Several studies prove that ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements can be observed with space geodetic techniques. In this study, the amplitudes and Greenwich phase lags for each coordinate component, i.e., radial, west, and south of the principal lunar semidiurnal tide, M 2 of OTL displacements were estimated at the very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sites of the 15 days long continuous VLBI campaign, CONT14, carried out by the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS). In the estimation of the amplitudes and Greenwich phase lags of the M 2 tidal constituent, hourly VLBI station coordinate time series were used as observations derived through analyzing 1 hour VLBI sessions of the CONT14 campaign. In the analysis of hourly sessions of the CONT14 campaign, to derive accurate hourly station coordinates, troposphere delays estimated from daily sessions were reduced from the observations a priori to the analysis. The estimated amplitudes and Greenwich phase lags of the M 2 constituent of OTL displacements were compared with the predictions the state-of-the-art ocean tide models, among others, FES2012 [Lyard et al., 2006; Carrere et al., 2012], FES2014 [Carrere et al., 2016], and TPXO8 [Egbert and Erofeeva, 2002; Egbert et al., 2010]. Both the amplitudes and the phases between CONT14 estimates and ocean tide models agree well for the M 2 tide at all the sites and in most of the coordinate components. The RMS misfits of the M 2 tide of OTL displacements in all coordinate components between CONT14 and ocean tide models over coastal sites are found about two times larger than those of inland sites. This result confirms the modeling insufficiencies in shallow waters of ocean tide models which cause an accuracy restriction of OTL displacement predictions around coastal regions.


We have established precise planet radii, semimajor axes, incident stellar fluxes, and stellar masses for 909 planets in 355 multi-planet systems discovered by Kepler. In this sample, we find that planets within a single multi-planet system have correlated sizes: each planet is more likely to be the size of its neighbor than a size drawn at random from the distribution of observed planet sizes. In systems with three or more planets, the planets tend to have a regular spacing: the orbital period ratios of adjacent pairs of planets are correlated. Furthermore, the orbital period ratios are smaller in systems with smaller planets, suggesting that the patterns in planet sizes and spacing are linked through formation and/or subsequent orbital dynamics. Yet, we find that essentially no planets have orbital period ratios smaller than 1.2, regardless of planet size. Using empirical mass–radius relationships, we estimate the mutual Hill separations of planet pairs. We find that 93% of the planet pairs are at least 10 mutual Hill radii apart, and that a spacing of ∼20 mutual Hill radii is most common. We also find that when comparing planet sizes, the outer planet is larger in 65% ± 0.4% of cases, and the typical ratio of the outer to inner planet size is positively correlated with the temperature difference between the planets. This could be the result of photo-evaporation.


AIMS
In a previous report, the effectiveness of the Real Men Are Safe (REMAS) intervention in reducing the number of unprotected sexual occasions among male drug abuse treatment patients was demonstrated. A secondary aim of REMAS was to reduce the frequency with which men engage in sex under the influence (SUI) of drugs or alcohol.

DESIGN
Men in methadone maintenance (n = 173) or out-patient psychosocial treatment (n = 104) completed assessments at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-intervention.

PARTICIPANTS
The participants were assigned randomly to attend either REMAS (five sessions containing information, motivational exercises and skills training, including one session specifically targeting reducing SUI) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) education (HIV-Ed; one session containing HIV prevention information). SUI during the most recent sexual event served as the primary outcome in a repeated measures logistic regression model.

FINDINGS
Men assigned to the REMAS condition reporting SUI at the most recent sexual event decreased from 36.8% at baseline to 25.7% at 3 months compared to a increase from 36.9% to 38.3% in the HIV-Ed condition (t(intervention) = -2.16, P = 0.032). No difference between the treatment groups was evident at 6-month follow-up. At each assessment time-point, sex with a casual partner versus a regular partner, and being in methadone maintenance versus psychosocial out-patient treatment, were associated with engaging in SUI.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, a motivational and skills training HIV prevention intervention designed for men was associated with greater reduction in SUI than standard HIV education at the 3-month follow-up.


Introduction: Considering to the importance of the obesity pandemic, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of hypoxia intensities on responses of Acylated Ghrelin and appetite to interval exercise in overweight subjects. Materials and Methods: Subjects were eight healthy males (age, 22.14±2.11 yrs; height,175.28±7.69 cm; weight, 87.03±5.95 kg; BMI, 28.4±1.5 kg/m2), who voluntarily participated in the study. The exercise protocol, conducted in a hypoxic chamber in a counterbalance manner, included 30 minutes interval exercise at 5 sets of 4 min exercise at 85% at maximal heart rate and 2 min active rest at 50% maximal heart rate at an elevation 2700 and 3300 meters equal to decrease of oxygen pressure to 14% and 15%. Blood platelet indices including acylated ghrelin and appetite index were measured 15 minutes before and at 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after exercise. Results: Hypoxic intensities had no significant influence on acylated ghrelin (p=0.180) and appetite (p=0.215) but interval exercise in hypoxia, irrespective of hypoxic intensity was effective on appetite (P=0.046). Conclusion: Based on the results of present study, it could be concluded that interval exercise in hypoxia, irrespective of hypoxic intensity is effective on appetite, indicating that exercise at lower hypoxia that is accessible for overweight subjects, can be recommended for controlling apetite and weight reduction.


Objectives To determine the prevalence and incidence of LBP in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, middle-income countries, and Spain, a high income economy. Methods A secondary analysis of office workers from baseline (Costa Rica: n = 224, 91%; Nicaragua: n = 285, 100%; Spain: n = 438, 98%) and a 12-month follow-up (92%, 89% and 90%, respectively) data collected as part of the Cultural and Psychosocial Influences in Disability (CUPID) study from the three participating Spanish-speaking countries. We examined three outcomes measures at baseline: (1) prevalence of LBP in last 12 months, (2) prevalence of LBP in past month, and (3) prevalence of disabling LBP; and three at follow-up: (4) incidence of LBP in past month, (5) incidence of disabling LBP, and (6) persistence of LBP. We used logistic regression to estimate the association, odd ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), between country and these outcome measures. Models were adjusted for socio-demographic, job and health variables. Results After adjusting for covariates, the prevalence of LBP in Costa Rica and Nicaragua was always higher than in Spain, but only the prevalence of disabling LBP was simultaneously, and statistically significant, higher both in Costa Rica (27%) and Nicaragua (28%) than in Spain (15%). Compared to Spain, and after adjustment, the incidence of LBP was statistically significantly higher only in Nicaragua: LBP in the last month (OR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.33–3.92), disabling pain (OR = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.38–4.62), persistence of pain (OR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.36–4.66). Conclusion LBP was common among office workers in all three countries, but with a higher prevalence in Costa Rica and Nicaragua than Spain. Incidence was higher only in Nicaragua. These differences persisted despite adjustments for sociodemographic, organisational, physical demands, and health-related factors. Future studies are needed to examine whether or not other working conditions (e.g., workplace ergonomics) and/or cultural determinants explain the remaining differences.


In the competitive model, externalities lead to inefficiencies, and inefficiencies increase with the size of externalities. However, as argued by Coase, these problems may be mitigated in a decentralized system through voluntary coordination. We show how coordination is limited by the combination of two factors: respect for individual autonomy and the existence of private information. Together they imply that efficient outcomes can only be achieved through coordination when external effects are relatively large. Moreover, there are instances in which coordination cannot yield any improvement at all, despite common knowledge that social gains from agreement exist. This occurs when external effects are relatively small, and this may help to explain why coordination is so seldom observed in practice. When improvements are possible, we describe how simple subsidies can be used to implement second-best solutions and explain why standard solutions, such as Pigovian taxes, cannot be used. Possible extensions to issues arising in the structure of research joint ventures, assumptions in the endogenous growth literature, and the location of environmental hazards are also described.


This paper builds an experiment to investigate whether asking people to state how much they will donate to a charity (to pledge) can increase their actual donation. Individuals' endowment is either certain or a random variable. We study different types of pledges, namely private, public and irrevocable ones, which differ in individual cost of not keeping a promise. Public pledges appear to be associated to lower donation levels. Irrevocable pledges ensure an amount of donations equal to donations in absence of pledges. Moreover, a significant number of individuals keep their promises, in presence of either private or public pledges. A higher risk attached to the endowment increases donations.


Taqizadeh is a familiar figure for those Iranologists who have read E. G. Browne's The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909. He was not only a leader of Iran's constitutional movement but a first-rate scholar and student of Iran's culture and civilization. Born and raised in his native Azerbaijan, he never abandoned his ethnic roots even after becoming a prominent national figure on the Iranian political stage. I was a doctoral student in London University's School of Oriental Studies in late 1930's when he joined its teaching staff. One could not characterize him as a brilliant teacher, but what he lacked in the art of teaching he more than compensated by his unbounded patience, unwavering courtesy and genuine humility. Even the most glaringly ignorant comments or questions would not provoke him or affect his gentle manners. One had to be blessed with an innate curiosity and thirst for learning to be able to fathom his deep and extensive knowledge in both modern and classical Eastern and Islamic Eastern disciplines.
According to Edward G. Browne, who was in almost daily contact with him in 1908-when he was a temporary member of the library of Cambridge University- Taqizadeh was remarkable for his "honesty, truthfulness, objectivity and courage." His fearless activities in the course of the Iran's constitutional movement, his defiant stance against his foes and his continued perseverance in the face of imminent danger were all testimony to the strength of his character.
In the latter part of his life, perhaps scarred by some of his political battles and bitter experiences, he had become somewhat withdrawn. He spoke sparingly and never talked about matters he considered insignificant. Most importantly he avoided political discussions and preferred to become engaged in academic or scholarly conversations. What has remained vividly etched in my memory is my recollection of Taqizadeh as a modest, quiet and compassionate man with a highly trained scientific mind.


Generic object-oriented programming languages combine parametric polymorphism and nominal subtype polymorphism, thereby providing better data abstraction, greater code reuse, and fewer run-time errors. However, most generic object-oriented languages provide a straightforward combination of the two kinds of polymorphism, which prevents the expression of advanced type relationships. Furthermore, most generic object-oriented languages have a type-erasure semantics: instantiations of type parameters are not available at run time, and thus may not be used by type-dependent operations.
This dissertation shows that two features, which allow the expression of many advanced type relationships, can be added to a generic object-oriented programming language without type erasure; (1) type variables that are not parameters of the class that declares them, and (2) extension that is dependent on the satisfiability of one or more constraints.
We refer to the first feature as hidden type variables and the second feature as conditional extension. Hidden type variables allow: covariance and contravariance without variance annotations or special type arguments such as wildcards; a single type to extend, and inherit methods from, infinitely many instantiations of another type: a limited capacity to augment the set of superclasses after that class is defined; and the omission of redundant type arguments. Conditional extension allows the properties of a collection type to be dependent on the properties of its element type.
This dissertation describes the semantics and implementation of hidden type variables and conditional extension. A sound type system is presented. In addition, a sound and terminating type checking algorithm is presented.
Although designed for the Fortress programming language, hidden type variables and conditional extension can be incorporated into other generic object-oriented languages. Many of the same problems would arise, and solutions analogous to those we present would apply.


Cataloguing and Classification introduces concepts and practices in cataloguing and classification, and common library standards. The book introduces and analyzes the principles and structures of library catalogues, including the application of AACR2, RDA, DDC, LCC, LCSH and MARC 21 standards, and conceptual models such as ISBD, FRBR and FRAD. The text also introduces DC, MODS, METS, EAD and VRA Core metadata schemes for annotating digital resources. * Explains the theory and practice of bibliographic control* Offers a practical approach to the core topics of cataloguing and classification* Includes step-by-step examples to illustrate application of the central cataloguing and classification standards* Describes the new descriptive cataloguing standard RDA, and its conceptual ground, FRBR and FRAD* Guides the reader towards cataloguing and classifying materials in a digital environment


Revelations of abuse at Baghdad's Abu Ghraib prison and the U.S. detention camp at Guantanamo Bay had repercussions extending beyond the worldwide media scandal that ensued. The controversy surrounding photos and descriptions of inhumane treatment of enemy prisoners of war, or EPWs, from the war on terror marked a watershed moment in the study of modern warfare and the treatment of prisoners of war. Amid allegations of human rights violations and war crimes, one question stands out among the rest: Was the treatment of America's most recent prisoners of war an isolated event or part of a troubling and complex issue that is deeply rooted in our nation's military history? Military expert Robert C. Doyle's The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror draws from diverse sources to answer this question. Historical as well as timely in its content, this work examines America's major wars and past conflicts-among them, the American Revolution, the Civil War, World Wars I and II, and Vietnam-to provide understanding of the United States' treatment of military and civilian prisoners. The Enemy in Our Hands offers a new perspective of U.S. military history on the subject of EPWs and suggests that the tactics employed to manage prisoners of war are unique and disparate from one conflict to the next. In addition to other vital information, Doyle provides a cultural analysis and exploration of U.S. adherence to international standards of conduct, including the 1929 Geneva Convention in each war. Although wars are not won or lost on the basis of how EPWs are treated, the treatment of prisoners is one of the measures by which history's conquerors are judged.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the indirect effects of nutritional knowledge and attitude toward food label use on food label use through self-efficacy and trust, as well as whether gender moderates this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach
A sample of Indian adults with multiple chronic conditions was surveyed about their nutritional knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and use of food labels. Hypotheses were tested using Hayes's (2013) PROCESS macro for SPSS.

Findings
The results show that nutritional knowledge and attitude toward food label use positively predict food label use through self-efficacy and trust. However, these mediation effects are moderated by gender such that the indirect relationship is stronger among men than women.

Practical implications
Food marketers and government agencies engaged in nutrition education campaigns should aim to increase patients' confidence in comprehending food label information.

Social implications
Since food labels can be a valuable tool to help patients with chronic diseases to make informed decisions about their diet and lifestyle, regulators may consider mandating nutritional labels on foods to help them improve their food or dietary choices.

Originality/value
This study uniquely applies Fisher and Fisher's (1992) information–motivation–behavioral skills model as a theoretical framework to examine the influence of nutrition knowledge and attitude toward food label use on food label usage of Indian patients with multiple chronic diseases.


Interest in grid computing has grown significantly over the past five years. Management of distributed cluster resources is a key issue in grid computing. Central to management of resources is the effectiveness of resource allocation, as it determines the overall utility of the system. In this paper, we propose a new grid system that consists of grid federation agents which couple together distributed cluster resources to enable a cooperative environment.


Blog has become an increasingly popular form of new information technology (IT) in recent years. Many world famous web sites (e.g., Microsoft, Yahoo!, and Google) are providing blog services on the Internet. Bloggers, therefore, can easily establish and maintain their blogs through such services. However, research on blogs' adoption and diffusion is rare. In this study, we attempt to study bloggers' post-adoption behaviors. We examine bloggers' intention to switch their blog services building upon the marketing and IS literature. Particularly, the role of gender is explored and an online survey is conducted to test the research model. Findings confirm that bloggers' intention to switch their blog services is strongly associated with three factors: satisfaction, sunk costs, and attractive alternatives. Meanwhile, gender is found to moderate the relationship between satisfaction and intention to switch the blog service. Implications for both researchers and practitioners are provided.


ITER, the international fusion reactor project in France, is reeling from an assessment that found serious problems with the project9s leadership, management, and governance. The report is so damning, Science has learned, that after a 13 February special session that reviewed and accepted the report9s conclusions and recommendations, the ITER Council—the project9s governing body—restricted its readership to a small number of senior managers and council members. ITER leaders fear that the damning assessment, combined with expected delays, could cause backers to pull their funding.


: Nietzsche's philosophical psychology draws upon a rich and extensive terminology. Integral to this terminology is the concept of an 'affect.' Although less widely-discussed than the 'drive' or 'instinct,' affects are arguably every bit as important to Nietzsche's mature writings. Little attention, however, has been paid to the question of what Nietzsche thought affects were, such that they could do the considerable explanatory work he required of them. In this paper, I argue that by focusing upon his reflections on both the psycho-physiological states to which we apply affect-words, and the sub-personal processes putatively involved in such episodes, we can draw out Nietzsche's understanding of 'affect.' The picture that emerges comprises a form of 'somatic' account, paired with an 'interpretive' account of the mechanisms that subsume affective states under folk-psychological concepts and categories. Such a view, I hope to demonstrate, underpins some of Nietzsche's most prominent psychological claims.


Scientists often face vexing professional decisions: whom to hire, what to fund, what to publish, and whom to promote. Because science is about the unknown and its greatest discoveries are often the least expected, scientists often have little to go by except intuition and experience. For this reason, a seductively simple template has recently been introduced: assessment based on "impact and significance." Thus, the U.S. National Institutes of Health has elevated "significance" to an explicit criterion in funding decisions. It requires that grant reviewers write a paragraph on "impact," which it defines as the likelihood that the proposed work will have a "sustained and powerful influence."* Especially in fundamental research, which historically underlies the greatest innovation, the people doing the work often cannot themselves anticipate the ways in which it may bring human benefit. Thus, under the guise of an objective assessment of impact, such requirements invite exaggerated claims of the importance of the predictable outcomes—which are unlikely to be the most important ones. This is both misleading and dangerous.


From 1971-74 seven cruises were made to measure the directional spectrum of ocean waves by using a cloverleaf buoy. Typical sets of wave data measured both in open seas and in a bay under relatively simple conditions have been analyzed to clarify the fundamental properties of the directional spectrum of ocean waves in deep water. It is shown that the directional wave spectrum can be approximated by the product of the frequency spectrum and a unimodal angular distribution with mean direction approximately equal to that of the wind. The normalized forms of the frequency spectrum show various forms lying between the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum and the spectrum of laboratory wind wave which has a very sharp energy concentration near the spectral peak frequency. The form of the JONSWAP spectrum is very close to that of laboratory wind waves. The concentration of the spectral energy near the spectral peak frequency seems to decrease with increasing the dimensionless fetch and the spectral form finally approaches to the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum which can be considered as the spectrum with the least concentration of the normalized spectral energy. However, the definite relation between the shape of the normalized spectrum and the dimensionless fetch has not been obtained. Concerning the angular distribution, it is shown that the shape of angular distribution of the single-peaked wave spectrum in a generating area can be approximated by the function G(6,f) = G'(s) | cos (6-6)/2 | ** proposed originally by Longuet=Higgins et al. (1963). Here G'(s) is a normalizing function, 6 is the mean direction of the spectral component, and s is a parameter which controls the concentration of the angular distribution function.


An examination of how the daily work of NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers was organized across three sites on two planets using local Mars time.In 2004, mission scientists and engineers working with NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) remotely operated two robots at different sites on Mars for ninety consecutive days. An unusual feature of this successful mission was that it operated on Mars time?the daily work was organized across three sites on two planets according to two Martian time zones. In Making Time on Mars, Zara Mirmalek shows that this involved more than a resetting of wristwatches; the team's struggle to synchronize with Mars time involved technological and communication breakdowns, informal workarounds, and extra work to support the technology that was intended to support people. Her account of how NASA created an entirely new temporality for the MER mission offers insights about the assumptions behind the organizational relationship between clock time and work.Mirmalek, herself a member of the mission team, offers an insider's view of the MER workplace and community. She describes the discord among MER's multiple temporalities and examines issues of professional identity that helped shape the experience of working according to Mars time. Considering time and work relationships through a multidisciplinary lens, Mirmalek shows how contemporary and historical human?technology relationships inform assumptions about the unalterability of clock time. She argues that the organizational connection between clock time and work, although still operational, is outdated.


The introduction to this symposium on entrepreneurial religion and neoliberal urbanism discusses leading scholarly approaches to religion and urban theory, arguing that, despite their merits, these approaches are in need of refinement. Theories on religion and urban theory too often describe religion as a reactionary phenomenon. Religious movements and spaces are generally defined as pockets of resistance and shelter against retreating or failing states under neoliberal restructuring programmes in the shadow of consumption dreams. Although religious actors and ideologies unquestionably form part of urban groups that are denied access to public and private means to wealth and security, the contributors to this symposium argue that within a global, comparative perspective, the entwinement of religion, state and market reveal more complicated configurations. Through a comparison of Islamic gated communities in Istanbul, Pentecostal prayer camps in Lagos and Pentecostal grassroots movements in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, this symposium demonstrates that urban religion should also be regarded as a constitutive force of contemporary capitalism and should therefore be placed at the heart of the neoliberal construction of urban space instead of at its margins.


Mobile messaging, including short-messaging service (SMS) and multimedia messaging service (MMS), is an asynchronous mobile phone service that is too often deemed as a tool for entertainment and consumption at the micro individual level. This paper, however, examines the more structural aspects of mobile messaging being socially, economically, and politically shaped as a means of control. It first establishes conceptual connections between existing mobile communication studies and the historical tendency for information and communication technologies (ICTs) to be used for surveillance and authoritarian power projects. This discussion is substantiated by a brief global overview of related incidents occurring in Malaysia, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Hong Kong, all in 2005. The paper then focuses on mobile messaging and social control in China, where a massive IT industrial complex has emerged since 2000 to serve the control needs of the power elite, especially with regard to SMS. There is both macro institutional formations at the national and transnational levels and more specific organizational developments, such as in the workplace for purposes of labor control or at the interface between broadcast stations and audiences in order to reduce the political risk of phone-in programs. The overall argument is that, the political function of mobile messaging has to be understood as part of the existing institutional structures of a given society; and that only by fully recognizing problems in the political status quo, in power projects at micro, meso, and macro levels, can we seize the opportunity for social change.


A study of the pressure effect on the Curie temperature in polycrystalline ordered double perovskites was carried out by measuring the temperature dependence of the magnetization in isoelectronic Sr2FeMoO6, Ba2FeMoO6, and Ca2FeMoO6, and in W-substituted Sr2FeMo1-xWxO6 with x=0.70. Pressure up to approximately 10 kbar induces an increase in the Curie temperature in all the samples with different rate: dT(c)/dp results to be 1.7(2) K/kbar for Ba2FeMoO6, 0.60(8) K/kbar for Sr2FeMoO6, 0.25(8) K/kbar for Ca2FeMoO6, and 0.7(1) K/kbar for the W-substituted sample. The results are interpreted in terms of the different lattice structure and cell volume of the investigated systems. A manganitelike model was only partially successful in explaining the observed pressure behavior, thus, pointing out the different nature of the magnetic interaction in doped manganites and in ordered double perovskites.


The aim of this paper is to understand the small effect of a long period of low real interest on corporate investment. I challenge the idea that corporate investment is sensitive to the wedge between the marginal product of capital and the user cost of capital. I provide a theoretical justification for an investment which is unresponsive to the wedge between marginal product of capital and real interest rate. I build an infinite horizon adverse selection model. Investment is constrained by cash flows. Next, I try to determinate if investment is a decreasing or an increasing function of interest rate once user cost channel is removed. I build a macroeconomic model where investment is a linear function of cash flows. I identify two channels by which real interest rate still affects investment: the entrepreneurial net worth channel and the precautionnary channel. The first one is well known and induces a negative relation between real interest rate and investment. The second is often neglected by the literature and can induce a positive relation. Under some calibration, investment response to real interest fall is negative. Then , I endogenize the credit constraint in the model. The response becomes unambiguously negative. I conclude by arguing that such a counterintuitive response should be taken seriously.


The 11th Edition of Human Resource Management helps students understand and remember concepts through a straightforward and conversational writing style and a wealth of examples to clarify ideas and build interest. The authors provide a strong foundation of essential elements of Human Resource Management (HRM) as well as a clear understanding of how Human Resource Management links with business strategy. Through practical applications, the authors illustrate the importance of employees on every level of the organization, helping students understand HRM elements such as recruitment, training, motivation, retention, safety, the legal environment, and how they support successful business strategies.


The vicuña Vicugna vicugna is a wild South American camelid. Following over-exploitation, which brought the species to the brink of extinction in Chile in the 1960s, the population was protected. Since 1975 the population has been censused annually, generating one of the most extensive long-term census databases for any South American mammal. In this paper we use these data, and measures of environmental parameters, to describe the population growth trend of the species and to estimate carrying capacity. Our results indicate that the vicuña has been protected successfully in northern Chile. The census data reveal that, following protection, the population displayed logistic growth between 1975 and 1992. Population growth rate declined linearly with population size, which indicates a degree of density dependence. Density independent factors, such as rainfall, may also have been important. The principal density dependent effect observed was that birth rate declined in those family groups with the most breeding females. The carrying capacity of the study area was estimated from the census data and from models based on precipitation and local primary productivity. Using the census data, an estimation of carrying capacity as the asymptote of the fitted logistic curve suggested that the vicuña population should reach approximately 26,000 vicuñas, whereas estimation when the population growth rate was equated to zero gave a carrying capacity of c. 22,000. Coe's method based on local precipitation predicted 31,000 vicuña, whereas Lavenroth's method based on local primary productivity predicted 26,000 vicuña. In reality, the census data showed that the population peaked at 22,463 vicuñas in 1990. The results are discussed in relation to the need for better census techniques and the implications of density dependent effects for the management of the vicuña in Chile.


This study investigates the choices that students coming from different social
backgrounds and from the full range of secondary schools in Cyprus make regarding
their post school destinations. It is based on a theory, which regards the family as a
central agency in the reproduction of inequalities. This study argues that apart from
making the most of their financial capital, Cypriot families utillse intentionally or in
an unintended manner the non-monetary capitals they may have available such as
their cultural capital and more importantly their social capital to produce social
'profits' for the education of their offspring. Social capital is seen as a major factor
that can explain the unequal pattern of educational choices made by the growing
ranks of students coming from -different social origins regarding their post school
destinations. Different families adopt various strategies to cope with the lack of that
resource and it appears that some families have more options to consider than others.
The differential ability to cope with the lack of social capital constitutes a source of
social differentiation. The mobilisation of various resources is examined in a social
environment whereby for the past three or four decades went through a process of
modermsation. This rapid transition has led to the co-existence of traditional and
modernist perspectives of how social relations and gender issues are perceived.
Adherence to one or another perspective affects the strategies that families employ
for their children's educational prospects.
This research used a multiple or mixed method approach combining quantitative and
qualitative methodologies in a complimentary manner. A stratified sample of 404
students graduating from all kinds of secondary schools and their parents completed
questionnaires. A selected sample of 24 parents was interviewed. The findings of the
study indicate that choice making varies across social class and is influenced by
gender. Of the non-monetary resources investigated social capital appears to act as a
hidden mechanism of social selection in modem Cyprus particularly because it
allows for the creation of a certain habitus that allows some privileged families and
students mostly from middle class backgrounds to make far reaching and daring
decisions which offer them the possibility for social success in a competitive and
4close' labour market whereas at the same time it makes others from lower social
class backgrounds to make 'pragmatic' choices which often mean making
compromises in their ambitions to achieve social success.


Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important contributor to fine particulate matter (PM) mass in polluted regions, and its modeling remains poorly constrained. A box model is developed that uses recently published literature parameterizations and data sets to better constrain and evaluate the formation pathways and precursors of urban SOA during the CalNex 2010 campaign in Los Angeles. When using the measurements of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) reported in Zhao et al. (2014) and of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) reported in Worton et al. (2014) the model is biased high at longer photochemical ages, whereas at shorter photochemical ages it is biased low, if the yields for VOC oxidation are not updated. The parameterizations using an updated version of the yields, which takes into account the effect of gas-phase wall losses in environmental chambers, show model–measurement agreement at longer photochemical ages, even though some low bias at short photochemical ages still remains. Furthermore, the fossil and non-fossil carbon split of urban SOA simulated by the model is consistent with measurements at the Pasadena ground site. Multi-generation oxidation mechanisms are often employed in SOA models to increase the SOA yields derived from environmental chamber experiments in order to obtain better model–measurement agreement. However, there are many uncertainties associated with these aging mechanisms. Thus, SOA formation in the model is compared to data from an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) in order to constrain SOA formation at longer photochemical ages than observed in urban air. The model predicts similar SOA mass at short to moderate photochemical ages when the aging mechanisms or the updated version of the yields for VOC oxidation are implemented. The latter case has SOA formation rates that are more consistent with observations from the OFR though. Aging mechanisms may still play an important role in SOA chemistry, but the additional mass formed by functionalization reactions during aging would need to be offset by gas-phase fragmentation of SVOCs. All the model cases evaluated in this work show a large majority of the urban SOA (70–83 %) at Pasadena coming from the oxidation of primary SVOCs (P-SVOCs) and primary IVOCs (P-IVOCs). The importance of these two types of precursors is further supported by analyzing the percentage of SOA formed at long photochemical ages (1.5 days) as a function of the precursor rate constant. The P-SVOCs and P-IVOCs have rate constants that are similar to highly reactive VOCs that have been previously found to strongly correlate with SOA formation potential measured by the OFR. Finally, the volatility distribution of the total organic mass (gas and particle phase) in the model is compared against measurements. The total SVOC mass simulated is similar to the measurements, but there are important differences in the measured and modeled volatility distributions. A likely reason for the difference is the lack of particle-phase reactions in the model that can oligomerize and/or continue to oxidize organic compounds even after they partition to the particle phase.


The role of fluorine and phosphonate groups on protein structure and biocompatibility has been probed by protein encapsulation in tetramethoxysilane (TMOS)-based sol-gel glass and assessed by circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD). Apomyoglobin (apoMb) is known as a model protein for the study of protein folding. Thus, we demonstrated the increase of apoMb helicity in phosphonate and fluorinated phosphonate-based sol-gel glasses via the addition of methane diphosphonic acid (MDPA) and difluoromethane diphosphonic acid (DFMDPA) during the hydrolysis/polycondensation of TMOS precursor forming a nanoporous sol-gel glass host matrix for the protein. Alternatively to silica surface functionalisation using organosilane modifiers, functional organic molecules or nano-agents can be doped directly during the sol-gel process. Since TMOS is not functionalised, we can probe the role of some organic molecules as intermediates as well as their surface hydration effect contributing to the protein folding process. The presence of both fluorine and phosphonate groups in TMOS glass folded the protein to its native state as function of its molar content. The protein ellipticity has been enlightened by CD with signals observable at 222 nm characterising the secondary protein structure at the far UV. The incorporation of these groups to the sol-gel glass systems to mimic the behaviour and conformation of protein as function of its surrounding environment brings both steric and hydrophobic properties to enhance the protein folding. These results are important from the point of view of potential applications in bio-nanotechnology with the design of efficient biomaterials but also to probe the role of fluorine and phosphonate groups in protein folding for the human healthcare.


Across the UK there is currently a series of government led initiatives of measuring and documenting the value of culture in relation to social, economic and health infrastructures. The drive to measure cultural value is nothing new, back in 2002 Michelle Reeves, Research Officer for the Arts Council England, drafted an Arts Council England report on "Measuring the Economic and Social Impact of the Arts" in which she proposed, quoting Gerri Moriarty, that one of the most important reasons for monitoring, measuring, assessing and evaluating creative work is the genuine desire "to help to make the complex and intriguing web of creative exchange more visible […] to help us all move forward."(Reeves 2002: 47) These challenges might be regarded as fundamental to much of the cultural sector both within and outside of academia, relevant not only in relation to the current funding climate, but constituting a more deep-seated profundity; being fundamental to our understanding of how arts and culture "works" in the UK. This paper explores these ideas in relation to the notion of the "civic university," touching upon the ROTOR partnership exhibitions programme between the University of Huddersfield and Huddersfield Art Gallery as an example of a possible model for working within—and actively addressing—some of these challenges.


Accessory minerals play a crucial role in the petrogenesis of granitic rocks. They control the response of isotopic systems (U—Pb, Lu—Hf, Sm—Nd) and rule the geochemical variation of many important trace and minor elements during partial melting and fractional crystallization. The experimental effort in the past thirty years has resulted in the formulation of saturation models with manifold applications in igneous geochemistry. Numerical simulations show that the zircon saturation thermometer is rather insensitive to analytical errors, the presence of a minor inherited component, as well as moderate accumulation of feldspars and some ferromagnesian minerals (Capoor pyroxenes, less so olivine). However addition of even minor cumulus Ca-pyroxene or Ca-amphibole would quickly render the calculated temperatures too low. Apatite saturation thermometry is a poor tool for felsic metaluminous rocks, being oversensitive to errors in the phosphorus determination as well as the presence of extraneous apatite. Even stronger element of uncertainty is added for peraluminous lithologies, when the increased apatite solubility is inadequately accounted for by the current models and where other phosphorus-bearing minerals, most importantly feldspars and monazite, come into play. The newly developed software Saturnin (http://www.gla.ac.uk/gcdkit/saturnin) written in the freeware R language performs otherwise tedious calculations of zircon, monazite and apatite saturation in igneous rocks. While the Windows users would probably find it easier to access the programme as a part of the larger package GCDkit (http://www.gla.ac.uk/gcdkit), on Macintosh and Linux it can be used as a stand-alone application.


Patient: Female, 44 Final Diagnosis: MuSK myasthenia gravis Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing • double vision Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Neurology Objective: Rare co-existance of disease or pathology Background: HIV infections with concomitant immunologically-mediated disorders have been frequently described but there has been little research on the association between HIV and myasthenia gravis. MuSK myasthenia gravis coexisting with HIV is an even a rarer entity and can occur as a part of immune restoration disease. We report the case of a patient with asymptomatic HIV infection who presented with new-onset MuSK myasthenia gravis. Case Report: A 44-year-old African-American woman with HIV since 2004 and on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) presented to the ED with complains of double vision and difficulty swallowing for 2 weeks. The patient was intermittently on HAART therapy. On examination, she had bilateral ptosis, weak orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi, along with mild lateral gaze palsy of the left eye. Her CD4 count was 383 and the viral load was undetectable. An MRI of the brain produced normal results and a CT chest did not show thymus enlargement. Due to worsening symptoms and high suspicion for myasthenia gravis, she was started on IVIG at 0.4 mg/kg/day for 5 days, and her symptoms markedly improved. She was found to have strongly positive MuSK antibody and negative Ach receptor antibody. Repetitive nerve stimulation showed a 13% decrease in the right median nerve, which confirmed the diagnosis. She was subsequently discharged to home on pyridostigmine. Azathioprine was added at clinic follow-up. The patient continues to improve. Conclusions: As the use of antiretroviral therapy increases, immune reconstitution syndromes have become more common. Rare associations like HIV and MuSK myasthenia gravis are being increasingly reported. The use of immunosuppressants in the treatment of these conditions should be carefully evaluated.


This work aims to describe, implement and apply to real data some of the existing structure search methods with Bayesian Networks. Due to the vast dimensions of the graph space, complex search methods based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) are often required. In order to extract as much information as possible from the posterior distributions obtained with the MCMC methods, Bayesian model averaging is introduced and adapted to the particular case of Bayesian Networks. We apply the structure search methods to two different datasets. Firstly, we use a synthetic dataset whose graph is known a priori. This allows us to compare each of the search methods, as well as to check the convergence of the MCMC methods. Afterwards, we use a real dataset containing information about childhood neurodevelopment from a cohort of the INMA project. The three methods presented in this work have been implemented in R and C. The code has been made available as an R package on a public server at http://www.creal.cat/jrgonzalez/software.htm.. Bayesian Networks are graphical models that describe the probabilistic relationships between certain variables. They have been applied to a wide range of statistical issues. Among them is the discovery of biological structures such as disease-phenotype networks or gene-protein pathways. This is not an easy task because the number of possible graphs grows super-exponentially with the number of variables. As a result, complex search methods based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) are often required.

The aims of this project are: analysing the statistical basis of these structure search methods, implementing them as efficiently as possible, comparing them using synthetic data and applying them to real biological data. For this last objective data of neurodevelopment during childhood will be used, in order to find the interdependencies between socioeconomical and cognitive-attention variables


Objective: Our aim is to evaluate the prognostic significance of isolated, preterm decreased fetal movement following normal initial full diagnostic workup. Study design: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary centre. The applied protocol was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Department of the hospital where the research was conducted. Obstetrics outcomes of preterm- and term-decreased fetal movement were compared following an initial, normal diagnostic work up. Evaluated outcomes were birth weight, mode of delivery, stillbirth rate, induction of labour, development of gestational hypertension, small for gestational age and oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios during the follow up period. Result: Obstetric complications related to placental insufficiency develops more frequently for decreased fetal movement in preterm cases with respect to that of in term cases. Following the diagnosis of decreased fetal movement, pregnancy hypertension occurred in 17% of preterm decreased fetal movement cases and in 4.7% of term decreased fetal movement cases. Fetal growth restriction developed in 6.6% of preterm decreased fetal movement and in 2.3% of term decreased fetal movement. Amniotic fluid abnormalities more frequently developed in preterm decreased fetal movement. Conclusion: Following an initial normal diagnostic workup, preterm decreased fetal movement convey a higher risk for the development of pregnancy complications associated with placental insufficiency. The patient should be monitored closely and management protocols must be developed for initial normal diagnostic workups in cases of preterm decreased fetal movement.


This document investigates the effect that the delivery of XO laptops in Peru has had on teachers' pedagogical practices and students' use of time in the home based on information from a randomized control trial. The results show that the delivery of XO laptops reduces the probability that teachers will use a student-centered method with cooperative characteristics between 6 and 13 pp while this type of pedagogical practice has a positive impact on student performance in the area of language (between 1.5 and 2sd). We found two contrary effects in the home. XO laptops reduce the probability that a student will do homework at home by 4 pp despite the fact that doing so increases language performance 4 standard deviations. Additionally, XO laptops increase the probability of watching television by 8 pp although said activity reduces performance 2 sd. XO laptops also reduce the probability that students will perform household chores between 9 and 40 pp while said activity increases language performance between 0.2 and 1.6 standard deviations for language. We did not find effects on language and the majority of results refer to students in fourth grade of primary. The variety and overlapping of effects may explain the null effect of the program for the sample of 2nd to 6th grade of primary and the negative effect for fourth of primary.


The introduction of a new Civil Commitment Act in Sweden in 1992 involved a shift of emphasis from medical to judicial authority. Little is known about general patient attitudes to compulsory care. The aim of the study was to study possible differences in attitudes, before and after the mental health law reform, among involuntarily and voluntarily admitted patients and their next-of-kins towards involuntary psychiatric admission. Samples of 84 committed and 84 voluntarily admitted patients in 1991 and 118 committed and 117 voluntarily admitted patients in 1997–99 were interviewed within 5 days from admission and at discharge, or after 3 weeks of care. Samples of 64 next-of-kins to the committed patients and 69 next-of-kins to the voluntarily admitted patients in 1991, and 73 and 89 next-of-kins, respectively, in 1997–99 were interviewed approximately 1 month after the admission. Few changes in attitudes were found between the two study occasions. A majority of all patients stated that it should be possible to compulsorily admit patients, and a great majority of the patients and the next-of kins stated that decisions regarding compulsory admission should be taken by doctors. Most patients and next-of-kins regarded decisions about involuntary psychiatric care mainly as a medical matter. Strong support for coercion in order to protect the patient and others was found among next-of-kins. The law reform was not reflected in attitudinal differences.


In spite of the difficulty of most American avant-garde films, one can read volumes and find almost no mention of how to view these films. Dreams of Chaos, Visions of Order addresses precisely this question: how-and to what extent-can viewers make sense of American avant-garde films? It is a controversial book that examines the implicit assumptions of traditional scholarship, advocates on alternative to dominant approaches to the avant-garde cinema, and questions some long-standing clich's about the history of the avant-garde.


Law school graduates, in growing numbers, are failing the bar exam. This reality is all the more staggering when we consider that these graduates have been preparing for the bar exam since their first year of law school. First-year legaI-writing courses teach students specific fundamental skills that are the foundation for success on the bar exam. This Article provides the perspective that the goal of passing the bar exam and teaching Iaw students to think and write like lawyers is a symbiotic relationship. It directly analyzes the correlation between the fundamental skills associated with thinking like a lawyer and successful bar-essay writing.
The question then becomes, if law schools are teaching these skills, why do students continue to struggle with the bar exam? To answer that question, this Article analyzes the challenges law students face when they are required to apply the skills learned in an earlier context to a later assignment. Without proper instruction and sustained practice, it is unrealistic to expect law students to retain the skills necessary to solve one legal problem and then later apply those same skills to solve a different problem. This Article emphasizes how law schools have a duty to bridge the gap and foster the transfer of learning from the first year of law school to bar preparation. To guide law schools in better preparing their students for passing the bar exam, this Article concludes with a comprehensive approach detailing how law faculties can facilitate the transfer of fundamental skills from the beginning to the end of law school.
"By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail." -Benjamin Franklin


The issue of avoiding information about the consequences of one's own actions is discussed intensively. Acting that way, makes it harder to be judged for one's decisions. My bachelor thesis deals with strategic ignorance and self-serving behaviour. This paper aims to explore if people really avoid information to a high degree and whether there are certain situations or circumstances which influence these behaviour patterns. Four different experimental studies were used and compared to a large amount of literature. It is found that intransparency in situations allows for a moral "wiggle room" which makes people's actions more egoistic. Also, people like to be seen as altruistic. By analyzing the Bayesian signaling model which introduces an agent caring about his self-image, his economic advantages and who has the opportunity to find out about social benefits and the cost of acting social, the findings show that willful ignorance can be an excuse for selfish behaviour and helps maintain the idea that they act up to their ideals. Looking at situations where people have to bring an effort, ignorance shows better outcomes because people work harder when they don't know about the negative consequences.


Objective: This study was aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder from α-cellulose of water hyacinth, find its characteristics and purity compared to Avicel PH 101 as reference and its tablets evaluation. Water hyacinth has great potential as raw materials of MCC fine due to its highest content of cellulose. Method: MCC was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase enzymes. The prepared MCC powder was identified by infrared spectroscopy and melting point, then was characterized over several parameters. Then, the MCC was applied to a tablet formulation and evaluated for its weight variation, thickness and diameter, hardness, friability and disintegration time. Results: The identity obtained from infrared spectrum was quite similar with reference and the melting point charred between 247-250°C. The powder was moderately fine, odorless, tasteless and yellowish compared to the reference. The characteristics were obtained, including particle size distribution for 741 nm, pH ± 7.49, ash contents ± 0.203%, moisture content ± 3.685%, loss on drying ± 3.8741% also the density, flow rate and angle of repose met the requirements. The results of Scanning Electron Microscope showed similar morphology of crystalline with reference and the diffractogram patterns showed crystalline form type 2. Tablets were prepared by dry granulation method and the weight variation, thickness and diameters and disintegration time evaluations met the requirements. Conclusion: The MCC obtained has quite similar identities and characteristics with commercial available one (Avicel PH 101) and can be used as an excipient. Key words: Application, Cellulose, Characterization, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth.


ABSTRACT Background. Deformable image registrations are prone to errors in aligning reliable anatomically features. Consequently, identification of registration inaccuracies is important. Particularly thoracic three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT)-CT image registration is challenging due to lack of contrast in lung tissue. This study aims for validation of thoracic CT-CT image registration using auto-segmented anatomically landmarks. Material and methods. Five lymphoma patients were CT scanned three times within a period of 18 months, with the initial CT defined as the reference scan. For each patient the two successive CT scans were registered to the reference CT using three different image registration algorithms (Demons, B-spline and Affine). The image registrations were evaluated using auto-segmented anatomical landmarks (bronchial branch points) and Dice Similarity Coefficients (DSC). Deviation of corresponding bronchial landmarks were used to quantify inaccuracies in respect of both misalignment and geometric location within lungs. Results. The median bronchial branch point deviations were 1.6, 1.1 and 4.2 (mm) for the three tested algorithms (Demons, B-spline and Affine). The maximum deviations (> 15 mm) were found within both Demons and B-spline image registrations. In the upper part of the lungs the median deviation of 1.7 (mm) was significantly different (p < 0.02) relative to the median deviations of 2.0 (mm), found in the middle and lower parts of the lungs. The DSC revealed similar registration discrepancies among the three tested algorithms, with DSC values of 0.96, 0.97 and 0.91, for respectively Demons, B-spline and the Affine algorithms. Conclusion. Bronchial branch points were found useful to validate thoracic CT-CT image registration. Bronchial branch points identified local registration errors > 15 mm in both Demons and B-spline deformable algorithms.


Single-crystal nickel was irradiated with 590 MeV protons to 10−1 dpa at room temperature. Irradiated and unirradiated tensile samples were deformed and relaxation tests were performed at temperatures between 77 and 423 K. The tests show a strong temperature dependence of the flow stress for samples irradiated to 0.1 dpa as compared to the unirradiated case. Unirradiated and irradiated deformed microstructures were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The initial plastic deformation of the samples irradiated at 0.1 dpa shows strain localization in the form of defect free channels, over the temperature range from 77 to 293 K. Deformation processes are analysed through the determination of the activation energies of the deformation mechanisms as deduced from relaxation tests. The activation energy has an approximate value of 0.5 eV in unirradiated samples. In the irradiated samples it is suggested that multiple deformation processes are operative in the temperature range from 77 to 423 K.


This article analyses the margin of manoeuvre of Portuguese executives after the onset of the sovereign debt crisis in 2010–2015. To obtain a full understanding of what happened behind the closed doors of international meetings, different types of data are triangulated: face-to-face interviews; investigations by journalists; and International Monetary Fund and European Union official documents. The findings are compared to the public discourse of Prime Ministers Jose Socrates and Pedro Passos-Coelho. It is shown that while the sovereign debt crisis and the bail-out limited the executive's autonomy, they also made them stronger in relation to other domestic actors. The perceived need for 'credibility' in order to avoid a 'negative' reaction from the markets – later associated with the conditions of the bail-out – concurrently gave the executives a legitimate justification to concentrate power in their hands and a strong argument to counter the opponents of their proposed reforms. Consequently, when Portuguese ministers favoured policies that were in congruence with those supported by international actors, they were able to use the crisis to advance their own agenda. Disagreement with Troika representatives implied the start of a negotiation process between the ministers and international lenders, the final outcome of which depended on the actors' bargaining powers. These strategies, it is argued, constitute a tactic of depoliticisation in which both the material constraints and the discourse used to frame them are employed to construct imperatives around a narrow selection of policy alternatives.


In this thesis the magnetic and structural properties of ultra-thin 3d transition metals films have been investigated, in particular Fe, Ni and Co films. X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) has provided element specific spin (ms ) and orbital (ml ) moments per atom by utilizing the magneto optic sum-rules. Element specific hysteresis curves have been measured by means of X-ray Resonant Magnetic Scattering (XRMS), and the local crystallographic structure has been investigated using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS).By performing XMCD on Fe/Ag(100) we observe a spin reorientation from in-plane to out-of-plane as the Fe thickness is lowered. At temperatures below 300K it occurs around 5-7 mono layers (ML) of Fe. While reorienting the magnetization out-of-plane the orbital moment increases with 125% but only a minor increase (5%) of the spin moment is observed. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements indicate that films 6 ML and thicker have a bulk-like bcc structure. For the thin out-of-plane films, the local crystallographic structure is more complicated.The spin reorientation of the Au/Co/Au tri-layer system has been studied as a function of temperature, Co layer and Au cap thickness. An unexpected behavior of the orbital moment upon spin reorientation is found in these systems. An ex-situ prepared sample shows a smooth spin reorientation from an in-plane to an out-of-plane easy magnetization direction as the temperature is lowered from 300K to 200K. In-situ prepared samples have also been investigated and a novel phase diagram has been identified. The Au/Co interface has been explored during the Au capping by means of photoemission measurements.In the bi- and tri-layer system of Fe and Ni we have been able to manipulate the spin reorientation by varying the Fe and Ni thickness. A novel non-collinear interlayer exchange interaction for 3d ferro magnets in direct contact has been discovered for a set of samples. This exchange interaction is found to be strongly dependant on the preparation conditions.


An analysis of a monochromatic plane wave's reflection at a nonlinear interface is presented that constitutes a generalization and an extension of previous studies on this subject. We examine the influence of self-focusing and self-defocusing Kerr media on total and partial reflection states. We consider the whole range of angles of incidence and four types of media interfaces. In our model we do not apply the slowly varying amplitude approximation, and we give analytical real positive nonoscillating solutions to the nonlinear differential wave equations in total and partial reflection cases. For each case we also derive relations between the amplitude reflectance and input intensity, which indicate that in some situations the wave's behavior at a nonlinear interface is governed by the nonlinear critical and the nonlinear characteristic angles. It is pointed out that the reflection states change bistably. We show, for different angles of incidence, the ranges in which the effective permittivity of nonlinear media can be changed via the incident intensity.


Family and twin studies provide strong evidence of a major genetic influence in autism, but the underlying gene defects have yet to be characterized. The mothers of boys with autism share autistic traits, raising the possibility of a maternally inherited factor. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is almost exclusively inherited down the maternal line. We therefore explored the possibility that a particular mtDNA lineage contributes to the risk of developing autism. The mtDNA haplogroup was determined in 162 autism probands, and compared to two sets of population controls. Results show no compelling evidence of an association of any mitochondrial haplogroup in autism. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


At the start of 2020, COVID-19 became the most urgent threat to global public health. Uniquely in recent times, governments have imposed partly voluntary, partly compulsory restrictions on the population to slow the spread of the virus. In this context, public attitudes and behaviors are vitally important for reducing the death rate. Analyzing tweets about the disease may therefore give insights into public reactions that may help guide public information campaigns. This article analyses 3,038,026 English tweets about COVID-19 from March 10 to 23, 2020. It focuses on one relevant aspect of public reaction: gender differences. The results show that females are more likely to tweet about the virus in the context of family, social distancing and healthcare whereas males are more likely to tweet about sports cancellations, the global spread of the virus and political reactions. Thus, women seem to be taking a disproportionate share of the responsibility for directly keeping the population safe. The detailed results may be useful to inform public information announcements and to help understand the spread of the virus. For example, failure to impose a sporting bans whilst encouraging social distancing may send mixed messages to males.


Because of the dynamic environments of business and IT, achieving any alignment between the two fields has become challenging. In view of its multiple viewpoints and artifacts, the discipline of enterprise architecture (EA) is often regarded as an effective methodology to deal with business-IT alignment (BITA) issues, and thus has attracted plenty of research. This article conducts a systematic literature review of BITA research using EA. Six questions are answered through 5W1H (When, Who, What, Why, Where, How) analysis; these questions aim to acquire a thorough understanding of BITA from the perspective of EA, to discover weak points in the status quo, and to identify future research directions.


To expand what is known about staff training, Child Trends recently conducted a literature review and collected data on this topic as part of a study on the role of frontline staff in the effective implementation of out-of-school time programs. This brief presents findings from that study and the literature review, as well as from other research about staff training, and links these findings to effective strategies for training frontline staff. The brief also describes these strategies.


This paper argues that the writings of David Syme and Charles H Pearson are important for understanding the history of the ideal of democracy in Australia. Although Syme did not write directly on democracy, his writings on political economy and political representation focused on issues relevant to democratic theory. His Outlines of an Industrial Science argued for the dominance of the social and the ethical over the economic and for the role of the state in enforcing that dominance. His Representative Government in England advocated the case for the delegate theory of democracy, in effect meant the particular interests of the majority. Pearson also argued the case for this version of majoritarian democracy. His National Life and Character concluded that it would lead to the suppression of individualism.


An 84-GHz, 500-kW electron cyclotron (EC) heating (ECH) system is under installation for ECH-assisted start-up in the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) facility. An 84-GHz, 500-kW gyrotron, and 1.5-MVA power supply system have been installed at KSTAR, and the initial test of the gyrotron has been carried out with a short-pulse condition of 20 μs and maximum beam parameters of 80 kV and 25 A that generate an output radio-frequency (rf) power of 500 kW. The planned 2-s-long operation with 500-kW rf output power is beginning with a long-pulse test of the gyrotron power supply. The launcher system was fabricated in collaboration with Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. It will inject 500-kW rf power into the KSTAR plasma with a highly flexible steering mirror system, allowing toroidal and poloidal beam deposition scans. KSTAR will employ 170-GHz EC current drive (CD) in ITER-relevant experiments such as the suppression of the neoclassical tearing modes and the creation of an electron internal transport barrier. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency will provide a 170-GHz, 1-MW gyrotron on loan in 2008 in accordance with a Korea-Japan fusion collaboration agreement, and it will be used for the 170-GHz, 1-MW ECCD system in 2010. This paper describes the current status of the installation and initial conditioning tests of the 84-GHz gyrotron system as well as the development plan of the 170-GHz ECH and CD system. Also, this paper discusses the CD efficiency and the steering range of the second-harmonic X-mode injection at 170 GHz and 5 MW from an equatorial launcher.


The purpose of this research is to know the implementation of service attributes and the benchmark of Front Office Department at Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel to develop the services quality in front office department. The method of the data collection applied for this research are participant observation, interview, questionnaire, guests comment and documentation. This research used 30 respondents of front office staffs and the data was analyzed qualitative descriptively. The result of the study identified that, the implementation of service attributes in all sections in front office department is very good and all sections have score more than 4,0. The benchmark is Guest Service Agent with average score 4.95 or 20.89%. The lowest section is Telephone Operator with average score 4.43 or 18.69% because during working not care with SOP, not implement the service attribute so well, and the staffs have less knowledge on IT. The front office department should do the improvement and development on the service quality and the attitude of the staff. As the benchmark, the Gust Service Agent has done many ways to improve the service quality. The best way to improve the service quality, the hotel can use the benchmark as the standard to find the best strategy and technic how to improve and develop the service quality of the front office department at Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel. The Guest Service Agent as the benchmark in front office department should be maintain their service as standard of the other sections to develop the service quality in the front office department at Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel.


Current networking equipment usually provides several energy profiles with different performance capabilities. For example, in EPON systems, ONUs are able to switch their transmitters off when there is no data to transmit. This low power mode, known as doze mode, can significantly reduce power consumption in EPONs if wisely used. In this paper, we evaluate through simulation the potential power savings that can be obtained using this mode in many different scenarios. In particular, we analyze the impact of the DBA algorithm and the mode governor on both energy efficiency and frame delay with different implementations of the doze mode.


Containers are a widely successful technology today popularized by Docker. Containers improve system utilization by increasing workload density. Docker containers enable seamless deployment of workloads across development, test, and production environments. Docker's unique approach to data management, which involves frequent snapshot creation and removal, presents a new set of exciting challenges for storage systems. At the same time, storage management for Docker containers has remained largely unexplored with a dizzying array of solution choices and configuration options. In this paper we unravel the multi-faceted nature of Docker storage and demonstrate its impact on system and workload performance. As we uncover new properties of the popular Docker storage drivers, this is a sobering reminder that widespread use of new technologies can often precede their careful evaluation.


This memo defines an experimental portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular, this memo defines managed objects used for managing subnetworks which use the IEEE 802.4 Token Bus technology described in 802.4 Token-Passing Bus Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications, IEEE Standard 802.4.


Security breaches affecting millions of consumers world-wide, media reports about cyber war and speculations about cyber terrorism have brought information security (often also referred to as cyber security) to the forefront of the public debate. Information Security Law in the EU and the U.S. provides the first comprehensive assessment of EU and U.S. information security law, covering laws and regulations that require the implementation of security measures, laws that impose or limit liability for security breaches, laws that mandate the disclosure of vulnerabilities or security breaches, and laws that deter malicious actors by providing criminal sanctions. To facilitate this comparative assessment, a risk-based assessment methodology is used. The book also contains a concluding comparative assessment that summarizes the current state of information security law. Building on this concluding assessment, policy recommendations are presented how to fundamentally improve information security.


In this paper, a new fuzzy filter for the removal of random impulse noise in color video is presented. By working with different successive filtering steps, a very good tradeoff between detail preservation and noise removal is obtained. One strong filtering step that should remove all noise at once would inevitably also remove a considerable amount of detail. Therefore, the noise is filtered step by step. In each step, noisy pixels are detected by the help of fuzzy rules, which are very useful for the processing of human knowledge where linguistic variables are used. Pixels that are detected as noisy are filtered, the others remain unchanged. Filtering of detected pixels is done by blockmatching based on a noise adaptive mean absolute difference. The experiments show that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art filters both visually and in terms of objective quality measures such as the mean absolute error (MAE), the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the normalized color difference (NCD).


Deep neural networks have provided state-of-the-art solutions for problems such as image denoising, which implicitly rely on a prior probability model of natural images. Two recent lines of work – Denoising Score Matching and Plug-and-Play – propose methodologies for drawing samples from this implicit prior and using it to solve inverse problems, respectively. Here, we develop a parsimonious and robust generalization of these ideas. We rely on a classic statistical result that shows the least-squares solution for removing additive Gaussian noise can be written directly in terms of the gradient of the log of the noisy signal density. We use this to derive a stochastic coarse-to-fine gradient ascent procedure for drawing high-probability samples from the implicit prior embedded within a CNN trained to perform blind denoising. A generalization of this algorithm to constrained sampling provides a method for using the implicit prior to solve any deterministic linear inverse problem, with no additional training, thus extending the power of supervised learning for denoising to a much broader set of problems. The algorithm relies on minimal assumptions and exhibits robust convergence over a wide range of parameter choices. To demonstrate the generality of our method, we use it to obtain state-of-the-art levels of unsupervised performance for deblurring, super-resolution, and compressive sensing.


Iran Abstract Introduction: Airborne pollution in such public environments as schools has adverse health effects on pupils and teachers who spend a noticeable amount of time in the school. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the suspended particles concentration of indoor and outdoor air of Yazd schools as well as to determine the influencing parameters on the pollution intensity. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 middle-schools and high schools of males and females in winter of 2013. The environmental aerosol monitoring device, (HAZ-DUST EPAM5000 model) was used to measure the concentration of PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 . The study data were analyzed via applying correlation, simple linear regression and means comparison tests. Moreover, the study results were compared with the standards of World health organization (WHO) and Environmental Health Organization(EPA). Results: The mean concentration of PM 10 , PM 2.5 and PM 1 in indoor class air was reported higher compared to the outdoor air. The indoor and outdoor air quality of schools in terms of Air Quality Index9 (AQI Calculator) indicated an average condition for PM10, and an unhealthy condition for PM 2.5 in regard with the vulnerable groups. A significant relationship was detected between indoor and outdoor air concentration particles (P<0.05). The mean indoor per outdoor air particles ratio (I/O) was 1.68, 1.31, 1.46 respectively for PM 10 , PM 2.5 , PM 1 . Conclusion: The study findings revealed a significant relationship between indoor and outdoor suspended particle concentration demonstrating the particles penetration into the classrooms. Therefore, utilizing appropriate air conditioner systems are regarded effective in order to mitigate indoor class


Day 1, Session 1Inauguration took place at the beautiful NDU campus, in the brand-new building, Fares Hall. Delegates and helpers began to trickle in. When did you arrive? How long did it take? were the usual questions, although they didn't prompt the usual answers. Most of us were in Lebanon for the first time. A smaller conference than many, with lots of new faces. Naji Oueijan (Notre Dame, Louaize) thanked those who had made the conference possible, including the sponsors, Byblos Bank and ENJM. John Clubbe expressed pleasure that a Lebanon conference was finally in place. Peter Myrian (Greek Byron Society) announced that Byron Raizis had decided to step down as Joint President of the IBS: unfortunately Byron was unwell and couldn't be there himself. Replicas of a Phoenician man were gifted to the Joint Presidents of IBS by the President of Notre Dame University, which was followed by a dance by students of NDU, refreshments, and then an evening at a local pub to sample Lebanon's excellent Almaza beer. Most delegates were staying at the NDU guest house; the rest took taxis to their hotel. Beirut's public transport system is largely taxis.Day 2, Session 2: Keynote talk by John Clubbe (Joint President, IBS), 'Byron: A Poet sans Frontiers'John's personal choice of representative figures for the study of Romanticism were Beethoven, Napoleon, Goya, Goethe and Byron, for Romanticism, he said, was a multilingual, multinational, international movement, more European than British. This was Elma Dangerfield's vision, said John in the course of his brief history of the IBS since the 1970s, which was a part of his keynote address. All the academic sessions at NDU were held in the Abou Khater Hall of the library complex.Day 2, Session 3: Byron and HistoryThe variety of papers in the first session anticipated the tone of the rest of the conference. In her comparative study of siege culture, Nora Liassis (European University, Cyprus) suggested that Byron's Siege of Corinth may have been the inspiration for Robert Hugman's The Siege of Nicosia, or the Fall of Mustapha (1833), which has not been written about so far. Andreas Makridis's (Athens News Agency) absorbing multimedia account of Byron's image during the Greek civil conflict (1944-49), gathered from newspapers and films, focused on the story of the Lord Byron Company of Students, a left-wing resistance group that fought against the Nazis and was targeted by the British when the war was over. Once the group seemed to have been quelled, in a move to keep Greece in the Western block, the British too invoked Byron's name to 'prove' the long history of England's interest in Greek independence. What happened to the Lord Byron Company of Students? Some of them - for example Mikos Theodorakis - became famous. Others either stayed on in Greece or emigrated to communist countries. Peter Myrian mentioned the Byron district in Athens where leftists used to live. A poor district, it was also home to refugees. Due to an unfortunate and rare glitch in the sound system, Andreas couldn't finish his talk but he promised to upload the Byron song on YouTube.Following Andreas was Emily Rohrbach (Northwestern University, USA), at her first International Byron Conference. She spoke about 'Byron and the Genres of History', a rich paper about the Romantics' concern with how the present was to be remembered. The past can be represented in limited ways, a teeming present is impossible to narrate linearly, but not knowing what lies ahead, future history is rife with dormant potential narratives. In the last session of the conference, David McClay (National Library of Scotland) dealt with the issue from another perspective, namely that Byron used, intervened in, and altered biography by controlling how he would be remembered. To this end, he created an archive - of letters, a long memoir, diaries, notices, and even Mrs Byron's household accounts - depositing them with various people to ensure their safety. …


This article analyzes the modifications of material culture and wealth in Vale do Paraopeba/MG over seven decades (1840/1914). It assumes that the end of slavery in an economy of internal supply profoundly changed the relationship of society with their objects, goods and equipment in the domestic and labor world. This argument leads to consequences regarding the possession of slaves, the appreciation of land, the fractionation of properties and the dispersion of great fortunes after 1888. Such issues could only be observed and criticized due to a database composed of 761 post-mortem inventories and other supplementary documents. It is the history of these material changes that it will be to discuss in this article.


We apply phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography to image multiple nanoparticle species with two excitation wavelengths matched to their distinct absorption peaks. Using different modulation frequencies, multiple species collocated within the sample can be distinguished. In addition, we characterize single-pulse excitation schemes as a method to minimize bulk heating of the sample. We demonstrate this new scheme with B-mode photothermal measurements of tissue phantoms.


The Virginia landscape supports a remarkable diversity of forests, from maritime dunes, swamp forests, and pine savannas of the Atlantic coastal plain, to post-agricultural pine-hardwood forests of the piedmont, to mixed oak, mixed-mesophytic, northern hardwood, and high elevation conifer forests in Appalachian mountain provinces. Virginia's forests also have been profoundly shaped by disturbance. Chestnut blight, hemlock woolly adelgid, emerald ash borer, and other pests have caused declines or functional extirpation of foundation species. Invasive plants like multiflora rose, Oriental bittersweet, and Japanese stiltgrass threaten both disturbed and intact forests. Oaks and other fire-dependent species have declined with prolonged fire suppression, encouraging compositional shifts to maple, beech, and other mesophytic species. Agriculture has left lasting impacts on soil and microsite variations, and atmospheric nitrogen deposition has led to soil acidification, nutrient loss, and diversity declines. And, future changes associated with climate warming are expected to influence species distributions and habitat quality, particularly for hemlock-northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests. These and other disturbances will continue to shape Virginia's forests, influencing species interactions, successional trajectories, and susceptibility to invasive plants and secondary stressors, and initiating broader impacts on forest diversity, ecosystem processes, and habitat resources for associated species and neighboring ecosystems.


This report documents the development of a procedure to determine the structural adequacy and need of seasonal axle load restrictions for Minnesota low-volume roads. This procedure has been implemented into a new program, TONN2010. Since it is anticipated that the results of this study will be widely used by Mn/DOT, city, and county engineers, as well as consulting engineers involved in analysis of the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data collected by the transportation agencies, an emphasis was made on development of a simple, easy to implement procedure. To simplify the procedure's implementation, the number of inputs was minimized. TONN2010 utilizes pavement layer thicknesses, FWD deflection basins, air temperature of the previous day, pavement surface temperature at the time of testing, pavement location, and anticipated traffic. All the inputs required by TONN2010 can be easily obtained by the user. Using these inputs, TONN2010 proceeds to 1) backcalculate layer moduli using the backcalculation procedure developed in this study, 2) adjust the backcalculated moduli using MnPAVE temperature and seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) estimate pavement axle load capacity by mechanistic-empirical analysis. In addition to detailing TONN2010, the report further describes selection of the damage models, development of the backcalculation design procedure, determination of the critical structural responses, development of new structural rating indexes, and finally the calibration and validation of the proposed procedure.


Objectives & Background "Life like" end-tidal CO2 production has been reported in frozen cadaver during intubation training. There is currently no human model of CPR, however the new technique of post-mortem CT (PMCT) uses CPR to circulate injected contrast for an enhanced CT scan to aid the diagnosis of the cause of death. This might give the potential to compare different methods of CPR. This procedure also allowed us to examine ETCO2 production, to see if the previous single observation could be reproduced. Methods The patient was an elderly female without known abnormality of the airway, who had been in a temperature-controlled environment at 4 degrees centigrade for 32 hours after death with no other preservation. She was intubated and approximately 60 minutes later ventilation was commenced. End-tidal CO2 was measured from the start of ventilation using continuous waveform capnography (Propaq CS Monitor, Model 246, Software version 3.7X, Welch Allyn). After eight minutes of ventilation a right ante-cubital venous injection of contrast was given and two minutes of chest compressions performed using a Lucas device. Ventilation was then stopped on an inspiratory hold and a whole body CT was undertaken. The project had Research Ethics Committee approval and was supported by a Resuscitation Council (UK) grant. Consent was obtained from relatives. Results The initial ETCO2 levels were high (6kPa), then decreased rapidly confirming previous findings. A novel observation was that the level of CO2 rose again (albeit at low levels) when CPR was started, presumably due to effective circulation. The post-mortem CT confirmed circulation had been achieved, as contrast was seen in the pulmonary vessels, and also confirmed that the endotracheal tube placement. A further novel finding was that end-tidal CO2 was again higher after the pause in ventilation required for the CT scan, presumably due to diffusion of CO2 down a concentration gradient created by the ventilation-induced fall in alveolar partial pressure. Conclusion This initial case suggests that end-tidal CO2 in cadavers might have a role; (a) in a protocol for post-mortem CT (as it may indicate effective ventilation and circulation of contrast), or (b) in the comparison of the effectiveness of different methods of CPR. Figure 1


The proposed Energy East pipeline project has raised concerns about potential oil spills in Saint John, New Brunswick. While environmental conditions could pose challenges for using mechanical recovery methods if a spill occurs, chemical dispersant could be an alternative. However, the application of chemical dispersant in shallow water and costal zones remains an issue of debate. Furthermore, the effectiveness of chemical dispersant under different seasonal conditions is yet to be determined. This study attempts to describe a modelling effort to understand the probable distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in Port Saint John following a hypothetical release of crude oil to which dispersant is applied during different seasons. A three-dimensional model was used to simulate the transport of oil with a release of 1,000 m3 of Arabian light crude in the summer and winter. A stochastic approach took into account the uncertainties of environmental inputs. The results were a significant reduction of oil ashore, and enhanced biodegradation with dispersant application. However, these effects were accompanied by an increase of oil in the sediment and water column, which is a concern. While the results are only conclusive for the selected scenarios of summer and winter, the method could be applied to other months and seasons to support more detailed analysis regarding dispersant application.


In the current economic condition, performance of an organization depends on and is conditional on the quality and timeliness of decisions made by managers. Making the best decisions implies a large amount of data that enables the development of complex analysis. Obtaining this amount of data is possible because of a powerful system, providing users fast in presenting data and provide opportunities for complex analysis and tentative. Thus, data warehouses and Tuesday in support of economic organizations to store such large amounts of data, to ensure analysis and extraction tools necessary and relevant information for decision making.


A hybrid scholarly-research paper on the use of multibeam sonar data in seafloor mapping and seafloor analysis was written to satisfy Honors Program requirements. Literature review of multibeam sonar technology explored the improving concept of mapping the seafloor via acoustic methods. The review also investigated improvements and applications of multibeam data analysis techniques, which have the ability to map the seafloor as well as characterize the seafloor by morphology or sediment content. The review then explored previous studies conducted on the Little River Inlet, SC, finding the inlet to be particularly understudied in the field of sediment morphology. Three multibeam sonar surveys conducted within the span of 20 months were analyzed to investigate changes in Little River Inlet morphology over time. Two surveys allowed for an investigation of the effects of Hurricane Matthew on the inlet as well. Lack of spatial coverage or water flow data for the inlet resulted in inconclusive findings. Bedform elongation and migration in some areas after Hurricane Matthew suggests elevated fresh water inputs, although further comprehensive studies are needed to verify and quantify the theory. While bedform asymmetry suggests a long-term sediment transport seaward, pattern migration near the inlet's entrance suggests landward migration over time. Further intensive surveying and analysis is needed to better understand the Little River Inlet morphology, and how large storm events can affect inlets of this type.


Repeated use of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in recent years has resulted in the selection of 89 weed species resistant to these herbicides. One management strategy that can eliminate or slow the development of resistance is applying mixtures of herbicides with different modes of action. This research involved the characterization of ALS-inhibiting herbicide-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), as well as investigations on weed management programs in corn (Zea mays L.) utilizing mesotrione, a triketone, in mixtures with other herbicides. ALS-inhibiting herbicide-resistant smooth pigweed biotypes were collected from fields in Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania to evaluate response to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and to determine the molecular mechanisms of resistance. Sequencing of the ALS genes from these biotypes revealed two amino acid substitutions known to confer resistance, Ala122 to Thr and Ser653 to Asn, and one that has not been previously reported in plants, Asp376 to Glu. The smooth pigweed biotype with an Asp376 substitution displayed resistance to four classes of ALS-inhibiting herbicides that included imidazolinone (IMI), sulfonylurea (SU), pyrimidinylthiobenzoate (PTB), and triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide (TP) chemistries. Transformation of this smooth pigweed ALS gene into Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed that the Asp376 substitution is responsible for the resistance. Other biotypes that had a substitution at Ala122 exhibited resistance to an IMI herbicide, little to no resistance to SU herbicides, and increased sensitivity to a PTB and a TP herbicide, whereas, biotypes that had a substitution at Ser653 exhibited high-level resistance to an IMI herbicide and lower resistance to PTB and SU herbicides. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mesotrione in preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) corn weed management programs in Virginia. Mesotrione applied PRE in mixtures with S-metolachlor and atrazine controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), smooth pigweed, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) species when a timely rainfall followed application. POST applications of mesotrione controlled common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed, but common ragweed and morningglory species were not always controlled. Common ragweed and morningglory species were controlled by mesotrione in a mixture with atrazine POST. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) control was generally better when the ALS-inhibiting herbicides nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron or rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron plus atrazine were applied in a mixture with mesotrione. Mixtures of mesotrione with other POST herbicides in a total POST program produced corn yields comparable to standard PRE followed by POST weed management programs.


The development of auxospores and initial cells of the freshwater chain-forming diatom Ellerbeckia arenaria forma arenaria was studied using light and electron microscopy. Whether the auxospore mother cell is formed vegetatively (parthenogenesis) or through autogamy is still a matter for speculation. Because no signs of spermiogenesis could be detected in our material, we exclude oogamy. Further development involves retraction of the protoplast from the epivalve and the formation of a featureless siliceous cap with a central opening on its free surface. The homology and function of this cap remain uncertain. At the other end of the cell the protoplast remains tightly attached to the hypovalve throughout its further development. This hypovalve always has a concave valve face. An organic wall bearing many layers of overlapping, small silica scales begins to be formed while the cell is still enclosed within the mother cell wall, and allows the auxospore to swell, thus breaking the siliceous cap and girdle bands. External and internal surfaces of scales can be distinguished morphologically. Initial valves are formed internal to the scales at an oblique angle to the parent chain. The initial epivalve always faces the hypotheca of the auxospore mother cell, and the initial valves already show elements of the heterovalvy manifest in the vegetative cells. The significance of the observations in terms of ecology and phylogeny is discussed. The combinations Ellerbeckia arenaria (Moore ex Ralfs) R. M. Crawford, and E. arenaria forma teres (Brun ex Schmidt) R. M. Crawford are made.