Amorphous silicon nitride (SiNx) is a widely studied alloy with many commercial applications. This thesis describes the application of SiNx deposited at high deposition rate using hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) for solar cells and thin film transistors (TFTs). The deposition process of HWCVD SiNx is investigated. The obtained knowledge of the deposition process is used to increase the deposition rate of device quality SiNx to 7.3 nm/s. This deposition rate is much larger than offered by other deposition techniques. The compositional, structural, and optical properties of HWCVD SiNx films have been analyzed. . By comparing these properties with those of SiNx films deposited by plasma enhanced CVD, fundamental insight in the correlation between these properties is obtained. HWCVD SiNx films deposited at high deposition rate were applied on multi-crystalline Si solar cells, as passivating anti-reflection coating. The solar cells characteristics are compared to reference cells containing optimized microwave PECVD SiNx and low frequency PECVD SiNx. The best solar cell efficiency was obtained for SiN1.3 films and reached 15.7%. This value is comparable to the best solar cell in the reference group. A large value for the open circuit voltage combined with large internal quantum efficiencies and long charge carrier lifetimes demonstrate that good passivation is achieved. Since bonded H in SiNx films plays an important role in the degree of passivation that can be achieved, reliable quantification of the H-bond densities is crucial. A novel method to calibrate the FTIR proportionality factors is presented, allowing reliable quantification. This method was applied to HWCVD SiNx samples with a range of N/Si ratios. The values of the FTIR proportionality factors show a dependence on the N/Si ratio. By determining the FTIR proportionality factors for PECVD SiNx films with comparable N/Si ratio but different mass densities, it is shown that also the mass density influences the FTIR proportionality factors. The calibrated FTIR proportionality factors are used to study the H evolution in SiNx during an anneal treatment. Both the N/Si ratio and the mass density have a large influence on the H evolution pathways. HWCVD SiN1.3 was tested as dielectric medium in a-Si "all HWCVD" TFTs. These TFTs show a large electron mobility of 0.45 cm/Vs after an anneal treatment. From the analysis of capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements on metal-insulator-semiconductor structures, suggestions for further improvements for "all HWCVD" TFTs are given. Concluding, enhanced insight in the HWCVD SiNx deposition process is obtained, and used to achieve large deposition rate of 7.3 nm/s for device quality SiNx films. By comparing the compositional, structural and optical properties of HWCVD SiNx films with PECVD SiNx films, fundamental knowledge correlating these properties is obtained. Rapidly deposited HWCVD SiNx was applied on solar cells and reached an efficiency of 15.7%, comparable to the reference cells. A novel method to determine the FTIR proportionality factors is given, and this method is used to study the H evolution pathways in SiNx films. Finally, HWCVD SiN1.3 was tested as dielectric medium in "all HWCVD" TFTs, and showed good characteristics.


I. INTRODUCTION By the year 1994--his twenty-fourth on the Supreme Court--Justice Harry Blackmun was a liberal icon, not only for his authorship and defense of Roe v. Wade, (1) but also because of his forceful dissents from many of the Rehnquist Court's right-leaning decisions in other areas. So his renunciation that year of the death penalty in Callins v. Collins, (2) while newsworthy and notable, would not have struck the casual observer as out of character or inconsistent with his jurisprudence. But from the vantage point of 1972--when Justice Blackmun was among the dissenters in Furman v. Georgia (3)--Callins could hardly be more surprising. Justice Blackmun's journey from Furman to Callins is the remarkable and instructive story of a Justice reluctantly concluding that the Court's quest for a constitutionally acceptable and administratively manageable death penalty, a quest in which he had been a principal participant, could not succeed. The evolution of Justice Blackmun's capital jurisprudence proceeded in three stages. From 1972 until 1986, he was, to use his famous phrase from Callins, "tinker[ing] with the machinery of death," (4) seemingly convinced that if only the fight set of rules could be developed the Constitution would be satisfied--despite his personal opposition to capital punishment. The period from 1987 through 1991 can be described as one of disillusionment. Justice Blackmun became more receptive to petitioners' arguments in capital cases and increasingly voiced skepticism about the constitutional adequacy of purported safeguards against arbitrariness, racism, and factual error. The final phase, from 1991 until his opinion in Callins in 1994, was one of dismay. Justice Blackmun dissented in every significant capital case, and spoke out more sharply against the direction that the Court was taking. Justice Blackmun identified three fundamental concerns in Callins that led him to give up on the death penalty. The primary one was the impossibility of reconciling the constitutional requirements that capital sentencing be both individualized and non-arbitrary. The insidious influence of race added to the problem. And the evisceration of the safeguard of habeas corpus pushed him across the line. In retrospect the development of each theme is visible in his decisions on capital cases from the 1970s to the 1990s. II. BACKGROUND: THE FURMAN DISSENT Justice Blackmun's personal feelings about the death penalty were never any secret. In Furman he wrote a separate dissent to offer a set of "somewhat personal comments": Cases such as these provide for me an excruciating agony of the spirit. I yield to no one in the depth of my distaste, antipathy, and, indeed, abhorrence, for the death penalty, with all its aspects of physical distress and fear and of moral judgment exercised by finite minds. That distaste is buttressed by a belief that capital punishment serves no useful purpose that can be demonstrated. For me, it violates childhood's training and life's experiences, and is not compatible with the philosophical convictions I have been able to develop. It is antagonistic to any sense of "reverence for life." Were I a legislator, I would vote against the death penalty for the policy reasons argued by counsel for the respective petitioners and expressed and adopted in the several opinions filed by the Justices who vote to reverse these judgments. (5) But when considering the legal arguments in Furman, Justice Blackmun was acutely conscious of his role as a judge: I do not sit on these cases, however, as a legislator, responsive, at least in part, to the will of constituents. Our task here, as must so frequently be emphasized and reemphasized, is to pass upon the constitutionality of legislation that has been enacted and that is challenged. This is the sole task for judges. We should not allow our personal preferences as to the wisdom of legislative and congressional action, or our distaste for such action, to guide our judicial decision in cases such as these. …


The need for global decarbonization in power generation requires the increased use of zero-carbon fuels. Compared to hydrogen, ammonia is easier to store, transport, and produce. In addition, the products of complete combustion of ammonia are water and nitrogen. As a result, ammonia is an ideal green fuel for generating power in internal combustion engines. The drawbacks in power generation relate to the high energy needed to ignite the combustible mixture and the low laminar flame speed of ammonia compared to conventional fuels. The three-dimensional numerical study presented here investigated the potential of converting existing diesel engines to ammonia spark ignition operation. The results indicated that the use of ammonia in a diesel-like combustion chamber produced a slower kernel inception process. But the speed of the fully developed turbulent flame was large enough to rapidly complete the bulk combustion process despite the lower laminar flame speed inside the ammonia-air mixture, and this was in the absence of any combustion promoters such as the addition of hydrogen. The problem with pure ammonia operation was the reduced combustion efficiency and the high level of unburned ammonia emissions, since the slow spark inception process can be compensated by a larger compression ratio. The results also suggested that emissions formation and subsequent oxidation were a more complex phenomena. For example, lean ammonia combustion produced higher nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations due to the nitrogen in the fuel, despite the lower combustion temperature. Moreover, advancing spark timing reduced the NOx emissions, which was opposite to the traditional spark ignition engines. Additionally, the ammonia in engine crevices that escaped the late oxidation process was the main source of nitrous oxide (N2O) species in the exhaust gas that usually do not appear in traditional engines. Overall, all these results suggested that more fundamental research on ammonia combustion is needed to understand its use in efficient, decarbonized engines.


Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) is an early stage of frontotemporal degeneration. We identified a novel Cys521Tyr progranulin gene variant in a PNFA family that potentially disrupts disulphide bridging causing protein misfolding. To identify early neurodegeneration changes, we performed neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in 6 family members (MRI [magnetic resonance imaging], fMRI [functional MRI], and 18f-fluorodeoxygenlucose positron emission tomography, including 4 mutation carriers, and in 9 unrelated controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) of the carriers compared with controls showed significant cortical atrophy in language areas. Grey matter loss was distributed mainly in frontal lobes, being more prominent on the left. Clusters were located in the superior frontal gyri, left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyri and left posterior parietal areas, concordant with (18)FDG-PET hypometabolic areas. fMRI during semantic and phonemic covert word generation (CWGTs) and word listening tasks (WLTs) showed recruitment of attentional and working memory networks in the carriers indicative of functional reorganization. During CWGTs, activation in left prefrontal cortex and bilateral anterior insulae was present whereas WLT recruited mesial prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex. These findings suggest that Cys521Tyr could be associated with early brain impairment not limited to language areas and compensated by recruitment of bilateral auxiliary cortical areas.


Judicial systems often wrestle with whether to sacrifice always presenting thorough judicial reasoning for the sake of an effective leave-to-appeal system. The paper outlines issues of reference to the Luxembourg Court, particularly with regard to Estonian circumstances in light of the ECtHR judgment in Baydar v. the Netherlands. The interplay between EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights in this regard is considered first, along with the importance of giving reasons, courts' authority, the different roles of domestic and European courts, the duty of referring questions to the CJEU and exemption, consequences of non-referral in EU law, the Strasbourg Court's role in dialogue between national courts and the CJEU, etc. Examined next are such matters as influences on preliminary references in European Union law, summary reasoning and limits to the reasoning duty (especially with regard to the Ullens de Schooten case of the ECtHR), associated division of competencies between the Strasbourg and Luxembourg courts, and finally the reasoning of the ECtHR itself as good or bad example. The author then considers the Supreme Court of Estonia's leave-to-appeal system and the national courts' practice in relation to Baydar, concluding that, while reasoned judgments are important and a right, no right exists for the applicant's case to be referred by a domestic judge to the Luxembourg Court, though it is vital that summary judgment not be arbitrary / manifestly unreasonable; that Estonian courts have made reasonable use of the preliminary reference procedure before the Luxembourg Court thus far; and that they should articulate well the reasoning for referral/non-referral for litigants. The author proposes that the Estonian Supreme Court explain, exceptionally in one refusal of leave to appeal (cf. the Netherlands), that the general requirements for granting leave to appeal cover also the situation of preliminary questions to the CJEU and C.I.L.F.I.T. arguments of the CJEU. Above all, neither the interplay between EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights nor the role of national courts finding their way in complex legal surroundings should be neglected.


In conjunction with our partners Ecopetrol, Talisman flew a 12,220 km2 aerogravity/aeromag survey (Sander) in Blocks 134/158, Southern Maranon Basin, Peru in mid-2008. The primary objective of the survey was to reduce exploration cycle time and costs by eliminating a round of regional reconnaissance 2D seismic, moving directly to prospect scale 2D seismic over the most promising anomalies. The survey coverage included areas to the north and west of the area of interest with existing structures defined on 2D seismic, some with well control. 2D and simple 3D modelling studies were used to evaluate airborne gravity vs airborne gravity gradiometry. A careful analysis of expected signal to noise performance over the wavelengths of interest suggested that both methods would perform well. Airborne gravity was selected as the most cost-effective, and for reduced contamination of signal from near-surface geologic noise. Qualitative interpretation was based primarily on bandpass filtered Bouguer anomaly maps. In areas with 2D seismic, there was a strong correlation between structural closures mapped from seismic and anomalies identified on specific filter products. The spatial scale-length of structures appears to be consistent and extends into the area of interest where there is no previous subsurface mapping. The revised structural interpretation agrees with preferred tectonic models. Existing structures on key seismic lines were modelled to determine the 2D anomalous Bouguer gravity response, and compared with profiles extracted from filtered products. Anomaly amplitudes and corresponding contour intervals were chosen as proxies for prospect areas. The prospect areas associated with mapped anomaly contours were then used to design a prospect-scale 2D seismic program. Constrained 3D gravity inversion has since confirmed the prospect locations and scales. The dataset was decimated and reprocessed to estimate signal to noise ratios, which confirming the signal to noise estimates.


ABSTRACT The May 2019 EP elections once again highlighted the current cultural backlash throughout Europe against progressive values such as cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism, which impacts on the 'future of Europe' debate, raising important questions for the evolution of Turkey-EU relations. Even though Turkey is no longer a hot topic in EU political parlance and public opinion, opposition to Turkish EU membership continues in the form of nativism, particularly with reference to the issues of immigration and Islam, as the cases of AfD in Germany and UKIP in Britain show.


Flaunting: Style and the Subversive Male Body in Renaissance England, by Amanda Bailey. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Pp. 190. Cloth $65.00 For Amanda Bailey, the devil is in the definitions. In Flaunting, Bailey offers some intriguing insights into English Renaissance society by tweaking definitions for terms frequently encountered in Renaissance studies. Her central thesis rests on such a tweaking. After echoing the long-established New Historicist tenet that "power . . . resides in the ability to transform the materials of dominant culture into the symbols of subversion . . . ," Bailey attempts a new twist by asserting that "certain young men of the English Renaissance ... did not assume the elite signs of privilege, but rather appropriated them for their own ends" (4) (italics mine) - a rather fine distinction. Bailey then returns to a comfortable New Historicist insistence that the theater not only produced an awareness that clothes make the man, but also that the theater "encouraged sartorial irreverence among those with little discretionary income and no social authority, and in doing so created the conditions for a subculture of style" (5). The remainder of her introductory chapter addresses other relevant definitions ("fashion," "art," "publish," and "flaunt," among others) as she differentiates her study from earlier scholarly works, and argues for a defiant aesthetics, practiced by the above-mentioned youthful subculture. In her second chapter, Bailey demonstrates the "monstrous manners" (another useful definition for her discussion) of her subversive young men by linking the clothing laws to early modern theatrical practices. In keeping with a plethora of scholars of the English Renaissance, Bailey extends her definition of "clothing laws" to include a variety of texts that sought to influence sartorial behavior. Including sermons, anti -theatrical tracts, and satires, these texts echo the concerns of the official clothing laws (proclamations and statutes) with the behavior of the "meaner sort" which she defines as "an amorphous group of male apprentices, servants and students" (25). When Bailey cites her primary sources, she is on solid ground: it is gratifying (and not surprising) to learn that Philip Stubbes ranted against young men who rioted and flaunted daily. While Bailey then admits that the "specific behaviors associated with flaunting remain unclear," she assumes that the definition in early modern culture includes the notion that "practitioners openly wrested luxurious items of apparel from their proper place." Further, she suggests that these flaunters may have "modified the associations of items traditionally used in certain ways by a particular social group, producing unorthodox combinations" and "exaggerated a particular aspect of a given item" - assumptions not necessarily borne out by the evidence in the primary texts (46). In this chapter, Bailey also identifies the theater as a particularly vital site for the young men's subversive behavior. Bailey concludes her theoretical chapters by proposing that the young men that she has identified were seen as an "especially subversive minority," a claim that she substantiates by close readings of three plays in the next three chapters. According to Bailey, past interpretations of these plays have been negatively affected because they ignore the presence and particularized behavior of this subversive minority in the plays. To prove this point, Bailey returns to her incisive use of definitions by reminding us that shrewishness was, in this period, a non-gendered form of class conflict: a shrew was a social outcast or newcomer of either gender, and, more importantly for Bailey, someone who challenged authority (76). …


Aedes aegypti is a major vector of dengue, a deadly disease causing deaths of millions of people in developing countries, both in urban and rural populations. Aedes aegypti control with chemical insecticide is widely used, and affects on a widespread insecticide resistance. Mosquito biological control was needed to replace the use of chemical insecticide. This study aimed to evaluate larvicidal effect of mixture of Beauveria bassiana crude metabolite and chitinase enzyme against Aedes aegypti larvae. An experimental study using completely Randomized Design was conducted in March-April 2016 at Banjarnegara Research and Development Unit for Zoonosis Control. Biolarvacide formula was made of mixture with 2 : 1 ratio between Beauveria bassiana crude metabolite and chitinase isolated from chitinolytic bacteria, which was propagated by the Agency's Bacteriology Laboratory. In experimental method, 120 Aedes aegypti larvae (3rd instar) were exposed with four concentrations of biolarvacide formula (4%, 8%, 16%, and 32%) in 3 replicates. Results showed that exposure of biolarvacide formula caused the third instar larval mortality which started on the first day of exposure. Probit analysis showed LC50 value was obtained at concentration of 53.2 ppm. This shows that larvacide formula of Beauveria bassiana and chitinase enzyme compounds are effective to be used as larvacides against Aedes aegypti larvae.


The NASA's Earth Observing System Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has continued to operate with satisfactory performance since its launch in May 2002, exceeding its nominal six-year design lifetime. Its continuous Earth observations have been used to generate many science data products for studies of the Earth's system. MODIS has 36 spectral bands: 20 reflective solar bands and 16 thermal emissive bands (TEBs). All TEB observations are made at 1-km nadir spatial resolution with spectral wavelengths from 3.7 to 14.4 mum. Primary applications of MODIS TEB include surface, cloud, and atmospheric temperatures, water vapor, and cloud top altitude. MODIS TEB on-orbit calibration uses a quadratic algorithm with its calibration coefficients derived using an onboard blackbody (BB). This paper will present Aqua MODIS TEB on-orbit calibration, characterization, and performance over its six-year mission. Examples of instrument thermal behavior, BB temperature stability, detector short-term stability, and changes in long-term response (or system gain) will be presented. Comparisons will also be made with Terra MODIS, launched in December 1999. On-orbit results show that Aqua MODIS and its focal plane temperatures have behaved normally. BB temperature has remained extremely stable with typical scan-to-scan variations of less than plusmn0.15 mK. Most TEB detectors continue to exceed their specified signal-to-noise ratio requirements, exhibiting excellent short-term stability and calibration accuracy. Excluding a few noisy detectors, either identified prelaunch or occurring postlaunch, on-orbit changes in TEB responses have been less than 0.5% on an annual basis. By comparison, the overall Aqua TEB performance has been better than that of Terra MODIS.


The production of bananas and other tropical fruit crops in the subtropics is highly influenced by climate. In the case of bananas, climate causes undesirable physiological phenomena and long cropping cycles, despite which yields obtained in the subtropics can be excellent. True tropical fruits like rambutan, mangosteen or durian, highly demanding both in temperature and humidity requirements, cannot be economically cultivated in the subtropics, but others like mango, litchi or avocado, have become important commercial crops in many subtropical countries through many years of research and grower efforts. Many other tropical fruits may perform well in the subtropics, but considerable research and development must still be conducted before they can become important commercial crops. Management of pests is generally easier and cheaper compared with the tropics due to the constraints of low temperatures and humidity on pathogen activity. This has important relevance for organic cultivation, which can add value to the production of tropical fruits in the subtropics. Since tropical trees produce fewer annual flushes per year in subtropical climates, tree growth control is easier and suitable pruning techniques allow their cultivation at high density, facilitating high initial yields with optimal management. Proximity to the market is an additional advantage, not only for cost reasons, but also due to a reduced carbon footprint. Special problems and challenges for tropical fruit cultivation in the subtropics include the growing importance of Fusarium wilt and weevil borer on banana in cooler climates, and the impact of low temperatures in relation to flowering, pollination, fruit set, fruit quality and yield in many tropical tree crops. The actual importance of and future prospects for, developing banana and other relevant tropical fruits in the subtropics, is analysed in this paper.


Leptodactylus labrosus is a terrestrial sit-and-wait predator; its
diet includes ground-level, fossorial, and flying insects, and ants
numerically predominate. Bothrops asper is recorded as a predator of
L. labrosus. L. labrosus lives mainly in deciduous and semi-deciduous
forests, where it is restricted to wet microhabitats, and occasionally
in evergreen forests. L. labrosus inhabits northern, central, and
southern regions of western coastal Ecuador and northern and central
western coastal Peru up to 700 m, and into the dry interandean valleys
of southern Ecuador and northern Peru up to 1 300 m. Its distribution
encompasses moistly seasonally dry forest in coastal Ecuador and Peru.
It also occupies moister areas towards the slopes of the Andes where it
is sympatric with three other congeneric species, but at sites of
sympatry the species show habitat segregation. The distribution pattern
of L. labrosus is shared by several other range-restricted amphibians
corresponding to the Tumbesian region, which should be recognized as an
endemic Amphibian area. The zone between the Choco and Tumbesian
regions, where L. labrosus gets in sympatry with other Leptodactylus
species, possess ecological and climatic characteristics that have
shaped a unique fauna, including several endemic taxa; and it should be
recognized as the west Ecuadorian endemic region.


Discards refer to the part of the catch not retained on board during commercial fishing operations, but returned to the sea. The proposed European Union Common Fisheries Policy reform, to be implemented in 2014, sets out a gradual elimination of discards by reducing unwanted catches and ensuring that all catches are landed. To develop successful discard mitigation measures, it is necessary to identify the reasons for discarding. Here, we have developed a simple model that can be applied to data from observer programmes (ObsPs) to establish the contribution of different drivers of discarding behaviour. The analysis makes inferences on the causes of discarding by partitioning discards into four categories based on the length of the fish and the associated regulatory restrictions. The drivers are defined as: fish discarded below the legalminimum landing size; fish forwhich there is no market and that do not have aminimum landing size; fish for which there are inconsistencies in market and sorting practices; and discards that can be attributed to fishers' responses to quota restrictions. The approach is applied to data generated from ObsPs from five EuropeanMember States. All the inferred drivers contribute to the total discard quantity. Their relative contributions vary widely across countries, areas, gears, and species.


This national controlled study assesses the impact of computerized case studies that emphasize medicinal chemistry content on pharmacy students' ability to learn and apply chemical information and principles to solve complex therapeutic problems. Eighty-six student volunteers from five schools or colleges of pharmacy were assigned to Control and Experimental groups. There was no significant difference between these study groups with respect to all personal and academic characteristics measured except the extent to which they enjoyed the study of medicinal chemistry. Pre- and posttest case study essays were administered to all participants before and after the Experimental group worked through the computerized cases. These essays were scored in a blinded fashion by faculty coordinators at each participating institution, and the mean difference in score for seven performance criteria computed. Any difference in score between the control and experimental populations was attributed to the influence of the computerized medicinal chemistry case study modules. Statistical analysis documented that the performance difference exhibited by Experimental group students was significantly more positive than the Control group on four of the seven performance criteria, specifically: (i) identifying relevant therapeutic problems; (ii) conducting thorough and mechanistic structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses of the drug product choices provided; (iii) evaluating SAR findings in light of patient needs and desired therapeutic outcomes; and (iv) solving patient-specific therapeutic problems. Formal evaluation of the case study modules by the Experimental group shows that students enjoy using them, find them helpful and relevant to their classroom studies, and believe they reinforce the importance of chemistry to the contemporary practice of pharmacy.


I WANT TO ADDRESS THREE INTERRELATED themes in this article: first, how, as an anthropologist, I have responded to the challenge of making anthropological films for television; second, the question of what degree of intimacy is acceptable in anthropological film; and third, how the subjects of my films have taken advantage of the filming situation. It is interesting to note that when anthropologists talk about films made by or in consultation with anthropologists, they call such films ethnographic, whereas W producers call them anthropological. By calling such films ethnographic, anthropologists imply that they have the lowly status of unanalyzed, non-theorized data, in contrast to anthropological writings that aim at theoretical analysis of ethnographic data. W producers, on the other hand, like to raise the status of such films by calling them anthropological, implying that they reveal knowledge and understanding of their subject matter. In this article I use the two terms interchangeably to refer to documentary films made by or in collaboration with anthropologists who have become acquainted with the subjects and topic of their film through fieldwork, that is to say participant observation. In this respect I share Paul Henley's view that "a necessary feature of any film one might describe as 'ethnographic' would be the fact that it had been made under circumstances conforming to the norms associated with the characteristically anthropological fieldwork method of participant observation" (Henley, "The Promise" 14-15). The Challenge of Television for Anthropology When an anthropologist does fieldwork, he or she usually goes and lives with people who reside in a remote place and observes seemingly exotic customs. Through getting to know individual persons, participating in their lives, and being taught and enlightened by them, an anthropologist gains knowledge and understanding of their customs. Anthropological films parallel this process of knowledge acquisition in so far as they allow the viewer to gain an understanding of the "other" by viewing people and events and hearing individuals explain things to an often invisible anthropologist. The viewer of such an anthropological film does not need to be a professional anthropologist or student of anthropology in order to appreciate and understand the subjects of the film, who themselves are usually non-academics. For the same reason, anthropological films are appropriate for all kinds of audiences and are very suitable for TV, as many anthropological film series have proved ever since the Disappearing World series in Britain started being broadcast in 1970. Paul Henley pointed out that "the Disappearing World series managed to satisfy several constituencies at once. The film-makers' colleagues were sufficiently impressed to give the series a highly prestigious British Film and Television Academy (BAFTA) award in 1974. The senior executives of Granada were happy because viewing figures remained high: in 1978, the public voted the series the best programme of its kind on commercial television." Furthermore, "the Disappearing World films are now widely used as teaching resources in the anthropological departments of British universities" (Henley, "British Ethnographic Film" 7). Ten years later, Paul Henley warned, "The trend towards international co production means that all sorts of compromises have to be made to meet the expectations of several different kinds of W viewer" (Henley). But how can one know what viewer expectations are, and why should anthropological films have to meet viewer expectations in any case? Surely the purpose of any anthropological film, whether for television, schools, or archives, is to document things as they appear to be and as people interpret them, whether this accords to viewer expectations or not. Werner Dutsch, the long-standing producer of an exceptional TV slot for lengthy (up to twohour) documentary films at the West Deutsche Rundfunk in Germany, pointed out how difficult, if not impossible, it is to know what viewers think of films, let alone what they might want or expect: It's always like this with W productions. …


Whether emotion is a source of moral judgments remains controversial. This study combined neurophysiological measures, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, eye-tracking, and pupillary response with behavioral measures assessing affective and moral judgments across age. One hundred and twenty-six participants aged between 4 and 37 years viewed scenarios depicting intentional versus accidental actions that caused harm/damage to people and objects. Morally, salient scenarios evoked stronger empathic sadness in young participants and were associated with enhanced activity in the amygdala, insula, and temporal poles. While intentional harm was evaluated as equally wrong across all participants, ratings of deserved punishments and malevolent intent gradually became more differentiated with age. Furthermore, age-related increase in activity was detected in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in response to intentional harm to people, as well as increased functional connectivity between this region and the amygdala. Our study provides evidence that moral reasoning involves a complex integration between affective and cognitive processes that gradually changes with age and can be viewed in dynamic transaction across the course of ontogenesis. The findings support the view that negative emotion alerts the individual to the moral salience of a situation by bringing discomfort and thus can serve as an antecedent to moral judgment.


An immature female killer whale (Orcinus orca) stranded in the Wadden Sea in 2010 and was later transferred to Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain, for rehabilitation. The killer whale, named "Morgan," was suspected to have a hearing impairment. To test whether Morgan has a hearing deficit, auditory brainstem responses to short-duration, broadband click stimuli were recorded. The same procedure was conducted with five other killer whales at Loro Parque for comparative purposes. Stereotypical click-evoked responses were recorded in all of the killer whales except Morgan, even at the highest click level that could be projected. Reductions in the amplitude of the click-evoked response paralleled reductions in the stimulus amplitude of the clicks presented to all of the other whales. The lack of a click-evoked response in Morgan indicates that she suffers from a hearing deficit. The magnitude and frequency range over which the hearing deficit occurs cannot be specified with the techniques used here. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that Morgan's hearing sensitivity to broadband signals is at least 20 to 30 dB worse than the hearing sensitivity of the other killer whales tested. Morgan potentially suffers from a profound hearing deficit or even a complete loss of hearing, but this cannot be determined through the electrophysiological tests used in this experiment.


Shallow-water depth estimates from airborne lidar data might be improved by using sounding attribute data (SAD) and ocean geomorphometry derived from lidar soundings. Moreover, an accurate derivation of geomorphometry would be beneficial to other applications. The SAD examined here included routinely collected variables such as sounding intensity and fore/aft scan direction. Ocean-floor geomorphometry was described by slope, orientation, and pulse orthogonality that were derived from the depth estimates of bathymetry soundings using spatial extrapolation and interpolation. Four data case studies (CSs) located near Key West, Florida (United States) were the testbed for this study. To identify bathymetry soundings in lidar point clouds, extreme gradient boosting (XGB) models were fitted for all seven possible combinations of three variable suites—SAD, derived geomorphometry, and sounding depth. R2 values for the best models were between 0.6 and 0.99, and global accuracy values were between 85% and 95%. Lidar depth alone had the strongest relationship to bathymetry for all but the shallowest CS, but the SAD provided demonstrable model improvements for all CSs. The derived geomorphometry variables contained little bathymetric information. Whereas the SAD showed promise for improving the extraction of bathymetry from lidar point clouds, the derived geomorphometry variables do not appear to describe geomorphometry well.


Purpose: This research elaborated on the management of the activity of banks operating in Kosovo. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study provided for the secondary service by reporting goals for the four largest banks in Kosovo. Findings: Problems of commercial banks of Kosovo in managing risks for establishing concepts for managing the activity, defects of the activity management system and backwardness of the research and method of managing the activity. Practical Implications: With the continued development of the financial sector, commercial banks in Kosovo have formed a series of strict risk management systems, while the risk management of commercial banks in Kosovo is still in its infancy. As Kosovo's financial industry is opening up to the outside world, Kosovo's banking industry faces increasingly fierce competition and the risks are also more complex. In this case, understanding the level of risk management of commercial banks in Kosovo and improving the level of risk management is a necessary topic. Originality/Value: The results of the study realize a series of meaningful suggestions are put forward and help to improve the risk management level and control the risks effectively


This article examined differences in condom use during anal intercourse among men who have sex with men (MSM) and male-to-female transgender women in Jakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional design, structured interviews, and hierarchical linear modeling were used to examine condom use among MSM recruited from entertainment places (EPs; e.g., discotheques/dance clubs/karaoke bars), massage parlors (MPs), and among transgender women who congregated and/or sought sexual partners on streets/parks (S/P). The sample consisted of 91, 97, and 114 of MSM-EP, MSM-MP, and transgender-S/P, respectively. Respondents reported on 641 unique sexual partner encounters, which were "nested" within 302 respondents. Reported condom use was high, 66%, 84%, and 83% for MSM-EP, MSM-MP, and transgender-S/P, respectively, and varied across type of respondent. At the individual level, depressive symptoms and history of physical abuse during childhood and adulthood were associated with lower condom use (p < .05). By contrast, having a higher level of education was associated with more condom use (p < .05). At the partner level, condom use was associated with type of partners and the use of club drugs before sex. HIV-prevention efforts should take into account the multilevel determinants of condom use within these populations.


Resident participation is a vital factor and key prerequisite to the planning, development and implementation of community-driven projects. Early implementation evaluations, especially during the planning stages of project development, are critical to ensuring effective resident participation. Understanding the nature of resident participation, including the activities involved, facilitators, barriers, and outcomes of engagement, is essential for laying the foundation for program success and sustainability. This study was an implementation evaluation of a small community-based initiated project that examined resident participation, varying by degrees of involvement throughout the early stages of implementation. The sample (N = 11) consisted of three service-providers, two highly-engaged residents, four less-engaged residents and two project staff. The qualitative data analysis found that during the exploration stage, highly-engaged residents and service-providers participated in similar activities. However, as the implementation process progressed into the following installation stage, highly-engaged residents expressed desires to reduce involvement and responsibilities, while project staff, service-providers and those less involved wished to remain as involved or increase participation. Additionally, findings revealed that project challenges were perceived differently by residents, regardless of level of involvement, than by service-providers and project staff. The findings of this study produced recommendations for increasing facilitators and reducing barriers to resident participation during the early stages of an implementation process of a community-based project. The Nature of Resident Participation iii


Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are a promising tool for designing scalable, coordination-free distributed systems. However, constructing correct CRDTs is difficult, posing a challenge for even seasoned developers. As a result, CRDT development is still largely the domain of academics, with new designs often awaiting peer review and a manual proof of correctness. In this paper, we present Katara, a program synthesis-based system that takes sequential data type implementations and automatically synthesizes verified CRDT designs from them. Key to this process is a new formal definition of CRDT correctness that combines a reference sequential type with a lightweight ordering constraint that resolves conflicts between non-commutative operations. Our process follows the tradition of work in verified lifting, including an encoding of correctness into SMT logic using synthesized inductive invariants and hand-crafted grammars for the CRDT state and runtime. Katara is able to automatically synthesize CRDTs for a wide variety of scenarios, from reproducing classic CRDTs to synthesizing novel designs based on specifications in existing literature. Crucially, our synthesized CRDTs are fully, automatically verified, eliminating entire classes of common errors and reducing the process of producing a new CRDT from a painstaking paper proof of correctness to a lightweight specification.


In introduction there is a brief review of the literature
and an outline of the work embodied in the thesis. The thesis is divided into four main parts.
Part 1. Gametogenesis and early development in Gigantocotyle bathycotyle (Fischoeder 1901), Nasmark 1937.
This includes a description of the genitalia, with
particular reference to the female organs and their associated ducts, an account of gametogenesis, egg shell formation and the early cleavage divisions.
Part 2. The species of the genus, Paramphistomum ,
Fischoeder 1901,
which occur in the British isles, with notes on some material from
the Netherlands and France.
Two new species of Paramphistomum are described and they
are compared with Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder 1790 ) Fischoeder 1901
hitherto believed to be the only mammalian paramphistome occurring In this country Gametogenesis and early development are described
briefly and compared with the processes in Gigantocotyle bathycotyle.
The species obtained from the Netherlands and France are noted.
Part 3.
The development of the miracidium of Paramphistomum
hiberniae from the time of deposition of the egg, until hatching.
Observations are based almost, entirely on living material
as only comparatively small numbers of eggs were available. The
description of the miracidium includes notes on the staining reactions of various vital dyes and on the use of poly-vinyl alcohol
as a means of keeping the miracidium still, without distortion.
The process of hatching is
 described in some detail.
Part 4. The attempts made to infect snails experimentally with paramphistome miracidia.
An account is given of the collection and culturing of
the eggs. Many hundreds of snails of various species were exposed to paramphistome miracidia.
Results so far have been negative.


Limited international research exists on reasons for transnational child care, or developmental consequences of separations and reunions on young Chinese children. This descriptive study portrays a sample of children from Chinese migrant families residing in western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, whose parents temporarily relinquished their care to grandparents in China. Data were collected via retrospective health record audits. The majority of parents were first-time parents and the majority of children were first-borns sent back to China during infancy. The average duration of transnational parent–child separation was 20 months. Results showed that male child subjects who experienced multiple transnational separations and reunions were more vulnerable to problems associated with disrupted attachment. This study links parental decision for transnational child care and feelings of disempowerment in their parenting role with patriarchal family values and expectations, and their own adverse early experiences. This study may assist child and family health (CFH) professionals identify, understand and help Chinese parents who may be considering transnational child care to avoid or ameliorate adverse consequences, or alternatively, to support parents following reunion to establish or re-establish attachment relationships with their child, and parent well to optimise their child's development. Study findings increase the evidence base on reasons for transnational child care, and the complex range of developmental and psychological problems children and parents in this study faced following reunion.


We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model of capital accumulation where credit is intermediated by banks operating in a Cournot oligopoly. The number of banks affects capital accumulation through two channels. First, it affects the quantity of credit available to entrepreneurs. Second, it affects banks' decisions to collect costly information about entrepreneurs, and thus determines the efficiency of the credit market. We show that under plausible conditions, the market structure that maximizes the economy's steady-state income per capita is neither a monopoly nor competition, but an intermediate oligopoly. Moreover, the credit market splits in two segments: one in which loans are screened and only high quality entrepreneurs obtain credit, and one in which banks extend credit indiscriminately to all entrepreneurs. The relative size of the two segments depends on the market power of banks and evolves endogenously along the path of capital accumulation. We thus obtain the prediction that the banking sector becomes more sophisticated as the economy develops.


This paper analysis the global distribution of art collections and collectors´ biases with respect to the origin of artworks. Employing a unique dataset we find that the greatest number of private art collections are located in Europe, North America and Asia. There are relatively few collections in Latin America and Africa. The artists whose oeuvres dominate the markets for collected art come from North America, followed by Asian and European artists. The home bias in private art collections turns out to be strong in all continents and countries. It is highest for Asian and African collections and smaller for European and North American collections. The home bias can partly be accounted for by high export and import restrictions.


Natural scientists and especially ecologists use manipulative experiments or field observations along gradients to differentiate patterns driven by processes from those caused by random noise. A well‐conceived sampling design is essential for identifying, analysing and reporting underlying patterns in a statistically solid and reproducible manner, given the normal restrictions in labour, time and money. However, a technical guideline about an adequate sampling design to maximize prediction success under restricted resources is lacking. This study aims at developing such a solid and reproducible guideline for sampling along gradients in all fields of ecology and science in general. We conducted simulations with artificial data for five common response types known in ecology, each represented by a simple function (no response, linear, exponential, symmetric unimodal and asymmetric unimodal). In the simulations, we accounted for different levels of random and systematic error, the two sources of noise in ecological data. We quantified prediction success for varying total sample size, number of locations sampled along a spatial/temporal gradient and number of replicates per sampled location. The number of replicates becomes more important with increasing random error, whereas replicates become less relevant for a systematic error bigger than 20% of total variation. Thus, if high levels of systematic error are indicated or expected (e.g. in field studies with spatial autocorrelation, unaccountable additional environmental drivers or population clustering), continuous sampling with little to no replication is recommended. In contrast, sampling designs with replications are recommended in studies that can control for systematic errors. In a setting that is characteristic for ecological experiments and field studies strictly controlling for undeterminable systematic error (random error ≥10% and systematic error ≤10% of total variation), prediction success was best for an intermediate number of sampled locations along the gradient (10–15) and a low number of replicates per location (3). Our findings from reproducible, statistical simulations will help design appropriate and efficient sampling approaches and avoid erroneous conclusions based on studies with flawed sampling design, which is currently one of the main targets of public criticism against science.


Thermomechanical models of mantle lithosphere removal from beneath the southern Sierra Nevada region, California (USA), predict a complex spatiotemporal pattern of vertical surface displacements. We evaluate these models by using (U-Th)/He thermochronometry, together with other paleothermometry estimates, to investigate such topographic transients. We target Tertiary strata from the Kern arch, a crescent-shaped active uplift located in the southeastern San Joaquin Basin, along the western flank of the southern Sierra Nevada. Kern arch stratigraphy provides a unique record of subsidence and exhumation in a sensitive region immediately adjacent to the delaminating mantle lithosphere at depth. Detrital apatite (U-Th)/He ages from Oligocene–Miocene sandstones collected in Kern arch well cores indicate postdepositional heating to temperatures beyond those corresponding with their present burial depths. When integrated with available geologic and stratigraphic constraints, temperature-time modeling of thermochronometric data suggests partial He loss from apatites at temperatures of 70–90 °C, followed by exhumation to present burial temperatures of 35–60 °C since ca. 6 Ma. By constraining the late Cenozoic geothermal gradient to ∼25 °C/km, our results imply 1.0–1.6 km of rapid (∼0.4 mm/yr) subsidence and sedimentation, and then subsequent uplift and exhumation of southeastern San Joaquin Basin strata in latest Miocene–Quaternary time. Stratigraphic and geomorphic relations further constrain the principal burial episode to ca. 2.5 Ma or later, and exhumation to ca. 1 Ma or later. Subtle differences in the maximum temperatures achieved in various wells may reflect differing degrees of tectonic subsidence and sedimentation as a function of growth faulting and distance from the range front. Our results are consistent with estimates of surface subsidence and uplift from Sierran delamination models, which predict a minimum of ∼0.7 km of tectonic subsidence in regions retaining mantle lithosphere adjacent to the area of delamination, and a minimum of ∼0.8 km of rock uplift in regions where delamination occurred recently. We attribute the marked pulse of tectonic subsidence in the San Joaquin Basin to viscous coupling between the lower crust and a downwelling mass in the delaminating slab. The ensuing episode of exhumation is interpreted to result from the northwestward peeling back of the slab and the associated replacement of dense lithosphere with buoyant asthenosphere that drove rapid rock and surface uplift.


Climate change directly threatens Indigenous cultures and livelihoods across Australia9s Murray-Darling Basin (MDB). Using a modified grounded theory methodology, this study draws on in-depth interviews with Indigenous leaders and elders across the MDB to highlight that climate variability and over-extraction of water resources by agricultural users directly threatens the integrity of aquatic systems. As a consequence, Indigenous cultures and livelihoods reliant on these natural systems are at risk. Interviewees identify a range of systemic barriers that entrench vulnerability of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) in the MDB. Building on insights from the literature and from interviews, a Recognition, Empowerment and Devolution (RED) framework is developed to establish possible pathways to support climate adaptation by rural IPs. Fundamental to this RED framework is the need for non-Indigenous socio-institutional structures to create a 'space' to allow IPs the ability to adapt in their own ways to climate impacts.


Routing table lookup is an important operation in packet forwarding. The speed at which this operation is performed has a great influence on the overall performance of the network processors. Routing tables are usually stored in main memory with a large access time. Consequently, small fast cache memories have been used to improve access time. In this paper, we propose a novel routing table compaction scheme to reduce the size of routing table stored in ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) and improve cache hit rate. Two or more routing entries are compacted into one using don't care element in TCAM. A small compacted routing table helps to increase cache hit rate; this in turn provides fast address lookups. We have evaluated the compaction scheme through extensive simulations involving IPv4 routing tables and traces. The original routing tables have been compacted over 60%. The cache hit rate has improved by up to 20% over the original tables depending on both cache size (number of cache entries) and traces. We have also analyzed the impact of port errors caused by caching technique, and chose sampling technique to alleviate this problem. The proposed scheme has been extended to IPv6 with similar results.


It is estimated that the failure rate of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa is between70% and 80%. As a result, millions of Rands are being loston business ventures because of essentially avoidable mistakes and problems. Difficulties encountered by small businesses can be described as environmental, marketing,financial, or managerial in nature.
The primary objective of this study was to establish to what extent small businesses, in three major South African metropolitan regions, experience the problems typically associated with small businesses. Further to this, the aim is to investigate whether relationships exist between the identified problems, success, and selected demographic variables. Judgmental sampling was used to solicit the responses of 1 038 small businesses in the Nelson Mandela, Cape Town, and Egoli metropoles.
Problems that influence the success of the small businesses participating in the survey were numerous. Those of a macro-environmental nature were regarded as the most influential, followed by problems in the functional area of marketing.


Current state-of-the-art models for video action recognition are mostly based on expensive 3D ConvNets. This results in a need for large GPU clusters to train and evaluate such architectures. To address this problem, we present an lightweight and memory-friendly architecture for action recognition that performs on par with or better than current architectures by using only a fraction of resources. The proposed architecture is based on a combination of a deep subnet operating on low-resolution frames with a compact subnet operating on high-resolution frames, allowing for high efficiency and accuracy at the same time. We demonstrate that our approach achieves a reduction by 3~4 times in FLOPs and ~2 times in memory usage compared to the baseline. This enables training deeper models with more input frames under the same computational budget. To further obviate the need for large-scale 3D convolutions, a temporal aggregation module is proposed to model temporal dependencies in a video at very small additional computational costs. Our models achieve strong performance on several action recognition benchmarks including Kinetics, Something-Something and Moments-in-time. The code and models are available at \url{https://github.com/IBM/bLVNet-TAM}.


The impact of a global phase-out of nuclear energy is assessed for the costs of meeting international climate policy targets for 2020. The analysis is based on simulations with the Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems (POLES) global energy systems model. The phase-out of nuclear power increases GHG emissions by 2% globally and 7% for Annex I countries. The price of certificates increases by 24% and total compliance costs of Annex I countries rise by 28%. Compliance costs increase most for Japan (+58%) and the US (+28%). China, India, and Russia benefit from a global nuclear phase-out because revenues from higher trading volumes of certificates outweigh the costs of losing nuclear power as a mitigation option. Even for countries that face a relatively large increase in compliance costs, such as Japan, the nuclear phase-out implies a relatively small overall economic burden. When trading of certificates is available only to countries that committed to a second Kyoto period, the nuclear phase-out results in a larger increase in the compliance costs for the group of Annex I countries (but not for the EU and Australia). Results from sensitivity analyses suggest that the findings are fairly robust to alternative burden-sharing schemes and emission target levels.Policy relevanceNew calculations show that the impact of a global phase-out of nuclear energy on global mitigation costs is quite modest, but that there are substantial differences for countries. Total compliance costs increase the most for Japan and the US, but these are rather marginal if measured in terms of GDP. China, India, and Russia benefit from a nuclear phase-out because their additional revenues from selling certificates outweigh the additional costs of losing nuclear power as a mitigation option. The findings also highlight the importance of certificate trading to achieving climate targets in a cost-efficient way. If Japan or the US were to be banned from certificate trading, along with other countries, because of their non-participation in a second Kyoto period, then their compliance costs would increase substantially under a nuclear phase-out. The EU, however, would benefit because certificate prices would be lower.


We present our study of the influence of the head 30 degrees flexion position on the changes in the muscle strength of the upper extremities. This position is typical for a person working in front of a computer. The study involved 100 healthy volunteers and was performed at the Department of Morphology in Riga Stradiņs University, Riga, Latvia. For measurements we have used the MicroFET2 Hand Held Digital Muscle Tester to determine the strength of the muscles of the hand and the arm (M. deltoideus, M. biceps brachii, M. triceps brachii, M. abductor pollicis longus). The results of measurements were then used to analyze the difference in the strength of the muscles innervated by the spinal cord cervical region (C5–C8 nerves) for the same person sitting in the vertical position and sitting with the head flexed at 30°. The results of our study support the hypothesis that the changes in the strength of the measured muscles are related to the mechanical distension of the spinal cord, which leads to changes in spinal cord's blood supply. The kyphosis position of the cervical spine during head flexion at 30°extent shows that in the spinal cord segments C5, C6 and C7 are form mechanical distension, but the changes in segment C8 were not detectable. Using our statistical study, we can conclude that there is strong relationship in the strength change in most of the observed muscles between the vertical position and the flexion of head at 30 degrees.


Because topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is critical for the relaxation of DNA supercoils and because it is the target for the anticancer activity of camptothecins, we assessed TOP1 transcript levels in the 60 cell line panel (the NCI-60) of the National Cancer Institute's anticancer drug screen. TOP1 expression levels varied over a 5.7-fold range across the NCI-60. HCT116 colon and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were the highest expressers; SK-MEL-28 melanoma and HS578T breast carcinoma cells were the lowest. TOP1 mRNA expression was highly correlated with Top1 protein levels, indicating that TOP1 transcripts could be conveniently used to monitor Top1 protein levels and activity in tissues. Assessment of the TOP1 locus by array comparative genomic hybridization across the NCI-60 showed copy numbers ranging from 1.71 to 4.13 and a statistically significant correlation with TOP1 transcript levels (P < 0.01). Further analyses of TOP1 expression on an exon-specific basis revealed that exon 1 expression was generally higher and less variable than expression of the other exons, suggesting some form of transcriptional pausing regulation between exons 1 and 2. Accordingly, we found the presence of multiple evolutionarily conserved potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences in the first TOP1 intron. Physicochemical tests for actual quadruplex formation by several of those sequences yielded quadruplex formation for two of them and duplex formation for one. The observations reported here suggest the hypothesis that there is a conserved negative transcription regulator within intron 1 of the TOP1 gene associated with a quadruplex-prone region.


Conventional arms control in Europe is not functioning as it should, which has led to a lower level of military predictability and confidence on the continent. There is a need for new thinking on how to restore a functional conventional arms control mechanism and update it to the current realities. It is worth thorough consideration whether the modern conventional arms control system can be based solely on transparency measures without any numerical, qualitative or geographical limitations. Such a transparency-centred approach may offer a promising path forward to building an enduring platform that would maintain trust in Europe.


L-Tryptophan uptake was assayed under conditions in which the aroT gene had been inactivated by deletion and the product of the aroP permease was competitively inhibition. A mutant carrying a deletion from bgl through tnaA showed negligible L-tryptophan uptake, in contrast to a strain possessing an intact tna region or to strains carrying point mutations in tna. The ability to take up L-tryptophan was not restored by lysogenizing the tna-deleted strain with lambda tna+.


Girl Rising, a global campaign, uses the power of storytelling to build a movement for adolescent girls by inspiring people to change the way girls are valued, and sparking social action. We Dream, We Rise, is a social media campaign that was launched to call attention to age-old gender stereotypes that have gone unquestioned for generations and to inspire adults across the country to 'dream as big for their girls as they do for their boys'. A descriptive evaluation of the campaign was conducted to measure its reach, saliency, and lessons learned. The campaign evaluation focused primarily on reach, engagement, perceptions of the campaign messaging, and intention to take social action. The campaign reached 25 million people, received more than 600,000 views, and engaged with more than 200,000 people, which yielded a more than 2% engagement rate compared to the industry average of 1%. While extracting meaningful information from social media campaigns can pose to be challenging, there is a need to move beyond just measures of reach. Measurement on quality, saliency, and outcomes are critical to ensuring that future campaigns are successful and yield the desired rigor, quality, and investments needed to facilitate change.


Relevant data on the distribution of color cones are summarized, with special emphasis on the marked dorsoventral asymmetries observed in a number of mammalian species. In addition, an overview is given of studies that demonstrate the coexistence of two visual pigments within the same cone cell. The biological significance of these phenomena is discussed in conjunction with comparative immunocytochemical analyses of subprimate retinas. Based on various cone distribution patterns and temporal and spatial visual pigment coexpression, two models of cone photoreceptor differentiation are suggested.


This study set out to seek an understanding of what motivates older adults to engage in learning activities in later life, to investigate what benefits they feel they receive from this engagement and to also understand what barriers and obstacles they face in these efforts.

The literature review provides rich sources of data and information surrounding this area and a key theme of the studies done to date is the need to engage older people themselves in any research studies being carried out on this sector. This study has been completed using a mixed methods approach combining data from survey questionnaires along with in-depth semi-structured interviews with four older learners ranging in age from early fifties to over seventy. In that way this study has installed the older learner at the core of the process in order to ensure their voices were the ones being heard throughout.

Withnall (2006) argues that what is needed is "a new insight into how people make sense of their own attitudes to learning and how they have acquired beliefs and values about what education and learning means in the context of their own lives. Such an analysis would offer a distinctive perspective on the factors that might influence older people to continue or to take up learning activity". This study has attempted to acquire that 'distinctive perspective' through the methods applied and in the analysis of the results, such that a clear answer to the research question can be achieved and possible directions for future research on this important cohort of Irish society be identified.

What emerges from this study is further confirmation of the multi-faceted nature of human motivation, particularly when attempting to measure it in terms of learning activities in older adults. Existing research has identified a number of key motivational factors at the centre of older learner's reasons for engaging in learning activities in later life. These reasons include 8 the need for cognitive stimulation, for social interaction and for the feelings of enhanced self-esteem and self-fulfilment (as well as improvements in physical and mental well-being) that older learners experience when engaged in learning activities in later life. All of these factors were identified in this study and will be fully addressed and discussed in chapter 5.

The study has also highlighted a number of linked areas for possible future research such as looking at prior educational experience, both good and bad, and the effects this has on motivation and participation as well as looking at some structural barriers such as ease of access to appropriate courses and the methods and availability of same.


Current memory reclamation mechanisms for highly-concurrent data structures present an awkward trade-off. Techniques such as epoch-based reclamation perform well when all threads are running on dedicated processors, but the delay or failure of a single thread will prevent any other thread from reclaiming memory. Alternatives such as hazard pointers are highly robust, but they are expensive because they require a large number of memory barriers. This paper proposes three novel ways to alleviate the costs of the memory barriers associated with hazard pointers and related techniques. These new proposals are backward-compatible with existing code that uses hazard pointers. They move the cost of memory management from the principal code path to the infrequent memory reclamation procedure, significantly reducing or eliminating memory barriers executed on the principal code path. These proposals include (1) exploiting the operating system's memory protection ability, (2) exploiting certain x86 hardware features to trigger memory barriers only when needed, and (3) a novel hardware-assisted mechanism, called a hazard lookaside buffer (HLB) that allows a reclaiming thread to query whether there are hazardous pointers that need to be flushed to memory. We evaluate our proposals using a few fundamental data structures (linked lists and skiplists) and libcuckoo, a recent high-throughput hash-table library, and show significant improvements over the hazard pointer technique.


In budding yeast genes that encode G1 cyclins and proteins involved in DNA synthesis are transcriptionally activated in late G1. A transcription factor, called SBF, is composed of Swi4 and Swi6 proteins and activates transcription of G1 cyclin genes. A different, but related, complex called MBF binds to MCB elements (Mlu I cell cycle box) found in the promoter of most DNA synthesis genes. MBF contains Swi6 and a 120-kilodalton protein (p120). MBF was purified and the gene encoding p120 (termed MBP1) was cloned. A deletion of MBP1 was not lethal but led to deregulated expression of DNA synthesis genes, indicating a direct regulatory role for MBF in MCB-driven transcription. Mbp1 is related to Swi4. Strains deleted for both MBP1 and SWI4 were inviable, demonstrating that transcriptional activation by MBF and SBF has an important role in the transition from G1 to S phase.


This is the report that submitted towards the final examination evaluation of the doctoral course \textit{Modern Coding theory} by Ruediger Urbanke at EPFL during Spring 2008. The problem studied can be roughly stated as source coding or compression using sparse graphs. We discuss a simple source coding problem and analyze its performance using an analytical tool formulated by \textit{Wormald}, usually employed to describe the expected behaviour of a suitably conditioned stochastic process on graph. A simulation investigation of the chosen scheme is also presented to verify the theoretical analysis.


Eruca sativa (Cruciferae family) is an ancient crop of great economic and agronomic importance. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome of Eruca sativa was sequenced and annotated. The circular molecule is 247 696 bp long, with a G+C content of 45.07%, containing 33 protein-coding genes, three rRNA genes, and 18 tRNA genes. The Eruca sativa mitochondrial genome may be divided into six master circles and four subgenomic molecules via three pairwise large repeats, resulting in a more dynamic structure of the Eruca sativa mtDNA compared with other cruciferous mitotypes. Comparison with the Brassica napus MtDNA revealed that most of the genes with known function are conserved between these two mitotypes except for the ccmFN2 and rrn18 genes, and 27 point mutations were scattered in the 14 protein-coding genes. Evolutionary relationships analysis suggested that Eruca sativa is more closely related to the Brassica species and to Raphanus sativus than to Arabidopsis thaliana.


This paper investigates the existence and nature of equilibrium in a competitive insurance market under adverse selection with endogenously determined information structures. Rothschild-Stiglitz (RS) characterized the self-selection equilibrium under the assumption of exclusivity, enforcement of which required full information about contracts purchased. By contrast, the Akerlof price equilibrium described a situation where the insurance firm has no information about sales to a particular individual. We show that with more plausible information assumptions - no insurance firm has full information but at least knows how much he has sold to any particular individual - neither the RS quantity constrained equilibrium nor the Akerlof price equilibrium are sustainable. But when the information structure itself is endogenous - firms and consumers decide what information about insurance purchases to reveal to whom - there always exists a Nash equilibrium. Strategies for firms consist of insurance contracts to offer and information-revelation strategies; for customers - buying as well as information revelation strategies. The equilibrium set of insurance contracts is unique: the low risk individual obtains insurance corresponding to the pooling contract most preferred by him; the high risk individual, that plus (undisclosed) supplemental insurance at his own actuarial odds resulting in his being fully insured. Equilibrium information revelation strategies of firms entail some but not complete information sharing. However, in equilibrium all individuals are induced to tell the truth. The paper shows how the analysis extends to cases where there are more than two groups of individuals and where firms can offer multiple insurance contracts.


The continuing work of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center has focused on community life in the northern Southwest during the Great Pueblo period (AD 1150- 1300). Researchers have been able to demonstrate that during the last Puebloan occupation of the area the majority of the population lived in dispersed communities and large villages of the Great Sage Plain, rather than at nearby Mesa Verde. The work at Sand Canyon Pueblo and more than sixty other large contemporary pueblos has examined reasons for population aggregation and why this strategy was ultimately forsaken in favor of a migration south of the San Juan River, leaving the area depopulated by 1290. Contributors to this volume, many of whom are distinguished southwestern researchers, draw from a common database derived from extensive investigations at the 530-room Sand Canyon Pueblo, intensive test excavations at thirteen small sites and four large villages, a twenty-five square kilometer full-coverage survey, and an inventory of all known villages in the region. Topics include the context within which people moved into villages, how they dealt with climatic changes and increasing social conflict, and how they became increasingly isolated from the rest of the Southwest. Seeking the Center Place is the most detailed view we have ever had of the last Pueblo communities in the Mesa Verde region and will provide a better understanding of the factors that precipitated the migration of thousands of people.


Committed skeletal muscle myoblasts undergo terminal differentiation when shifted from a high-mitogen medium to a low-mitogen medium. However, expression of the myogenic regulatory factor MyoD seems to be similar in proliferating and differentiating cells, suggesting that its function is attenuated in proliferating myoblasts. To further understand the potential mechanisms that may attenuate MyoD function, we have examined the effect of posttranslational modification. By analogy with myogenin, we have examined the role of phosphorylation in regulating the function of MyoD. MyoD contains two putative protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation sites (Thr115 and Ser200). The former site is analogous to Thr85 within the highly conserved basic domain of myogenin that has been demonstrated to negatively regulate the myogenic differentiation functions of myogenin. To test whether hyperphosphorylation of the same PKC site in MyoD would attenuate its function, we generated a mutant MyoD with a single amino acid substitution (Thr115-Ala) that disrupts the PKC phosphorylation site (Thr115) within the conserved basic domain. Wild-type and mutant MyoD were introduced into cells using an E1, E3-deleted adenoviral vector. In mouse C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts, both wild-type and mutant MyoD induced terminal myogenic differentiation when growth factors were withdrawn from the cell culture. Consistent with these results, nuclear extracts from infected cells, but not those from uninfected cells, demonstrated complex formation with an oligonucleotide containing an E-box consensus sequence. Growth arrest was associated with the up-regulation of p21cip1, cell fusion to multinucleated myotubes, and the expression of a muscle differentiation marker (myosin heavy chain). On the other hand, when infected cells were maintained under high mitogenic conditions (in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum), the expression of wild-type or mutant MyoD slowed cell growth and induced p21cip1. Only mutant MyoD caused cell fusion, myosin heavy chain expression, and altered mobility of the E-box oligonucleotide in gel shift assays. Furthermore, after infection, MyoD was phosphorylated, and phosphothreonine was detected in wild-type MyoD immunoprecipitated only from C3H10T1/2 cells grown under high mitogenic conditions. These results suggest that Thr115 may play an important role in the regulation of MyoD function under conditions of high mitogenesis. MyoD was also phosphorylated in malignant rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells in which MyoD function was attenuated. Phosphothreonine was also detected in MyoD immunoprecipitates. Rh30 alveolar RMS cells were infected with an adenovirus expressing either wild-type or mutant MyoD. In contrast to the results in fibroblasts, when overexpressed in malignant Rh30 RMS cells, mutant MyoD arrested cell growth without inducing p21cip1 and caused cell fusion. However, no muscle differentiation markers were detected, indicating that an overexpression of mutant MyoD lacking Thr115 caused Rh30 cells to become quiescent and recapitulate at least some aspects of myogenesis (cell fusion).


The optimal feedback control of nonlinear chemical processes, specially for reg- ulation and set-point changing, is attacked in this paper. A novel procedure based on the Hamiltonian equations associated to a bilinear approximation of the dynamics and a quadrat- ic cost is presented. The usual boundary-value situation for the coupled state-costate system is transformed into an initial-value problem through the solution of a generalized algebra- ic Riccati equation. This allows to integrate the Hamiltonian equations on-line, and to con- struct the feedback law by using the costate solution trajectory. Results are shown applied to a classical nonlinear chemical reactor model, and compared against standard MPC and pre- vious versions of bilinear-quadratic strategies based on power series expansions.


Cochlodinium polykrikoides was bloomed in the Persian Gulf for the first time in September 2008, started from the Strait of Hormuz and then spread out towards the northern parts covering most of the areas of the Gulf and lasted 8 months. In order to find out environmental conditions during the bloom, a monthly sampling program was carried out in seven surface stations in 2008-2009. At each station, three samples (triplicates) were collected for phytoplankton analysis and also one sample for environmental analyses, including salinity, chlorophyll a and nutrients. Blooms of C. polykrikoides were observed with a seawater temperature of 20.1 to 31.0 °C, salinity 37.0-40.1 ppt and nutrient concentration ranges during the bloom and red tide were 0.064-0.707 mg/l nitrate + nitrite and 0.001-1.66 mg/l phosphate, respectively. Maximum of C. polykrikoides abundance was measured 26 × 10 6 cells L -1 in October 2008. Kruscal wallis test demonstrated a significant difference in densities and chlorophyll-a in different months and seasons not in different stations. This study showed increase of temperature (>31.0 °C) stopped bloom and red tide due to C. polykrikoides in both the eastern and middle sampling stations but in the western stations was determined decrease in nutrient amounts as the major factor therefore increased nutrient of coastal waters, and environmental conditions could have efficacy the occurrence of this dinoflagellate.


Historians of the seventeenth-century "Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns" have recently shown how, from the beginning, it was not limited to questions of literary value but was tied up with changing notions of progressive history, historiography, philology, humanism, science, and reading culture.1 One line of inquiry that has been surprisingly neglected, however, is the role that Asia played in this debate about modern European identity. Although many have observed that the discovery of new lands coincided with the philological re-discovery of antiquity, there has been yet no comprehensive attempt to relate "the fissure . . . between imitation and scholarship, rhetoric and philology, literature and history" set in motion by the quarrel to the contemporaneous opening up of worlds beyond Europe.2 Following John Elliott's lead in The Old World and the New, scholars have indeed remained skeptical of the real impact of other cultures on European thought through the seventeenth century.3 If, however, the new worlds in Asia, Africa, and America initially made little difference to Europeans because they were rapidly "assimilated" to tradition and written into Christian genealogical narratives about "heathen antiquity," such assimilation became increasingly difficult as the century wore on.4It is the aim of this paper to show that the quarrel between the ancients and the modern usually discussed within the parameters of European tradition was as much about the historical significance of other civilizations. The English quarrel between William Temple and William Wotton, in particular, was to a significant degree a quarrel about the relative cultural achievements of China as an extension of the debate on "ancient" and "modern" civilizations. The paper proposes that, in a strong sense, the seventeenth-century debate about China produced the quarrel-i.e., that the numerous published bulletins and reports on China that captured the imagination of seventeenth-century Europe contributed to the historiographical crisis that goes by the name of the quarrel between the ancients and the moderns.5In a seminal essay on the importance of China to the European understanding of history, Edwin J. Van Kley suggests that "Perhaps the most serious challenge to the traditional scheme of world history and the factor most instrumental in changing that scheme was the 'discovery' of ancient Chinese history in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries."6 World history-or "universal history"-as traditionally understood was derived from the Bible, covered the ancient Near East, Greece, Rome, and Western Christendom, and began with creation. Ever since the Renaissance, however, this traditional understanding of world history had come under increasing challenge, as the rediscovery of classical texts led to new conceptions of pagan antiquity and its relationship to sacred Christian history. The dominant intellectual response to the challenge of pagan history was to accommodate new knowledge about the pagans within the structures of traditional history, but by the seventeenth century it was becoming increasingly difficult to square the information pouring in, not only about the world of western antiquity but also about the non-European world, with Christian doctrine.Because traditional "universal history" was geographically limited, but chronologically universal, the chief problem posed by pagan history had to do less with remapping the geographical boundaries of the world than redrawing its temporal limits.7 The problem was that geographical expansion often seemed to lead to chronological expansion as well. The furor caused by Isaac Lapeyrere's 1655 Praeadamitae, which posited the existence of "pre-adamites" who peopled the world before the biblical Adam on the basis of the greater antiquity of the Chaldeans, the Mexicans, the Peruvians, and the Chinese, illustrates how conjectural prehistory based on pagan records could unsettle the very basis of orthodox Christian history centered on the historical and theological primacy of the Jews. …


The concentrations of natural radionuclides, radium-226, radium-228, and potassium-40, and the artificial radionuclide caesium-137, in river bottom sediments and suspended matter were monitored in the Czech Republic by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute during the period 2000-2010 and 2001-2010 respectively. The data were used to evaluate the natural background levels of these radionuclides and the impact of human activities on the water environment. For potassium-40 in sediments, the natural background level was estimated to be 570 Bq/kg. To evaluate the background level for radium-226, the river sites affected by human activities (mining and processing uranium ore, coal) were eliminated from the assessment. The average natural background values were 47.8 Bq/kg for radium-226 and 47.2 Bq/kg for radium-228 in sediments and 86.5 Bq/kg for radium-226 and 87.9 Bq/kg for radium-228 in suspended matter. The river sediments were identified as good indicators of radioactive contamination, especially radium-226, which recorded historic contamination due to former uranium mining and milling. The radium-226 contamination rate was assessed using the ratio of radium-226 to radium-228. This ratio was used to classify sediment according to the relative contamination from the uranium industry. The residual contamination of caesium-137 due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 was also assessed. Average values of caesium-137 were 14.0 Bq/kg in sediments and 25.0 Bq/kg in suspended matter.


Background: Community pharmacists are the health professionals most accessible to the public. Public visit community pharmacies for their daily health care needs. Thus, community pharmacists' attitude towards professional practice is very important. Method: This was a prospective, crosssectional study, using pre-validated questionnaire containing five constructs and 37 items. Each question was given scores 1-5 which denote 1 for very low; 2 for low; 3 for moderate; 4 for high and 5 for very high. The completed questionnaires were analysed using SPSS version 22. Statistical significance for dichotomous data was assessed using chi- square test. Result: Among the 87 participants in managerial activities, 71 (81.6%) scored good, 14 (16.1%) scored moderate, 2 (2.3%) scored poor. In dispensing activities, 71 (81.6%) scored good, 14 (16.1%) scored moderate, 2 (2.3%) scored poor. In pharmaceutical care activities, 56 (64.4%) scored good, 24 (27.6%) scored moderate, 7 (8.1%) scored poor. In inter/intra professional activities, 48 (55.2%) scored good, 15 (17.2%) scored moderate and 24 (27.6%) scored poor. In public health activities, 62 (71.6%) scored good, 19 (21.8%) scored moderate and 6 (6.9%) scored poor whereas in maintenance of competency activities, 71 (81.6%) had scored good, 9 (10.3%) scored moderate and 7 (8.1%) scored poor. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents were having good attitudes towards managerial, dispensing and maintenance of competence activities. However, only minority of the respondents realized the importance of establishing professional relationship with doctors. Continuing education and training programs on professional practice would be one significant approach in equipping community pharmacists with the knowledge, skills and behaviour needed to expand their scope of practice and improving public healthcare outcomes. Key words: Attitude, Community pharmacy, Pharmacist, Professional practice, Malaysia.


The topic of this dissertation is embedded into the new-born field of inorganic nanowires. The research was focused on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires, in particular, which besides posing fundamental questions in physics, promise broad range of applications. ZnO nanowires were grown by chemical-vapour-deposition (CVD) using the vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism with gold particles as catalysts. Oxygen was introduced in the argon carrier gas and zinc was carboreduced from the ZnO/C mixture. We produced micrometer long ZnO nanowires and their diameter was controlled by the size of the gold catalyst particles. The diameter range of our ZnO nanowires is between 30 to 100nm. After growth, the alloyed particles were found at the top of the nanowires. ZnO nanowires are composed of single crystals of ZnO in the wurtzite phase. Growth direction is defined by their epitaxial relation with the substrate. From photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) characterizations, a deep impurity energy level at 2.3eV was found in a band gap of 3.3 eV, which could be related to oxygen off-stoichiometry. PL measurements showed that this energy level does not depend on the oxygen concentration used during the growth. Scanning-Tunnelling-Microscopy-based CL (STM-CL) measurements were made on single ZnO nanowires and showed that this energy level is likely to come from curved nanowires. Electrical measurements were performed on single nanowires, by using dielectrophoresis to place individual ZnO nanowires at a predefined location. E-beam lithography was used to deposit four metallic contacts on top of individual micrometer long ZnO nanowires. In order to avoid oxidation and the Shockley effect, we used chromium nitride (CrN) as electrical contacts. By measuring the temperature dependence on the resistance we extracted the activation energy of 2eV for charge transport, possibly arising from the same impurity level, as measured in PL. In the field-effect-transistor (FET) configuration, by using PMMA as dielectric layer and Cr as gate electrode, we extracted the charge carrier mobility of an individual ZnO nanowire as being 9.5 cm2/(Vs). In order to discover the origin of the energy level in the band gap, we measured the relaxation time of the current, after UV-illumination was switched off, and we found out that the surface states have significant effects. The elastic properties of individual ZnO nanowires were studied as a function of diameter and point defect/dislocation concentration. Using dielectrophoresis, nanowires were placed over a hole of a microfabricated Si3N4 membrane and, from bending measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM) the Young's modulus was extracted. The diameter dependence of the Young's modulus showed a maximal value for a diameter of 50nm. Annealing under argon atmosphere showed an improvement of the Young's modulus which is explained by the removal of the defects/dislocations left during the growth. For comparison, the elastic properties of ZnS nanotubes produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were also measured. A clear dependence of the Young's modulus on the diameter and the wall thickness were found and attributed to the variation of the crystal structure of the nanotubes.


Recently, we have developed the hierarchical generative topographic mapping (HGTM), an interactive method for visualization of large high-dimensional real-valued data sets. We propose a more general visualization system by extending HGTM in three ways, which allows the user to visualize a wider range of data sets and better support the model development process. 1) We integrate HGTM with noise models from the exponential family of distributions. The basic building block is the latent trait model (LTM). This enables us to visualize data of inherently discrete nature, e.g., collections of documents, in a hierarchical manner. 2) We give the user a choice of initializing the child plots of the current plot in either interactive, or automatic mode. In the interactive mode, the user selects "regions of interest", whereas in the automatic mode, an unsupervised minimum message length (MML)-inspired construction of a mixture of LTMs is employed. The unsupervised construction is particularly useful when high-level plots are covered with dense clusters of highly overlapping data projections, making it difficult to use the interactive mode. Such a situation often arises when visualizing large data sets. 3) We derive general formulas for magnification factors in latent trait models. Magnification factors are a useful tool to improve our understanding of the visualization plots, since they can highlight the boundaries between data clusters. We illustrate our approach on a toy example and evaluate it on three more complex real data sets.


Civil war and other types of radical domestic upheaval are replacing international war as the preeminent threat to American security and economic well being, according to Steven R. David. Catastrophic Consequences argues that civil conflicts are of even greater importance than deliberate efforts to harm the United States because the damage they inflict is unintended and therefore impossible to deter. David examines the prospects for and potential aftereffects of instability in four nations vital to U.S. national interests-Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, China, and Mexico. It is not, he argues, a rising China that threatens America, but one that is falling apart. Likewise, it is not a hostile Pakistani regime over which the United States should worry, rather it is one that cannot keep the country together. Similarly, a conflict-torn Mexico or Saudi Arabia poses a far greater danger to America than does either of those states growing stronger. In assessing these threats, David contends that the United States's only viable option is to view other-state civil upheaval similarly to natural disasters and to develop a coherent, effective emergency response mechanism, which does not exist today in any systemic, nationwide form.


During the current outbreak of COVID-19, research labs around the globe submit sequences of the local SARS-CoV-2 genomes to the GISAID database to provide a comprehensive analysis of the variability and spread of the virus during the outbreak. We explored the variations in the submitted genomes and found a significant number of variants that can be seen only in one submission (singletons). While it is not completely clear whether these variants are erroneous or not, these variants show lower transition/transversion ratio. These singleton variants may influence the estimations of the viral mutation rate and tree topology. We suggest that genomes with multiple singletons even marked as high-covered should be considered with caution. We also provide a simple script for checking variant frequency against the database before submission.


Orion's Veil is an absorbing screen that lies along the line of sight to the Orion H II region. It consists of two or more layers of gas that must lie within a few parsecs of the Trapezium cluster. Our previous work considered the Veil as a whole and found that the magnetic field dominates the energetics of the gas in at least one component. Here we use high-resolution STIS UV spectra that resolve the two velocity components in absorption and determine the conditions in each. We derive a volume hydrogen density, 21 cm spin temperature, turbulent velocity, and kinetic temperature, for each. We combine these estimates with magnetic field measurements to find that magnetic energy significantly dominates turbulent and thermal energies in one component, while the other component is close to equipartition between turbulent and magnetic energies. We observe H2 absorption for highly excited v, J levels that are photoexcited by the stellar continuum, and detect blueshifted S+2 and P+2 ions. These ions must arise from ionized gas between the mostly neutral portions of the Veil and the Trapezium and shields the Veil from ionizing radiation. We find that this layer of ionized gas is also responsible for He I 3889Å absorption towards the Veil, which resolves a 40-year-old debate on the origin of He I absorption towards the Trapezium. Finally, we determine that the ionized and mostly atomic layers of the Veil will collide in less than 85,000 years.


In the presence of inequality a status-driven utility function reconciles the conflict between income-based and nutrition-based measures of poverty. Moreover, it can explain why the poor tend to save less, an established empirical fact in the developing countries. The result is independent of the assumption of imperfect capital market. The paper attempts to integrate various strands of literature on status effects.


Two-stream Convolutional Networks (ConvNets) have shown strong performance for human action recognition in videos. Recently, Residual Networks (ResNets) have arisen as a new technique to train extremely deep architectures. In this paper, we introduce spatiotemporal ResNets as a combination of these two approaches. Our novel architecture generalizes ResNets for the spatiotemporal domain by introducing residual connections in two ways. First, we inject residual connections between the appearance and motion pathways of a two-stream architecture to allow spatiotemporal interaction between the two streams. Second, we transform pretrained image ConvNets into spatiotemporal networks by equipping these with learnable convolutional filters that are initialized as temporal residual connections and operate on adjacent feature maps in time. This approach slowly increases the spatiotemporal receptive field as the depth of the model increases and naturally integrates image ConvNet design principles. The whole model is trained end-to-end to allow hierarchical learning of complex spatiotemporal features. We evaluate our novel spatiotemporal ResNet using two widely used action recognition benchmarks where it exceeds the previous state-of-the-art.