BACKGROUND
A 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) review found good evidence that HIV screening is accurate and that antiretroviral therapy (ART) for immunologically advanced disease is associated with substantial clinical benefits, but insufficient evidence to determine the effects on transmission or in less immunologically advanced disease.

PURPOSE
To update the 2005 USPSTF review on benefits and harms of HIV screening in adolescents and adults, focusing on research gaps identified in the prior review.

DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE (2004 to June 2012) and the Cochrane Library (through the second quarter of 2012).

STUDY SELECTION
Randomized trials and observational studies that compared HIV screening strategies and reported clinical outcomes, evaluated the effects of starting ART at different CD4 cell count thresholds and long-term harms, or reported the effects of interventions on transmission risk.

DATA EXTRACTION
2 authors abstracted and checked study details and quality using predefined criteria.

DATA SYNTHESIS
No study directly evaluated the effects on clinical outcomes of screening versus no screening for HIV infection. A randomized trial and a subgroup analysis from a randomized trial found that ART initiation at CD4 counts less than 0.250 × 109 cells/L was associated with a higher risk for death or AIDS-defining events than initiation at CD4 counts greater than 0.350 × 109 cells/L (hazard ratios, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.5] and 5.3 [CI, 1.3 to 9.6]). Large, fair-quality cohort studies also consistently found that ART initiation at CD4 counts of 0.350 to 0.500 × 109 cells/L was associated with lower risk for death or AIDS-defining events than delayed initiation. New evidence from good-quality cohorts with longer-term follow-up confirms a previously observed small increased risk for cardiovascular events associated with certain antiretrovirals. Strong evidence from 1 good-quality randomized trial and 7 observational studies found that ART was associated with a 10- to 20-fold reduction in risk for sexual transmission of HIV.

LIMITATIONS
Only English-language articles were included. Observational studies were included. Studies done in resource-poor or high-prevalence settings were included but might have limited applicability to general screening in the United States.

CONCLUSION
Previous studies have shown that HIV screening is accurate, targeted screening misses a substantial proportion of cases, and treatments are effective in patients with advanced immunodeficiency. New evidence indicates that ART reduces risk for AIDS-defining events and death in persons with less advanced immunodeficiency and reduces sexual transmission of HIV.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.


'The global financial crisis of 2007 to 2009 ruined businesses and banks, individuals and even nations, and seemed to land a mortal blow to the capitalist system. But capitalism has not been destroyed, rather it has been irrevocably altered: the forces that precipitated the crisis are now contributing to the evolution of a new, stronger version of the capitalist model. Tracing the development of capitalism from the late eighteenth century through three distinct historical phases, Kaletsky shows how at each of these transitions the existing economic order appeared to be fatally threatened, only for capitalism to reinvent itself and emerge stronger than before. The turning point for our most recent age of capitalism came on 15 September 2008 when Lehman Brothers collapsed, setting off market chaos which, had it not been for government bailouts and guarantees, would have toppled every bank in the Western world, an incident which set off the fourth major systemic transformation in capitalism's history' - "Capitalism 4.0". Understanding Capitalism 4.0 will be critical to the continued recovery of our global economies. In this controversial and wide-ranging book, Anatole Kaletsky, one of the world's foremost economic commentator, puts recent financial events into historical and ideological perspective. He describes the emerging features of this new capitalist model, explains how it differs from the previous versions - and how it will change politics, finance, international relations and economic thinking in the next decade.


This work proposes a new theoretical framework for the water transport in the cerebral environment. The approach is based on Multiple-Network Poroelastic Theory (MPET) and is a natural extension of poroelasticity, a well reported technique applied to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport. MPET accounts for the transport of CSF and blood simultaneously, as they permeate and deform the cerebral tissue. To demonstrate the strength of this approach, MPET is applied to one of the most paradoxical and non-intuitive cerebral pathologies, Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH). It is shown, for the first time, that clinically relevant ventricular deformations can be observed in the case of totally unobstructed, patient-specific aqueducts. Cerebral diseases are recognised as pivotal in healthcare; they relate to a whole host of unmet clinical needs. We are convinced that basic understanding of fluid transport, as provided by a validated MPET model, is the most promising way to address these needs meaningfully, in a clinical setting.


The article provides an introduction to a on-going research project based at University of Tromso that seeks to analyze the history of efforts to make sense of the aurora borealis from the early 1700s through to the Cold War. Following brilliant displays of the northern lights in the early eighteenth century, natural philosophers strove to explain this phenomenon that evoked widespread fear and superstition. It was not until well into the twentieth century that consensual explanation emerged for this, one of the great enigmas in the history of science. From the start, the quest to explain the aurora borealis became enmeshed with patriotic science and nationalist sentiments. The history of efforts to understand the nature and cause of the aurora poses a number of thematic problems. Being a fleeting and at times rapidly changing phenomenon, only occasionally seen south of far-northern latitudes, the aurora needed to be constituted as an object able to be brought into the domain of rational science. Observational accounts of the aurora came most often from by personsliving or travelling in the far north or in the Arctic, but these persons were generally not trained scientists: Whose witnessing counted and how was authority negotiated among professional scientists and amateurs?


This book is concerned with an investigation of severe school attendance problems. The purpose of this study is to integrate and synthesize related research carried out over the last ten years on this important social problem. The research describes the first use of randomly controlled trials by the courts in Great Britain and the psychiatric assessment of a non-clinical population of poor attenders. The approach provides new and interesting data and a good methodological example of the use of randomized experiments by the courts.


In this paper, we report the first enhanced emission for elements in a nonmetal or nonconducting matrix, glass, with the use of a pre-ablation spark. The glass samples used in this work are prototypes of samples used to immobilize inorganic waste at the Savannah River Site Vitrification Facility. We have found that using a pre-ablation spark results in larger signal enhancements, 11- to 20-fold for titanium, aluminum, and iron in glass compared to the metal under the same experimental conditions. We also demonstrate that this method is more sensitive than single-pulse LIBS experiments for the direct solid sampling of vitrified waste glass.


PURPOSE
To explore the experience of registered nurses (RNs) caring for patients in contemporary hospitals.

DESIGN
The descriptive phenomenological study was based in the philosophical perspectives of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty.

METHODS
A purposive sample of 46 RNs employed in acute care hospitals in the southeastern United States (US) were recruited by network sampling. Data from unstructured interviews were analyzed in an interpretive group and themes were identified.

FINDINGS
Four themes were identified: (a) extraordinary caregiving events, (b) incomprehensibility, (c) questioning whether anything else could have been done, and (d) "alone or together," indicating the isolation nurses often experience while giving care as well as profound moments of connection, especially with patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Caregiving experiences resulted in an accumulating residue of moral distress which in turn became ground for future experiences in the everyday work life of RNs. Sometimes years later, participants were still trying to justify and understand the outcomes and perhaps to absolve themselves from blame. Participants were confronted with the limits of science and skill and plunged into the realm of existential questions for which they had no ready answers.


Once a civil war ends, there is high probability that the nation will relapse into renewed war within a few years. For a nation where a civil war has recently ended to relapse into renewed conflict, some dynamic process of contention must emerge that makes a resumption of armed conflict one—but not the only—possible outcome of that contentious episode. We can conceive of the dynamics by which contentious politics can lead to civil war recurrence as a function of three conditions. First, one or more dissident groups must emerge with the organizational and military capacity to mount and sustain an armed challenge to the postwar state. Second, one or more of those groups must have the incentive to resort to armed conflict rather than abide by the post–civil war order. Third, conditions and events in the postwar environment must evolve in a manner such that one or more of these groups must determine that they have an opportunity to revolt. This framework can be used to analyze how, in existing research, the outcome and key attributes of the now-ended civil war and conditions in the postwar environment affect whether dissident groups will resume armed conflict or sustain the peace.


This paper synthesises a series of empirical analyses investigating the role of urban space in affecting minority employment outcomes. It broadens the focus beyond transport and the 'friction of space' and expands the data available for spatial research. The empirical analyses share a common framework linking 'access' to youth labour market performance. The first set of results is based on aggregate data relating access to employment outcomes for black youth at the metropolitan level. Access is broadly defined to include traditional measures of geographical distance, as well as measures of social isolation or social access. Metropolitan areas in which the black poor are more spatially isolated are also found to have higher black youth unemployment rates. The second body of evidence relies on the same type of metropolitan measures, combined with individual data on youth living with at least one parent. When individual and family characteristics are controlled for, and white and Hispanic youth are also considered, metropolitan measures of social access exert distinguishable effects upon youth employment—youth living in urban areas in which they have less residential contact with whites or the non-poor are less likely to be employed. The final piece of analysis links the individual records of such youth to tract-level measures of access, both social (neighbourhood composition variables) and geographical (job-access measures). This is accomplished through the creation of a unique data set at the Bureau of the Census. Again, after controlling for individual and family characteristics, the residential conditions of youth affect their employment. Ceteris paribus, youth living in census tracts with fewer employed adults, with fewer whites, and which are further from jobs are less likely to be employed. Results suggest that the overall effects of space on employment outcomes are substantial, explaining 10-40 per cent of the observed racial differences in employment in four urban areas examined. Of this 'spatial' effect, the bulk arises from social/informational measures; job access appears to play a much smaller role. However, when measured more precisely, at the census-tract level, job access does have a significant effect on youth employment. This effect is less important than other spatial influences. Spatial influences are less important in explaining outcomes than are differences in human capital.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies of Polycystic Kidney Disease (CRISP) was created to identify markers of disease progression in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
Linear mixed models were utilized to model effects of baseline parameters on changes in natural-log (ln)-transformed total kidney volume (TKV) and iothalamate clearance (GFR) across time in CRISP participants (creatinine clearance at entry >70 ml/min). Stepwise selection was used to obtain a final main effect model.

RESULTS
TKV increased from year to year, whereas GFR uncorrected for body surface area (BSA) decreased only at year 6. Higher lnTKV and urine sodium excretion (U(Na)V), lower serum HDL-cholesterol, and younger age at baseline associated with greater lnTKV growth from baseline to year 3 and to year 6. Higher lnTKV at baseline associated with greater GFR decline from year 1 to year 3 and to year 6. Higher BSA and 24-hour urine osmolality at baseline associated with greater GFR decline from year 1 to year 6. Higher U(Na)V and lower serum HDL-cholesterol at baseline associated with greater GFR decline from year 1 to year 6 by univariate analysis only. Associations seen during year 1 to year 6 (not seen during year 1 to year 3) reflect the time lag between structural and functional disease progression.

CONCLUSIONS
Serum HDL-cholesterol, U(Na)V, and 24-hour urine osmolality likely affect ADPKD progression. To what extent their modification may influence the clinical course of ADPKD remains to be determined.


We present powder and single-crystal neutron diffraction and bulk measurements of the Kagom\'e-staircase compound ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ (NVO) in fields up to $8.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ applied along the $\mathbf{c}$ direction. (The Kagom\'e plane is the $\mathbf{a}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathbf{c}$ plane.) This system contains two types of Ni ions, which we call ``spine'' and ``cross-tie.'' Our neutron measurements can be described with the paramagnetic space group $Cmca$ for $Tl15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and each observed magnetically ordered phase is characterized by the appropriate irreducible representation(s). Our zero-field measurements show that at ${T}_{\mathrm{PH}}=9.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ NVO undergoes a transition to a predominantly longitudinal incommensurate structure in which the spine spins are nearly along the $\mathbf{a}$-axis. At ${T}_{\mathrm{HL}}=6.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, there is a transition to an elliptically polarized incommensurate structure with both spine and cross-tie moments in the $\mathbf{a}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathbf{b}$ plane. At ${T}_{\mathrm{LC}}=4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ the system undergoes a first-order phase transition to a commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with the staggered magnetization primarily along the $\mathbf{a}$-axis and a weak ferromagnetic moment along the $\mathbf{c}$-axis. A specific heat anomaly at ${T}_{{\mathrm{CC}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=2.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ indicates an additional transition, which remarkably does not affect Bragg peaks of the commensurate C structure. Neutron, specific heat, and magnetization measurements produce a comprehensive temperature-field phase diagram. The symmetries of the incommensurate magnetic phases are consistent with the observation that only one phase is electrically polarized. The magnetic structures are explained theoretically using a simplified model Hamiltonian, that involves competing nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions, single-ion anisotropy, pseudodipolar interactions, and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions.


or migratory species, the timing of arrival at breeding grounds is an important determinant of fitness. Too early arrival at the breeding ground is associated with various costs, and we focus on one understudied cost: that migrants can experience a higher risk of predation if arriving earlier than the bulk of the breeding population. We show, using both a semi-analytic and simulation model, that predation can select for later arrival. This is because of safety in numbers: predation risk becomes diluted if many other individuals, either con- or heterospecific, are already residing in the area. Predation risk dilution can also select for more synchronous arrival because deviating from the current population-wide norm to earlier or later dates leads to higher predation risk or to failures in territory acquisition, respectively. The fact that selection for high arrival synchrony can in some cases be more important than selection for a specific date (early or late) within the season is an example of an 'evolutionary priority effect': whichever strategy – in this case a particular arrival time – becomes established in a population can remain stable over long periods of time; there are many possible equilibria (multiple stable states) which the population can remain at. Mixed arrival strategies are also possible under some circumstances.


In this paper, we examine capital account openness and exchange rate flexibility in 11 Asian economies. Asia has made slow progress in de jure capital account openness, but has made much more progress in de facto capital account openness. While there has been a gradual increase in exchange rate flexibility, most Asian economies continue to have largely inflexible exchange rates. This combination of advancing de facto capital account integration without greater exchange rate flexibility has led to procyclical monetary policy, when capital flows are procyclical. This paper emphasises the need for a consistent monetary policy framework.


Temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) gels were prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and their mechanical and responsive properties were investigated from the viewpoint of their network homogeneity. When the PNIPAAm gels were prepared by ATRP and free radical polymerization (FRP) at a low temperature, no difference was observed in the mechanical properties. However, the PNIPAAm gels prepared via ATRP at room temperature showed a higher elastic modulus and greater temperature-responsive change than the gels prepared via FRP. The temperature-responsive shrinkage rate of the PNIPAAm gel prepared via ATRP was slower than that of the gel prepared via FRP. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements revealed that these results can be attributed to the more homogeneous network structure in the PNIPAAm gel prepared via ATRP than in the gel prepared via FRP.


Bringing together scholars from a diverse range of disciplines, The City as Target provides a sustained and critical response to the relationship between the concept of targeting (in its many forms) and notions of understanding, imagining and shaping the urban. Among the many spatial and graphic terms used to describe cities in urban studies, the word target is rarely encountered. Though equally spatial, it differs from these others by implying some motive force, and, more than that, a force with some intentionality. To target is to aim, to project, and ultimately to impact. It suggests a space of violence, or at least action, or movement resulting in displacement, which most other terms do not. In that sense it is useful, underused, and perhaps revelatory. Rather than approach the city as simply a site of growth, processes, and developments, the contributors to this volume treat it as the recipient of attentions. The work draws on a wide variety of geographical sites and historic monuments in order to explore this concept, examining and challenging current urban theories. It seeks to highlight both the power of The Global City and the current vulnerability and fragility of urban culture, exploring the city as a recipient and a culprit in relation to issues including terrorism and urban warfare, the latest cyclical failure of global financial markets, and the relatively new spectre of environmental unsustainability. Offering a unique and relevant contribution to the literature, this work will be of great interest to scholars of urban theory, international relations, postcolonial politics and military studies.


Hantavirus is a genus in the family Bunyaviridae that includes small mammal-borne viruses. These viruses are causative of severe human diseases such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Asia and Europe and cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Hantaviruses are 80- to 120-nm enveloped RNA viruses. Their negative-sense single-stranded genome has approximately 12,000 nucleotides and is divided into three fragments named S (small), M (medium), and L (large) (1). The S fragment encodes the nucleoprotein (N), the M segment encodes the envelope glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and the viral RNA (vRNA)-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the largest viral protein (250 to 280 kDa), is codified by the L segment. The viral RNA segments are circular, include base-paired inverted complementary sequences at the 3′ and 5′ ends, and wrap up by the N protein (1). An open reading frame encoding NSs can be found in American hantavirus and in the vole-borne Puumala and Tula viruses, all evolutionarily related (2, 3).


Underlying any system that does design is a model of the design process and a division oflabor between the system and the user. We are just beginning to understand what the main alternative models are, what their strengths and weaknesses are, and for which domains and tasks each is appropriate. The research reported here is an attempt to further that understanding by studying a particular model, the model of design as top down refinement plus constraint propagation, with the user making control decisions and the system carrying them out. We have studied this model by embodying it in VEXED, a design aid for NMOS digital circuits, and by experimenting with this system. Our primary conclusion is that this model needs further elaboration, but seems like a good basic model on which to build such systems.


Notwithstanding the current political consensus in the United States, terrorism is inherently morally ambiguous. The Boston Tea Party, which helped lead to American independence, John Brown's raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, which helped lead to the abolition of American slavery, and the bombing of the King David Hotel, which helped drive the British out of Palestine and thereby made possible the establishment of the State of Israel, were all terrorist acts under current U.S. law. This paper first explores problems in the definition of terrorism. It then applies the most commonly invoked contemporary moral theories to the problem, concluding that none of those theories offers fully satisfactory answers. Finally, it applies a new moral theory based on evolutionary and game theory. Goodness, the paper asserts, consists of behaviors consistent with a generalized version of Tit for Tat, which I label the "principle of reciprocity". Each culture has evolved its own ethos of reciprocity more or less consistent with that principle. Each such ethos also includes a specification of the We of that ethos - that is, the set of individuals to whom duties of reciprocal cooperative behavior are owed. Terrorism is morally ambiguous, the paper asserts, precisely because it crosses cultural lines - because it involves people not part of our We. The paper offers two precepts for a successful response to terrorism. First, it is necessary to expand our We to include the cultures from which we face terrorist challenges. In other words, it is not sufficient to punish; it is also necessary to develop an ethos of reciprocity that includes those cultures. Necessarily, that shared ethos will not be defined entirely on our terms. Second, the paper offers a game theoretic explanation for the rule of law. Defection is inherently ambiguous: it may constitute punishment, or it may merely be original nastiness deserving of punishment. As a result, self-help punishment can lead to a cycle of mutual defection - in common parlance, the blood feud. Law solves this problem by removing the punitive role to a neutral third party. An approach to terrorism that involves third parties in the punitive process is more likely to succeed, less likely to result in long-term blood feud.


Filgrastim, or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, reverses neutropenia associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. During a trial of anti-CMV retinitis therapies coadministered with antiretroviral therapy, 2-4 plasma specimens of HIV-1 RNA were collected from 36 HIV-1-infected patients receiving filgrastim to prevent neutropenia and from 36 patients not receiving filgrastim. For both groups, the crude mean and mean rate of change of HIV-1 log(10) RNA levels were similar. Adjustment for covariates (CD4(+) T cell lymphocytes, virus load at enrollment, level of neutropenia and antiretroviral therapy [mainly non-highly active antiretroviral therapy], and anti-CMV therapy during follow-up) resulted in a mean log(10) HIV-1 RNA level for individuals receiving filgrastim versus those not receiving the drug of 5.11 versus 4.87 (P=.12) and respective log mean rates of change per month of -0.08 versus -0.21 (P=.08). This latter difference has borderline statistical significance, which suggests that filgrastim may reduce the decline of HIV-1 RNA loads.


Price stability is widely recognised as the primary goal of modern monetary policy, and the management of private sector inflation expectations has become an essential channel through which this goal is achieved. This evaluation aims to improve the understanding of how the sensitivity of private sector inflation expectations to macroeconomic surprises in South Africa compares internationally, as this provides an indication of the contribution of monetary policy in South Africa to anchoring inflation expectations. If a central bank is credible, the financial markets should react less sensitively to macroeconomics surprises, because they trust the central bank to manage these incidents and achieve the objectives they communicated over the medium to long term. In this paper, the methodology of Gurkaynack, Sack and Swanson (2005a) is adopted in order to measure the sensitivity of South African inflation expectations to surprises. A comparison of South Africa's results with those of countries in the original studies supports the contention that the SARB (South African Reserve Bank) has encouraged inflation expectations to be relatively insensitive to macroeconomic surprises, and offers support for the inflation targeting framework as a means to help anchor inflation expectations.


Thermodynamic properties of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe adsorbed on an Al–Ni–Co quasicrystalline (QC) surface are studied with the grand canonical Monte Carlo technique by employing Lennard-Jones interactions with parameter values derived from experiments and traditional combining rules. In all the gas/QC systems, a layer-by-layer film growth is observed at low temperature. The monolayers have regular epitaxial fivefold arrangements which evolve toward sixfold close-packed structures as the pressure is increased. The final states can contain either considerable or negligible amounts of defects. In the latter case, there occurs a structural transition from fivefold to sixfold symmetry which can be described by introducing an order parameter, whose evolution characterizes the transition to be continuous or discontinuous as in the case of Xe/QC (first-order transition with associated latent heat). By simulating fictitious noble gases, we find that the existence of the transition is correlated with the size mismatch between adsorbate and substrate characteristic lengths. A simple rule is proposed to predict the phenomenon.


The study of linguistic landscape as a new approach to multilingualism has not been much explored within the Indonesian context. With regard to its significance to reveal various aspects of language use in education, this paper focuses on sign patterns in school linguistic landscape and what they represent in term of language situation in multilingual context. The data consist of 890 signs collected from five senior high schools in Yogyakarta. Based on the number and kinds of languages used, the data were categorised into their lingual patterns. The language situation was interpreted based on the main functions of language as a means of communication and representation. The findings of this research reveal three lingual patterns: monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual signs, which are ordered from the most to the least frequency. The monolingual and bilingual signs were found in all five schools while the multilingual ones in three schools. Bahasa Indonesia, English, and Arabic were found in all three patterns. Javanese and French were used in monolingual and multilingual patterns. Latin and Sanskrit were found only in monolingual pattern. As a means of communication and representation, the signage is both informative and symbolic. The studied school linguistic landscape reflects which languages are used and locally relevant to the school environments and how they are positioned. Bahasa Indonesia is dominant while Javanese is marginalised. The use of English in the school signs is frequent but indicates the sign makers' less capability of the language. The use of Arabic is related to schools' Islamic identity. Javanese is used as a cultural symbol. Due to its importance, the existing multilingualism at Yogyakarta's schools should be maintained and efforts to achieve its balanced proportion need to be done.


Despite the growth in literature and concerted efforts on many fronts to improve the selection process for medicine, there remain a number of contentious issues. Medical schools worldwide need to consider the often disparate priorities of multiple stakeholders when selecting students. They seek to recruit students who are likely not only to succeed in their program but also need to meet their own and often their government's agenda to meet equity and workforce targets. Academic performance prior to medical school predicts academic success at medical schools and beyond, but if weighed too heavily will restrict access to disadvantaged groups. This article outlines the various components of medical student selection and describes the different contexts in which they are used. We aim for this to be an informative article for reference as medical school selection committees worldwide constantly evaluate whether admissions processes are fulfilling their criteria. Discussion among medical schools must surely improve efficiency and cross-cultural understanding in the global medical education environment to provide suitable doctors needed for the 21st century.


It might reasonably be asked, why study the reaction of a rubblemound breakwater to earthquake loadings? After all, it is essentially a pile of rubble before an earthquake and is probably only a lower or otherwise deformed pile of rubble afterwards. Repairs are simply a matter of adding more stones. Even if damage occurred, the breakwater might still offer partial protection. This is precisely why, to date, breakwaters are mainly designed for wave loadings. There is practically no documented literature'^-' concerning breakwater design for earthquake loading! However, the oceans are now being tapped as possible locations for industrial installations such as offshore deep water ports, refineries, and power plants. Such facilities must be adequately protected since failures might result in heavy financial losses and cause severe environmental repercussions. Therefore, breakwaters which might be used for this protection can no longer be treated as structures whose failure would only be of secondary consequence. It is thus reasonable to ask whether breakwaters to serve these purposes should also be designed against earthquake loading, since even partial failures might not be acceptable. If they should, then what type of design problems can one expect to encounter and how should one handle them? The present work is aimed at exploring these problems through laboratory experiments. At present, there is no existing breakwater that has been designed on the basis of earthquake loading. Likewise, observations of breakwaters after continuous earthquakes are also scarce. Okamoto'2' reports crumbling of riprap, uneven settlement and loosening or tilting of the upper parts of Japanese breakwaters that have undergone earthquakes. After the large Kanto earthquake of 1927, for instance, breakwaters at the ports of Yokosuka and Yokohama approximately 50 kilometers from the epicenter developed irregularities over their entire lengths. In no cases, however, did any of the breakwaters topple or overturn. During the great Alaska earthquake of 1964, breakwaters at Kodiak City and Seldovia, Kenai Peninsula were badly damaged. The damage to the Kodiak City breakwaters was well documented'3'with photographs and surveys taken after the earthquake. The damage was attributed to both earthquake motion and the tsunamis which swept the area.


Study Design. Immunohistochemical study of elastic fibers in human intervertebral discs (IVD) collected at surgery from patients with scoliosis. Objectives. To compare the elastic fiber network in scoliotic discs (idiopathic scoliosis or neuromuscular scoliosis) to that of control (normal) discs. To study whether the change in elastic fiber organization could contribute to the progression of spinal deformity. Summary of Background Data. Elastin and elastic fibers have been identified previously in human IVD but were believed to contribute little to the tissue's mechanical properties. However, a recent immunohistochemical study has revealed an abundant and organized elastic fiber network in bovine IVD, indicating that elastic fibers could play an important mechanical role. This article reports the organization of elastic fibers in human IVD and the changes of elastic fiber organization in scoliosis. Methods. Intact wedges of IVD were obtained from patients undergoing surgery for scoliosis (aged 12−22 years). Control discs were obtained from a patient (aged 12 years) with a spinal tumor and a trauma patient (aged 17 years). The discs were dissected to give radial slices and were snap frozen. Frozen sections were cut and digested with hyaluronidase to remove glycosaminoglycans. Micrographs of the sections were examined by polarized light to visualize collagen organization. The elastic fiber network was visualized immunohistochemically or by histochemical staining with orcein. Results. A highly organized elastic fiber network, similar to that described in bovine discs, was revealed in the control human discs. In the anulus fibrosus of control discs, dense elastic fibers were located between adjacent lamellae, with fibers also present within individual lamellae. Elastic fibers appeared to be long (>200 &mgr;m) and straight in outer anulus, whereas in inner anulus, they nearly ran parallel to each other and at an angle of approximately 60° or 120° to those in adjacent lamellae. However, in scoliotic discs, elastic fibers were sparse, and the collagen and elastic fiber networks were disorganized with loss of lamellar structure. Cell clusters, one of typical degenerative feature, were seen in scoliotic discs but not in age-matched control discs. Conclusions. Our results reveal an abundant and organized network of elastic fibers in the adolescent (12 and 17-year-olds) human IVD, and suggest that elastic fiber network plays a significant biomechanical role. This network is sparse and disrupted in scoliotic discs, and could be involved in the progression of the spinal deformity.


Undersampling has been widely used in the class-imbalance learning area. The main deficiency of most existing undersampling methods is that their data sampling strategies are heuristic-based and independent of the used classifier and evaluation metric. Thus, they may discard informative instances for the classifier during the data sampling. In this work, we propose a meta-learning method built on the undersampling to address this issue. The key idea of this method is to parametrize the data sampler and train it to optimize the classification performance over the evaluation metric. We solve the non-differentiable optimization problem for training the data sampler via reinforcement learning. By incorporating evaluation metric optimization into the data sampling process, the proposed method can learn which instance should be discarded for the given classifier and evaluation metric. In addition, as a data level operation, this method can be easily applied to arbitrary evaluation metric and classifier, including non-parametric ones (e.g., C4.5 and KNN). Experimental results on both synthetic and realistic datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Results are reported of experimental investigations on the diffraction efficiency and its polarization dependence of holographic phase polarization gratings in a photoanisotropic medium methyl orange/PVA with intrinsic birefringence. A comparative study of layers with different intrinsic birefringence was conducted. The conditions—initial birefringence and a type of polarization recording—were found to have high diffraction efficiency (>30%) and strong dependence on the direction of polarization of the linearly polarized readout beam. The results are in agreement with the theoretical considerations on such gratings.


This article provides an overview of how insurance and reinsurance companies and institutions can use new methods to finance extraordinary or catastrophe risk in the capital markets as well as to split or swap it. These new methods are divided into two groups those that issue new assets (secondary financial assets) by securitisation and those that use derivatives structured products. Catastrophe or "act of God" bonds, contingent surplus notes, exchange-traded catastrophe options, catastrophe equity puts or catastrophe swap are useful instruments for insurers and for investors. From the insurers' point of view, those financial instruments are not used to replace traditional reinsurance, but to supplement it. From the investors' perspective, these forms of securitisation permit that investors use catastrophe models and exposure data to determine the rates of return they could expect from selling catastrophe options to insurers and also offer investors a new means of reducing portfolio risk through diversification.


Porto Alegre is well known for its innovative social policies but less so for the environmental policies that are this paper's focus. The paper begins by describing the city's participatory budgeting system and the multiple interconnections it has with a wide-ranging environmental policy. Porto Alegre has the highest standard of living and the highest life expectancy of any Brazilian metropolitan centre. Virtually all its people have water piped to their homes and most have good-quality sanitation and drainage. The garbage collection system reaches virtually all households and has included a separate collection of recyclables since 1990; other programmes enforce industrial pollution control (including special provision in garages and petrol stations), keep down polluting motor vehicle emissions and ensure the re-utilization of organic wastes from parks and restaurants. The city has 14 square metres of green space per person and a million trees along its streets. This paper also describes the education and environmental information programme that underpins these policies, including changes to school curricula and the Environmental Atlas of Porto Alegre that provides the base information for environmental policy, environmental discussion and environmental education. The paper ends by discussing how sustainable development is impossible without good urban environmental management and how this, in turn, has to be built on democracy and participation.


Paraneoplastic syndromes are defined as a conglomerate of clinical disorders that are caused by neoplastic diseases, specifically lung cancer. The clinical symptomatology of paraneoplastic syndromes usually precedes the diagnosis of the associated neoplasm, however, according to our current literature; the extent of the symptoms is not associated with the size of the tumor. Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone release (SIADH), also known as Schwartz-Bartter syndrome, is commonly caused by small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and is characterized by euvolemic hypoosmolar hyponatremia, which will lead to a low serum osmolality as well as a significantly high urine osmolality in the absence of other medical conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, heart failure, cirrhosis, and diuretic syndrome among others. The clinical presentation related to SIADH varies based upon the severity of the hyponatremia as well as the acuteness of the decrease in serum sodium levels. Symptoms due to SIADH include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and in more severe cases, cerebral edema due to rapid of onset hyponatremia thus causing confusion, restlessness, coma, seizures, and respiratory arrest.


Plasmonic nanoparticles are commonly used to tune and direct the radiation from electric dipolar emitters. Less progress has been made towards understanding complementary systems of magnetic nature. However, it has been recently shown that high-index dielectric spheres can act as effective magnetic antennas. Here we explore the concept of coupling dielectric magnetic antennas with either an electric or magnetic dipolar emitter in a similar fashion to the purely electric systems reported previously. We investigate the enhancement of radiation from systems comprising admixtures of these electric and magnetic elements and perform a full study of its dependence on the distance and polarization of the emitter with respect to the antenna. A comparison to the plasmon antennas reveals remarkable symmetries between electric and magnetic systems, which might lead to novel paradigms in the design of nanophotonic devices that involve magnetic activity.


Metamodeling is raising more and more interest in the field of language engineering. While this approach is now well understood for the definition of abstract syntaxes, the formal definition of concrete syntaxes is still a challenge. Concrete syntaxes are traditionally expressed with rules, conforming to EBNF-like grammars, which can be processed by compiler compilers to generate parsers. Unfortunately, these generated parsers produce concrete syntax trees, leaving a gap with the abstract syntax defined by metamodels. This gap is usually filled by time consuming ad-hoc hand-coding. In this paper we propose a new kind of specification for concrete syntaxes that takes advantage of metamodels to generate tools (such as parsers or text generators) which directly manipulate abstract syntax trees. The principle is to map abstract syntaxes to concrete syntaxes via EBNF-like rules that explain how to render an abstract concept into a given concrete syntax, and how to trigger other rules to handle the properties of the concepts. The major difference with EBNF is that rules may have sub-rules, which can be automatically triggered based on the inheritance hierarchy of the abstract syntax concepts.


Richard ButlerOs tourism area life cycle envisions tourism destinations to evolve in stages from exploration to rapid growth followed by slackening, stagnation, and even decline. The eventual slow-down in tourism growth is attributed to the destinations reaching their physical and social carrying capacities. This article examines the evolution of Hawaii as a tourism destination from 1922 to 2009. We demonstrate that tourism growth in Hawaii has declined but not because the destination has reached its carrying capacity but primarily because of the slowdown in technical progress in passenger air transportation and competition from newer destinations. We conclude that for destinations that depend on transportation improvements to attract tourists, technical progress in transport may provide a better explanation of the evolution of their destinations than their carrying capacities.


Departing from a stable industrial relationship, supported by logic of economic massification and the correspondent legal framework, it is our objective to approach the new industrial relations environment, emerging from the modifications on the enterprise organisation models, towards the new challenges they are facing by the end of the 20th century, while unions have not been able to follow this evolution and maintain, in most of the cases, a tipical Wellfare State like behaviour. The paradigm of the enterprise as the labour conflict environment by excellence seems to be overshot and the moment has come to find new social understanding, based on a labour relationship more adequate to a changing society. In this paper, we deal with the factors we believe to be more significant for the understanding of new management concepts and of the subjacent labour relations, with particular emphasis to the new unionism opportunities.


The origins (autochthonous or allochthonous) and pathways of organic matter in various marine communities were investigated in the vicinity of the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands using stable-isotope analysis. Four major assemblages, comprising zooplankton, kelp-associated spe- cies, inter-island and nearshore benthos, were considered. Despite consumers exhibiting a pre- dictable enrichment in δ 13 C and δ 15 N with trophic position, only the zooplankton community dis- played distinct trophic levels. The benthic and the kelp-associated communities showed trophic continua. Both pelagic (zooplankton) and benthic inter-island communities ultimately derived their diets from phytoplankton (associated with surface-water POM). However, planktonic grazers fed pri- marily on allochthonous nano- and pico-plankton, while inter-island benthos seemed to rely mostly on microphytoplankton derived from autochthonous blooms. In contrast, kelp-associated animals derived a high proportion of their diet from kelp. The nearshore benthic community had an inter- mediate position between kelp-associated and inter-island communities. While POM was of primary importance, kelp-derived organic matter accounted on average for >30% of the nearshore animals' diet. Findings of the present study indicate for the first time that autochthonous sources of organic matter (e.g. kelp-derived and microphytoplankton blooms), are important components of the diets of all but the zooplankton community at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands.


Bloody Sunday. Derry, Northern Ireland, January 30, 1972, in which 13 Catholic civilians were shot dead by the British army has evoked two contesting memories - an 'official' or elite memory and a folk memory among the Nationalist community that, it is argued, has been omitted from dominant memory discourses. The official memory of this life- destroying historical event is encoded in the report of the Widgery Tribunal established by the British government in the aftermath of bloody Sunday. A second popular memory has emerged in resistance to this that carries the remembrances of the victims'families and of the wider Nationalist community in Northern Ireland. I explore the mediums through which this unofficial memory has been established and maintained, the meanings associated with it, and how and why these have changed over time. Traditionally, it has been invested with a negative meaning associated with sectarianism, colonialism, and victimization. In recent times, the folk memory has been framed within a broader global context with a focus on its healing and reconciliation potential, which, together with institutional statements such as the Dowling Street Declaration and the Good Friday Agreement, points to the emergence of a more inclusivist understanding of collective identity-formation in Northern Ireland.


Although Law and Disorder in Cyberspace gets a great deal right in boldly proposing to abolish the FCC and rely on common law courts to regulate the telecosm, an untenable distinction between the process and substance of common law runs through the text. That fundamental flaw opens a rift through which creep a number of lesser errors. Peter Huber accords antitrust law, despite its reliance on legislation and inconsistency with common law proper, inexplicable deference. In an analysis aggravated by suspect claims about the history of telecommunications, he promotes mandatory interconnection at the expense of property and contract rights. Contrary to Huber's account, moreover, common law consistently excused telephone companies from any general obligation to carry their competitors' traffic. I thus suggest that we liberate telephone companies from mandatory interconnection by letting them buy back full rights to their facilities. Law and Disorder in Cyberspace mischaracterizes copyright as an agreeable child of common law. To the extent that copyright represents a response to market failure, it perhaps infringes on common law rights for good reason. But infringe it does. I thus propose that copyright retreat where common law rights suffice to encourage creative expression. Although Huber correctly diagnoses the collectivism afflicting wireless communications policy, his preferred treatment - ownership in fee simple of the spectrum - contains a dangerously high a dose of property rights. I offer the more gentle common law solution of treating rights to the spectrum like rights to trademarks. In closing, I raise a defense on Huber's behalf: Perhaps advanced telecommunications will so improve common law's processes as to correct its substantive errors. Law and Disorder in Cyberspace does not explore that somewhat speculative counterargument, however, leaving the text with troubling, if ultimately instructive, defects.


In this paper we consider various classes of monoids of transformations of a finite chain, including those of transformations that preserve or reverse either the order or the orientation. In line with Howie and McFadden [24], we complete the study of the ranks (and of idempotent ranks, when applicable) of all their ideals.


In this study, the feasibility of using wafer-bonding technology to fabricate a GaSb semiconductor on GaAs substrates for potentially creating a GaSb-on-insulator structure has been demonstrated. A GaSb wafer has been bonded on two types of GaAs substrates: (1) a regular single crystal semi-insulating GaAs substrate and (2) the GaAs wafers with pre-deposited low-temperature amorphous α-(Ga,As) layers. The microstructures and interface adhesion studies have been carried out on these wafer-bonded semiconductors. It has been found that the GaSb-on-α-(Ga,As) wafers have shown enhanced interface adhesion and lower temperature bonding capability.


With the increased use of ontologies in semantically-enabled applications, the issue of debugging defects in ontologies has become increasingly important. These defects can lead to wrong or incomplete results for the applications. Debugging consists of the phases of detection and repairing. In this paper we focus on the repairing phase of a particular kind of defects, i.e., the missing relations in the is-a hierarchy. We show that this can be formalized as an abduction problem. Further, we define properties for the ontology, the set of is-a relations to repair and the domain expert, as well as preference criteria on solutions and discuss the influences of these properties and criteria on the existence of solutions for the abduction problem. We also discuss the consequences of our analyses of the repairing problem for the development and use of debugging systems.


The implementation and use of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems raise fundamental questions about the role of management accountants in an organisation. The case studied here, involving an attempt to establish an ERP system in an organisation funded by both the European Union (EU) and the Egyptian government, is an exploration of conflicting beliefs about the role of management accountants. Elements of strong structuration theory (a reinforced version of Giddens' structuration theory) are used to analyse how the contest over the role of the management accountant in a new organisation was played out during the partially successful attempt to establish ERP in conjunction with a system that was felt to better support the requirements of the EU for performance-based budgeting. Despite the forward-looking dispositions of key actors within the organisation and from the EU, the role of the management accountant here became compressed to the traditional one of cost information collector and provider.


The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway leading from the production of mevalonate by HMGCoA reductase (Hmgcr) to the geranylation of the G protein subunit, Gγ1, plays an important role in cardiac development in the fly. Hmgcr has also been implicated in the release of the signaling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) from hh expressing cells and in the production of an attractant that directs primordial germ cells to migrate to the somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs). The studies reported here indicate that this same hmgcr→Gγ1 pathway provides a novel post-translational mechanism for modulating the range and activity of the Hh signal produced by hh expressing cells. We show that, like hmgcr, gγ1 and quemao (which encodes the enzyme, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthetase, that produces the substrate for geranylation of Gγ1) are components of the hh signaling pathway and are required for the efficient release of the Hh ligand from hh expressing cells. We also show that the hmgcr→Gγ1 pathway is linked to production of the germ cell attractant by the SGPs through its ability to enhance the potency of the Hh signal. We show that germ cell migration is disrupted by the loss or gain of gγ1 activity, by trans-heterozygous combinations between gγ1 and either hmgcr or hh mutations, and by ectopic expression of dominant negative Gγ1 proteins that cannot be geranylated.


A significant area of teacher education is the increasing focus in many countries on how faith and schooling should best be understood. Yet, understanding faith perspectives in the lives and careers of teachers appears to be an under-researched area. To this end, the experiences of professional Muslim teachers in state primary schools in England were explored using semi-structured in-depth life history interviews. This paper focuses on their views regarding the recruitment, retention and career advancement of Muslim teachers in particular, as part of Black and minority ethnic teachers in Britain. Findings reveal a positive picture and their representation at various levels of the hierarchy in the profession has increased. The study, therefore, draws attention for further research on successful teachers from various faith communities.


A graph with degree set \r, r + 1\ is said to be semiregular. A semiregular cage is a semiregular graph with given girth g and the least possible order. First, an upper bound on the diameter of semiregular graphs with girth g and order close enough to the minimum possible value is given in this work. As a consequence, these graphs are proved to be maximally connected when the girth g >= 7 is odd. Moreover an upper bound for the order of semiregular cages is given and, as an application, every semiregular cage with degree set \r, r + 1\ is proved to be maximally connected for g is an element of \6, 8\, and when g = 12 for r >= 7 and r not equal 20. Finally it is also shown that every (\r, r + 1\; g)-cage is 3-connected.


Vela X is a region of extended radio emission in the western part of the Vela constellation: one of the nearest pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), and associated with the energetic Vela pulsar (PSR B0833-45). Extended very-high-energy (VHE) $\gamma$-ray emission (HESS $\mathrm{J0835\mhyphen 455}$) was discovered using the H.E.S.S. experiment in 2004. The VHE $\gamma$-ray emission was found to be coincident with a region of X-ray emission discovered with ${\it ROSAT}$ above 1.5 keV (the so-called \textit{Vela X cocoon}): a filamentary structure extending southwest from the pulsar to the centre of Vela X. A deeper observation of the entire Vela X nebula region, also including larger offsets from the cocoon, has been performed with H.E.S.S. This re-observation was carried out in order to probe the extent of the non-thermal emission from the Vela X region at TeV energies and to investigate its spectral properties. In order to increase the sensitivity to the faint $\gamma$-ray emission from the very extended Vela X region, a multivariate analysis method combining three complementary reconstruction techniques of Cherenkov-shower images is applied for the selection of $\gamma$-ray events. The analysis is performed with the On/Off background method, which estimates the background from separate observations pointing away from Vela X; towards regions free of $\gamma$-ray sources but with comparable observation conditions. The $\gamma$-ray surface brightness over the large Vela X region reveals that the detection of non-thermal VHE $\gamma$-ray emission from the PWN HESS $\mathrm{J0835\mhyphen 455}$ is statistically significant over a region of radius 1.2$^{\circ}$ around the position $\alpha$ = 08$^{\mathrm{h}}$ 35$^{\mathrm{m}}$ 00$^{\mathrm{s}}$, $\delta$ = -45$^{\circ}$ 36$^{\mathrm{\prime}}$ 00$^{\mathrm{\prime}\mathrm{\prime}}$ (J2000).


Should government employees ever have a right to disseminate classified national security information to the public? As a general matter, of course, the answer is "no." It is necessarily tautological that the central purpose of classifying information is to keep that information secret. But what if the information pertains to what we might describe as "unlawful secrets," and the individual in question has exhausted all possible non-public remedies - and to no avail? Are there any circumstances in which the law enables the government employee to come forward? Should there be? As this Essay suggests, because of the broad language of the Espionage Act and the narrow language of certain whistleblower laws, a government employee would enjoy no statutory whistleblower protection whatsoever from either an adverse employment action or a criminal prosecution for disclosing classified national security information. And because of the Supreme Court's pronounced constriction of the First Amendment rights of public employees two years ago in Garcetti v. Ceballos, in which the Court effectively abandoned the idea of "Pickering balancing" for speech performed by a public employee as part of his professional duties, the employee would not be entitled to a constitutional defense, either. Reasonable minds can certainly disagree about whether there should ever be circumstances where federal law entitles a government employee in possession of classified information about illegal governmental activity to publicly disclose that information, even as a last resort. The purpose of this Essay is not to offer an argument for or against such a right; rather, my goal is to suggest that federal law today includes absolutely zero protection for employees in such a position, and that, perhaps unintentionally, Garcetti is the reason why.


A variety of neoplasms, derived from a multitude of tissue types, can develop in the sinonasal tract. Sinonasal neoplasms are classified as epithelial or mesenchymal. Epithelial tumors occur in the epithelial lining of the nasal and sinus cavities, accessory salivary tissue, neuroendocrine tissue, and the olfactory mucosa. Mesenchymal tumors are found in supporting tissues.


User communities are increasingly becoming an essential element of companies' business processes. However, reaping the benefits of such social systems does not always prove effective, often because companies fail to stimulate members' collaboration continuously or neglect their social integration. Following communication accommodation theory, the authors posit that members' communication style alignment symbolically reflects their community identification and affects subsequent participation behavior. This research uses text mining to extract the linguistic style properties of 74,246 members' posts across 37 user communities. Two mixed multilevel Poisson regression models show that when members' linguistic style matches with the conventional community style, it signals their community identification and affects their participation quantity and quality. Drawing on an expanded view of organizational identification, the authors consider dynamics in members' social identification by examining trends and reversals in linguistic style match developments. Whereas a stronger trend of alignment leads to greater participation quantity and quality, frequent reversals suggest lower participation quantity. At a community level, greater synchronicity in the linguistic style across all community members fosters individual members' participation behavior.


Abstract While there are many effective metrics for quantifying economic precarity, talking to young people about their experiences in the labour and housing markets reveals a gap in explanatory language around living in/through crisis. In particular, in my research with Canadian millennials (born from the early 1980s through the mid-90s), although they could state the facts about how hard it is to get a good job or afford decent housing, what this pervasive sense of insecurity feels like is much harder to put into words. For many, a generalized sense of precariousness invades everyday life, even when work and housing are relatively secure. Thinking through this sense of anxiety, that the future might not be any better than the present and that young people might not be as well off as their parents, leads to a generational understanding of economic crisis – and for a group of young adults who came of age during the downturn of 2008–2009, examining how they talk (or cannot talk) about precarity is revealing.


This study examines the response of the thermohaline circulation in the north Atlantic to steady and variable buoyancy forcing. The model used is a version of the MOMA model (Webb, 1996), updated to include a free surface and Gent & McWilliams mixing. The model's resolution is coarse, 4 x4 degrees with 15 levels in the vertical. In a first instance, the model's response to 14 different fixed thermal profiles is investigated, by systematically keeping the equator temperature fixed and then the northernmost temperature fixed. The results show that the models response differs for these two sets of experiments as one setup favours stratification while the other favours convection. In a second instance, the restoring field is made to oscillate over 17 different periods, ranging from 6 months to 32,000 years. The model's meridional overturning circulation (MOC) exhibits a very strong response on all timescales greater than 15 years, up to and including the longest forcing timescales examined. The peak-to-peak values of the MOC oscillations reach up to 125% of the steady-state maximum MOC and exhibit resonance-like behaviour, with a maximum at centennial to millennial forcing periods (depending on the vertical diffusivity). This resonance-like behaviour stems from the existence of two adjustment time scales, one of which is set by the vertical diffusion and another, which is set by the basin width. Finally, the study is extended to a double hemisphere basin. Again, the model's MOC exhibits a very strong response on all timescales in both hemispheres, up to and including the longest forcing timescales examined for either set of experiments with the amplitude of the oscillations reaching up to 140% of the steady-state maximum MOC and exhibiting resonance-like behaviour, with a maximum at centennial to millennial forcing periods. This resonance like behaviour is identical to what has been observed in a single hemisphere and occurs for the same reasons. What is novel is that when the forcing in the southern subordinate hemisphere lags that of the northern by half a period, the amplitude of the response is substantially greater for large forcing periods (millennial and above), particularly in the subordinate (southern) hemisphere. This happens because the basin has in effect two sources of deep water. This leads to colder bottom waters and thus greater stratification, which in turn stabilises the water column and thus reduces the value of the minimum overturning. The considerable deviation from the quasi-equilibrium response at all timescales above 15 years for both the single hemisphere and the double hemisphere experiments is surprising and suggests a potentially important role of the ocean circulation for climate even at Milankovich timescales.


Aerosol source apportionment remains a critical challenge for understanding the transport and aging of aerosols, as well as for developing successful air pollution mitigation strategies. The contributions of fossil and nonfossil sources to organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in carbonaceous aerosols can be quantified by measuring the radiocarbon (C) content of each carbon fraction. However, the use of C in studying OC and EC has been limited by technical challenges related to the physical separation of the two fractions and small sample sizes. There is no common procedure for OC/EC C analysis, and uncertainty studies have largely focused on the precision of yields. Here, we quantified the uncertainty in C measurement of aerosols associated with the isolation and analysis of each carbon fraction with the Swiss_4S thermal–optical analysis (TOA) protocol. We used an OC/EC analyzer (Sunset Laboratory Inc., OR, USA) coupled to a vacuum line to separate the two components. Each fraction was thermally desorbed and converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) in pure oxygen (O2). On average, 91 % of the evolving CO2 was then cryogenically trapped on the vacuum line, reduced to filamentous graphite, and measured for its C content via accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). To test the accuracy of our setup, we quantified the total amount of extraneous carbon introduced during the TOA sample processing and graphitization as the sum of modern and fossil (C-depleted) carbon introduced during the analysis of fossil reference materials (adipic acid for OC and coal for EC) and contemporary standards (oxalic acid for OC and rice char for EC) as a function of sample size. We further tested our methodology by analyzing five ambient airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) samples with a range of OC and EC concentrations and C contents in an interlaboratory comparison. The total modern and fossil carbon blanks of our setup were 0.8± 0.4 and 0.67± 0.34 μg C, respectively, based on multiple measurements of ultra-small samples. The extraction procedure (Swiss_4S protocol and cryo-trapping only) contributed 0.37± 0.18 μg of modern carbon and 0.13± 0.07 μg of fossil carbon to the total blank of our system, with consistent estimates obtained for the two laboratories. There was no difference in the background correction between the OC and EC fractions. Our setup allowed us to efficiently isolate and trap each carbon fraction with the Swiss_4S protocol and to perform C analysis of ultra-small OC and EC samples with high accuracy and low C blanks.


To characterize streptavidin immobilization on magnetic submicron particles (MSPs), residual streptavidin after magnetic removal of immobilized streptavidin was quantified with N-biotinyl-N′-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine (BNEDA) based on Forster resonance energy transfer. Residual BNEDA after magnetic removal of bound BNEDA was measured by its own fluorescence. Streptavidin was immobilized at about 12 mg per gram of MSPs and easily retained over 50% of its original activity. These assays facilitated optimized streptavidin immobilization on MSPs.


There is an urgent need for rapid, accurate, and economical screening tests that can deter‐ mine if weeds surviving a herbicide application are resistant. This chapter describes de‐ velopment and application of a simple root length bioassay technique for detection of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. This bioassay was performed in 2-oz WhirlPak® bags filled with 50 g of soil wetted to 100% moisture content at field capacity. Wild mustard seeds were pre-germinated in darkness in Petri dishes lined with moist filter paper for 2 days. Six seeds with well-developed radicles were planted in the non-treated soil and in soil with added herbicide, and plants were grown in a laboratory under fluorescent lights. After 4 days of growth, WhirlPak® bags were cut open, soil was washed away, intact plants were removed, and root length was measured with a ruler. The concentration of each herbicide in soil at which a significant root inhibition of susceptible biotype, but no root inhibition of a resistant biotype occur‐ red was selected. Susceptibility/resistance of wild mustard populations was estimated by calculating the percentage of uninhibited roots of plants grown in the herbicide-treated soil as compared to the plants grown in the non-treated soil.


Objective: Sphenoid sinus mucocele is a rare complication of transsphenoidal surgery and can present clinically many years after the initial surgery. Although the formation of sphenoid sinus mucocele has been previously described in the literature as case reports, there is no information demonstrating the incidence of sphenoid sinus mucocele after sphenoid obliteration in a large series. This study aims to determine the incidence of sphenoid sinus mucocele formation and other postoperative complications following transsphenoidal surgery with fat obliteration.
Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent sphenoid obliteration with fat after Transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenoma by two surgeons at our institution from 2001 to 2003. Follow-up records up to 2015 were obtained for these patients. Data collected included demographics, operation performed, sphenoid sinus obliteration method, reconstruction method, follow-up period, postoperative complications, recurrence and residual disease.
Results: Of the 95 patients who underwent Transsphenoidal approach and sphenoid obliteration with fat, 27 patients developed postoperative complications. None had sphenoid sinus mucocele formation. Recurrence of disease occurred in 11.6% of patients. Residual disease was present in 7.4% of patients. Complications included sinusitis, hematoma, hyponatremia, acromegaly and postoperative need for the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
Conclusion: Sphenoid sinus mucocele formation is a rare complication following transsphenoidal surgery with fat obliteration with an estimated incidence of less than 1.1%. Further studies with more cases are needed to accurately establish the incidence.


A functional polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF Val66Met) has been reported to affect memory-related hippocampal activity. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism is known to be associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Pick disease (PiD). We tested the hypothesis that BDNF Val and ApoE e4 alleles confer susceptibility to AD, DLB, and PiD. The study included 160 AD, 34 DLB patients, 38 autopsy-confirmed PiD, and 164 age-matched healthy control (HC) probands. The frequency of the BDNF Val allele was significantly higher in AD, but there were no statistical differences in the allele distribution in PiD or in DLB as compared with HC. The Val/Met genotype occurred with statistically significantly higher frequency in PiD than in HC. The ApoE e4 allele was significantly overrepresented in all dementias as compared with HC. Genotypes containing both ApoE e4 and BDNF Val alleles occurred more frequently in all investigated dementias than in HC. We suggest that the presence of the BDNF Val allele in itself and in combination with the ApoE e4 allele can be risk factors for AD, and the results indicate a synergistic effect of the 2 polymorphisms on DLB and PiD risk.


In this paper, we study game dynamics and learning schemes for heterogeneous 4G networks. We introduce a novel learning scheme called cost-to-learn that incorporates the cost to switch, the switching delay, and the cost of changing to a new action and, captures the realistic behavior of the users that we have experimented on OPNET simulations. Considering a dynamic and uncertain environment where the users and operators have only a numerical value of their own payoffs as information, we construct various heterogeneous combined fully distributed payoff and strategy reinforcement learning (CODIPAS-RL): the users try to learn their own optimal payoff and their optimal strategy simultaneously. We establish the asymptotic pseudo-trajectories as solution of differential equations. Using evolutionary game dynamics, we prove the convergence and stability properties in specific classes of dynamic robust games. We provide various numerical examples and OPNET simulations in the context network selection in wireless local area networks (WLAN) and Long Term Evolution (LTE).


Introduction I. Professionalism in Historical Context II. Professionalism and the Regulation of Lawyers III. Professionalism and Lawyers' Virtues IV. Professionalism and the Lawyer's Role in Society Conclusion INTRODUCTION On April 23-24, 2012, Fordham Law School hosted a Conference, The Law: Business or Profession? The Continuing Relevance of Julius Henry Cohen for the Practice of Law in the Twenty-First Century, co-sponsored by the Louis Stein Center for Law and Ethics, Touro Law Center, and the Fordham Urban Law Journal. (1) Julius Henry Cohen was an influential lawyer who played a substantial role in numerous matters of public interest in the first half of the twentieth century. (2) For example, Cohen assisted in the formation of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and served as its general counsel for more than twenty years; he served as a founding member of the American Arbitration Association; along with Louis Brandeis, he helped resolve the 1910 garment workers' strike in New York; (3) and, in opposition to Louis Marshall and much of the legal establishment, he defended the 1920 Emergency Rent Laws through the New York Court system up to the United States Supreme Court. (4) Yet, for scholars of legal ethics and the legal profession, Cohen's most significant legacy may be his landmark book, The Law: Business or Profession?, published in 1916. (5) Cohen's book represents the first full-length consideration of the business/profession dichotomy, (6) an issue that attracted considerable attention around the turn of the twentieth century (7) and has remained a perennial concern for legal scholars and practitioners alike. (8) In exploring the question posed succinctly in the title of his book, Cohen closely examined a number of aspects of legal practice that, nearly one hundred years later, remain central in the work of both scholars and bar associations. Among other issues, Cohen addressed: standards of legal education, including evening law school programs; (9) standards of admission to the bar, including discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity; (10) prohibitions on unauthorized practice of law and lay participation in legal practice; (11) the structure and atmosphere of large corporate law firms and the commercialization of legal practice; (12) advertising for lawyers; (13) and the role of the lawyer in society. (14) Significantly, although Cohen was far from alone in raising concerns over changes in both law and society that threatened the status of law as a profession, Cohen's discussions stand out in both the rigor of his analysis and the rhetoric of his arguments. Cohen carefully avoids simplistic characterizations of legal practice, recognizing the inherently commercial nature of the work of lawyers while at the same time calling on lawyers to uphold the noble ideals of contributing to the good of society. (15) Likewise, although Cohen insists on maintaining high standards of legal education and admission to the bar, he rejects outright the ugly prejudices that entered into both the discourse and the policies of many of his contemporaries. (16) In place of empty platitudes and ugly rhetoric, Cohen's advocacy of law as a profession relies on a thoughtful and intellectually honest consideration of the nature and relationship between salient aspects of law and society. The Fordham Conference brought together scholars of legal ethics and the legal profession, representing a variety of scholarly interests, who engaged each other over the course of two days in a wide-ranging consideration of the abiding relevance of the themes and analysis found in The Law: Business or Profession? Echoing both the substance and tone of Cohen's book, the Conference produced a thoughtful and open exchange of ideas and perspectives on the underlying question of whether to characterize the law and legal practice as a business or a profession. Taking Cohen's analysis as a springboard for further research, many of the participants examined the business/profession dichotomy in the context of contemporary and international legal practice, while a number of speakers applied interdisciplinary methodologies, undertaking modes of historical, sociological, and empirical analysis to consider some of the assumptions underlying views of law as a business or a profession. …


Wetlands as other ecosystems deliver goods and services of enormous value to the human society and are regarded as one of the most productive ecosystems. We assessed the ecosystem services delivered by Bishajari Lake and its associated wetland areas of Chitwan district during June to August, 2012. A household survey consisting 110 households, interviews with key informants, group discussions and stakeholder analysis were carried out for this purpose to document the overall status of ecosystem services, evaluate the provisional services generated by the lakes, understand potentials for payment to ecosystem services, and identify stakeholders involved and their roles and responsibilities. A total of 12 fish species, 17 wild and domestic fruits, 12 timber species, 15 fodder species, 20 wild vegetables species and 31 medicinal plant species were recorded. Moreover 65.5% of respondents were found receiving some sort of income from the wetland area. The majority of respondents felt that the ecosystem is being changed mostly on provisional services. So far with little support from government, the local people have practiced some adaptive responses like biogas plant, afforestation, electric fencing, contract fisheries, ecotourism and other climate-smart measures. It suggest that raising awareness and sharing information among the locals should be done more frequently and effectively to continuously cope with ecosystem change.


Microbial natural products are an invaluable source of evolved bioactive small molecules and pharmaceutical agents. Next-generation and metagenomic sequencing indicates untapped genomic potential, yet high rediscovery rates of known metabolites increasingly frustrate conventional natural product screening programs. New methods to connect biosynthetic gene clusters to novel chemical scaffolds are therefore critical to enable the targeted discovery of genetically encoded natural products. Here, we present PRISM, a computational resource for the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters, prediction of genetically encoded nonribosomal peptides and type I and II polyketides, and bio- and cheminformatic dereplication of known natural products. PRISM implements novel algorithms which render it uniquely capable of predicting type II polyketides, deoxygenated sugars, and starter units, making it a comprehensive genome-guided chemical structure prediction engine. A library of 57 tailoring reactions is leveraged for combinatorial scaffold library generation when multiple potential substrates are consistent with biosynthetic logic. We compare the accuracy of PRISM to existing genomic analysis platforms. PRISM is an open-source, user-friendly web application available at http://magarveylab.ca/prism/.


The recent global financial crisis illustrates how fragile economic globalization is and how vulnerable all global citizens are to economic events outside their own country. Indeed, global economics is more important for national economic growth than domestic policies. Globalization and change interact and shape the economic environment for citizens and enterprises. These essays represent observations made over a ten-year period which attempt to analyze what is happening, why it happened and the impact on global and national economic growth. Readers may not find solutions or answers to all the perplexing events in the world, but they will gain a better understanding of how global politics and economics work, and in some cases, how they should but actually do not work.


A chirped, 12-cm-long fiber Bragg grating with 10-nm spectral bandwidth was employed in place of a conventional diffraction grating pair compressor in a compact fiber-based high-energy chirped-pulseamplification system. Initial nanosecond chirped pulses from a fast-tuned laser diode were compressed to produce 1.9-ps-long, 300-nJ pulses.


We used whole genome microarray analysis to identify potential candidate genes with differential expression in BRAFV600E vs NRASQ61R melanoma cells. We selected, for comparison, a peculiar model based on melanoma clones, isolated from a single tumor characterized by mutually exclusive expression of BRAFV600E and NRASQ61R in different cells. This effort led us to identify two genes, SEMA6A and MICAL1, highly expressed in BRAF-mutant vs NRAS-mutant clones. Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry confirmed preferential expression of Sema6A and Mical1 in BRAFV600E melanoma. Sema6A is a member of the semaphorin family, and it complexes with the plexins to regulate actin cytoskeleton, motility and cell proliferation. Silencing of Sema6A in BRAF-mutant cells caused cytoskeletal remodeling, and loss of stress fibers, that in turn induced cell death. Furthermore, Sema6A depletion caused loss of anchorage-independent growth, inhibition of chemotaxis and invasion. Forced Sema6A overexpression, in NRASQ61R clones, induced anchorage-independent growth, and a significant increase of invasiveness. Mical1, that links Sema/PlexinA signaling, is also a negative regulator of apoptosis. Indeed, Mical-1 depletion in BRAF mutant cells restored MST-1-dependent NDR phosphorylation and promoted a rapid and massive NDR-dependent apoptosis. Overall, our data suggest that Sema6A and Mical1 may represent new potential therapeutic targets in BRAFV600E melanoma.


Background/Aim: Vitamin D displays an immunologic effect which can modulate function of Th17-related cytokines and thereby prevent perpetuation of inflammation in chronic disorders like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review aims to conduct a literature review to provide a summary of recent studies addressing the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and RA based on epidemiological, immunological and therapeutic aspects. Methods: PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar were searched for relevant papers published between 2000–2018. Results: Low intake of vitamin D increases the risk of incident RA, and vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be inversely associated with RA activity in most of these studies. However, characteristics of RA and serum vitamin D status differ across the studies. The results of studies on the effect of supplemental vitamin D in RA vary, from no efficacy to significant improvement in disease activity, as well as quality of life. This should be attributed to variations in dosage of vitamin D, duration of treatment, baseline serum vitamin D in RA patients and characteristics of RA across diverse studies. Conclusion: Current data indicate a therapeutic potential for vitamin D in RA. However, further studies are needed to identify an optimal and effective dosage, duration of treatment and patients who will get the best benefit from the treatment.


To determine the oral health status of 15-yearold. Qatari students, 527 (216 males, 311 females) were selected randomly from five regions of Qatar to be examined according to World Health Organization standards using the standardized simplified version of Community Periodontal Index (CPI) to evaluate the severity and prevalence of periodontal diseases. The oral health status was recorded by the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and teeth status was recorded using index decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT). One-third of the students (36.33%) with a mean sextant of (2.18) presented with completely healthy periodontal tissues; the highest prevalence of periodontal status was related to bleeding (39.73%) with a mean sextant of (2.38); the prevalence of calculus was 20.26% (1.21). Dental caries was high, more than 60% of teeth examined were found to be decayed. Male students showed more decay than females (74.15%, 64.8% respectively). More males (33.33%) failed to brush their teeth than females (11.89%). While 41 % of girls brushed their teeth more than once daily only 22.22% of the boys claimed to brush more than once a day. Most students needed motivation and instruction in oral hygiene; one-third required removal of calculus. Deep scaling and complex periodontal treatment was needed for 60% of the teeth examined were decayed only 0.21 sextants per subject. To achieve the WHO goals greater effort must be directed towards the implementation of effective preventive programs in Qatar.


The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of different carbide grain sizes on the tool material volume worn away from straight tungsten–carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) turning inserts. A previously developed metrology method for assessing the tool material volume worn away from milling inserts is adapted for quantifying the volumetric tool wear (VTW) of turning inserts. Controlled turning experiments are conducted at suitable points in the feed-speed design space for two sets of uncoated inserts having different carbide grain sizes. Three levels of Ti–6Al–4V stock removal volumes (10-cm3 each) are analyzed. For each insert, the tool material volume worn away (in mm3) as well as the three-dimensional (3D) wear profile evolution is quantified after each run. Further, the specific volumetric wear rate and the M-ratio (volume of stock removed to VTW) are related to the material removal rate (MRR). The effect of carbide grain size on VTW is examined using scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. Finally, the inverse dependence of the M-ratio on MRR enables the definition of actual usable tool life in terms of its efficiency in removing stock, rather than being based on a tool geometry related metric.


Many public and private genome-wide association studies that we have analyzed include flaws in design, with avoidable confounding appearing as a norm rather than the exception. Rather than recognizing flawed research design and addressing that, a category of quality-control statistical methods has arisen to treat only the symptoms. Reflecting more deeply, we examine elements of current genomic research in light of the traditional scientific method and find that hypotheses are often detached from data collection, experimental design, and causal theories. Association studies independent of causal theories, along with multiple testing errors, too often drive health care and public policy decisions. In an era of large-scale biological research, we ask questions about the role of statistical analyses in advancing coherent theories of diseases and their mechanisms. We advocate for reinterpretation of the scientific method in the context of large-scale data analysis opportunities and for renewed appreciation of falsifiable hypotheses, so that we can learn more from our best mistakes.


I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND A. Common Law Research Exemption B. The Statutory Research Exemption C. Patent System Goals and Research Exemptions D. Merck v. Integra: Facts and History III. ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENTS PRESENTED TO THE COURT A. Petitioner's Position B. Respondents' Position IV. ANALYSIS OF THE SUPREME COURT'S OPINION A. Interpretation of the Federal Circuit's Decision B. Partial Rejection of this Construction C. The Supreme Court's Three Element Test 1. The Regulatory Hook 2. Subjective Intent 3. Reasonable Basis V. RECOMMENDATIONS--APPLYING MERCK V. INTEGRA A. The Target of the Supreme Court's Standard B. The Statutory and Common Law Research Exemptions VI. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION Protection from patent infringement liability for certain research-related activities has been a component of U.S. patent law from the early days of the patent system. These exemptions from infringement liability represent a limitation on patent exclusivity as well as an important mechanism for ensuring that patent exclusivity does not unduly hinder technological advancement. For these reasons, when the Supreme Court speaks regarding the scope of a research exemption, a close look at the scope of the exemption is warranted. In Merck v. Integra, (1) the Supreme Court issued an opinion explicitly interpreting a statutory research exemption. However, this opinion also provides guidance for how courts in the future should view the interaction between this statutory research exemption and the common law research exemption. Part II of this Note provides background about the development of the common law research exemption, the statutory research exemption of 35 U.S.C. [section] 271(e)(1) (2000), the various policy considerations relevant to analyzing the scope of research exemptions, and the facts of Merck v. Integra. Part III analyzes the major arguments raised before the Supreme Court by the petitioner and the respondent in Merck v. Integra--a case involving Merck's research using an invention owned by Integra. Part IV provides analysis of the Supreme Court's opinion in Merck v. Integra and determines the standard for applying [section] 271(e)(1) in the future. Part V provides an evaluation of the relationship between the common law research exemption and the statutory research exemption of [section] 271(e)(1). This analysis leads to the conclusion that the statutory research exemption begins to provide immunity from patent infringement liability immediately after the common law research exemption's immunity ends. II. BACKGROUND First, this Part provides a brief synopsis of the development of the common law research exemption to patent infringement from its early common law roots to the modern Federal Circuit formulation. Second, this Part provides a look at the legislative intent and judicial interpretations of the statutory research exemption of 35 U.S.C. [section] 271(e)(1). Third, the various policy aspects of research exemptions are considered. Finally, this Part concludes with the factual and procedural setting of Merck v. Integra. A. Common Law Research Exemption The common law research exemption from patent infringement is widely recognized to trace its origins to two decisions from the early nineteenth century written by Justice Story. (2) These two cases, Whittenmore v. Cutter (3) and Sawin v. Guild, (4) stated that the use of a patented invention does not constitute patent infringement if the use is for the "mere purpose of philosophical experiment" (5) or to test the truth of the patent's specification. (6) This common law research exemption allowed for certain uses of patented inventions without the consent of the patentee as long as the use did not "divert to the accused infringer a portion of the profits" that rightfully belonged to the patentee. (7) In a more recent case, the Court of Claims (8) held that the United States could not utilize the common law research exemption when its use, testing to determine the capabilities of military helicopters built with patented technology, fell within the "legitimate business" of the United States military. …


BACKGROUND
Hyperglycemia is associated with detriments in immune function and impaired wound healing. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of metformin, an oral antihyperglycemic agent approved for patients with diabetes mellitus, on glucose metabolism in severely burned patients.

METHODS
Metformin was given in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion to 10 patients, all with burns > 60% body surface area (age, 36 +/- 4 years; weight, 92 +/- 3 kg; mean +/- SEM). After 8 days of metformin or placebo, glucose kinetics were quantitated using isotopic dilution with 6,6-d glucose and indirect calorimetry. Measurements were made during fasting; during an intravenous glucose infusion (30 micromol/kg/min); and during a hyperinsulinemic (500 mIU/m2/h), euglycemic clamp (mean plasma glucose concentration, 6.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/L).

RESULTS
During fasting, metformin-treated subjects had a significantly lower rate of endogenous glucose production (met. 9.6) and glucose oxidation than placebo control subjects. With the administration of intravenous glucose, metformin treatment significantly accelerated glucose clearance, thereby attenuating hyperglycemia. During hyperinsulinemia, glucose uptake was significantly greater in metformin-treated patients. Patients receiving metformin also had a significantly higher plasma concentration of insulin.

CONCLUSION
These findings suggest a potential clinical efficacy of metformin to reduce stress-induced hyperglycemia by increasing glucose clearance. This effect may be mediated by either a metformin-induced augmentation of insulin sensitivity or by increasing insulin availability.


On November 18-19, 2016, the Human Frontier Science Program Organization (HFSPO) hosted a meeting of senior managers of key data resources and leaders of several major funding organizations to discuss the challenges associated with sustaining biological and biomedical (i.e., life sciences) data resources and associated infrastructure. A strong consensus emerged from the group that core data resources for the life sciences should be supported through a coordinated international effort(s) that better ensure long-term sustainability and that appropriately align funding with scientific impact. Ideally, funding for such data resources should allow for access at no charge, as is presently the usual (and preferred) mechanism. Below, the rationale for this vision is described, and some important considerations for developing a new international funding model to support core data resources for the life sciences are presented.


What drives support for or opposition to redistributive taxation and spending? Why is ethnic diversity associated with inequality and a lack of redistribution? This book argues that many individuals, recognizing that they live in a world of uncertainty, use the groups of which they are a member as a heuristic to understand how welfare states are likely to impact them. This leads to reduced support for redistribution among the wealthy, whose disproportionate influence over policy in turn leads to less redistribution. I develop the argument with a series of empirical implications, which I then test using data from a variety of sources. I examine regional and ethnic politics in the United Kingdom, Germany, Slovakia, Canada, and Italy, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative evidence, existing and new surveys, and observational and experimental methods. The evidence is largely consistent with a heuristic theory, allowing us to see group politics in a new light.


In astrophysics, holographic gratings use, as far as possible, spherical grating's surface and printing laser waves. However, to obtain high spectral resolution, aberrations must be corrected up to the fourth degree, which generally requires aspheric surfaces for the grating or the laser waves. To date, technological progress makes the fabrication of such gratings possible, so we have developed a complete theory of these deformations and have written a computer program which we believe solves any grating's aberration problems.


Back Care Basics offers the low-cost solution for back care in the new millenium: therapeutic yoga. Dr. Schatz's approach to back rehabilitation is gentle, effective, and without drugs or surgery. Her program encourages both positive health practices and a positive outlook; the important tools needed for prevention and healing. Dr. Schatz has designed this program to help those with pain from chronic musculoskeletal back and neck strain, spinal arthritis, osteoporosis, premenstrual syndrome, pregnancy, and scoliosis. Simple and practical ways to heal the back, restructure the body, and cope with stress are taught so that one becomes more sensitive to early warning signs of an impending "back attack" and what to do to ward it off.


This study examines the governance of post-Olympic Games legacy organizations. A cross-case comparative analysis was completed by focusing on post-Games legacy organizations from three Winter Olympics (Salt Lake City 2002, Vancouver 2010, and PyeongChang 2018). Drawing on a governance framework, this research investigates the politics (stakeholder relationships), polity (institutional structures), and policy (the policy content and instruments) dimensions of governance, and explores modes of governance that facilitate collective action taken by these organizations. Data for this study included archival materials and semistructured interviews with key representatives from the relevant organizations. Three different post-Games legacy organization governance modes (public–private, interactive, and self-governance) were identified, and a conceptual model of the governance of post-Games legacy organizations is proposed. The findings have theoretical and practical implications that expand our understanding of the governance of Olympic legacy.