The variable configuration tokamak, TCV, in operation at CRPP since the end of 1991, is a particularly challenging machine with regard to the experimental systems that must provide essential information regarding properties of confined plasmas with strongly shaped, non-circular cross-sections. Although TCV is unique in its capacity for the study of magnetic equilibria not previously examined in modem, large tokamaks, this flexibility poses serious problems for the experimentalist who may be required, for example, to make measurements in completely different configurations from one discharge to the next. Highly shaped plasmas also render more complex, or even impossible, the application of inversion techniques for the recovery of plasma profiles based on chordal measurements which necessarily yield line averaged quantities. The importance of the energy confinement issue in a machine designed specifically for the investigation of the effect of plasma shape on confinement and stability is self-evident, as is the necessity for a diagnostic capable of providing the profiles of electron temperature and density required for evaluation of this confinement. For TCV, a comprehensive Thomson Scattering (TS) diagnostic was the natural choice, specifically owing to the resulting spatially localized and time resolved measurement. The details of the system installed on TCV, together with the results obtained from the diagnostic comprise the subject matter of this thesis. A first version of the diagnostic was equipped with only ten observation volumes. In this case, adequate spatial resolution can only be maintained if measurements are limited to plasmas located in the upper half of the highly elongated TCV vacuum vessel. The system has recently been upgraded through the addition of a further fifteen observation volumes, together with major technical improvements in the scattered light detection system. This new version now permits TS observations in all TCV plasma configurations, including equilibria produced in the lower and upper halves of the vacuum vessel and the highly elongated plasmas now routinely created (κ=2.47 is the maximum elongation achieved at the time of writing). Whilst a description of the new detection system along with some results obtained using the extended set of observation volumes are included, this thesis reports principally on the hardware details of and the interpretation of data from the original, ten observation volume system. The complexity of the TCV Thomson Scattering system can only be effectively conveyed through considerable descriptive effort and such details can be found in the earlier chapters of this work. Effort is also required if the set of discrete data points constituting the profile is to be effectively fitted over the wide range of profile shapes encountered in TCV. For this purpose, a number of analysis routines have been developed during the course of this research with which TS profile data can be reliably fitted with a minimum of user intervention. These routines are based on cubic spline interpolation within a normalized poloidal flux coordinate system facilitating the comparison of TS data with the results of other TCV diagnostics. However complex a given tokamak diagnostic may be, its primary purpose is, of course, to provide relevant data for use in understanding the results obtained from any particular experimental campaign. The hardware descriptions and data analysis techniques of the earlier chapters thus give way, in the second half of this thesis, to a series of studies dedicated to the use of TS data for physics understanding. The absence of an additional heating system on TCV throughout the duration of this research, necessarily limits the scope of such studies to the case of ohmic plasmas only. Some effort is devoted to an investigation of the extent to which the phenomena of profile consistency in ohmically heated discharges is observed in TCV. In general, if a form for the edge safety factor appropriate to shaped plasmas is adopted, the effect does appear to prevail, at least for elongations up to κ= 1.9 and for plasma triangularities in the range -0.4<δ<0.7. An area constituting high priority in the TCV experimental programme is the study of the effect of plasma shape on energy confinement. In this case, TS profiles are of the utmost importance since the current absence of experimental information regarding the ion temperature and density in TCV precludes a reliable estimate of anything but the electron energy confinement time. Analysis of changes in the electron temperature gradient near the plasma edge as a function, in particular, of plasma triangularity, shows that the observed decrease in energy confinement time with increasing δ can be explained in terms of a combination of geometrical effects and heat flux degradation. The important question of how the inclusion of TS electron pressure profiles may modify or improve the results of the TCV equilibrium reconstruction algorithm, LIUQE, is also addressed. Such reconstructions are presently computed solely on the basis of magnetic measurements, but often lead to reconstituted total pressure profiles (and hence energy confinement times) in clear contradiction with the TS electron pressure profiles. Since ion pressure profile measurements are unavailable, the use of TS data as input to LIUQE can only be performed if the Thomson profiles are combined with assumed ion pressure profiles. These theoretical profiles depend, in turn, on the assumed mechanism of ion transport. An attempt to model this transport, together with a presentation of the effect of additional experimental constraints on the results of equilibrium reconstructions constitute the material of the final chapter of this thesis.


. The Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was once of major importance to the fishing industry along the River Rhine. This paper discusses the Dutch and German salmon catches over the years 1863–1950. Even up to the end of the last century, it was not uncommon for Dutch and German fishermen to land 100000 salmon a year. However, factors such as the increased use of locks and weirs along the Rhine, coupled with growth in pollution, soon led to a rapid decline in numbers. By 1933, the salmon fishing industry in the Netherlands had virtually ceased to exist. Analysis of the available catch statistics suggests that the decline in the salmon population could have started before official records began.

Although the degree of scatter in the data and uncertainties in the assumptions preclude the possibility of drawing firm conclusions about the survival rate of salmon, these figures illustrate how difficult it will be to maintain a stable population in the Rhine. Moreover, a number of changes have taken place since the heyday of salmon in western Europe, which could compound the problem. Of particular importance in the context of the Rhine are:

1
 the closure of two of the major migration routes to the sea (Haringvliet and Zuiderzee);

2
 morphological changes in the river;

3
 chemical and thermal pollution;

4
 the loss of accessible spawning and nursery areas of the required quality;

5
 the disappearance of salmon from other rivers that flow into the North Sea such as the Rivers Elbe, Weser and Ems. If salmon were only reintroduced into the Rhine, a certain proportion would probably stray and infiltrate these other rivers.

The fact that the impact of these changes is difficult to quantify increases the uncertainty associated with maintaining a stable stock of salmon in the Rhine.


This volume highlights several applications of thermochronology to different geologic settings, as well as modern techniques for modeling thermochronometer data. Geologic interpretations of thermochronometer data are greatly enhanced by quantitative analysis of the data (e.g., track length distributions, noble gas concentrations, etc.), and/or consideration of the thermal field samples cooled through. Unfortunately, the computational tools required for a rigorous analysis and interpretation of the data are often developed and used by individual labs, but rarely distributed to the general public. One reason for this is the lack of a good medium to communicate recent software developments, and/or incomplete documentation and development of user-friendly codes worth distributing outside individual labs. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight several user-friendly computer programs that aid in the simulation and interpretation of thermochronometer data and crustal thermal fields. Most of the software presented here is suitable for both teaching and research purposes.

Table 1⇓ summarizes the different programs discussed in this chapter, the contributing authors behind each program 1 , the computer operating system each program runs on, and the application or purpose each program is intended for simulating. The intent of this chapter is not to provide a user manual for each program, but rather an introduction to concepts and physical processes each program simulates. All software discussed here is freely available for non-profit applications and can be downloaded from http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/RIM/ under the link for Volume 58, Low-Temperature Thermochronology . This web page contains executable versions of the software, copyright information, example input and output data files, and, in some cases, additional documentation and user manuals. The availability of source code for modifying each program varies, and interested persons are encouraged to contact the leading contributor. Regular users of these programs are encouraged to contact the software contributor to receive software …


During the 2010 Danish Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers environment and health was a prioritized subject. The aim was enhanced Nordic information exchange. To support this aim a number of Nordic workshops were held to strengthen the capacity building and discuss future regulatory aspects in the area of endocrine disruptors, combination effects, and soft regulatory measures and effective risk communication. One of the workshops held in November focused on soft regulatory measures to reduce the exposure of sensitive population groups to chemicals, with a special focus on endocrine disruptors. This report describes the workshop presentations, the ensuing discussions, and the outcome.


Looking back over the past century, the steady pace of development in many of the world's cities has resulted in a situation where a high percentage of these cities are now faced with the problem of aging, decrepit urban infrastructure; a considerable number of cities are having to undertake large-scale infrastructure renewal projects. While creating new opportunities in the area of infrastructure, ongoing urbanization is also creating problems, such as excessive consumption of water, electric power and heat energy, environmental pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions, traffic jams, and the aging of the existing residential housing stock, etc. All of these problems present a challenge to cities' ability to achieve sustainable development. In response to these issues, the concept of the "smart city" has grown in popularity throughout the world. The aim of smart city initiatives is to make the city a vehicle for "smartification" through the integration of different industries and sectors. As initiatives of this kind move beyond basic automation into the realm of real "smartification," the smart city concept is beginning to take concrete form.


The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is the most commonly used measure for life satisfaction. Although there are numerous studies confirming factorial validity, most studies on dimensionality are based on small samples. A controversial debate continues on the factorial invariance across different subgroups. The present study aimed to test psychometric properties, factorial structure, factorial invariance across age and gender, and to deliver population-based norms for the German general population from a large cross-sectional sample of 2519 subjects. Confirmatory factor analyses supported that the scale is one-factorial, even though indications of inhomogeneity of the scale have been detected. Both findings show invariance across the seven age groups and both genders. As indicators of the convergent validity, a positive correlation with social support and negative correlation with depressiveness was shown. Population-based norms are provided to support the application in the context of individual diagnostics.


Today, an increasing chorus argues that risk-assessment instruments are a politically feasible way to resolve our problem of mass incarceration and reduce prison populations. In this essay, I argue against this progressive argument for prediction: using risk-assessment tools to decrease prison populations would unquestionably aggravate the already intolerable racial imbalance in our prison populations and will not address the real source of mass incarceration, namely the admissions process. Risk has collapsed into prior criminal history, and prior criminal history has become a proxy for race. This means that using risk-assessment tools, even for progressive ends, is going to significantly aggravate the already unacceptable racial disparities in our criminal justice system. Instead of turning to prediction, we need to address prison admissions. Recent evidence suggests that our carceral excess was not so much fueled by the length of sentences, as it was by the front end: new admissions. The real solution to mass incarceration, then, is not to cut short prison terms though prediction, but to reduce admissions to prison.


We investigate a bilayer system of critical HgTe quantum wells, each featuring a spin-degenerate pair of massless Dirac fermions. In the presence of an electrostatic interlayer Coulomb coupling, we determine the exciton condensate order parameter of the system self-consistently. Calculating the bulk topological Z2 invariant of the resulting mean-field Hamiltonian, we discover a novel time reversal symmetric topological exciton condensate state, coined the helical topological exciton condensate. We argue that this phase can exist for experimentally relevant parameters. Interestingly, due to its multiband nature, the present bilayer model exhibits a nontrivial interplay between spontaneous symmetry breaking and topology: Depending on which symmetry the condensate order parameter spontaneously picks in combined orbital and spin space, stable minima in the free energy corresponding to both trivial and nontrivial gapped states can be found.


With reference to prior research on expectation confirmation theory, there are several constructs that have been determined as the antecedent factors of the individual enduser computing satisfaction (EUCS) formation process. This study measures the level of satisfaction among the end-users of an estate management and maintenance system in a public housing organisation. It identifies how the interactions of prior experience, perceived usefulness and confirmation help to achieve the EUCS and subsequently lead to usage continuance intention. The research employs a mixed research approach integrating case study and survey research under a quantitative paradigm. The case study is to test the applicability of the model and to clarify some practical issues. Then the survey research has been conducted to testify the research model. Questionnaires were issued to Hong Kong public housing executives using the estate management and maintenance system. A structural equation modelling tool, Partial Least Squares, is used for statistical data analysis with specific objectives in line with the research questions. The empirical results of this study provide support for the model of expectation confirmation theory, which relates to the factors of contributing the EUCS and usage continuance intention.


Psychometric instruments, inventories, surveys, and questionnaires are widely accepted tools in the field of behavioral health. They are used extensively in primary and clinical research, patient care, quality measurement, and payor oversight. To accurately capture and communicate instrument-related activities and results in electronic systems, existing healthcare standards must be capable of representing the full range of psychometric instruments used in research and clinical care. Several terminologies and controlled vocabularies contain representations of psychological instruments. While a handful of studies have assessed the representational adequacy of terminologies in this domain, no study to date has assessed content coverage. The current study was designed to fill this gap. Using a sample of 63 commonly used instruments, we found no concept in any of the three terminologies evaluated for more than half of all instruments. Of the three terminologies studied, SNOMED CT (Standard Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms) had the greatest breadth, but least granular coverage of all systems. While SNOMED CT contained concepts for over one third (36%) of the instrument classes in this sample, only 11% of the actual instruments were represented in SNOMED CT. LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes), on the other hand, was able to represent instruments with the greatest level of granularity of the three terminologies. However, LOINC had the poorest coverage, covering fewer than 8% of the instruments in our sample. Given that instruments selected for this study were selected on the basis of their status as gold standard measures for conditions most likely to present in clinical settings, we believe these results overestimate the actual coverage provided by these terminologies. The results of this study demonstrate significant gaps in existing healthcare terminologies vis-à-vis psychological instruments and instrument-related procedures. Based on these findings, we recommend that systematic efforts be made to enhance standard healthcare terminologies to provide better coverage of this domain.


Increased concern about global warming coupled with the escalating demand of energy has driven the conventional power system to be more reliable one by integrating Renewable Energies (RE) in to grid. Over the recent years, integration of solar PV forming a grid-connected PV is considered as one of the most promising technologies to the developed countries like Australia to meet the growing demand of energy. This rapid increase in grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems has made the supply utilities concerned about the drastic effects that have to be considered on the distribution network in particular voltage fluctuations, harmonic distortions and the Power factor for sustainable power generation. However, irrespective of the fact that the utility grid can accommodate the variability of load or irregular solar irradiance, it is essential to study the impact of grid connected PV systems during higher penetration levels as the intermittent nature of solar PV adversely effects the grid characteristics in meeting the load demand. Hence, keeping this in track, this paper examines the grid-connected PV system considering a residential network of Geelong region (38°.09'S and 144°.21' E) and explores the level of impacts considering summer load profile with a change in the level of integrations. Initially, a PV power system network model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment and the simulations are carried out to explore the impacts of solar PV penetration at low voltage distribution network considering power quality (PQ) issues such as voltage fluctuations, harmonics distortion at different load conditions.


Migration is a global phenomenon and the varied social and individual nature of relocation, has led to cross-disciplinary perspectives of a process, both physical and emotional which forms a significant part of a person's life. Historically, migration has been largely studied from a male perspective and has not specifically reflected the experiences of women. There has been a move towards recognising the need to study the experiences of female migrants. Cypriot migrants' experiences, like those of women, have also been relatively neglected, with studies on migrant groups focusing upon more visible, larger groups for example, migrants from the West Indies, Africa and South Asia. Cypriots, along with Italians, Spanish and Portuguese have been overlooked
'invisible migrants'.
This ethnographic study focuses upon the Greek Cypriot community living in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, a unique; small; rather isolated community. Most of its' members originate in the same village in Cyprus and were initially involved in the service industry. The ethnography involved narrative interviews; a focus group; a virtual ethnography; participant observations; and the collection of documentation and photographic evidence. Drawing upon the theoretical concept of social capital, this thesis contributes to the understanding of the formation, transformation and erosion of this migrant community. It tells the story of how the community first began, how different organisation and institutions came to be and how these are eroding through the fluid processes of 'bonding' and 'bridging' capital. Findings from the research highlight women's stories of migration and how they account for the process of migration; how they experience, maintain and challenge community boundaries which relate to feelings of inclusion and exclusion. The traditional role and expectations of women emerged from this research through the women's stories of control, and this serves to fill a gap in knowledge around the experiences of female migrants living within this unique community.


Recent and historic landslides in sensitive clays caused by an external disturbance point to the importance of understanding the acting failure processes. This includes the global slope behaviour and the local material response. Sensitive clay is a brittle material in the sense that it displays strain-softening behaviour under undrained shear deformation. In turn, strain-softening may lead to a progressive failure development in a slope. While traditional methods for slope stability assessments are based on limit equilibrium and rely on input on a strain independent soil strength, the understanding and modelling of progressive failure relies also on the soil stiffness, the rate of strain-softening and the residual resistance. These aspects have been exemplified and quantified in the present work. In particular, the initial stress state of a slope is identified as governing when considering the safety margin and potential failure extent. On the local material level, strain-softening holds the potential to cause strain localization and shear band formation. Two experimental setups have been utilized to examine the shear response of quick clay; a modified triaxial device where shear band formation is allowed and a field shear vane with over-coring of the sheared soil element. Strain localization and shear band formation was seen to initiate close to the undrained peak shear resistance. A clear effect of the displacement rate on the post-peak properties of sensitive clay is observed. Increasing the displacement rate increases the brittleness, both in terms of higher rate of strainsoftening and lower ultimate end-of-test resistance. The underlying mechanisms are argued to be related to the contractant behaviour of sensitive clay at failure and the corresponding generation of excess pore pressure. This situation can cause internal gradients of pore pressure and local drainage in the vicinity of the shear band. This hypothesis is supported by coherence between numerical simulations of local drainage and the experimental results as well as microscopy analyses which reveal a reduction in porosity in the shear band. The latter is a direct observation of contractant material behaviour and implies migration of water. The microscopy analyses have shown a mm-scale shear band as a non-smooth feature with complex inner systems of minor shears (μm size). The width of the shear band is a function of the applied displacement rate, presumably through processes of internal drainage of excess pore pressure. Higher rate yields a thinner band. The width of the minor shears is given by the microstructure. The strong brittleness of sensitive clay at high displacement rates under shear band formation motivates a recommendation to use a design approach close to a first yield criterion if the construction situation might include such high rates. The thesis provides insight for understanding slope and material failure in sensitive clays. It highlights and treats aspects needed for further work in the direction of an improved and unified methodology for slope stability assessments in these clays. In the extension of the work it is suggested to focus on the initial stress state of slopes as well as a study of the relation between material behaviour in laboratory experiments and full scale slopes.


ABSTRACT Geothermal and hypersaline environments are rich in virus-like particles, among which spindle-shaped morphotypes dominate. Currently, viruses with spindle- or lemon-shaped virions are exclusive to Archaea and belong to two distinct viral families. The larger of the two families, the Fuselloviridae, comprises tail-less, spindle-shaped viruses, which infect hosts from phylogenetically distant archaeal lineages. Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1) is the best known member of the family and was one of the first hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses to be isolated. SSV1 is an attractive model for understanding virus-host interactions in Archaea; however, the constituents and architecture of SSV1 particles remain only partially characterized. Here, we have conducted an extensive biochemical characterization of highly purified SSV1 virions and identified four virus-encoded structural proteins, VP1 to VP4, as well as one DNA-binding protein of cellular origin. The virion proteins VP1, VP3, and VP4 undergo posttranslational modification by glycosylation, seemingly at multiple sites. VP1 is also proteolytically processed. In addition to the viral DNA-binding protein VP2, we show that viral particles contain the Sulfolobus solfataricus chromatin protein Sso7d. Finally, we provide evidence indicating that SSV1 virions contain glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids, resolving a long-standing debate on the presence of lipids within SSV1 virions. A comparison of the contents of lipids isolated from the virus and its host cell suggests that GDGTs are acquired by the virus in a selective manner from the host cytoplasmic membrane, likely during progeny egress. IMPORTANCE Although spindle-shaped viruses represent one of the most prominent viral groups in Archaea, structural data on their virion constituents and architecture still are scarce. The comprehensive biochemical characterization of the hyperthermophilic virus SSV1 presented here brings novel and significant insights into the organization and architecture of spindle-shaped virions. The obtained data permit the comparison between spindle-shaped viruses residing in widely different ecological niches, improving our understanding of the adaptation of viruses with unusual morphotypes to extreme environmental conditions.


The cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics provides intuitive visualization and analysis of complex cancer genomics data. The public site (http://cbioportal.org/) is accessed by more than 1,500 researchers per day, and there are now dozens of local instances of the software that host private data sets at cancer centers around the globe. We have recently released the software under an open source license, making it free to use and modify by anybody. The software and detailed documentation are available at https://github.com/cBioPortal/cbioportal. We are now establishing a multi-institutional software development network, which will coordinate and drive the future development of the software and associated data pipelines. This group will focus on four main areas: 1. New analysis and visualization features, including: a. Improved support for cross-cancer queries and cohort comparisons. b. Enhanced clinical decision support for precision oncology, including an improved patient view with knowledge base integration, patient timelines and improved tools for visualizing tumor evolution. 2. New data pipelines, including support for new genomic data types and streamlined pipelines for TCGA and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). 3. Software architecture and performance improvements. 4. Community engagement: Documentation, user support, and training. This coordinated effort will help to further establish the cBioPortal as the software of choice in cancer genomics research, both in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, as the sequencing of tumor samples has entered clinical practice, we are expanding the features of the software so that it can be used for precision medicine at cancer centers. In particular, clean, web-accessible, interactive clinical reports integrating multiple sources of genome variation and clinical annotation over time has potential to improve clinical action beyond current text-based molecular reports. By making complex genomic data easily interpretable and linking it to information about drugs and clinical trials, the cBioPortal software has the potential to facilitate the use of genomic data in clinical decision making. Citation Format: Jianjiong Gao, James Lindsay, Stuart Watt, Istemi Bahceci, Pieter Lukasse, Adam Abeshouse, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Ino de Bruijn, Benjamin Gross, Dong Li, Ritika Kundra, Zachary Heins, Jorge Reis-Filho, Onur Sumer, Yichao Sun, Jiaojiao Wang, Qingguo Wang, Hongxin Zhang, Priti Kumari, M. Furkan Sahin, Sander de Ridder, Fedde Schaeffer, Kees van Bochove, Ugur Dogrusoz, Trevor Pugh, Chris Sander, Ethan Cerami, Nikolaus Schultz. The cBioPortal for cancer genomics and its application in precision oncology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5277.


This paper examines the arguments underpinning the smart specialisation concept, an idea which originally emerged from the sectoral growth literature, and one which has recently been applied with to the regional policy context. The shift from a sectoral to a regional context appears prima facie to be quite straightforward but this paper explains that translating the idea to a regional policy context is rather more complex that it at first appears and implies some changes in both interpretation and implications. The outcomes of this are that in a regional policy setting the smart specialisation logic is seen to be broadly consistent with the overall reforms of EU Cohesion Policy. However, in a regional policy setting there is no reason why ICTs should be prioritised over many forms of intangible capital, and the promotion of technological diversification via entrepreneurship may need to be related to specific sectors or activities.


We present a general principle for estimating a regression function nonparametrically, allowing for a wide variety of data filtering, for example, repeated left truncation and right censoring. Both the mean and the median regression cases are considered. The method works by first estimating the conditional hazard function or conditional survivor function and then integrating. We also investigate improved methods that take account of model structure such as independent errors and show that such methods can improve performance when the model structure is true. We establish the pointwise asymptotic normality of our estimators.


The electrostatic interpretation of the Jacobi--Gauss quadrature points is exploited to obtain interpolation points suitable for approximation of smooth functions defined on a simplex. Moreover, several new estimates, based on extensive numerical studies, for approximation along the line using Jacobi--Gauss--Lobatto quadrature points as the nodal sets are presented.
The electrostatic analogy is extended to the two-dimensional case, with the emphasis being on nodal sets inside a triangle for which two very good matrices of nodal sets are presented. The matrices are evaluated by computing the Lebesgue constants and they share the property that the nodes along the edges of the simplex are the Gauss--Lobatto quadrature points of the Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials, respectively. This makes the resulting nodal sets particularly well suited for integration with conventional spectral methods and supplies a new nodal basis for h-p finite element methods.


This paper focuses on a resilient water supply system for earthquake and tsunami. The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake generated not only strong ground vibration but also a tremendous tsunami. Although some of the water supply system suffered damage and water suspension occurred extensively, earthquake-resistant pipes survived and a quick recovery of water delivery was achieved. We must learn many lessons from the earthquake and tsunami disasters and exchange these lessons internationally. In this paper, earthquake performance of the water supply pipeline during the earthquake and tsunami is summarized first. Next, the paper introduces an application of Japan's earthquake-resistant technology in the city of Los Angeles.


The coffee economy was decisive for the construction of independent Brazil. By the middle of the 19th century, the country was responsible for about half of the coffee global supply; in 1900, that number had increased to about three-quarters of the world's production. In the Brazilian monarchical period (1822–1889) the center of the activity was located in the valley of the Paraiba do Sul river. Brazilian coffee production from its very beginnings demonstrated an inherent spatial mobility and a great demand for workers. Before 1850, labor supply was guaranteed by the transatlantic slave trade; after that, by an internal slave trade. The two basic characteristics of the coffee economy created during the era of slavery (the intensive exploitation of workers through the extensive exploitation of natural resources) were maintained after the crisis and the abolition of the institution (1888), when the center of the coffee economy moved to the West of São Paulo. Now counting on a new arrangement of free labor (the colonato) and on the subsidized immigration of European peasants, the São Paulo coffee economy in the new republican regime (founded in 1889) underwent a huge productive leap. Overproduction and falling prices became the new problem. The coffee valorization policy adopted by the State of São Paulo after 1906 and then the federal government indicates the reconfiguration of the class relations experienced in the new republican era, which nevertheless kept many of the historical structures of the slave legacy intact.


Early stage gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) with histological features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) origin (DLBCL[MALT]) are also closely related to Helicobacter pylori ( Hp ) infection, apart from the classical gastric MALT lymphoma, and are cured by Hp eradication therapy (HPE). Whether some gastric "pure" DLBCLs (without histological features of MALT) are also Hp -related is clinically very important, since this subtype of gastric lymphoma is relatively common in the population and is still universally treated with intensive systemic chemotherapy. A large proportion of early stage gastric "pure" DLBCL can achieve long-term complete remission after HPE. However, the precise mechanisms of Hp -dependent (with complete regression of tumors after HPE) lymphomagenesis of gastric "pure" DLBCL, DLBCL(MALT), and MALT lymphoma remain uncertain. In the classical conception, gastric MALT lymphoma is indirectly caused by Hp through T-cell stimulation, with the aid of costimulatory molecules. To explore the direct interactions between Hp and lymphoma B-cells of Hp -dependent gastric MALT lymphoma, DLBCL(MALT), and "pure" DLBCLs, we assessed the participation of Hp -encoded cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) in the lymphomagenesis of these tumors. We discovered that CagA oncogenic protein and its regulated signaling molecules including phospho-Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase (p-SHP-2) and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) correlated significantly with Hp -dependence of gastric MALT lymphoma. This finding supports previous observations that the CagA protein of Hp can be translocated into B-cell lymphoma cells, thereby leading to survival signals. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Hp -positive and CagA-expressing gastric "pure" DLBCLs behave in a less biologically aggressive manner, and have better clinical outcomes; this is a distinguishing entity, and its cell origin may include germinal center B cells. In addition, we found that the expression of CagA, p-SHP-2, and p-ERK correlated significantly with the Hp -dependence of gastric DLBCL(MALT) and "pure" DLBCL. These findings indicate that the spectrum of Hp -related gastric lymphomas including MALT lymphoma, DLBCL(MALT), and "pure" DLBCL, is much wider than was previously thought. Further explorations of the spectrum, lymphomagenesis, and therapeutics of Hp -related gastric lymphoma are warranted. CagA Translocation Is Closely Associated With the Expression of CagA-signaling Molecules in Low-grade Gastric Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. CagA protein CagA-signaling molecules predict pylori dependence early-stage gastric


On 19 April 2019, The Sony Entertainment Center in Toronto filled with 3,000 people, all ready to listen to what Professor Slavoj Žižek, one of the key western philosophers of the present era, called the "duel of the century." The popularity of the debate between Slavoj Žižek and Jordan Peterson is reflective of a new yet largely invisible preoccupation by the public at large with intellectual matters engendered by the widespread availability of information technology. Yet, the debate was met with no interest from the field of education, despite the massive interest from the general public. Is there truly nothing that Slavoj Žižek or Jordan Peterson have to offer to education? Or are educators just tired of "philosophising"? This paper does not focus specifically on the debate between Slavoj Žižek and Jordan Peterson, but on the concept of interdisciplinary dialogue as a method for designing innovation that the debate has exemplified. The paper will discuss the process of innovation and will illustrate examples developed by the author together with her postgraduate students. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the point that a lot can be learned about second language and literacy pedagogy when researchers do not hide behind the illusory walls of disciplines but, instead, venture out to better understand what they do and why. Keywords—literacy pedagogy; dialogizing; innovation; english


Palmer, William Rees. Two Pahute Indian Legends: "Why the Grand Canyon Was Made" and "The Three Days of Darkness." With research', supplementary information, and editorial commentary by Thomas Keith Midgley. Cheney, WA: Lighthouse, 1987. 54 pp. $5.80. Reviewed by Daniel C. Peterson This small book is even smaller than at first appears, since several pages are taken up with (often repetitive and rather wordy) moral exhortations and sketches of both author and editor. It bears the marks of its amateur production, and is marred by a fair number of grammatical and spelling peculiarities. It is, nonetheless, an interesting little piece, which we can hope might induce someone with the requisite anthropological and other training to take a closer look at its subject matter. The first of the two legends recounted-both the author and his editor insist, incidentally, upon the spelling "Pahute" rather than the more common "Paiute" or "Piute"-is an etiological myth about "Why the Grand Canyon Was Made." It would seem that the canyon expresses the gulf between a young Indian couple whose love was destroyed by a devil-induced jealousy. Interesting, from a Mormon point of view, are some of the details of the creation of the earth as related in this story, as well as the picture of the Pahute godhead which it yields. Before human and animal life is placed upon the earth-"trees and fruits and flowers" are already present-the senior and supreme god Tobats is represented as holding council with the subordinate god, Shinob. Together, they form the first man out of earth and stone, and then pour vapor into him to bring him to life. However, Nung-Wa is still alone, and Shinob prevails upon Tobats to create for the man a companion, a beautiful maiden. Years later, when a sinful and promiscuous mankind is dispersed into many tribes, Tobats vows to destroy all human life-which he terms "the god-kind clan"-from off the face of the earth. However, Shinob intercedes for them, another response is chosen, and they are spared. The second myth, "The Three Days of Darkness," has more obvious immediate relevance to the concerns of this Review. (The editor makes it clear later in the book that he believes the Grand Canyon to have been a sudden occurrence, connect~ with the earthquakes which, according to the Book of 130 REVIEW OF BOOKS ON THE BOOK OF MORMON Mormon, accompanied the crucifixion of Christ.) The myth purports to have ~en place at Rush Lake, west of Parowan, Utah, and tells of the three days of thick darkness which fell over that area when Un-Nu-Pit, the devil, killed the younger god, Shinob. It was impossible even to kindle fire, and the people were near despair. Fortunately, the voice of Tobats pierced the darkness, and that god finally found a way to disperse the gloom. Later, in revenge, he slew Un-Nu-Pit and thereby brought Shinob back to life. The editor expressly takes this event, as well as the previous story of the creation of the Grand Canyon, as literally historical. (He points, in this context, to the numerous cinder cones which dot southern Utah.) To do so, he implicitly rejects the uniformitarianism which is a cardinal principle of much modem science, and draws upon that catastrophism which is proposed instead by the Cooks in their Science and Mormonism) (Some readers of this Review will doubtless also be familiar with Venice Priddis's The Book and the Map,2 which takes a similar approach and to which appeal is made in the booklet under consideration here.) Geologists, LDS and nonLDS, would certainly have a sharp response to this move, yet the editor's supplemental pages on catastrophism in geology and Indian lore are thought-provoking, nonetheless. (He draws on the legends of the Klickitats of Oregon and Washington, who seem also to have an intercessor-god much like the Pahutes' Shinob.) The limitations of this slender volume are obvious. We are entitled, for example, to wonder how closely the author followed his Indian informants, and how much contamination may have entered in from his own religious and historical concerns. This is especially true in the case of the second legend, "The Three Days of Darkness," where we do not even have the written version of the author/collector (who died in 1960), but rather the gathered and harmonized reminiscences of those who heard him recount it. We would also want to know just what the relationship of these stories might be to events which may have taken place in Mesoamerica3---0r even, if we 1 Melvin A. Cook and Melvin G. Cook, Science and Mormonism (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1967). 2 Venice Priddis, The Book and the Map (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1975). 3 John L. Sorenson, An Ancient Ameican Setting for the Book of Mormon (S8It Lake City: Desezet Book, 1985). PALMER, 1WO PAHUTE INDIAN LEGENDS {PETERSON) 131 follow Priddis, in South America! These tales-in their present form, certainly-will not do as scientific proof, and must remain suggestive ~t the.very best: Still, they are intriguing, and their potential implications are worth attempting to puzzle out


Trade credit is an important way of firm financing. Its habitual practice and the excessive enlargement of the payment periods deteriorate profitability of firms and even could affect the performance of the financial system. In spite of the relevance of this issue there are few empirical researches with Spanish firms. This work intends to fill this gap and to shed light on the factors related to the extension of trade credit in a set firms of the agrofood industry. In the theoretic and empirical literature different motives have been proposed to explain the extension of trade credit: a mechanism to reduce transaction costs, a financial alternative to the bank system and an additional tool to improve commercial activities. To contrast these ideas a panel of 388 firms for the period 1998-2005 has been taken, and static and dynamic regression models have been estimated by using robust methods to heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation and endogeneity of the explanatory variables. The results confirm that trade credit receivable is associated with more active firms and with cheaper bank financing. Furthermore, a negative link with the size of the firm and a positive relationship with short-term liabilities, accounts payable and bank debts, are encountered. These findings are consistent with commercial perspectives, rather than a pure financial view, in the sense that small and financial distressed producers extend trade credit as a way of promoting products and increasing sales.


The true pattern of bone mineral density changes during childhood and adolescence is unclear owing to a lack of longitudinal investigations, a lack of adequate control for maturational differences, and size-mediated errors in the measurement of areal bone mineral density (aBMD). This investigation incorporated mixed-longitudinal (distance data) and longitudinal (velocity data) designs to describe pediatric changes in bone density at the total body (TB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS). Maturational differences were controlled by aligning participants on their age at peak height velocity (PHV). Changes in areal BMD (aBMD) were compared with densities obtained from two methods of size correction: bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) based on geometric assumptions, and statistically-corrected BMD (sBMD), which utilizes linear regression. Correlations between bone projected area (PA) and density were strongest with aBMD, intermediate with BMAD, and generally insignificant with sBMD, supporting sBMD's size independence. With the distance data aBMD increased over the entire growth period at all sites. Contrastingly, TB BMAD declined initially and then stabilized after PHV, and FN and LS BMAD were generally stable until PHV, increasing afterward. Similarly, TB and LS sBMD decreased until PHV, increasing afterward, and FN sBMD was stable until PHV, increasing thereafter. aBMD velocity was positive at all sites and all ages. In contrast, TB and FN BMAD had a negative velocity until after PHV, and LS BMAD velocity was generally stable until near PHV, with a positive velocity afterwards. sBMD velocity was negative at the TB and LS until PHV and there was a stabilization (males) or decrease in velocity (females) in FN sBMD until PHV. Velocity curves for PA and bone mineral content displayed a consistent dissociation at all sites with bones increasing in area first and later consolidating when rapid growth ceased or slowed. The point of minimal density suggested from the corrected data coincided with PHV and is supported by epidemiological data that reports the highest rates of fracture in adolescents during this time. These results highlight the size-dependence of aBMD and cautions against its use in the pediatric population. Physiologically, sBMD appeared the more appropriate size-correction technique.


Do employees benefit from worker representation on corporate boards? Economists and policymakers are keenly interested in this question – especially lately, as worker representation is widely promoted as an important way to ensure the interests and views of the workers. To investigate this question, we apply a variety of research designs to administrative data from Norway. We find that a worker is paid more and faces less earnings risk if she gets a job in a firm with worker representation on the corporate board. However, these gains in wages and declines in earnings risk are not caused by worker representation per se. Instead, the wage premium and reduced earnings risk reflect that firms with worker representation are likely to be larger and unionized, and that larger and unionized firms tend to both pay a premium and provide better insurance to workers against fluctuations in firm performance. Conditional on the firm's size and unionization rate, worker representation has little if any effect. Taken together, these findings suggest that while workers may indeed benefit from being employed in firms with worker representation, they would not benefit from legislation mandating worker representation on corporate boards.


We address two problems in this thesis. First, a phase-field model for structural phase transformations in solids and second, a model for dynamic fracture. The existing approaches for both phase transformations and fracture can be grouped into two categories. Sharp-interface models, where interfaces are singular surfaces; and regularized-interface models, such as phase-field models, where interfaces are smeared out. The former are challenging for numerical solutions because the interfaces or crack needs to be explicitly tracked, but have the advantage that the kinetics of existing interfaces or cracks and the nucleation of new interfaces can be transparently and precisely prescribed. The diffused interface models such as phasefield models do not require explicit tracking of interfaces and makes them computationally attractive. However, the specification of kinetics and nucleation is both restrictive and extremely opaque in such models. This prevents straightforward calibration of phase-field models to experiment and/or molecular simulations, and breaks the multiscale hierarchy of passing information from atomic to continuum. Consequently, phase-field models cannot be confidently used in dynamic settings. We present a model which has all the advantages of existing phase-field models but also allows us to prescribe kinetics and nucleation criteria. We present a number of examples to characterize and demonstrate the features of the model. We also extend it to the case of multiple phases where preserving kinetics of each kind of interface is more complex. We use the phase transformation model with certain changes to model dynamic fracture. We achieve the advantage of prescribing nucleation and kinetics independent of each other. We demonstrate examples of anisotropic crack propagation and crack propagation on an interface in a composite material. We also report some limitations of phase-field models for fracture which have not been mentioned in the existing literature. These limitations include dependence of effective crack width and hence the effective


Ultraviolet radiation is the key factor driving tropospheric photochemistry. It is strongly modulated by clouds and aerosols. A quantitative understanding of the raCorrespondence to: S. Thiel (email@example.com) diation field and its effect on photochemistry is thus only possible with a detailed knowledge of the interaction between clouds and radiation. The overall objective of the project INSPECTRO was the characterization of the threedimensional actinic radiation field under cloudy conditions. This was achieved during two measurement campaigns in Norfolk (East Anglia, UK) and Lower Bavaria (Germany) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1790 S. Thiel et al.: Influence of clouds on the spectral actinic flux density combining space-based, aircraft and ground-based measurements as well as simulations with the one-dimensional radiation transfer model UVSPEC and the three-dimensional radiation transfer model MYSTIC. During both campaigns the spectral actinic flux density was measured at several locations at ground level and in the air by up to four different aircraft. This allows the comparison of measured and simulated actinic radiation profiles. In addition satellite data were used to complete the information of the three dimensional input data set for the simulation. A three-dimensional simulation of actinic flux density data under cloudy sky conditions requires a realistic simulation of the cloud field to be used as an input for the 3-D radiation transfer model calculations. Two different approaches were applied, to derive highand low-resolution data sets, with a grid resolution of about 100m and 1 km, respectively. The results of the measured and simulated radiation profiles as well as the results of the ground based measurements are presented in terms of photolysis rate profiles for ozone and nitrogen dioxide. During both campaigns all spectroradiometer systems agreed within ±10% if mandatory corrections e.g. stray light correction were applied. Stability changes of the systems were below 5% over the 4 week campaign periods and negligible over a few days. The J(O1D) data of the single monochromator systems can be evaluated for zenith angles less than 70◦, which was satisfied by nearly all airborne measurements during both campaigns. The comparison of the airborne measurements with corresponding simulations is presented for the total, downward and upward flux during selected clear sky periods of both campaigns. The compliance between the measured (from three aircraft) and simulated downward and total flux profiles lies in the range of ±15%.


Ag-MgF_(2) composite films with different Ag fractions were prepared through a co-evaporation method. Microstructure analysis shows that the films are composed of amorphous MgF_(2) matrix and embedded fcc-Ag nanoparticles. The optical constants and their dispersion of the films, within the wavelength range of 250-650 nm, were measured by reflecting spectroscopic ellipsometry. The maximum of the imaginary part ?' of the complex dielectric permittivity attributing to the surface plasmon resonance polarization of the Ag nanoparticles in an Ag-MgF_(2) film, and the tangent of the phase-shift angle ? resulting from the dielectric loss of the film, occur at ?=435 nm and ?=420 nm, respectively. Based on Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory, the experimentally observed dispersion spectra were reasonably described.


Abstract The high-pressure behavior of monovalent-cation-exchanged chabazites was investigated by means of in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction with a diamond-anvil cell, and using water as penetrating pressure-transmitting medium, up to 5.5 GPa at room temperature. In all cases, except for Na-containing chabazites, a phase transition from the original rhombohedral (R3m) to triclinic symmetry (likely P1) was observed in the range between 3.0 GPa and 5.0 GPa. The phase transition is accompanied by an abrupt decrease of the unit-cell volume by up to 10%. Evidence of pressure-induced hydration (PIH), i.e., P-induced penetration of H2O molecules through the zeolitic cavities, was observed, as reflected by the incompressibility of the cation-exchanged chabazites, which is governed by the distribution of the extra-framework cations. The reversibility of the PIH and P-induced phase transitions in the high-pressure behavior of the cation-exchanged chabazites are discussed in the context of the role played by the chemical nature and bonding configuration of the extra-framework cations, along with that of the H2O content at room conditions.


This study is concerned with the leadership of the post-incorporation college of
further education. The aim is to determine the leadership attributes and role of the
principal/chief executive of the newly incorporated colleges and the influence of the
corporation and external factors on this role.
The 1992 Further and Higher Education Act gave a statutory duty to the principal to
lead staff in the college; what it did not do was define that role. The Act was farreaching
in its ramifications for the further education sector as it removed colleges
from the management structure of the Local Education Authority and converted them
into corporate, charitable organisations with autonomous governing bodies, variously
called corporations, corporation members or, board members. These corporations
were given responsibility for not only the financial status of the college but also for
the selection and support of the principal. The principal in turn becomes the Chief
Executive Officer(CEO) to the corporation, an unfamiliar business role as well as the
traditional leader of the college. With reference to the literature the historical context
of the Act and its impact has been researched and the influence and ideologies for the
changes have been identified. The identity, reputation and responsibilities of the
further education colleges have all been enhanced in part as a result of the Act and
partly as the result of a demanding Further Education Funding Council(FEFC) which
are at the interface between the government and the colleges and are the financial
masters of the sector. The change models for further education have been led by
college principals and their corporations.
The leadership literature has also been reviewed to provide the empirical support for
the identification of the leadership attributes of principals of colleges. The literature
on leadership is very substantial and much of it theoretical, contradictory and lacking
in application. Much of it is about non-college leadership but some is considered to
be relevant to the leadership required in colleges. The identification of what is
required was made up of the results of a survey of the attributes that were considered
important for leading a college of further education by the principals themselves. The
views of corporations were determined by analysing the application details for
principal/chief executive posts.
Since incorporation, colleges have had to face up to quite dramatic and considerable
change. Within colleges, principals have had a major role to play in the leadership of
such change. The factors that influence this leadership have been identified along
with their responsibilities as leaders. The corporations' view of leadership is used
both as a comparison and as a way of identifying their relationship with the principal.
This relationship is considered in the light of new and developmental policies in
further education on the election of a Labour Government in 1997.


Immersion is the new orthodoxy. Within the production, curation and critique of sound art, as well as within the broader fields of sound studies and auditory culture, the immersive is routinely celebrated as an experiential quality of sound, the value of which is inherent yet strengthened through dubious metaphysical oppositions to the visual. Yet even within the visual arts an acoustic condition grounded in Marshall McLuhan's metaphorical notion of acoustic space underwrites predispositions towards immersion. This broad conception of an acoustic condition in contemporary art identifies the envelopment of audiences and spectators who no longer perceive from a distance but immanently experience immersive artworks and environments.

Immanence and Immersion takes a critical approach to the figures of immersion and interiority describing an acoustic condition in contemporary art. It is argued that a price paid for this predisposition towards immersion is often the conceptual potency and efficacy of the work undertaken, resulting in arguments that compound the marginalisation and disempowerment of practices and discourses concerned with the sonic. The variously phenomenological, correlational and mystical positions that support the predominance of the immersive are subject to critique before suggesting that a stronger distinction between the often confused concepts of immersion and the immanence might serve as a means of breaking with the figure of immersion and the circle of interiority towards attaining greater conceptual potency and epistemological efficacy within the sonic arts.


1. Ten healthy men each drank a moderate dose of ethanol in experiments to test if the temperature and moisture content of inhaled air could alter the concentration of ethanol in exhaled breath. 2. They breathed air at various temperatures and relative humidities (RH) for about 1 min before the concentration of ethanol and the temperature of end-expired breath were determined. Control breaths were analysed after the same men breathed ordinary room air (23°C, 55% RH). All tests were made during the postabsorptive phase of ethanol metabolism and the breath samples were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. 3. When the men breathed cold dry air (5°C, 0% RH), the expired ethanol concentration decreased by 9·6 ± 0·69% (mean ± se) and breath temperature dropped by 1·40 ± 0·08°C. Cold moist air (5°C, 100% RH) decreased breath ethanol concentration by 6·4 ± 1·02% and breath temperature dropped by 1·1 ± 0·07°C. With hot dry air (80°C, 0% RH) as the breathing medium the concentration of ethanol was lowered by 4·3 ± 1·27% but expired breath temperatures were unchanged from the control tests. On breathing hot moist air (50°C, 100% RH), breath ethanol concentrations decreased by 10·3 ± 0·59%, even though breath temperatures rose by 1·8 ± 0·14°C above that of the controls. 4. Ethanol dissolves in the watery mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and can equilibrate with inhaled and exhaled air. It seems likely that during exchanges of heat and water vapour between respired air and the mucus, which largely depends on the temperature and humidity of inhaled air, the equilibrium of ethanol at the breath/mucus interface becomes disrupted. This leads to changes in the concentration of ethanol in expired air.


Pulmonary hypertension is a severe and debilitating disease with no definite cure. For better management of this condition a concise risk assessment and a prognostic evaluation are mandatory. Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, a fatal disease characterized by a vasoconstrictive, proliferative, thrombotic phenotype which leads to right ventricular failure, require a comprehensive assessment.


At 4 � resolution the polynucleotides in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA are seen in a series of electron dense masses about 5.8 � apart. These peaks are probably associated with the phosphate groups, while lower levels of electron density between segments of adjacent polynucleotide chains are interpreted as arising from hydrogen-bonded purine-pyrimidine base pairs. It is possible to trace the entire polynucleotide chain with only two minor regions of ambiguity. The polynucleotide chain has a secondary structure consistent with the cloverleaf conformation; however, its folding is different from that proposed in any model. The molecule is made of two double-stranded helical regions oriented at right angles to each other in the shape of an L. One end of the L has the CCA acceptor; the anticodon loop is at the other end, and the dihydrouridine and TψC loops form the corner.


News media outlets are crucial for the dissemination of information on climate change issues, but the nature of the coverage varies across the world, depending on local geopolitical and economic contexts. Despite extensive scholarship on media and climate change, less attention has been paid to comparing how climate change is reported by news media in developed and developing countries. This article undertakes a cross-national study of how elite newspapers in four major greenhouse gas emitting countries—the United States, the United Kingdom, China and India—frame coverage of climate change negotiations. We show that framing is similar by these newspapers in developing countries, but there are clear differences in framing in the developed world, and between the developed and developing countries. While an overwhelming majority of these news stories and the frames they deploy are pegged to the stance of domestic institutions in the developing countries, news frames from developed countries are more varied.


The following four articles in this issue may be considered as strictly related. It seems advisable, therefore, to present there abstracts altogether. The four articles are: a) the article by Fedele Ruggeri, concerning the relationship between citizenship and authority (such a relationship is seen by Ruggeri as having an essential value, non only for its very development, but also in order to avoid atrophy risks within the security scenario); b) the one by Simona Carboni, dealing with the citizens' images shared by the operators in the security field; c) the study by Riccardo Guidi, focused on the local police orientation toward citizens in the context of the local police operational characteristics; d) the analysis by Marta Bonetti regarding the tensions within local police stemming out of the difficulties connected with the management of its interactions with citizens, on one hand, and the sharing with them of significance and objectives, in the other. Accordingly, this long abstract deals, in the first place, with the Ruggeri's discussion of how to define the real essence of the relationship between citizenship and authority. He begins with the identification of three essential dimensions of this phenomenon. One, and very important, dimension is related to the impossibility of thinking in terms of the ultimate nature of things, that is, of their essence. On the basis of Weber's argument concerning the impossibility of apprehending the direction of the cosmic development, and hence the necessity to develop, on our part, the ability to create it, Ruggeri states two essential elements for epistemological orientation, closely interconnected. The first is the reciprocal impossibility of expanding reality predicates and knowledge propositions; the second, the impossibility of expanding the reference to the viewpoint of the observer, as well as to the n observers' viewpoints. In such a way, it will be possible to define, in a less approximate (and/or less wistful) way; the significance of said relationship between citizenship and authority, making it possible to move operationally within it. Concerning methodology, instead of a questionnaire with pre-codified answers, it has been preferred to allow the relatively few Local Police operators involved, a wider freedom in analyzing and deepening the different issues. As for the results, three clusters of responses have been identified. The first relates to a growing demand for intervention by the authority. The second is connected to a strong need to keep closely connected the various aspects and functions of the Local Police aspect. The third justifies a stronger necessity and possibility, for services, operators and citizens, to develop their knowledge, self-consciousness and recrimination. Luca Carboni discusses the results of another inquiry about the social representations of citizens shared by the security operators. To such a purpose, Carboni examines the importance of said representations as an instrument to support the managing of an operational change. The main findings of Carbon's research concern: - the citizens' fragmentation in terms of needs and interests, with a tendency toward conflict; - the way in which security is produced on a day-to-day basis; - the citizen seen as a danger source; - the citizen seen as an actor who needs support. In his concluding remarks, Carboni points how important is the representation of the citizen as an actor to support for a security service oriented for the citizens' protection and valorization. 197 Riccardo Guidi focuses his analysis on the understanding of connections between the security authority's role and citizenship In such a connection, Guidi emphasizes the relationship between the various functions of Local Police, and the tasks to be performed by said Police. Assuming as a starting point the above classification, Guidi defines six essential Local Police activities, that is: - to effectively communicate both image and offer of service of Local Police; - to effectively assist crime victims; - to effectively protect weakest people; - to effectively assist citizens in understanding the social meaning of laws and regulations; - to offer and support a stable basis for recrimination and crime reporting; - to effectively respond to recriminations and crime reporting. In conclusion, Guidi's opinion is that Local Police should strengthen activation, localization and integration, through a centralization of the priorities ranking, a better operators' training, and a consolidation (on a more permanent basis) of Local Police relations with political parties. Marta Bonetti scrutinizes the tensions originating within Local Police out of the orientation toward citizens. Bonetti's work is aimed to define a new orientation for Local Police future action and practice, and hence it must be defined as an example of research intervention. Among her most interesting findings is the uncertainly on the part of the Local Police operators in defining a situation which is characterized by change, ambiguity, an unpleasant perception of their new role and a new scenario of constant transformation. In addition there is now, for Local Police operators, the need to confront themselves with the diversity of identification and competence. Besides, there is a lack of an orientation toward action. Finally, it should be kept in mind that Local Police operators must function as an interface of Local Government with citizens, in a situation characterized by continuous organizational, sociological and psychological turmoil, due (among other things) to the lack of a clear action orientation and definition of roles.


In recent years, anonymization methods have emerged as an important tool to preserve individual privacy when releasing privacy sensitive data sets. This interest in anonymization techniques has resulted in a plethora of methods for anonymizing data under different privacy and utility assumptions. At the same time, there has been little research addressing how to effectively use the anonymized data for data mining in general and for distributed data mining in particular. In this paper, we propose a new approach for building classifiers using anonymized data by modeling anonymized data as uncertain data. In our method, we do not assume any probability distribution over the data. Instead, we propose collecting all necessary statistics during anonymization and releasing these together with the anonymized data. We show that releasing such statistics does not violate anonymity. Experiments spanning various alternatives both in local and distributed data mining settings reveal that our method performs better than heuristic approaches for handling anonymized data.


Cyclosporin A administration is associated with an increased incidence of hypertension. To evaluate the direct effects of the drug on the contractile responses of vascular tissue to adrenergic stimuli, rat caudal artery ring segments were studied before and after the addition of cyclosporin A or its ethanol vehicle in vitro. In a dose-related manner, cyclosporin A augmented the contractile response to trahsniural nerve stimulation, with a highly significant (p < 0.001 relative to that produced by the vehicle) lowering of the stimulation rate, a 50% of maximum contractile response (ED50) that elicited. The difference between pretreatment and treatment maximal responses to transmural nerve stimulation was also significantly greater (p < 0.01) in the cyclosporin A-treated preparations than in those receiving the vehicle. In similar experiments, the responses to exogenous norepinephrine were not significantly affected. The effect of cyclosporin A on transmural nerve stimulation was demonstrated at several extracellular calcium concentrations. The results suggest that cyclosporin A enhances nerve stimulation responses by a presynaptic mechanism.


Digital video and accompanying editing software are increasingly becoming more accessible for researchers in terms of ease of use and cost. The rich, visually appealing and seductive nature of video-based data can convey a strong sense of direct experience with the phenomena studied (Pea, 1999). However, the ease of selection and editing of digital video clips means that researchers need to be aware of possible bias inherent in presentation of video vignettes and they also need to monitor the authenticity of clips. Issues of confidentiality and ownership are important and need to be thoughtfully considered by researchers before this new technology becomes ubiquitous in qualitative educational research. The article discusses ways in which digital video was used as a research tool in a project and explores these issues as experienced in the project. ********** Digital technologies are becoming more commonly used in all areas of education. In particular, as they become more user-friendly, many technologies are now being used as tools in research, by nonspecialist users. This article discusses the use of digital video as a research tool in projects investigating pedagogy and children's learning. The ease of use of digital video and the accompanying editing has had implications for research, in that researchers can readily use this technology without having any specific expertise in the area. Due to the ubiquitous nature of the technology, its usage becomes commonplace, without the implications of such usage attracting much debate or consideration. As a result, some ethical issues may arise in projects that include teachers and children as participants. In this article, some of the issues surrounding the use of digital video as a research tool in education projects are analysed and this discussion is contextualised by locating it in a research project in Australian schools recently completed by the authors (Kearney & Schuck, 2005). Ongoing developments with digital video cameras, computer hardware, and editing software increasingly make video use a viable option in research methodologies and, consequently, new ways of using, analysing, and presenting video data are occurring (Pea, 1999; Walker, 2002). Relevant video clips can be added to reports and papers to promote a richer discussion, highlight issues and provide opportunities for the reader to have access to data in an expanded number of ways. By inserting carefully selected video clips into a paper or presentation, for example, to illustrate a student's animation and excitement at solving a problem, researchers can present and support the data in a compelling and illuminating way. This article contributes to the debate on the changing nature of qualitative research techniques in the light of new technologies, and highlights the need for enhanced critical skills and ethical conduct in "reading" and presenting multimedia research documents. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION The authors have recently completed a collaborative research study, Students in the director's seat: Teaching and learning across the school curriculum with student-generated digital video (Schuck & Kearney, 2004), involving case studies of five schools in Australia. The schools were asked to participate in the study because they were known to be using digital video in innovative ways with their students. The researchers' interest in these case studies was in developing an understanding of the ways in which pedagogy might be influenced by the use of this technology, and hence the research questions explored the processes and roles of teachers and learners working with digital video in these schools. The case studies comprised visits to each school over a period of two to four days, in which lessons were observed, and students and teachers interviewed, with a focus on the way that student-generated digital video was being used to enhance learning. Audio tapes were used to record interview material, and video was used in the classrooms to capture the events occurring during the lessons. …


The relationship between dietary NaCl intake and high blood pressure is well-established, and occurs primarily through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Nax, a Na+-sensitive Na+ channel, plays a pivotal role in driving sympathetic excitability, which is thought to originate from central regions controlling neural outflow. We investigated whether post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons from different ganglia innervating cardiac and vasculature tissue can also directly sense extracellular Na+. Using whole-cell patch clamp recordings we demonstrate that sympathetic neurons from three sympathetic ganglia (superior cervical, stellate and superior mesenteric/coeliac) respond to elevated extracellular NaCl concentration. In sympathetic stellate ganglia neurons, we established that the effect of NaCl was dose-dependent and independent of osmolarity, Cl− and membrane Ca2+ flux, and critically dependent on extracellular Na+ concentration. We show that Nax is expressed in sympathetic stellate ganglia neurons at a transcript and protein level using single-cell RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry respectively. Additionally, the response to NaCl was prevented by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nax, but not by inhibition of other membrane Na+ pathways. Together, these results demonstrate that post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons are direct sensors of extracellular Na+ via Nax, which could contribute to sympathetic driven hypertension.


Purpose. A possibly unique individual with infantile nystagmus syndrome presented with incessant oscillopsia but good stereopsis when viewing binocularly; her nystagmus was greatly reduced with left eye occlusion. We have attempted to explain this and to identify an intervention that preserves binocular vision while maximizing perceptual stability. Case Report and Methods. Eye movements were recorded and analyzed for duration of foveation (% time when the target was on or near the fovea and the eye was moving at ≤4°/sec) under different viewing conditions. Changes in foveation were compared with the patient's reports of her perceptual stability. Results. In her right gaze null with her right eye fixating, foveation was 52.9%. This fell to 32.3% for the same eye in primary position and to 0.8% when viewing binocularly in primary position. When viewing binocularly oscillopsia was incessant; when viewing with her right eye vision was stable except in left gaze. Prism correction of her phoria greatly reduced her oscillopsia when viewing binocularly while preserving stereopsis; foveation went up to 33.7%. Conclusion. The patient's ability to maintain good foveation only when viewing with her right eye forces her to choose between stereopsis and stable vision. This may result from the rare combination of (1) requiring good foveation for oscillopsia suppression and (2) nystagmus deteriorating under the stress of maintaining binocularity. There may be many other infantile nystagmus syndrome patients who do not develop oscillopsia but may suffer sufficient asthenopia from a phoria to exacerbate their nystagmus.


Practically everyone today own and use a mobile phone, along with numerous credit cards. Paying with cash is getting rarer, and the trend is to pay electronically. Existing mobile payment trials and systems have demonstrated the success of mobile payments. However, they have all been tailored to particular actors and application areas, such as transit tickets or vending machines. This thesis focuses on the design and construction of a generalised mobile payment system able to handle every kind of purchase from a vendor machine purchase to a car sale. It does not matter if the seller's point of sale is connected to the Internet or not. A working prototype of the mobile payment system was implemented to demonstrate the proof of concept, and to allow testing the premises. The prototype test results show that is it possible to create such a general system by using the latest mobile wireless and security technologies emerging on the market today, and the design shows how it is done in a secure and flexible way.


PURPOSE
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are critical for the health of the retina, especially the photoreceptors. A recent study demonstrated that individual RPE cells could be imaged in macaque in vivo by detecting autofluorescence with an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). The current study extended this method to image RPE cells in fixating humans in vivo and to quantify the RPE mosaic characteristics in the central retina of normal humans and macaques.

METHODS
The retina was imaged simultaneously with two light channels in a fluorescence AOSLO; one channel was used for reflectance imaging of the cones while the other detected RPE autofluorescence. The excitation light was 568 nm, and emission was detected over a 40-nm range centered at 624 nm. Reflectance frames were registered to determine interframe eye motion, the motion was corrected in the simultaneously recorded autofluorescence frames, and the autofluorescence frames were averaged to give the final RPE mosaic image.

RESULTS
In vivo imaging demonstrated that with increasing eccentricity, RPE cell density, and mosaic regularity decreased, whereas RPE cell size and spacing increased. Repeat measurements of the same retinal location 42 days apart showed the same RPE cells and distribution.

CONCLUSIONS
The RPE cell mosaic has been resolved for the first time in alert fixating human subjects in vivo using AOSLO. Mosaic analysis provides a quantitative database for studying normal and diseased RPE in vivo. This technique will allow longitudinal studies to track disease progression and assess treatment efficacy in patients and animal models of retinal disease.


This paper explores the issue of interactive low‐dimensional human motion synthesis. We compare the performances of two motion models, i.e. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) or Probabilistic PCA (PPCA), for solving a constrained optimization problem within a low‐dimensional latent space. We use PCA or PPCA as a first step of preprocessing to reduce the dimensionality of the database to make it tractable, and to encapsulate only the essential aspects of a specific motion pattern. Interactive user control is provided by formulating a low‐dimensional optimization framework that uses a Prioritized Inverse Kinematics (PIK) strategy. The key insight of PIK is that the user can adjust a motion by adding constraints with different priorities. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach by synthesizing various styles of golf swing. This movement is challenging in the sense that it is highly coordinated and requires a great precision while moving with high speeds. Hence, any artifact is clearly noticeable in the solution movement. We simultaneously show results comparing local and global motion models regarding synthesis realism and performance. Finally, the quality of the synthesized animations is assessed by comparing our results against a per‐frame PIK technique. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Operations management (OM) theory suggests that professional services have some distinct operational challenges. There is an emerging consensus that professional services are changing, due to the socio-economic and political climates in which they operate. In order to investigate these issues a systematic literature review was undertaken. This paper makes a contribution by exploring the OM literature encompassing two decades of publications in terms of value, in relation to operational effectiveness within the 'professions'. The analysis of the sample suggests a potential methodological mismatch between the core theoretical frameworks, exploring features of effectiveness and efficiency across the professions. This paper makes a contribution through a reflection on theories in the area of Professional Services Operations Management.


In his recent book on Strauss, Steven B. Smith has called attention to "a curiously neglected passage from the very center of Natural Right and History," a passage in which Strauss "acknowledges the way political decisions grow out of concrete situations and cannot be deduced from a priori rules." The passage reads: Let us call an extreme situation a situation in which the very existence or independence of a society is at stake. In extreme situations there may be conflicts between what the self-preservation of society requires and the requirements of commutative and distributive justice. In such situations, and only in such situations, it can justly be said that the public safety is the highest law. A decent society will not go to war except for a just cause. But what it will do during a war will depend to a certain extent on what the enemy—possibly an absolutely unscrupulous and savage enemy—forces it to do. There are no limits which can be defined in advance, there are no assignable limits to what might become just reprisals.


The forests of Rangatira Island (218 ha) in the Chatham Islands are a critical breeding site for a number
of rare and threatened forest bird species, but are also home to more than three million seabirds, which could
significantly affect forest regeneration processes. We surveyed the forests of Rangatira Island by establishing
40 permanent forest plots, estimated seabird density through burrow counts, and analysed soil properties. To
determine if seabirds were impacting on forest regeneration, we established exclosures (0.25 m²) in 30 of the
forest plots, and examined the role of canopy gaps in forest regeneration. The tallest current forest (c. 15 m),
dominated by Plagianthus chathamicus, has mostly regenerated since stock were removed in 1959. Mean burrow
density was estimated to be 1.19 per square metre, all soils were highly acidic (pH 3.36–5.18), and burrow
density was positively correlated with soil phosphorus. Seedling density of woody species in seabird exclosures
measured after 9, 24 and 33 months was significantly higher than in the adjacent non-gap plots, and seedling
density was positively associated with reduced canopy cover. Seedling densities were also significantly higher
in canopy gaps than in adjacent non-gap plots, but seabird burrow density was significantly lower in gaps. These
results suggest that canopy gaps allow forest regeneration despite the negative impacts of seabird burrowing.
However, the gap makers, largely senescing Olearia traversii, are slowly disappearing from the forests. The
cohort of Plagianthus that has regenerated following farm abandonment may progressively collapse, allowing
regeneration to continue in small openings, but there is also the potential for a catastrophic blowdown.


Late Ordovician (Turinian–Chatfieldian) drowning of a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic platform within the Taconic Orogen (Newfoundland Appalachians) is recorded by net deepening of an initial warm, shallow-water platform succession (Lourdes Formation) culminating in a metre-scale thick condensed interval that characterizes a drowning succession punctuated by storm deposits. Composition of transported material suggests that seaward drowning was coupled with back-stepping of a high-energy carbonate factory related to hinterland uplift and erosion that would eventually lead to drowning of the outer platform beneath marine-transported siliciclastic sediments (Winterhouse Formation). In the new offshore shelf setting, a sparse reciprocal stratigraphy of fine- to very coarse-grained phosphatic carbonate and mixed sediment is interpreted to document gravity-flow deposition downgradient from either a sustained or episodically developed high-energy cool-water carbonate source along the inner shelf. Transported carbonate was cemented rapidly at temperatures no warmer than 16 °C–23 °C, possibly within a seasonal oceanic thermocline. An upsection decrease in abundance of carbonate by the early Edenian is associated with a dramatic increase in siliciclastic supply. The Turinian–Edenian succession of platform drowning, oceanographic transition to cool-water carbonate production, and, later, its termination by increased siliciclastic supply reflects a first-order tectonic control proximal to uplift within the Taconic Orogen. Similar structural and oceanographic changes along the contemporary distal Laurentian margin provides the basis, with improved biostratigraphic control, for future analysis of the significance of proximal–distal stratigraphies in response to regional foreland tectonism.


This paper describes a role-play exercise used in a second-year tertiary Systems Analysis and Design course, and the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the students' responses to a survey that solicited their perceptions of that role-play experience. The role-play involved students in eliciting user requirements from customers during a Joint Application Development (JAD) session, thus simulating a common industry practice. Each JAD team had to interact to resolve conflicting customer requirements and record in IBM[R] Rational[R] Rose[R] the use cases necessary for a software solution. Completed diagrams were presented to the class using SynchronEyes technology, for review and discussion. The effectiveness of the role-play method was confirmed by students' perceptions collected in the survey following the exercise. The goal of the survey was to discover if students respond positively to learning about JAD, and use case diagrams, through role-play, and if they believe that they have improved their knowledge as a result of that experience. Student responses showed enthusiasm for experiential learning in the form of role-play and belief that learning had occurred. After experiencing the role-plays, students were also able to identify some of the limitations in the use of use cases, thus highlighting aspects that would require their future attention.


Abstract This study, drawing on natural resource-based view, identifies drivers, barriers and the potential benefits of returnable transport packaging (RTP) – that is, the repeated use of packaging items – and conceptualises RTP as a technology and resource that supports organisational competitiveness. Specifically, it investigates the impact of RTP adoption on business performance, the effects of drivers, barriers and size of organisations. The data collection took place in Nigeria and South Africa. The findings suggest that RTP has a significant positive impact on business performance. Whilst prior studies seem to suggest that shrinkage and attrition are the major problems identified with the usage of RTP, our findings indicate that there are several other barriers affecting RTP adoption and the resultant performance advantage. The results also show that there is an increasing move towards adoption of RTP but some organisations are faced with financial constraints, especially the small and medium size enterprises. In addition, the results show that RTP is largely a 'sustainability facing' initiative with adopters motivated primarily by potential environmental, economic, social and operational benefits of adoption.


This paper presents a Both-Ways place-based science education initiative, which situates Indigenous and western science knowledge traditions together as official curriculum knowledge, within a Bachelor of Education science education unit. This program is delivered in-situ to preservice teachers who work as Aboriginal Teaching Assistants in school classrooms. The program, known as Growing Our Own, is established in Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory (NT). This initiative has engaged Indigenous preservice teachers in border-crossing pedagogical practices as a way to recognise the legitimate use of the Indigenous concepts of place. It has also contextualised the teaching of school science as described in the Australian curriculum. This Both-Ways approach privileges the voices and knowledge of local Indigenous peoples and creates a bridge to the curriculum of science in a placebased contextually relevant methodological manner. Such modifications realise a meaningful cultural and place contextualization, which values and enables border-crossing between local Indigenous science knowledge, language and western science. The paper presents pedagogical discourses of place-based and contextual approaches in five NT Indigenous communities to demonstrate how the teaching of science has been reconceptualised. The authors and the preservice teachers use Indigenous perspectives intertwined with the science of the Australian curriculum. Such approaches have provided meaningful border-crossing opportunities for preservice teachers in the Growing Our Own program.


Dr. Karina Collentine Northern Arizona University Second language acquisition (SLA) researchers strive to understand the language and exchanges that learners generate in synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC). Doughty and Long (2003) advocate replacing open-ended SCMC with taskbased language teaching (TBLT) design principles. Since most task-based SCMC (TBSCMC) research addresses an interactionist view (e.g., whether uptake occurs), we know little about holistic language units generated by learners even though research suggests that task demands make TB-SCMC communication notably different from general SCMC communication. This study documents and accounts for discourse-pragmatic and sociocultural behaviors learners exhibit in TB-SCMC. To capture a variety of such behaviors, it documents holistic language units produced by intermediate and advanced learners of Spanish during two multimodal, TB-SCMC activities. The study found that simple assertions were most prevalent (a) with dyads at the lower level of instruction and (b) when dyads had a relatively short amount of time to chat. Additionally, interpersonal, sociocultural behaviors (e.g., joking, off-task discussions) were more likely to occur (a) amongst dyads at the advanced level and (b) when they had relatively more time to chat. Implications explain how tasks might mitigate the potential processing overload that multimodal materials could incur.


Two samples of high school students (n = 315 and n = 395) completed the new Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to demonstrate support for the 11 scales of physical self-concept (Strength, Body Fat, Activity, Endurance/Fitness, Sport Competence, Coordination, Health, Appearance, Flexibility, General Physical Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem) that the PSDQ is designed to measure, the replicability of its good psychometric properties in the two samples, and the replicability of the factor structure over gender. Subjects in Sample 1 also completed responses to the Physical Self-Perception Profile (Fox, 1990) and the Physical Self-Concept Scale (Richards, 1988). CFA models of this multitrait-multimethod data provided support for both the convergent and discriminant validity of responses to the three instruments. Comparisons of psychometric, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations of the three instruments led to the recommendation of the PSDQ in a wide var...


This research study explores the relationship of urbanization to ecology in the wadeable streams of developing watersheds and describes a protocol, which urban stormwater management agencies can apply in their jurisdiction, to prevent the severe ecologic deterioration that presently occurs in urban streams as a watershed develops. The protocol comprises an 8-step process that involves data collection and analysis integrated with mathematical modeling of runoff from existing and proposed urban development to determine how biologic health indices such as the benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) or Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) richness responds to urbanization of a watershed. Stormwater managers can apply this protocol in their areas of jurisdiction to assist them in developing urban runoff management rules and design criteria with some assurance that the resulting development will minimize negative impacts on the ecology of receiving streams. In addition to the full protocol, a simple protocol is also provided for municipal agencies to use that does not require extensive data collection.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series

ISBN: 9781780403663 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781843397878 (Print)


In this paper, we discuss Iason Gabriel's recent piece on criticisms of effective altruism. Many of the criticisms rest on the notion that effective altruism can roughly be equated with utilitarianism applied to global poverty and health interventions which are supported by randomised control trials and disability-adjusted life year estimates. We reject this characterisation and argue that effective altruism is much broader from the point of view of ethics, cause areas, and methodology. We then enter into a detailed discussion of the specific criticisms Gabriel discusses. Our argumentation mirrors Gabriel's, dealing with the objections that the effective altruist community neglects considerations of justice, uses a flawed methodology, and is less effective than its proponents suggest. Several of the criticisms do not succeed, but we also concede that others involve issues which require significant further study. Our conclusion is thus twofold: the critique is weaker than suggested, but it is useful insofar as it initiates a philosophical discussion about effective altruism and highlights the importance of more research on how to do the most good. 1 We are especially to grateful to Per-Erik Milam for his contribution to an earlier draft of this paper. For very helpful contributions and comments, we would like to thank Brian McElwee, Theron Pummer, Hauke Hillebrandt, Richard Yetter Chappell, William MacAskill, Pablo Stafforini, Owen Cotton-Barratt, Michael Page, and Nick Beckstead. We would also like to thank Rebecca Raible of GiveWell for her helpful responses to our queries. Finally, we are very grateful to Iason Gabriel for comments, criticisms and suggestions. The views expressed here are only those of the authors, and any mistakes are our own. 2 Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford. 3 Centre for Effective Altruism. 4 National Institutes of Health. 5 University of Maryland. 6 Australian National University. 7 GiveWell. 1