This Article will survey the significant legal, political, and operational challenges that US Africa Command (AFRICOM) has already encountered in its relatively short existence, the challenges which lie ahead for AFRICOM, and why AFRICOM will need to further adapt its cooperation with African allies and quantify 'value-added' capabilities if it is to successfully provide and promote allied capabilities. Part 1 will examine Africa as an 'arc of instability,' while Part 2 will describe how U.S. centralized diplomatic and political strategy led to the creation of AFRICOM and the advancement of both U.S. and African economic, security, and development policies. The impact of the 'resourcing-to-requirements' differential (or the disparity in the resources AFRICOM has versus what it must do with them) is discussed in Part 3. The uncertainty created by this U.S. action, as well as its implications on future humanitarian efforts in the region is explained in Part 4, with further discussion on how this perceived uncertainty will affect African and non- African nations' reactions to AFRICOM in Part 5. Finally, what African nations will do about and with AFRICOM now and in the future is described in Part 6. This Article, therefore, addresses the issues and obstacles AFRICOM is likely to encounter, and attempts to discover the potential solutions offered by law and policy that would aid the organization in successfully accomplishing its stated missions, and advancing an 'arc of stability' in Africa.


The dimensionality (D) of manifolds of active chemical composition space has been measured using three different approaches: the Hausdorff geometrical binning method, Principal Component Analysis, and the Grassberger-Procaccia cumulative distribution method. A series of artificial manifolds is also generated using a Monte Carlo approach to discern the advantages and limitations of the three methods. Dimensionality is quantified for different levels of turbulent intensity in a simulation of the interactions of a 2D premixed hydrogen flame with a localized region of turbulence superimposed over the cold region upstream of the flame front. The simulations are conducted using an adaptive mesh refinement code for low Mach number reacting flows. By treating the N{sub s} species and temperature of the local thermo-chemical state as a point in multi-dimensional chemical composition space, a snapshot of a flame region is mapped into chemical composition space to generate the manifold associated with the 2-D flame system. An increase in D was observed with increasing turbulent intensity for all three methods. Although each method provides useful information, the Grassberger-Procaccia method is subject to fewer artifacts than the other two thereby providing the most reliable quantification of D.


Postseismic decrease in groundwater temperature was documented on the upper rim of a large alluvial fan near the epicenter of the 1999 M w 7.5 Chi-Chi earthquake (Taiwan). We use a model of coupled heat transport and groundwater flow, constrained by documented water-level changes, to interpret this change. We show that groundwater temperature is sensitive to earthquake-induced flow and the observed temperature decrease may be explained by increased groundwater discharge due to earthquake-enhanced vertical permeability. The result implies that heat flow near active mountain fronts may be lowered by recurrent earthquakes.


This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP)-mediated control in Caulobacter crescentus. Several members of this family dynamically position to distinct polar sites during the C. crescentus cell cycle, where they contribute to the temporal and spatial regulation of pole morphogenesis and cell cycle progression. The finding that C. crescentus pole development is regulated by c-di-GMP raised several important questions. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies provided convincing evidence that DivK acts as an allosteric regulator of PleC kinase activity. The primary function of the complex regulatory mechanism responsible for cell cycle-dependent PleD phosphorylation is to limit PleD diguanylate cyclase (DGC) activity to the sessile stalked (ST) cell and exclude it from the motile swarmer (SW) cell. The wide range of different cellular processes and molecular targets that are regulated by c-di-GMP reflects its remarkable versatility as a signaling device. Recently, cell cycle control and regulated proteolysis have been added to this growing list of cellular functions controlled by c-di-GMP. The C. crescentus cell cycle is controlled by a cascade of four master regulators that are activated sequentially and in a hierarchical manner. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the characteristic behavior of Caulobacter cells and its regulation by c-di-GMP might thus be of general relevance for the understanding of processes involved in the motile-sessile transition in many other bacteria.


Suicide gene therapy is an attractive way of combating cancers. Diphtheria toxin (DT) has been widely studied for its application to kill cancer cells. Due to DT's extreme toxicity issue, viral vectors carrying DT are very difficult to produce since producer cells are killed before viral vectors can be produced. In this study adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors carrying DT fragment A (DT-A) was generated at high titers in insect cells by inserting a mammalian intron to abolish the toxin expression. When these toxin carrying AAV vectors were introduced into mammalian cells, the intron was spliced out and the toxin expressed and killed the mammalian cells. Since they can direct gene expression in tumor cells but not in normal cells, tumor-specific promoters were cloned to direct the expression of the DT-A gene and AAV vectors were prepared. These vectors carrying DT-A under control of surviving or CXCR4 promoter specifically killed tumor cell lines HepG2, Hep3B, and BE (2)-M17, but not the normal human lung cell line WI38. The results in this study indicate that this novel way of targeting tumor cells with AAV vectors carrying DT-A should provide a new tool for the development of toxin-based suicide gene therapy drugs. Citation Format: Haifeng Chen. Transcriptional targeting of tumor cells with AAV vectors carrying diphtheria toxin A fragment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B36.


"This deeply disturbing but brilliant collection will be a challenge to a burgeoning literature on children in war situations ...[especially] to those who wish to make a black and white distinction between children and adults." ?- Children, Youth and Environments War leads not just to widespread death but also to extensive displacement, overwhelming fear, and economic devastation. It weakens social ties, threatens household survival and undermines the family's capacity to care for its most vulnerable members. Every year it kills and maims countless numbers of young people, undermines thousands of others psychologically and deprives many of the economic, educational, health and social opportunities which most of us consider essential for children's effective growth and well being. Based on detailed ethnographic description and on young people's own accounts, this volume provides insights into children's experiences as both survivors and perpetrators of violence. It focuses on girls who have been exposed to sexual exploitation and abuse, children who head households or are separated from their families, displaced children and young former combatants who are attempting to adjust to their changed circumstances following the cessation of conflict. In this sense, the volume bears witness to the grim effects of warfare and displacement on the young. Nevertheless, despite the abundant evidence of suffering, it maintains that children are not the passive victims of conflict but engage actively with the conditions of war, an outlook that challenges orthodox research perspectives that rely heavily on medicalized notions of 'victim' and 'trauma.'


There is a variety of definitions of the concept 'sustainable' to be found, and many interestingideas how to measure and evaluate what can be regarded as 'sustainability'. Meanwhile,whatever the definition is used it must have a strong physical background. There is also acontinuous flow of information and a general awareness about the necessity of taking action,thereby reducing the negative anthropocentric contribution to global warming and ecologicalsystems depletion. A number of visions about (for example) future emission values typically 15-30 years from today are often presented. At the same time there is a continuous political debateabout the balance between individual freedom vs political regulations. The typical individual -standing in the intersection of all this - still seldom gets practical guidelines on how to act in thedaily life to meet future visions. This paper argues that it is necessary to simplify the indicatorsused to evaluate sustainability and at the same time ensure clear instructions of action therebyincreasing the communicability. This is believed to be possible through the application of aholistic approach based upon a detailed mapping, thus making it possible to find out an over-allstrategy and then transform it into specific guidelines for the individual to apply, taking anentrance point in a realistic description of individual everyday life. The regional level is chosenas the most suitable level to work with to keep in touch with the individual level without losingthe strategic possibilities and over-all view when attacking the problem. Without a deep andcommon understanding of the 'daily life' in the region, visions and guidelines might show to becounterproductive.For the Swedish region Jamtland, a sparsely populated area with large forests, a lot of hydropower, and one major city (Ostersund with about 60.000 inhabitants), some industries and skiresorts (the largest being Are), the method developed by Nielsen and Jorgensen for the minorisland named Samso in Denmark has been chosen. By building a model for evaluating thecarbon balance and the work energy balances we are able to focus the strategies and make aguideline for individuals. It seems necessary to accept some usage of fossil fuels also in thefuture but we need to see how this usage can be steered to applications where non-fossilalternatives are less realistic. By working with sectors, built together, we are able to work withsub-models without having to compromise on either lower or higher level of societal activities.Compared to the Samso case, Jamtland is more complex and also much larger (127.000inhabitants compared to Samso's 4.000 and with an area about 20% larger than theNetherlands). The sectors chosen are Industry (Businesses other than those covered in othersectors), Agriculture, Forestry, Tourism, Nature, Public, Private (households), Reindeerherding, Wastes and Energy. The budget of each sector is mapped in terms of carbon and workenergy balances as a sub-model of an over-all model of Jamtland. By finding out the limits(constrains) from simulations carried out on the region it is possible to set for example carbonand energy budgets as basis for personal guidelines for the citizens of the region.The major idea is that most citizens of the region will understand and adapt to such guidelinesto an extent that may induce a change of individual behavioral patterns thus turning the regiontowards sustainability. Jamtland has a specific "culture" which can be used to create proudnessand interest for the sustainability aims. It is important to arrange a platform that serves to shapea fruitful dialogue between all stakeholders – from individual to groups – that will make itpossible to create a common plan for measurements to be implemented, i.e. a concertedgovernance which ensure and guarantee a future of optimal existence for ecosystems as wellas human beings.


Recent evolutions in the security realm within and at the periphery of Europe have led to a series of responses and adaptations from the European Union, in the context of the 2016 EU Global Strategy (EUGS). At the heart of those responses to tackle current security challenges are the questions of 'what to do', with 'what capabilities', and 'with whom'. The latter relates to the interaction between the EU and third parties, be they states or institutions. How can the EU reach out to these third parties so as to best guarantee its own security?


The last years, calls surged for a transformation research, which addresses the increasing global environmental and social challenges and supports transformations towards sustainability. As transformation research developed rapidly in relation to various societal domains and established research strands, there is currently a need for self-reflection with regard to empirical and theoretical concepts, foci and frameworks. Especially the far-reaching ambitions of transformation research, namely to contribute actively to societal change processes towards sustainability, are controversially debated and need a critical reflection of research approaches and methods. This working paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about transformation research. We argue that transformation research is not (yet) an established research field, but an emerging research perspective that joins together different research streams focusing on societal change towards sustainability. We analyse the goals, contents, results and research approaches of this perspective as well as its social science methods. A specific focus of this paper is on the description and analysis of suitable methods for transformation research. We analyse social-science methods with regard to their contributions to the goals, results and research foci of transformation research as well as their use in descriptive-analytical and transformative research approaches. Transformation research – Exploring methods for an emerging research field


A pilot vegetable retail store named 'Clean-n-Fresh' was designed and operated at the campus of Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad. The aim was to deliver fresh produce of a better (and specified) quality preferred by the consumers. The consumers in the area were people with middle and higher income levels who indicated willingness to pay a premium of up to 20 per cent for clean and fresh produce. The processes and equipment for sorting, cleaning, washing, trimming etc. were specially developed for economy of water, electricity and space. Analysis of over a year of operational data showed that the extra costs incurred for vegetable treatment were about Rs. 1.5-2/kg (US$0.03-0.04/kg), which were within the selling price limit stipulated by consumers. The store began to break even after about six months of operation. This paper describes details of the engineering and business design and a summary of one year of operation.


OBJECTIVE
To develop a simple stepwise approach to initial management of emergencies in family physicians' offices; to review how to prepare health care teams and equipment; and to illustrate a general approach to three of the most common office emergencies.

QUALITY OF EVIDENCE
MEDLINE was searched from January 1980 to December 2001. Articles were selected based on their clinical relevance, quality of evidence, and date of publication. We reviewed American family medicine, pediatric, dental, and dermatologic articles, but found that the area has not been well studied from a Canadian family medicine perspective. Consensus statements by specialty professional groups were used to identify accepted emergency medical treatments.

MAIN MESSAGE
Family medicine offices are frequently poorly equipped and inadequately prepared to deal with emergencies. Straightforward emergency response plans can be designed and tailored to an office's risk profile. A systematic team approach and effective use of skills, support staff, and equipment is important. The general approach can be modified for specific patients or conditions.

CONCLUSION
Family physicians can plan ahead and use a team approach to develop a simple stepwise response to emergency situations in the office.


Photoshop Elements 9 is often described as the best $99 you can spend as a photographer. The power of its functions, yet ease of use, make it a tremendous tool for correcting images and making image-based projects. Phil Hawkins, an award-winning photographer from Fresno, CA will take you through not only the complete explanation of how everything works, but the basics of digital imaging theory and digital camera operation. Additionally, Phil offers lessons on how to shoot better portraits and landscape images all in an effort to make you the best photographer you can be and to take those shots and display or distribute them putting your best foot forward. Three courses in one!


Mobile parcel lockers (MPLs) have been recently introduced by urban logistics operators as a means to reduce traffic congestion and operational cost. Their capability to relocate their position during the day has the potential to improve customer accessibility and convenience (if deployed and planned accordingly), allowing customers to collect parcels at their preferred time among one of the multiple locations. This paper proposes an integer programming model to solve the Location Routing Problem for MPLs to determine the optimal configuration and locker routes. In solving this model, a Hybrid Q-Learning algorithm-based Method (HQM) integrated with global and local search mechanisms is developed, the performance of which is examined for different problem sizes and benchmarked with genetic algorithms. Furthermore, we introduced two route adjustment strategies to resolve stochastic events that may cause delays. The results show that HQM achieves 443.41% improvement on average in solution improvement, compared with the 94.91% improvement of heuristic counterparts, suggesting HQM enables a more efficient search for better solutions. Finally, we identify critical factors that contribute to service delays and investigate their effects.


What does sorrow taste like? Or anger? In 2012, the people at Hoxton Street Monster Supplies of London launched The Taste of Emotion , a unique range of seasoning salts collected from human tears. There are five varieties of salt available in the collection, which the company explains have been harvested from humans experiencing all kinds of emotions in various situations (laughing, sneezing, anger, sorrow, and, of course, chopping onions). Each of the five salts have a distinctly different flavour. Sorrow tastes of delicate lavender. Beyond its association with food, but also incorporating that, taste is not only shaped by people's different experiences according to their class and social position, geography and ethnicity, it also serves as a marker of identity and status. Pierre Bourdieu has famously argued that taste forms part of the cultural capital that confers respect, often linked to social class: "Taste classifies, and it classifies the classifier. Social subjects, classified by their classifications distinguish themselves by the distinctions they make, between the beautiful and the ugly, the distinguished and the vulgar, in which their position in the objective classifications is expressed or betrayed" (6). Although, following Bourdieu, taste's use as a metaphor for aesthetic sensibility has been a significant interest for scholars, the literal sense of taste has not captured serious research interest until relatively recently. The privileging of written and visual texts in western research and scholarship has meant that our other senses are frequently neglected, and this is especially so for taste and smell. According to Carolyn Korsmeyer, the disparaging of taste is related to three particular assertions that are both popular and often found underpinning empirical studies: (a) there are only four tastes—sweet, salt, sour, and bitter—so it is a sense of limited scope (although the fifth taste, umani, is now often included); (b) taste is a "poor sense", because most flavour is contributed by smell; and, (c) taste and smell are "primitive" senses, somehow unworthy of serious study ( Making Sense , 75). (See, also, Korsmeyer, Taste Culture Reader .) In this way, as often identified as a "lower order" sense that drives appetite and sometimes indulgence (and additionally associated with the body), the subjective and often very personal nature of taste has also traditionally ruled it out as an object of study. That perception has, however, clearly recently changed, and is demonstrated in the range of studies undertaken on sensory experience and taste by historians, philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, scientists, geographers, and cultural studies critics, complementing the growth in taste as a topic of enquiry in food studies and the extension of aesthetics to objects of popular culture. As David Howes from the Centre for Sensory Studies explains, the sensory turn in history and anthropology dates from the 1980s, and has expanded into other cognate areas, and beyond these disciplinary routes, the field is also itself conceptualised along sensory lines, as in visual culture, auditory culture (or sound studies), smell culture, taste culture, and the culture of touch. In proposing this issue of MC Journal , we considered taste as both a physical and cultural experience and phenomemon, and invited contributions which approached and interpreted the term "taste" widely, in order to explore a broad range of issues in media and culture. Contributors responded with an exciting range of articles, which investigate the concept of taste from innovative angles and introduce new primary materials into the orbit of consideration regarding "taste". Our feature article by Rachel Franks considers the history of changing taste in relation to that most popular genre of fiction, crime fiction. The following articles can be read in any order, but we have presented this issue in a way that creates productive connections and contrasts between the content, approach, ideas, and style of each article. Leila Green discusses how our tastes are being manipulated so that we favour foods that are not conducive to our health and wellbeing. Kate Sarah Johnston provides a study of tradition and change in a southern Italian tuna fishing community. Bethany Turner looks at food gardens, gardeners, and gardening, while Steven Pace turns to how tastes can be acquired through online activity. Katherine Kirkwood uses the popular television show MasterChef Australia as a vehicle for considering vicarious consumption, then Chi-Hoon Kim turns our eyes from the screen to the plastic food models used in South Korea. Tracy Fahey challenges readers with a survey of transgressive body art, and Bronwyn Fredericks and Pamela CroftWarcon with their consideration of chocolate, art, and Indigenous Australians. Kathy Anne Bauer brings taste to her discussion of how parents make decisions about early childhood education centres. As contributing co-editor, Donna Lee Brien investigates Singaporean food writing. Jacqueline Louise Dutton discusses cult movie "La Grande bouffe" (1973) from a fresh angle. Nicholas Hookway investigates vegetarianism looking at ethics in an innovative fashion, while Craig Adams looks to France's Submission to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list in relation to what it can reveal about taste. Julie Parsons explores family foodways, while Laura Lotti poses how do-it-yourself cheese making affects contemporary computer culture. Such significant scholarship involves a large number of people and considerable effort. We sincerely thank our universities for supporting our scholarly editorial endeavours, the many reviewers for this issue for their useful and generous feedback, the contributors for their insight and diligence, and Wes Hicks for his cover image. A special thank you, of course, to the editorial team of MC Journal for making this ongoing contribution to research possible. We hope you enjoy this degustation of media and culture taste-related scholarship. References Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste . Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1984. Howe, David.Centre for Sensory Studies. 2013. 12 Mar. 2014 ‹ http://www.sensorystudies.org/sensorial-investigations/the-expanding-field-of-sensory-studies›. Korsmeyer, Caroline. Making Sense of Taste: Taste, Food, and Philosophy . Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1999.  -----. The Taste Culture Reader: Experiencing Food and Drink . London: Berg, 2005.


Background: Oncogenic cancers, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV), account for 10 to 12% of all cancers. Knowing the viral status of a tumor is essential as it may change patients' treatment options. Numerous clinical trials investigating the benefit of radiation or chemotherapy dose reduction for HPV positive head and neck cancers have shown promising results. Additionally, virus-associated tumors are more likely to present higher levels of inflammation and immune infiltration, which make them good candidates for immunotherapy. We developed a novel viral detection algorithm using the patient's tumor whole transcriptome profiles to predict viral status. As RNA-sequencing of clinical samples becomes increasingly common, the use of gene expression data for viral status and insights about the tumor immune microenvironment may impact clinical treatment decisions for a larger number of patients. Methods: To develop RNA based classifiers of viral status from tumor transcriptomes, we used the TCGA cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, and gastric cancer cohorts with known viral statuses. To identify predictive genes, we performed a 10-fold cross validation on the TCGA cohorts and trained a Logistic Regression with a L1 regularisation. Since L1 regularization leads to sparse coefficients, only a small subset of genes had non-zero coefficients at each split. Only the genes with non-zero coefficients in more than 80% of the splits were included in the final model. Using this subset of genes, we again trained Logistic Regression classifiers with a L1 regularisation on the TCGA dataset and validated our models on Tempus cohorts. Results: Our model can predict the HPV subtype with a 99% specificity and 99% sensitivity, and the EBV subtype with a 99% specificity and 100% sensitivity in the TCGA cohorts. In our Tempus validation cohorts, we report 96% specificity and a 88% sensitivity for HPV, and a 97% specificity and a 100% sensitivity for EBV. Subsequent analysis of whole transcriptome data showed a significant increase of the interferon gamma signature, the cytolytic index and the immunotherapy target IDO1 in EBV positive patients in both cohorts. We observed the same pattern in the HPV cohorts, though the increase was not significant in the Tempus cohorts due to the small sample size. Conclusions: Our models accurately predicts viral infection in tumors using RNA expression data. We confirm viral infections are generally associated with an upregulation of immune responses. Viral detection based on whole transcriptome data could become a useful clinical tool in combination with existing methods, providing insights about the viral status and tumor microenvironment with one test. Citation Format: Ariane Lozac'hmeur, Denise Lau, Aly Khan. Predicting oncogenic viral status using RNA signatures [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 135.


Abstract Hearing aid. Aim To compare the performance, benefit and satisfaction of users of ITE, CIC and BTE digital hearing aid with noise reduction and omnidirectional and directional microphones. Method 34 users of hearing aid were evaluated by means of speech perception in noise tests and APHAB and IOI self assessment questionnaires. Prospective study. Results Better results were obtained by users of ITE, CIC and directional hearing aids, however, no statistical significance was found between the groups. Conclusion Directivity improved speech perception in noise and benefit in daily life situations.


In the Tata company town of Jamshedpur, incisive popular discourses of corruption posit a mutually beneficial relationship between 'legitimate' institutions and organised criminality, a dynamic believed to enable pervasive transformations in the city's industrial and financial infrastructures. This article situates this local discourse within the wider body of anthropological work on South Asian corruption, noting a discursive departure from the hegemonic, personalised and essentially provincialising corruption models encountered by many researchers. The article interrogates the popular model of crime and corruption in Jamshedpur through a focus upon the business practices of local violent entrepreneurs, exploring the extent to which their negotiations with corrupt institutions and 'legitimate' capital may indeed inform their successes. Drawing analytic cues from material on organised crime in the former USSR, this article identifies a mutually beneficial relationship between political influence, violence and industrial capital in an Indian company town.


El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections over Europe and the Middle East are evaluated using an oxygen isotope coral time series from the northern Red Sea and various instrumental data sets. We detect a shift in the correlation between the Nino3 index and the Red Sea coral record in 1970s and we show that this shift can be attributed to non-stationary circulation regimes and related ENSO teleconnections. We find that positive anomalies of oxygen isotope in the Red Sea coral record from mid-1930s to late 1960s are associated with a strong Pacific-North Atlantic teleconnection accompanied by a weak Aleutian Low, a more zonal flow at mid-latitudes, and La Nina conditions in tropical Pacific. In contrast, positive anomalous of oxygen isotopes in the Red Sea coral after 1970s are related to El Nino conditions and weaker Pan-Pacific-Atlantic circulation regimes. Using the window correlation of the northern Red Sea coral record with two coral records from the tropical and subtropical Pacific, we find non-stationary relationships between the tropical Pacific and the European/Middle Eastern climate during the pre-instrumental period. Our results imply that the modulation of teleconnections at interdecadal time scales provides a limitation in the prediction and reconstruction of remote climate phenomena such as the ENSO impact over Europe.


The fast-axis polarization instability arises in a weakly birefringent fiber as a result of competition between the natural fiber birefringence and the nonlinear ellipse rotation. Direct observation of the fast-axis polarization instability is reported. A full theoretical development of the polarization instability in a twisted, birefringent optical fiber is presented. The theory includes the derivation of and full solutions for the evolution of light in a twisted fiber as well as stability analysis and phase-plane representation of the solutions. The experiment is described in detail; good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment. As a result of the instability, very small variations in either the input power or the input polarization to the fiber result in large changes in the output polarization. A crossed polarizer at the fiber end converts the polarization variation into intensity information. Thus the modulation depth of an input pulse has been increased from 15% to 100%. Modulation gains of as much as 10 times are theoretically possible.


The nature of the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is addressed by focusing on the dry (and cool) zone bounded by it and the coast of South America through numerical experiments. As shown in a companion paper, this dry zone is due, to a large extent, to orographically forced subsidence. Here it is shown that the northwestward expansion of this dry zone can be explained by advection of low moist static energy by the trade winds. These results provide an explanation of the geometry of the western edge of the dry zone and, therefore, of the eastern edge of the adjacent SPCZ. Sea surface temperature underneath the SPCZ is enhanced by relatively high near-surface humidity through evaporative processes, which feeds back into its organization. However, in this model, this feedback is not critical for the existence of the SPCZ. The subsidence associated with the ITCZ in the North Hemisphere negatively affects the precipitation rate in the SPCZ. It was also found that the sensitivity of the forced response is largest for peak orographic heights below 3000 m, which indicates that the exact representation of the Andes in numerical models might not be as critical as that of lower orography such as that in southern Africa.


This article examines the development of the concept of recognition in the writings of British jurists. It first outlines methodologies of conceptual history as applied to international legal concepts, before examining four strands of development of the concept of recognition from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. It shows how the concept of recognition moved from examining intra-European diplomatic disagreements, to a focus on Christianity, civilisation and progress that barred non-European communities, to a late colonial-era emphasis on technicalities of government and territory, and eventually a state-centric account that normalised inferiority into difference, before emerging in the interwar period as a 'basic concept' of international law: intensely debated and closely tied to a range of political projects. The article concludes with reflections on why British thinking turns away from recognition in the 1950s, as the decolonising world turns to a new international law and self-determination.


The Tuscan Lifestyles case (Mason, 2003) offers a simple twist on the standard view of how to value a newly acquired customer, highlighting how standard retention-based approaches to the calculation of expected customer lifetime value (CLV) are not applicable in a noncontractual setting. Using the data presented in the case (a series of annual histograms showing the aggregate distribution of purchases for two different cohorts of customers newly "acquired" by a catalog marketer), it is a simple exercise to compute an estimate of "expected 5 year CLV." If we wish to arrive at an estimate of CLV that includes the customer's "life" beyond five years or are interested in, say, sorting out the purchasing process (while "alive") from the attrition process, we need to use a formal model of buying behavior that can be applied on such coarse data. To tackle this problem, we utilize the Pareto/NBD model developed by Schmittlein, Morrison, and Colombo (1987). However, existing analytical results do not allow us to estimate the model parameters using the data summaries presented in the case. We therefore derive an expression that enables us to do this. The resulting parameter estimates and subsequent calculations offer useful insights that could not have been obtained without the formal model. For instance, we were able to decompose the lifetime value into four factors, namely purchasing while active, dropout, surge in sales in the first year and monetary value of the average purchase. We observed a kind of "triple jeopardy" in that the more valuable cohort proved to be better on the three most critical factors.


This paper reports a series of case studies from the new phase of an international project – Developing Professional Thinking for Technology Teachers (DEPTH2). The first phase of the project was a study conducted with both primary and secondary technology pre-service teacher education students in a number of different countries who were given the same teacher-knowledge graphical framework as a tool to support reflection on their professional knowledge. We discovered that, despite the different country contexts, student teachers of technology could articulate aspects of their developing teacher knowledge using the same framework for teacher professional development. The common graphical tool enabled them to set out their subject knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and 'school' knowledge and was useful in helping them become more self-aware (Banks et al 2004). In this second phase of the project we have developed this line of research in two ways. First, we extended the range of participants to include experienced teachers involved in in-service work connected to curriculum development. Second, we looked at the inter-relationship for pre-service teachers between their developing professional knowledge and their own personal subject construct. In this paper, the framework itself is first described, followed by five short case studies showing the way that it has been used to illuminate technology teacher knowledge in each example. Lessons are drawn for each country specific investigation, some wider conclusions that have implications internationally and some suggestions for further work.


There is a strong sense of malaise surrounding climate politics today. This has been created at least in part by factors such as the chasm between the scale of action required and the adequacy of current political commitments, stalemate in global negotiations, the low price of carbon, and a growing sense of indifference among the publics of some developed countries about the threat posed by climate change. Within the policy community these issues are generally treated as different problems each to be overcome on their own terms. Yet, we argue, suggested solutions to these problems hold much in common—namely a focus on identifying agency, whether the capacity of institutions to act or the behavior of individuals. What is often missing from such accounts of climate politics is a recognition that the problems of how agency is attributed, what we might term governance traps, are structural in nature. Governing climate change therefore requires that we study the conditions through which these challenges arise and which in turn serve to frame agency in particular ways. We suggest that examining the ways in which notions of responsibilities and rights are currently being framed within climate politics provides one way into these dynamics. This opens up the critical questions that need to be addressed ahead of the critical Conference of the Parties meeting in Paris in November 2015. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:535–540. doi: 10.1002/wcc.356


Background: Prenatal detection (PND) has benefits for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and transposition of the great arteries (TGA), but associations between sociodemographic and geographic factors with PND have not been sufficiently explored. This study evaluated whether socioeconomic quartile (SEQ), public insurance, race and ethnicity, rural residence, and distance of residence (distance and driving time from a cardiac surgical center) are associated with the PND or timing of PND, with a secondary aim to analyze differences between the United States and Canada. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, fetuses and infants <2 months of age with HLHS or TGA admitted between 2012 and 2016 to participating Fetal Heart Society Research Collaborative institutions in the United States and Canada were included. SEQ, rural residence, and distance of residence were derived using maternal census tract from the maternal address at first visit. Subjects were assigned a SEQ z score using the neighborhood summary score or Canadian Chan index and separated into quartiles. Insurance type and self-reported race and ethnicity were obtained from medical charts. We evaluated associations among SEQ, insurance type, race and ethnicity, rural residence, and distance of residence with PND of HLHS and TGA (aggregate and individually) using bivariate analysis with adjusted associations for confounding variables and cluster analysis for centers. Results: Data on 1862 subjects (HLHS: n=1171, 92% PND; TGA: n=691, 58% PND) were submitted by 21 centers (19 in the United States). In the United States, lower SEQ was associated with lower PND in HLHS and TGA, with the strongest association in the lower SEQ of pregnancies with fetal TGA (quartile 1, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.64–0.85], quartile 2, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.64–0.93], quartile 3, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.69–1.00], quartile 4, reference). Hispanic ethnicity (relative risk, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.72–0.99]) and rural residence (relative risk, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.64–0.95]) were also associated with lower PND in TGA. Lower SEQ was associated with later PND overall; in the United States, rural residence and public insurance were also associated with later PND. Conclusions: We demonstrate that lower SEQ, Hispanic ethnicity, and rural residence are associated with decreased PND for TGA, with lower SEQ also being associated with decreased PND for HLHS. Future work to increase PND should be considered in these specific populations.


All economic analysis is about institutional behavior the behavior of decision-making processes such as markets, firms, political processes and courts. In turn, when economists bring these insights about institutional behavior to the analysis of law and public policy, they focus on institutional choice such as the choice between markets and political processes (the regulation issue), the choice between markets and firms (issues of industrial organization) and the choices between courts and markets (law and economics and the common law) and between courts and political processes (law and economics and constitutional law). But at present, most economic analysis of these institutional choices is carried out in a peculiarly non-economic and illogical manner. Rather than comparing these decision-making processes, standard economic analyses of institutional choices focus on the character and imperfections of one alternative. Welfare economics focuses on market malfunction or imperfection. Public choice focuses on the political malfunction or imperfection. These analyses, although often highly sophisticated, are just examinations of necessary conditions for institutional choice. Moreover, these are trivial necessary conditions. Most importantly, the imperfections in institutional alternatives are correlated: institutions tend to move together in response to variations in basic variables such as numbers and complexity. The failure to account for the parallel movements of institutions has deformed the economic analysis of law and public policy by focusing on the wrong issues and on the wrong margins of inquiry. Without comparative institutional analysis, the economic analysis of institutional choice is largely empty and the remarkable insights about institutional behavior provided by economic analysis are wasted. This is the first in a series of essays attempting to correct this problem. It sets out an approach to understanding and comparing institutions based on the dynamics of participation, an approach already inherent in most economic analysis. This essay then shows the problems created by the failure to employ this approach in a comparative institutional manner by examining economic analysis of law in general and the efficiency of the common law in particular.


This article argues in favor of a Levantine approach to citizenship and citizenship education. A Levantine approach calls for some sort of Mediterranean regionalism, which accommodates and promotes overlapping and shared sovereignties and jurisdiction, multiple loyalties, and regional integration. It transcends the paradigmatic statist model of citizenship by recasting the relationship between territoriality, national identity, sovereignty, and citizenship in complex, multilayered and disaggregated constellations. As the case of Israel/Palestine demonstrates, this new approach goes beyond multicultural accommodation and territorial partition. It proposes, among other things, extending the political and territorial boundaries of citizenship to take all the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River as one unit of analysis belonging to a larger region.


Although grid systems are the foundation for almost all typographic design, they are often associated with rigid, formulaic solutions. However, the belief that all great design is nonetheless based on grid systems (even if only subverted ones) suggests that few designers truly understand the complexities and potential riches of grid composition.In her best-selling "Geometry of Design," Elam shows how proportion, symmetry, and other geometrical systems underlie many of the visual relationships that make for good design. Now, Elam brings the same keen eye and clear explanations to bear on the most prevalent, and maybe least understood, system of visual organization: the grid. Filled with extensive research and more than 100 informative examples from the Bauhaus to Nike ads, "Grid Systems" provides a rich, easy-to-understand overview and demonstrates a step-by-step approach to typographic composition. It suggests design strategies that transcend simple function and reductionist recipes to allow grids to become a means of truly dynamic communication. Any designer, educator, or student will benefit greatly from this elegant slim book, chock-a-block full of colorful examples, helpful vellum overlays, and Elam's insightful analysis.


As a leading cause of bacterial‐derived gastroenteritis worldwide, Campylobacter has a significant impact on human health. In the developed world, most campylobacteriosis cases are attributed to the consumption of undercooked, contaminated poultry; however, it has been shown that Campylobacter can be transmitted to humans through contaminated water and other types of food, including beef and milk. As such, high‐resolution microbial source‐tracking is essential for health department officials to determine the source(s) of Campylobacter outbreaks. For these reasons, this protocol provides the techniques needed for isolation of Campylobacter from agricultural and environmental sources, as well as human clinical specimens. Additionally, we describe a simple method for preparing high‐quality genomic DNA that can be used for whole‐genome sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analyses of Campylobacter genotypes. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The study of watermarks is a key step for archivists and historians as it enables them to reveal the origin of paper. Although highly practical, automatic watermark recognition comes with many difficulties and is still considered an unsolved challenge. Nonetheless, Shen et al. [2019] recently introduced a new approach for this specific task which showed promising results. Building upon this approach, this work proposes a new public web application dedicated to automatic watermark recognition entitled Filigranes pour tous. The application not only hosts a detailed catalog of more than 17k watermarks manually collected from the French National Archives (Minutier central) or extracted from existing online resources (Briquet database), but it also enables non-specialists to identify a watermark from a simple photograph in a few seconds. Moreover, additional watermarks can easily be added by the users making the enrichment of the existing catalog possible through crowdsourcing. Our Web application is available at https://filigranes.inria.fr/.


While event-driven programming is a widespread model for asynchronous computing, its inherent control flow fragmentation makes event-driven programs notoriously difficult to understand and maintain. Coroutines are a general control flow construct that can eliminate control flow fragmentation. However, coroutines are still missing in many popular languages. This gap is partly caused by the difficulties of supporting suspendable computations in the language runtime.
We introduce first-class, type-safe, stackful coroutines with snapshots, which unify many variants of suspendable computing. Our design relies solely on the static metaprogramming support of the host language, without modifying the language implementation or the runtime. We also develop a formal model for type-safe, stackful and delimited coroutines, and we prove the respective safety properties. We show that the model is sufficiently general to express iterators, single-assignment variables, async-await, actors, event streams, backtracking, symmetric coroutines and continuations. Performance evaluations reveal that the proposed metaprogramming-based approach has a decent performance, with workload-dependent overheads of 1.03-2.11 x compared to equivalent manually written code, and improvements of up to 6 x compared to other approaches.


Grassy swards inevitably become deficient in nitrogen unless some measure is used to replenish the supply. Renovation is a process by which legumes may be introduced into grass-dominant fields. The legumes serve to replenish the nitrogen and to improve the quality and quantity of forage produeed. The main problems in grassland renovation have been to determine tillage and seed placement requirements and to develop methods to meet these needs. Basic research has shown that there is a high probability of success in establishing whlite clover (Trifolium repens) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod when the following tillage and seed placement requirements are satisfied: till a furrow 0.6 cm wide and 1.9 cm deep, place the seeds in this furrow, cover the seeds 0.6 to 1.2 cm deep, press the soil over the seeds, and spray a band of herbicide 10 cm wide over the seeded furrow. The once-over renovator described in this note is designed to satislfy the specified requirements of tilling, seeding, cnltipacking, and spraying. Tillage is accomplished with power-driven blades that float in a vertical plane to follow the land surface, while seed placement is achieved with small double-disk openers. The machine is designed to operate on rough terrain such as is prevalent in many grassland situations.


This thesis examines the development and operation of the EU's legislative framework on the deliberate releases of GMO products as a case study of social regulation operating within a predominantly technical framework. The examination of the founding and implementation of this particular licensing framework has allowed for a reconsideration of the normative power of EU institutional structures in affecting the design and the outcomes of the application of the relevant authorization provisions. It is argued that in the case of the EU agricultural biotechnology framework, the particular institutional settings created for the formulation and interpretation of its provisions have been of decisive importance in elaborating a proceduralised 'science-based' prior authorization scheme as the preferred framework for granting commercial permits. It is further argued that the particular risk assessment and management practices have 'captured' the operation of this framework, perpetuating its self-referential character, and have as a result undermined the acceptability of the correspondent authorization decisions. The analysis and findings are based on documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with regulators, risk assessors, public interest groups and biotechnology experts at the national and European levels. More precisely, the thesis argues that contrary to its defined objectives, the apparently proceduralised model of Community regulation, based on a decentralized and open-ended risk analysis structure, is in fact limited in accommodating 'alternative' conceptualisations of what constitutes 'acceptable risk' in the field of genetic engineering. The examination of the operation of the Deliberate Release regime has exposed a twofold misrepresentation regarding the apparently pluralistic and reflexive prior authorization control. Firstly, whereas the proceduralised framework has been destined to offer an all-embracing deliberation structure, the authorization decisions are exclusively based on EFSA opinions as the sole form of acceptable evidence. This practice has limited both the actors participating in the process and the range of factors considered. Secondly, the examination of the risk assessment practice demonstrates a dilution of the objective character of the conclusions reached in the context of the science-based licensing framework. The introduced proceduralisation paradigm is underdeveloped and lacks sufficient guarantees to ensure the consideration of all relevant viewpoints. It is concluded that, consequently, the non-hierarchical and open-ended structure suggested by this administrative model, leaves space that was destined for deliberation and reflection to be captured, in normative terms, by dominant institutional practices.


This study aims to investigate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as trolox equivalent (mmol g-1) of nineteen edible wild plants traditionally used in Ayvalik using four different assays, CUPRAC, ABTS, FRAP and Folin. The order of ten plants exhibiting the higher capacities could be listed as: Daucus carota (1st wrt CUPRAC, ABTS, and FRAP), Sonchus oleraceus (2nd wrt CUPRAC, ABTS, and FRAP), Sonchus asper (3rd), Rumex pulcher (4th wrt CUPRAC, ABTS, and Folin), Cichorium intybus (5th wrt CUPRAC, ABTS, and Folin), Papaver rhoeas (7th wrt CUPRAC, ABTS, and FRAP), Foeniculum vulgare (8th wrt CUPRAC and FRAP), Urtica pilulifera (6th wrt CUPRAC, 8th wrt Folin), Rumex acetosella (7th wrt Folin, 9th wrt CUPRAC and FRAP), and Nasturtium officinale (11th wrt CUPRAC and Folin). The three edible wild plants (Daucus carota, Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens and Sonchus oleraceus) with CUPRAC antioxidant capacities of 0.37±0.05, 0.31±0.03, and 0.34±0.05 mmol trolox g-1, respectively, may be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants to be incorporated in current diets to protect human health. CUPRAC method proved to be most effective among electron-transfer based TAC assays since it responded to a wide variety of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants.


Several studies suggest a role of oxidative stress in the physiopathology of migraine, particularly in the form with aura. In a case-control study, we investigated the association between migraine and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) genes in a cohort of 490 consecutive unrelated Caucasian migraineurs (migraine with aura [MwA], n=107; migraine without aura [MwoA], n=246; chronic migraine [CM], n=137) and 246 healthy controls recruited at our Headache and Pain Unit and stored in the Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary BioBank (BioBIM). Migraine phenotype was carefully detailed using face-to-face interviews. We examined polymorphisms of SOD1 gene (A/C substitution-rs2234694) and SOD2 gene (C/T transition-rs4880-Ala16Val). The rs4880 TT (Val/Val) genotype was associated (p=0.042) with the presence of unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms (UAs) in MwA patients. We also found a mild correlation between SOD2 rs4880 genotype and the type of acute migraine treatment (p=0.048) in MwA patients. Our findings suggest that SOD2 is a disease-modifier gene influencing oxidative mechanisms in MwA. These observations lead to the hypothesis that SOD2 polymorphism may cause a defective control of the oxidative phenomena linked to cortical spreading depression, the neurophysiological hallmark of migraine aura, causing an overstimulation of trigeminal neurons and UAs triggering.


Brian joined OCLC Research in 1996. Since that time, he has worked on projects in many areas, including digital preservation, cooperative print management, and data-mining of bibliographic resources. He was a co-founder of the working group that developed the PREMIS Data Dictionary for preservation metadata, and served as co-chair of a US National Science Foundation blue-ribbon task force on economically sustainable digital preservation. Brian's academic background is in economics; he has a Ph.D. in agricultural economics. Brian's current research interests include stewardship of the evolving scholarly record, analysis of collective collections, and the system-wide organization of library resources.


Corn is among the most familiar of grains; it is also one of the most mysterious. In this handsomely illustrated new book, Paul Mangelsdorf, perhaps the world's foremost expert on the corn plant, summarizes the work of a lifetime devoted to unraveling the enigma of corn. This unique grain--it has no close counterpart elsewhere in the plant kingdom--exists only in association with man, and it survives only as a result of his intervention. Thus, the story of corn is in many ways a story about people. Combining the skills of scientist and storyteller, Professor Mangelsdorf in his search for the origin of corn takes the reader to archaeological digs in once-inhabited caves in Mexico and the United States Southwest, to the discovery of fossil pollen in drill cores taken deep below Mexico City, and to experimental fields where the great diversity of corn is revealed and where the plant is hybridized with its relatives teosinte and Tripsacum, Drawing upon the evidence from botany, genetics, cytology, archaeology, and history, the author seeks to evaluate various hypotheses on the origin of corn. He concludes that the ancestor of cultivated corn was a wild form of pod corn; that corn may have been domesticated more than once in both Mexico and South America from different geographical races of wild corn; and that hybridizations between corn and its various relatives have resulted in explosive evolution leading to a diversity of varieties and forms unmatched in any other crop plant. This is a book about corn, but it is a book for biologists, agronomists, anthropologists, and historians, and for the interested layman who would like to know something about the grain which, transformed, as three fourths of it is, into meat, milk, eggs, and other animal products, is our basic food plant, as it was of the people who preceded us in this hemisphere


The main aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of using different diversity indices for conservation purposes in arid environments. The study was done on Mt Serbal as a case study representing mountainous arid areas. Mt Serbal is one of the richest and most diverse areas in Egypt. It was sampled by 97 stands representing different vegetation cover, land-forms and habitats. Species density and environmental factors (including altitude, slope, soil texture, hygroscopic moisture, water holding capacity, pH, EC, and soil organic matter content) were recorded or measured in each stand. The results reveal that Mt Serbal is characterised by a high diversity of plant species and the most diverse area is Shaq Sha'rany. The study recommends Margalef and species richness as the most suitable to measure the diversity at different localities, land-forms, and vegetation groups. It emphasises on the necessity of reporting on species richness in any conservational study. Meanwhile, indices that are excess...


Unitarian Universalism (UUism), the product of unification between the sects of Unitarianism and Universalism in the 1960s, owes much to its nineteenth-century provenance among various increasingly liberal groups of Protestantism. In my paper I describe Unitarianism's differences and similarities with nineteenth-century Protestantism by means of the common trends and developments of secularization. I will argue that the mode of eclecticism that modern UUism employs to differentiate itself from its liberal Protestant progenitors preserves Christian preconceptions of the nature of fulfillment and religious truth. Additionally, I will discuss some of the assumptions inherent in UU's eclectic process of faith-construction, and argue that, though UU discourse has long sought with urgency to differentiate itself from Christianity, it nevertheless preserves the framework of a liberal Protestant religious worldview.


The history of particular genes and that of the species that carry them can be different due to different reasons. In particular, gene trees and species trees can truly differ due to well-known evolutionary processes like gene duplication and loss, lateral gene transfer or incomplete lineage sorting. Different species tree reconstruction methods have been developed to take this incongruence into account, which can be divided grossly into supertree and supermatrix approaches. Here, we introduce a new Bayesian hierarchical model that we have recently developed and implemented in the program Guenomu, that considers multiple sources of gene tree/species tree disagreement. Guenomu takes as input the posterior distributions of unrooted gene tree topologies for multiple gene families, in order to estimate the posterior distribution of rooted species tree topologies.


We examined the environmental stresses experienced by cyanobacteria living in endolithic gneissic habitats in the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic (75° N) and compared them with the endolithic habitat at the opposite latitude in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica (76° S). In the Arctic during the summer, there is a period for growth of approximately 2.5 months when temperatures rise above freezing. During this period, freeze–thaw can occur during the diurnal cycle, but freeze–thaw excursions are rare within higher-frequency temperature changes on the scale of minutes, in contrast with the Antarctic Dry Valleys. In the Arctic location rainfall of approximately 3 mm can occur in a single day and provides moisture for endolithic organisms for several days afterwards. This rainfall is an order of magnitude higher than that received in the Dry Valleys over 1 year. In the Dry Valleys, endolithic communities may potentially receive higher levels of ultraviolet radiation than the Arctic location because ozone depletion is more extreme. The less extreme environmental stresses experienced in the Arctic are confirmed by the presence of substantial epilithic growth, in contrast to the Dry Valleys. Despite the more extreme conditions experienced in the Antarctic location, the diversity of organisms within the endolithic habitat, which includes lichen and eukaryotic algal components, is higher than observed at the Arctic location, where genera of cyanobacteria dominate. The lower biodiversity in the Arctic may reflect the higher water flow through the rocks caused by precipitation and the more heterogeneous physical structure of the substrate. The data illustrate an instance in which extreme climate is anti-correlated with microbial biological diversity.


We study the optimal anticipated monetary policy in a flexible-price economy featuring heterogenous agents and incomplete markets, which give rise to a business cycle. In this setting money policy has distributional effects that depend on the state of the cycle. We parsimoniously characterize the dynamics of the economy and study the optimal regulation of the money supply as a function of the state. The optimal policy prescribes monetary expansions in recessions, when insurance is most needed by cash-poor unproductive agents. To minimize the inflationary effect of these expansions, the policy prescribes monetary contractions in good times. Although the optimal money growth rate varies greatly through the business cycle, this policy "echoes" Friedman's principle in the sense that the expected real return of money approaches the rate of time preference.


The need to characterize ices coating dust grains in dense interstellar clouds arises from the importance of ice morphology in facilitating the diffusion and storage of radicals and reaction products in ices, a well-known place for the formation of complex molecules. Yet, there is considerable uncertainty about the structure of interstellar medium ices, their ability to store volatiles, and under what conditions. We measured the infrared absorption spectra of CO on the pore surface of porous amorphous solid water (ASW), and quantified the effective pore surface area of ASW. Additionally, we present results obtained from a Monte Carlo model of ASW in which the morphology of the ice is directly visualized and quantified. We found that 200 ML of ASW annealed to 20 K has a total pore surface area that is equivalent to 46 ML. This surface area decreases linearly with temperature to about 120 K. We also found that (1) dangling OH bonds only exist on the surface of pores; (2) almost all of the pores in the ASW are connected to the vacuum–ice interface, and are accessible for adsorption of volatiles from the gas phase; there are few closed cavities inside ASW at least up to a thickness of 200 ML; (3) the total pore surface area is proportional to the total three-coordinated water molecules in the ASW in the temperature range 60–120 K. We also discuss the implications on the structure of ASW and surface reactions in the ice mantle in dense clouds.


Federated learning aims to collaboratively train a strong global model by accessing users' locally trained models but not their own data. A crucial step is therefore to aggregate local models into a global model, which has been shown challenging when users have non-i.i.d. data. In this paper, we propose a novel aggregation algorithm named FedBE, which takes a Bayesian inference perspective by sampling higher-quality global models and combining them via Bayesian model Ensemble, leading to much robust aggregation. We show that an effective model distribution can be constructed by simply fitting a Gaussian or Dirichlet distribution to the local models. Our empirical studies validate FedBE's superior performance, especially when users' data are not i.i.d. and when the neural networks go deeper. Moreover, FedBE is compatible with recent efforts in regularizing users' model training, making it an easily applicable module: you only need to replace the aggregation method but leave other parts of your federated learning algorithm intact. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/hongyouc/FedBE.


Task-based analysis is a common and effective way to measure expertise levels of software users. However, such assessments typically require in-person laboratory studies and inherently require knowledge of the user's task. Today, there is no accepted method for assessing a user's expertise levels outside of a lab, during a user's own home or work environment activities. In this article, we explore the feasibility of software applications automatically inferring a user's expertise levels, based on the user's in situ usage patterns. We outline the potential usage metrics that may be indicative of expertise levels and then perform a study, where we capture such metrics, by installing logging software in the participants' own workplace environments. We then invite those participants into a laboratory study and perform a more traditional task-based assessment of expertise. Our analysis of the study examines if metrics captured in situ, without any task knowledge, can be indicative of user expertise levels. The results show the existence of significant correlations between metrics calculated from in situ usage logs, and task-based user expertise assessments from our laboratory study. We discuss the implications of the results and how future software applications may be able to measure and leverage knowledge of the expertise of its users.


Blastocystis is an obligate anaerobic, protistan parasite found in the intestinal tract of human
and various other hosts. Blastocystis is placed within the stramenopiles. This diverse group
also includes slime nets, water moulds and brown algae. The transmission of Blastocystis is
believed to take place through the faecal-oral route. Waterborne transmission of Blastocystis
through the use of untreated water or poor sanitary conditions has also been reported.
Numerous epidemiological surveys have shown prevalence up to 10% of the population in
developed countries and as much as 50-60% in developing countries. Differences in
virulence among Blastocystis subtypes have been reported in a recent animal infection study.
Blastocystis shows extensive genetic diversity and is divided into numerous genetic subtypes
The parasite is commonly associated with gastrointestinal symptoms such as watery and
mucous diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps and bloating. Epidemiological studies
suggest an association between Blastocystis infection and irritable bowel syndrome.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is identified as a functional bowel disorder in which
abdominal pain or discomfort is associated with a defect or alteration in the consistency or
frequency of stools. Diagnosis of IBS by physicians is carried out using symptom -based
criteria known as the Rome criteria. To see whether there is any link between Blastocystis
infection and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), I have compared the frequency of subtypes of
Blastocystis in IBS patients with those in the general population.
In human population both UK and Libya showed similar distribution of Blastocystis subtypes
2
ST I, 2 and 3 are common in the two populations and ST3 has the highest frequency in UK
while STI was the most common in Libya.
Epidemiology studies on Blastocystis infection in animals have revealed high frequency of
occurrence in cattle, pigs, primates and birds and it has often been suggested that Blastocystis
infection is a zoonosis. In Libya, Blastocystis subtypes were detected from humans, birds and
numerous mammals' hosts (camel, cow, sheep, goat, gazelle, Barbary sheep and gundi). Ten
subtypes were detected (1, 2, 3, 5, 7,10,14, IS, 16, 17) and four new subtypes were found in
cow, camel and gundi. Subtype I, 3, and 7 were in common between animal and human but
subtypes 5, 10 and the four new subtypes were found only in animals. ST 2 was found in
human only.
Also I discovered four new hosts for Blastocystis from mouse deer, gundi, gazelle and
barbary sheep. Both human and animal showed diversity in Blastocystis sUbtypes.
Both human and animals become infected with same Blastocystis subtype and for this reason
we need to find refined tool to differentiate between them, so I have developed MLST for
Blastocystis subtype I based on mitochondrial DNA. Application ofMLST to 39 isolates
from different host and different geographic place showed variation in the sequence of related
isolates. Over all MLST proved to be a highly discriminatory and stable method for
unambiguous characterization of Blastocystis.


The photocatalytic activity of Hemin (Fe(III) porphyrin) anchored BaTiO3 (HBTO) under the illumination of visible light was studied. The average crystallite sizes obtained from PXRD were 42.88 nm and 40.32 nm for BaTiO3 (BTO) and HBTO, respectively. The higher lattice strain values for the HBTO photocatalyst confirms the anchoring of hemin on BTO. The interaction of carboxylate groups of the hemin molecule with –OH groups, which are invariantly present on the surface of BTO through O–C–O–Ti bond, was confirmed by FTIR study. The observed XPS shift in the binding energy values of HBTO can be attributed to the anchoring of the hemin molecule to metal ions as well as due to the interaction with delocalized π-electrons of the porphyrin moiety. HBTO showed 33% decrease in the photoluminescence emission, implying less recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. This could be due to the efficiency of non-radiative electron-transfer through ISC from the excited singlet to the triplet state in the case of HBTO. The synergetic effects of various processes like photosensitization, formation of reactive singlet oxygen and the redox reactions involving iron in the +2 and +3 oxidation states were responsible for the extensive photonic efficiency of HBTO particularly in the presence of H2O2.


This paper examines the theoretical and practical basis for engaging in dialogue with very disadvantaged people. Using a selective literature review, conceptual analysis, and clinical examples, we explore the reasonable limits of dialogue with disadvantaged populations in order to better understand dialogue, as well as to explore ways to effectively involve disadvantaged people in dialogue. Although people with serious mental illness represent only one very disadvantaged population, we suggest that examining dialogue with this population can serve as a test case for dialogue with disadvantaged people more generally. A recovery-oriented approach can support dialogue processes with people who have mental illness, as their recovery may require, or at least benefit from, dialogue. The inclusion of two clinical scenarios serves to highlight differences in clinical and personal recovery outcomes when dialogue is and is not present in mental health care. Furthermore, although it is not required from a standard principles-based bioethical approach, involving people with mental health issues in dialogue can complement a standard bioethics approach, through dialogical bioethics. A dialogical approach goes beyond the standard principles of bioethics by means of a process that allows relevant bioethical principles to be prioritised, based in part on the person's informed choice. Overall, our findings suggest that involving very disadvantaged people in dialogue – in this case, people with serious mental illness – is not only possible, it is plausible and can be constructive in relation to a variety of dialogical aims that range from informing to supporting to decision-making processes.


ATTITUDES OF SPEECH/LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY STUDENTS TOWARD NOISE IN YOUTH CULTURE by Lillian Law Adviser: Dr. Adrienne Rubinstein In order to increase the use of hearing conservation strategies among youth, it is important to identify which populations are most amenable to potential behavior change. The purpose of the present study was to compare attitudes towards noise between undergraduate speech-language pathology/audiology majors and other majors. Participants (N = 119) responded to a survey used to compare attitudes toward noise in the two groups, as well as their perceived ability to influence their sound environment. In addition, a correlational analysis was performed to determine if a relation exists between attitudes towards noise and attitudes towards influencing one's sound environment. Findings revealed that the speech-language pathology/audiology majors group had significantly healthier attitudes toward noise in youth culture than the other group. In addition, a significant correlation was found between attitudes towards noise and attitudes towards influencing one's sound environment, providing systematic replication based on the theory of planned behavior. Results support the hypothesis that more exposure and education can lead to more positive attitudes. These findings suggest that speech-language pathology/audiology majors are among the population of youth who may be more responsive to hearing conservation education and more likely to make behavioral changes.


This thesis is a study of the control of fibrogenesis following tissue damage. Existing knowledge of the relevant cells, macrophage and fibroblast, is reviewed. Previous work from this laboratory concerning factors extracted from damaged tissue which stimulate collagen synthesis in vitro is discussed and extended. The distribution of macrophages has been studied in mouse tissue sections by immunohistochemistry using an antimacrophage antibody. The normal macrophage population has been demonstrated in a wide variety of mouse tissues, the shared common antigen confirming the unity of the mononuclear phagocyte system. The technique was employed at the electron microscopic level showing that staining of Kupffer cells in liver was located at the surface membrane. The technique was applied to animal models' of liver and lung injury used in subsequent work. The sequence of events leading to transient giant cell formation after carbon tetrachloride liver injury is defined using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The results support the concept that such giant cells arise by fusion of macrophages around necrotic debris. The role of the macrophage in recovery from experimental liver injury produced by carbon tetrachloride was investigated. It was found that the healing process could be manipulated in various ways by impeding macrophage function with corticosteroid or carrageenin. Interference with normal macrophage function in clearing necrotic debris in turn interfered with the normal phase of increased fibrogenesis, as assessed histologically and biochemically. The findings support the initial hypothesis that macrophages influence fibroblast collagen synthesis at sites of damage. Experimental paraquat poisoning provides a striking histological example of rapid fibrogenesis following extensive pulmonary alveolar epithelial destruction. Collagen prolyl hydroxylase activity, an index of collagen synthesis, was found to increase five-fold in rat lung with parallel changes in serum but not in other organs. The pattern of biochemical changes has been related to the time-course of the histological changes. Collagen stimulating factors, previously described in experimental liver injury and healing skin wounds, have been demonstrated in paraquat lung injury. This finding suggests that such factors may be involved in the chronic inflammatory process at any site. Arterial collagen synthesis is increased in experimental hypertension in the rat. The absence of a macrophage component and of necrosis in this model was the reason for its choice. The time-course of increased collagen synthesis in the aortic wall was defined by measurement of prolyl hydroxylase activity. Collagen stimulating factors were found to be present as the blood pressure rose to its highest level after six weeks. The implications of this finding are discussed with regard to the pathogenesis of hypertension and the possible source of the factors. In attempts to quantify the effect of collagen stimulating factors, molecular filters rather than column chromatography were tried. The results with cultured fibroblasts as the test system for stimulation of collagen synthesis show that both the stimulating factors and toxic component are of higher molecular weight than previously described but can still be separated by the method. Initial results from intra- peritoneal injection of filtrates into mice show that the factors stimulate increased collagen synthesis in vivo, and are not merely an in vitro phenomenon. Recent work is described concerning preliminary in vitro experiments with supernatant from cultured macrophages and fibrin. When applied to chromatography columns, this gives fractions which stimulate collagen synthesis in cultured fibroblasts. The pattern obtained resembles that of collagen stimulating factors as obtained from damaged tissue. The major hypothesis that has emerged from the present work is that the enhanced collagen synthesis, characteristic of the chronic inflammatory response is controlled by macrophages, and possibly endothelial cells. This is achieved by degradation of necrotic tissue and fibrin by enzymes from these cells producing small peptides with collagen stimulating activity.


The discovery nearly two decades ago that the adipocyte is more than a passive storehouse for lipids, that it is also an active secretory unit for peptides capable of system-wide regulation of energy metabolism, ushered in an exciting era of investigation into these newfound adipose-derived hormones (1). One intriguing object of these efforts has been the 244–amino acid protein adiponectin (2). Alone among major adipokines, adiponectin exhibits decreased rather than increased production with fat-mass expansion. Adiponectin is also the most abundantly secreted of all adipose-tissue peptides, and circulating levels correlate negatively with insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, and inflammation (3). Such features have heightened interest in this molecule as a potential therapeutic target against the modern scourges of obesity and obesity-related disorders (2,3).

That adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing effects in mice is now well established (2). Available experimental data are most compelling for adiponectin's actions on the liver, where it promotes fatty acid oxidation and suppresses gluconeogenesis, and on adipocytes, where it inhibits lipolysis (3). In addition, adiponectin has direct anti-inflammatory properties (1), further enabling salutary fat-mass expansion, which is deemed pivotal to its insulin-sensitizing effects (3).

Consistent with data in mice, prospective epidemiological studies have shown higher circulating adiponectin to be associated with lower risk of diabetes (4,5). Yet such observational data, susceptible as it is to confounding and reverse causation, cannot determine causality (6). In fact, observations from naturally occurring disorders of insulin action or from exogenous administration of insulin in humans have been cited to support the proposition that the direction of the association may be the reverse of that supposed (7). According to this hypothesis, the inverse association between adiponectin and IR may in fact reflect suppression of adiponectin production by hyperinsulinemia acting through spared, as yet undefined, signaling pathways (7). Hence, …


At first glance, philosophy of religion might seem to be an unproblematic discipline. However, closer inspection reveals that philosophers and religious people often seem uneasy when confronted with the subject. That uneasiness, one suspects, is due to the fact that philosophy of religion poses a threat to our accepted notions of philosophy and religion-a threat that lies in the ambiguity of the genitive. The philosopher suspects that philosophy of religion is religious philosophy, a disguised theology and apologetics that threatens the objectivity of philosophy. The religious person, on the other hand, suspects that philosophy of religion is philosophy about religion, an intrusion into religion by "outsiders" (i.e., "unbelievers") that threatens the sanctity of religious belief and practice. In the following, I want to explore the threat posed by philosophy of religion and argue that we should embrace the ambiguity of the genitive and the danger that it poses to philosophy and religion. Indeed, as philosophers of religion we have no choice but to embrace this ambiguity if we are to be true to philosophy, religion, and the philosophy of religion. The danger of philosophy of religion is acknowledged in one of two ways. One way involves a kind of repression and avoidance of the threat. Thus on the opening page of his An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (2nd edition, Oxford, 1993) Brian Davies tells us that "it is difficult to say exactly what the philosophy of religion is," noting that the difficulty lies in characterizing both philosophy and religion. Rather than pursuing this insight, he goes on to tell us that he will "not attempt the perilous task of defining the philosophy of religion" (ix) and then proceeds to introduce us to the subject. Here Davies, like a few other philosophers of religion, is dealing with the problem and the threat posed by philosophy of religion by not dealing with it. However, avoidance and repression generally are not healthy ways of coping with problems; they lead to more problems. Thus William Wainwright, for instance, also foregoes any definition, though he has some very definite ideas about what philosophy of religion should be covering. He seems to assume that philosophy of religion is equivalent to "philosophical theology" (whatever that is) and consequently jumps right into an argument about "maximally perfect reality,"1 despite the fact that there are religious traditions (e.g., Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism) that cannot be said to be doing "theology" (i.e., investigating the logic of"God") or are not concerned with a "maximally perfect reality." If philosophers of religion such as Davies and Wainwright refuse to define what it is they are doing, they leave themselves open to the suspicion that they have a hidden agenda, or have made assumptions that will not survive the light of day. Of course, more often than not philosophers of religion do undertake "the perilous task" of defining philosophy of religion. Yet they too acknowledge the threat posed by philosophy of religion (albeit indirectly) by characterizing it in such a way as to put everyone at ease. A good example can be found at the beginning of John Hick's popular introduction to Philosophy of Religion (4th edition, Prentice-Hall, 1990). On the opening page of that work, Hick confidently proclaims-with emphasis-that "we may reserve the name `philosophy of religion' for what (by analogy with philosophy of science, philosophy of art, etc.) is its proper meaning, namely, philosophical thinking about religion" (1). The definitionsenerally accepted and/or echoed in other treatments of the subject2-is bound to be comforting to both philosophers and religious persons. But the definition (and those like it) does not do justice to philosophy, religion, or philosophy of religion, either in theory or in practice. One of the first things to note about Hick's definition is that it somehow places philosophy outside religion. …


'Minority children' experience a lot of shifts in their cultural contexts. The author's work as a professional teacher in multicultural classes enabled her to focus on the research questions presented in this article. These questions concern the need for some minority children to achieve equal opportunities in the Norwegian educational system. The author uses her teaching practice and ethnographic notes to put forward two particular cases that illustrate the issues of her concern. Informant interviews with teachers in the same school inform the methodology. Positions outlined by Stephen May discussing degrees of essentialism in theory and practical work with children are used when discussing the cultural challenges involved in these cases. Following this, critical multiculturalism raises the question of cultural differences and of how to theorise and do research without creating culturally essentialising categories. This article alerts readers to the plight of children in shifting cultural contexts, to the challenges they are facing, and to the skills and competencies they are developing. It seeks to contribute to two current areas of debate, namely inclusive education and internationalisation.


Abstract This short comic based narrative depicts the challenges to and climate of an alternative form of realism in the art-world as a new project for art's politics and construction. Determinism Noir, Realism and Its Discontents calls upon the classic genre of noir narratives to situate themes of agency, mastery, rationalism and metaphysics. These ideas and images are generated in the nihilistic climate of alienation, itself borne out through the machinic, technological and capitalistic forces of the Twentieth Century. The comic presents three parts: first we see the formation of a project base to insinuate a rational determinism: A world of cause that is unpredictable but nevertheless, a pragmatic working environment; second we see a report, based on real life events, showing arguments from politics and the art-world that continue to voice the fear that it is representation itself that has blighted art's real political purchase. The comic criticizes these arguments as having left art with either a naive commitment to an abstract and essential mythology of present-ness or an antirealist self-contortion that dispossesses it of power. The third part of this narrative re-joins the work of the epistemological detective work that is the exercise for this new realist project. Beech's abstract story gels painterly construction, philosophical argument and political diatribe to extend her ongoing work. Here she argues that art must surpass the egotistic self-consciousness that have wrongly subtended claims to realism, whilst condemning those that aspire to exit realism altogether.


This essay examines the repercussions of modernist primitivism on black subjectivity in Nella Larsen's Quicksand. The essay forges intertextual connections between Larsen's novel and contemporary cultural forms in order to untangle the cultural web of primitive fetishization that ensnares the protagonist. ********** In early-twentieth-century modernism, "respectable" white patriarchal culture found an exemplary representation of sexuality--unsuitable and yet seductive--in the form of the black female body, which became a useful palimpsest continually re-inscribed with multiple meanings, at once animal, sexual, desirable, illicit, and pathological. This overdetermination is the product of primitivism, a term I use without quotation marks since my employment relies on assumptions of primitivism as always constructed in its signification of savagery, purity and the eternal, excluding fantasies of a "real" primordial subject. Within primitivist discourse, the black female body, whose meaning was imposed from the outside, became an overdetermined symbol assumed to be representative of all of black women. A history of primitivism (both social and scientific), atavisim, and the evolution of anthropology, along with modern artistic interest in the unrepressed consciousness of white patriarchal culture, functioned to produce a modern perception of the black female body as sexual fetish. According to Sander Gilman, in ethnographic displays in 1930s Paris "blacks represented sexual expression untrammelled by the repressive conventions of European society" (120). Josephine Baker's enormous popularity in Europe in the 1920s characterized the urges of that society "to forget the ravages of World War I and embrace what Freud explained and the Victorian era repressed, sexuality" (Rayson 1). A similar fascination with blackness was occurring in the United States, though the white American public's fascination was more often tinged with dread. In Nella Larsen's 1928 novel, Quicksand, superficial appearances repeatedly work to determine meaning, and the body of the protagonist, Helga Crane, repeatedly threatens to function as the determining signifier in the construction of her identity. The novel concerns the "illegitimate" Helga, daughter of a black man and a white woman, and her frustrated attempts to join various social communities. The novel begins with Helga teaching at Naxos, "the finest school for Negroes anywhere in the country" (2-3), and engaged to fellow teacher James Vayle. She soon flees the job, and her fiance, both inspiring a kind of physical disgust, a corporeal response to the conflated desire and repulsion that plagues her throughout her novel. Helga's escape from Naxos initiates a narrative of geographical wandering that takes her from "the south" to New York City, to Copenhagen and back again, and finally concludes with her return to the south where she enters a stultifying marriage that transforms her into a reproductive machine. Helga's repeated fleeing functions as a symptom of her eagerness to separate herself from the static stereotypes assigned to the black female body by popular white culture in modernism; her sudden flights consistently correspond to her disgusted rejection of sexual desire (both her own and others') that suggests a refusal to conform to racist tropes of black licentiousness, and consequently, a repression of her own lust. Indeed, Helga's final capitulation to desire is disastrous, initiating a reductive transformation into reproductive animality that nearly kills her. Much of Helga's psychological torment and restlessness can be understood as repercussions of a history of primitivist assumptions operating in medical, artistic, and popular discourse that work to turn the black female body into a fetish, a grotesque convergence of pathology and hyperbolic, animalistic sexuality. These assumptions contribute to the construction of an oppressive racist mythology that stifles subjectivity. …


Abstract : Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) provides a framework for improving the processes organizations use to develop, deliver, and maintain products and services. This technical note presents one organization's interpretation of CMMI best practices for organizations that primarily provide services. Service organizations can use this example interpretation of CMMI practices to inform management and staff about how CMMI practices apply to their work. The interpretation will also help appraisal team members ensure that implemented practices provide the business value necessary to satisfy the goals for quality process improvement that are stated in the CMMI models.


This paper describes a physically-based rendering system tailored to the demands of lighting design and architecture. The simulation uses a light-backwards ray-tracing method with extensions to efficiently solve the rendering equation under most conditions. This includes specular, diffuse and directional-diffuse reflection and transmission in any combination to any level in any environment, including complicated, curved geometries. The simulation blends deterministic and stochastic ray-tracing techniques to achieve the best balance between speed and accuracy in its local and global illumination methods. Some of the more interesting techniques are outlined, with references to more detailed descriptions elsewhere. Finally, examples are given of successful applications of this free software by others.


The title that I have taken for this paper is something of a pun, as the name Tolkien is frequently mispronounced as Tolkehn, and when written out looks like the word token. No doubt Professor J. R. R. Tolkien would have been able to explain the linguistic origins of this mispronunciation. He was, after all, a renowned philologist who held, first, the Rawlinson and Bos-worth Chair of Anglo-Saxon and, later, the Merton Chair of English Language at Oxford University. And perhaps, as an expert in linguistics, he would not have been too insulted to have his name conflated with the term token, given that token can be defined as a symbol or sign. And my intention is to present this paper as a symbol or sign of my affection for the author and his works. I suspect that affection is a term that is not used very frequently in serious scholarship, as we academics tend to traffic in thoughts, rather than emotions, in arguments and propositions rather than feelings and intuitions. But I take as my authority Susanne K. Langer, who in works such as Philosophy in a New Key (1957), Feeling and Form (1953), and Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling (1967, 1972, 1982) has championed the study of emotion in cognition and symbolic form. And when it comes to books like The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien, 1965a, 1965c, 1965d), there is no denying the powerful feelings that the novel evokes in so many readers. Tolkien lovers exhibit the fervor of the spiritual convert, not the objectively distanced appreciation of the critical reader. This, too, can be disturbing to the serious scholar, unless The Lord of the Rings is framed as a religious narrative. And Tolkien did confess that the novel is "a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision" (quoted in Shippey, 2000, p. 175). Now, I should also mention that he wrote this in a letter to a Jesuit priest, but what is particularly interesting is what he went on to write: That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like "religion," to cults or practices, in the imaginary world. For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism. (p. 175) The result is something quite different than the religious fiction of Tolkien's fellow Inkling, C. S. Lewis. The Lord of the Rings does not point to any specific institution, belief-system, or practice. Rather, it presents us with a narrative that represents religious experience as a symbolic form, a narrative that evokes the general conception of religious experience in all of its varieties, as William James would have it. Along with The Hobbit (Tolkien, 1965b), we have a set of stories that take us from the familiar and profane world of the Shire, to alien landscapes and sacred spaces inhabited by wizards, elves, dwarves, nature spirits, dragons, wraiths, and demons. We have a hero's journey, but in place of Joseph Campbell's (1968) monomyth, we have Tolkien's multimyth, one for each member of the fellowship of the ring. Frodo's quest is necessitated by Bilbo's earlier travels "there and back again," but in place of an adventure we have the solemn enactment of the scapegoat myth, as discussed by Kenneth Burke (1950). Sam's journey begins in service to his master, but ends with his mastering of himself. Merry and Pippin both go through a rite of passage from playful youth to mature leadership. Legolas and Gimli begin by championing their own races, but go on to transcend the limitations of species loyalty to become defenders of all life. Gandalf falls and rises, moving from life to death and back to life again, while Boromir's is the failed hero's journey, a failure of virtue followed by death and the final return and cremation of his body. And Aragorn's is the most traditional hero's journey, as he separates himself from his mundane existence as a ranger, faces many trials as his initiation, and returns as the king, triumphant. …


In computer graphics the motion of the jaw is commonly modelled by up-down and left-right rotation around a fixed pivot plus a forward-backward translation, yielding a three dimensional rig that is highly suited for intuitive artistic control. The anatomical motion of the jaw is, however, much more complex since the joints that connect the jaw to the skull exhibit both rotational and translational components. In reality the jaw does not move in a three dimensional subspace but on a constrained manifold in six dimensions. We analyze this manifold in the context of computer animation and show how the manifold can be parameterized with three degrees of freedom, providing a novel jaw rig that preserves the intuitive control while providing more accurate jaw positioning. The chosen parameterization furthermore places anatomically correct limits on the motion, preventing the rig from entering physiologically infeasible poses. Our new jaw rig is empirically designed from accurate capture data, and we provide a simple method to retarget the rig to new characters, both human and fantasy.