This study presents the evidence of reliability and validity for TADI in a sample of Chilean infants and children with Down syndrome (DS), accordingly to international standards. Forty-eight children with confirmed medical diagnosis of DS and their typical peers were matched by chronological age ( M = 4,79, DE = 1,7 years). Children with DS were selected using a non-probabilistic procedure and, children with typical development were randomly selected from ELPI's data base (2013). Data was obtained from Test de Aprendizaje y Desarrollo Infantil (TADI), Wechsler Intelligence Scale, third edition-Chilean version (WISC-IIIv.ch.), Leiter International Performance Scale, socioeconomic questionnaire and a survey about the medical condition. The evidence of reliability was stablished via Cronbach's Alpha, the evidence of validity was based on the analysis of content, internal structure and relation with other variables. Results showed good levels of reliability. The evidence of validity shows the content is adequate to explore development, there are not floor or ceiling effects, the internal structure for the group with DS is different from the one reported in the original test and there is strong relation with the external criteria. The professionals should be careful in the interpretation process and future studies must complete these results.


This article discusses conversational data from a project on how pupils use irony and related forms of communication. It employs a Bakhtinian and frame analytic approach combined with a pragmatics of presumptive meaning to understand what sorts of irony nine-year-olds use. Some types of irony correspond to teasing, others more to critical comments or joint fantasy production. The children in the study often perform an authoritative, ironic voice directed at the supervising university students, thereby showing their knowledge of typical adult voices and stances, and the students join in the irony by "playing along." Irony thus helps the students and children to create an in-group that plays with its knowledge of offi cial and unoffi cial stances and unites in sharing unoffi cial perspectives and attitudes.


Two facts motivate this study. (1) The United States is the world's most productive economy. (2) The US is the destination for a broad range of net factor inflows: unskilled labor, skilled labor, and capital. Indeed, these two facts may be strongly related: All factors seek to enter the US because of the US technological superiority. The literature on international factor flows rarely links these two phenomena, instead considering one-at-a-time analyses that stress issues of relative factor abundance. This is unfortunate, since the welfare calculations differ markedly. In a simple Ricardian framework, a country that experiences immigration of factors motivated by technological differences always loses from this migration relative to a free trade baseline, while the other country gains. We provide simple calculations suggesting that the magnitude of the losses for US natives may be quite large $72 billion dollars per year or 0.8 percent of GDP.


Extreme Learning Machine, ELM, is a newly available learning algorithm for single layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs), and it has proved to show the best compromise between learning speed and accuracy of the estimations. In this paper, a methodology based on Optimal-Pruned ELM (OP-ELM) for function approximation enhanced with variable selection using the Delta Test is introduced. The least angle regression (LARS) algorithm is used after variable selection to rank the input variables, and scaling is also introduced as a way to estimate the influence of each input in the output value. The performance is assessed on a dataset related to anthropometric measurements for children weight prediction. The accurate results show that this combination of techniques is very promising to solve real world problems and represents a good alternative to classic backpropagation methods.


This thesis examines the use of nonlinear ultrasound to evaluate sensitization, a precursor to stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steel. Ultrasonic Rayleigh surface waves are generated on a specimen; as these waves pass through sensitized material, second harmonic generation (SHG) increases. In austenitic stainless steel with oven-induced sensitization, this increase is due only to the formation of chromium carbide precipitates, key products of the sensitization process. Weld-induced sensitization specimens demonstrate additional increases in SHG, likely caused by increased residual stress and dislocation density as a result of uneven heating. Experimental data are used to calculate the acoustic nonlinearity parameter, which provides a single value directly related to the quantity of micro- and nano-scale damage present within any given sample. Using this procedure, the effects of weld- and oven-induced sensitization are compared. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using nonlinear Rayleigh waves to detect and monitor stress corrosion susceptibility of welded material.


OF DISSERTATION SAVING OUR SISTERS: EFFECTS OF A COMPUTER-BASED VERSION OF SISTA ON THE HIV-RELATED BEHAVIORS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are infectious diseases wreaking irreparable havoc on the lives of millions all around the world. Of those infected and affected by HIV in the United States, African Americans disproportionately bear the burden of this disease, which has resulted in a major crisis within the African American community. In 2010, African Americans accounted for approximately 44% of all new HIV infections among adolescents, 13 years of age and older, and adults [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). These statistics become even more dismal when both race and gender enter the equation. In regards to global HIV/AIDS, the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age is AIDS-related illnesses (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS], 2012). According to the CDC (2012), 64% of estimated new HIV infections in women in the United States in 2010 were in African Americans. This study examined the effectiveness of increasing protective HIV behaviors through the use of the SAHARA program, a computer-based, gender-specific and culturally appropriate HIV behavioral intervention program. More specifically, the SAHARA intervention was created to encourage consistent condom use during penetrative vaginal sex through mediating components of the intervention such as HIV knowledge, condom use self-efficacy, barriers to condom use, and frequency of partner communication for a population of African American women living in areas of Kentucky and Georgia. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants from college campuses and community areas. Fifty-two African American female study participants completed surveys through the use of a quasi-experimental non-randomized pretestposttest design. Significant group differences were observed for scores on STD/HIV Risk Behavior Knowledge and Condom Barrier Scale. Results suggest that the SAHARA prevention intervention produced clinically significant changes in STD/HIV knowledge and perception of condom barriers in the SAHARA group compared to the control group.


Some conditions that can mimic canker sores include traumatic injury, autoimmune conditions, viral infections (such as herpes simplex and herpes zoster [shingles]), and most importantly, oral cancer. In addition, oral ulcers can be associated with a number of systemic conditions in which the oral ulcers represent only a small part of the underlying problem. A general rule of thumb recommended by health care professionals is that any ulcer that lasts for more than 10 to 14 days should be evaluated by a dentist and biopsied if necessary. Professionals trained in Oral Medicine have expertise in the diagnosis of such lesions.


By lowering blood pressure, a number of hypertensive complications can be prevented, including congestive heart failure and such consequences of hypertensive arteriolar disease as nephropathy, intracerebral hemorrhage, and lacunar stroke. Whether atherosclerotic complications such as myocardial infarction can be prevented is more problematic and may depend on effects of the antihypertensive drugs other than the reduction of blood pressure, such as effects on plasma lipids and possibly hemodynamic effects. The following discussion summarizes a series of studies that suggest that the hemodynamic effects of antihypertensive drugs may be an important aspect of this problem. In studies in rhesus monkeys and hypertensive patients, antihypertensive drugs were shown to have differing effects on blood velocity and heart rate, important parameters in the genesis of arterial flow disturbances. In patients with carotid stenosis, hydralazine increased, whereas propranolol reduced, the occurrence of abnormal high-velocity flow patterns associated with turbulence and vortex formation. In a hypertensive (one kidney, one-clip) cholesterol-fed rabbit model, propranolol was significantly more effective than hydralazine in preventing the occurrence of aortic atherosclerosis. These observations suggest that the cardioprotective effect of beta blockers may extend to an antiatherosclerotic effect by hemodynamic mechanisms. This hypothesis is being further tested in patients with carotid stenosis.


As part of the Eurozone-project 'Banking Union', the European Central Bank (ECB) was vested with a large pouvoir in the field of banking supervision. Such an empowerment of the ECB is principally provided for in Article 127 (6) TFEU, on which basis the SSM Regulation was therefore adopted. However, this provision allows for the delegation upon the ECB of 'specific [supervisory] tasks' only. In order to avoid a conflict with the ECB's monetary policy function, a new (internal) body of the ECB, the Supervisory Board, was established, which is essentially dealing with the ECB's supervisory tasks. Its supervisory draft decisions come into effect if the Governing Council of the ECB does not object to them (reverse majority voting). Within the broader framework of the SSM, the supervisory branch of the ECB and, under the latter's guidance, the national supervisory authorities together perform banking supervision in the Eurozone. The means the ECB has at its hand in order to determine national supervision are without precedent in the long history of the European Verwaltungsverbund, of European Union-Member States administrative cooperation that is.
This paper addresses the functioning and the limits of the SSM with a view to answering the following three questions: How does administrative cooperation work within and with the supervisory authorities outside the SSM, for example the European Banking Authority (EBA)? Is the delegation of banking supervisory powers upon the ECB, as effected by the SSM Regulation, in accordance with Article 127 (6) TFEU and the Meroni-criteria, which were recently re-considered by the Court? Is the reverse majority voting to be applied in the Governing Council of the ECB when deciding upon a draft of the Supervisory Board in compliance with the ECB's decision-making rules as laid down in the Statute of the ESCB/ECB, for example primary law?


A basic tenet for planners of Amboseli National Park is that many benefits result from environmental preservation. Miximizing thesesbenefits is the major function of management. The carrying capacity of the park for tourism is a useful approach to management in this situation since it is concerned with finding a balance between preservation and use. An examination of existing research and planning efforts from a capacity perspective reveals a deficiency of behavioral information on park users. Research reported in this paper is a first attempt at overcoming this deficiency. Highly specific expectations and preferences would greatly reduce potential capacity, but response indicated park visitors may have considerable flexibility in their expectations and preferences. Capacity can be increased beyond its present level because there are many elements in the experience contributing to visitor satisfaction which can be enhanced by better .management. This conclusion was supported by the fact that a lack of information, especially resulting from uniformed and uncommunicative rangers and drivers, was one of the problems bothering visitors .most. Visitors supported using guides and were willing to pay for them. Furthermore, information may be useful in correcting many existing misconceptions and aid in reducing depreeiative types of behavior. A t present, crowding and congestion are problems existing primarily in the vicinity of lions and cheetahs. Enhancing visitor satisfaction will require vehicle use around these animals to be limited to 4-8 vehicles at any one time. Vehicles must first be prohibited from approaching the predators too closely, and then an optimal number can be determined as a function of .the behavior of visitors and drivers. Site .management and indirect regulations were the .most favored management techniques. Indirect regulation through use of interpretive guides and better trained drivers, not unexpectedly, were strong approved. More importantly, people who were most bothered by problems in the park were also more likely to support the proposed management techniques. Monitoring implementation is suggested. Some additional visitor facilities were also approved since they would add diversity to the park's attractions. Also, tour operators felt that under the right circumstances, lodges and game viewing tracks outside the park would be feasible.


IL-2-deficient mice were used to examine the role of endogenous IL-2 for supporting T cell proliferative responses during infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The studies showed that, although virus-specific CTL activity was induced in the absence of IL-2, the overall magnitude of the response was profoundly inhibited. Examination of proportions and numbers of CD8+ T cells demonstrated that the normal virus-induced expansion of these cells was virtually eliminated in spleens and dramatically decreased in lymph nodes from IL-2-negative mice. Absence of endogenous IL-2 also significantly inhibited virus-induced activated T cell production of IFN-gamma, as well as increases in frequencies and numbers of IFN-gamma-producing cells. Reductions in immune responses were accompanied by impaired viral clearance. Although T cell responses were dramatically reduced in IL-2-deficient, as compared with IL-2-containing mice, activation signals were being delivered in vivo because induced CTLs were sensitive to the cell cycle-specific toxin, hydroxyurea (HU), and CD8+ T cells had induced expression of the IL-2R alpha- and beta-chains. These studies demonstrated that, although low levels of T cell responses can be induced in the absence of IL-2, the factor plays a unique and critical role in supporting T cell proliferative responses in vivo and in optimizing induction of the biologic functions mediated by these cells. Furthermore, the results identify a role for IL-2 in promoting IFN-gamma production in vivo.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the internal consistency and construct validity of the Traumatic Brain Injury Quality of Life Communication Item Bank (TBI-QOL COM) short form as a parent-proxy report measure. The TBI-QOL COM is a patient-reported outcome measure of functional communication originally developed as a self-report measure for adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but it may also be valid as a parent-proxy report measure for children who have sustained TBI.Method: One hundred twenty-nine parent-proxy raters completed the TBI-QOL COM short form 6 months postinjury as a secondary aim of a multisite study of pediatric TBI outcomes. The respondents' children with TBI were between 8 and 18 years old (Mage = 13.2 years old) at the time of injury, and the proportion of TBI severity mirrored national trends (73% complicated–mild; 27% moderate or severe).Results: The parent-proxy report version of the TBI-QOL COM displayed strong internal consistency (ordinal α = .93). It also displayed evidence of known-groups validity by virtue of more severe injuries associated with more abnormal scores. The instrument also showed evidence of convergent and discriminant validity by displaying a pattern of correlations with other constructs according to their conceptual relatedness to functional communication.Conclusions: This preliminary psychometric investigation of the TBI-QOL COM supports the further development of a parent report version of the instrument. Future development of the TBI-QOL COM with this population may include expanding the content of the item bank and developing calibrations specifically for parent-proxy raters.Supplemental Material S1. Comparison of completers vs. noncompleters at 6 months. Cohen, M. L., Tulsky, D. S., Boulton, A. J., Kisala, P. A., Kertisch, H., Yeates, K. O., . . . Rivara, F. P. (2019). Reliability and construct validity of the TBI-QOL Communication short form as a parent-proxy report instrument for children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0074


Networked devices such as locks and thermostats are now cheaply available, which is accelerating the adoption of home automation. But unintended behaviors of programs that control automated homes can pose severe problems, including security risks (e.g., accidental disarming of alarms). We facilitate predictable control of automated homes by letting users "fast forward" their program and observe its possible future behaviors under different sequences of inputs and environmental conditions. A key challenge that we face, which is not addressed by existing program exploration techniques, is to systematically handle time because home automation programs depend intimately on absolute and relative timing of inputs. We develop an approach that models programs as timed automata and incorporates novel mechanisms to enable scalable and comprehensive exploration of their behavior. We implement our approach in a tool called DeLorean and apply it to 10 real home automation programs. We find that it can fast forward these programs 3.6 times to 36K times faster than real time and uncover unintended behaviors in them.


Among the psychedelic drugs that enjoyed a period of popularity in psychiatric research during the 1950s and 1960s, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the most prominent one. Psychiatrists of that time had seen LSD not only as a tool for psychotherapy but also as a potential therapeutic for anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, autism, and even schizophrenia. When it became a quasi-religious epitome of the Hippie counterculture in the mid 1960s, and cases of what we now call hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and acute psychotic "flashbacks" mounted, authorities moved to make LSD illegal. Although research was never actually forbidden, the field almost completely dried out until the early 2010s. Using today's tools of molecular pharmacology, functional imaging, and neuronal network theory, neuropsychiatry is now resurrecting LSD research-with implications that leave us with many medical and ethical questions. Few people are aware that this is a repurposed compound, originally developed in an effort to synthesize a new analeptic. On top of all potential LSD might have in psychiatry, it also serves as a reminder of the unexpected potential that discarded early-stage compounds can have.


Structural weight has always been important in aircraft manufacturing industry. Considering that a large number of candidate material and geometric shapes are available early in the design cycle, preliminary design optimization of skin-stringer panels used to build an aircraft wing is required to obtain the best preliminary structure before the final design phase. The design of skin-stringer panels forms an important and major portion of the wing-box design. The lift generated by the wings opposes the weight of the aircraft, and thus generates bending. Depending on their location, stiffened panels that make up the wings are therefore mainly loaded in compression and tension. Upper skin-stringer panels are typically subjected to compressive load while the lower panels are subjected to tensile load. The ability to resist the compressive load is assessed through a stability study to compute the critical buckling load of the stiffened panel while the ability to withstand the tensile load is evaluated by the Damage Tolerance Analysis. Optimization routines have been developed for the design of upper and lower wing panels. The main objective here is to design a stable wing-box structure more rapidly and automatically in the most economical manner having adequate strength and stability. These optimization routines are tested on a wing section defined at a specific span wise location of a DLR-F6 aircraft. Repeating the design process at different stations along the wing span completes the preliminary design of aircraft wing-box.


We investigate a new method to augment recurrent neural networks with extra memory without increasing the number of network parameters. The system has an associative memory based on complex-valued vectors and is closely related to Holographic Reduced Representations and Long Short-Term Memory networks. Holographic Reduced Representations have limited capacity: as they store more information, each retrieval becomes noisier due to interference. Our system in contrast creates redundant copies of stored information, which enables retrieval with reduced noise. Experiments demonstrate faster learning on multiple memorization tasks.


Title of Dissertation: OUTPUT STRUCTURE, DEBT DENOMINATION, AND EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES Nicolas Ernesto Magud, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Carmen Reinhart Department of Economics The dissertation analyzes the choice of an exchange rate regime for a small open economy indebted in foreign currency, incorporating the financial accelerator. Conventional wisdom suggests that floating regimes should insulate the economy from real shocks. I show that this result depends on the degrees of openness of the economy and foreign currency indebtedness and, in fact, does not hold for relatively closed economies. The transmission mechanism relies on nonlinearities in the impact of unanticipated real price changes on the external finance premium, similar to Fisher (1933). To test this, a VAR with exogenous terms of trade shocks is performed: a 32 country sample for the period 1980-2001 is split according to the degree of openness of the economy. The results confirm the theoretical conclusions. OUTPUT STRUCTURE, DEBT DENOMINATION, AND EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES


Using the effective-index approximation we show that touching spherical metal surfaces form a broadband omnidirectional absorber of gap surface plasmons (GSP), concentrating all GSP waves travelling within a certain radius at the point of contact (at which the field intensity tends to infinity even in the presence of metal absorption) and representing thereby a two-dimensional analogue of an optical black-hole realized without use of metamaterials. The developed wave analysis is supplemented with the geometrical optics (adiabatic) description providing explicit expressions for the critical radius (radius of the event horizon) and buildup of field enhancement along ray trajectories.


This study aimed to explore how diabetes specialist nurses (DSNs) discursively construct and reconstruct their professional position in their working relationships with physicians and thereby the relation with patients in primary healthcare in Sweden. Twenty-nine DSNs working in diabetes care from 21 primary healthcare centres were included in focus-group interviews. The interviews were analysed using discourse analysis. From a social constructionist perspective, findings showed that the working relationship between the DSNs, physicians and thereby the relation with patients was discursively constructed as a relationship within a gendered discourse. The DSNs constructed their subject position metaphorically as 'mothers' in this relationship. The construction of doing gender implies that the DSNs became visible as biological women, but invisible in being perceived as competent, well-educated professionals, because skills such as multitasking and versatility are often associated with female abilities.


Previous investigations have reported a feminine tendency in the assignment of grammatical gender for English loanwords in Pennsylvania German as well as in other German Sprachinseln languages located in Anglophone areas (e.g. Reed 1942). This study investigates whether or not there is a feminine tendency in Pennsylvania German using a corpus based on the Comprehensive Pennsylvania German Dictionary . A statistical analysis reveals no evidence of a feminine tendency in Pennsylvania German. Monomorphemic English loanwords and monomorphemic native nouns in Pennsylvania German are significantly more likely to be assigned masculine gender than monomorphemic nouns in Standard German. Unlike Standard German, there is no significant difference in gender assignment in Pennsylvania German between monosyllabic and polysyllabic nouns for either the native lexicon or English loanwords.


Published in 1913, this harrowing, autobiographical 'A to Z' of drinking shattered London's reputation as a clean-living adventurer and massively successful author of such books as White Fang and The Call of the Wild. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


There is a clear failure to adapt to the institutional mechanisms with regard to the regulation of fishery resources. management systems based on ITQs have not managed to eliminate the stocks over-exploitation and the over-capitalization in the fishing sector. The possibility to introduce individual transferable quotas in the regulatory mechanisms, that is, the capacity to give and assign every fisherman and individual right to fish a determines quanway to reach a greater valorisation of resource and guarantee biological sustainabilty. On the other hand, it is also highlighted or transferred by their owners, this measure can result in a concentration process, what would not favour social equity. Two questions put at risk the ITQs implementation; the displacement of the capture seasons, and the quasi-privatization of fishery grounds. Nevertheless, its implementation helps to take decisions adjusted to the foreseeable expectations and it avoids certain dysfunctions regarding access conditions to fishing places and fishing possibilities in the aforementioned areas. In Spain, legislation has been progressively adapting to the implementations of the individual transferable fishery rights, with regard to industrial fishing that fishes in community waters, with the aim to keep a more traditonal access system concerning coastal fishing. Law 3/2002 penalises the transferability of fishery rights, although it makes no statements on ITQs. In Europe, after the passing of Common Fishery Policy Reform, the models to develop in the management systems support the ITQs, although there is not a guideline regulation in the sense.


The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of insulin on platelet function, both in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro investigation, we evaluated whether insulin affects platelet function at a physiological hormone concentration by incubating the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) of fasting subjects with human regular insulin at the final concentration of 40 μU/ml for 30 min; we observed a significant reduction of platelet sensitivity to all the aggregating agents employed, i.e., ADP, platelet-activating factor (PAF), epinephrine, collagen, and Na+ arachidonate. To investigate whether the insulin effect on platelets is dose dependent, we incubated the PRP of fasting subjects with different concentrations of human regular insulin (40, 80, 120, and 160 μU/ml) for 5 min, and we observed that the insulin-induced reduction of platelet sensitivity to aggregating agents is a dose-dependent phenomenon. Furthermore, the comparison between the platelet responses after 5 and 30 min of incubation with insulin showed that the insulin effect on platelet aggregation is time dependent. The lack of specificity of its inhibiting activity suggests that insulin does not interfere with the initial binding of each aggregating agent at specific sites but does influence a common step of platelet aggregation. Our study rules out the possibility that insulin reduces platelet-function–modifying intraplatelet cAMP levels or thromboxane A2 production, because this hormone decreases the platelet concentrations of cAMP–a phenomenon that, per se, promotes platelet aggregation–and does not modify collagen or Na+ arachidonate–induced platelet production of thromboxane A2, measured by radioimmunoassay of its stable-metabolite thromboxane B2. Insulin seems to help in modifying platelet membrane properties, as has already been shown for erythrocytes. The in vivo investigation comprised three studies of the influence of insulin on platelet function in male volunteers: 1) a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (40-μU/ml) clamp for 90 min followed by 60 min of euglycemia; 2) a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (160-μU/ml) clamp for 30 min followed by 60 min of euglycemia; and 3) an intravenous bolus of human regular insulin (3.84 U/m2). Throughout the three studies, we serially measured platelet sensitivity to ADP, PAF, epinephrine, collagen, and Na+ arachidonate. We observed that insulin in vivo and at the physiologic concentration of 40 μU/ml reduced platelet aggregation. For some aggregating agents, we demonstrated a dose and time dependence of the insulin effect. The latter was reversed after the insulin infusion. When insulin was administered as an intravenous bolus and platelet aggregation was studied before the appearance of hypoglycemia, we observed that insulin influence on platelets can be detected after only 10 min. In conclusion, this study suggests that insulin may have a role in the physiological modulation of platelet function and that the long-term insulin deficiency might account for the enhanced platelet aggregability frequently observed in diabetic patients.


Here we present a revised interpretation of pollen analyses at Iron Age archaeological sites on the floodplain of the Mun River, northeast Thailand. Following publication of a full chronometric data set for these sites, it has become apparent that the original and admittedly tentative conclusions from the pollen analyses require reassessment. The original account was flawed in two ways: the presumed time span of the record was considerably longer than we believe it to be now; and our correlation between neighbouring sequences was in error. Our new understanding of the evidence allows us to present a vegetation history of the study area that is confined to the details of land use and human impact during the latter half of the Thai Iron Age. Here we also are able to identify ecological groups and landscape partitioning patterns during that period. In particular, we record phases of human impact, with periods of forest clearance and its replacement by grasslands with likely rice cultivation and arboriculture.


The 1994 spring phytoplankton bloom in South San Francisco Bay caused substantial reductions in concentrations of dissolved Cd, Ni, and Zn, but not Cu. We estimate that the equivalent of ~60% of the total annual input of Cd, Ni, and Zn from local waste‐water treatment plants is cycled through the phytoplankton in South Bay. The results suggest that processes that affect phytoplankton bloom frequency or intensity in estuaries (e.g. nutrient enrichment) may also affect metal trapping. The bloom was characterized by hydrographic surveys conducted at weekly intervals for 9 weeks. Metal samples were collected from the water column on three occasions, timed to bracket the period when the bloom was predicted. Factors that might confound observations of biological influences, such as freshwater inputs, were relatively constant during the study. Before the bloom, concentrations of dissolved Cd were 0.81 ± 0.02 nmol kg−1, Zn concentrations were 19.8 ± 1.5 nmol kg−1, Ni were 42 ± 1.4 nmol kg−1, and Cu were 37 ± 1.4 nmol kg−1. These values are elevated relative to riverine and coastal end‐members, reflecting inputs from wastewater and(or) sediments. At the height of the bloom, dissolved Zn, Cd, and Ni were reduced to 19, 50, and 75% of their prebloom concentrations, respectively. Dissolved Cu concentrations increased 20%. The mass of Cd taken up by phytoplankton was similar to the mass of Cd removed from solution if particle settling was considered, and Cd concentrations estimated in phytoplankton were higher than concentrations in suspended particulate material (SPM). Particulate concentrations of Zn and Ni during the bloom appeared to be dominated by the influence of changes in resuspension of Zn and Ni‐rich sediments.


UNLABELLED
Environmental factors affect the dissemination and distribution of intestinal parasites in human communities. To comprehend the prevalence of parasitic infestation and to examine whether geographical location and age also influence the prevalence of infection, fecal samples from 195 school children (rural = 95; male = 39; female = 56) (urban = 100; male = 60; female = 40) of five age groups ranging from 5 to 11 years in two different socio-economic zones (rural and urban) were screened for specific intestinal parasites using standard histological techniques. Percentage incidences of parasitic species found in fecal wet mounts and concentrates in rural children were Entamoeba coli (25.3%), Giardia lamblia (17.9%), Blastocystis hominis (14.7%), Entamoeba histolytica (4.2%), Iodamoeba butschlii (1.1%), Hymenolepis nana (1.1%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (1.1%). Whereas the percentage incidences among urban children were E. coli (26%), A. lumbricoides (21%), B. hominis (18%), G. lamblia (14%), T. trichiura (8%), I. butschlii (4%) and A. duodenale (1%). Such findings may be related to dietary differences, living conditions and the greater use of natural anti-helminthic medicinal plants in rural communities. These results are important for both epidemiological data collection and for correlating dietary differences to intestinal parasitic diseases.

AIMS
We chose to investigate whether geographical location and age affect the prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasites among school children from two separate regions (rural and urban) in areas surrounding, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
A study of the prevalence of parasitic infestations was undertaken among primary school children, in rural and urban communities around Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Faecal sample collection, direct microscopic techniques, macroscopic examination and concentration techniques for identifying the parasites.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Percentage incidences of parasitic species found in faecal wet mounts and concentrates were done instead of statistical analyses.

RESULTS
Both macroscopic and microscopic examinations of faecal samples revealed that the overall percentage prevalence of parasite species encountered in rural children were Entamoeba coli (25.3%), G. lamblia (17.9%), B. hominis (14.7%), Entamoeba histolytica (4.2%), I. butschlii (1.1%), H. nana (1.1%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.1%). The prevalence among urban children were E. coli (26%), A. lumbricoides (21%), B. hominis (18%), G. lamblia (14%), T. trichiura (8%), I. butschlii (4%) and A. duodenale (1%). Overall, comparative significant differences were noted between rural and urban children for E. histolytica (4.2 vs. 14%), G. lamblia (17.9 vs. 14%), A. lumbricoides (1.1 vs. 21%) and T. trichiura (0 vs. 8%), with the major difference being the much higher occurrence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections in urban children.

CONCLUSIONS
One of the greatest challenges for healthcare professionals is the prevention and treatment of protozoal and helminthic parasitic infections. From our study we conclude that the prevalence of different pathogenic species of amoeba such as Entamoeba histolytica (4.2 vs. 0%) and G. lamblia (17.9 vs. 14%), (P value was equal to 1) was significantly higher among rural children compared to children from urban areas. In contrast, the prevalence of nematodes such as A. lumbricoides (21% vs. 1.1%), T. trichiura (8% vs. 0%) and A. duodenale (1%) was also significantly higher among rural children.


n ABSTRACT: Franz Boas's 1897 monograph The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians was a landmark in anthropology for its integrative approach to ethnography, the use of multiple media, and the collaborative role of Boas's Indigenous partner, George Hunt. Not only did the volume draw on existing museum collections from around the world, but the two men also left behind a vast and now widely distributed archive of unpublished materials relevant to the creation and afterlife of this seminal text. This article discusses an international and intercultural project to create a new, annotated critical edition of the book that reassembles the dispersed materials and reembeds them within Kwakwa ̄ ka ̄ 'wakw ontologies of both persons and things. The project mobilizes digital media to link together disparate collections, scholars, and Indigenous communities in order to recuperate long-dormant ethnographic records for use in current and future cultural revitalization.


As public health reckons with the implications of language, word choice and their impacts, so too does Tobacco Control. Indeed, the editorinchief in 2010 pointed to the power of language in bounding discussions in the field. A common parlance or agreed on set of terms is important for moving science (and policy) forward—comparing like to like, allowing for replication, facilitating review and synthesis, and translating science into action. Prior to 2000, the tobacco marketplace was, in retrospect, fairly simple. Cigarettes, chewing tobacco, moist snuff, dry snuff, cigars, pipes, waterpipes and bidis captured most of the marketplace. There were subtypes of products and regional variation to be sure, but the terms themselves were nearly universal. More recently, the tobacco marketplace has become increasingly diversified with the invention and marketing of new nicotine products. Terms have proliferated to try and capture this new complexity, while grouping conceptually or superficially similar products for ease of reference. This has occasioned a panoply of neologisms (newly coined words), retronyms (eg, 'tobacco cigarette' to distinguish from 'electronic cigarette') and portmanteau (new words formed from existing words), not to mention terms invented and used for a single paper (nonce words) or terms that are pleonastic (eg, novel and emerging products). Taking an opportunity to categorise the terms as a framework for discussion, table 1 below lists examples that we have seen in the last 5 years. The diversity of this nomenclature is approaching absurdity. As terms proliferate, it becomes increasingly difficult to compare across papers as to whether researchers are studying the same type or class of products. Some adjectives carry more implications than others. This editorial seeks to explore this phenomenon and examine the conditions under which these differentiated terms emerged and what they may imply. For the moment, at least, we take no position on the appropriateness of any particular term with respect to its use in the Journal, except for those already identified in our Author Guidelines. We do hope to: (1) encourage authors, reviewers, funders and readers to reconsider the use of these terms (and acronyms) and instead describe what is being studied more directly; (2) discourage authors from inventing a new term when acceptable alternatives exist and (3) encourage thinking about whether some terms should be retired. The rise of ecigarettes in the 2010s contributed greatly to the proliferation of terminology. Tobacco Control initially followed WHO's lead and preferred the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) for ecigarettes. However, the term is less than beloved and many others have proliferated, some of which are potentially misleading. Take for example 'vaping products,' 'vaping devices' and 'to vape' as a verb. ENDS produce an aerosol (ie, particles and/or liquid suspended in a gas) rather than a vapour (ie, a substance in its gas phase below its critical temperature). Ecigarette users came to refer to themselves as vapers, in part to distinguish themselves from smokers, but in doing so reified the mistaken description of the product's output. Thus the use of 'vaping' terminology in research papers could be seen as the adoption by scientists of consumer and industry parlance in substitution for more accurate descriptors. This is not hairsplitting, as some evidence suggests 'vapour' is perceived as less harmful than 'aerosol.' Yet, the term has become entrenched in common usage, and even extended to describe a whole retail sector (eg, vape shops). Another example is the commonly used 'eliquid,' a term used for the nicotine solution loaded into ENDS for inhalation. This is a portmanteau of electronic (cigarette) liquid, yet there is nothing electronic about the liquid itself. Yes, eliquid is shorthand, but the 'e-' does a lot of work, implying something hightech rather than a chemical solution of propylene glycol, glycerine, additives and nicotine. Terminology around ENDS is also complicated by differences in regulation. For example, the United States treats ENDS as tobacco products, whereas in the European Union and other jurisdictions, they are nicotine products. So, depending on one's country, 'tobacco products' (possibly the broadest term) is either inclusive or exclusive of ENDS. Claimed reductions in harm or risk. PREP (potentially reduced exposure products) emerged from a 2001 report of the US Institute of Medicine, and was quickly adopted by the tobacco industry for products marketed or positioned as less harmful than cigarettes, along with the broader cooption of the concept of 'harm reduction' by industry. 9 PREP was supplanted by MRTP (modified risk tobacco product) after the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gained regulatory authority over tobacco products in 2009. The terminology refers to a specific regulatory review process by which products could receive FDA authorisation to claim reduced exposure or risk. Philip Morris International (PMI) and Japan Tobacco International (JTI) have used 'reduced risk products' as a blanket term for products they intend to position as reduced harm. We would argue that MRTP, in particular, should be reserved specifically for products that—in the US market—have applied for and/or been granted the marketing order by FDA. Emergence, Novelty and Progress. 'Emerging' and 'novel' can be awkward terms, given they are time dependent— logically, a product can only be emerging or novel early in its life, in a particular market. Yet, some researchers continue to describe ENDS as emerging or novel, despite these products' presence for more than a decade and—in some (particularly youth) markets—their dominance over cigarettes in terms of sales. The term 'alternative' is similarly problematic. Denoting Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA Centre for Behavioural Research, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Departamento de Investigacion, Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala, Guatemala Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Global Health Policy Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA


When executive actors interpret statutes, the prevailing assumption is that they can and should use the tools that courts use. Is that assumption sound? This Article takes up the question by considering a rule frequently invoked by the courts - the canon of constitutional avoidance. Executive branch actors regularly use the avoidance canon. Indeed, some of the most hotly debated episodes of executive branch statutory interpretation in recent years - including the initial torture memorandum issued by the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, the President's signing statement regarding the McCain Amendment's ban on the mistreatment of detainees, and the Justice Department's defense of the National Security Agency's warrantless wiretapping program - feature prominent reliance on the avoidance canon. Typically, such reliance is supported by citation to one or more Supreme Court cases. Yet those citations are rarely accompanied by any discussion of the values courts try to serve when they employ avoidance. Are those values specific to the federal judiciary - for example, facilitating judicial deference to legislative majorities - or do they reflect substantive commitments extending beyond the courts? Equally lacking is any sustained consideration of interpretive context: Does their particular institutional location and function enable executive actors to call upon sources of statutory meaning that are unavailable to courts, rendering rough tools like the avoidance canon unnecessary? This Article explores executive use of the avoidance canon along both these dimensions. As to theoretical justification, I show that whether constitutional avoidance is appropriate in the executive branch turns on whether one accepts the conventional account of the canon, which sees it as serving values specific to the federal judiciary, or an alternative account, which views it as serving a set of broader norms not confined to the courts. As to interpretive context, I show that because executive officials often have better access to and knowledge of statutory purpose than do the courts, some facially ambiguous texts may in fact be entirely unambiguous to the executive interpreter. In those circumstances, the avoidance canon has no role to play. Overall, although this Article focuses on executive uses of the avoidance canon in particular, the aim is to contribute to the development of a methodology for analyzing executive branch statutory interpretation in general.


Recent trends in programming language implementation are moving more and more towards "managed" runtime environments. These offer many benefits, including static and dynamic type checking, security, profiling, bounds checking and garbage collection. The Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) is Microsoft's attempt to define a managed runtime environment. However, since it was designed with more mainstream languages in mind, including C and C++, CLI proves restrictive when compiling functional languages. More specifically, for compilers such as GHC, which compiles Haskell, the CLI provides little support for lazy evaluation, currying (partial applications) and static type checking. The CLI does not provide any way of representing a computation in an evaluated and non-evaluated form. It does not allow functions to directly manipulate the runtime stack, and it restricts static typing in various forms; including subsumption over function types. In this thesis, we describe a new compilation method that removes the need for runtime argument checks. Runtime argument checking is required to ensure proper reduction semantics in situations where the arity of a function may be statically unknown. We introduce a new set of annotations, called operational types, which provide an abstract model of reduction. From these operational annotations we can construct a transformation, called lambda doping, which saturates all partial applications, removing the need for runtime argument checks. This enables the CLI to support an eager, curried, higher order functional language. We also describe a type inference algorithm that infers universally quantified types with implicit widening coercions. We show that we can easily include the generation of operational typings from type inference. We restrict type inference to simple extensions of the usual unification algorithm, given by Hindley-Milner, so that inference is immediately applicable to most commercial functional languages. We also develop a set of transformations which demonstrate that for the most part inferred types can be readily mapped to the CLI. Finally, we develop a practical implementation of a higher-order, curried eager functional language, called Mondrian.


The need exists in the work force for generic intelligent user interface agents to address the problem of increasing taskload that is overwhelming the human user. Interface agents could help alleviate user taskload by providing abstractions and intelligent assistance in a self-contained software agent that communicates with the user through the existing user interface and also adapts to user needs and behaviors. The beneets of a generic intelligent user interface agent environment is it can be applied to any highly interactive and information intensive software system from freight and parcel management systems to Wall Street nancial investment and analysis. We desire to address the two following diiculties with developing interface agents: (1) The extensive number of existing computer systems makes it impractical to build these agents by hand for each system; (2) Any such agent must be compliant with existing user interface standards and business practices (e.g., the United States Air Force's Common Operating Environment (COE) standards as deened by the Defense Information Infrastructure (DII)). Thus, an environment for constructing intelligent interface agents that facilitates standards compliance is necessary. We investigate the feasibility of developing an integrated environment for constructing generic intelligent user interface agents. We base our proposed design on three components: (1) a knowledge acquisition tool for support of speciication and design of interface agents taking in to account compliance with existing computer-based systems and user interface standards; (2) a utility theory-based methodology for interface agent requirements, assistance, and adaptivity; and (3) a correction model for user adaptivity based on user metrics evaluation.


Continued doubts about the longevity of the Saudi ruling family are fuelled by its Faustian bargain with Wahhabism, a conservative, intolerant, discriminatory and anti-pluralistic interpretation of Islam. It is a bargain that has produced one of the largest dedicated public diplomacy campaigns in history. Estimates of Saudi Arabia's spending on support of ultra-conservative strands of Islam, including Wahhabism, Salafism and Deobandism, across the globe range from $70 to $100 billion. Saudi largesse funded fund mosques, Islamic schools and cultural institutions, and social services as well as the forging of close ties to non-Wahhabi Muslim leaders and intelligence agencies in various Muslim nations. In doing so, Saudi Arabia succeeded in turning s largely local Wahhabi and like-minded ultra-conservative Muslim worldviews into an influential force in Muslim nations and communities across the globe. The campaign is not simply a product of the marriage between the Al Sauds and the Wahhabis. It is central to Saudi Arabia's soft power policy and the Al Sauds' survival strategy. One reason, albeit not the only one, that the longevity of the Al Sauds is a matter of debate, is the fact that the propagation of Wahhabism is having a backlash in countries across the globe, as well as on Saudi Arabia itself. More than ever before, Wahhabism, and its theological parent, Salafism, are being put under the spotlight due to their theological or ideological similarities with jihadism in general, and the ideology of the Islamic State (IS) group in particular.Attitudes fostered by Saudi funding, as well as Saudi Arabia's willingness to look the other way when its youth leave the kingdom to join militant groups, undermine Saudi Arabia's international image and its efforts to create soft power.The problem for the Al Sauds is not just that their image is under attack and that their legitimacy is wholly dependent on their identification with Wahhabism; it is also that the Al Sauds since the launch of their Islamist campaign, have often been only nominally in control of it. As a result, the Al Sauds have let a genie out of the bottle that now leads an independent life and cannot be put back into the bottle. Wahhabi and Salafi-influenced education systems played into the hands of Arab autocrats, who for decades dreaded an education system that would teach critical thinking and the asking of difficult questions.The current backlash of Saudi support for autocracy and funding of the export of Wahhabism and Salafism, coupled with the need to radically reform the kingdom's economy, means that the Al Sauds and the Wahhabis are nearing a crunch point, one that will not necessarily offer solutions, but in fact could make things worse. It risks sparking ever more militant splits, that will make themselves felt across the Muslim world and in minority Muslim communities elsewhere, in multiple ways. One already visible fallout of the Saudi campaign is greater intolerance towards minorities and increased sectarianism in countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Malaysia.A key to understanding the Saudi funding campaign is the fact that while it all may be financed out of one pot of money, it serves different purposes for different parties. For the Wahhabi ulema, it is about proselytization, about the spreading of Islam; for the Saudi government, it is about gaining soft power. At times the interests of the government and the ulema coincide, and at times they diverge. By the same token, the Saudi campaign on some levels has been an unparalleled success, on others, success is questionable and one could argue that it risks becoming a liability for the government.


"A Qualified Teacher in Every Classroom?" lays out new approaches for ensuring high-quality teacher preparation while offering a candid assessment of the obstacles that may impede the implementation of such new models. Under the No Child Left Behind Act, states will have to ensure that every public school classroom is staffed by a highly qualified teacher. This mandate--and the fact that many children, especially low-income and minority students, are taught by underqualified teachers ill-equipped for the challenges ahead--gives new urgency to debates over teacher recruitment, preparation, and induction. For several years, these debates have been dominated by competing groups of partisans. One denies that teaching requires a professional base of knowledge and skill, while the other tries to promote professionalism by ensuring that traditional programs retain their control over licensure and formal certification. The conflict confuses policymakers, frustrates educators, and stifles potentially promising solutions. In this volume, eleven contributors with rich experience in policy and teaching take a fresh look at a number of issues, including: Current systems for preparing and licensing teachers, and how they affect the quality and supply of teachers in the work force; An array of reform models for teacher preparation and licensure, and what they would mean for the profession; Questions of rigor and ideology in the core curricula of education schools or programs; The federal role in teacher preparation and licensure, especially in light of NCLB.


In this Second Edition, new information and references are integrated into chapters. Emphasis is still on processing, alloying, microstructure, deformation, fracture and properties of major steel types ranging from low-carbon sheet steels, pearlitic rail and wire steels, to quench and tempered medium- and high-carbon martensitic steels. Microstructural aspects of steelmaking, hardenability, tempering, surface hardening, and embrittlement phenomena are updated, and chapters on stainless and tool steels remain in the Second edition. The work is intended to be tutorial and is an essential state-of-the-art reference for anyone that makes, uses, studies and designs with steel.


Objectives: This study was planned to determine the extent to which the role of a pharmacists is established in community pharmacies in Pakistan and to determine the need of qualified and experienced pharmacists in provision of healthcare at these medical stores or so called community pharmacies. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 175 attendants at various medical stores located in different areas of Karachi with a response rate of 90.28%. Questionnaire consisted of 24 closed ended questions whose consistency and reliability were determined by Cronbach's alpha. Statistical analysis were done using SPSS (v.16.0) Results: The result shows that the average age of pharmacy attendant lies between 21 and 30 years. Only 9.49% of attendants have professional pharmacy education. It was noted that only 22.6% check prescriber signature before dispensing prescription, which is quite a low as compared with standard practice. Interestingly 57.6% attendants think that presence of qualified pharmacy at medical stores does not make any difference in the efficacy and the business of medical stores. Conclusion: This study concludes that the current status of community pharmacy practice is below par. There is a need to involve more pharmacists at community level and develop awareness programs to counter patients' routine drug issues and reducing the burden of disease from society.


Abstract This paper describes a finite difference experiment to simulate the transient development of the convection column above a strip of uniform high temperature source in a stratified uniform cross flow atmosphere. The κ-e model of turbulence is used and an upstream weighted scheme for this vorticity-stream function formulation is employed. Some computation results for a 195 m wide source are presented. The immediate goal of the undertaking was to devise a scheme which could yield realistic flow "boundary conditions" in the immediate vicinity of a fire to enable one to model the detailed structure of the fire region. The predictions arc quite consistent with observations and this provides the link between the heat source and environmental parameters. This scheme, together with a refined near zone fire model, can be used to describe the interplay between the heat source (fire) component and the environmental components of a mass fire system


OBJECTIVE To review evidence from literature on type 2 diabetes pertinent to physical activity and diet and lifestyle modification, and to determine the relevance of this evidence to clinical practice. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Direct (level I) evidence supports interventions for physical activity and diet modification for primary prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. Few studies examine the effectiveness of primary health care providers' making such interventions. MAIN MESSAGE Family physicians have an important role in identifying people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and managing those diagnosed with the disease, yet they struggle to deliver practice-based interventions that promote sustainable behaviour change among their patients. CONCLUSION It is evident that supporting patients to make changes in their physical activity and dietary habits can prevent onset of type 2 diabetes. Translating this finding into effective recommendations for clinical practice requires further effort and evaluation. RESUME


Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions from fires in tropical forest fuels were quantified using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTRMS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to PTRMS (GC-PTR-MS). We investigated VOC emissions from 19 controlled laboratory fires at the USFS (United States Forest Service) Fire Sciences Laboratory and 16 fires during an intensive airborne field campaign during the peak of the burning season in Brazil in 2004. The VOC emissions were dominated by oxy-genated VOCs (OVOC) (OVOC/NMHC ∼4:1, NMHC: non-methane hydrocarbons) The specificity of the PTR-MS instrument , which measures the mass to charge ratio of VOCs ionized by H 3 O + ions, was validated by gas chromatography and by intercomparing in-situ measurements with those obtained from an open path FTIR instrument. Emission ratios for methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, crotonaldehyde, acrylonitrile and pyrrole were measured in the field for the first time. Our measurements show a higher contribution of OVOCs than previously assumed for modeling purposes. Comparison of fresh (<15 min) and aged (>1 h–1 d) smoke suggests altered emission ratios due to gas phase chemistry for acetone but not for acetaldehyde and methanol. Emission ratios for numerous, important, reactive VOCs with respect to acetonitrile (a biomass burning tracer) are presented.


Objective The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of home smoking restriction (HSR) and the modified effect of parental smoking on smoking initiation among adolescents. Design Prospective Cohort Study. Setting Junior high school in Keelung City, Taiwan. Participants This study collected and evaluated primary data from the Adolescent Smoking and Other Health-Related Behaviour Survey conducted in Keelung City, which aimed to investigate smoking and health-related behaviours in junior high school students (2008–2009). Data on students free of smoking in 2008 and following them until 2009 (n=901) to ascertain whether they had started smoking were analysed with logistic regression mode to examine the proposed postulates. Main outcome measure The outcome variable was smoking initiation, which was defined as smoking status (yes/no) in the 2009 follow-up questionnaire. The main independent variable was HSR obtained from an adolescent self-reported questionnaire. Information on parental smoking was measured by adolescents self-reporting the smoking behaviour of their father and mother. Results The rate of HSR was 29.79% among 7th grade adolescents. The effect of HSR on smoking initiation in adolescents was statistically significantly modified by paternal smoking (p=0.04) but not by maternal smoking (p=0.54). The effect of HSR on smoking initiation was small for fathers with the habit of smoking (OR=0.89, 95% CI (0.42 to 1.88)), but the corresponding effect size was 3.2-fold (OR=2.84, 95% CI 1.19 to 6.81) for fathers without the habit of smoking. Conclusions Paternal smoking behaviour may play an interactive role with HSR in preventing smoking initiation among Taiwanese adolescents.


Policies limit the use of coercive measures as a measure of last resort to protect people from danger. Success of policies can only be determined by registering the use of coercive measures. The reliability of 57 standardized coercive measures was tested. In addition, implementation was investigated of improved registration in a residential care setting. This mixed methods study within a residential care organization for people with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands included 55 living units and 269 residents. Reliability of 57 standardized coercive measures was tested against other informants (colleague staff, trained outside observer) and results were validated by a panel of stakeholders. Second, the implementation of a mandatory routine registration system was investigated by comparing registration of coercive measures to personal files of 30 residents. Registration of coercive measures yielded reliable data for at least 25 out of 57 types of coercive measures. The second part of the study showed widely varying explanations of unreliable data by stakeholders, including knowledge and awareness of coercive measures of support staff and the influence of contextual factors on the encoding of coercive measures. After implementation, 46% of the coercive measures were registered in the registration system. Comprehensive registration of coercive measures by staff neither appeared feasible nor yielded reliable data. Clearly, multidisciplinary discussion among support staff and professionals is needed to decide whether care practices are restrictive or not. Further research should focus on how these considerations can lead to a reliable and meaningful registration.


CTGE 5065. Integrating Technology Into Elementary Education. (1 Credit) This course assumes introductory knowledge, skills, and understanding of concepts related to technology including the ability to access, generate, process and transfer information using appropriate technologies as well as familiarity with various software programs. This course will assist students in planning, designing, implementing and assessing learning environments and experiences supported by technology. This course will emphasize computer capabilities for teaching, classroom management, the use of assistive technology and communicating electronically from a K-6 perspective.


An essential reference dedicated to a wide array of financial models, issues in financial modeling, and mathematical and statistical tools for financial modeling The need for serious coverage of financial modeling has never been greater, especially with the size, diversity, and efficiency of modern capital markets. With this in mind, the Encyclopedia of Financial Models, 3 Volume Set has been created to help a broad spectrum of individuals—ranging from finance professionals to academics and students—understand financial modeling and make use of the various models currently available.
Incorporating timely research and in-depth analysis, the Encyclopedia of Financial Models is an informative 3-Volume Set that covers both established and cutting-edge models and discusses their real-world applications. Edited by Frank Fabozzi, this set includes contributions from global financial experts as well as academics with extensive consulting experience in this field. Organized alphabetically by category, this reliable resource consists of three separate volumes and 127 entries—touching on everything from asset pricing and bond valuation models to trading cost models and volatility—and provides readers with a balanced understanding of today's dynamic world of financial modeling.

This 3-Volume Set contains coverage of the fundamentals and advances in financial modeling and provides the mathematical and statistical techniques needed to develop and test financial models
Emphasizes both technical and implementation issues, providing researchers, educators, students, and practitioners with the necessary background to deal with issues related to financial modeling
Each volume includes a complete table of contents and index for easy access to various parts of the encyclopedia

Financial models have become increasingly commonplace, as well as complex. They are essential in a wide range of financial endeavors, and this 3-Volume Set will help put them in perspective.


Any liquid-gas interface being under a temperature gradient is subject to a thermocapillary flow generated by the differences in the surface tension. In the particular case of liquid bridges, this flow can evolve into a oscillatory or travelling flow known as hydrothermal wave. This works aims to achieve a better understanding of the formation of this kind of flow by means of computational fluid dynamics techniques using a specific software package. For that, a simplified model of the liquid bridge is proposed, reducing the problem its most elementary parameters. The numerics used to solve the system make use of the NavierStokes equations for fluid mechanics. In order to validate the simulations developed, a series of analysis will be performed to test the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained, as well as to test the capabilities of OpenFOAM running this kind of problems. The software employed to run the simulations is called OpenFOAM (Open Field Operations And Modifications), which is a free and open-source CFD package with a wide range of usability in many engineering and science fields.


This Article introduces a novel methodology for understanding medical malpractice law and guiding its reform. I divide the legal rules that apply in medical malpractice cases into four basic categories: "entry rules,�? "exit rules,�? "treatment rules,�? and "setup rules.�? The first two of these categories of rules intersect with the other two categories. Our medical malpractice system thus consists of treatment-related and setup-related entry and exit rules. Based on this taxonomy, I demonstrate how our medical malpractice system responds to two major concerns about legal rules: form and institutional competence. As far as form is concerned, our system systematically prefers articulated high-resolution rules over broad standards as a basis for courts' determinations of the adequacy of the medical treatment complained against by the plaintiff. The system resorts predominantly to broad standards as a basis for courts' assessments of whether medical care providers adequately set up the physical and informational conditions for their patient's treatment. Courts' decisions in these two areas determine whether the defendant — a doctor or other provider of medical care — will enter into liability for medical malpractice. For exits from that liability, the system fashions narrowly tailored rules, which it generally (but not always) prefers over standards. As far as institutional competence is concerned, the system authorizes the medical profession to devise rules identifying medical errors that make a patient's treatment defective and actionable as malpractice (treatment-related entry rules). The system allows courts and the legislature, on one side, and the medical profession, on the other side, to design discrete components of the standards making doctors and other care providers responsible for setting up poor physical or informational conditions for treating patients (setup-related entry rules). Finally, the system gives courts a virtually exclusive power to formulate rules that allow a negligent care provider to escape liability for malpractice (treatment- and setup-related exit rules). Courts used this power to narrow malpractitioners' exits from liability in torts: negligent doctors and other defaulting care providers normally cannot disassociate themselves from the aggrieved patient's damage. This interplay of rules and rulemaking powers pervasively affects our medical malpractice system: it narrows care providers' liability for treatment-related malpractice; it expands care providers' liability for setup-related malpractice; and it narrows negligent care providers' ability to avoid the duty to compensate the aggrieved patient. The Article demonstrates that this system is both fair and efficient and criticizes tort reforms that reduce liability for malpractice.


The Grey Iron plant, central foundry division of General Motors Corp., in Saginaw, Mich. conducted a study to evaluate the capacity and tooling of future casting operations of the more than 70 year old plant. The results of the study showed that the plant could either be torn down or modernized. The central foundry division decided on a $200 million modernization program that involved the expansion of new facilities and the purchase of new sophisticated equipment. The program included the construction of a new 190,000 sq ft building within the confines of the existing million square foot building. The structural challenge was to provide a functional building while maintaining foundry operations during the construction. The structure had to accommodate a molding area that houses a 300 mold per hour high pressure molding machine, a core room that employed the latest in sand mixing, core blowing and process control equipment and a streamlined finishing area.


A growing impetus to enhance our understanding of the behavior of magnesium-based alloys for use in weight critical applications resulted as a consequence of the low density of magnesium. In an attempt to enhance the applicability of magnesium for a wide spectrum of performance-critical applications, the addition of reinforcement to the alloy was considered as an economically affordable and potentially viable scientific alternative. In this paper are reported the results of a study aimed at understanding the influence of saffil alumina short fiber reinforcement on microstructural development of a squeeze-cast magnesium alloy. Preliminary results confirm promise of the reinforced alloy, which retains hardness, strength, and stiffness better at elevated temperatures compared to the unreinforced counterpart. However, impact strength and toughness of the reinforced alloy are inferior. The importance of the matrix alloy in governing the overall mechanical response of the composite microstructure is discussed based on fractographic observations. The importance of volume fraction of the reinforcing phase on properties of the composite microstructure is highlighted.


In this paper we merge individual income data, firm-level data, patenting data, and IQ data in Finland over the period 1988–2012 to analyze the returns to invention for inventors and their coworkers or stakeholders within the same firm. We find that: (i) inventors collect only 8 percent of the total private return from invention; (ii) entrepreneurs get over 44 percent of the total gains; (iii) bluecollar workers get about 26 percent of the gains and the rest goes to white-collar workers. Moreover, entrepreneurs start with significant negative returns prior to the patent application, but their returns subsequently become highly positive.


Statius and Amphiaraus: the esoteric effects of the word The analysis begins with a comparison between the version of the myth of Amphiaraus, as presented in the Thebaid of Statius, and the image of Amphiaraus which is to be found in the previous tradition. In sources earlier than Statius the vates is swallowed in a hiatus opened into the ground by Zeus, in order to avoid Amphiaraus being the object of violence; in Statius, instead, Amphiaraus, immersed in the depths of the earth, is removed from the horizontality of the shared world, not to be an agent of violence. In this paper the author juxtaposes the figure of Amphiaraus to two other characters of the Thebaid, Menoeceus and Capaneus, who, unable as the vates to metabolize the shared world, are induced to a vertical delirium. Through his 'de-lirious' characters, Statius lives the  of the common sense, but, contrary to Amphiaraus, Menoeceus and Capaneus, the author of the Thebaid tries not to lose contact with the world thanks to his possession of the poetic word, which allows him to wander vertically and, at the same time, to live the horizontality.


Sometime in early 2008, Sushant Sinha, an Indian computer science doctoral candidate from Michigan University began offering free access to decisions of the Indian Supreme Court via his website IndianKanoon.org (IK). In the ensuing two years, IK has grown exponentially and has become one of the most popular websites for accessing Indian legal materials, hosting over 1.2 million documents at the time of this writing. This paper is styled as a 'case study' that probes the IndianKanoon story - its genesis, successes and impacts - in some detail. This is also a paper that interrogates the conditions that make a site like IndianKanoon possible. It seeks an answer to the question: Viewed from what frame do the actions of one man unilaterally deciding to host over a million legal documents online for free become sensible?Update: Unfortunately I am not permitted to distribute this document publicly yet. Please email me if you'd like a copy.


Copyright © 2012 Institute for Healthcare Improvement All rights reserved. Individuals may photocopy these materials for educational, not-for-profit uses, provided that the contents are not altered in any way and that proper attribution is given to IHI as the source of the content. These materials may not be reproduced for commercial, for-profit use in any form or by any means, or republished under any circumstances, without the written permission of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement.


This article takes a look back at two of the major opinions of the criminal procedure revolution - Duncan v. Louisiana and Baldwin v. New York - and contends that, in retrospect, extending the right to jury trial to all felonies and misdemeanors was a mistake. Instead of protecting defendants from the power of the state, these decisions have had the opposite effect: criminal trials are increasingly rare and those defendants who dare to insist on their rights pay a substantial and sometimes brutal price if convicted. The article makes its case comparatively by taking a look at two other common law countries - England and Canada. Each has two trial courts and two trial models for most felonies and all misdemeanors. The two models are distinguished in such a way that it is usually to the strong advantage of both prosecutors and defendants to opt for the simpler nonjury trial model if possible. Prosecutors get a much shorter trial and defendants are assured a rather lenient sentence if they are convicted. This contrasts sharply with the United States where only one trial model is available and it is strongly to the prosecutor's advantage to charge as high as ethically possible for plea-bargaining leverage. We often lament "the vanishing trial" in the United States. But Canada and England show there are options we could take to make more trials available for defendants without requiring additional resources. But, first, we must begin by reconsidering the wisdom of what the Court did in Duncan and Baldwin.


Provision of non-commercial railway services in Sweden is the responsibility of regional Public Transport Authorities. In spite of substantial real increases in fares, patronage of subsidised railway services has increased by 4.6 percent per year over the last 20 years. To provide an understanding of this development the paper addresses the way in which the responsibility for public transport is organised. One feature of the organization is that the design of tendering processes and contracting formats are not streamlined but differ across PTAs. Data about the particular contracts in use are however patchy and partly incomparable, making it difficult to establish whether one or the other contract design contributes better to sector performance. It is therefore not feasible to base an understanding of how traffic growth has been affected by sector internal performance on a rigorous analysis. It is argued that voluntary or forced implementation of a system for performance assessment is necessary in order to reduce waste.


Since the publication of Lithops gulielmi L. Bol. in 1937, with type locality given as ""farm Florida"", there has been considerable doubt and uncertainty about this taxon. Descriptions and illustrations appearing in subsequent publications differ substantially from the original diagnosis, and plants collected at the type locality did not conform to any of the pubIished descriptionptions.


The proliferation of the information society over the last twenty years has made access to, and engagement with, information and communications technologies (ICT) and the Internet increasingly important aspects of social inclusion in contemporary society. Similarly, the ability to be able to use ICT effectively has been described as the indispensable grammar of modern life. Because of this there is a growing concern between those who have access and can use ICT the Internet and those who don't - referred to as the digital divide. This has resulted in a plethora of local, national and international policies aimed at getting people online and connected to the Internet being set in motion over the last couple of decades. These policies aim to bridge the 'digital divide' by focussing on increasing access to ICT for those living in deprived areas, areas already viewed as suffering from high levels of poverty and social exclusion. South Yorkshire, with many of its villages and urban areas built specifically for the coal industry had suffered from terminal decline with the closure of many of its pits over the last forty years. The decline of manufacturing has resulted in an array of economic and social problems burgeoning within many of its communities, to the point where the South Yorkshire region was granted Objective 1 funding from the European Union. The research explores whether or not ICT and the Internet can become the expected solution to so many diverse and interrelated problems facing the people and places of South Yorkshire - particularly with regard to the social and economic regeneration of deprived areas. The research was undertaken in two phases in 2003 and 2013 at Grimethorpe which in 2003 was considered one of the most deprived wards in Europe. In 2013, due to continued regeneration efforts, Grimethorpe's social and economic fortunes have improved greatly. Both phases of the research utilised a case study design and qualitative methodology to explore how local residents were accessing and using ICT and the Internet. In the first phase three community technology centres to be found within Grimethorpe were examined, two publicly funded and one from the third sector funded by Objective 1 South Yorkshire. These were explored in relation to ICT policy outcomes of both funding bodies which focussed on how the centres could help local digitally excluded people overcome the digital divide; build the social capital within deprived areas and also up-skill the local workforce to be able to participate in the wider knowledge economy of South Yorkshire. Findings from the first stage highlighted how people from Grimethorpe were not using the community technology centres due to a number of socio-economic barriers relating to low-levels of education, poverty, lack of observable employment and also in the form of resistance by residents of Grimethorpe themselves. The second phase of the research returned to Grimethorpe a decade later in order to investigate how the rapid changes of technology in the intervening years were being experienced by several families in the community. Here similar barriers to those found in phase one were discovered along with how family members are becoming central to helping other members overcome the digital divide. The research concludes that in order to help people overcome the digital divide they need to have a suitable reason to access and use ICT and the Internet, something often made aware to them by someone they trust.


The Green Economy is a strategic development concept of the United Nations incorporating a broad array of potential meanings and implications. It is subject to academic conceptualisation, operationalisation, reflection and criticism. The aim of our paper is to conceptualise a subset of the multi-faceted and at times polarised debate around the implications and applications of the Green Economy concept, and to provide reflective grounds for approaches towards the concept. By using qualitative content analysis and a participatory approach, we investigate perceptions of young researchers from various disciplines working on issues related to the Green Economy. The spectrum of disparate perceptions observed among the respondents is accommodated within a two-dimensional model. The dimensions are 1) the degree and nature of desired societal change in relation to the current economic model and set of institutions; and 2) the role of research in delivering such change. We discuss the model in light of the existing literature.


It sometimes happens in practice that A, albeit the first user of a mark, is using it only on a fairly modest scale. B then commences use of a similar mark on a massive scale, inter alia, by way of television advertisements and inserts in major national newspapers. It stands to reason that B could, within a few weeks, establish a significant reputation relating to the mark. It also follows that there could be confusion in the market. From whose perspective should the matter be approached?


One of the most recognizable, enduring, and best-selling bands of all time, The Beatles' influence spans time, genre, and geography. Originally popular in Liverpool and Hamburg, their fame soon spread worldwide, and they enjoyed immense popularity in the United States. Now "The Beatles: Here, There, and Everywhere" maps out the journey of this legendary rock sensation. Relive everything from the tentative debut of the Liverpool natives in Hamburg's tawdry red light district to their innovative recordings at Abbey Road Studio. In this unique book readers learn about the Beatles' famous audition at Decca studios, the flat at 57 Green Street, their American debut on "The Ed Sullivan Show, " plus many other stops along their road to stardom. With full spreads devoted to each British album, additional notes on instrumentation and solo careers, plus tons of Fab Facts, this book captivates fans of all ages. A unique way to explore the history of this legendary group, "The Beatles: Here There, and Everywhere" provides you with a ticket to ride on their journey.


Abstract Term-rewriting systems can be expressed as generic programs parameterised over the shape of the terms being rewritten. Previous implementations of generic rewriting libraries require users to either adapt the datatypes that are used to describe these terms or to specify rewrite rules as functions. These are fundamental limitations: the former implies a lot of work for the user, while the latter makes it hard if not impossible to document, test, and analyze rewrite rules. In this article, we demonstrate how to overcome these limitations by making essential use of type-indexed datatypes. Our approach is lightweight in that it is entirely expressible in Haskell with GADTs and type families and can be readily packaged for use with contemporary Haskell distributions.


A ubiquitous pattern in ecological systems is that more abundant species tend to be more generalist; that is, they interact with more species or can occur in wider range of habitats. However, there is no consensus on whether generalism drives abundance (a selection process) or abundance drives generalism (a drift process). As it is difficult to conduct direct experiments to solve this chicken-and-egg dilemma, previous studies have used a causal discovery method based on formal logic and have found that abundance drives generalism. Here, we refine this method by correcting its bias regarding skewed distributions, and employ two other independent causal discovery methods based on nonparametric regression and on information theory, respectively. Contrary to previous work, all three independent methods strongly indicate that generalism drives abundance when applied to datasets on plant-hummingbird communities and reef fishes. Furthermore, we find that selection processes are more important than drift processes in structuring multispecies systems when the environment is variable. Our results showcase the power of the computational causal discovery approach to aid ecological research.


This report presents the findings of the analysis of the state of the art conducted as part of the JRC research on "Exploring Digital Government Transformation in the EU: understanding public sector innovation in a data-driven society" (DIGIGOV), within the framework of the "European Location Interoperability Solutions for eGovernment (ELISE)" Action of the ISA2 Programme on Interoperability solutions for public administrations, businesses and citizens, coordinated by DIGIT. The results of the review of literature, based on almost 500 academic and grey literature sources, as well as the analysis of digital government policies in the EU Member States provide a synthetic overview of the main themes and topics of the digital government discourse. The report depicts the variety of existing conceptualisations and definitions of the digital government phenomenon, measured and expected effects of the application of more disruptive innovations and emerging technologies in government, as well as key drivers and barriers for transforming the public sector. Overall, the literature review shows that many sources appear overly optimistic with regard to the impact of digital government transformation, although the majority of them are based on normative views or expectations, rather than empirically tested insights. The authors therefore caution that digital government transformation should be researched empirically and with a due differentiation between evidence and hope. In this respect, the report paves the way to in-depth analysis of the effects that can be generated by digital innovation in public sector organisations. A digital transformation that implies the redesign of the tools and methods used in the machinery of government will require in fact a significant change in the institutional frameworks that regulate and help coordinate the governance systems in which such changing processes are implemented.


Background: One in ten couples suffers from some form of involuntary childlessness or infertility in Sweden. Involuntary childlessness or infertility is when an individual or a couple has a desire for a child but are unable to conceive on their own. To suffer from involuntary childlessness can be a mental strain that can result in a personal crisis, where the existential issues become central and contested. Regardless of the reason for their changed life world is because of involuntary childlessness or infertility, it is always important for the nurse to have an understanding of individual's life-changing world and experiences. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe men and women experiences of involuntary childlessness during investigation and treatment.Method: Selected method was a literature review. The study was based on articles from systematic and unsystematic searches in databases and analyzed from the chosen method.Results: Four main themes emerged from the analysis, 'The changing life-world', 'The mental strain', 'Perceptions of relationships and social life' and 'experiences related to treatment'.Conclusion: Being involuntarily childless and infertile create a mental, physical and social stress. Clinically, this means a responsibility to offer a personalized support. For the nurse it is important to have an understanding of individual life-world and how the involuntary childlessness affects them.


ABSTRACT Members of the genus Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) are gill parasites found on eight orders of marine actinopterygian fishes: Anguilliformes, Aulopiformes, Beryciformes, Ophidiiformes, Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes, Scorpaeniformes, and Tetraodontiformes. The genus Hatschekia is particularly species rich in tropical and subtropical regions. Eight species of Hatschekia are described from the gill filaments of seven perciform fish hosts (four serranids, two lutjanids and a lethrinid) collected off New Caledonia. Seven of them are newly described: Hatschekia maculatus n. sp. from Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch, 1790), Hatschekia cyanopodus n. sp. from Epinephelus cyanopodus (Richardson, 1846), Hatschekia louti n. sp. from Variola louti (Forsskål, 1775), Hatschekia euanus n. sp. from Gymnocranius euanus (Günther, 1879), Hatschekia etelisicola n. sp. from Etelis carbunculus (Cuvier, 1828) and Etelis coruscans Valenciennes, 1862, Hatschekia fuscoguttatus n. sp. from Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775), and Hatschekia niger n. sp. from Macolor niger (Forsskål, 1775). The widely distributed species Hatschekia cadenati Nunes-Ruivo, 1954 is redescribed based on material from Epinephelus cyanopodus and was also newly recorded from another five species of Epinephelus Bloch, 1793 and two species of Variola Swainson, 1839 (all members of the serranid subfamily Epinephelinae Bleeker, 1875). Partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) of Hatschekia maculatus n. sp., H. cyanopodus n. sp. and H. cadenati were obtained and submitted to GenBank.


Just health: meeting health needs fairly is an ambitious book, in which Norman Daniels attempts to bring together in a single framework all his work on health and justice from the past 25 years. One major aim is to reconcile his earlier work on the special moral importance of healthcare with his later work on the social determinants of health. In his earlier work, Daniels argued that healthcare is of special moral importance because it protects opportunity. In this later work, Daniels argues that the social determinants of health (which in fact tend to have a larger effect on health outcomes than healthcare does) should also be considered special. This paper argues that it is a mistake to base a theory of justice for health on the claim that health (or the social determinants of health) are "special", for three reasons. First, once we realise that health is to a large part socially determined by features such as distribution of income, which are also of independent importance for justice, we cannot talk about a theory of justice for health in isolation from an overall theory of justice. Second, when we are trying to work out the place of health in a general theory of justice, being told that health (or the social determinants of health) is special is unhelpful. The relevant starting point should rather be whether health matters in a fundamental way for justice, or whether it matters merely for the effects it has on those goods which are of fundamental importance for justice. Third, treating the social determinants of health as special would in fact be counterproductive in terms of the broad approach to justice Daniels favours.


This article examines the likelihood of high-sigma loss events, paying particular attention to the so-called 25-sigma events which a number of financial institutions have allegedly experienced in the recent financial turmoil. The authors discuss several well-known cases and their media coverage, and then examine the probabilities of such events and the periods of time that would elapse before one would expect to witness them. They find that 25-sigma events are far less likely to occur than recent discussions would suggest—so much so, in fact, that they are literally incredible.


BACKGROUND: With regard to an increase in the life expectancy for women and the consistency of the menopause age, a significant portion of women's age is passed after the menopause. Menopause is considered as a critical and sensitive period due to the changes and the disorders that are involved in it. Vasomotor symptoms, sleep disorders and psycho-mental changes are among the most prevalent symptoms of this period. Hormone therapy is a common treatment and it involves some problems for most individuals. The purpose of this study was to comparatively examine the effects of two herbal medications, Hypericum Perforatum and Passion Flower, on menopause symptoms. METHODS: This study was of a clinical-experimental type which was done in 1388 in Isfahan. The sample included 59 menopausal women who had the conditions for entering into the study. The individuals were selected via simple sampling and were assigned randomly into two groups of Hypericum Perforatum treatment group (30 women) and Passion Flower group (29 women). The required data were filled out through interview, Personal Characteristics Questionnaire, and Cooperman's Index for menopause symptoms in three stages of pre-intervention, the third week of intervention, and the sixth week of intervention. The results were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods and the statistical software of SPSS. RESULTS: The findings showed that the average score of menopause symptoms in two treatment groups of Hypericum Perforatum and Passion Flower had a significant decrease throughout the third and the sixth weeks of study (p < 0.05). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups and both herbs equally resulted in a decrease in the menopause symptoms scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: With regard to the effects of Hypericum Perforatum and Passion Flower on treating menopause precocious symptoms (vasomotor signs, insomnia, depression, anger, headache, etc.), these two herbs can be used as an alternative treatment for individuals who cannot, whatsoever, use hormone therapy.