to vocabulary, sentences, paragraphs, grammar, and forensics, but refuses to reduce writing to mechanical correctness. For Stein, a grammar that supposes invention as both discovering and creating does something much more than offer pre-existing rules for writers to follow. Placing Gertrude Stein's writing practices in the rhetorical traditions of the nineteenth century reveals a Gertrude Stein who is not necessarily or not only a literary figure, but rather a twentieth-century rhetorician who refigures past traditions to teach a new century how to write.


In the long history of subliminal messages and perception, many contradictory results have been presented. One group of researchers suggests that subliminal interaction techniques improve humancomputer interaction by reducing sensory workload, whereas others have found that subliminal perception does not work. In this paper, we want to challenge this prejudice by first defining a terminology and introducing a theoretical taxonomy of mental processing states, then reviewing and discussing the potential of subliminal approaches for different sensory channels, and finally recapitulating the findings from our studies on subliminally triggered behavior change. Our objective is to mitigate driving problems caused by excessive information. Therefore, this work focuses on subliminal techniques applied to drivervehicle interaction to induce a nonconscious change in driver behavior. Based on a survey of related work which identified the potential of subliminal cues in driving, we conducted two user studies assessing their applicability in real-world situations. The first study evaluated whether subtle (subliminal) vibrations could promote economical driving, and the second exposed drivers to very briefly flashed visual stimuli to assess their potential to improve steering behavior. Our results suggest that subliminal approaches are indeed feasible to provide drivers with added driving support without dissipating attention resources. Despite the lack of general evidence for uniform effectiveness of such interfaces in all driving circumstances, we firmly believe that such interfaces are valuable since they may eventually prevent accidents, save lives, and even reduce fuel costs and CO2 emissions for some drivers. For all these reasons, we are confident that subliminally driven interfaces will find their way into cars of the (near) future.


Jeremy Waldron argues that rights can be, and in some influential formulations have been, constituted by responsibilities, so that the right is parasitic on some account of what responsibilities we have. Such rights, which Waldron calls "responsibility-rights," are structured in the following way: an important task is assigned to some actor, who then is deemed to be entitled to make decisions about the way in which that task is carried out. Free speech is a responsibility-right in some of its most influential formulations. In John Milton and John Stuart Mill, for example, the regime of free speech that they advocate aims at the development of certain virtues of character. We have an obligation to develop our minds and characters by encountering all sorts of ideas, including evil and destructive ones. The goal is also a collective one, to create a society of citizens who interact on terms of mutual respect. This may entail limits on what is tolerable. Understanding free speech as a responsibility-right thus opens the possibility of hate speech regulation, as Waldron has argued. It also, however, can generate reasons for resisting such regulations.


The simultaneous ultrasonic-assisted adsorption of malachite green (MG) and safranin O (SO) onto ZnO nanorod-loaded activated carbon (ZnO-NR-AC) as a green and safe nanostructured adsorbent was studied. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM, FT-IR and XRD. The dependence of adsorption efficiency on various parameters such as pH, sonication time, adsorbent mass, initial MG concentration and initial SO concentration was investigated by central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). A predictive model was successfully constructed for the suitable description of the real behavior of the adsorption state. The optimum conditions at which the maximum removal of MG (99%) and SO (95%) is achieved in a short time were obtained. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm were shown to be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models, respectively. Reasonably high values of 59.17 and 55.25 mg g−1 for the adsorption capacity of Zn-NR-AC were obtained for the adsorption of MG and SO, respectively.


Tested the hypothesis that Spielberger's anxiety scale is an indicator of personality-specific systems of rules stored in semantic memory. For this purpose, dependency relationships between anxiety and the usual criteria for analyzing semantic memory were experimentally measured. These criteria were: degree of intensity, typicality, the U-shaped relationship between intensity and decision time, and intrusions. In conjunction with the administration of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the 84 subjects were asked to describe themselves using 60 adjectives, by means of a nine-step scale. Decision time was measured simultaneously. Finally, the subjects had to name the adjectives they could still remember. The results broadly supported the hypothesis. High and low anxious people differed in the intensity of their attributions of adjectives according to the contents of the words (typicality effect) and in type of intrusions. There was a quadratic trend in the relationship between decision-speed and intensity of attribution. The results were taken to indicate that anxiety is manifested not only in a specified interaction with language, but that the specific relationship with language can also have characteristic systems of rules constituted in semantic memory, which are capable of representation in an anxiety scale.


This study assessed the effect of KCNMA1 transfected bone marrow‐mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) on the improvement of erectile function in diabetic rats. Sixty male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) and screened with apomorphine (APO) to establish diabetes mellitus‐induced erectile dysfunction (DMED). DMED rats were randomly divided into four groups: rats in each group underwent intracavernous injection with either phosphate buffer solution (DMED+PBS), nontransfected MSCs (DMED+MSCs), empty vector transfected MSCs (DMED+null‐MSCs) or KCNMA1 transfected MSCs (DMED+KCNMA1‐MSCs). Before injection, high levels of KCNMA1 expression were confirmed in KCNMA1‐MSCs using RT‐PCR and Western blotting. The lentivirus transfected MSCs maintained their potential for multidirectional differentiation. Four weeks after injection, erectile function was ascertained by measuring intracavernous pressure (ICP). Penile tissues were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. The expression of KCNMA1 in the corpus cavernosum was increased, and the DMED+KCNMA1‐MSCs group displayed a significant improvement of erectile function. We concluded that KCNMA1 was able to enhance the positive effect of MSCs in the treatment of diabetes‐associated erectile dysfunction.


In Bangladeshi student politics, political performances in public spaces play an essential role in establishing patronage relationships and determining local authority structures. As Thomas Blom Hansen has famously argued, "visibility means everything" in such a context. With the emergence of social networking sites like Facebook, new digital public spaces have appeared. Focusing on ruling-party student activists at Rajshahi University, this article examines how student politicians in Bangladesh utilize Facebook to become visible in their everyday politicking. It shows how longstanding performative repertoires in the nondigital public space have gained a new salience through performances in the digital public space. It is those digital spaces that allow the performer to rearticulate even mundane everyday events as political performances. As these new digital public spaces impact the politics of visibility, it is crucial to integrate them in our efforts to understand local politics in South Asia and beyond.


Data from a 1998 survey of farming households in Kenya is used to estimate the effects of poor rural road infrastructure (and high market access costs) on the structure of smallholder farm production. Simultaneous estimation of cost and input share equations reveals rational responses by farmers to high access costs. In the expected continued absence of major investments in rural infrastructure in countries such as Kenya, the policy challenge is to identify and catalyse institutional innovations that reduce a range of transaction costs, increase financial liquidity, increase social capital, and reduce risk. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JELclassijication: QQ112; RR334; DD113; CC331


Recent developments in international financial markets have highlighted the role of banks in the transmission of shocks across borders. We employ dynamic panel methods for a sample of OECD countries to analyze whether banks' foreign assets react to macroeconomic shocks at home and abroad. We find that banks reduce their foreign assets in response to a relative increase in domestic interest rates, and they increase their foreign assets when the growth rate of world energy prices rises. The responses are characterized by a temporal overshooting and a dynamic adjustment process that extends over several quarters.


Periodically sequenced peptides can be confined to interfaces and assembled into patterns that present chemical functionalities with exceptional spatial precision. The role of dynamics during the assembly of these peptides appears to be very important for inorganic nucleation and growth. Our work applies periodically sequenced sheet-forming peptides at interfaces to explore the fundamental dynamics of assembly. The peptide molecules are rationally designed to have amphiphilic properties and a propensity for sheet-like secondary structure. These designed peptides are deposited at the air-water interface to explore the dynamics of self-assembly and investigate their 2D order. To characterize the phase behavior, we apply Langmuir Blodgett techniques and Brewster angle microscopy. Thermodynamic analysis of structure formation with increasing pressure allows us to understand the nature of selfassembly with iterative changes in the peptide sequence. Additionally, we look at the dynamics of the self-assembled state, where the organic phase switches between shortand long-range order as a function of surface pressure. This model system allows us to explore our underlying hypothesis that the time scale of the confined peptide phasetransitions defines the length-scale of the crystalline phase. This is in contrast to a system that starts with a well-ordered preformed template that defines the inorganic phase. We have shown that our model peptides can effectively be used to control the polycrystallinity in gold by controlling the surface pressure and diffusive time scales at the interface.


The benefits of constructionism as a learning paradigm are widely recognised. Though the constructionist philosophy can be seen as applying to activities that are not necessarily computer-based (such as bricolage and concept mapping), its modern application in educational technology has been closely linked with computer use. In particular, Papert's work on LOGO programming in schools has both informed the original concept of constructionism and been a major influence over subsequent computer-based constructionist developments. This paper questions whether - despite these precedents - traditional computer programming is well-suited for the constructionist educational agenda. It argues that other approaches to computer model-building, such as those based on spreadsheet principles, are in fact much better aligned to the objectives of constructionism. Building on this basis, it proposes that more effective computer support for the constructionist perspective is offered by empirical modelling (EM) within a conceptual experiential framework for learning (the EFL).


Objective The objective of this article was to evaluate the effect of dynamic cyclic loading on marginal fit at implant–abutment interface with three different implant connections using scanning electron microscope. Materials and methods Thirty implant fixtures were divided equally into three groups (N = 10): group I external hex fixture, group II internal hex fixture, group III conical hybrid fixture. Each fixture was vertically placed in the center of epoxy resin block using modified dental surveyor. Matched prefabricated titanium abutments were screwed to the implant and metal coping was adapted onto abutment. The samples were subjected to eccentric cyclic loading (at a distance 2–3 mm) away from center of abutment at three different intervals 10 000, 100 000, 500 000 cycles. Marginal fit was evaluated before and after each cycles by measuring microgap size in (μm) using scanning electron microscope with a magnification ×700. The values of microgap size in um before and after each cyclic loading were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test at 0.05 level of significance. Results After cyclic loading the microgap size was measured in all groups and high value was recorded to group I external hex connection 60.64 ± 4.3μm, while minimum value recorded to group III internal conical connections 0.94 ± 0.11 μm and internal hex connection in between 17.98 ± 2.07 μm. Two way analysis of variance showed significant effect upon marginal fit for both connection and cyclic loading. Conclusion The geometric factors of implant–abutment connection and dynamic cyclic loading have effect on marginal fit at implant–abutment interface. Internal conical connections showed a better marginal fit than internal and external hex connection so use of conical implants can be promoted as it has better sealing abilities compared to other systems.


Sexual-cycle abnormalities are an important cause of infertility in bitches, with disorders such as anestrus, split estrus, and persistent estrus having varied etiologies. Sexual-cycle abnormalities in bitches may be addressed as follicular- or luteal-phase disorders. However, pet owners should have a good working knowledge of the sexual cycles of their animals in order to better understand these disorders.


Fake news has become a global phenomenon due its explosive growth, particularly on social media. The goal of this tutorial is to (1) clearly introduce the concept and characteristics of fake news and how it can be formally differentiated from other similar concepts such as mis-/dis-information, satire news, rumors, among others, which helps deepen the understanding of fake news; (2) provide a comprehensive review of fundamental theories across disciplines and illustrate how they can be used to conduct interdisciplinary fake news research, facilitating a concerted effort of experts in computer and information science, political science, journalism, social science, psychology and economics. Such concerted efforts can result in highly efficient and explainable fake news detection; (3) systematically present fake news detection strategies from four perspectives (i.e., knowledge, style, propagation, and credibility) and the ways that each perspective utilizes techniques developed in data/graph mining, machine learning, natural language processing, and information retrieval; and (4) detail open issues within current fake news studies to reveal great potential research opportunities, hoping to attract researchers within a broader area to work on fake news detection and further facilitate its development. The tutorial aims to promote a fair, healthy and safe online information and news dissemination ecosystem, hoping to attract more researchers, engineers and students with various interests to fake news research. Few prerequisite are required for KDD participants to attend.


Abstract During the last decade, the interest on the use of seaweed as food or feed, which was before limited to certain European regional subpopulations, has experienced a significant increase in other regions of the EU. In fact, the growing awareness and interest on sustainable and alternative food sources, healthier lifestyles and changes on dietary patterns brought seaweed to the spotlight for the general worldwide cuisine. Due to their high biosorption and accumulation capacity, seaweed can be an important source of increased exposure to persistent and potential harmful elements, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and inorganic arsenic (iAs), or even some micronutrients, particularly iodine (I), to which an antioxidant role as been described in seaweed. This concentration potential has raised the interest of several Food Authorities regarding the risk of increased exposure to these elements. Moreover, the European Commission requested the collection of monitoring data on their levels aiming to aid the performance of better risk assessments and potentially set maximum levels on the European Legislation. This work aimed to obtain levels of these elements in species of seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Fucus spiralis, Fucus evanescens, Saccharina latissima, ulva lactuca and Ccladophora sp.) cultivated and harvested in Denmark, following European Commission's request. Additionally, a collaboration between Denmark, Ireland, France and the Netherlands was initiated to review and collect all the data available on scientific papers regarding the levels of these contaminants in seaweed worldwide. The final result of this work would be the publication of a review article. This Fellowship also provided on‐the‐job training on the evaluation of applications of new biocides and participation in the science based advises given to the Danish Food and Veterinary Administration, Danish EPA, the Danish Medical Agency and ECHA.


It is common practice to write C models of circuits due to the greater simulation efficiency. Once the C program satisfies the requirements, the circuit is designed in a hardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog. It is therefore highly desirable to automatically perform a correspondence check between the C model and a circuit given in HDL. We present an algorithm that checks consistency between an ANSI-C program and a circuit given in Verilog using predicate abstraction. The algorithm exploits the fact that the C program and the circuit share many basic predicates. In contrast to existing tools that perform predicate abstraction, our approach is SAT-based and allows all ANSI-C and Verilog operators in the predicates. We report experimental results on an out-of-order RISC processor. We compare the performance of the new technique to bounded model checking (BMC).


The role that wheelchairs and wheelchair mounted headrests play in rear impact occupant protection for children who remain seated in wheelchairs while traveling in motor vehicles was investigated using sled testing and computer simulation. Study goals were to establish pediatric wheelchair and headrest design guidelines and to determine the effect of headrests on relative injury risk outcome measures under rear impact conditions. Two series of sled tests (16 mph, 11g) were conducted using a Hybrid III 6-year old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) seated in identically configured manual pediatric wheelchairs, with and without headrests. Wheelchairs remained intact and the ATD remained upright. Rear impact front wheelchair securement points were subjected to loads similar to previously described (Ha, DongRan, 2004) rear securement points in frontal impact, although Ha used the more severe 30mph, 20g frontal impact WC19 - Wheelchairs Used as Seats in Motor Vehicles (ANSI/RESNA, 2000) crash pulse. Sled test ATD data analysis indicated that wheelchair headrest use had a potentially protective effect based on pediatric head and neck injury risk outcomes. Sled test data established response corridors for MADYMO computer simulation model development, and defined statistical test target thresholds for model validation. Two simulation models were developed, with and without a headrest. The models validated well for tiedown loads, wheelchair acceleration, lap belt loads and chest acceleration. Outcomes related to head and neck response were not as strongly validated. Model ATD neck response characterization methods were developed. Finally, parametric sensitivity analyses were used to develop wheelchair and headrest design guidelines for pediatric manual wheelchairs in rear impact for front securement point loads, rear wheel loads and seatback loads. Pediatric injury outcome measure sensitivity to wheelchair, headrest and crash pulse parameters was evaluated. Neck injury criteria (Nij) was sensitive to headrest placement; resulting recommendations specify placing the headrest as close as possible to the back of the head, and top of the headrest pad should be at least 5 cm above the head center of gravity. Effects of stiffer 6-year old ATD neck response on injury risk outcome measures were evaluated and found to reduce likelihood of severe neck injury.


Technology is rapidly transforming both vehicles and transportation systems. The nature of this transformation will depend on how fast the technology resulting from three related revolutions, those in automated, electric, and shared vehicles, will diffuse. At the same time, the 'sharing' economy is growing and affecting mobility in urban areas that includes additional travel alternatives, such as car-sharing services, ride-hailing services, bike-sharing services, and other micro-transit services. It is evident that to prepare for these large-scale operations involving autonomous vehicles (AVs), researchers and transportation professionals need the useful insights on people's attitudes toward and on acceptance of AVs that can be gained through behavioral experiments. In addition to this, it is also important to understand how the deployment of AVs will impact vehicle ownership and mode choice decisions.The goal of this dissertation is to assess the public acceptance of AVs and shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) via a behavioral experiment (stated preference survey) and offer insights on the potential implications of AVs and SAVs on mode choices. The following four overarching research objectives were formulated: (a) identifying the factors influencing the behavioral intention to ride in AVs; (b) identifying the characteristics of the AV market segments; (c) evaluating the attributes impacting personal vehicle ownership decisions (i.e., decisions to postpone the purchase of a non-AV due to the emergence of AVs); and (d) assessing the factors affecting mode choice decisions after the emergence of autonomous ride-sharing services operated through AVs, and evaluating the corresponding value of travel time savings. The results of each part of the research framework are integrated in the last chapter of the dissertation in order to provide the final conclusions and recommendations of the study.To achieve these research objectives, a survey of the general population was distributed online in a major urban area with an advanced multimodal transportation system and captive users of ride-sharing users (Chicago, Illinois) and in an urban area with a more automobile-oriented culture (Indianapolis, Indiana). The survey sample included 400 responses of adults, representative of age and gender on each area. One of the contributions of this dissertation is a theoretical model to assess the behavioral intention to ride in AVs that includes components of the theory of Planned Behavior, the theory of Diffusion of Innovation and additional factors derived from the literature while evaluating possible interrelationships between these components. A more holistic approach along these lines can help explain whether the emerging AV technology can diffuse by identifying the factors and key determinants that influence the behavioral intention to ride in AVs. The market segmentation analysis can further provide knowledge of the socio-demographic characteristics of potential AV users and an accurate classification of these groups of potential users in terms of their willingness to ride in AVs. The findings can provide insights into perceptions of and attitudes toward AVs that can help transportation and urban planners, as well as original equipment manufacturers, to prepare for the deployment of AVs by designing marketing strategies to improve people's perceptions of AVs and increase market penetration.Moreover, this dissertation provides a well-documented and easy-to-use framework that can support both planning and policy decisions in urban areas in an era of emergent automated transportation technologies. In urban areas with advanced multimodal transportation networks, the framework can be applied to identify the impact attributes affecting shared mobility in urban settings. In urban areas with a more car-oriented culture, the framework can be applied to explore the potential impacts of the emergence of AVs on personal vehicle ownership patterns. Finally, the survey that was designed to fulfill the goal of this dissertation can be replicated and distributed in metropolitan areas outside the US with more advanced multimodal transportation systems or areas within the US with traditionally higher rates of affinity to innovativeness and areas where AVs have been pilot-tested in real-world road conditions.


The thesis contributes to the literature in the following ways: First it contributes to the body of literature by extending our knowledge on the predictive ability of alternative Unconditional methodologies. Second it adds to the body of litareture by providing practical tests so as to assess the performance of Conditional models. Third the thesis extends our knowledge on the sensitivity of utilising different portfolio formation criteria, while testing both Unconditional and Conditional asset pricing inferences. Fourth it contributes to the body of literature by extending our knowledge on Unconditional and Conditional beta models and their comparative performance. Fifth the thesis adds to the existing literature by estimating the Industry cost of capital, using the following different models, Unconditional, Conditional, the Arbitrage Pricing Model and the Capital Asset Pricing model. Thus provides empirical evidence using a practical application, estimation of the Industry cost of capital, of which model provides a better description of UK returns. Chapter 4 introduces the portfolio returns used in the thesis and examines the size, price earnings ratio, dividend yield effect and their interactions. The time-series of the primary portfolios start in 1956 and ends in 1996. We find that for the 1976-1996 period, that the dividend yield and PE effect subsume the size effect. However the PE effect subsumes the dividend yield effect and it is the PE effect that is the most dominant. The best documented of all stock market effects, the small-firm premium went into reverse during 1989-1996. The size effect lives on, but for the latest decade, it is the largest firms that outperform the smallest ones by 10.26% per annum. Chapter 5, which examines Unconditional models, aims to examine the predictive ability of alternative Unconditional methodologies. Another objective that is explored is the sensitivity of results to different grouping techniques, of size; PE ratio and dividend yield portfolio groupings. The third issue examined entails the identification of priced factors in the UK market, over a twenty year of period, (1976-1996), and for a data-set (approximately 6000 companies), which provides a complete history of firms traded on the London Stock exchange, inclusive of Unlisted securities market. We find that that the choice of one methodology over another has important implications and that there is a sensitivity of results to different portfolio groupings. Chapter 6, which examines Conditional models, i. e., conditioned on a set of instrumental variables, models the dynamic behaviour of portfolio returns using a Conditional Asset Pricing Model and examine the behaviour of macroeconomic risk premiums over time. We provide practical tests of Conditional Asset Pricing Models and forecast (i) the sign of the price of risk using the probit model, (ii) the magnitude of the price of risk and (iii) portfolio returns for the size, PE ratio and dividend yield portfolios. We find that the instrumental variables show ability to predict variation of the price of risk of the return on FTSE, S&P 500, unexpected UK stock exchange turnover, change in money supply, imports, inflation and portfolio returns. Chapter 7 compares first Unconditional (constant) and Conditional (time-varying & conditioned on a set of instrumental variables) beta models and second the CAPM and the APM, estimates the industry cost of capital. We find differences, between constant unconditional betas and conditional betas cost of capital. The average Mean Square Error (MSE) for the conditional betas are smaller compared to constant betas. Moreover we find that the CAPM has larger MSE not only compared to the APT model with conditional betas, but with APT with unconditional betas. The Conditional beta model provides the best description of UK returns. We also run Monte Carlo simulations and test the statistical significance of the errors of the Conditional beta model. We find the errors to be statistically insignificant


Wound is an injury concerning an external or internal breakdown of body tissues, mainly the outer membrane. Virtually every person will experience an unclosed wound at some point throughout their life. Mostly uncovered wounds are inconsequential and may be treated at home only. Wound healing requires a precised control for degradative and regenerative processes, which is involved in several types of cell and complex interactions between multiple biological processes in the living body. It is achieved throughout four precisely and synchronized programmed phases, i.e. homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. This composite process can be disrupted by local or systemic risk factors, resulting in delayed healing and progression to a chronic wound. Whereas, a complex chronic wound care may need a multi-disciplinary approach involving allied health members to provide additional nutritionary, nursing and psychosocial support. Basically it was observed that essential vitamins and minerals were required for wound repair which also involve in improving healing time for example; vitamin A is required for epithelialiazation, cellular differentiation, and immune function. Vitamin C is necessary for collagen formation, maintain proper immune function and act as an antioxidant potential. Vitamin E is the major sources of lipid-soluble antioxidant which required for skin protection. Bromelain and glucosamine reduces edema, bruising sensation, and intense pain, whereas it also recovers healing time during trauma and operative procedures. The herbal medicines Centella asiatica and Aloe vera have been used to enhance wound repair. To recover from wound healing within shortest time period with minimal pain, discomfort and scarring to the patient it is important to explore nutritional and herbal influences on wound outcome.


This article explores the evolving geopolitical importance of Libya as a strategic partner for the United Kingdom and considers the way in which policies on migration have been used to cement the renewed relationship between the two countries. It considers in particular, the impact of the Memoranda of Understanding between the UK and Libya and the use of related readmission agreements to facilitate the return of Libyan nationals from the UK. It analyses some of the challenges facing Libyans seeking asylum and settlement in the UK and the prospect of their return to Libya in the light of the UK's domestic policies on asylum and security interests regarding the "war on terror". This study establishes a profile of Libyans currently in the UK and examines existing case law and Home Office guidelines to explain the conditions under which Libyans have been granted or refused asylum and subsequently removed from the UK to Libya. The main finding study is that the imperative of security cooperation has increased the likelihood that more Libyan migrants will be returned from the UK, and this poses a worrying scenario, especially given Libya's record of refoulement and other human rights abuses. In the absence of a system for dealing with asylum inside Libya, returning Libyan nationals and transit migrants from neighbouring African countries are particularly vulnerable.


Throughout South America, Southern and Eastern Europe, and East Asia, more than two dozen countries have transitioned to democracy since the 1980s. A remarkable number of these have adopted an exclusionary rule (mandating that evidence obtained unlawfully by the government is generally inadmissible in criminal trials) as part of broader legal reforms. Democratizing countries have adopted exclusionary rules even though they are not required to do so by any international treaty and there is no indication that there is widespread popular demand for such rules. This has occurred at a time when the rule has been weakened in the United States, the country that is often looked to as a model on this question. What is it about transition to democracy that calls on these countries to introduce an exclusionary rule? It appears that experience with authoritarian rule has focused the new regimes on the danger of a powerful executive who exercises power arbitrarily. As the brief comparative overview in this Symposium Essay suggests, the exclusionary rule is adopted by fledgling democracies at least in part because it embodies the idea of restraining government power and promoting the rule of law.This rule-of-law conception of the exclusionary rule is broader than the current understanding of the rule in the United States. Under recent U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence, exclusion is justified only when it would deter police officers from violating constitutional rights and when the benefits of deterrence outweigh costs to the enforcement of criminal law. Under the rule-of-law conception, by contrast, the exclusionary rule is justified as a means of holding the executive within the limits of the law and preventing government lawlessness from becoming rampant. After comparing the two approaches to the exclusionary rule, the paper concludes with some tentative predictions about the future of the rule in the United States and in new democracies.


The aim of this paper is to show how the international standard STEP-AP214 can be used for communication and storing of process specifications. Even though there are several software tools available for the generation of both product and resource information systems, there is still a lack of tools related to the STEP standard for producing process information, e.g., sequence of operations and system capabilities for resource allocation. Therefore, such a tool is suggested, which makes use of a high-level language for discrete-event systems based on process algebra and Petri nets. This language, called process algebra Petri net), has been developed in accordance with the process relations defined in STEP-AP214. More specifically, it is shown how process specifications created with the PPN tool can be mapped to the STEP AP-214 format. Note to Practioners-Rapidly changing market needs is making demands on flexibility and ability to shorten lead times. Standards for exchanging information, as well as formal methods for automatic development of programmable controller code have been important research topics for many years. There are a lot of software tools available for the generation of both product- and resource information, but there is still a lack of tools for producing process information. Moreover, the connection between information exchange standards and such tools is absent, which makes the development of programmable controller code an isolated activity. This activity is often time consuming and performed in an ad hoc manner resulting in unnecessary production delay. The aim of this paper is to show how the international standard STEP-AP214 (a standard for exchange of product-, process-, and resource related information) can be used for communicating and storing process specifications. In order to achieve this, a tool which makes use of a formal high-level language is suggested. This tool can be used for automatic control generation and has been developed in accordance with the process relations defined in STEP-AP214. A further aim is to shown how the mentioned tool can be used to specify complex systems in a compact, yet highly readable manner, which is a crucial incentive for industry to use formal methods. The presented method will guarantee that expected information is delivered quickly and without errors caused by the human factor, something that is very important in our ambition to achieve shortened lead times. The quick information exchange also makes it possible to perform simulation, supervisor synthesis, and verification early in the development phase. This is a first attempt at using a formal language for creating a tool that can automatically generate specifications in accordance with the international STEP-standard.


Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is an important beneficial insect. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand the oviposition behavior and preferences of BSF. This paper reports the effects of decomposition level of food and presence of pupal remnants on the oviposition responses of BSF. Cages comprising of four oviposition sites, housed with five male and female BSF were prepared. Gravid females were provided with equal opportunities to oviposit in two sites with ripened banana (mildly ripened (MR) or over-ripened banana (AR)) and two other sites with fresh banana (OV). Three replicates in clockwise replication design were set up. The presence of pupal cases in high, medium and low abundance were studied. The number of eggs deposited at different sites were counted and expressed in percentage and oviposition attraction index (OAI). Gravid BSF females showed greater attraction to sites with over-ripened banana likely associating with the odor. BSF females also exhibited a preference for egg laying at sites with less pupae cases. Sites with the most abundance pupae cases were far less enticing as the pupae cases may deter the ovipositing BSF. The findings of this study is important for development of effective egg trapping and collection strategies in BSF farming.


Introduction The geological and paleontological work in Greenland which forms the basis for the following somewhat fragmentary notes was carried on under authorization of the United States National Museum in connection with the Peary Arctic Expedition of 1897. The chief object was to make collections of fossils from the type Cretaceous and Tertiary localities of Nugsuak (Noursoak) peninsula (plate 24) for comparison with those from the Potomac, Dakota, and other Cretaceous formations of North America; but, besides the collecting of geological and paleontological specimens, the writers were further charged with gathering living plants, insects, and mammals. Plans were matured for a field season of six weeks in Greenland, during which it was purposed to search the principal type localities in the Kome beds on the north side of Nugsuak peninsula and in the Atane, Patoot, and Tertiary series on the south coast. After several delays, the expedition left Boston on . . .