A public policy book hit the best-seller lists several years ago by advocating that government stop producing micro-management-style regulation and instead leave implementation to common sense. The Death of Common Sense received rave reviews in Washington. Both President Clinton and House Speaker Newt Gingrich invited the author to discuss his ideas. I was reminded of this by last month's ABA Banking Journal Compliance Clinic. In that column the Federal Reserve's Griffith C. Garwood defended keeping the new Community Reinvestment Act regulation general in the face of industry pressure to add more certainty. This column raised a question that has long plagued compliance regulation: the inescapable tradeoff between certainty and simplicity. The simpler a rule is, the less certain its meaning, making implementation confusing and enforcement inconsistent. The more certain a rule is, the more detailed it becomes--and, therefore, the more burdensome. Compliance officers and other bankers work under laws at both extremes of this spectrum. On the simple-but-uncertain end is CRA. The CRA law is very simple--just a few pages and a general mandate. The old CRA regulation, too, was short and simple. The new regulation is somewhat more detailed but, as Garwood pointed out, still very general. The generality leaves the crucial question of "how much is enough" entirely to examiner judgment. This in turn leads to a great deal of confusion over how to comply, and inevitable inconsistencies in evaluation. At the certain-but-burdensome end of the continuum are Truth in Lending and Regulation Z. With few exceptions, the provisions of Regulation Z are crystal clear. Whether a creditor has performed under them is answerable by "yes" or "no." Reg Z is so process oriented that penalties apply even when no one has been harmed. Is there no solution to this world of extremes? To some extent, yes. However, there are principles that can help minimize the negative effects, while preserving the positives. Here are some key questions for Congress, regulators, and bankers to ponder as new rules are designed and discussed. 1. If the government is treating a matter with broad, flexible mandates, are the guidelines clear? It would have been impossible to fashion an objective, quantitative, simple CRA that would not have wreaked havoc with banks' right to choose their own strategies and to manage themselves. We can wish for such a simple solution. It is a fantasy. In the real world, the complexity and variety of financial institutions and the markets they serve requires that the mandate be broad and the evaluation be subjective. However, are the CRA standards as clear as they can be? Certainly, in the other major area where agencies rely on examiner judgment-fair lending--there is no question: the standards are NOT clear enough. For years, the regulators enforced only the procedural aspects of Regulation B2. These involve technical issues, much like the requirements of Reg Z. All this, however, had nothing to do with whether the bank had granted credit fairly to all--the intent of the laws behind the rule. It was assumed that, if the procedure was being followed most of the time, it would tend to prevent discrimination in the first place. At the least, it was hoped, the procedure would make it possible for the consumer to detect and complain about it if it should occur. Few such complaints occurred, and the regulators believed discrimination was dead. Then in the early 1990s, the federal government de facto broadened its concern about credit discrimination to encompass unintentional discrimination that occurred as a by-product of the normal lending process. This focus on theoretically existed in the law all along, but was never a focus of enforcement. The goal in combating unintended discrimination was in essence a CRA-like one--an effort to encourage lenders to be proactive and affirmative in finding ways to get more credit to minority borrowers. …


In this Article, I will offer a few observations on the troublesome relationship between technological innovation and government regulation. That relationship is neither simple nor linear. In many instances, regulation is strictly necessary because the alternative--a form of case-by-case-litigation--can easily prove to be worse. (1) In other cases, regulation is necessary to secure the creation of property rights in individuals that are good against the rest of the world--a state of affairs that no system of voluntary contracts can hope to create. (2) In other situations, the security of various transactions may depend on regularizing contractual relations by creating state registries. (3) Every system of law needs a system of regulation. Even in purely competitive markets, a system of property rights must be established. Systems of recordation and a statute of frauds are needed to make the system operate properly, and taxes and other income streams are required to support the public activities that are needed to make the system work. The belief that a disembodied free market, one which does not rest upon government force, will function effectively is certainly a mistake of epic proportions, if not an anarchist myth. At bottom, the proper inquiry never poses the stark choice of regulation versus no regulation. Instead, the inquiry is much more modulated; it seeks to find what kinds of regulation are desirable due to the positive consequences they bring about and, conversely, what kinds of regulations are generally dubious because of the negative consequences they bring about. So we need to find some test that allows us to sort regulations into those which should be welcome and those which should be opposed. For the business activities at issue in this discussion, I propose one test that should go a long way to organize this inquiry. In virtually every case, desirable regulations are those that are designed to fortify a system of competitive markets through reverse engineering. Robust (but never pure) competition is what is desired. Which regulations, then, will move the overall operation of the legal system in that direction? Strong property rights protected by regulation, statutes of frauds on formalities of contract, prevention of inducement to breach of contract, and the use of force against contracting parties all fortify a competitive market system. No one can quarrel with the need for regulation in these areas nor treat such regulation as part of a vast regulatory state that should be the object of our collective wrath. This Article discusses two important fields within technology. Each field requires at least some deviation from, or at least some modification of, the kinds of solutions that are welcome in competitive markets involving standard goods and services. The first of these two fields is the intellectual property system, which chiefly comprises copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. The other field is the network industry system, which deals with railroads, telecommunications, and other related technologies. What makes these two areas unique? What kinds of regulations ought we to welcome in them? And what kinds of regulation should be rejected as excessive or counterproductive? I. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY I begin with intellectual property, a field in which the first possession rule--invariably used to acquire title in land, chattels and animals--cannot do the job. (4) It is simply not enough to allow people to take first physical possession of property and then announce that they own it. Recognizing this fundamental point, Congress in 1790 passed the Patent (5) and the Copyright Acts. (6) What makes these statutes, at least in large measure, a long-term success? First, neither statute is meant to be technologically coercive within its respective domain. The Patent Act provides a system in which priority goes either to the first to invest for the first to file--there is a dispute as to which of these two is more important--the law will furnish an examiner, through the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), (7) who makes an initial determination as to whether or not the patent is valid. …


Behind China9s vaunted system of Internet censorship are throngs of specialized police officers, fake commentators, and ever-changing technologies. But China watchers have puzzled over the system9s modus operandi. Some posts are swiftly culled, whereas others on seemingly more sensitive topics are left untouched. In the most revealing study yet of Chinese censorship, researchers at Harvard University describe in this week9s issue of Science how they peered behind the curtain to find out what China9s censors—and presumably the government officials operating behind the scenes—fear most: discussion of mass protests and other forms of collective action. The unprecedented participatory experiment on China9s blogs, microblogs, and forums also flouts the conventional wisdom that the censorship apparatus is designed to squelch criticism of the Communist Party or its leaders.


ABSTRACT Addressing violent extremism could potentially benefit from new initiatives that extend beyond criminal justice and are a part of public health policy and practice. This claim is based on knowledge from prior countering violent extremism (CVE) research and on immersion with communities, practitioners, and policymakers. This knowledge indicates that to date law enforcement-centered initiatives have not generated targeted evidence-based prevention or intervention initiatives, and they have had the unintended consequence of provoking community resistance. The Center for Disease Control's Ten Essential Public Health Services is proposed as a new conceptual framework for a public health approach to addressing violent extremism which aims for policy and practice shifts. The public health approach offers opportunities for multi-purpose programming, avoiding stigma, and leveraging existing public health resources. Such shifts are illustrated by discussing the CVE program being further developed in Los Angeles, California, based in part upon the public health model.


"David Busch's Sony Alpha DSLR-A380/A330/A230 Guide to Digital SLR Photography" is perfect for those new to digital photography or those who just want to make sure they get the most out of their Sony Alpha DSLR-A380/A330/A230. The book is a complete guide to this digital SLR camera, including how to utilize the 10.2 megapixel sensors (14 megapixels in the dSLR-A380), Live View, and automatic dust removal, as well as the HDTV connections and improved image quality that are new to this generation of cameras. After the introductory chapters designed to create familiarity with the camera, the book delves into various shooting situations and recommendations on how to get the best possible shots with full-color photos to illustrate each. Readers will discover a wealth of tips and information not found in the user's manual, so new users and pros alike will find David Busch's Sony Alpha DSLR-A380/A330/A230 Guide to Digital SLR Photography an indispensable tool for achieving the best possible photographs.


* Lecture Notes on Geriatrics. 4th edn. N Coni, W Davison, S Webster. (pounds sterling13.50.) Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993. ISBN 063203369X

\***| The Essentials of Health Care of the Elderly. G Bennett, S Ebrahim. (pounds sterling10.99.) Edward Arnold, 1992. ISBN 0340545593

Any undergraduate text on medicine for elderly people should concern itself with how and why dealing with older people differs from treating younger age groups, taking into account the physiological changes of aging, differences in the presentation and treatment of disease, the role of rehabilitation, and the organisation of medical, social, and voluntary services Lecture Notes on Geriatrics remains the number onechoice for undergraduates and newly qualified doctors alike, the fact that it is in its fourth edition showing how well it has stood the test of time. The new edition, much revised and updated, has succinct chapters giving good practical advice on treatment and management, with highlighted lists of important points.

The Essentials of Health Care in the Elderly is another useful text for students, though not as comprehensive as Lecture Notes. It is clearly written, easily readable, and well illustrated and provides useful practical hints and key points, though by its nature these are brief, so that the reader has to seek more detailed …


The eastern and central Beartooth Mountains of Montana and Wyoming are composed of 2,800-m.y.-old granitoids that intruded older rocks of variable age and composition. The most abundant rock type among these older units is a 3,000-m.y.-old amphibolite with a major-element composition similar to modern andesites. The concentrations of the incompatible trace elements, particularly the light rare earth elements, however, are much higher than those of most modern or ancient andesites. In addition, the range in concentration of many major and trace elements is large, and strong correlations for both mobile and immobile elements are evident. This coherence suggests that the observed element-abundance patterns in these rocks are not the result of metamorphic or other postcrystallization, nonisochemical processes. The compositional features of these andesitic rocks seem to be explained most easily as the result of variable degrees of partial melting of a source enriched in incompatible elements, followed by variable extents of crystallization of the resulting magmas. The mafic compositions of these magmas and limited Sm-Nd isotopic data suggest that the magmas were of mantle origin and that they were generated with the aid of incompatible-element–rich or metasomatic fluids.


This folder consists of religious images in a variety of cultures. These images can be used to compare different cultures, differences within cultures and to consider cultural differences and similarities in relation to globalisation. The titles of the photographs should explain the object or activity and the location. An accompanying worksheet with activity ideas is given here.


To better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying plant leaf development, we have performed a large-scale screening for Arabidopsis thaliana mutants to identify those displaying abnormally shaped or sized leaves. One of the stronger mutant phenotypes found was that of the ultracurvata1 (ucu1) mutants, whose vegetative and cauline leaves are spirally rolled downwards and show a reduced expansion along the longitudinal axis, in contrast to wild type leaves, which are flattened organs. We have identified one recessive and two semidominant ucu1 alleles, the most extreme of which cause severe dwarfism and a constitutive photomorphogenic response. Following a map-based strategy, we have cloned the UCU1 gene, which was found to encode an intracellular kinase closely related to SHAGGY, one of the components of the Wingless/Wnt animal signalling pathway. The responses of ucu1 mutants to exogenous plant hormones and the genetic analyses of double mutants involving ucu1 alleles indicate that UCU1 is a key component in several signalling pathways controlling cell expansion and overall plant growth, including those of auxins and brassinosteroids.


The Long Now Foundation is building a mechanical clock that is designed to keep time for the next 10,000 years. The clock maintains its long-term accuracy by synchronizing to the Sun. The 10,000-Year Clock keeps track of five different types of time: Pendulum Time, Uncorrected Solar Time, Corrected Solar Time, Displayed Solar Time and Orrery Time. Pendulum Time is generated from the mechanical pendulum and adjusted according to the equation of time to produce Uncorrected Solar Time, which is in turn mechanically corrected by the Sun to create Corrected Solar Time. Displayed Solar Time advances each time the clock is wound, at which point it catches up with Corrected Solar Time. The clock uses Displayed Solar Time to compute various time indicators to be displayed, including the positions of the Sun, and Gregorian calendar date. Orrery Time is a better approximation of Dynamical Time, used to compute positions of the Moon, planets and stars and the phase of the Moon. This paper describes how the clock reckons time over the 10,000-year design lifetime, in particular how it reconciles the approximate Dynamical Time generated by its mechanical pendulum with the unpredictable rotation of the Earth.


Since 2001, the NSF ADVANCE program has funded organizational change projects promoting gender equity in academic science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The connections between institutions and individuals involved in the ADVANCE program form a network of potential conduits for information sharing on how institutions can better address gender inequities in academic sciences. As the ADVANCE program celebrates its 20th anniversary, we describe the growth and composition of the organizational network over the past two decades to explore the breadth and reach of the ADVANCE program in the U.S. higher education system. We find that through interpersonal and organizational connections, the ADVANCE program has reached more than three times the number of organizations than have been directly funded. Furthermore, we outline several ways in which future ADVANCE awardees and stakeholders can better utilize the existing network structure to expand the knowledge created through the ADVANCE program to a more diverse institutional audience.


It is often argued that a mandatory minimum wage is binding only if the wage density displays a spike at it. In this paper we analyze a model with search frictions and heterogeneous production technologies, in which imposition of a minimum wage affects wages even though, after imposition, the lowest wage in the market exceeds the minimum wage. The model has multiple equilibria as a result of the fact that the reservation wage of the unemployed and the lowest production technology in use affect each other. Imposition of a minimum wage may improve social welfare.


Authentication plays a vital role in many secure systems. Most of these systems require user to log in with his or her secret password or pass phrase before entering it. This is to ensure all the valuables information is kept confidential guaranteeing also its integrity and availability. However, to achieve this goal, users are required to memorize high entropy passwords or pass phrases. Unfortunately, this sometimes causes difficulty for user to remember meaningless strings of data. This paper presents a new scheme which assigns a weight to each personal question given to the user in revealing the encrypted secrets or password. Concentration of this scheme is to offer fault tolerance to users by allowing them to forget the specific password to a subset of questions and still recover the secret and achieve successful authentication. Comparison on level of security for weight-based and weightless secret recovery scheme is also discussed. The paper concludes with the few areas that requires more investigation in this research. Keywords—Secret Recovery, Personal Entropy, Cryptography, Secret Sharing and Key Management.


This thesis develops a new framework for explaining the effects and possible trajectories of state building interventions (SBIs). This is for both examining specific interventions and learning about the precise nature of the post-Cold War global order – how power is distributed, exercised, constrained and challenged within and between states.

In the post-Cold War years, but particularly since the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, so-called failed states have become a central security concern for policymakers. In tandem, there has been an influx of practitioner and scholarly interest in international 'state building'. Prevalent approaches to state building are premised on a static conception of the state and therefore seek to evaluate SBIs in terms of whether they help create 'more' or 'less' state. In contrast, this thesis examines SBIs as a new mode of governance in the global political economy that is transformative of both intervened and intervening states, leading to the creation of a transnationalising and transnationally regulated form of statehood. Based on a conception of the state as a site of social and political struggle this study examines the ways in which SBIs affect the distribution, production and reproduction of political power in intervened states: Who rules and how? What social and political conflicts are engendered or exacerbated by SBIs, and how are they managed? What alliances and coalitions support the production/reproduction of power relationships associated with SBIs?

The thesis provides a conceptual framework for understanding the complex governance terrain SBIs open up. SBIs are conceptualised as multilevel regimes – sets of social and political relationships, institutions and ideas – that exist simultaneously within and outside intervened states. While preserving the formal sovereignty of intervened states, these regimes are nevertheless established to shape political outcomes by limiting the political choices available to domestic leaders. This is operationalised by opening up and shifting power to multilevel spaces of governance within the apparatus of these countries. Through case studies from Australia, Solomon Islands and Cambodia, the thesis analyses the politics of SBIs and their broader implications for contemporary statehood. Ultimately it establishes that regardless of whether SBIs are successful or otherwise in achieving their stated objectives they are associated with the emergence of increasingly authoritarian, hierarchical and anti-competitive forms of political rule, both within and between states.


An exact (analytic) solution is presented for the daily integral of photosynthesis by phytoplankton in a vertically homogeneous water column. The photosynthesis-light curve on which the results are based is sufficiently flexible to accommodate the effects of photoinhibition. A comparison of the available methods for the description of diurnal variation in surface irradiance reveals that for long days at high latitudes a second-order sinusoid is preferable to the conventional first-order sine function. Previously published geometrical approximations to the instantaneous and daily integrals of water-column photosynthesis are examined and explained. The impact of photoinhibition on daily primary production is quantified and discussed. A polynomial approximation is given to the exact solution for the daily integral of photosynthesis. This function is, for all practical purposes, free from error in estimation, and will decrease computation time by a factor of about 3 x 105 compared with a numerical integration. For maximum generality, the solutions and discussion are framed in terms of dimensionless quantities : the results are also tabulated in this form so that they can be applied where computation facilities are lacking. The solutions can be used at all hierarchical levels in the analysis of aquatic systems, including the interpretation of results from discrete stations (local scale), the use of remotely sensed data on ocean colour (regional scale) and modelling biogeochemical fluxes for climatic research (basin and global scales).


Terms-of-trade shocks are known to be key drivers of business cycles in open economies. This paper argues that terms-of-trade shocks were also important for house price fluctuations in a panel of developed countries over the 1994–2015 period. In a panel vector error-correction model of house prices, household debt and real tradable prices, terms-of-trade shocks explain between 16 and 41 per cent of the long-run variance in house price growth in a typical country, and from 45 to 85 per cent of the long-run variance of the ratio of house prices to non-housing consumption. Most of the variation in the house price/consumption ratio is associated with changes in real import prices, with idiosyncratic shocks to real export prices playing a minor role. On average, a permanent 1 per cent decline in real import prices raises the ratio of real house prices to non-housing consumption by about 0.9 per cent.


The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) can be divided into two morphological types: (1) west of India, plumbea-type humpback dolphins are dark gray or almost black in color, with a defined "hump" and (2) east of India, in Southeast Asia and Australia, chinensis-type humpback dolphins do not possess a "hump" and are often white or very light in color, with or without blue-gray spots and freckles. Plumbea-type humpback dolphins inhabit coastal waters, bays, and estuaries typically within 0.5 km of the coast, in waters less than 15 m deep. School sizes are small (< 25), although schools of up to 100 have been sighted off Oman. Diurnal patterns and seasonal and tide-related changes in behavior are observed, which have been attributed to changes in seawater temperature and, ultimately, the availability of prey. Feeding behavior tends to be correlated with rocky reefs and rocky shores. Social and sexual behavior, as well as births, occur year-round, but with seasonal peaks (October-May). The acoustic behavior of the plumbea-type humpback dolphin is little known although clicks of 20-25 kHz, "screams" from 3 to 20 kHz, and whistles from 3 to 25 kHz have been reported. Interactions between plumbea-type humpback dolphins and a variety of non-cetacean species have been reported, and in Zanzibar mixed groups of humpback and bottlenose dolphins are common. Plumbea-type humpback dolphins typically display aversive reactions to boat traffic. Chinensis-type humpback dolphins are primarily coastal and estuarine, almost exclusively estuarine in the northern parts of their range. Australian dolphins off the Great Barrier Reef were observed at considerable distances offshore (up to 55 km), but always close to shallow water. Inhabited water depth is usually less than 10 m. School sizes resemble those of plumbea-type humpback dolphins, although groups of up to 44 have been observed. The home ranges of individual animals are more compact and less coastal than plumbea-type humpback dolphins, varying both by season and year. Seasonal changes in distribution observed in Hong Kong are linked to changes in hydrography of the Pearl River. Diurnal and tide-related changes in behavior also have been noted. Feeding is the predominant behavior noted for chinensis-type humpback dolphins in Hong Kong, which is frequently associated with estuarine mixing zones and trawling activities. Social behavior occurs year-round, but peaks during the same period as calf conception. Calves primarily are born between January and August, with peaks in April/May and August. Epimeletic behavior has been reported in chinensis-type humpback dolphins. Chinensis-type humpback dolphins have been recorded producing whistles of between 1.2 and 16 kHz, and broadband harmonic pulses and low frequency, narrow band "grunts." The spectra of broadband click pulses ranged from 30 to 200 kHz. The sounds produced by these humpback dolphins can be as low as 600 Hz and coincide with frequencies produced by many types of boat traffic. In Moreton Bay, Australia, humpback dolphins often are observed in mixed groups with bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), although humpback dolphins do not associate with finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Hong Kong. Associations with fishing trawlers have been noted in China and Australia. Increased dive durations as a result of increased shipping density and avoidance of high-speed vessels have been recorded in Hong Kong. In addition ship-strikes have been a documented cause of mortality in this area. Chinensis-type humpback dolphins often are present in areas of high shipping traffic densities and, thus, impacts of boat traffic on this species are a cause for concern. Despite some very detailed studies in discrete areas (e.g., South Africa and Hong Kong), little is known about the ecology and behavior of either


The regional effects of tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency, and expiratory-to-inspiratory time ratio (TE/TI) during high-frequency ventilation (HFV) were studied in anesthetized and paralyzed dogs. Regional ventilation per unit of lung volume (spVr) was assessed with a positron camera during the washout of the tracer isotope 13NN from the lungs of 12 supine dogs. From the washout data, functional images of the mean residence time (MRT) of 13NN were produced and spVr was estimated as the inverse of the regional MRT. We found that at a constant VT X f product (where f represents frequency), increasing VT resulted in higher overall lung spV through the local enhancement of the basal spVr and with little effect in the apical spVr. In contrast, increasing VT X f at constant VT increased overall ventilation without significantly affecting the distribution of spVr values. TE/TI had no substantial effect in regional spVr distribution. These findings suggest that the dependency of gas transport during HFV of the form VT2 X f is the result of a progressive regional transition in gas transport mechanism. It appears, therefore, that as VT increases, the gas transport mechanism changes from a relative inefficient dispersive mechanism, dependent on VT X f, to the more efficient mechanism of direct fresh gas convection to alveoli with high regional tidal volume-to-dead-space ratio. A mathematical model of gas transport in a nonhomogeneous lung that exhibits such behavior is presented.


In this paper the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation system at a workshop a potato yield monitoring has been studied. This study developed a method is accurate for potato yield mapping. First a yield monitoring system consists of a tray weighing, 2 load cells, Encoder, PLC controller and a mobile computer on a potato harvesting machine was mounting. In this study, PLC as a controller in communication with a mobile computing and control applications developed with Visual Basic Win-Pro-ladder and is capable of Encoder and Load cells data received and can be received on the data planning was necessary. Workshop was designed to evaluate the system and get the best performance of this system, laboratory tests were conducted on potato harvesting machine. The independent variables tested were: traveling speed, angle, plate thickness and shock absorber. In order to analyze and compare the results of laboratory analysis of variance with Duncan's test with a confidence level of 5 percent was used. In order to investigate the interactions of various factors of the factorial experiment in completely randomized design was used. In examining the interaction angle, speed and performance-related shock absorber on the best product to the tray angel 37 degrees, traveling speed of 2 km.h and without shock absorber with 2.81 percent error was the best. In this situation the best performance in reading and data entry system designed for mass (yield) is found. Keywords— crop yield monitor, load-cell, PLC controller, shaft encoder, tray weighing.


One of the most important reasons of the high rate of accidents would largely lend itself to ineffective data collection and evaluation process since the necessary information cannot be obtained effectively from the traffic accidents reports (TAR). The discord and dealing with non-relevant data may appear at four levels: (1) Country and Cultural, (2) Institutional and organizational, (3) Data collection, (4) Data analysis and Evaluation. The case findings are consistent with this knowledge put forward in the literature; there is a transparency problem in coordination between the institutions as well as the inefficient TAR data, which is open to manipulation; the problem of under-reporting and inappropriate data storage prevails before the false statistical evaluation methods. The old-fashioned data management structure causes incompatibility with the novel technologies, avoiding timely interventions in reducing accidents and alleviating the fatalities. Transmission of the data to the interest agencies for evaluation and effective operation of the ITS-based systems should be considered. The problem areas were explored through diagnoses at institutional, data collection, and evaluation steps and the solutions were determined accordingly for the case city of Izmir.


The subject of research of this doctoral dissertation is to explore the possibilities of the
implementation of systems based on a thermoelectric module (TEM) for cooling the cutting
tool. This cooling becomes significant when it is not possible to use conventional coolants
and lubricants (CLM). Starting from existing mathematical models for the calculation of the
temperature field of the cutting tool, a mathematical model is developed that takes into
account the cooling based on the TEM. The use of the finite element method (FEM)
determine temperature field when finishing grinding dry in the cooling conditions based on
the TEM. The Software package, PAK-T, is used for the calculations and was developed at
the Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering Sciences in Kragujevac. The
system for cooling the cutting tool based on the TEM was realized under laboratory
conditions on a prototype model, which consists of a cutting tool and a thermoelectric
module. Verification of the obtained results was carried out on the basis of a mathematical
model by experimental research of the temperature field of the cutting tool in terms of
cooling based on a TEM.
The dissertation text is composed of eight chapters.
The first gives an overview of previous research in the area of monitoring and modeling of
temperature fields in the cutting process. As the focus of this dissertation is the cooling of the
cutting tool based on a TEM in dry processing, the overview of research in this field is
provided in this chapter.
The subsequent section presents the theoretical considerations of the cutting process, which
are related to temperature occurrences in the cutting zone. Starting from the basic models of
chip formation, the basic parameters of the geometry and mechanics of cutting are defined as
are their relationships and calculations. Determination of the characteristic parameters is also
shown as they are required for the calculation of the power of the heat sources.
In the third chapter, with previous theoretical considerations in mind, the heat sources and
sinks in the machining system of cutting are analyzed. Starting from existing models,
accounting for new knowledge with respect to the convection and conduction of heat, and
bearing in mind the limitations and capabilities of the existing software, a mathematical
model is developed for calculating the temperature field of the cutting tool when dry
processed without cooling. This model is the basis for further upgrades and calculations of
temperature fields in conditions of cooling of the cutting tool based on TEM in processing of
dry scraping.
The fourth chapter gives the basics of cooling based on the ТЕМ. Starting from the essence of
thermoelectric occurrences, the thermoelectric processes are explained. Considering the basic
thermocouple, the basic equations for calculating are derived. The thermoelectric module is
defined, and the equations derived for thermocouple are applied to the ТЕМ. Through
detailed analysis of the work of the TEM, the heat flux is defined as that which draws module
from the object being cooling. This equation is the boundary condition in the mathematical
model.
Starting from the basic model, the fifth chapter develops a mathematical model for the
calculation of the temperature field of the cutting tool in processing by dry grinding with
cooling using a ТЕМ. The base model is revised by taking into account modern knowledge
about convection and heat conductivity and by adding a boundary condition representing a
heat sink at the place of the ТЕМ.
Тhe sixth, seventh and eighth chapter provides an overview of the results obtained, a
description of the experimental equipment used for measuring the value of the temperature
field, the arrangement of measuring points on the cutting tool, and other conditions for
conducting an experiment. Described in detail is the construction of a prototype model of the
cooling system of the cutting tool based on a thermoelectric module (TEM) as are other
conditions for conducting an experiment. Finally, a comparative analysis is carried out; a
detailed overview of the results obtained from the mathematical model and experimental data
from the prototype is performed.
The scientific contributes of the doctoral dissertation are as follows:
 Development of new systems for cooling the cutting tool in conditions when it is not
possible to use conventional CLM,
 Development of a mathematical model for the calculation of the temperature field of a
cutting tool cooled by a system based on a TEM,
 Mathematical model that can be applied for the calculation of temperature fields in
other cases when cooling systems of other objects are based on a TEM, for the known
intensity of heat sources,
 Possibility of analyzing the impact of different modes of cooling on the temperature
of the cutting tool,
 Selection of an optimal cooling mode for given workpiece materials and cutting tools,
applied processing conditions, and method of calculating temperatures of each of the
applied modes,
 By cooling in this manner, the thermal effects on the cutting tool when processing dry
are avoided and lessened are their impact on the intensification of wear, thermal
deformation and accuracy,
 It furthers current research in the field of thermoelectricity as well as possibilities of
its application in this field,
 Encourages further work on research, development and application of the cooling
system based on TEM in the field of cutting tools.


This thesis examines what factors influence the consumer decision making process in buying PT. XYZ's diabetic milk product. In the research, the writers employ two types of analysis method which is first, Factor Analysis as analytical method in order to identify which reduce unimportant variables and find factor that are qualified for the analysis. Second analysis is Multiple Regression analysis as analytical method in order to identify the significant influences of marketing (marketing mix) and non marketing (social, personal, and psychological) factor towards the consumer decision making in buying PT. XYZ's diabetic milk product. Using quantitative approach, the research involving ratio and interval types of data that are collected through distributing questionnaires covering 94 respondents with sampling method of purposive sampling employing marketing and non marketing factors. After analysis done, it can be concluded that only marketing factor that influence the consumer decision making in buying PT. XYZ's diabetic milk product. Product as an indicator from marketing factors is proven to be the dominant factors influencing PT. XYZ's diabetic milk user. The model explains only 15.4% of the phenomenon, but this can be explained by the type of product analyzed which is diabetic milk, which people mostly concern only on the product.


In this study, a systematical technique has been developed to experimentally and numerically evaluate enzyme-assisted hot waterflooding performance in a heavy oil reservoir for the first time. Experimentally, an enzyme solution (i.e., a protein-based liquid catalyst) is prepared and used to displace heavy oil in sandpacked experiments at elevated temperatures, during which pressures and fluid productions are continuously monitored and measured. Numerically, reservoir simulation is performed to reproduce the experimental measurements and then extended to evaluate the performance in a targeted heavy oil reservoir. Once history matching on the experimental measurements is completed, such a calibrated model is then employed to optimize enzyme concentration, temperature, and aging time, respectively. It is found from the displacement experiments that temperature imposes a significant impact on heavy oil recovery with its appropriate range of 45°C-55°C, and enzyme positively contributes to heavy oil recovery for most scenarios. Compared to the traditional waterflooding mechanisms, the enzyme-assisted hot waterflooding process shows its considerable potential in heavy oil recovery by means of reducing oil viscosity, altering wettability, and reducing interfacial tension.


Substitutional mechanisms involving hydrogen incorporation at vacant tetrahedral sites play a major role in water incorporation in olivine. Infrared (IR) absorption spectra of hydrous forsterite samples usually display a cluster of narrow and weakly anharmonic OH stretching bands at wavenumbers above 3500 cm −1 . A broader absorption band displaying pronounced temperature-dependent shift and broadening is commonly superimposed to this diagnostic spectrum and was tentatively assigned to interstitial OH groups. A less frequently observed band with similar temperature-dependent characteristics is related to a coupled incorporation of hydrogen and boron at the tetrahedral site. Here, we re-examine these interpretations by computing the theoretical Raman spectrum and investigating the local vibrational properties of OH groups at the tetrahedral site of forsterite. The present results show that the two anharmonic bands are both to be ascribed to the protonated O2 site in the clumped ( B , H ) Si x and the ( 4 H ) Si x defects. The peculiar orientation of the corresponding OH groups does not allow H-bond sharing and leads to efficient vibrational phase relaxation of the stretching mode through a hindered rotational mode coupled to the vibrational density of states of the host. The occurrence of interstitial OH groups previously proposed to interpret specific anharmonic bands of the forsterite IR spectrum is highly challenged by this new explanation. These results confirm that, at high pressure and high temperature, hydrogen incorporation in forsterite is essentially dominated by ( 4 H ) Si x defects.


Today the measurable health burden of neurological and mental health disorders matches or even surpasses any other cluster of health conditions. At the same time, the clinical applications of recent advances in neuroscience are hardly straightforward. In Pragmatic Neuroethics, Eric Racine argues that the emerging field of neuroethics offers a way to integrate such specialties as neurology, psychiatry, and neurosurgery with the humanities and social sciences, neuroscience research, and related healthcare professions, with the goal of tackling key ethical challenges and improving patient care. Racine provides a survey of the often diverging perspectives within neuroethics, offers a theoretical framework supported by empirical data, and discusses the neuroethical implications of such issues as media coverage of neuroscience innovation and the importance of public concerns and lay opinion; nonmedical use of pharmaceuticals for performance enhancement; and the discord between intuitive notions about consciousness and behavior and the scientific understanding of them. Racine proposes a pragmatic neuroethics that combines pluralistic approaches, bottom-up research perspectives, and a focus on practical issues (in contrast to other more theoretical and single-discipline approaches to the field). [He discusses ethical issues related to powerful neuroscience insights into the mechanisms underlying moral reasoning, cooperative behavior, and such emotional processes as empathy.] In addition, he outlines a pragmatic framework for neuroethics, based on the philosophy of emergentism, which identifies conditions for the meaningful contribution of neuroscience to ethics, and sketches new directions and strategies for meeting future challenges for neuroscience and society. Basic Bioethics series


Cooperative communications in which relays assist the transmission of signals from source to destination offer extended radio coverage and improved link reliable. However, transmitting signals with the help of a relay network may also open additional avenues for eavesdropper to overhear confidential information. Further, as jammers and eavesdroppers may cooperate to attack the relay network, offering secure communications becomes a challenging problem. To cope and reduce the effect of such cooperative attacks, we propose a proactive attack scheme in which the legitimate users generate jamming signals in an attempt to counteract such hostile cooperative attacks. In order to assess the security performance of the proactive attack scheme compared to a non-protection scheme, an analytical expression of the secrecy outage probability is derived. Numerical results for different system settings are provided showing that the proactive attack scheme can indeed significantly improve the security performance of the considered relay networks.


of the Thesis The benefits of physical activity for adolescent children are well understood. Despite this, within much of the Western World, children fail to achieve the recommended guidelines for physical activity participation, spending too much time on sedentary activities. Thanks to recent progressions in ubiquitous technologies, exergames exercise video games have emerged as a potential solution to the problem. By facilitating physical activity, and encouraging behavioural change within an enjoyable and motivating context, exergames have the potential to remove some of the barriers preventing many adolescents from sufficient physical activity participation. There are, however, few studies of exergame systems that have looked at the impact of the system over time. Additionally, many systems are not evaluated within ecologically valid contexts. The result of this is a lack of real understanding on the efficacy of exergame systems and their feasibility as a valid solution. This thesis investigates the design, development, and evaluation of a locationaware exergame for adolescent children: iFitQuest. Through analysis of two prolonged use school-based evaluations, this research provides evidence on the ability of exergames to facilitate physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour, when targeted at adolescent children within a school context. The results of two evaluations suggest that iFitQuest was enjoyable, motivating, and physically demanding, with the ability to promote physical activity of all intensities in players with a range of attitudes towards physical activity, their own physical activity abilities, and physical activity participation backgrounds. The primary contribution of this thesis is the indepth evaluation of the exergame user experience. Looking beyond the general success of the system, the experience of individual players was analysed through the lens of Bandura's theory of self-efficacy. Through a mixed-methods case study analysis, selfefficacy was established as an accurate method to explain and understand in-game behaviour, in particular with respect to goal setting and game selection habits. By influencing and moderating the players' motivation, attitude and in-game behaviour, self-efficacy was established as a useful tool for future exergame practitioners. Guidelines on the application of self-efficacy are provided, with respect to both analysis and design. Additionally, through a naturalistic and prolonged evaluation, a number of logistical and contextual lessons for the evaluation of exergames were established. In particular, the use of a user-centred design approach for the development of similar systems is validated through a series of design guidelines, which account for the importance and influence of the evaluation context. To my family, without whom, none of this would have been possible.


Objective. The aim of our study was to compare the clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes at different ages of onset in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods. A total of 546 patients were enrolled consecutively and classified into 3 groups based on their age at symptom onset: (1) juvenile-onset AS (age ≤ 16 years; JoAS); (2) adult-onset AS (> 16 but < 40 years; AoAS); and (3) late-onset AS (≥ 40 years; LoAS). We compared the differences among the 3 groups. OR for disease outcomes were calculated and adjusted for sex, HLA-B27, and disease duration. Results. There were 67 patients (12.3%) with JoAS, 460 (84.2%) with AoAS, and 19 (3.5%) with LoAS. Male sex and HLA-B27 were associated with a younger age at onset (p < 0.001). Compared to patients with AoAS, patients with JoAS were more likely to present with peripheral arthritis, while patients with JoAS and LoAS were less likely to have back pain at the onset of AS (p < 0.05). After controlling for multiple covariates, JoAS was found to be associated with a worse functional outcome and global assessment, and a high serum immunoglobulin A level (p < 0.05). Patients with JoAS had less lumbar spinal radiographic severity (p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in clinical or functional outcome between the LoAS and AoAS groups. None of the LoAS patients had radiographic hip involvement. Conclusion. Sex and HLA-B27 are significantly associated with age at onset of AS. Both JoAS and LoAS have their distinctive symptoms/signs at onset and different disease outcomes.


Thiocyanate (SCN-) is formed from both natural and industrial processes, including the use of cyanide to process gold and silver ores rich in sulfide minerals. In mining operations however, thiocyanate also plays a role as an alternative lixiviant to cyanide for leaching gold and silver out of their ores. Thiocyanate may be less toxic than cyanide but it is more stable and has proven to be more difficult to destroy in mining effluents. In addition, just like cyanide, an environmental contaminant of concern – nitrate – is the final product of the oxidation of thiocyanate. This study investigated the chemical behavior of thiocyanate in the presence of oxidized nitrogen in an anoxic environment as well as under controlled pH and temperature conditions; with the possibility of generating nitrogen gas. If possible, this reaction will be similar to the anaerobic, microbe-mediated oxidation of ammonia (anammox) in the presence of nitrite or nitrate – a technique currently in use for wastewater treatment. The results obtained from this investigation can have possible application in the treatment of mining effluents; particularly of abandoned gold or silver mines (post-production) where SCNmay have accumulated from the use of cyanide as a leaching agent. Both low and high temperature experiments were conducted at different pH to examine the various mechanisms by which anaerobic thiocyanate oxidation (anSCNox) can occur. A 30 – 40% decrease in thiocyanate concentration was observed after thirty-one days in experiments performed at room temperature and ambient pH where thiocyanate was in association with nitrate or nitrite and gravel substrate obtained from a decommissioned mine tailings impoundment. It is believed that the microbes required to mediate anSCNox were present in the gravel substrate. Whether or not nitrogen gas was generated from this reaction is yet to be determined. Hydrothermal experiments were conducted at pH between 2.0 –10.95 and temperatures between 60-300oC. The results from these experiments show that thiocyanate dissociation is both temperature and pH dependent. Thiocyanate is stable at temperatures of up to 150oC at ambient pH. However, thiocyanate will dissociate completely to form H2S, NH4+ and CO2 at pH 2.0 and temperature ≥ 150oC. The rates of thiocyanate dissociation were determined at different temperature and pH conditions and can be described by the following equation: k = -0.3430 + 0.001525T – 0.04835pH; where k and T represent reaction rate constant (per day) and temperature (Kelvin) respectively. The activation energies of thiocyanate dissociation at ambient pH (150 – 250oC) and pH 2.0 (25 – 200oC) were estimated to be 71.1kJ/mol and 32.7kJ/mol respectively.


In the recent years, several hash constructions have been introduced that aim at achieving enhanced security margins by strengthening the Merkle-Damgård mode. However, their security analysis have been conducted independently and using a variety of proof methodologies. This paper unifies these results by proposing a unique indifferentiability proof that considers a broadened form of the general compression function introduced by Stam at FSE09. This general definition enables us to capture in a realistic model most of the features of the mode of operation (e.g., message encoding, blank rounds, message insertion,...) within the pre-processing and post-processing functions. Furthermore, it relies on an inner primitive which can be instantiated either by an ideal block cipher, or by an ideal permutation. Then, most existing hash functions can be seen as the Chop-MD construction applied to some compression function which fits the broadened Stam model. Our result then gives the tightest known indifferentiability bounds for several general modes of operations, including Chop-MD, Haifa or sponges. Moreover, we show that it applies in a quite automatic way, by providing the security bounds for 7 out of the 14 second round SHA-3 candidates, which are in some cases improved over previously known ones.


This study explores the transfer of assessment practices from f2f to online environments by college instructors, with a particular interest in the factors influencing assessment in online learning settings. Assessment is a critical aspect of the learning environment, and considerable research has suggested various methods of formative and summative assessment for the f2f classroom. However, there has been less research into the ways in which these traditional forms of assessment are being incorporated into the online learning environment, or whether they may even be appropriate. This study investigated the perceptions of seven higher education faculty, with experience teaching courses in both the f2f and online environments, regarding the transfer of assessment practices between the two delivery formats. Specifically, this study explored the transfer of assessment practices from f2f to online environments by college instructors in two higher education institutions: a four-year college and a two-year community college. The authors propose that an understanding of both assessment for learning and of learning is needed to support effective faculty practices and enhanced student learning in online courses. Consequently, it is important to study the impact of assessment strategies and techniques faculty employ to better understand various instructional practices that effectively centre on enhanced student learning. A phenomenological approach was employed for the analysis of data involving seven online course instructors at two higher education institutions, a four-year college and a two-year community college. Findings indicate several factors that influence the transfer of assessment practices from f2f to online environments. Data analysis points to several areas of interest related to the design of online assessment: time management, complexity of content, structure of online medium, student responsibility and initiative, and informal assessment. Authors suggest the incorporation of tradition classroom assessment techniques in the online learning environment should be considered in light of the factors described above. In particular, assessments for continuous and improved learning are important for the development of an engaged community of learners in the online environment. As technologies continue to evolve, a pedagogical framework that considers the learning environment differences between traditional and face to face classes becomes increasing imperative, both in terms of understanding the delivery and mediation of instruction. Such a framework will need to address both aspects of process and product in assessment. Consequently, future research needs to examine what strategies of techniques are effective in the assessment for learning in online instruction.


An artificial neural network interpretation system is being used to interpret data from a frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) geophysical system in near real time. The interpretation system integrates 45 separate networks in a data visualization shell. The networks produce interpretations at three different transmitter-receiver (Tx-Rx) separations for half-space and layered-Earth interpretations. Modular neural networks (MNNs) were found to be the only paradigm that could successfully perform the layered-Earth interpretations. An MNN with 16 inputs, five local experts, each with seven hidden processing elements, and three outputs was trained on 4795 patterns for 200 epochs. For two-layer models with a resistivity contrast greater than 2:1, resistivity estimates had greater than 96% accuracy for the first-layer resistivity, greater than 98% for the second-layer resistivity, and greater than 96% for the thickness of the first layer. If the contrast is less than 2:1, the resistivity accuracies are unaffected but thickness estimates for layers less than 2 m are unreliable. A Tx-Rx separation of 16 m with maximum depth of penetration of 8 m was assumed for the example cited.


Response of a material impacted by projectiles especially bullets, or blast fragments, is extremely important in determining the range of impact it can sustain. As explicit finite element codes improve and advances material models become available, the hydrocodes find more widespread application in many industries. In this thesis, a study of ballistic response is implemented using simulation of thin metal targets in LS -DYNA. Parametric studies are conducted to study the effects of various factors on the damage process. Further in the study an attempt has been made to study the response of composite targets to the projectile impact. For the composite target, a finite element model is implemented with Chang-Chang failure criteria. Comparisons of the finite element simulations to the experimental data include general as well as the time history response. Results indicate that the residual velocities from the experimental tests correlate well with the ones from finite element validation. A parametric study is then conducted with the validated models. Parameters including as projectile velocity, projectile mass, projectile geometry boundary conditions, target thickness target yield strength, target failure strain and friction between the target and the bullet are considered, which affect the Ballistic Impact process. This study demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the finite element simulation of the impact tests on thin metallic targets with the help of Finite Element softwares.


While earlier studies of New Braunfels German (NBG), a dialect of Texas German (TxG), e.g., Eikel (1954, 1966b) and Gilbert (1972), report the existence of front rounded vowels to various degrees, they are almost completely absent from present-day NBG (Boas 2009). This paper describes the history of such vowels in NBG and assesses possible causes of their loss. We first sketch the history of German in Texas, in order to set the stage for the following discussion. We then review the status of front rounded vowels in NBG, as reported by three landmark studies of TxG, namely Eikel (1954), Gilbert (1972), and Boas (2009), and then discuss motivations for their loss. We argue that five major factors drove this loss: (1) the original donor dialects of NBG, (2) the markedness of front rounded vowels, (3) contact with English, (4) limited exposure to Standard German, and (5) the changing linguistic and social contexts of NBG.


From South Carolina to South Vietnam, America's two hundred-year involvement in guerrilla warfare has been extensive and varied. "America and Guerrilla Warfare" analyzes conflicts in which Americans have participated in the role of, on the side of, or in opposition to guerrilla forces, providing a broad comparative and historical perspective on these types of engagements.Anthony James Joes examines nine case studies, ranging from the role of Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox, in driving Cornwallis to Yorktown and eventual surrender to the U.S. support of Afghan rebels that hastened the collapse of the Soviet Empire. He analyzes the origins of each conflict, traces American involvement, and seeks patterns and deviations. Studying numerous campaigns, including ones staged by Confederate units during the Civil War, Joes reveals the combination of elements that can lead a nation to success in guerrilla warfare or doom it to failure.In a controversial interpretation, he suggests that valuable lessons were forgotten or ignored in Southeast Asia. The American experience in Vietnam was a debacle but, according to Joes, profoundly atypical of the country's overall experience with guerrilla warfare. He examines several twentieth-century conflicts that should have better prepared the country for Vietnam: the Philippines after 1898, Nicaragua in the 1920s, Greece in the late 1940s, and the Philippines again during the Huk War of 1946-1954. Later, during the long Salvadoran conflict of the 1980s, American leaders seemed to recall what they had learned from their experiences with this type of warfare.Guerrilla insurgencies did not end with the Cold War. As America faces recurring crises in the Balkans, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and possibly Asia, a comprehensive analysis of past guerrilla engagements is essential for today's policymakers.


We propose a novel few-shot action recognition framework, STRM, which enhances class-specific feature discrim-inability while simultaneously learning higher-order temporal representations. The focus of our approach is a novel spatio-temporal enrichment module that aggregates spatial and temporal contexts with dedicated local patch-level and global frame-level feature enrichment sub-modules. Local patch-level enrichment captures the appearance-based characteristics of actions. On the other hand, global framelevel enrichment explicitly encodes the broad temporal context, thereby capturing the relevant object features over time. The resulting spatio-temporally enriched representations are then utilized to learn the relational matching between query and support action sub-sequences. We further introduce a query-class similarity classifier on the patch-level enriched features to enhance class-specific feature dis-criminability by reinforcing the feature learning at different stages in the proposed framework. Experiments are performed on four few-shot action recognition benchmarks: Kinetics, SSv2, HMDB51 and UCF101. Our extensive ablation study reveals the benefits of the proposed contributions. Furthermore, our approach sets a new state-of-the-art on all four benchmarks. On the challenging SSv2 benchmark, our approach achieves an absolute gain of 3.5% in classification accuracy, as compared to the best existing method in the literature. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/Anirudh257/strm.


We present "The Relightables", a volumetric capture system for photorealistic and high quality relightable full-body performance capture. While significant progress has been made on volumetric capture systems, focusing on 3D geometric reconstruction with high resolution textures, much less work has been done to recover photometric properties needed for relighting. Results from such systems lack high-frequency details and the subject's shading is prebaked into the texture. In contrast, a large body of work has addressed relightable acquisition for image-based approaches, which photograph the subject under a set of basis lighting conditions and recombine the images to show the subject as they would appear in a target lighting environment. However, to date, these approaches have not been adapted for use in the context of a high-resolution volumetric capture system. Our method combines this ability to realistically relight humans for arbitrary environments, with the benefits of free-viewpoint volumetric capture and new levels of geometric accuracy for dynamic performances. Our subjects are recorded inside a custom geodesic sphere outfitted with 331 custom color LED lights, an array of high-resolution cameras, and a set of custom high-resolution depth sensors. Our system innovates in multiple areas: First, we designed a novel active depth sensor to capture 12.4 MP depth maps, which we describe in detail. Second, we show how to design a hybrid geometric and machine learning reconstruction pipeline to process the high resolution input and output a volumetric video. Third, we generate temporally consistent reflectance maps for dynamic performers by leveraging the information contained in two alternating color gradient illumination images acquired at 60Hz. Multiple experiments, comparisons, and applications show that The Relightables significantly improves upon the level of realism in placing volumetrically captured human performances into arbitrary CG scenes.


This article undertakes an in-depth analysis of the evolution of Brazil's Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIAs) since the publication of the Brazilian Model CFIA in 2015. It studies the tumultuous history of investment treaties in Brazil and how it may have shaped Brazil's response to the investor-State arbitration regime through the current model CFIA. It assesses how the reception of Brazil's Model CFIA among Brazilian stakeholders and commentators may have influenced the trends and evolutions of the fourteen CFIAs signed by Brazil from 2015 to 2020. It argues that the Brazilian CFIAs have improved with time through the progressive narrowing and strengthening of their jurisdictional, substantial, public policy and dispute resolution clauses. At the same time, they may not have fully implemented the criticisms and comments of academia and Brazilian civil society, and some provisions remain to be clarified in the future.
Bilateral Investment Agreement, Brazil, Model BIT, Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements, Investment arbitration reform


Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates cell growth and differentiation as well as the synthesis of other cytokines, has been identified in the uterus of several species describing a cyclic pattern, eventually under ovarian steroid regulation. Information is yet limited on the presence of TNF protein in the canine endometrium during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. This study depicts the temporal immunolocalization of TNF in the bitch endometrium along the oestrous cycle and changes associated with the early steps of embryo invasion. TNF immunolabelling was found in both the stromal fibroblasts and epithelial components of the canine endometrium in all stages studied. Stromal immunostaining was more intense than that of the epithelia, in all the stages of the oestrous cycle. In addition, a tendency for a decrease in the surface epithelium intensity score was found in early dioestrus. A positive glandular content was only observed in anoestrus and proestrus stages. In early pregnancy (days 13-16), TNF immunolabelling was detected at the embryo-maternal surface, in the syncytium cords and the trophoblast, as well in the endometrial stroma and the basal endometrial glands, but not in the lacunar epithelium. The overall TNF immunoreactivity was higher in early pregnancy samples in comparison with those of the early dioestrus and dioestrus stages, suggesting it plays a role during implantation.


Is American democracy being derailed by the United States Senate filibuster? Is the filibuster an important right that improves the political process or an increasingly partisan tool that delays legislation and thwarts the will of the majority? Are century-old procedures in the Senate hampering the institution from fulfilling its role on the eve of the 21st century? The filibuster has achieved almost mythic proportions in the history of American politics, but it has escaped a careful, critical assessment for more than 50 years. In this book, Sarah Binder and Steven Smith provide such an assessment as they address the problems and conventional wisdom associated with the Senate's long-standing tradition of extended debate. The authors examine the evolution of the rules governing Senate debate, analyze the consequences of these rules, and evaluate reform proposals. They argue that in an era of unprecedented filibustering and related obstructionism, old habits are indeed undermining the Senate's ability to meet its responsibilities. Binder and Smith scrutinize conventional wisdom about the filibuster -and show that very little of it is true. They focus on five major myths: that unlimited debate is a fundamental right to differentiate the Senate from the House of Representatives; that the Senate's tradition as a deliberative body requires unlimited debate; that the filibuster is reserved for a few issues of the utmost national importance; that few measures are actually killed by the filibuster; and that senators resist changing the rules because of a principled commitment to deliberation. In revising conventional wisdom about the filibuster, Binder and Smith contribute to ongoing debates about the dynamics of institutional change in the American political system. The authors conclude by suggesting reforms intended to enhance the power of determined majorities while preserving the rights of chamber minorities. They advocate, for example, lowering the number of votes required to end debate while increasing the amount of time for senators to debate controversial bills. Reform is possible, they suggest, that is consistent with the Senate's unique size and responsibilities.


OBJECTIVE
Neurological abnormalities are frequently seen in patients with first-episode psychotic disorders but are generally considered to be diagnostically nonspecific, neurologically nonlocalizing, and, hence, "soft." This study examined the neuroanatomical correlates and diagnostic specificity of abnormal findings on the neurological examination in first-episode schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

METHOD
Neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia (N=90) and with nonschizophrenia psychoses (N=39) and carefully matched healthy subjects (N=93) were compared on total and factor scores for a reliable subset of Neurological Evaluation Scale items. The relationship between neurological examination abnormalities and alterations in the relevant brain structures as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging was examined in a subset of subjects.

RESULTS
Factor scores for repetitive motor task abnormalities were higher in both patient groups, relative to the healthy group, and did not distinguish between the patient groups. Factor scores for abnormalities in cognitively demanding and perceptual tasks were markedly higher in the schizophrenia group, relative to both comparison groups, and were not different between the nonschizophrenia psychoses group and the healthy comparison group. Higher scores for the cognitive/perceptual abnormalities factor were correlated with smaller volumes of the left heteromodal association cortex.

CONCLUSIONS
Neurological signs may serve as expedient bedside measures that are potentially useful in the assessment of idiopathic psychoses, and cognitive/perceptual neurological signs may have a measure of diagnostic specificity. These findings provide neurobiological validation of abnormal findings on the neurological examination. These abnormalities may reflect discrete neuroanatomical alterations in schizophrenia and may have a localizing value.


Background Previous studies on high level athletes has shown that players with jumper's knee jumps as high and perhaps even higher than the symptom-free athletes. The reason for this difference is unknown, and we know little about when this difference occurs. Objective Assess the Jumping ability and change of this ability as a risk factor for developing jumper's knee. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants Elite volleyball players at junior high school (Top Volley Norway) at Sand, Norway. Method Standardised jumping on the power platform (Boscotest). Standing jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) were tested at baseline and then twice a year. The jumper's knee diagnosis was based on a standardised clinical examination. Results A total of 113 symptom-free students were included, with a mean observation time of 1.8 years. 19 of these developed jumper's knee (16 boys and three girls). The three symptomatic women these were excluded in the analysis. The groups were equal at baseline; asymptomatic athletes had SJ of mean 27.5 cm and CMJ at 35.0 cm, while the jumper's knee group had SJ at 28.0 cm (p=0.67 vs asymptomatic) and CMJ (37.2 cm (p=0.10). Jumping ability changed in both groups. For the asymptomatic it was SJ: 5.5 cm (95% CI 1.9 to 9.1) for and CMJ: 6.0 cm (4.1–7.9) while the corresponding results in jumper's knee group was SJ: 3.7 cm (−1.8 to 9.3) (ANOVA, p=0.003) and CMJ: 4.5 cm (0.3 to 8.8) (ANOVA, p=0.001). Conclusion There is no difference at baseline between the men who developed jumper's knee with those who remained asymptomatic. Those who remained asymptomatic, however, increased their jumping ability more than those who developed a finding that conflict with data from previous cross-sectional studies.


In 1928, Stephen Spender hand-printed thirty copies of a small volume of poems by his friend W. H. Auden - the first published book by a man who was to become the dominant literary figure of his generation and one of the century's greatest poets. Sixty years later, Princeton University Press inaugurates an eight-volume edition of the complete works of Auden, which is intended to serve as the definitive text for all the works Auden published or intended to publish in the form in which he expected to see them printed: his plays and other drama, libretti, essays and reviews, and poems. "The Complete Works of W. H. Auden" will provide a unique opportunity to solve the numerous textual problems connected with the severe revisions Auden made in his own works. The texts will be newly edited from Auden's manuscripts by Edward Mendelson, the literary executor of the Auden estate. As presented in this edition, they will be absolutely clean, with the notes appearing only at the ends of the volumes, along with variant readings from all published versions, as well as hitherto unpublished drafts or revisions. Also included will be introductions placing the works in the context of literary traditions and relating them to Auden's life and times. As planned, the first volume of the series contains plays and other drama, and the second volume will include the libretti. The essays and reviews will appear in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes, and the seventh and eighth volumes will contain the poems. "Plays and Other Dramatic Writings, 1928-1938" - this volume contains Auden and Christopher Isherwood's dramatic extravaganzas. "The Dog Beneath the Skin", "The Ascent of F 6", and "On the Frontier". It also includes the two versions of "Paid on Both Sides" - which are so different as to constitute two works - and Auden's satiric revue, "The Dance of Death". Two plays appear in print for the first time, Auden and Isherwood's "The Enemies of a Bishop" and "Auden's The Chase". Also included are Auden's prose and verse written for documentary films, a cabaret sketch, and an unpublished radio script. Many of the texts include poems by the young Auden that have never been published before. The extensive historical and textual notes trace the complex history of the production and revision of these plays, including full texts of rewritten scenes. During the years when these works were created, Auden moved from a "poetry of isolation" to more expansive and public writing. After he left Oxford at age twenty-one, during the summer of 1928, he wrote the tragicomic charade Paid on Both Sides. During the next ten years, until he left England for America, he created the increasingly ambitious works for stage, film, and broadcast that appear in this volume. The most important of these plays were written in collaboration with Isherwood. As the world political situation worsened, Isherwood and Auden's style combined the energy of popular entertainment with the urgency of sacramental ritual.


Cost estimates were developed for full-scale (1 and 5 MGD) MBR facilities designed to treat municipal wastewater. These estimates included both capital and operational / maintenance (O&M) costs related to the headworks, MBR process (biological process and membrane system), chlorine disinfection and effluent storage. The costs associated with the membrane systems were developed from budgetary cost quotes provided by suppliers which have recently introduced newly developed MBR products into the U.S. market. Each of these products offer unique design features aimed towards the reduction of capital and/or operation costs. All other costs associated with the MBR facilities were developed from previous conceptual designs performed by the project team and updated using current standard engineering cost indices. Total estimated capital plus annual costs ($/1000 gal treated) for the newly developed MBR systems (1-MGD capacity) ranged from $2.02-$2.58. The range in costs directly reflects the range in membrane system and membrane replacement costs provided by the participating MBR suppliers. Evaluation of cost estimates for 1 and 5 MGD capacity MBR facilities revealed an average economy of scale of 16.5% for the non-membrane components (i.e. headworks, process basins, buildings etc.) of the MBR facility and 23.6% for the membrane system only. Comparison of the current MBR cost estimates to historical costs estimates (adjusted for inflation) suggest that a steady decrease has occurred in the membrane system cost of MBRs between 2000-2006. However, an opposite trend was observed over the same time period for costs associated with the non-membrane components of the MBR facility. The drop in membrane system costs are attributed to advancements in manufacturing and increased competition in the market place while the increased costs of facility components are attributed to the increased cost of concrete and other raw materials used for plant construction. Results from this analysis shows these opposing trends have resulted in the overall total cost of MBR facilities to be fairly level (i.e. < 10% increase) between 2000 and 2006.


This paper describes and analyzes the propagation of uncertainties from the lithium-ion battery electrode manufacturing process to the structural electrode parameters and the resulting varying electrochemical performance. It uses a multi-level model approach, consisting of a process chain simulation and a battery cell simulation. The approach enables to analyze the influence of tolerances in the manufacturing process on the process parameters and to study the process-structure-property relationship. The impact of uncertainties and their propagation and effect is illustrated by a case study with four plausible manufacturing scenarios. The results of the case study reveal that uncertainties in the coating process lead to high deviations in the thickness and mass loading from nominal values. In contrast, uncertainties in the calendering process lead to broad distributions of porosity. Deviations of the thickness and mass loading have the highest impact on the performance. The energy density is less sensitive against porosity and tortuosity as the performance is limited by theoretical capacity. The latter is impacted only by mass loading. Furthermore, it is shown that the shape of the distribution of the electrochemical performance due to parameter variation aids to identify, whether the mean manufacturing parameters are close to an overall performance optimum.


Surfaces of sections are a classical tool in the study of 3-dimensional dynamical systems. Their use goes back to the work of Poincare and Birkhoff. In the present paper we give a natural generalization of this concept by constructing a system of transversal sections in the complement of finitely many distinguished periodic solutions. Such a system is established for nondegenerate Reeb flows on the tight 3-sphere by means of pseudoholomorphic curves. The applications cover the nondegenerate geodesic flows on T1S2 - RP3 via its double covering S3, and also nondegenerate Hamiltonian systems in IR4 restricted to sphere-like energy surfaces of contact type.


This paper examines the global provenance of Australian Islamophobia in the light of the Christchurch massacre perpetrated by a white-supremacist Australian. Anti-Muslim racism in Australia came with British imperialism in the nineteenth century. Contemporary Islamophobia in Australia operates as part of a successor empire, the United States-led 'Empire of Capital'. Anti-Muslim stories, rumours, campaigns and prejudices are launched from Australia into global circulation. For example, the spate of group sexual assaults in Sydney over 2000–2001 were internationally reported as 'ethnic gang rapes'. The handful of Australian recruits to, and supporters of, IS, is recounted in the dominant narrative as part of a story propagated in both the United Kingdom and Australia about Islamist terrorism, along with policy responses ostensibly aimed at countering violent extremism and targeting Muslims for surveillance and intervening to effect approved forms of 'integration'.


"A person, I want to argue is not a given but an achievement." So opens Eliot Deutsch's provocative study, a work that sets forth new possibilities for understanding the nature of creativity and the means by which human beings fashion themselves and their worlds. Professor Deutsch develops an innovative way of moving beyond the limitations of traditional rationalism, empiricism, and analytical philosophy of mind to frame a new conception of what it means to be a person.


It is widely recognized that women are significant actors in crop-livestock, pastoralist and fish systems. However, too little is known about agricultural development projects which deliberately work towards gender equity in livestock and fish value chains. Research insights into gender roles and responsibilities along fish and livestock chains on how gender relations at household and community level may affect women and men's access to resources for livestock production, and their relative benefits from value chain development, are often weakly integrated into development planning and practice. More profoundly, inequalities tend to reproduce inequalities. These are crippling for the individuals involved as well as for the achievement of development outcomes. In order to redress the balance a number of research and development partners are working to develop analytic frameworks and implementation guidelines to enable gender equity in livestock and fish value chains. This paper examines recent and on-going work to develop tools for effective gender analyses in value chains and how these are being fed into project design. Case studies are taken from Zambia, Kenya and Egypt.


OBJECTIVES
My topic of research is a comparative study of ethnicity and (selected) health
patterns among second generation Poles (and to a lesser extent, first generation
Poles), looked at by means of two case studies, one in the UK and one in the
USA. I examine the level of ethnicity (cultural) maintenance in a white -
assumed assimilated - minority ethnic group in two specific geographic
locations and therefore the context specific nature of ethnicity maintenance.
I also examine whether it is possible to assess the impact of such maintenance on
their personal health, well-being, and quality of life.
METHODS
My research design includes a (smaller, post WWII) selection of first generation
UK and USA Polish respondents who act as point of reference, and allow me to
define within this study, the parameters of the cultural 'nuances' in question. My
design allows for the assessment of any evidence of ethnic self-identity and a
common sub-cultural identity, as well as any differences between the two groups
of respondents in relation to their respective degrees of co-operation, and
accommodation problems, with host groups.
The collection of data is operationalized via multiple methods, including
questionnaires. I employ the use of qualitative, quantitative, and ethnographic
elements, thus allowing for multidimensional analysis of selected issues.
Comparisons are made with extant data from both the host ( indigenous)
communities.
RESULTS/CONCLUSION
Empirical results bore out variations in the degree of maintained ethnic lifestyles,
across a range of social groups. Some of the differences can be explained by the
different environments (UK and USA), as well as the diasporic nature of the first
generation's immigration experiences. Qualitative and ethnographic evidence
was found to be crucial in explaining the various affective ethnic nuances that
quantitative methods are unable to reveal, such as the pervasive impact that the
first generation's diasporic experiences, as well as the nature of the Polish exiled
community, have had on the second generation, both in the UK and the USA,
and their respective qualities of life. This study has indicated that maintaining
one's ethnic roots can for these individuals be just as problematic, although in
differing ways, as for members of non-white ethnic minorities.


Objective: We investigated the respiratory and vastus lateralis oxygenation responses to exhaustive, constant-load cycling at two exercise intensities.
Methods: Eight moderately-trained male randomly cycled to exhaustion at 75% and 85% of maximal work-load (CL75 and CL85, respectively) measured during a maximal incremental test. From continuous recordings of respiratory variables and near-infrared spectroscopy signals of the vastus lateralis muscle, VO2 slow component (SC) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) SC were calculated.
Results: At exhaustion, VO2 (+19 ± 25%), VO2 SC (+59 ± 24%) and minute ventilation (+14 ± 14%) were significantly higher during CL85 vs. CL75, whereas oxyhemoglobin (-67 ± 22%) and total hemoglobin (-36 ± 3%) responses were lower (all p<0.05). Additionally, VO2 SC during CL75 and CL85 were strongly correlated (r=0.88, p<0.001). The HHb SC did not differ between CL75 and CL85 (3.10 ± 0.75 vs. 3.44 ± 1.1 A.U, respectively; p=0.60). HHb SC and VO2 SC during CL85 (r=0.94, p<0.001), but not during CL75 (r=-0.08, p=0.90), were correlated. Finally, HHb SC during CL75 and CL85 were unrelated (r=-0.20, p=0.70).
Conclusion: Our results highlight that only the contribution of locomotor muscles to the VO2 SC magnitude is affected by the exercise intensity and not that of ventilation.


35 Abstract: Primary Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of liver is a very rare malignancy. Here, we report a case of 26 years old man who presented with right upper abdomen pain and lump, reduced appetite and progressive weakness of 4 month's duration. Liver functions were deranged but serology was negative for viral markers and α Fetoprotein was within normal range. Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography scan of the abdomen revealed large nodule in right lobe of the liver. USG guided biopsy of liver mass and fluorescence in situ hybridization for CD markers established diagnosis of primary NHL of liver. Extensive investigations including X-ray of chest, whole-body positron-emission tomography scan and bone marrow biopsy showed no involvement of mediastinum, spleen, bone marrow or any other organ or lymph nodes significantly. Having B symptoms disease was staged IVB, the patient has been treated with 6 cycles of R-CHOP regimen (Rituximab/ Cyclophosphamide – Doxorubicin – Vincristine –Prednisolone) followed by 2 courses of CHOP every three weekly. Response has been excellent and patient is asymptomatic as of now. This case highlights that primary hepatic lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of space-occupying liver lesions in presence of normal levels of alphafetoprotein. OncoExpert (2015), Vol. 1, Issue 1 Review Article


Problems of measuring and public recognition of women's work are not merely statistical. This article highlights the co-performance of stereotypical gender roles, where men and women jointly seek to establish the status of women as housewives rather than as farmers and of men as providers, thereby upholding a particular social order and simultaneously reinterpreting the meanings of existing norms to include new realities. Evidence from rural north India demonstrates the discernable disjunctures between social norms, narratives and action. Conscious of the growing insecurities faced by their husbands in the context of a rapidly changing economy, women try to allay rather than aggravate them. Instead of asserting their identities as 'workers', their strategies for gaining recognition and reciprocity from their husbands focus on reconstituting gender relations in the household, by expanding individual spaces and making incremental gains within the existing social order, rather than struggling for wider transformative changes.


We demonstrate the ability to pull small diameter silicon-core fibers with low oxygen content by using interface modifiers between the silica cladding and the semiconductor. Alkali earths scavenge oxygen and form a fine-structured eutectic that accommodates thermal strain and may be useful as an intermediate index cladding layer for optical applications. NaO, MgO, SrO, CaO and BaO interface modifiers were tested. CaO coated fibers were made with core diameters down to 10 microns, small bending radii, low oxygen incorporation, and optical losses below 4 dB/cm at 1.55 microns.


This study provides measures of real capital flight from Nigeria based on the residual method adjusted for exchange rate fluctuations and trade misinvoicing. The portfolio choice approach is explored, in which the flow of capital is accumulated into stock and expressed as ratios of private stock of real wealth. Econometric analysis of capital flight, based on a portfolio choice framework, was conducted using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method of analysis. The results of the econometric analysis reveal that a number of factors systematically explain the portfolio behaviour of private wealth holders in Nigeria. These factors are consistent with earlier studies and include real GDP growth, real interest rate differential, parallel market exchange rate premium, inflows of debtcapital, domestic debt, fiscal deficit and change in inflation rate.


Quality management remains one of the top ranking strategic issues in all major organisations. However, at present, there is a sentiment that business priorities and quality management priorities have become non-aligned over the last two decades. It is believed that quality management is still predominately understood and practiced using the framework and direction provided historically by quality leaders such as Deming, Juran, Crosby and others. Thus, this study motivated that quality is at a crossroads and in order for it to be aligned with business priorities, once again it needs to evolve its role. This study commenced with the review on related literature on the history of quality management. From this review, it was evident that the various evolutions of quality management were directed to meet the changing business challenges and market needs that were linked to prevailing demand and supply, customer focus, competitive advantage and profitable growth outputs. The literature review thereafter demonstrated the potential opportunities wherein quality management could be utilised to re-establish its previous relevance by supporting organisations in the management of emerging trends. This study identified globalisation, customer power and sophistication, social responsibility and environmental sustainability consciousness as emerging trends that could be the most leveraged with the use of quality management concepts, techniques and tools. Furthermore, the topics of stewardship, leadership, change management and strategy were discussed as enablers to the proposed new evolution of quality management, which should become known as "quality stewardship". As a guideline to the "quality stewardship" strategy, a Quality Stewardship and Leadership (QSAL) framework was developed in this study. The QSAL framework incorporated Total Quality Management (TQM), systems thinking and business excellence as the underlying theoretical grounding. This framework, displaying a process approach, encapsulated the following components: inputs (risk, revenue and reputation), processes (productivity Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), technical governance, and environmental and social sustainability) and outputs (maximise value) for the proposed new scope for quality management. Abstract iii The primary source of information used in this study was obtained from qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The research instruments in this study included surveys in the form of questionnaires and an organisational assessment which was undertaken by utilising a Viable Systems Model (VSM). The organisational assessment that was part of the preliminary study was undertaken in two beverage multi-national organisations in South Africa. The pilot and principal studies consisted of surveys in the form of questionnaires. The objective of the survey was to gain an understanding of current quality management practices, current quality management thinking and acceptability of the proposed QSAL framework across selected manufacturing organisations in South Africa. Both the preliminary and principal studies displayed variable levels of responses in quality management practices and a high level of agreement or awareness to the questions on the current thinking of quality management and acceptability of the proposed QSAL framework in the quantitative studies. Thus, based on the review of related literature and empirical studies, the motivation for this research, that quality management was ready for the next evolution in order to support current business challenges and market demands, was validated.


Inspired by a new mathematical model for bobbin lace, this paper considers finite lattice paths formed from the set of step vectors $\mathfrak{A}=$$\{\rightarrow,$ $\nearrow,$ $\searrow,$ $\uparrow,$ $\downarrow\}$ with the restriction that vertical steps $(\uparrow, \downarrow)$ cannot be consecutive. The set $\mathfrak{A}$ is the union of the well known Motzkin step vectors $\mathfrak{M}=$$\{\rightarrow,$ $\nearrow,$ $\searrow\}$ with the vertical steps $\{\uparrow, \downarrow\}$. An explicit bijection $\phi$ between the exhaustive set of vertically constrained paths formed from $\mathfrak{A}$ and a bisection of the paths generated by $\mathfrak{M}S$ is presented. In a similar manner, paths with the step vectors $\mathfrak{B}=$$\{\nearrow,$ $\searrow,$ $\uparrow,$ $\downarrow\}$, the union of Dyck step vectors and constrained vertical steps, are examined.  We show, using the same $\phi$ mapping, that there is a bijection between vertically constrained $\mathfrak{B}$ paths and the subset of Motzkin paths avoiding horizontal steps at even indices.  Generating functions are derived to enumerate these vertically constrained, partially directed paths when restricted to the half and quarter-plane.  Finally, we extend Schröder and Delannoy step sets in a similar manner and find a bijection between these paths and a subset of Schröder paths that are smooth (do not change direction) at a regular horizontal interval.