This paper presents an original interpretation of the Upanishads that the inner self is located in the embryo brain region of the brain. This is the part of the brain already present in the embryo and consists of the brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain. It is also the part of the brain that operates during dreaming and deep sleep and causes the transition from sleeping to waking states and the Upanishads state unequivocally that the self is responsible for these mental states. With the self-located in the embryo brain region, an entirely new interpretation of Aristotle's De Anima is presented which parallels the Upanishads in every respect; the inner self and Aristotle's 'soul' have identical functions and attributes. An Aristotelian First Principle is presented: Biology is the source of Consciousness; DNA is the source of Biology; Ergo DNA is the source of Consciousness. It has recently been discovered that our long-term memories are stored in the putamen during deep sleep. The putamen is located in the embryo brain region along with the pineal gland that secretes melatonin during deep sleep. Descartes famously located the soul in the pineal gland, and there is a high probability that the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland during deep sleep is an unconscious operation of our soul involved in storing our long-term memories in the embryo brain region.


Two central insights from the Schumpeterian approach to innovation and growth are that the pace of innovation is endogenously determined by the expectation of future profits and that growth is inherently a process of creative destruction. As international trade is a key determinant of firm profitability and survival, it is natural to expect it to play a key role in shaping both incentives to innovate and the rate of creative destruction. In this paper, we review the theoretical and empirical literature on trade and innovation. We highlight four key mechanisms through which international trade affects endogenous innovation and growth: (i) market size; (ii) competition; (iii) comparative advantage; (iv) knowledge spillovers. Each of these mechanisms offers a potential source of dynamic welfare gains in addition to the static welfare gains from trade from conventional trade theory. Recent research has suggested that these dynamic welfare gains from trade can be substantial relative to their static counterparts. Discriminating between alternative mechanisms for these dynamic welfare gains and strengthening the evidence on their quantitative magnitude remain exciting areas of ongoing research.


The theory that the prospect of liability for damages deters risky behavior has been developed in countless articles and books. The literature is far sparser, however, on how deterrence is operationalized. And prior work slights an equally important effect of damage actions, to incentivize claims management in addition to harm-reduction responses that are cost- rather than liability-minimizing. This article works in the intersection of these two understudied areas, focusing on claims management steps taken by frequently sued organizations, and opening a window into the black box of deterrence to see how those steps may end up serving harm-reduction purposes as well. To summarize, I observe that damage actions regulate risky enterprise by inducing organizations to develop claims management capabilities—that is, the capacity to process any resulting disputes. I then argue that these claims management practices and personnel are sometimes used, secondarily but importantly, to improve safety, reduce risk, and increase compliance with external legal requirements. Organizations' internal claims management operations can, though they need not, facilitate care-taking in four important ways: (a) promoting the gathering and analysis of claims information; (b) requiring the hiring of specialized personnel with a mission to reduce claim payouts; (c) encouraging bureaucratized procedures that may be harm-reducing, and (d) increasing the salience of claims to various actors within the organization. I discuss the theory underlying these four points, drawing on organizational economics and sociology, as well as on psychology and behavioral law and economics. Then I discuss these four channels of influence in particular factual settings which serve as case studies, looking at a single large retailer, and then more generally at hospitals and hospital doctors, and jails and prisons. Because organizational theory tells us that this kind of transformation or repurposing is quite ordinary, the preliminary evidence I canvass suggests that claims management should be included in any study of how damage action deterrence is operationalized within large risk-creating organizations.This article thus makes two chief scholarly contributions. It proposes and theorizes concrete operational paths by which damage actions may elicit organizational compliance with external norms. And it describes in-house claims management, a heretofore underobserved arena in which law influences organizational activity. In the conclusion, I propose that who performs claims management functions may matter, as well, and suggest that in future research, claims management should be considered along with liability and loss prevention as the trio of liability-related operational areas in which firms must implement a "make-or-buy" decision.


Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play an invaluable role in information collection and data fusion. Because of their mobility and the complexity of deployed environments, constant position awareness and collision avoidance are essential. UAVs may encounter and/or cause danger if their Global Positioning System (GPS) signal is weak or unavailable. This paper tackles the problem of constant positioning and collision avoidance on UAVs in outdoor (wildness) search scenarios by using received signal strength (RSS) from the onboard communication module. Colored noise is found in the RSS, which invalidates the unbiased assumptions in least squares (LS) algorithms that are widely used in RSS-based position estimation. A colored noise model is thus proposed and applied in the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for distance estimation. Furthermore, the constantly changing path-loss factor during UAV flight can also affect the accuracy of estimation. To overcome this challenge, we present an adaptive algorithm to estimate the path-loss factor. Given the position and velocity information, if a collision is detected, we further employ an orthogonal rule to adapt the UAV predefined trajectory. Theoretical results prove that such an algorithm can provide effective modification to satisfy the required performance. Experiments have confirmed the advantages of the proposed algorithms.


This master thesis builds on the project work [1], and develops a stochastic optimisation software for household grid-connected batteries combined with PV-systems. The objective of the optimisation is to operate the battery system in order to minimise the costs of the consumer, and it was implemented in MATLAB using a self-written stochastic dynamic programming algorithm. Load was considered as a stochastic variable and modelled as a Markov Chain. Transition probabilities between time steps were calculated using historic load patterns from up to three previous years, exploiting the repetitive patterns of weekdays and weekends. PV-production was considered deterministic when included. The SDPmodel was tested on data from Norwegian households for 2016, and the global optimum solution was used as a benchmark, as found using the dynamic programming model from [1]. As Norwegian households were used as test cases, the Nordic power market Nord Pool Spot sat the scene for market transaction calculations. Day-ahead spot prices were used as market prices, meaning that the prices for the coming day was considered deterministic from noon the present day. The fixed 24-hour horizon optimisation was performed at midnight for each day, yielding an optimal wait-and-see operational policy for the battery system. The optimisation was investigated under three different utility tariff (UT) structures: Energy based, time based and power based. The energy based UT is a fixed price per kWh, which is what is being used in today's market. The time based UT is a time-of-use tariff, which penalised use during peak demand hours 9-11 and 17-19 in weekdays. The power based UT increases linearly with the demand, designed to limit the power usage at any given time and day. While the energy based UT is what is being used as of today, the widespread roll-out of advanced metering systems (AMS) by 2019 in the Norwegian market will enable UT structures such as the timeand power based ones studied in this thesis. The global optimal solution achieved 1.2 % (energy based UT), 14.2 % (time based UT) and 8.6 % (power based UT) of operational savings without a PV-system, illustrating the negligible potential for saving under the energy based UT. The developed SDP-model achieved 75-92 and 87-94 % of the global optimal savings without a PV-system under the energyand time based utility tariff, respectively. This is increased to 92-99 % and 91-96 % with the PV-system installed. Under the power based utility tariff the model shows less promising results, scoring a maximum of 25-44 % of the global optimal solution without a PV-system, and 75-90 % with.


Abstract This paper introduces endogenous on-the-job training in the job creation and destruction model of the search and matching type by García-Pérez and Osuna (Dual labour markets and the tenure distribution: Reducing severance pay or introducing a single contract, 2014). The objective is to compare the effects of subsidizing permanent job creation with that of reducing the severance cost gap between permanent contracts (PCs) and temporary contracts (TCs) as a strategy to reduce labour market duality between PCs and TCs. The 2006 and 2012 Spanish labour market reforms are used as a benchmark. The results point to fact that subsidizing permanent job creation may not be the best option from a fiscal point of view to reduce labour market segmentation between PCs and TCs. In particular, the results of introducing the subsidized "entrepreneurs' permanent contract" (EPC) in the 2012 labour market reform may have involved substantial deadweight effects. In fact, the reduction of the severance cost gap to a number close to 15 days of wages per year of service (p.y.o.s.) may generate the same effects, provided dismissals for objective reasons are effectively made easier to justify and firms make use of that option instead of agreeing to an indemnity closer to the amount paid for unfair dismissals. Finally, the model also shows the relevance of designing appropriate penalties for those firms that do not comply with the obligations that subsidies involve.


Unlike in other disciplines, research output in economics is commonly measured based on the journal titles in which an author has published. Here, I examine how much output measures based on journal titles tell us about the academic interest and relevance of economic papers as measured by citation frequency. Using data from the 2008 Handelsblatt ranking of economists in German speaking countries and interdisciplinary citation data from the Web of Science, I find that researcher scores based on journal titles explain only about one fourth of the variation (variance) in article citations. When the top 10 (20) percent of the researchers according to journal title scores are excluded, the percentage of explained variation in citation frequency drops to 5 (3) percent. These findings empirically confirm the hypothesis that the measures of research output in economics promote narrow and complacent work that is of interest to few, even among an academic audience. They suggest that responsible hiring committees and funding institutions should re-examine existing standards in evaluation and abandon the heavy reliance on journal titles as a measure of individual research output.


Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Pathology and Surgery Vol 4, No 3, Autumn 2014 Introduction: External root resorption is a clinical problem that often cannot be detected clinically. Thus, radiography plays a crucial role in its diagnosis. However, optimal radiographic quality with minimal radiation exposure {2.1 [EN] Verify English word/phrase choice} is an important factor in selecting the appropriate radiographic technique. The aim of this study was the comparison of accuracy and observer agreement in the detection of simulated external root resorption using conventional digital radiography and digitally filtered radiography. Materials and methods: The study was performed using 100 single rooted teeth in a dry mandibular jaw. The teeth were divided into 5 groups as follows: (1) without resorption, (2) resorption with 0.25 mm depth on buccal surface, (3) resorption with 0.5 mm depth on buccal surface, (4)resorption with 0.25 mm depth on proximal surfaces, and (5) resorption with 0.5 mm depth on proximal surfaces. Digital radiographic images, both conventional and digitally filtered using 3 filters (diagonal, horizontal, and vertical), were obtained. The 2 groups of images were then evaluated by 4 observers in 2 stages, with an interval of 1 week. Thereafter, sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and Kappa coefficients were calculated to assess observer agreement. Results: For digitally filtered radiography with diagonal, horizontal, and vertical filters, the accuracy values were 86.5%, 87.2%, and 89.2%; sensitivity values were 93.1%, 92.7%, and 94.3%; and specificity values were 82.5%, 87.5%, and 93.7%, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values for conventional digital radiography were 86.5%, 91.5%, and 82.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Manipulation of images in digital radiographic systems may not always facilitate diagnosis.


Background : Health science programs can be demanding and difficult for many students, leading to high levels of stress. High levels of stress can have a negative effect on students and subsequently the practicing clinician. Research suggests that yoga, humor, and reading are simple, effective methods to help reduce stress. To date no research compares the acute effects of yoga, humor, and reading in doctor of physical therapy and master's of occupational therapy students. Additionally, it is undetermined if one technique is more effective than the other in reducing stress. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of yoga, humor, and reading on acute stress in students enrolled in doctor of physical therapy and master's of occupational therapy programs. It was hypothesized that following a 30-minute yoga, humor, and reading intervention session, students would demonstrate a reduction of stress on the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI) and a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Subjects: Twenty-two students from the School of Graduate Medical Education Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program (n=14) and Master's of Science in Occupational Therapy (OT) program (n=8) volunteered to participate in the study. Methods: At baseline subjects completed a demographic survey. All subjects participated in a yoga, humor, and reading intervention session, once a week on the same day and at the same time for a total of three weeks. Intervention sessions were randomized and counterbalanced across subjects. Before and after each intervention session, stress was measured using the Daily Stress Inventory, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DSP), and heart rate (HR). Results: A repeated one-way ANOVA indicated that all three interventions significantly decreased SBP, DBP, and HR and no one intervention was more effective than the other in reducing these dependent variables ( p = . 058, p = .315 and p = .180 respectively). There was no significant main effect or interaction of the yoga, humor, or reading intervention session on the DSI scores (p = .362). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that one 30-minute session of yoga, humor, and reading had similar effects in decreasing acute stress in health science students. This finding is important since these interventions resulted in a significant reduction in stress in a relatively short amount of time, allowing educators to begin to consider different stress management strategies to offer to students.


For refugees, the right to work is vital for reducing vulnerability, enhancing resilience, and securing dignity. Harnessing refugees' skills can also benefit local economic activity and national development. But there are many obstacles. Based on a sample of 20 countries hosting 70 percent of the world's refugees, this study investigates the role and impact of legal and normative provisions providing and protecting refugees' right to work within the 1951 Refugee Convention as well as from the perspective of nonsignatory states. Three metrics analyze the principle determinants of the right to work and labor market access: refugee and employment law, policies and practices that facilitate or constrain the right to work, and mediating socioeconomic conditions. Overall the study finds remarkable diversity in legal provisions and constraints on refugees' right to work. A restrictive approach to the right to work prevails, and most states are reluctant to ease these restrictions. The majority of refugees work in the informal sector, but under much less satisfactory and more exploitative conditions compared with nationals. Informal labor markets are also constrained in countries with fragile economies which often host large numbers of refugees. Based on its findings, the study concludes that more national and international coordination is required, multiple actors should share in the responsibility to deliver decent work, labor market policies as well as training and education should be harnessed to support sustainable livelihoods, and refugee social capital should be more effectively engaged.


Gamma radiation have dangerous effects and cannot be detected by the human body. Therefore, a detector that can detect the presence of a radiation source is needed, known as a radiation detector. Detector is a material that is sensitive to radiation. This study aims to make a gamma radiation dose detector using the principle of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) silver nanoparticles and characterize it using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. AgNO 3 solution was mixed with cobalt-60 radiation source Gammacell irradiator with small dose variations. PVA in this study acts as a capping for the formation of silver nanoparticles when irradiated. When the AgNO 3 solution mixed with PVA was irradiated with doses of 1Gy, 4Gy, 7Gy, 10Gy, 30Gy, 50Gy, 70Gy, 100Gy, 200Gy, 500Gy, and 1000Gy so that the color change from clear to yellowish with increasing doses, and the color change indicates that silver nanoparticles have been formed. The change in color from clear to yellowish is due to the occurrence of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The results of characterization of silver nanoparticles using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed that the maximum absorption of silver nanoparticles was between 410-446 nm to 0.5 M while at 1 M it was between 411-437 nm.


G.fast is the most recent ITU-T standard for copper-based transmission, which targets at short distances and adopts a bandwidth of 106 MHz extensible to 212 MHz. In several scenarios G.fast systems will be composed by or coexist with uncoordinated lines, which are sources of strong crosstalk. This work focuses on evaluating an alien (out-of-domain) crosstalk mitigation method based on noise prediction that was proposed for predecessors of G.fast. Simulation results show that alien crosstalk mitigation methods can indeed improve the performance of G.fast systems, but under specific conditions. We have contrasted these situations and we provide guidelines about the feasibility of the crosstalk mitigation technique. As support for the simulations, we also present a set of alien crosstalk measurements.


The carrier of the 2175 A interstellar extinction feature remains unidentified since its first detection over 40 yr ago. In recent years, carbon buckyonions have been proposed as a carrier of this feature, based on the close similarity between the electronic transition spectra of buckyonions and the 2175 A interstellar feature. We examine this hypothesis by modelling the interstellar extinction with buckyonions as a dust component. It is found that dust models containing buckyonions (in addition to amorphous silicates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, graphite) can closely reproduce the observed interstellar extinction curve. To further test this hypothesis, we call for experimental measurements and/or theoretical calculations of the infrared vibrational spectra of hydrogenated buckyonions. By comparing the infrared emission spectra predicted for buckyonions vibrationally excited by the interstellar radiation with the observed emission spectra of the diffuse interstellar medium, we will be able to derive (or place an upper limit on) the abundance of interstellar buckyonions.


Property is an important sector in Italy, as it represents the largest component of household wealth, and homeownership greatly prevails (around 80%). The construction sector is an important contributor to domestic economy (about 15% of the GDP), with a moderate negative trend of the gross fixed capital formation experienced in the last few years. Credit crunch and weak economic prospects hit the property market, reducing house prices and, above all, freezing capital flows and dramatically bringing transaction volumes down. This raised concerns about the weakness of the property market during the current downturn. This paper presents an approach called clustering analysis applied in order to identify different conditions of the Italian property market. The approach helps to understand the behaviour of the market and offers its characterization. The approach was applied to the last 15 years of data on Italian real estate market using a variety of demand-side variables and supply-side variables, such as the number of transactions, house stock, house prices, building permits, mortgages. The analysis has been conducted analysing data organised at Regional Level and Local Level (Provinces). Custer analysis is then used to determine the composition of different submarkets and to characterise them, in order to understand their different conditions and to assess the weakness of the different submarkets during the current downturn.


Abstract Anzaite-(Ce), ideally Ce3+4 Fe2+Ti6O18(OH)2, is a new, structurally complex mineral occurring as scarce minute crystals in hydrothermally altered silicocarbonatites in the Afrikanda alkali-ultramafic complex of the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The mineral is a late hydrothermal phase associated with titanite, hibschite, clinochlore and calcite replacing the primary magmatic paragenesis. The rare-earth elements (REE) (dominated by Ce), Ti and Fe incorporated in anzaite-(Ce) were derived from primary Ti oxides abundant in the host rock. Anzaite-(Ce) is brittle and lacks cleavage; the density calculated on the basis of structural data is 5.054(6) g cm-3. The mineral is opaque and grey with a bluish hue in reflected light; its reflectance values range from 15-16% at 440 nm to 13-14% at 700 nm. Its infrared spectrum shows a prominent absorption band at 3475 cm-1 indicative of OH- groups. The average chemical composition of anzaite-(Ce) gives the following empirical formula calculated on the basis of 18 oxygen atoms and two OH- groups: (Ce2.18Nd0.85La0.41Pr0.26Sm0.08Ca0.36Th0.01)Σ4.15Fe0.97(Ti5.68Nb0.22Si0.04)Σ5.94O18(OH)2. The mineral is monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 5.290(2), b = 14.575(6), c = 5.234(2) Å, β = 97.233(7)°, V = 400.4(5) Å3, Z = 1. The ten strongest lines in the X-ray micro-diffraction pattern are [dobs in Å (I ) hkl]: 2.596 (100) 002; 1.935 (18) 170; 1.506 (14) 133; 1.286 (13) 1.11.0; 2.046 (12) 2̅ 41; 1.730 (12) 003; 1.272 (12) 0.10.2; 3.814 (11) 1̅11; 2.206 (9) 061; 1.518 (9) 172. The structure of anzaite-(Ce), refined by single-crystal techniques to R1 = 2.1%, consists of alternating layers of type 1, populated by REE (+ minor Ca) in a square antiprismatic coordination and octahedrally coordinated Fe2+, and type 2, built of five-coordinate and octahedral Ti, stacked parallel to (001). This atomic arrangement is complicated by significant disorder affecting the Fe2+, five-coordinate Ti and two of the four anion sites. The order-disorder pattern is such that only one half of these positions in total occupy any given (010) plane, and the disordered (010) planes are separated by ordered domains comprising REE, octahedral Ti and two anion sites occupied by O2-. Structural and stoichiometric relations between anzaite-(Ce) and other REE-Ti (±Nb, Ta) oxides are discussed. The name anzaite-(Ce) is in honour of Anatoly N. Zaitsev of St Petersburg State University (Russia) and The Natural History Museum (UK), in recognition of his contribution to the study of carbonatites and REE minerals. The modifier reflects the prevalence of Ce over other REE in the composition of the new mineral.


Abstract Liberals claim that globalization has led to fragmentation and decentralized networks of power relations. This does not explain how states increasingly "weaponize interdependence" by leveraging global networks of informational and financial exchange for strategic advantage. The theoretical literature on network topography shows how standard models predict that many networks grow asymmetrically so that some nodes are far more connected than others. This model nicely describes several key global economic networks, centering on the United States and a few other states. Highly asymmetric networks allow states with (1) effective jurisdiction over the central economic nodes and (2) appropriate domestic institutions and norms to weaponize these structural advantages for coercive ends. In particular, two mechanisms can be identified. First, states can employ the "panopticon effect" to gather strategically valuable information. Second, they can employ the "chokepoint effect" to deny network access to adversaries. Tests of the plausibility of these arguments across two extended case studies that provide variation both in the extent of U.S. jurisdiction and in the presence of domestic institutions—the SWIFT financial messaging system and the internet—confirm the framework's expectations. A better understanding of the policy implications of the use and potential overuse of these tools, as well as the response strategies of targeted states, will recast scholarly debates on the relationship between economic globalization and state coercion.


Clinical genetics includes patient education, psychosocial counseling, genetic testing and screening, prenatal diagnosis and treatment. Providers include medical doctors, PhDs and specially trained genetic counselors with Master's degrees, who face ethically controversial situations in interactions with patients.

Keywords:

ethics;
international surveys;
patient attitudes;
counseling approaches;
disclosure to family;
sex selection;
deaf selection;
disability


Forgings, being usually one of the most critical components especially in power generation machinery, require intensive volumetric inspection to guarantee a sufficient lifetime. This is usually accomplished by manual or automated ultrasonic testing. The authors are reporting about a game changer in ultrasonic testing: Ultrasonic Computed Tomography uses analytics (i.e., a mathematical algorithm) to reconstruct the volume (In fact it uses a linearized diffraction tomographic approach for the solution of the inverse problem). This does not only allow to display indications spatially and visually correct in the 3D volume, but also improves the signal to noise ratio significantly, allowing an increase of sensitivity by up to an order of magnitude. The method is based on the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT). The applied software is a brand‐new implementation of SAFT with a strong focus for a large scale industrial application: the complete 2D as well as 3D reconstruction of ultrasonic inspections of heavy rotor forgings. This paper shows the working principle of the method along with the first results and computation times. Ultrasonic Computed Tomography is also awarded by the Werner von Siemens Award as one of the Top 15 ingenuity programs.


Minimizing a function over an intersection of convex sets is an important task in optimization that is often much more challenging than minimizing it over each individual constraint set. While traditional methods such as Frank-Wolfe (FW) or proximal gradient descent assume access to a linear or quadratic oracle on the intersection, splitting techniques take advantage of the structure of each sets, and only require access to the oracle on the individual constraints. In this work, we develop and analyze the Frank-Wolfe Augmented Lagrangian (FW-AL) algorithm, a method for minimizing a smooth function over convex compact sets related by a "linear consistency" constraint that only requires access to a linear minimization oracle over the individual constraints. It is based on the Augmented Lagrangian Method (ALM), also known as Method of Multipliers, but unlike most existing splitting methods, it only requires access to linear (instead of quadratic) minimization oracles. We use recent advances in the analysis of Frank-Wolfe and the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithms to prove a sublinear convergence rate for FW-AL over general convex compact sets and a linear convergence rate for polytopes.


We explore the application of GOMEA, a recent method for discovering and exploiting the model for a problem in the form of linkage, to Grammatical Evolution (GE). GE employs an indirect representation based on familiar bit-string genotypes and is applicable to any problem where the solutions may be described using a context-free grammar, which hence greatly favors its wide adoption. Being general purpose, the representation of GE raises the opportunity for benefiting from the potential of GOMEA to automatically discover and exploit the linkage. We analyze experimentally the application of GOMEA to two bit-string-based variants of GE representation (the original representation and the recent WHGE) and show that GOMEA is clearly beneficial when coupled to WHGE, whereas it delivers no significant advantages when coupled with GE.


The National Gallery of Naval Art was situated within the Painted Hall at Greenwich Hospital from 1824 until 1936. This collection of British naval paintings, sculptures and nautical curiosities was one of the first 'national' collections to be acquired and exhibited for the general public, preceding the foundation of the National Gallery by a matter of months. Installed in the wake of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Naval Gallery, as it was more commonly known, was primarily founded to commemorate 'the distinguished exploits of the British Navy'. This thesis examines how the Gallery presented a unique type of national naval history to the early nineteenth-century public, contributing to the development of contemporary commemorative culture as a result. In addition, the Naval Gallery also functioned as a forum for the exhibition of British art. This study examines how the Gallery was actively involved in the contemporary art world, liaising with the Royal Academy of Arts and the British Institution, providing patronage for contemporary artists and actively contributing toward the development of a national patriotic aesthetic.
In 1936 the Naval Gallery was dismantled and the collection was given, on permanent loan, to the newly founded National Maritime Museum. As a result of this closure the Gallery ceased to be the subject of contemporary commentary and knowledge of its existence gradually declined. This thesis conducts a dedicated institutional study of the Naval Gallery in an attempt to re-establish its status as the first 'national' naval art collection, as a major site for the public commemoration of Nelson and as an active participant in the early nineteenth-century British art world.


The aim of the present position paper is to raise issues concerning aesthetic experience in relation to an
ongoing work of designing an artefact encouraging video reporting of personal experiences. The work
serves as an example of a design experiment where aesthetic qualities are emphasized, but where the
resulting interactions have not yet been analyzed in relation to these qualities. Our position is that the
aesthetics of an interactive artefact evolves in the interactive zone between people who use it and the
artefact itself. The aesthetic qualities are, thus, crystallized in the use of the artefact – whether it ranks high on a usability scale or not. Just as usability qualities, the aesthetic qualities contain contextual factors of its users, such as their pre-comprehension of the artefact, their cultural background and their emotional states. Furthermore, they include the context of the artefact, such as its physical design and the environment of its use. Our standpoint is consistent with Shusterman's pragmatist approach to aesthetics, as related by
Petersen et al. [2]. This approach promotes aesthetics of use rather than aesthetics of appearance. The experience of aesthetics lies in the interaction with the artefact rather than merely in the visual perception
of it.


We study the effects of occupational licensing on consumer choices and market outcomes in a large online platform for residential home services. We exploit exogenous variation in the time at which licenses are displayed on the platform to identify the causal effects of licensing information on consumer choices. We find that the platform-verified licensing status of a professional is unimportant for consumer decisions relative to review ratings and prices. We confirm this result in an independent consumer survey. We also use variation in regulation stringency across states and occupations to measure the effects of licensing on aggregate market outcomes on the platform. Our results show that more stringent licensing regulations are associated with less competition and higher prices but not with any improvement in customer satisfaction as measured by review ratings or the propensity to use the platform again.


Pedestrian behaviour is one of the major contributors to road fatalities. The negative binomial regression model was found to better agree with road fatality data, and this study used this model to assess the influence of pedestrian behaviour factors on road fatalities in Malawi. The data used in this analysis were crash reports of pedestrian behaviour factors and observed fatalities for the period 2000–2015 obtained from the national database, except for the 2013 data, which were disregarded because they appeared to be incomplete. Whereas pedestrian behaviour factors of walking on roads, crossing outside pedestrian crossings, and other negligent and careless behaviours were found to be positively correlated with road deaths, indicating that road-related fatalities increased with increasing input data, factors of being under the influence of alcohol and crossing at pedestrian crossings demonstrated negligible influence. The study also found that there was a 1% increase in the number of crash deaths for every additional fatal crash involving pedestrians walking on roads. Moreover, an additional 0.5% increase in the number of fatalities was recorded for every fatal crash involving a pedestrian behaviour factor of crossing outside the pedestrian crossing or other negligent behaviour. An increase of 0.3% in the number of the fatalities was seen for every extra fatal crash caused by crossing carelessly or factors other than pedestrian behaviour. Despite coefficient values being small in all variables, which is a major limitation of this study, enforcement can prioritise those variables that increase road-related fatalities or even couple them with other risk factors such as speed.


This deliverable presents the main results obtained by researchers from six different institutions on the effects of social and economic policies on the reduction of poverty and inequality.
The first one relates the minimum wage policy in Brazil to the improvement of income distribution in the last decade. The second study discusses the experience of the 2010 tsunami in Chile and the social policy infrastructure of the country for natural disasters. Two researches treated the question of social protection and vulnerability of the poor population, one in Ghana and the other in Senegal. The fifth study develops a deep research on the Guaranteed Employment Scheme (NREGS) in India. Finally, the last one is devoted to the discussion of the social protection system and domestic violence in Peru.
These six studies are a good example to confirm the amplitude of different social and economic policies implemented in countries in Africa and South America.


Building on the work of those who have highlighted the role of consumers and lead users we focus on innovations not in products but in what people do. In developing a method of conceptualising the emergence and reproduction of practice we argue that innovation is not a one-off moment but a continuous on-going process. Specifically, we suggest that innovations in practice involve changing combinations of symbolic and material ingredients and of competence or know-how. In addition, we argue that managers, manufacturers and consumers are all variously involved in making and sustaining connections between these defining elements. We illustrate and elaborate on these ideas with reference to Nordic Walking, a form of speed walking with two sticks. First practiced in 1997, it is now a regular pursuit for more than seven million people in over 30 countries and is reputed to be Europe's fastest growing form of exercise. In discussing this case we specify the constitutive ingredients of Nordic Walking and its location relative to other practices that already exist. Our analysis raises a number of general questions. For example, how can managers and manufacturers institutionalise practices that require consumption of the things they make? Is there any fundamental difference in the role of 'lead' and 'ordinary' users in generating and sustaining innovations in practice? Taking these questions forward, we develop a theoretical position that relativises the conventionally distinct roles of consumers and producers and that represents a novel hybridisation of innovation studies and sociological theories of practice.


Abstract : Modern defense systems must be implemented as redundant, fault-tolerant systems in order to meet their reliability requirements. Unfortunately, developing protocols to achieve distributed agreement in an asynchronous environment can be deceptively difficult. Engineers often exploit the fact that their systems are quasi-synchronous, where even though the clocks of the different nodes are not synchronized, they run at the same rate, or multiples of the same rate, modulo their drift and jitter. While such designs often appear to work correctly, their intrinsic asynchrony makes them prone to latent race and deadlock conditions. This project provide systems designers with an intuitive modeling environment that 1) allows systems engineers to easily specify the high-level architecture and synchronization logic of quasi-synchronous systems using widely available system engineering notations and tools, and 2) integrates and enhances innovative formal verification tools to provide them with immediate feedback on the correctness of their designs.


This article looks at the possibilities of a generative queer engagement with emergent digital and calculative technologies. While most queer writing on methodology has involved discursive and deconstructive interventions into qualitative methods—rejecting the quantitative outright as always already deterministic—I complicate the qualitative/quantitative distinction and advocate for new experimentation with digital networks of everyday practice. In addition, by highlighting uncomfortable resonances between queerly indeterminate epistemologies and the postnormative and nonrepresentational sociocorporal modulations of both "knowing capitalism" and the biodigital sciences, I suggest a reflexive reevaluation of the politics of queer method and a realignment of critical attention.


We present a new method for matching line segments between two uncalibrated wide-baseline images. Most current techniques for wide-baseline matching are based on viewpoint invariant regions. Those methods work well with highly textured scenes, but fail with poorly textured ones. We show that such scenes can be successfully matched using line segments. Moreover, since line segments and regions provide complementary information, their combined matching allows to deal with a broader range of scenes. We generate an initial set of line segment correspondences, and then iteratively increase their number by adding matches consistent with the topological structure of the current ones. Finally, a coplanar grouping stage allows to estimate the fundamental matrix even from line segments only.


Although the general aspects of oolitic depositional systems are well documented, seascape‐scale (≈103–106 m2) patterns of oolitic shoals and the details of processes acting on them are not well understood or quantified. To begin to fill this basic gap in understanding, this paper describes the morphology and hydrodynamics of Lily Bank, a Modern tidally dominated Bahamian ooid shoal. In this study, integrating remote sensing imagery with quantitative, geo‐located bathymetrical, hydrological and granulometric data in a Geographic Information System documents geomorphic and sedimentological patterns and facilitates interpreting these patterns in the context of the processes operating in this system. The results of these analyses reveal that parabolic bars up to several kilometres in wavelength and several metres in height form a common morphologic motif, although there is considerable variation on that general theme. The seascape‐scale configuration of bars and superimposed sedimentary structures is closely linked to spatial patterns of tidal movements, and includes the presence of mutually evasive flood and ebb channels. Sedimentologically, bars are neither homogenous nor random bodies; instead, granulometric parameters such as sorting and percentage mud vary systematically, as shaped by hydro‐geomorphic controls. The best sorted, coarsest ooids are on bar crests, whereas the finest grains are found in the lower energy, deeper interior and flanking regions. In short, results clearly document hydrodynamic‐bathymetrical influences on these ooid shoals and their granulometry, linkages akin to siliciclastic analogues. Sedimentological, hydrodynamic and geomorphic observations are consistent with a conceptual model for the formation of parabolic bars in which initial irregularities in non‐parabolic bars are enhanced through their effect of focusing flow. Constricted flow leads to higher flow velocities, tidal flow velocity asymmetries, differential net sediment transport and growth of bathymetrical highs. This bathymetrical divergence creates separate paths for flood‐ and ebb‐tides, facilitating emergence of better‐developed parabolic forms. The resultant parabolic geometries and component bedforms appear to be either in dynamic equilibrium with both ebb‐ and flood‐tide flows, or evolving toward that state. In exploring patterns and processes within carbonate shoals, this study illustrates some of the first documented insights on quantitative details of morphology and dynamics and in the links between geomorphic framework and grain‐size and sorting in an oolitic carbonate system. Assuming a continuity of processes between ancient and modern, the insights from this shoal provide information on possible facies geometries and on the characteristics of grains and depositional porosity of analogous facies within ancient ooid shoals.


Cooling-rate estimates of 150-350 °C/m.y., suggesting magnitudes of uplift and exhumation of ∼15-20 km at rates of 5-10 km/m.y., are proposed for the final stage of the orogenic development in a major part of the Betic Cordilleras. The results are based on a combination of radiometric and paleontological dates. Six isotopic chronometers (muscovite and biotite whole-rock Rb-Sr, muscovite and biotite 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, biotite K-Ar, and whole-rock Rb-Sr) yield analytical ages between 23 and 18.5 Ma for rocks from Alpine nappe complexes. Nappe-sealing marine sedimentary rocks contain early Miocene foraminifera and nannoplankton indicating minimum ages of 18-15.5 Ma. The very high estimates of cooling and uplift-exhumation rates suggest tectonic unroofing, which is tentatively connected geodynamically to lithospheric slab detachment and concomitant diapirism in the upper mantle, and extensional tectonics in the crustal section.


Since the seminal work of Krugman (1979), product variety has played a central role in models of trade and growth. In spite of the general use of love-of-variety models, there has been no systematic study of how the import of new varieties has contributed to national welfare gains in the United States. In this paper we show that the unmeasured growth in product variety from US imports has been an important source of gains from trade over the last three decades (1972-2001). Using extremely disaggregated data, we show that the number of imported product varieties has increased by a factor of four. We also estimate the elasticities of substitution for each available category at the same level of aggregation, and describe their behavior across time and SITC-5 industries. Using these estimates we develop an exact price index and find that the upward bias in the conventional import price index is approximately 1.2 percent per year. The magnitude of this bias suggests that the welfare gains from variety growth in imports alone are 2.8 percent of GDP.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to use an Iterative Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methodology to enhance lungtumor motion relative to stationary surrounding anatomy in order to improve tumor localization and allow efficient lungtumor tracking. Methods: A digital thorax phantom containing several ellipses of different sizes and densities was used to simulate tumor,lungs and vertebral column. The CBCT acquisition numerically generated 700 projections in 2min for 360deg. The projections were simulated using line‐integrals of phantom density with parallel‐beam geometry. The rigid anatomy perspective change remains minimal within 5–6deg while a typical tumor is moving approximately half breathing cycle. A set of 10–12 projection images is generated within 5–6deg arc and used for PCA analysis. PCA transformed the axes of the image set to extract uncorrelated dominant features. For a given set of 10–12 projections, the middle image was filtered using PCA where only a few principal components were considered; satisfying user defined cut‐off threshold. The method is applied to all 700 projections based on a moving‐angle window. The eigenvectors selection criterion allowed different number of components to reconstruct PCA‐filtered images depending on variation among data set. Proposed methodology was evaluated using simple sin, sin6 and complex patient motion profiles. Results: The PCA coefficient cut‐off value of 10% and 20% recovered the amplitude, period and phase of phantom motion within 5% error. These cut‐off values also enhanced lungtumorvisibility of PCA‐filtered images. The methodology was also implemented on prerecorded patient CBCT projections. The patient study was evaluated for 10% and 20% cut‐off values. PCA coefficient with 20% cut‐off value provided superior contrast. Conclusion: The iterative principal component analysis is a robust method to emphasize variation among CBCT projection images when rigid anatomy remains relatively stationary. The proposed methodology has shown promising results on the patient data.


A vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA) study of a range of different structural types of virus exemplified by filamentous bacteriophage fd, tobacco mosaic virus, satellite tobacco mosaic virus, bacteriophage MS2 and cowpea mosaic virus has revealed that, on account of its sensitivity to chirality, ROA is an incisive probe of their aqueous solution structures at the molecular level. Protein ROA bands are especially prominent from which, as we have shown by comparison with the ROA spectra of proteins with known structures and by using a pattern recognition program, the folds of the major coat protein subunits may be deduced. Information about amino acid side-chain conformations, exemplified here by the determination of the sign and magnitude of the torsion angle chi(2,1) for tryptophan in fd, may also sometimes be obtained. By subtracting the ROA spectrum of the empty protein capsid (top component) of cowpea mosaic virus from those of the intact middle and bottom-upper components separated by means of a caesium chloride density gradient, the ROA spectrum of the viral RNA was obtained, which revealed that the RNA takes up an A-type single-stranded helical conformation and that the RNA conformations in the middle and bottom-upper components are very similar. This information is not available from the X-ray crystal structure of cowpea mosaic virus since no nucleic acid is visible.


Metrical methods for describing the variance in extant hominoids
are applied to phenetic groupings of later Miocene hominoids in
order to produce palaeospecies whose variance is compatible with
that seen in living hominoids.
Enamel thickness measurements are presented for samples of living
and fossil hominoids. An index of relative enamel thickness
scaled for size has been developed and this defined four categories
of relative enamel thickness metrically: Thin enamel (mean values
of relative enamel thickness between 8.90 and 11.30), intermediate/
thin enamel (mean values between 11.30 and 14.65), intermediate/
thick enamel (mean values between 14.65 and 17.25), and thick enamel
(mean values between 17.70 and 26.20). Thin enamel has been found
in Pan, Gorilla and Hylobates; intermediate/thick enamel is found
in Pongo; and thick enamel is found in Homo. Thick enamel is also
found in Sivapithecus (17.73 - 21.69).
The distribution of enamel prism packing patterns at different depths
in hominoid enamel show that Homo, Hylobates and Sivapithecus have
almost entirely Pattern 3 enamel. Pongo has an outer thickness (less
than 25%) of Pattern 1 enamel, and Pan and Gorilla have an outer (40%)
thickness of Pattern 1 enamel overlying the Pattern 3 enamel.
Pattern 3 enamel in hominoids is formed quickly (5-7μm per day)
and has well marked Hunter-Schreger bands. Pattern 1 enamel is
formed slowly (less than 2μm per day) and has no Hunter-Schreger
bands.
On the basis of these new data the commonancestral condition of
hominoid enamel has been shown to be thin enamel which formed at
the fast (Pattern 3) rate. The common ancestor of the great ape
and human clade had thick enamel which formed at the fast (Pattern 3)
rate, and this was primitively retained in the common ancestor of
the African ape and man clade and in the exclusively hominid clade.
The common ancestor of the African apes had thin enamel, a large
proportion of which (40%) formed at the slow (Pattern 1) rate.
Thick Pattern 3 enamel evolved non-adaptively through the relative
increase in dental developmental period, and dietary factors were
only of subsequent importance in the maintenance of thick enamel.


Various applications of wireless Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications have rekindled the research interest in random access protocols, suitable to support a large number of connected devices. Slotted ALOHA and its derivatives represent a simple solution for distributed random access in wireless networks. Recently, a framed version of slotted ALOHA gained renewed interest due to the incorporation of successive interference cancellation (SIC) in the scheme, which resulted in substantially higher throughputs. Based on similar principles and inspired by the rateless coding paradigm, a frameless approach for distributed random access in the slotted ALOHA framework is described in this paper. The proposed approach shares an operational analogy with rateless coding, expressed both through the user access strategy and the adaptive length of the contention period, with the objective to end the contention when the instantaneous throughput is maximized. The paper presents the related analysis, providing heuristic criteria for terminating the contention period and showing that very high throughputs can be achieved, even for a low number for contending users. The demonstrated results potentially have more direct practical implications compared to the approaches for coded random access that lead to high throughputs only asymptotically.


In enterprise architecture, the goal is to integrate business resources and IT resources in order to improve an enterprises competitiveness. In an enterprise architecture project, the development team constructs a hierarchical model that represents the enterprise. Our goal is to develop a hierarchical object-oriented model that can serve as enterprise model. The state of the art in hierarchical object-oriented models is such that no models are suited for that purpose. Existing hierarchical models either represent the hierarchy in an inconsistent way, or focus on only one system of interest, or inadequately model actions, or lack a complete meta-model to keep the traceability across the hierarchy. In this paper, we present a meta-model that defines a hierarchical object-oriented model of systems such as those found in enterprise architecture. Millers organizational levels and the Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing are the foundations of our meta-model that is currently implemented in a web-based CAD tool using Java technology. This paper ends by presenting an example developed with our CAD tool.


We take a resource-theoretic approach to the problem of quantifying nonclassicality in Bell scenarios. The resources are conceptualized as probabilistic processes from the setting variables to the outcome variables having a particular causal structure, namely, one wherein the wings are only connected by a common cause. We term them "common-cause boxes". We define the distinction between classical and nonclassical resources in terms of whether or not a classical causal model can explain the correlations. One can then quantify the relative nonclassicality of resources by considering their interconvertibility relative to the set of operations that can be implemented using a classical common cause (which correspond to local operations and shared randomness). We prove that the set of free operations forms a polytope, which in turn allows us to derive an efficient algorithm for deciding whether one resource can be converted to another. We moreover define two distinct monotones with simple closed-form expressions in the two-party binary-setting binary-outcome scenario, and use these to reveal various properties of the pre-order of resources, including a lower bound on the cardinality of any complete set of monotones. In particular, we show that the information contained in the degrees of violation of facet-defining Bell inequalities is not sufficient for quantifying nonclassicality, even though it is sufficient for witnessing nonclassicality. Finally, we show that the continuous set of convexly extremal quantumly realizable correlations are all at the top of the pre-order of quantumly realizable correlations. In addition to providing new insights on Bell nonclassicality, our work also sets the stage for quantifying nonclassicality in more general causal networks.


3D object detection plays an important role in a large number of real-world applications. It requires us to estimate the localizations and the orientations of 3D objects in real scenes. In this paper, we present a new network architecture which focuses on utilizing the front view images and frustum point clouds to generate 3D detection results. On the one hand, a PointSIFT module is utilized to improve the performance of 3D segmentation. It can capture the information from different orientations in space and the robustness to different scale shapes. On the other hand, our network obtains the useful features and suppresses the features with less information by a SENet module. This module reweights channel features and estimates the 3D bounding boxes more effectively. Our method is evaluated on both KITTI dataset for outdoor scenes and SUN-RGBD dataset for indoor scenes. The experimental results illustrate that our method achieves better performance than the state-of-the-art methods especially when point clouds are highly sparse.


This Report aims to provide figures and trends for the European market for lighting controls, analysing the sector performance, the competitive system, market drivers and major market players. The study has been produced on the basis of around 20 direct interviews and overall documentation relating to the lighting industry available both online and offline + CSIL's database of roughly 1,000 worldwide manufacturers operating in the lighting industry. Product segmentation included: residential, commercial, industrial and outdoor lighting controls applications. Subcategories of the mentioned segments have also been investigated (offices, hotels, private homes, shops, industrial plants, hospitals, urban landscape and streets…). The following technologies have been investigated: user interfaces (including sliders, dimmers, touch panels, remote controls, timers and standard control panels), sensors (including presence, occupancy, movement and light sensors) and control modules (including relay panels, group controllers, scene controllers and DMX controllers). Fixture mounted (including all devices mounted on the fixtures or luminaries), wall mounted (including ceiling mounted) and integrated building automation system (BAS) are some of the product sectors examined in this research. Further analysis on protocols used (DALI, DMX, etc.) is also included. Geographical coverage: in-deep analysis for 16 West European countries (around 85% of the market value), overview on Central-East Europe, Russia, Middle East and North Africa (15%). Lighting control systems are used for working places, aesthetic, and security illumination for interior, exterior and landscape lighting, and theatre stage lighting productions. They are often part of sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy conservation programs. A major advantage of a lighting control system over conventional individual switching is the ability to control any light, group of lights, or all lights in a building from a single user interface device. Any light or device can be controlled from any location. This ability to control multiple light sources from a user device allows complex "light scenes" to be created. A room may have multiple scenes available, each one created for different activities in the room. A lighting scene can create dramatic changes in atmosphere, for a residence or the stage, by a simple button press. In landscape design, in addition to landscape lighting, fountain pumps, water spa heating, swimming pool covers, motorized gates, and outdoor fireplace ignition; it can be remotely or automatically controlled. Other benefits include reduced energy consumption and power costs through more efficient usage, longer bulb life from dimming, and reduced carbon emission. Newer, wireless lighting control systems provide additional benefits including reduced installation costs and increased flexibility in where switches and sensors can be placed.


As a liquid turns to a solid, getting a picture of events at the interface between what's already solid and what's still liquid can be difficult. Sylvain Deville and Dmytro Dedovets at the Ceramic Synthesis & Functionalization Laboratory and Cecile Monteux of ESPCI Paris report an imaging approach based on confocal fluorescence microscopy that allows them to watch an emulsion of oil droplets in water as it freezes (Science 2018, DOI: 10.1126/science.aar4503). They use a temperature gradient to control where and how quickly the emulsion freezes and a flow cell to keep the interface within the focal plane of the microscope. Surfactants in the mixture stabilize the oil droplets and the images show that the surfactants help determine the microstructure of the resulting solid. The surfactants induce long-range interactions between the solidifying surface and the droplets that cause the droplets to be redistributed as the emulsion freezes. This redistribution—whether, for


University of New Hampshire, May, 2009 In 1879, two very different types of boarding schools opened their doors: the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, headed by Army Captain Richard Henry Pratt, and the Northfield Seminary for Young Ladies, founded by evangelist D. L. Moody. While Captain Pratt was dedicated to the assimilation and acculturation of Native children into the dominant culture, D. L. Moody was determined to offer affordable education to financially disadvantaged young women. In the fall of 1880 the Seminary welcomed sixteen Choctaw, Cherokee, and Creek students, and, in 1881, the newly opened Mount Hermon Boys' School accepted four Native American young men. Thus began an educational relationship with Indian Country that has survived for 130 years. This study begins with an overview of the history of American Indian education, followed by a discussion of the life of D. L. Moody, emphasizing his educational goals, then draws upon the narratives of American Indian and Alaskan Native students to argue that the egalitarian and supportive environment of the Northfield Schools provided the tools that helped attendees to bridge Native and mainstream cultures, rather than trapping them between the two. Using archival resources and interviews, this work personalizes the experiences of a few young men and women who attended Moody's schools. Moreover, this study begins the exploration into the under-researched area of private boarding schools as an alternative to the federally supported system.


The sensitivity (i.e. dynamic response) of complex networked systems has not been well understood, making difficult to predict whether new macroscopic dynamic behavior will emerge even if we know exactly how individual nodes behave and how they are coupled. Here we build a framework to quantify the sensitivity of complex networked system of coupled dynamic units. We characterize necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of new macroscopic dynamic behavior in the thermodynamic limit. We prove that these conditions are satisfied only for architectures with power-law degree distributions. Surprisingly, we find that highly connected nodes (i.e. hubs) only dominate the sensitivity of the network up to certain critical frequency.


Most robots lack the ability to learn new objects from past experiences. To migrate a robot to a new environment one must often completely re-generate the knowledge- base that it is running with. Since in open-ended domains the set of categories to be learned is not predefined, it is not feasible to assume that one can pre-program all object categories required by robots. Therefore, autonomous robots must have the ability to continuously execute learning and recognition in a concurrent and interleaved fashion. This paper proposes an open-ended 3D object recognition system which concurrently learns both the object categories and the statistical features for encoding objects. In particular, we propose an extension of Latent Dirichlet Allocation to learn structural semantic features (i.e. topics) from low-level feature co-occurrences for each category independently. Moreover, topics in each category are discovered in an unsupervised fashion and are updated incrementally using new object views. The approach contains similarities with the organization of the visual cortex and builds a hierarchy of increasingly sophisticated representations. Results show the fulfilling performance of this approach on different types of objects. Moreover, this system demonstrates the capability of learning from few training examples and competes with state-of-the-art systems.


This is a short, distinctive, modern, and motivated introduction to mathematical logic for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematics and computer science. Any mathematician who is interested in knowing what logic is concerned with and who would like to learn Gdels incompleteness theorems should find this book particularly convenient. The treatment is thoroughly mathematical, and the entire subject has been approached like a branch of mathematics. Serious efforts have been made to make the book suitable for the classroom as well as for self-reading. The book does not strive to be a comprehensive encyclopedia of logic. Still, it gives essentially all the basic concepts and results in mathematical logic. The book prepares students to branch out in several areas of mathematics related to foundations and computability such as logic, axiomatic set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and computability. The main prerequisite for this book is the willingness to work at a reasonable level of mathematical rigor and generality.


Disturbances have drastically altered Caribbean coral reefs over the past two decades. Acropora cervicornis (staghorn coral), which predominated at intermediate depths (5—25 m) from the 1950s through the 1970s, has virtually disappeared from most reef environments. Other coral species have declined as well, and the cover of macroalgae has increased. In apparent contrast, fossil reef sequences suggest that the species composition and zonation of coral assemblages did not change during the Pleistocene and Holocene. One interpretation of these observations is that coral species persisted on Caribbean reefs for hundreds of thousands of years as components of tightly integrated communities, and that a rare or unique combination of disturbances led to the synchronous decline of A. cervicornis and other corals throughout the region. The hypotheses of (1) community integration and (2) a unique, recent community transition, were tested by ecological and paleoecological observations in the shelf lagoon of the Belizean Barrier Reef. The reef growing along the flanks of Channel Cay, a lagoonal shoal, was monitored by point counts along transects over a ten-year period (1986—95). This reef was covered primarily by A. cervicornis at 3—15 m depth until the late 1980s. After 1986, A. cervicornis experienced a mass mortality from White Band Disease, an epizootic of presumed bacterial origin. The cover of A. cervicornis dropped from ~70% in 1986 to nearly 0% in 1993. Agaricia spp. (lettuce corals) responded opportunistically to the availability of free space in the form of A. cervicornis skeletal rubble. Agaricia, which had been a minor constituent of the sessile biota (10% cover in 1986), replaced A. cervicornis as the most common occupant of space on the reef (56% cover in 1995). The percent cover of other coral species and macroalgae remained low throughout the ten-year period. Similar changes were observed on other reefs over an area of at least 250 km2. The Acropora-to-Agaricia transition left a clear signature in the sedimentary record. Trenches dug into the reef at Channel Cay revealed the accretion of a layer of Agaricia rubble with a mean thickness of 22 cm in the decade after 1986. Due to the unconsolidated, uncompacted nature of the reef sediments, evidence of previous Acropora-to-Agaricia transitions should have been visible in the fossil record as vertical accumulations of A. cervicornis branches interrupted by layers of imbricated Agaricia rubble. Coring studies at Channel Cay revealed that no other Agaricia layers were deposited during at least the past 3800 years; the recent transition was unique on a time scale of millennia. This result supports the contention that excursions from the Acropora-dominated situation are unusual in the history of Channel Cay and nearby reefs. However, the dynamics of the transition do not support the community integration hypothesis for the Channel Cay reef, indicating instead that different coral taxa in this assemblage responded differently, or not at all, to a large-scale biotic disturbance. The community transition also underscores the potential for biological factors in general, and disease in particular, to alter the composition of ecological communities and their sedimentary remains.


Abstract Results of a detailed sedimentological study of the mid-Pleistocene Gilbert-type Ilias delta at the southern coast of the Corinth Rift, Greece, are reported. The study indicates that the development of a turbidite-dominated facies assemblage (TFA) of delta foreset deposits is associated with an oblique delta-brink geometry, which signifies a deficit of delta-front accommodation due to the falling or stable base level. A debrite-dominated assemblage (DFA) of foreset deposits forms when the base level is rising and the delta-brink geometry becomes sigmoidal, signifying an increase in delta-front accommodation. The comparison of coeval foreset and toeset to bottomset deposits in the delta indicates a reverse pattern of reciprocal changes in facies assemblages, with the foreset TFA deposits corresponding to delta-foot DFA deposits, and with the foreset DFA deposits corresponding to delta-foot TFA deposits. This reciprocal alternation of TFA and DFA facies assemblages is attributed to changes in the delta-front accommodation driven by short-term base-level changes, with a degree of "noise" in the facies record due to the system autogenic variability and regional climatic fluctuations. The study sheds a new light on the changing pattern of subaqueous sediment dispersal in Gilbert-type deltaic systems in response to base-level changes. It also indicates a new possibility for the recognition of a hidden record of such changes in other similar ancient deltas on the basis of their detailed facies analysis.


A large part of the interactions between horse and rider during horseback riding takes place through the reins and the bit and devices for measuring the tension on the reins, rein tension meters, has fairly recently been developed. To safeguard the welfare of the ridden horse riders need to be aware of the rein tension they apply and actively work to decrease it. Furthermore, there is a need to develop the study of rein tension through new techniques and refined analysis procedures. A good-quality rein tension meter should be small in size, sensitive, durable and as accurate for light rein tension as for strong forces. Rein tension meters used in research on horse and rider interaction commonly depend on strain gauge technique for generating rein tension data. Strain gauges are electrical resistances and when subjected to tension or compression the resistance change. By connecting the strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge circuit the sensitivity of the measure is increased and the circuit is compensated for temperature changes.
The aim of this project was to create a durable rein tension meter at a low cost that would be as accurate for high loads as for small changes of tension. The rein tension meter was made from bent stainless spring steel, strain gauges, a custom made amplifier and electric cable. Three different sizes of steel, 140*40*1 mm (large), 110*35*1 mm (medium) and 90*30*1.5 mm (small) and two different types of strain gauges, pairs of parallel strain gauges and pairs of perpendicular strain gauges, were tested. Power and logging of data was supplied through an Inertial Measurement Unit. The rein tension meters were calibrated by lifting known weights and were tested at local riding schools as well as with privately owned horses. The maximum force the steel could withstand was calculated and the stability of the output voltage to the same weight was tested. A polynomial regression calculation was used to convert the voltage output received from the ridden tests into rein tension in kilograms.

The results show that the pairs of parallel strain gauges were most appropriate to use, the small size meter was most durable due to being thickest and the small size meter also had the most appropriate measuring range of 285 g to >30 kg. Repeated calibrations of the small rein tension meter with the same weight yielded similar values. The mean of the mean rein tension received from the school horses were 1.2 kg for the left rein and 1.11 kg for the right rein. The maximum rein tension registered was with a horse that was difficult for the rider to control and would run off frequently during the ride and its highest rein tension peak reached 31.58 kg.

In conclusion, the rein tension meters created were found to be both durable and accurate and well suited for rein tension measurements and the small size rein tension meter with a measuring range of >30 kg is likely enough to register rein tension in most horses and riders. This rein tension meter can also potentially synchronize the rein tension data with the stride cycle. To safeguard the welfare of the horse, training techniques and rider performance need to be measured and evaluated and a tool like this rein tension meter makes it possible to monitor, at least in part, the interactions taking place between horse and rider.


There are many nonisomorphic orthogonal arrays with parameters $OA(s^3,s^2+s+1,s,2)$ although the existence of the arrays yields many restrictions. We denote this by $OA(3,s)$ for simplicity. V. D. Tonchev showed that for even the case of $s=3$, there are at least 68 nonisomorphic orthogonal arrays. The arrays that are constructed by the $n-$dimensional finite spaces have parameters $OA(s^n, (s^n-1)/(s-1),s,2)$. They are called Rao-Hamming type. In this paper we characterize the $OA(3,s)$ of 3-dimensional Rao-Hamming type. We prove several results for a special type of $OA(3,s)$ that satisfies the following condition: For any three rows in the orthogonal array, there exists at least one column, in which the entries of the three rows equal to each other. We call this property $\alpha$-type. We prove the following. (1) An $OA(3,s)$ of $\alpha$-type exists if and only if $s$ is a prime power. (2) $OA(3,s)$s of $\alpha$-type are isomorphic to each other as orthogonal arrays. (3) An $OA(3,s)$ of $\alpha$-type yields $PG(3,s)$. (4) The 3-dimensional Rao-Hamming is an $OA(3,s)$ of $\alpha$-type. (5) A linear $OA(3,s)$ is of $\alpha $-type.


PURPOSE
Despite reported widespread use of dietary supplements during cancer treatment, few empirical data with regard to their safety or efficacy exist. Because of concerns that some supplements, particularly antioxidants, could reduce the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, we conducted a prospective study ancillary to a therapeutic trial to evaluate associations between supplement use and breast cancer outcomes.

METHODS
Patients with breast cancer randomly assigned to an intergroup metronomic trial of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel were queried on their use of supplements at registration and during treatment (n =1,134). Cox proportional hazards regression adjusting for clinical and lifestyle variables was used. Recurrence and survival were indexed at 6 months after enrollment using a landmark approach.

RESULTS
There were indications that use of any antioxidant supplement (vitamins A, C, and E; carotenoids; coenzyme Q10) both before and during treatment was associated with an increased hazard of recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR], 1.41; 95% CI, 0.98 to 2.04; P = .06) and, to a lesser extent, death (adjHR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.90 to 2.18; P = .14). Relationships with individual antioxidants were weaker perhaps because of small numbers. For nonantioxidants, vitamin B12 use both before and during chemotherapy was significantly associated with poorer disease-free survival (adjHR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.92; P < .01) and overall survival (adjHR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.22 to 3.40; P < .01). Use of iron during chemotherapy was significantly associated with recurrence (adjHR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.67; P < .01) as was use both before and during treatment (adjHR, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.98 to 3.70; P = .06). Results were similar for overall survival. Multivitamin use was not associated with survival outcomes.

CONCLUSION
Associations between survival outcomes and use of antioxidant and other dietary supplements both before and during chemotherapy are consistent with recommendations for caution among patients when considering the use of supplements, other than a multivitamin, during chemotherapy.


Alien plants introduced for commercial or landscaping use have caused substantial problems as invaders of natural and managed ecosystems. The magnitude of the problem has dramatically increased over the past few decades with accelerated land disturbance, land use changes, and global and internal transportation. In the southern region of the United States, invasive plants are one of the threats to the long-term sustainability of our forest ecosystems along with climate change and land use change. We assessed the potential distribution of invasive plants in forests of the southern region using data from the invasive species component of the U.S.Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program and freely available digital data including elevation, climate, and land use. Using an ensemble modeling approach, we integrated maximum entropy algorithms, logistic regression, random forest, boosted regression trees, and support vector machine. Areas of agreement between models were considered areas of high probability. This suggests the importance of adaptive management and long-term monitoring programs and the need for further development of methods for assessing probable future climate conditions. We have used this approach to evaluate the relative importance of dependent variables and the application and selection of modeling techniques.


Unstructured mesh generation exposes highly irregular computation patterns, which imposes a challenge in implementing triangulation algorithms on parallel machines. This paper reports on an efficient parallel implementation of near Delaunay triangulation with High Performance Fortran (HPF). Our algorithm exploits embarrassing parallelism by performing sub‐block triangulation and boundary merge independently at the same time. The sub‐block triangulation is a divide & conquer Delaunay algorithm known for its sequential efficiency, and the boundary triangulation is an incremental construction algorithm with low overhead. Compared with prior work, our parallelization method is both simple and efficient. In the paper, we also describe a solution to the collinear points problem that usually arises in large data sets. Our experiences with the HPF implementation show that with careful control of the data distribution, we are able to parallelize the program using HPF's standard directives and extrinsic procedures. Experimental results on several parallel platforms, including an IBM SP2 and a DEC Alpha farm, show that a parallel efficiency of 42–86% can be achieved for an eight‐node distributed memory system. We also compare efficiency of the HPF implementation with that of a similarly hand‐coded MPI implementation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The flyback topology is proven to be a very strong candidate solution for use in ac-PV module applications. Operation in the boundary condition mode (BCM) provides high power density, while maintaining the characteristics of a current source inverter. In this paper, a design methodology is presented, that maximizes the weighted efficiency of the converter through an optimization algorithm. The inverter operation is investigated and the behavior under the improved BCM is documented by analytical equations followed by the power loss calculations for each component. This enables to accurately define the relation between the design parameters and the efficiency of the implemented converter and so, an optimization algorithm is established, that takes into consideration the design specifications and constraints. The proposed methodology is also verified with an experimental prototype.


This paper describes the ten-year programme of communitydesigned, built and managed toilet blocks undertaken by urban poor federations and women's cooperatives, with support from the Indian NGO SPARC. This programme has reached hundreds of thousands of poor urban dwellers with much improved sanitation and facilities for washing; it has also demonstrated how such provision is affordable and manageable for all Indian cities. But this programme has also demonstrated to city authorities the capacity and competence of urban poor organizations, and helped change the relationship between the residents of slums and local government agencies. The paper begins by explaining why sanitation has been neglected, and describes the inadequacies in government sanitation programmes. It then describes the first experiments with community sanitation and the difficult negotiations in many cities, including Mumbai, Kanpur and Bangalore. Then it discusses the major community toilet programmes that developed in Pune and Mumbai. It highlights the innovations that allowed these to work better than previous public toilet blocks, the reasons why the urban poor organizations took on these projects, the lessons learnt and the ways in which community toilet blocks helped address other problems faced by the urban poor.


The Semenyih River Basin has undergone various degrees of land use changes since the
last decade, particularly associated with urbanization and industrialization. The total area
of the basin is 266.60 km² and contains 36 sub-catchments with sizes ranging from 1.37 to
35.57 km². An integrated study was carried out to determine the various factors of land use
changes that may affect the stability of the watershed and its subsequent impacts on water
quality. Rock and soil samples were analyzed in a petrographic and XRF methods and
sieve analysis for soil. Rainfall-runoff relationships were created to elucidate the
hydrologic responses and to develop the graphical analysis. Stream flow pattern of
particular years were grouped to show their flow variations. 18 water quality parameters
were performed from the 11 sampling locations at the Semenyih River that were also used
for the hydrological measurements. The water quality analysis is involved 4 in-situ
parameters and 14 laboratory parameters. The relationships of hydrology and water quality
variables were determined by regression and correlation analysis. The above three criteria
was used together with land use and population density factors to develop the basin
classification system.


Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive tumour of the central nervous system. Currently, GBM remains an incurable tumour characterized by a poor prognosis with a median survival time of 15 months. Both hypoxia and inflammation are central hallmarks of the GBM microenvironment leading to therapy resistance, however, research studies on GBM are rarely undertaken in hypoxic conditions. A lack of progress in the development of novel treatments has led to repurposing of existing licensed drugs as an alternative option. Research has suggested a role for aspirin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in the treatment and prevention of GBM. However, widespread aspirin
usage is challenging due to side effects which has led to the development of several novel aspirin analogues with the aim of producing the same or better anti- cancer effects accompanied with safer toxicity profiles.

This study has investigated the effects of one such analogue, PN517, in addition to aspirin, cisplatin, and temozolomide either as monotherapy or combined therapy on the U87-MG glioblastoma and non- cancerous SVG-p12 cell lines under normoxic and
hypoxic conditions. Multiple assays were performed including cell viability assay, proliferation and cell cycle analysis, wound healing assay, mitopotential and cell death assays, metabolic activity assays as well as western blot analysis for several proteins. In addition, U87-MG hypoxia-adapted cell lines and 3D spheroid models were generated and employed to examine the effect of the drug treatments in models that better mimic the GBM microenvironment.
Results found that PN517 and aspirin decreased cell viability under normoxia and hypoxia in a time and concentration dependent manner with similar efficacy to cisplatin in the U87-MG glioblastoma cell line.
Interestingly, data suggested different mechanism of actions for PN517 and aspirin, with PN517 being consistently more efficacious. PN517 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, wound healing and GAPDH enzymatic activity. Additionally, PN517 induced significant alterations in the metabolic network of the cells by simultaneously reducing glycolytic and mitochondrial activities leading ultimately to apoptosis. Furthermore, PN517 significantly enhanced the efficacy of cisplatin and temozolomide where the combination of PN517 and temozolomide always produced the greatest efficacy among all drug treatments. Most importantly, the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of the combined therapy as compared to the monotherapy was also observed in the hypoxia-adapted cell lines and 3D spheroid cultures, and the combination of PN517 and temozolomide remained the most effective drug treatment.

In conclusion, these results have suggested possible mechanisms of action for the effects of PN517 and aspiring in GBM and highlighted PN517 as an effective and potentially well-tolerated treatment which could have potential therapeutic value for the future treatment of GBM by enhancing temozolomide efficacy and increasing the patients' tolerance to the chemotherapy. Therefore, this study supports the further investigation of the combined therapy of PN517 with standard drugs in vivo using animal models of GBM in order to confirm its efficacy and ability to cross the blood brain barrier.


Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the dietary supplement use and demographic characteristics of customers visiting health food stores in the Cape Town city bowl, and to determine their awareness and knowledge of the recommended fruit and vegetable intake servings and their fruit and vegetable consumption. Design and setting: A self-administered questionnaire was completed by customers visiting two health food stores in the Cape Town city bowl. Subjects: Participants were recruited systematically. One hundred and sixteen of the 146 invited customers participated in the survey (79.5%), but the sample consisted of 112 because four questionnaires were not completed fully. Results: The majority of the sample (81.3%) used supplements, and 79.1% of these were regular users. The demographics of the sample and of the supplement users were mainly female and white, with a higher education, and a younger age. Vitamin (63.2%), mineral (42.5%) and herbal (42.5%) supplements were consumed most. The two main reasons for use were to supplement the diet (68.1%) and to prevent disease (59.3%). A third of the sample (33.0%) was aware of the "5-a-day" concept, while only 21.4% understood the concept. Knowledge of the recommended daily fruit (92.0%) and vegetable (47.3%) intake servings was higher than the awareness of the "5-a-day" concept, although only 65.2% and 14.3% of the respondents consumed the recommended daily servings of fruit and vegetables respectively. Conclusions: The demographic profile of the supplement users was similar to that reported in other studies. Knowledge of the recommended daily fruit and vegetable intake servings was higher than the consumption behaviour, as fewer servings were consumed than were indicated should be consumed, especially regarding vegetable intake. More respondents who were aware of the "5-a-day" concept were consuming the recommended intake of five fruit and vegetables servings daily.


Marketing research that targets consumers' influences and financial implications is a worthwhile sports marketing effort. To implement effective marketing strategies in a specific country, it is pertinent to understand consumer behavior in that country. In this paper, 11 major findings related to the unique behavior, attitudes, and buying patterns of Chinese sports consumers are highlighted. From the results of questionnaires administered to 2,155 mainland Chinese consumers in 10 selected cities, different economic, social, and personal factors in the China's environment are determined. The marketing implications of the Chinese culture and lifestyle are also discussed. INTRODUCTION With a quarter of the world's population and a fast-growing economy, China is rapidly turning into one of the busiest market centers in the world. Sports marketing has the potential to emerge not only as an effective vehicle in imitating the development of the Chinese economy, it also affects the Chinese culture and lifestyle. Since sports marketing in China has not been analyzed or researched, it is appropriate to study the consumer as well as general financial implications. A look at American success in sports marketing will be helpful. However, implementing such strategies in China creates special considerations because of the existence of cultural and economic differences between the two countries. This study attempts to identify the proper marketing strategies in China through an analysis of Chinese consumers' behavior, attitudes, and buying patterns. METHODOLOGY The methodology used in this study consisted of exploratory research of interviewing managers of retail outlets, secondary research of literature review, and primary research of a total of 4,000 questionnaires distributed in 10 selected cities (Beijing, Chendu, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Qindao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Xian, and Xiamen) in China. Questionnaires were administered to a judgmental quota sample and assigned to one of four age groups with equal males and females. The rate of response was 53.9%; 2,155 questionnaires were returned. The analysis of the data include editing, coding, analyzing coded observations, and interpreting results for solutions to the research problems. Tabulations and measures of central tendency were used to describe the distribution of characteristics in the subject population. Crosstabulation and chi square statistics were also used to show relationships between consumer segments. SURVEY FINDINGS Eleven major factors affecting consumer purchasing emerged from the questionnaire data analysis: 1. purchasing reasons; 2. purchasing experience evaluation; 3. income level relative to the expense level; 4. type of sporting goods purchased; 5. product factors affecting purchasing; 6. people influencing consumer purchasing; 7. sources of information about where and how to purchase; 8. influence of advertisements; 9. brands consumers prefer; 10. where goods purchased; and 11. time spent in sports Purchasing Reasons: The major reason why people purchased sports products was "for exercise." Purchasing Experience Evaluation: Approximately half of the respondents indicated that their purchasing experience was "positive." Income Level Relative to the Expenses Level: The Chinese consumers' income levels range from less than $173 U.S. per year to over $863 U.S. a year. The middle income level accounted for 72% of the respondents. However, most respondents indicated they spent "less than $40 U.S. per year" on the purchase of sporting goods. Type of Sporting Goods Purchased: "Shoes" were the No. 1 favorite type of sporting goods for Chinese consumers. Females tended to purchase apparel; males were more likely to purchase all type of sporting goods. Product Factors Affecting Purchasing: "Quality," "style," and "price" were the three most important factors influencing purchasing decisions. …


Grid-connected electrical storage has a high potential to support the transition toward a reliable decentralized and renewable energy supply. It is expected that lithium-ion batteries will play a major role in this transition, because of their high energy density and of the potential capacity that is offered by plug-in (hybrid) electric vehicles. The use of lithium-ion batteries in grid support may result in additional degradation. Intelligent control of these batteries can assure that the additional degradation rate is minimized and their utilization is cost-effective. It is, therefore, imperative that the intelligent control has an excellent understanding of the aging behavior of the battery, therefore, it can maximize the benefits for the battery owner. Based on this logic, cycle life experiments were performed on lithium polymer cells in which the cell life dependence on the depth of discharge was investigated. Other cell characteristics that were studied include the equivalent series resistance and the efficiency.


There is an increasing diversity in approaches to teaching engineering ethics due to increasing dissatisfaction with the dominant approach which uses case studies focused on moral dilemmas confronting individual engineers. There has been a demand for a greater consideration of the organisational and social context in which engineers work and for a shift in focus from micro ethics issues concerning individuals to macro issues of concern to the engineering profession. Further, there has been a demand that engineers focus on societal decision making about technology and their role in policy development. Drawing on the work of the American sociologist George Ritzer, which focuses on micro/macro integration and the subjective and objective dimensions of sociological analysis, this paper provides a framework for understanding different approaches to engineering ethics. In moving towards an integrated approach, it is argued that a key issue confronting engineers is how to change the economic and social context in which they work so that it enables rather than constrains the development of sustainable engineering solutions. It is also argued that an integrated approach should focus on integrating the different levels of analysis into accounts of ethical issues.


We present new theoretical and empirical results with the iLSTD algorithm for policy evaluation in reinforcement learning with linear function approximation. iLSTD is an incremental method for achieving results similar to LSTD, the data-efficient, least-squares version of temporal difference learning, without incurring the full cost of the LSTD computation. LSTD is O(n2), where n is the number of parameters in the linear function approximator, while iLSTD is O(n). In this paper, we generalize the previous iLSTD algorithm and present three new results: (1) the first convergence proof for an iLSTD algorithm; (2) an extension to incorporate eligibility traces without changing the asymptotic computational complexity; and (3) the first empirical results with an iLSTD algorithm for a problem (mountain car) with feature vectors large enough (n = 10,000) to show substantial computational advantages over LSTD.


Temporal dynamics of the infection by Perkinsus olseni in a clam (Tapes decussatus) bed was studied over 5 yr (March 1996 to December 2000). Diagnostic techniques were compared to assess their suitability for epizootiological purposes. A technique based on incubation of 2 gill lamellae in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) was more sensitive, quicker and cheaper than examination of histological sections. Incubation of the whole-clam soft tissues in RFTM allowed detection of very light infections that were not detected with incubation of only 2 gill lamellae. Nevertheless, the correlation between the infection intensity estimated by both RFTM incubations was high. Infection intensity was significantly and positively correlated with clam size/age. No infected clam smaller than 20 mm was found. There was an annual pattern of infection involving lower mean infection intensity and prevalence in winter and higher values for both variables from spring to autumn, with 2 main annual peaks in spring and late summer-early autumn. This temporal pattern was significantly associated with the seawater temperature. The annual spring peak of infection intensity occurred when seawater temperature was around 15 degrees C. Monthly mortality in the clam bed peaked in spring and summer--after peaks of P. olseni infection intensity and concurrently with high seawater temperature. A comparison of percentage mortality between clams from 2 sources (a perkinsosis-affected and a non-affected area) placed in the same clam bed revealed significantly higher mortality in the clams originating from the perkinsosis-affected area.


A student of children's folkways, Italian author and teacher Lella Gandini is best known in the United States as the leading advocate for the Reggio Emilia approach to early-childhood education, which emerged after the Second World War in Northern Italy—in the town that gives this approach its name. Gandini's many publications in English and Italian include volumes on early-childhood education and Italian folklore, and she is coauthor or coeditor of such works as Insights and Inspirations from Reggio Emilia: Stories of Teachers and Children from North America; The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Education; and Beautiful Stuff!: Learning with Found Materials. She holds a doctorate in education and has taught at the University of Massachusetts, Lesley College, and Smith College. In this interview, Gandini discusses how teachers and children in Reggio schools make thinking visible as they draw, sculpt, tell stories, construct theories, make maps, compose poetry, and explore their creativity in dramatic play.