Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) is a widely cultivated, highly drought tolerant legume vegetable crop grown in diverse environmental conditions worldwide. In India and elsewhere, the young pods are consumed as a fresh vegetable and mature dry seeds are important in the diet of people preferring vegetarian food (2). Small-holding farmers use their own saved seeds for sowing. During October 2008, L. purpureus exhibiting symptoms of stunting, mosaic, vein-banding, vein-clearing, mottling, and blisters suggestive of a viral infection were observed in and around the Mysore District of Karnataka State, India. Incidence of the disease ranged from 1 to 10% in different fields. Symptomatic leaves were collected from fields of Daripura Village, Mysore District, Karnataka. Viruses that were tested by indirect ELISA included Cucumber mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, Cowpea mosaic virus, Cowpea mottle virus, Southern bean mosaic virus, and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). Results of the ELISA tests indicated that all 28 samples collected from different fields were infected with BCMV. Examination of tissue sap from symptomatic plants by electron microscopy revealed flexuous rod-shaped particles (~750 nm long). An immunocapture-reverse transcription (IC-RT)-PCR assay employing degenerate primers for amplifying partial coat protein (CP) and 3'-UTR of potyviruses (1) yielded a ~700-bp product that was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. HM776637). Sequence identity at the nucleotide level was 96% with BCMV strain NL-7n (GenBank Accession No. GQ456169) infecting common bean from Himachal Pradesh, India. RTPCR was performed with a virus-specific primer pair (FW3-5'-GCAGTAGCACAGATGAAGGCA-3': Rv3-5'-GGTTCTTCCGGCTTACTCATAAACAT-3') designed to amplify 340 bp, the partial coat protein gene of BCMV. All symptomatic L. purpureus field samples and screenhouse-grown seedlings manually inoculated with infected sap were positive for BCMV infection in RT-PCR assay employing specific primers with amplification of a 340-bp product. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BCMV infecting L. purpureus in India. BCMV has also been reported in L. purpureus in Uganda (4) and Nigeria (3). Plants that were confirmed by ELISA to be infected were tagged, and from these plants, seeds were collected and pooled. Four hundred seeds were germinated and a rate of 6.5% seed transmission was determined based on symptoms, ELISA, and PCR. From December 2008 to December 2010, different L. purpureus plantings were monitored for BCMV incidence. Plants infected at different growth stages were tagged and pods were harvested from infected and healthy plants. Data from at least 100 BCMV-infected L. purpureus plants from each of 12 different fields were recorded for yield loss analysis. In terms of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight, an average as much as 40% yield loss was recorded from 12 different fields. Because seeds collected from these plants are used for subsequent plantings, these plants may act as virus reservoirs or foci of infection. References: (1) A. S. Langeveld et al. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1531, 1991. (2) M. N. Maruthi et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 149:187, 2006. (3) O. O. Odedara et al. J. Gen. Virol. 74:322, 2008. (4) T. N. Sengooba et al. Plant Pathol. 46:95, 1997.


This Peer Review Course Portfolio documents my teaching practices in International Political Economy (POLS 459) and analyze student learning in the course. POLS 459 is an upper-division course designed to introduces students to the study of international political economy. The most important goal of the course is that students should be able to demonstrate substantive knowledge of the political economy of international trade, investment and development. To this end, I mainly employ classroom lectures, classroom discussions, and small group work. Students work on six in-class quizzes, three exams, and one group presentation. My analysis of student learning reveals that many students found the exams difficult and challenging, although there is a group of students that consistently scored very high. However, I fail to find evidence that students majoring in economics or business administration performed better than those majoring in neither economics nor business administration. It suggests that prior knowledge of economics is not a key factor of success in this course. The analysis also shows a strong correlation between quiz scores and exam scores, confirming the importance of completing the readings. Regarding group presentations, I find that students did a great job in group presentations, successfully applying the analytical concepts and frameworks they learned in class to a current issue in the international economy. Based on the analysis, I would like to make some changes for the future course: I will 1) increase the number of group presentations, 2) switch a quiz format to a take-home quiz to motivate students to complete readings, 3) make discussion of news articles a regular course activity.


Abstract. Autonomous underwater gliders offer the capability of measuring oceanic parameters continuously at high resolution in both vertical and horizontal planes, with timescales that can extend to many months. An experimental ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor measuring pH on the total scale was attached to a glider during the REP14-MED experiment in June 2014 in the Sardinian Sea in the northwestern Mediterranean. During the deployment, pH was sampled at depths of up to 1000 m along an 80 km transect over a period of 12 days. Water samples were collected from a nearby ship and analysed for dissolved inorganic carbon concentration and total alkalinity to derive the pH for validating the ISFET sensor measurements. The vertical resolution of the pH sensor was good (1 to 2 m), but stability was poor and the sensor drifted in a non-monotonous fashion. In order to remove the sensor drift, a depth-constant time-varying offset was applied throughout the water column for each dive, reducing the spread of the data by approximately two-thirds. Furthermore, the ISFET sensor required temperature- and pressure-based corrections, which were achieved using linear regression. Correcting for this decreased the apparent sensor pH variability by a further 13 to 31 %. Sunlight caused an apparent sensor pH decrease of up to 0.1 in surface waters around local noon, highlighting the importance of shielding the sensor from light in future deployments. The corrected pH from the ISFET sensor is presented along with potential temperature, salinity, potential density anomalies (σθ), and dissolved oxygen concentrations (c(O2)) measured by the glider, providing insights into the physical and biogeochemical variability in the Sardinian Sea. The pH maxima were identified close to the depth of the summer chlorophyll maximum, where high c(O2) values were also found. Longitudinal pH variations at depth (σθ > 28. 8 kg m−3) highlighted the variability of water masses in the Sardinian Sea. Higher pH was observed where salinity was  > 38. 65, and lower pH was found where salinity ranged between 38.3 and 38.65. The higher pH was associated with saltier Levantine Intermediate Water, and it is possible that the lower pH was related to the remineralisation of organic matter. Furthermore, shoaling isopycnals closer to shore coinciding with low pH and c(O2), high salinity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, and chlorophyll fluorescence waters may be indicative of upwelling.


Turbidity Suppression via Optical Phase Conjugation (TS-OPC) is an optical phenomenon that uses the back propagation nature of optical phase conjugate light field to undo the effect of tissue scattering. We use the computationally efficient and accurate pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) simulation method to study this phenomenon; a key adaptation is the volumetric inversion of the optical wavefront E-field as a means for simulating a phase conjugate mirror. We simulate a number of scenarios and demonstrate that TS-OPC deteriorates with increased scattering in the medium, or increased mismatch between the random medium and the phase conjugate wave during reconstruction.


Abstract The rapid development in nanotechnology and incorporation of engineered nano-particles (ENPs) in a wide range of consumer products releasing the massive quantities of ENPs in different environmental compartments. The released ENPs from nano-enabled products during their life cycle raising environmental health and safety issues. This review addresses the recent state of knowledge regarding the ENPs ecotoxicity to various organisms lying at different trophic levels. Studies show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative stress is the primary mechanism of nano-toxicity, either through physical damage by direct contact or release of toxic ions after ENPs dissolution process. Moreover, ENPs uptake, transformation and toxicity on physio-morphological, biochemical and molecular levels in primary producers of terrestrial environment (plants) were also reviewed. Additionally, the intrinsic detoxification mechanism in plants in response to ENPs accumulation was also examined. In the end different sustainable approaches such as biogenic synthesis, clay minerals role, biochar application, bioremediation, and legislative measures are proposed for effective handling and treatment of nano-wastes to get the maximum benefits of nanotechnology with minimum negative outcomes. Graphical Abstract


The main aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of hybrid electrical vehicles (HEVs) using single and dual epicyclic power split transmissions (PST). The development of PST has been a crucial feature in the technological success of hybrid driveline vehicles. In this paper, single and twin epicyclic power split transmissions models are analyzed and the relationships of speed and torque of the engine, motor and generator are developed. The models are further extended to include all subsystems and a controller designer to be fitted in a typical hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV). Computer programmes for the analysis of epicyclic transmission based on a matrix method are developed and used. In addition, the performance and control strategy of the new system is presented. Three vehicle models are built-up; namely: traditional ICE vehicle, HEV with single epicyclic gearbox, and HEV with twin epicyclic gearbox. The vehicles are simulated over typical driving cycles. The results focus on fuel consumption comparisons but it is also shown how the single and twin epicyclic gearboxes use the engine and motor generator units differently. The simulations show that the twin epicyclic offers substantial improvements of reduction in energy consumption, though the benefits are sensitive to the driving cycle used.


BACKGROUND/AIM
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an inflammatory disease characterized by vascular abnormalities and fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channel genes in the susceptibility and phenotype expression of SSc.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 339 patients with SSc and 302 healthy controls were studied. Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes of the peripheral blood, and 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TRPM channel genes were analyzed by the BioMark HD dynamic array system.

RESULTS
There were marked increases in the CC genotype (94.7% vs 81.8%, p<0.0001) and C allele frequencies (97.0% vs. 90.1%, p<0.0001) in the TRPM3 rs1328142, and TT genotype (19.0% vs. 7.8%, p=0.0002) in TRPM5 rs34551253 (Ala456Thr) polymorphism in SSc patients when compared to controls. TRPM3 gene rs1328142 polymorphism was also markedly associated with disease phenotype. However, no associations with the other 23 polymorphisms studied were found.

CONCLUSION
This is the first study to examine the involvement of TRPM channel gene variations on the risk of SSc incidence. Our results suggest roles of TRPM3 and TRPM5 gene variants in the susceptibility to or clinical expression of SSc in the Turkish population.


An innovation classic. From Steve Jobs to Jeff Bezos, Clay Christensen's work continues to underpin today's most innovative leaders and organizations. A seminal work on disruption--for everyone confronting the growth paradox. For readers of the bestselling The Innovator's Dilemma--and beyond--this definitive work will help anyone trying to transform their business right now. In The Innovator's Solution, Clayton Christensen and Michael Raynor expand on the idea of disruption, explaining how companies can and should become disruptors themselves. This classic work shows just how timely and relevant these ideas continue to be in today's hyper-accelerated business environment. Christensen and Raynor give advice on the business decisions crucial to achieving truly disruptive growth and propose guidelines for developing your own disruptive growth engine. The authors identify the forces that cause managers to make bad decisions as they package and shape new ideas--and offer new frameworks to help create the right conditions, at the right time, for a disruption to succeed. This is a must-read for all senior managers and business leaders responsible for innovation and growth, as well as members of their teams. Based on in-depth research and theories tested in hundreds of companies across many industries, The Innovator's Solution is a necessary addition to any innovation library--and an essential read for entrepreneurs and business builders worldwide.


This article looks at the barriers to dealing with California's housing shortage and addressing climate change which are built into the existing regulations that govern development across the state. The history of planning and building codes is examined, showing that contrary to popular belief many of these rules were not implemented for health and safety reasons, but rather to boost property values by promoting economic and racial segregation. The article argues that the only way to deal with California's current challenges is to start over with a new set of regulations that promote denser development at lower cost and steer the state away from building more automobile-dependent sprawl.


This Quick Look (QL) study identifies Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) emerging medical sensory technologies that are relevant to the rehabilitation of military and security personnel with combat injuries. The emphasis of this report is on technologies for body measuring, haptic feedback, patient guidance and remote and oblivious body sensing. There is a wide range of sensory technologies that are used to monitor rehabilitation by collecting real-time data. These data are sensed either by ambient sensors, that measure the patient's activities from a distance, or sensors that are attached directly to the body. In some cases, sensors are even incorporated within the body to closely observe physiological and chemical changes. From the reviewed literature, it is evident that the technology trend is to develop patient-centric rehabilitation systems that incorporate smart mobile technology with visual analytics features that provide useful information to medics and patients. This report includes recommendations of sensory technologies for rehabilitation that are adopted within the clinical environment, as well as patient-centric devices that are used away from clinic. Finally, it includes tabular summary of hardware and software specifications, nature of application, cost and training requirements on some of the products currently available.


An organic-inorganic photopolymers have been studied for their potential in of reducing the volume shrinkage during photopolymerization and enhancing the dimensional stability of photopolymers. We demonstrate the diffraction efficiency of photopolymers could be significantly enhanced by the interfacial interactions induced at the surface of inorganic nanoparticles.


The Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) approach allows the scaling of lasers to high powers while preserving the spatial and temporal coherence of the master oscillator. We demonstrate the scaling of a 20W Nd:YAG MOPA to the 100W level using end pumped and edge pumped slabs.


Book synsopsis: Premiering in 2006,Ugly Betty, the award-winning US hit show about unglamorous but kind-hearted Betty Suarez (America Ferrera),is the latest incarnation of a worldwide phenomenon that started life as a Colombian telenovela,Yo soy Betty,la fea, back in 1999. The tale of the ugly duckling has since taken an extraordinary global journey and become the most successful telenovela to date. This groundbreaking book asks what the Yo soy Betty,la fea/Ugly Betty phenomenon can tell us about the international circulation of locally produced TV fictions as the Latin American telenovela is sold to,and/or re-made-officially and unofficially-for different national contexts. The contributors explore what Betty has to say about the tensions between the commercial demands of multimedia conglomerates and the regulatory forces of national broadcasters as well as the international ambitions of national TV industries and their struggle in competitive markets. They also investigate what this international trade tells us about cultural storytelling and audience experience,as well as ideologies of feminine beauty and myths of female desire and aspiration.

TV's Betty Goes Global features original interviews with buyers and schedulers,writers,story editors and directors,including the creator of Yo soy Betty, la fea, Fernando Gaitan


In this paper, we introduce a Web-based visual analytics framework for democratizing advanced visualization and analysis capabilities pertinent to large-scale earth system simulations. We address significant limitations of present climate data analysis tools such as tightly coupled dependencies, inefficient data movements, complex user interfaces, and static visualizations. Our Web-based visual analytics framework removes critical barriers to the widespread accessibility and adoption of advanced scientific techniques. Using distributed connections to back-end diagnostics, we minimize data movements and leverage HPC platforms. We also mitigate system dependency issues by employing a RESTful interface. Our framework embraces the visual analytics paradigm via new visual navigation techniques for hierarchical parameter spaces, multi-scale representations, and interactive spatio-temporal data mining methods that retain details. Although generalizable to other science domains, the current work focuses on improving exploratory analysis of large-scale Community Land Model (CLM) and Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) simulations.


This thesis describes practical protection mechanisms that allow mutually suspicious subsystems to cooperate in a single computation and still be protected from one another. The mechanisms are based on the division of a computation into independent domains of access privilege, each of which may encapsulate a protected subsystem. The central component of the mechanisms is a hardware processor that automatically enforces the access constraints associated with a multidomain computation implemented as a single execution point in a segmented virtual memory. This processor allows a standard interprocedure call with arguments to change the domain of execution of the computation. Arguments are automatically communicated on cross-domain calls - even between domains that normally have no access capabilities in common. The processor, when supported by a suitable software system which is also discussed, provides the protection basis for a computer utility in which users may encapsulate data bases as protected subsystems, and then, without compromising the protection of the individual subsystems, combine protected subsystems of different users to perform various computations.


Management of acute limb ischaemia (ALI) in patients with significant, but not yet terminal, medical co-morbidities can be challenging. This case highlights the management considerations for a patient with a locally invasive squamous cell lung carcinoma, who developed unilateral ALI while receiving in-hospital treatment for pneumonia. There were limited options for pain relief due to the inherent risk of respiratory complications. Treatment option for the ALI was likewise limited. Surgical thrombo-embolectomy was successfully performed under local anaesthesia. This offered full resolution of symptoms and allowed the patient to have one good night's sleep at last.


Land-use changes are frequently indicated to be one of the main human-induced factors influencing the groundwater system. For land-use change, groundwater re- search has mainly focused on the change in water quality thereby neglecting changes in quantity. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of land-use changes, from 2000 until 2020, on the hydrological balance and in partic- ular on groundwater quantity, as results from a case study in the Kleine Nete basin, Belgium. New is that this study tests a methodology, which couples a land-use change model with a water balance and a steady-state groundwater model. Four future land-use scenarios (A1, A2, B1 and B2) based on the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) are modelled with the CLUE-S model. Water balance com- ponents, groundwater level and baseflow are simulated us- ing the WetSpass model in conjunction with a steady-state MODFLOW groundwater flow model. Results show that the average recharge decreases with 2.9, 1.6, 1.8 and 0.8% for scenario A1, A2, B1 and B2, respectively, over the 20 cov- ered years. The predicted reduction in recharge results in a small decrease of the average groundwater level in the basin, ranging from 2.5 cm for scenario A1 to 0.9 cm for scenario B2, and a reduction of the baseflow with maximum 2.3% and minimum 0.7% for scenario A1 and B2, respectively. Al- though these averages appear to indicate small changes in the groundwater system, spatial analysis shows that much larger changes are located near the major cities in the study area. Hence, spatial planning should take better account of effects of land-use change on the groundwater system and define mitigating actions for reducing the negative impacts of land-use change.


Churches and charities have fallen into the bad habit of creating programs to help the poor when in reality the only people they are helping are themselves, creating a toxic charity that needs to be reexamined and fixed. In this groundbreaking book, Lupton shows how good-intentioned people are actually hurting the very people they're trying to help. The poor end up feeling judged, looked down upon, only worthy of charity and handouts that end up making them more dependent instead of learning skills to help themselves. Churches and charitable organizations, though good-intentioned, have missed the mark when it comes to serving the poor, creating a toxic form of charity. Lupton says that a better system would be to treat the poor as business partners, empowering them to start businesses, build houses, plan communities, etc. He offers specific organizations as examples of this healthier model of charity and gives practical ideas for how to get involved in service projects that truly help. Together, we can serve our world in a way that actually effects life-altering change.


Nike's "Possibilities" campaign has become a prime example for social media adoption in marketing. In August 2013, Nike had asked its consumers to redefine "Just Do It" by taking to Twitter and sharing their athletic achievements under the #JustDoIt hashtag. The iconic slogan has since then evolved from a mere promotional message to a trending Twitter topic that continues to engage consumers today. By examining Nike's #JustDoIt Twitter conversation, marketing professionals and scholars alike can develop a more informed understanding of how Twitter facilitates interaction between a brand and its consumers. The paper aims to explore how Twitter can be used to develop and maintain relationships between businesses and consumers by examining the interactions within Nike's #JustDoIt conversation. Using Bakhtin's (1981) notion of heteroglossia and Zappavigna's (2011) interpretation of the imagined audience and ambient affiliation, this paper will conceptualize the interactions that took place and demonstrate their applications to the practice of social business (Rajagopal, 2013) and Integrated Marketing Communication (Kapoor, Jayasimha, and Sadh, 2013). The research questions are:

(1) How does #JustDoIt facilitate interaction between Nike and its consumers?
(2) What are Twitter users saying in Nike's #JustDoIt conversation?
(3) To what ends does #JustDoIt serve in Nike's overall mission?

Heteroglossia, the imagined audience, and ambient affiliation are all concepts that can be used to describe user interactions within Twitter hashtags. For businesses, these terms provide a framework for better understanding how branded content can reach audiences on Twitter, thus informing strategies that seek to engage consumers and spark conversations.


This book brings together two seminal works by George Santayana, one of the most significant philosophers of the twentieth century: Character and Opinion in the United States, which stands with Tocqueville's Democracy in America as one the most insightful works of American cultural criticism ever written, and "The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy," a landmark text of both philosophical analysis and cultural criticism. An introduction by James Seaton situates Santayana in the intellectual and cultural context of his own time. Four additional essays include John Lachs on the ways Santayana's understanding of "the soul of America" help explain the relative peace among nationalities and ethnic groups in the United States; Wilfred M. McClay on Santayana's life of the mind as it relates to dominant trends in American culture; Roger Kimball on Santayana's "most uncommon benefice, common sense"; and James Seaton on Santayana's distinction between "English liberty" and "fierce liberty." All the essays serve to highlight the relevance of Santayana's ideas to current issues in American culture, including education, immigration, and civil rights.


SUMMARY: The possibilities afforded by E-business are evident, but the level of implementation and penetration was not as expected within the construction industry. The potential benefits for construction are suggested by the E-business accomplishments in other industries. Yet its poor uptake (less than 20% of documentation is currently tendered electronically) suggests the unpopularity of e-procurement in UK construction. Many drivers and barriers to general e-procurement have been identified in published literature. Previous studies in the US (Davila et al, 2003, Minahan and Degan, 2001) and Australia (Hawking et al, 2004) have ranked these drivers and barriers for the general procurement of goods and services. In previous research, Eadie et al (2007) ranked the drivers and barriers to e-procurement from a construction contractor's perspective in the Northern Ireland public sector in a pilot study for this current research. In the current research, a focus group was established consisting of five domain experts, who represented the various aspects and levels of expertise of construction procurement, namely: web-based materials procurement, e-auctions, compact disc write once (CDR) e-tendering, the contractor's perspective and electronic document production. This group produced a comprehensive list of construction-based e-procurement drivers and barriers. A detailed questionnaire for a web-based survey was produced from the findings of this focus group to ascertain the importance rankings of these drivers and barriers. A telephone survey of all Quantity Surveyors within the United Kingdom, listed on the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) website, identified those who used e-procurement. This was followed by a web-based questionnaire survey of the identified organisations on e-procurement for construction-based activities. This paper presents the findings of the driver and barrier verification study and the driver and barrier importance ranking survey. Further research will link the drivers and barriers to e-procurement to the five maturity levels in Paulk's maturity model through factor analysis. This research and development will result in the production of a tool to analyse the e-readiness of an organisation, and hopefully this tool will allow them to harness drivers and to mitigate barriers.


The overall aim of this study is to ensure that sustained benefits to Australian towns result from the continued growth of their tourist trade. This can be achieved by providing a simple method of assessing the image, which, in turn, will improve the understanding that various groups have of their town image. To do this the thesis will build on a number of earlier studies using a mapping methodology deveised [sic] in the 1960's by Kevin Lynch. This methodology plus other methodologies will be used to examine the image that tourists, residents and local leaders have of a number of towns in North Queensland. Six towns in North Queensland are identified for the study based on a number of factors: their location on the coast or inland, there [sic] population size, and their road system type. The towns are: Cardwell/Hughenden, lnnisfail/Charters Towers, Port Douglas/Mareeba.

A review in the first chapter identifies that the study of towns in Australia is a neglected area of research in all disciplines, including tourism. In terms of tourism, the importance of the image of a town is discussed with reference to urban tourism, the use of cities as gateways and the spill over occurring now in Australia as tourists travel throughout the country.

A number of methodologies from other disciplines and the tourism discipline are examined in Chapter 2 and the need for a methodology which can capture the full range of image factors is recognised. At the same time the need for an emic perspective is identified. A multimethod approach using the mapping methodology of Lynch (1960) combined with the open ended question image methodology of Echtner and Ritchie (1993) is developed. This approach captures the full range of image factors of a town from the emic perspectives of tourists, residents and local leaders. The components of destination image studies are examined and simplified components are developed and used for the town image analysis.

An exploratory study uses the multimethod approach developed in Chapter 2 to elicit the features considered important by participants in determining the image of Cardwell. Research focuses on the image that two groups (tourists and residents) hold of the town as well as the usefulness of the questionnaire design and data collection method. A basic, supplementary and unique image are identified from the Cardwell data. The basic image of Cardwell was found to be focussed on the main highway through the town with the seashore and town park on one side and islands in the distance. On the other side of the highway shops, service stations, eating places and the hotel added more detail to this basic image. The supplementary image factors add texture to the physical image, that is, old buildings that need 'fixing up', untidy yards, the cleared undeveloped (at the time) space at Oyster Point. Social problems within the town, such as the perceived bad council attitude to Cardwell, unemployment, quality and service at eating places were also identified in the Supplementary image factors. Finally, the descriptive image factors showed Cardwell as a quiet, peaceful, slow, calm, sleepy, place which is unspoiled, pleasant, picturesque and attractive, while more negative descriptions painted the town expensive, boring, insular, dying and neglected. This chapter confirmed that the questionnaire design and data collection method were sound and that adequate data could be collected to determine the images of the selected towns from the perspective of tourists and residents.

Based on the lessons learned from the exploratory study surveys are carried out in the other five towns. The studies identify and compare image factors which make up the basic, supplementary images of each town and compared the combined image of each town with the other towns to produce a third unique image. A summary of the combined respondent images found a basic image made up of: the main highway, shops, hotels and some local streets, not named. For the supplementary image five image factors, upgrading the landscape, quiet, positive, town type and friendly, were frequent between towns. The summary also identified 22 basic image factors which were unique to one town only.

Finally, a model of an "General" town is produced from the combined data of the six case study towns. It is noted that with some modification that the "General" town image could be particularly useful for local government when inventorying their town assets for a tourism plan (a condensed version of the Hughenden image study was used for this purpose in the Regional tourism plan for the Shires of Flinders, Richmond & McKinley in North Queensland). Seventy basic, supplementary and unique image factors are identified in the "General" town model.

This thesis is important because it: adds to the destination image and urban tourism data base, develops a new multimethod approach which can be used to assess destination images, and provides a simple method to local government of assessing their town(s) image(s). In particular, it focuses on the emic perspective of tourists, residents and local leaders, and has identified few major differences between tourist, resident and local leader images of their towns. Finally, the procedures used in the thesis have been developed and validated regionally.


Since the early 1980s, new ventures with high growth potential and large capital needs have found an ever-increasing pool of venture capital available to support their growth. However, the flow of venture capital investment to women-led businesses remains meager in spite of the fact that in the US and Europe an increasing number of businesses are owned by women. The apparent disparity between potential investment opportunity and actual deals made between venture capital firms and women-led businesses raises the question of whether gender is an issue. The majority of venture capital studies investigate equity funds flows, investor criteria and the nature of the investor-investee relationship. Research on women entrepreneurs focuses on psychological dimensions, business characteristics and performance. Questions about the intersection of gender and venture capital financing are largely unexamined. This exploratory study utilizes longitudinal data to track US venture capital investments by proportion, stage, industry and gender. The descriptive statistics and our analysis of the findings suggest several hypotheses to explain the apparent gender gap.


Objectives Comorbidity is prevalent in older working ages and might affect employment exits. This study aimed to 1) assess the associations between comorbidity and different employment exit routes, and 2) examine such associations by gender. Methods We used data from employed adults aged 50–62 in the Stockholm Public Health Survey 2002 and 2006, linked to longitudinal administrative income records (N = 10,416). The morbidity measure combined Limiting Longstanding Illness and Common Mental Disorder—captured by the General Health Questionnaire-12 (≥4)—into a categorical variable: 1) No Limiting Longstanding Illness, no Common Mental Disorder, 2) Limiting Longstanding Illness only, 3) Common Mental Disorder only, and 4) comorbid Limiting Longstanding Illness+Common Mental Disorder. Employment status was followed up until 2010, treating early retirement, disability pension and unemployment as employment exits. Competing risk regression analysed the associations between morbidity and employment exit routes, stratifying by gender. Results Compared to No Limiting Longstanding Illness, no Common Mental Disorder, comorbid Limiting Longstanding Illness+Common Mental Disorder was associated with early retirement in men (subdistribution hazard ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence intervals: 1.08–2.76), but not in women. For men and women, strong associations for disability pension were observed with Limiting Longstanding Illness only (subdistribution hazard ratio = 11.43, 95% confidence intervals: 9.40–13.89) and Limiting Longstanding Illness+Common Mental Disorder (subdistribution hazard ratio = 14.25, 95% confidence intervals: 10.91–18.61), and to a lesser extent Common Mental Disorder only (subdistribution hazard ratio = 2.00, 95% confidence intervals: 1.31–3.05). Women were more likely to exit through disability pension than men (subdistribution hazard ratio = 1.96, 95% confidence intervals: 1.60–2.39). Common Mental Disorder only was the only morbidity category associated with unemployment (subdistribution hazard ratio = 1.70, 95% confidence intervals: 1.36–2.15). Conclusions Strong associations were observed between specific morbidity categories with different employment exit routes, which differed by gender. Initiatives to extend working lives should consider older workers' varied health needs to prevent inequalities in older age.


Abstract. CBERS-02B was the first high resolution earth observation satellite in China, which adopted linear array push-broom sensor. The nadir ground resolution of the on board HR camera was 2.36 m. However, the accuracies of the on-board GPS receiver and star tracker were very limited due to the technical restrictions. The accuracy of direct geo-referencing by the on-board measurements of position and attitude parameters was about 1 kilometre, which restrained the wide applications of the CBERS-02B imagery in the surveying and mapping field. It is necessary to perform the bundle block adjustment to improve the accuracy of geo-referencing. A proper sensor model has to be adopted during the bundle block adjustment using strict physical sensor model with long orbit data, in order to solve the problem of too many unknown exterior orientation parameters (EOPs). Several sensor models have been discussed, such as quadratic polynomial model, systematic error compensation model, orientation image model, and piecewise polynomial model. The combination of the systematic error compensation model and the orientation image model will be used to deal with the CBERS-02B imagery in this paper. Furthermore, three TDI-CCD linear arrays were fixed on the focal plane of the HR camera. The middle CCD array was shifted against the left and the right one. The level 1A image used in this paper was mosaicked by the three sub-images collected by the left, the middle and the right CCD, respectively. But there were some displacements among the three sub-images in the mosaicked image and the three CCD arrays may not be rigorously parallel. The angular parameter α and the translation parameters χ, γ of each CCD refer to the theoretical position on the focal plane is used to model the interior distortions, so there are totally 9 interior distortion parameters, although some of them are not significant. The laboratory calibrated parameters of the image sensor are usually different from the true values after launch. So a self-calibration strategy should be applied in the bundle block adjustment. Plenty of automatically matched GCPs with precision of 10 meters in plane and 20 meters in height are used to perform the bundle adjustment. Both the systematic error compensation model and the orientation image model with the interior selfcalibration parameters are used in the bundle block adjustment to eliminate the systematic errors caused by the camera internal distortions and to improve the precision of geo-referencing. A best combination of interior orientation parameters (IOPs) is drawn from the adjustment results with different combinations of these IOPs. Besides, there may be some gross errors in the automatically matched GCPs. The gross errors among GCPs may lead to unusual variation of the exterior orientation elements by time. Methods of enlarging the intervals of orientation image and increasing the weights of the position and attitude observations are applied in the combined bundle block adjustment to remove the influence of gross errors of GCPs. The preliminary experimental results show that for longer than 1000 km orbit data, the average accuracy of self-calibrated bundle block adjustment combined with GPS and star tracker observations is 2 pixels better than that without self-calibration. The planar position accuracies in X and Y of check points are 8 m and 7 m respectively.


We consider the algorithmic challenges behind a novel interface that simplifies consumer research of online reviews by surfacing relevant comparable review bundles: reviews for two or more of the items being researched, all generated in similar enough circumstances to provide for easy comparison. This can be reviews by the same reviewer, or by the same demographic category of reviewer, or reviews focusing on the same aspect of the items. But such an interface will work only if the review ecosystem often has comparable review bundles for common research tasks. Here, we develop and evaluate practical algorithms for suggesting additional review targets to reviewers to maximize comparable pair coverage, the fraction of co-researched pairs of items that have both been reviewed by the same reviewer (or more generally are comparable in one of several ways). We show the exact problem and many subcases to be intractable, and give a greedy online, linear-time 2-approximation for a very general setting, and an offline 1.583-approximation for a narrower setting. We evaluate the algorithms on the Google+ Local reviews dataset, yielding more than 10x gain in pair coverage from six months of simulated replacement of existing reviews by suggested reviews. Even allowing for 90% of reviewers ignoring the suggestions, the pair coverage grows more than 2x in the simulation. To explore other parts of the parameter space, we also evaluate the algorithms on synthetic models.


Cytoplasmic dynein purified by nucleotide dependent microtubule affinity has significant minus end-directed vesicle motor activity that decreases with each further purification step. Highly purified dynein causes membrane vesicles to bind but not move on microtubules. We exploited these observations to develop an assay for factors that, in combination with dynein, would permit minus end-directed vesicle motility. At each step of the purification, non-dynein fractions were recombined with dynein and assayed for vesicle motility. Two activating fractions were identified by this method. One, called Activator I, copurified with 20S dynein by velocity sedimentation but could be separated from it by ion exchange chromatography. Activator I increased only the frequency of dynein-driven vesicle movements. Activator II, sedimenting at 9S, increased both the frequency and velocity of vesicle transport and also supported plus end movements. Our results suggest that dynein-based motility is controlled at multiple levels and provide a preliminary characterization of two regulatory factors.


The chapter describes the main features of the use of the radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology in library activities. The technical capabilities of RFID equipment for unique identification of library documents in information systems for various purposes are shown. The questions of development of library technologies due to the full-featured use capabilities of automatic and radio-frequency identification systems in libraries are presented. The possibility of development of library RFID systems in the direction of the concept of Electronic Product Code (EPC) through the modification of the regulatory framework on the basis of existing harmonized standards is considered. It is shown that this approach to the formation of the regulatory framework will create conditions for increasing the availability of RFID technology for libraries. Development of library RFID systems in the direction of the Internet of things (IoT) concept will significantly increase the integration of the traditional library collections, along with electronic documents, in the modern information space. This will increase the availability of printed documents to readers and contribute to development of library technologies towards development of a global integrated system of library and information support for human activities. This will allow libraries themselves to integrate more fully into the global information space, at the next stage of development of information technologies.


Forest harvesting and transport operations lie on a near-optimal path for creating conflict. Thus their careful implementation is important not only for the sustainability of forests but also for the continuation of forestry as a profession. This paper summarises recent initiatives to reduce environmental and social impacts associated with forest harvesting and transport. These include efforts to reduce the global extent of harvesting operations in natural forests by increasing forest yields; attempts to enhance economic efficiency through better operational planning and control and through more effective training of forest workers; initiatives to develop incentive systems and policies which will promote the adoption of reduced-impact harvesting and transport system; efforts to prepare local and regional guidelines for environmentally sound forest practices; and work on the development of procedures of assessing the sustainability of forest practices. The paper also reviews briefly a selection of recent technological advances which promise to make forest harvesting and transport operations both more economically efficient and also more environmentally sound.


In a variety of fields, in particular those involving imaging and optics, we often measure signals whose phase is missing or has been irremediably distorted. Phase retrieval attempts the recovery of the phase information of a signal from the magnitude of its Fourier transform to enable the reconstruction of the original signal. A fundamental question then is: "Under which conditions can we uniquely recover the signal of interest from its measured magnitudes?" In this paper, we assume the measured signal to be sparse. This is a natural assumption in many applications, such as X-ray crystallography, speckle imaging and blind channel estimation. In this work, we derive a sufficient condition for the uniqueness of the solution of the phase retrieval (PR) problem for both discrete and continuous domains, and for one and multi-dimensional domains. More precisely, we show that there is a strong connection between PR and the turnpike problem, a classic combinatorial problem. We also prove that the existence of collisions in the autocorrelation function of the signal may preclude the uniqueness of the solution of PR. Then, assuming the absence of collisions, we prove that the solution is almost surely unique on 1-dimensional domains. Finally, we extend this result to multi-dimensional signals by solving a set of 1-dimensional problems. We show that the solution of the multi-dimensional problem is unique when the autocorrelation function has no collisions, significantly improving upon a previously known result.


A definition study for a Ground-based European Nulling Interferometry Experiment (GENIE) has been initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). This instrument is planned to be installed in 2006 on the VLTI at Mount Paranal, Chile. The primary objective of the GENIE experiment is to gain experience in the design, manufacture and operation of a nulling interferometer using a Darwin representative technology. Besides its technological goal, GENIE is designed to survey exozodiacal dust clouds around nearby stars and to study the brightest of them by means of low-resolution spectroscopy. GENIE also aims at low-mass companion detection, including hot Jupiters. In this paper, the expected performances of the GENIE interferometer are investigated as a function of the observation wavelength and of the performances of critical subsystems.


Species richness, endemism and areas that are rich in both species and endemic species were assessed and mapped for Namibia. High species diversity corresponds with zones where species overlap. These are particularly obvious where there are altitudinal variations and in high-lying areas. The endemic flora of Namibia is rich and diverse. An estimated 16% of the total plant species in Namibia are endemic to the country. Endemics are in a wide variety of families and sixteen genera are endemic. Factors that increase the likelihood of endemism are mountains, hot deserts, diversity of substrates and microclimates. The distribution of plants endemic to Namibia was arranged in three different ways. Firstly, based on a grid count with the phytogeographic value o f the species being equal, overall endemism was mapped. Secondly, range restricted plant species were mapped individually and those with congruent distribution patterns were combined. Thirdly, localities that are important for very range-restricted species were identified. The resulting maps o f endemism and diversity were compared and found to correspond in many localities. When overall endemism is compared with overall diversity, rich localities may consist of endemic species with wide ranges. The other methods identify important localities with their own distinctive complement of species.


The EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab is the only approved targeted agent for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Yet resistance to cetuximab has hindered its activity in this disease. Intrinsic or compensatory HER3 signaling may contribute to cetuximab resistance. To investigate the therapeutic benefit of combining MM-121/SAR256212, an anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody, with cetuximab in HNSCC, we initially screened 12 HNSCC cell lines for total and phosphorylated levels of the four HER receptors. We also investigated the combination of MM-121 with cetuximab in preclinical models of HNSCC. Our results revealed that HER3 is widely expressed and activated in HNSCC cell lines. MM-121 strongly inhibited phosphorylation ofHER3 andAKT.When combinedwith cetuximab,MM-121 exerted amore potent antitumor activity through simultaneously inhibiting the activation of HER3 and EGFR and consequently the downstream PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in vitro. Both high and low doses of MM-121 in combination with cetuximab significantly suppressed tumor growth in xenograft models and inhibited activations of HER3, EGFR, AKT, and ERK in vivo. Ourwork is the first report on this new combination inHNSCC and supports the concept that HER3 inhibition may play an important role in future therapy of HNSCC. Our results open the door for further mechanistic studies to better understand the role of HER3 in resistance to EGFR inhibitors in HNSCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(7); 1826–36. 2014 AACR.


Natural convection heat transfer appears in a wide range of smaller scales (in pipelines, canals and tanks) to huge scales (atmospheric, molten planet essence) that have been studied for a very long time for their energy importance. Natural convection depends on the geometric relationships and the temperature of the surfaces involved, and determines the type of flow, either laminar or turbulent, which may occur. Normal convection takes place between two parallel plates at different temperatures, and the subject is often studied when the temperature of the lower plate is higher than the temperature of the upper part a well-known convection case called RayleighBainard convection. Certain examples of natural convection based on circular plates still restrict flow being unlimited. In engineering practice, this is certainly not the case so that in the proposed research the effect of side walls on the flow is, with no ideal for the process and in the real three-dimensional field. Natural convection has an undeniable effect on thermal flow processes in engineering practice that are used in most mobile engineering systems, which have a parallel shape. These can contain all types of alcohol, so that the search inside the alcohol, which represents the majority of liquids that can be found in the tanks given. The temperature changes on the thermal flow processes that take place in the given tanks. Results obtained should show closely the actual flow systems in the given tanks as well as their impact on the deposition of solid particles that can be found in the given tanks.


Coastal regions are vulnerable to various natural processes, ranging from normal waves to extreme events. Given the flourishing development and large population along coastlines, various measures have been taken to mitigate the water-induced damage. Nature-based coastal protection, especially vegetation, has attracted unprecedented studies over the past two decades. To enhance understanding of this subject, this dissertation evaluates the impact of patchy vegetation on wave and runup dynamics along coastlines. Selecting from a prototype in Dalehite Cove, Galveston Bay, TX, results from a Boussinesq model (COULWAVE) showed patchy vegetation reduced up to 75% mean shoreward current in the mound-channel wetland systems. These vegetation patches also reduced the primary circulation around mounds, with a power-form relation between circulation size and various parameters (i.e., bathymetry, incident wave and vegetated roughness). Substituting spectral waves for regular waves in the similar wetlands, more energy was transferred into the higher frequencies. The impact of patchy vegetation on wave energy was frequencyand space-dependent, with increased energy observed in specific harmonics and locations. Comparison with unvegetated horizontal bathymetry demonstrated that mound-channel bathymetry was the dominant factor in transferring and dissipating wave energy, while vegetation patches added a fair contribution. As for extreme events, such as tsunamis, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to assess the effectiveness of patchy vegetation with various roughness levels, spacings and sizes. Overall, vegetation patches reduced the most destructive loads onshore by up to 80%. Within-patch roughness variation only caused uncertainty on the hydrodynamics around the seaward patches, while the mitigation of extreme loads was not undermined. A logarithmic relation was observed between the protected area from extreme loads and the vegetated coverage. These findings will fill the knowledge gap of hydrodynamics in the presence patchy vegetation, and improve the engineering practice of coastal protection using nature-based infrastructure. This material is base on a work supported by the National Sea Grant College Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via Grant No. NA14OAR4170102; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, under Award No. NA14OAR4170093 to Virginia Sea Grant; and the National Science Foundation via Grant No. CMMI-1206271. This work used resources of Advanced Research Computing at Virginia Tech. Impact of Patchy Vegetation on Wave and Runup Dynamics


We studied the influence of object orientation and lighting direction on pictorial relief of 2D images of generic 3D objects. We used two objects, namely a globally convex object with a furrow in it and a globally convex object with a dimple in it. Participants adjusted a local surface attitude probe at 200-250 different locations in the image such that it seems to lie on the pictorial surface. In a 2×2 orthogonal design we manipulated the object orientation and the lighting direction. Lighting direction was always with respect to the view frame. The orientations were sufficiently altered to be qualitatively different from each other; that is, different kinds of shading singularities and contour singularities were present in the images. It was found that changes in lighting condition induced systematic changes on the settings for both orientations of the objects. First, the results showed that the reconstructed depth range was altered by a change in lighting direction. Second, we looked at the parabolic lines in the surface reconstructions; parabolic lines are curves on a surface where at least one of the principle curvatures equals zero. It was found that the parabolic lines shift due to a change in light direction. This is a particularly interesting finding since the actual location of the parabolic lines on the 3D object is invariant for changes in light direction and object orientation.


This paper aims to investigate the impact of HRM practices on employee satisfaction in the pharmaceutical companies of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed amoung 108 employees of four pharmaceuticals companies, whereas 96 employees answered rightly. Statistical tools like z test, mean and proportion analysis was used to assess the impact of HRM practices on employee satisfaction. The study reveals that employees in pharmaceutical companies are satisfied with the recruitment and selection, and training and development policy and practices of pharmaceutical companies. On the other hand, employees are dissatisfied with the human resource planning, working environment, compensation policy, performance appraisal, and industrial relations. The study suggests that the pharmaceutical companies should develop proper human resource policy and given emphasis on proper human resource practices to enhance the satisfaction of their employees and build them effective human resources


Abstract. The Taklimakan Desert in the Tarim Basin is the largest desert in Central Asia, and is regarded as one of the main dust sources to the Northern Hemisphere. Late Cenozoic sedimentary sequences with intercalated in-situ aeolian dune sands in this area preserve direct evidence for the Asian desertification. Herein, we report a high-resolution multi-proxy climatic record from the precise magnetostratigraphic dated Hongbaishan section in the central Taklimakan Desert. Our results show that a fundamental climate change, characterised by significant cooling, enhanced aridity, and intensified atmospheric circulation, occurred at 2.8 Ma. Good correlations between paleo-environmental records in the dust sources and downwind areas suggest a broadly consistent climate evolution of northwestern China during the late Cenozoic, which is probably driven by the uplift of the Tibet Plateau and the Northern Hemisphere glaciation.


Pulp and oils (fruit extract) from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. spp. Turkestanica) (HRL) seeds and berries have been traditionally used in the treatment of different clinical and psychotic disorders and have significant implication in contemporary medicinal therapy. Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental illness that affects approximately 1% of the population. Although the first generation of antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol are widely prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia, their beneficial effects are accompanied by extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of HRL fruit extract (HRL-FE) on behavioral deficits and changes in brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism in rats administered with haloperidol repeatedly (two times a day at 09:00-09:30 A.M. and 05:00-05:30 P.M. at dose of 3.0 mg/kg body weight for two weeks. Results revealed that after two weeks of oral administration of HRL-FE (4.0 mg/kg body weight), rats exhibited significant (p<0.01) increases in locomotor activity in home cages and exploratory activity in open field arena. Repeated haloperidol treatment significantly (p<0.01) decreased brain tryptophan (TRP) and 5-HT and these decreases were reversed by 4.0 mg/kg body weight HRL-FE. These data suggest that HRL-FE plays a modifying role against the haloperidol induced behavioral deficits and could further extend as a nutritive therapy to conventional antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia.


MARIANNE E. KALINKE, ed. The Arthur of the North: The Arthurian Legend in the North and Rus' Realms. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages 5. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2011. Pp. x, 223. isbn: 978-0-7083-2353-3. $85.00. The Arthur of the North is the fifth volume in the Series 'Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages,' which is intended as a collection of volumes dealing with Arthurian material in the national languages of Europe. Together, this series will replace R.S. Loomis' Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1959). So far have appeared: Volume 1, The Arthur of the Welsh, ed. Rachel Bromwich, O.H. Jarman, and Brynley F. Roberts (1991) (reviewed in Arthuriana 6.3, 83-84); Volume 2, The Arthur of the English, ed. W.R.J. Barron (2001) (reviewed in Arthuriana 12.3, 112-13); Volume 3, The Arthur of the Germans, ed. W.H. Jackson and S.A. Ranawake (2000) (reviewed in Arthuriana 11.3, 122-24); and Volume 4, The Arthur of the French, ed. Glyn S. Burgess and Karen Platt (2006). Volume 6, The Arthur of Medieval Latin Literature, ed. Siân Echard, also appeared in 2011 and volumes on the Arthur of the Iberians and the Arthur of the Italians are promised. The editor of this volume, Marianne Kalinke, CAS Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures and Trowbridge Chair in Literary Studies Emerita at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is hardly a stranger to readers of this journal. She is the foremost authority on the Arthurian literature of Scandinavia, and her publications in this field include King Arthur North-by Northwest (Copenhagen, 1981), Norse Romances, 3 volumes, part III of the Arthurian Archives (Cambridge, 1999) (reviewed in Arthuriana 10.4, 78-80), as well as numerous handbook and encyclopedia contributions on the subject and a large number of articles in learned journals. Nor does this volume disappoint. Its nine articles on various aspects of Arthuriana in the Scandinavian Languages and a concluding article on the influence of Arthur on the medieval literature of Belarus and the Ukraine are all first rate contributions. Each contribution has its own bibliography (which leads to some duplication), and there is a brief general bibliography at the end of the volume where can also be found a list of manuscripts cited and a comprehensive index. After a brief introduction to the subject matter, Kalinke opens the volume with an essay dealing with the introduction of Arthurian material into Scandinavia in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The earliest text to be translated was the 'Prophetiae Merlini' from Book VII of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Britanniae, which was turned into a poem of 103 stanzas around 1200 as Merlinsspa, followed shortly afterwards by a prose version of the Historia under the title Breta sogur (The Histories of the Britons). However, the Golden Age for the translation of Arthurian materials into Norse is the thirteenth century, particularly during the reign of Hakon IV Hakonarsson of Norway (1217-63). He promoted the translation of romances involving the matiere de Bretagne beginning with Tristrams saga ok Isondar. This is an important text as it preserves the complete narrative of the Roman de Tristan by Thomas de Bretagne which otherwise survives in French only in fragmentary form. This translation was followed by three romances of Chretien de Troyes, which appeared as Erex saga, Ivens saga, and Parcevals saga with a separate Valvens þattur (The Tale of Gawain). A collection of Breton lais, many by Marie de France, was also made under the Strengleikar [Stringed Instruments] and a translation of the Lai du cort mantel (Mottuls saga). Arthurian material was only a part of Hakon's program of translation, and Kalinke's essay is particularly useful in the way it contextualizes the different demands made on the translators and the consequences of this translation program for subsequent Icelandic literary history, particularly the development of the riddarasogur [stories of knights]. …


"Agricultural development strategies delineate priorities for actions to enhance agricultural and overall development. They are usually put forward by individual countries based on assessments of national needs. Seldom are attempts made to identify strategic priorities for agricultural development that cut across national boundaries. This gap is perhaps not surprising—organizations mandated to develop and implement regional agricultural development programs are rare. Although the gap may be understandable, it is also troubling. This report helps to fill that gap for eastern and central Africa (ECA), focusing on Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Recent trends and the current performance of agriculture in these countries expose a region progressively less able to meet the needs of its burgeoning population... The analysis... suggests that to avoid the bleak growth and poverty outcomes implied by business-as-usual in agriculture, ECA governments must invest in combinations of measures that (1) spur productivity growth, focusing on subsectors with high demand within ECA; (2) strengthen agricultural markets; (3) enhance linkages between agricultural and nonagricultural sectors; and (4) exploit opportunities for regional cooperation." from Authors' Abstract


The subject of the present work is the study of the influence of pH, temperature, alcoholic content and time on the extraction of some individual ellagic tannins (castalagin, vescalagin, grandinin, roburin D and E) and ellagic acid from oak wood chips (Quercus pyrenaica L.) within model wine solutions. The determination of these compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), after 104 extraction days, enabled us to establish the qualitative and quantitative evolution of each component and the effect of each extraction condition on individual and total ellagic tannins from oak wood chips. Vescalagin and castalagin were the most abundant individual ellagic tannins measured under all extraction conditions. Individual ellagic tannins and ellagic acid increased during the first weeks of extraction, followed by a decrease. Under the extraction conditions examined, temperature was the main factor influencing ellagic tannins and elagic acid evolution. The results suggest that a decrease/degradation of these compounds is less noticeable at low temperatures (12oC). After 104 extraction days the ellagic tannins content in a model wine solution at 12oC was higher than the content of ellagic tannins in solutions at 20oC. On the other hand, the effects of alcoholic content and pH of model wine solutions on the extraction and evolution of the analysed compounds (except for castalagin and vescalagin) seemed to be less important than temperature.


We calculate simultaneously the radio and optical luminosity evolutions of quasars, and the distribution in radio loudness R defined as the ratio of radio and optical luminosities, using a flux-limited data set containing 636 quasars with radio and optical fluxes from White et al. We first note that when dealing with multi-variate data it is imperative to first determine the true correlations among the variables, not those introduced by the observational selection effects, before obtaining the individual distributions of the variables. We use the methods developed by Efron and Petrosian which are designed to obtain unbiased correlations, distributions, and evolution with redshift from a data set truncated due to observational biases. It is found that the population of quasars exhibits strong positive correlation between the radio and optical luminosities. With this correlation, whether intrinsic or observationally induced accounted for, we find that there is a strong luminosity evolution with redshift in both wavebands, with significantly higher radio than optical evolution. We conclude that the luminosity evolution obtained by arbitrarily separating the sources into radio-loud (R > 10) and radio-quiet (R < 10) populations introduces significant biases that skew the result considerably. We also construct the local radio and optical luminosity functions and the density evolution. Finally, we consider the distribution of the radio-loudness parameter R obtained from careful treatment of the selection effects and luminosity evolutions with that obtained from the raw data without such considerations. We find a significant difference between the two distributions and no clear sign of bi-modality in the true distribution for the range of R values considered. Our results indicate therefore, somewhat surprisingly, that there is no critical switch in the efficiency of the production of disk outflows/jets between very radio-quiet and very radio-loud quasars, but rather a smooth transition. Also, this efficiency seems higher for the high-redshift and more luminous sources in the sample considered.


The dendritic spines on pyramidal cells represent the main postsynaptic elements of cortical excitatory synapses and they are fundamental structures in memory, learning and cognition. In the present study, we used intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow in fixed tissue to analyse over 19 500 dendritic spines that were completely reconstructed in three dimensions along the length of the basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the parahippocampal cortex and CA1 of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Following intracellular injection, sections were immunostained for anti-Lucifer yellow and with tau monoclonal antibodies AT8 and PHF-1, which recognize tau phosphorylated at Ser202/Thr205 and at Ser396/404, respectively. We observed that the diffuse accumulation of phospho-tau in a putative pre-tangle state did not induce changes in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons, whereas the presence of tau aggregates forming intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles was associated with progressive alteration of dendritic spines (loss of dendritic spines and changes in their morphology) and dendrite atrophy, depending on the degree of tangle development. Thus, the presence of phospho-tau in neurons does not necessarily mean that they suffer severe and irreversible effects as thought previously but rather, the characteristic cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease is likely to depend on the relative number of neurons that have well developed tangles.


Long-term measurements of polar ozone show an unexpectedly large decadal scale variability in the mid-stratosphere during winter. Negative ozone anomalies are strongly correlated with the flux of energetic electrons in the radiation belt, which is modulated by the 11-year solar cycle. The magnitude of the observed decadal ozone changes (?20%) is much larger than any previously reported solar cycle effect in the atmosphere up to this altitude. The early-winter ozone anomalies subsequently propagate downward into the lower stratosphere and may even influence total ozone and meteorological conditions during spring. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism by which solar variability impacts on climate through changes in polar ozone.


Indian Society is full of caste discrimination. In spite of several anti caste discrimination laws and provisions, violations are regular than exceptions. Due to its alarmity, world over and particularly India, even UN is making efforts to combat caste discrimination practices still faced by untouchables of India and elsewhere. India is even failing to uphold existing laws against caste discriminations and violations of human rights of untouchables are rampant. They are segregated in all walks of life and compelled to live in degrading conditions and are abused on all counts by upper castes people. Violence against them results in all kinds of inhuman atrocities, rapes and murders. Caste discrimination is considered as hidden apartheid in India. Even after 60 years of independence Dalits are prevented from entering temples. Dalits were beaten up on 15th October, 2009 while trying to enter temple in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, a shameful caste discrimination. There are several provisions, Acts, Articles in constitution of India against caste discrimination. Article 15 of Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of caste besides discrimination on grounds of religion, race, sex or place of birth and envisages equality before law (Article 14). Also equality of opportunity in public employment (Article 16) is enshrined. Anti caste discriminatory provisions are also incorporated in Article 17 by abolition of untouchability. Also right against exploitation (Article 23 and 24) is there to ensure prohibition of caste discrimination. As such right to equality is provided under Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution. SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 prohibits atrocities and thus caste discrimination based on caste. Indian Civil Rights Act 1955 is meant to ensure equal civil rights to all the citizens of India. Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) in the Constitution of India is also directed to prevent discrimination based on caste. However, all these rights and provisions against caste discrimination are not observed in practice and caste discrimination is rampant in Indian society. Discrimination continues to exist due to ignorance, prejudice and fallacious doctrines which try to justify inequality. Such doctrines are used to defend slavery and discrimination on various grounds including caste systems throughout history and even in modern era. Despite provisions of legal measures, presence and the continuation of antagonistic socio economic and religious and cultural element makes the enforcement of human rights and prevention of caste discrimination difficult. We have laws to tackle the issue of caste discrimination, but we have faltered on implementation part. Due to this violations of human rights are seen in everyday affairs, everywhere and caste is in fact the root cause of these human rights violations in India.

 Key words: Caste discrimination, untouchability, human rights violations, India.


Covering more than two centuries, "The Beaver Men" ranges from the beginning of the beaver trade along the St. Lawrence to the last great rendezvous of traders and trappers on Ham's Fork, in what is now Wyoming, in 1834. 'This book is not so much an historical study as a careful and intelligently drawn portrait of a world...that of the Great Plains during the period 1630-1834. [Mari Sandoz's] point of focus is the hunting of the beaver, but the cumulative effect of the study is much broader than the conventional historical examination. Her essential concern is ecological: the relations of living creatures with each other and with their physical world. It is this perspective, unique among chroniclers of the fur trade, that gives the book its very considerable value...Miss Sandoz's treatment of the Indian role is a good deal more complete than most studies; her sources include Indian documentation as well as the more conventional white man's documentation' - "Colorado Magazine".


Abstract:What can we learn from Riyadh? What does this massive desert capital teach us about cities that other, better-studied places don't? This article examines the making of one of the most salient characteristics of Riyadh: its carscape. In 2000, 93 percent of alldaily trips in Riyadh were done by private car, 5 percent were done by taxi, and 2 percent were done by collective transit, which means that private or hired cars were used in 98 percent of all 5 million daily trips in the city. The city looks today like a geometric, far-flung suburb crisscrossed by large highways and spotted with bouquets of high rises. Instead of developing around one central core in a contiguous manner, Riyadh grew around the massive usage of cars. Why and how did the suburbanization of Riyadh happen? How did Saudi automobility become the overwhelming social and political structure it is now?


T20 cricket is becoming the most popular and financially valuable form of the game, yet information related to the performances of winning teams is limited. This preliminary study investigated batting and bowling performance indicators, and additionally employed pitch level analysis to identify micro level variables related to successful outcomes in matches. Several large to moderate effect sizes were noted, including taking wickets (ES=1.64), wickets in last 6 overs (ES=1.44), percentage of runs from boundaries (ES=1.26), lower percentage of runs from boundaries in first 6 overs (ES=0.96,) and run rate (ES=0.90). Pitch map analysis identified bowlers from winning teams seem to take more wickets through LBW decisions, which could be related to a different grouping of deliveries in comparison to non-winning teams. Success in T20 cricket is linked to some obvious performance indicators; taking wickets, especially in the last 6 overs, and scoring runs quickly, principally through boundaries with specific attention to hitting 4's. There appear to be different batting and bowling tactics or skill levels within performers from winning teams, which may increase the likelihood of capturing wickets or scoring boundaries. Mapping of performance indicators across different T20 playing conditions may assist with team preparation and tactical decisions.


Tomato fruit have been associated with numerous outbreaks of salmonellosis in recent years. Trace back suggests tomato fruit may become contaminated during preharvest, however exact routes are unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for Salmonella enterica serotype Newport to be associated with the roots, leaves, stems, and ultimately fruit of red round tomato plants through contaminated irrigation water, at various stages of plant development, when grown under controlled environmental conditions. Tomato plants were individually root irrigated with 250 or 350 ml (depending on growth stage) of 7 log CFU/ml S. Newport contaminated irrigation water every seven days. Presence of the pathogen in plant tissue was evaluated at five growth stages; 14 days post transplant, early fruit, mid fruit, full fruit, and terminal stages. At each stage, roots, stems, leaves, and two tomato fruit, if present, from four S. Newport and four water irrigated (negative control) tomato plants were sampled for S. Newport contamination. Association of S. Newport was detected in tomato roots and stems using both conventional plating and molecular techniques. Twenty-four samples were confirmed positive for S. enterica using PCR. Sixty-five percent of the roots, 40% of the stems, 5% of the leaves and 5% of the fruit sampled were confirmed to contain S. enterica. Overall, there was significant difference in the presence of S. Newport according to tissue sampled (roots > stems > leaves and fruit) (P > 0.05). There was no correlation between growth stage and presence of S. Newport in tissues (P > 0.05). Ultimately, irrigation with S. Newport has a low probability of contaminating tomato fruit.


This chapter analyzes the nominalization of sixty-two transfer verbs concerning three morphological processes: conversion, suffixation using -cion , and suffixation using -miento . The competition between these mechanisms results in a process of differentiation, which can be carried out by means of a semantic change, a diatopic difference, or through the disappearance of one of them. In this scenario, two elements are fundamental: time and frequency. The former is needed either for the displacement or disappearance of one of the derived nouns; the latter affects both the strength and the resistance exhibited by the concerned derived elements. This process is linked to the productivity of the derived elements not only as types, but also as derivational models, which is in turn reflected in morphological organization. Keywords: nominalization; transfer verbs; conversion; suffixation


This paper presents an extended target tracking framework which uses polynomials in order to model extended objects in the scene of interest from imagery sensor data. State-space models are proposed for the extended objects which enables the use of Kalman filters in tracking. Different methodologies of designing measurement equations are investigated. A general target tracking algorithm that utilizes a specific data association method for the extended targets is presented. The overall algorithm must always use some form of prior information in order to detect and initialize extended tracks from the point tracks in the scene. This aspect of the problem is illustrated on a real life example of road-map estimation from automotive radar reports along with the results of the study.


This thesis explores the use of the concept 'realization' in the philosophy of mind. The primary focus is on the role realization plays in assessing or opposing identity theory. The history of the use of the concept of realization in the philosophy of mind is reviewed, and from that a set of desiderata to be used for assessing accounts of realization is extracted. The desiderata are applied to a sample account of realization proposed by Sydney Shoemaker (2007). Next the application of 'realization' in contemporary contexts is considered, focusing on the idea that mental kinds are, potentially, multiply realized. Based on interpretations of results from research in the relevant sciences this thesis considers two kinds of strategies used to object to multiple realization, (1) arguments against the concept of multiple realization: the Grain Argument (Bechtel and Mundale 1999), and Shapiro's Dilemma (Shapiro 2000), and (2) defeaters for alleged cases/examples of multiple realization proposed by Lawrence Shapiro and Thomas Polger: unification, individual differences, kind splitting, and abstraction and idealization (Polger and Shapiro 2016). The thesis argues that, ultimately, these arguments hinge on the claim that there is no empirical evidence of multiply realized mental kinds. In response to this claim, the fourth chapter presents novel examples of multiple realization drawn from research in the cognitive neuroscience of language. There are three aspects from the study of language that are presented as examples of multiple realization: (1) language lateralization, (2) reading acquisition, and (3) second/multilanguage learning. The analysis of these case studies applies Shoemaker's account of realization as a framework for describing the empirical data as cases of multiple realization. Objections to, and defeaters for, these cases are considered and rejected. The thesis concludes by raising the possibility that mental kinds are realized by mechanisms. This proposal involves drawing connections between traditional questions/views from the philosophy of mind with a current research program from the philosophy of science; the view is particularly important in the philosophy of neuroscience and the philosophy of biology, known as 'new mechanism'.


The land grant system is a value-added infrastructure, designed to extend the boundaries of traditional colleges and universities to bring science to bear on the pressing needs and problems of underserved citizens and communities. With supplemental resources to support mission-oriented research and outreach, the system has addressed a market failure in higher education. It has been a key asset in achieving for the United States a vibrant agricultural economy, a prominent position in world trade, significant rural development, healthy families and communities, and the increasingly sustainable natural resource base that are characteristic of "the great American Society." This paper explores some of the recent challenges facing the land grant system, provides a framework for examining these challenges, and stresses the need for a new cadre of "land grant economists" to provide leadership as land grants struggle to identify new visions, missions, programs, and innovations that would serve as the bedrock of a new system. Selected areas of emerging opportunities for land grant intervention are also identified.


The main goal of association rule mining is to examine large transaction databases which reveal implicit relationship among the data attributes. Classical association rule mining model assumes that all items have same significance without assigning their weight within a transaction or record. This proposed method gives importance for the items and transactions while calculating weight on various algorithms have been represented by researchers. The proposed method combines w-support measure and the essential features of the FP-tree to reduce the time complexity. The experimental result shows that the proposed method performs better than existing method.


This paper will draw from recent work in the study of counter-narratives and will apply a sociologically informed perspective to the empirical analysis of discourse. By focusing on the Black Nationalist group The Nation of Islam (NOI) this article will introduce the counter-narrative strategy of "narrative inversion." Based on discursive analysis of textual materials from early NOI speeches, recordings, and writings, we hope to show how the NOI employed a specific framing tactic of inverting American and Judeo-Christian master narratives to create a powerful ideological schema for attracting potential members. Our analysis demonstrates that early organizers of the NOI created counter-narratives by positioning themselves in direct opposition to the pervasive master narrative of white superiority. We will compare the NOI's countering strategy to that of Martin Luther King's moderate civil rights movement and show how the NOI was also able to capitalize on the more restrained messages of racial integration, non-violent protest, and racial reconciliation emanating from the moderate civil rights movement. The discursive process of inverting more moderate messages explains, to a great extent, the movement's early success as a radical alternative to the mainstream civil rights movement.


This paper examines the translation of economic texts authored by Nobel Prize winner Paul Krugman, published originally by The New York Times in both their printed and Internet editions, and in Spanish by El Pais. It comprises a small parallel corpus of eighteen original columns and their equivalent Spanish versions, a total of 31,196 words. The article will consider the translation of stable sources (Hernandez Guerrero 2009) within the narrative of the economic recession that started in early 2010s. It will use Nord's functional model (2005) to analyse the texts. The objectives of the study are: (1) to establish whether translators opt for instrumental or documentary translation, and (2) to consider whether stable sources such as the opinion columns written by prominent figures can be regarded as closed sources that do not accept major shifts during the translational process. I will look at extratextual factors such as time, space and motivation, as well as intratextual features such as linking devices, thematic organization, markers of text composition and lexis. In the final section, I will attempt to provide an interpretation from the perspective of communication studies, which might inform translation research as well. For the discussion I will draw on Castells' proposal for the study of media discourse and its connection with the political power (2009).


Mobile learning using Facebook is increasingly used by faculty in universities to improve student engagement. This study examines the determinants influencing students' acceptance of Facebook for mobile learning. Seven determinants were identified in past literature, including: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, device usability, hedonic motivation, habit, social presence and interactive learning. A research model was developed in order to explain students' behavioral intention to use Facebook private study groups for mobile learning. The model was empirically tested using the survey data collected from students (N=123) of a marketing course taught using mobile learning in a classroom setting. It was followed by focus group interviews for triangulation and further exploration based on student feedback and comments. Research findings confirmed that all seven determinants had significant positive associations with the behavioral intention to use Facebook private study groups for mobile learning. Hedonic motivation had the most significant positive association with the students' behavioral intention. In addition, it was found that social norms played an important role in influencing student use behavior. The findings of this research provide insights into (1) the theory and practice in the successful implementation of mobile learning using Facebook, (2) blended pedagogical strategies in confronting the continuous technology innovation and changing learning preferences of a new generation of students and (3) management strategies in mobile learning.


Over fifty years ago, the Supreme Court held in Brady v Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), that the Due Process Clause requires prosecutors to disclose materially favorable evidence to the defense. The Brady Court emphasized the need to treat all defendants fairly and to provide each accused with a meaningful opportunity to present a defense. While Brady held great promise for defendants to receive fundamentally fair access to evidence, the subsequent decisions of the Court have fallen short of meeting this promise.Since Brady, the Court has limited the disclosure obligation by failing to separately determine rights and remedies. Additionally, in cases involving access to evidence that is not Brady material, the Court has required the defendant to demonstrate that the government withheld the evidence in bad faith. The Court's commingling of rights and remedies, along with its insertion of a bad faith requirement, has made it nearly impossible for defendants to succeed on due process challenges to the government's failure to preserve evidence or to provide evidence to the defense for examination and testing.The Court's access to evidence jurisprudence has stagnated for decades. During this time, much has changed. DNA testing has become a powerful exculpatory tool for the defense. Additionally, in recent years, the scientific community and the Court have recognized the potential for error on the part of government forensic scientists due to incompetence or bias.This article provides a framework of analysis for access to evidence rights and remedies issues. It then applies that framework to advocate the necessary long overdue expanded due process protections that the Court should recognize.


In this work, we propose \texttt{TimeGrad}, an autoregressive model for multivariate probabilistic time series forecasting which samples from the data distribution at each time step by estimating its gradient. To this end, we use diffusion probabilistic models, a class of latent variable models closely connected to score matching and energy-based methods. Our model learns gradients by optimizing a variational bound on the data likelihood and at inference time converts white noise into a sample of the distribution of interest through a Markov chain using Langevin sampling. We demonstrate experimentally that the proposed autoregressive denoising diffusion model is the new state-of-the-art multivariate probabilistic forecasting method on real-world data sets with thousands of correlated dimensions. We hope that this method is a useful tool for practitioners and lays the foundation for future research in this area.


Findings from previous research linking sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk factors and body composition are inconsistent, and few studies address population groups most vulnerable to these compromising conditions. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship of sitting time to cardiometabolic risk factors and body composition among African American women. A subsample of African American women (N = 135) completed health and laboratory assessments, including measures of blood pressure, resting heart rate, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, body mass index, body fat, sitting time, and demographics. Simultaneous, adjusted regression models found a positive association between weekend sitting time and glucose and an inverse association between weekly sedentary time and cholesterol (ps < .05). There were no significant associations between sedentary behavior and body composition. The unexpected relationship between sedentary time and cholesterol suggests that the relationship of sedentary behavior to cardiometabolic risk factors may depend on existing characteristics of the population and measurement definition of sedentary behavior. Results suggest distinctly different relationships between weekend and weekday sitting time, implicating a need for careful measurement and intervention that reflects these differences.


Objective: This study is the first to examine how the manner of searching for information in the social environment is associated with college male students' self-reports of sexual aggression and attitudes supportive of sexual aggression. Method: A modified MouselabWEB task, a Web-based program for tracing information acquisition processes, was utilized in this study. Asked to imagine themselves in a social situation, participants (N = 167) were tasked to reveal and gather information about 5 women by clicking on and opening "boxes" in a 5 (Number of Women) × 6 (Number of Female Attributes) matrix grid. Female attributes include attractiveness, sharing similar interests, dressing sexy, having an "easy" reputation, being intoxicated, and being alone most of the time. Results: The data suggest that those who engaged in prior sexually aggressive acts and those with attitudes supportive of sexual aggression were more likely to search for information related to a woman's vulnerability. The manner of searching for sexual aggression-related information also partially mediated the relationship between hostile attitudes toward women and self-reported sexual aggressive behavior. Conclusions: At-risk men actively search for information consistent with their attitudes supportive of sexual violence against women. This study also informs prevention efforts, indicating the viability of intervening at the level of judgment and decision processes.


Three simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of Erlotinib hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. Beer's law was obeyed over a concentration range 0.5-30 μg/mL in HCl and acetate buffer and 1-30 μg/mL in phosphate buffer. The linear regression equations were found to be y = 0.0717x + 0.0083, y = 0.0676x + 0.0102 and y = 0.0638x + 0.0096 in HCl, acetate buffer and phosphate buffer respectively and the three methods were validated as per ICH guidelines.


Multipactor is a resonant vacuum discharge occurring in microwave components of satellite systems as well as in particle accelerators. Due to its undesirable effects, multipactor analysis constitutes a mandatory step in the design of modern satellite components and in performance studies of particle accelerators. To this end, the development of computational techniques for multipactor prediction attracts intense interest in the scientific community. The phenomenon evolves in two distinct phases: first, a fast growth of the electron population and, second, a steady state during which the population reaches a saturation level and remains almost constant. State-of-the-art computational models focus on the precise prediction of the initial multipactor phase, which defines whether the discharge occurs or not. However, a clear overview of the phenomenon also requires the analysis of the longterm multipactor evolution. Due to the high complexity introduced by considering saturation mechanisms, long-term multipactor evolution remains still unclear for many configurations of highly practical importance. Such a case is the multipactor analysis in the presence of dielectrics, a case dealt within this thesis. Motivated by the challenging nature of analyzing the multipactor steady state, this work aims to provide its own contribution to the modeling and the analysis of long-term multipactor evolution. For this, a sophisticated computational tool has been developed for the full-3D multipactor analysis, taking into account saturation mechanisms. In order to get a fast overview of the phenomenon, a generalized single-electron model has been developed which allows a multipactor analysis in any configuration with unidirectionallike electric field. Based on this 1D model, qualitative studies considering the effect of lowenergy electron collisions and of single-sided multipactor in non-uniform coaxial fields have been performed. As a further step, a multiple-particle, full-3D model able to consider the stochastic nature of the secondary emission phenomenon has been developed. The singleelectron model nicely supplements the robust 3D analysis by providing fast estimations for the most likely cases in which multipactor occurs. Saturation mechanisms have been considered, too, for both 1D and 3D approximations. Taking into account the induced charges on the metallic boundaries, a fast analysis of longterm multipactor is provided by the 1D model for the parallel plate and coaxial line cases. The saturation study is boosted in the 3D analysis by taking into account the mutual Coulomb interaction between particles. The developed multipactor model has been properly adapted in order to study long-term multipactor in the case of dielectric-loaded waveguides. Space charge effects as well as the effect of the surface charge developed on the dielectric layer have been both considered in the analysis. Particularly, in order to efficiently take into account the effect of the induced charges, a novel image method for the evaluation of the 3D Green function in multi-layered media has been developed. For the first time, a saturation steady state is identified in parallel plates loaded with a dielectric layer.