Objective: To describe timelines and challenges encountered in obtaining ethics and governance approvals for an Australian multi-centre audit study involving 100 public (n=22) and private (n=78) sites from three health sectors and all eight Australian states and territories.

Methods: We determined and compared the processes, documentation and number of business days required to prepare applications and obtain research ethics and governance approvals.

Results: In total, the full ethics and governance process (calculated from the date the first application was started to the date the final approval was granted) took 203 business days (79% of the study timeline). Standard risk ethics applications (n=4) took a median of 17 business days (range 3-35) to prepare and 32 business days (range 17-67) to be approved; expedited ethics applications (n=4) a median of 5 business days (range 1-20) to prepare and 10 business days (range 1-44) to be approved. Governance approvals (n=23) took a median of 27 business days (range 4-63) to prepare and 20 business days (range 4-61) to be approved. Challenges included the lack of a nationwide single-site ethical review process, the extensive time required to duplicate content across applications, variability in application requirements and submission systems, and contract negotiations.

Conclusion: Further improvements are needed to reduce duplication and increase the efficiency of Australian ethics and governance review processes.


Generative adversarial networks (GANs) aim to generate realistic data from some prior distribution (e.g., Gaussian noises). However, such prior distribution is often independent of real data and thus may lose semantic information (e.g., geometric structure or content in images) of data. In practice, the semantic information might be represented by some latent distribution learned from data, which, however, is hard to be used for sampling in GANs. In this paper, rather than sampling from the pre-defined prior distribution, we propose a Local Coordinate Coding (LCC) based sampling method to improve GANs. We derive a generalization bound for LCC based GANs and prove that a small dimensional input is sufficient to achieve good generalization. Extensive experiments on various real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


There is a lack of critical research addressing racism as a dynamic of mental health in schools. In the critical view, US schools mirror a social system built on an ideology of white supremacy; the US school system may perpetuate racial trauma for students of color. Teachers who demonstrate culturally competent identities in practice have important roles to play in counteracting racial trauma and promoting the mental health of students of color. This qualitative study explores how culturally competent teachers make sense of their identities, how they make sense of their students' identities to build relationships, and how they understand student identities contributing to mental health. Extending Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Relational Cultural Theory (RCT), this dissertation proposes a new framework for understanding cultural competence at the intersection of racism and mental health, Critical School Mental Health Praxis (CrSMHP). CrSMHP challenges models of resiliency which put the onus on the victim to overcome circumstances. It instead targets the root cause of the traumas, oppressive social systems and their perpetuation in schools. Cultural competence in CrSMHP focuses on dismantling oppressive systems through systematic critical reflection and practice. Using portraiture, this dissertation paints the stories of three culturally competent teachers in order to illustrate the lived experience of such critical reflection and practice. Common to the lived experience of each teacher are the following practices: the intentionality of relationship-building, the encouragement of a climate of critical questioning, and the embedded nature of activism. These practices help further define a 5-point implementation plan for CrSMHP as a profession-wide approach to confronting the mental health dimensions of racism-derived racial trauma in US schools.


This article examines the mismatch between the political discourse around individual agency, education, and financial literacy, and the actual racial wealth gap. The authors argue that the racial wealth gap is rooted in socioeconomic and political structure barriers rather than a disdain for or underachievement in education or financial literacy on the part of Black Americans, as might be suggested by the conventional wisdom. Also, the article presents a stratification economic lens as an alternative to the conventional wisdom to better understand why the racial wealth gap persists.


The title of this research is "Intern Controll Evaluation System to Government and Cash Expending in Bojonegoro Municipal Waterworks" The purpose of this research is (1) to describe how far is Intern Controll Evaluation System to acceptance and cash expending in Bojonegoro Municipal Waterworks application, (2) to identify the problems that connect with Intern Controll Evaluation System to acceptance and cash expending in Bojonegoro Municipal Waterworks. Based on the problem matter theory and basic theory which has writer explained by the writer, took hypothesis to this research problem is (1) Organization Structure analysis which separate functional responsibility (2) Cash flow recording responsibility and procedure analysis (3) Practical healthy analysis in function and role implementation each organization unit. (4) Excellent employee according to it's responsibility analysis. This research is descriptive case study characterized is a research which has done and based on the field incident. Data raising technique in this research using (1) Interview, is collecting data with answering questions from organization who have authority in cash flow composing report process. (2) Documentation, collecting data with studying, copying and using reports, company form organizational structur, balance and loss profit reports, cash acceptance and expending andbank account code shaped. From the writer's analysis result, so the conclusion as following: (1) Cash acceptance in Bojonegoro Municipal Waterworks is well organized, this can be seen with files existence in each part that connect with finance problem. (2) Big amount of cash expending is using transferred type not money, to decrease the risks. (3) At the Bojonegoro Municipal Waterworks sub area is well worked, this can be seen with orgaizational structure role appropriate with it's authority and function. From conclusion above, so the writer give advice that developed characterized for Bojonegoro Municipal Waterworks. To the future Bojonegoro Municipal Waterworks must increase the employees work effectiveness from every sub area, so they can achieve the maximal purpose. Especially at the finance sub area, because corruption often happen


This paper summarises key results from our research about post-enlargement mobility in the EU. We clarify its scope, composition and effects; labour market situation of mobile workers; the role of labour mobility as a vehicle of economic stabilisation; as well as brain circulation and return migration. We also outline a policy agenda for a labour mobility model for a vibrant EU, enabling Europe to cope with labour market imbalances and asymmetric economic shocks, and providing for a more prosperous, cohesive and equal EU.


Soybean has become one of the most important crops to the United States, resulting in a need to improve its disease resistance. The objectives of this study were to 1) design primers and develop PCR-based markers from disease-related expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and resistance gene analogues (RGAs), 2) assess the utility of such markers by diversity analysis of 12 soybean parental lines, and 3) search for possible association of the markers with known disease resistance genes by constructing a linkage map. The diversity analysis will allow this study to determine how well each marker can distinguish genotypes in soybean. Identifying the location of our markers in the soybean genome with the linkage map, will allow those related to disease resistance to be selected. A total of 202 simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) markers were constructed using a set of 1218 disease-related ESTs. Furthermore, 22 markers were constructed using previously identified RGA sequences. Both sets of markers were able to detect polymorphism in the diversity analysis. Also, 48 of the SSLPs, five of the RGAs, and 150 molecular markers were used to construct a soybean linkage map using 114 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Several markers mapped to chromosomal regions known to contain disease resistance genes. This study has created a framework map, which will be useful for identifying the location of resistance genes, marker-assisted selection for resistance, discovering novel resistance genes, and understanding genome organization of resistance pathways in soybean. An effective approach to develop "candidate gene" markers has been demonstrated.


Purpose: This research was carried out as an effort to encourage performance improvement of renewable energy industry development in Indonesia and effort needs to be supported by development of optimal partnership strategies through dynamic capabilities, supply chain performance and right regulations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of partnership strategy of renewable energy companies in creating a better business performance in Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is based on data collection and testing of renewable power plant company models and test data using partial least square equipped with various supporting data obtained from government institutions. Findings: Dynamic capability with average value, supply chain performance and overall regulations have been determined with conditions that are not optimal in all variables studied so that they influence implementation of partnership strategy. Practical Implications: In optimal conditions it is expected that power plant industry is able to provide sustainable electricity supply in line with ever-increasing demand, expand electrification reach to remote villages, able to transform use of primary energy sources from fossils to environmentally friendly renewable energy where potential is widely spread throughout region. Originality/Value: The study is expected to be reference for further research relating to development of partnership strategy model in improving business performance that is influenced by dynamic capability, supply chain performance and regulation framework.


How concentrated is the market for medical malpractice (med mal) legal representation? Do successful plaintiffs' lawyers start off with better cases to begin with, do they add more value to the cases they handle, or both? How do top plaintiffs' lawyers market their services, and where did they go to school? How large are the "wages of risk" — the compensation to plaintiffs' lawyers for working on contingency? How often do plaintiffs proceed pro se, and with what results? We address these questions using a data set of every insured med mal case closed in Illinois during 2000–2010. We show that most plaintiffs have a lawyer. We quantify the market share, case mix, and amounts recovered by the 1,317 law firms that handled med mal cases in our sample, stratify the firms into four tiers, and assess differences across tiers. We find that the market for plaintiff‐side med mal representation is both unconcentrated and highly stratified. At all firms, a small number of cases account for a heavily disproportionate share of total recoveries. We use the extensive covariates in our data to (imperfectly) address sample selection, and to estimate the effect of having a lawyer and law firm tier on outcomes. Controlling for observable claim characteristics, having a lawyer predicts a large increase in the probability of prevailing and the estimated recovery. Higher‐tier firms have only modestly higher success rates, but substantially higher estimated recoveries. However, the differences shrink and are statistically insignificant when we compare first‐tier to second‐tier firms. This suggests that there are substantial benefits to having a lawyer — and a higher‐tier lawyer — but diminishing marginal returns at the top of the market. Assuming that there is some unobserved case selection, our findings provide a plausible upper bound on the "value added" by different tiers of plaintiffs' lawyers.


(ABSTRACT) With the increasing use of composite materials for diverse applications ranging from civil infrastructure to offshore oil exploration, the durability of these materials is an important issue. Practical and accurate models for lifetime will enable engineers to push the boundaries of design and make the most efficient use of composite materials, while at the same time maintaining the utmost standards of safety. The work described in this dissertation is an effort to predict the strength and rupture lifetime of a unidirectional carbon fiber/polymer matrix composite using micromechanical techniques. Sources of material variability are incorporated into these models to predict probabilistic distributions for strength and lifetime. This approach is best suited to calculate material reliability for a desired lifetime under a given set of external conditions. A systematic procedure, with experimental verification at each important step, is followed to develop the predictive models in this dissertation. The work begins with an experimental and theoretical understanding of micromechanical stress redistribution due to fiber fractures in unidirectional composite materials. In-situ measurements of fiber stress redistribution are made in macromodel composites where the fibers are large enough that strain gages can be mounted directly onto the fibers. The measurements are used to justify and develop a new form of load sharing where the load of the broken fiber is redistributed only onto the nearest adjacent neighbors. The experimentally verified quasi-static load sharing is incorporated into a Monte Carlo simulation for tensile strength modeling. Very good agreement is shown between the predicted and experimental strength distribution of a unidirectional composite. For the stress-rupture models a time and temperature dependent load-sharing analysis is developed to compute stresses due an arbitrary sequence of fiber fractures. The load sharing is incorporated into a simulation for stress rupture lifetime. The model can be used to help understand and predict the role of temperature in accelerated measurement of stress-rupture lifetimes. It is suggested that damage in the gripped section of purely unidirectional specimens often leads to inaccurate measurements of rupture lifetime. Hence, rupture lifetimes are measured for [90/0 3 ] s carbon fiber/polymer matrix specimens where surface 90• plies protect the 0• plies from damage. Encouraging comparisons are made between the experimental and predicted lifetimes of the [90/0 3 ] s laminate. Finally, it is shown that the strength-life equal rank assumption is erroneous because of fundamental differences between quasi-static and stress-rupture failure behaviors in unidirectional polymer composites. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …


In this paper, a multistage linear programming method of pattern recognition is proposed. The usual n-dimensional linear program has been split up into n stages of a one-dimensional linear program in such a way that more and more patterns belonging to two classes A and B are correctly classified as we proceed to higher and higher stages. It has been shown that if the threshold is kept fixed for ali the stages, the formulation of the problem entails a preprocessing of the feature coordinates; on the other hand, if the threshold is allowed to be different values in different stages, no such preprocessing is required. The application of the proposed method for the recognition of two handwritten Bengali characters has been discussed and compared with the results of other methods.


Are some criminals born, not made? What causes violence and how can we treat it? An Anatomy of Violence introduces readers to new ways of looking at these age-old questions. Drawing on the latest scientific research, Adrian Raine explains what it reveals about the brains of murderers, psychopaths and serial killers. Anti-social behaviour is complex, he argues, and based on the interaction between genetics and the biological and social environment in which a person is raised. But the latest statistical evidence between certain types of biological and early behavioural warning signs is also very strong. These are among the thorny issues we can no longer ignore and this book is an important milestone in our growing understanding of criminal behaviour.


This paper discusses measurements of the dynamic performance of electric power phaser measurement units, PMUs, and their relation to the requirements of the IEEE synchrophasor standard C37.118-2005. In particular, it proposes a new method for monitoring the dynamic power signals that change in amplitude and frequency during the testing of PMUs. The new method estimates the reference values for dynamic power signals so they can be compared with the PMU values to determine the PMU's errors. This requires estimating the "true" timestamped values of dynamic power signals with low uncertainty. The paper also discusses the issue of aliasing of sampled dynamic signals, and the relationship between the requirement in the standard to reject an out of band or interharmonic signal and dynamic signal performance.


In addition to a class of adjectives inherited from Proto-Bantu, characterized by a set of class agreement prefixes identical to the class prefixes of nouns, Tswana has words expressing meanings of the type commonly expressed by adjectives. These occur in the same syntactic positions as the words traditionally identified as adjectives, but different from them in class agreement morphology, since the agreement prefixes they take in attributive function are different from the class prefixes of nouns, and coincide with the subject markers attached to non-verbal predicates in descriptive predication. Most of these words also have nominal uses with meanings related to the meanings they express as adjectives. The paper concludes that the 'new adjectives' constitute an emerging word class whose development follows from the use of nouns as descriptive predicates in a predicative construction typically used with adjectives in predicate function.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine vulnerability conditions to flood disasters in Tokwe-Mukorsi community, Zimbabwe and identifies the barriers that constrained the community from relocating to safe sites.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a questionnaire survey, field observations and interviews, the paper examines the biophysical and social vulnerability of the Tokwe-Mukorsi community, Zimbabwe, as well as the barriers that prevented it from relocating to safe sites. A thematic analysis of the large volumes of qualitative data from interviews and walk-through analyses was conducted. Descriptive statistics were used in analysing quantitative data from questionnaires.

Findings

Results reveal that households living upstream and downstream of the dam were highly vulnerable to floods. Their biophysical vulnerability was partly induced by the construction of the dam whose basin encroached into the farming and settlement area. The extremely vulnerable group were households living below level of 660 m where five saddle dams had been constructed. The built environment of the community exhibited ignorance of standard building codes. The poor socio-economic conditions of the community and the incessant rains experienced over two weeks contributed to the flood disaster in early 2014. The Tokwe-Mukorsi community failed to relocate to safe places partly due to lack of compensation, absence of basic infrastructure and drought occurrence in relocation sites.

Research limitations/implications

The calculation of social vulnerability indices is beyond the scope of this study due to non-availability of quantitative data at community level.

Originality/value

This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of why some communities may fail to relocate despite being highly vulnerable to flood disasters.


There is no known cure for Crohn's disease (CD), but a better understanding of the evidence base of both established treatments (such as enteral nutrition, corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylates and immunosuppressive agents) and emerging treatments (such as the anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) agents, infliximab and adalimumab) provides opportunities to improve and maintain the quality of life for children with the disease. This article provides an overview of the evidence base of current medical treatments that are used to induce and maintain remission in CD. Exclusive enteral nutrition is recommended as the first line of treatment for the induction of remission in paediatric CD. Corticosteroids are also effective for inducing remission but may be associated with significant adverse events. Patients with chronically active CD may benefit from immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine and methotrexate. Infliximab is effective for inducing remission in patients who continue to have significant active disease despite the use of conventional treatments. Adalimumab may be indicated for patients who develop a severe allergic reaction to infliximab or those who initially respond to infliximab but subsequently lose their response. Treatments that have been shown to be effective for the maintenance of remission include azathioprine, methotrexate, infliximab and adalimumab. Recent evidence also suggests that long-term enteral nutritional supplementation with patients taking about half of their daily calorie requirements as enteral nutrition may be an effective strategy for the maintenance of remission in CD. The available evidence does not support the use of corticosteroids or 5-aminosalicylates as maintenance therapy for CD.


This article reports on the e‐Framework Reference Model for Assessment (FREMA) project that aimed at creating a reference model for the assessment domain: a guide to what resources (standards, projects, people, organisations, software, services and use cases) exist for the domain, aimed at helping strategists understand the state of e‐learning assessment, and helping developers to place their work in context and thus the community to build coherent systems. This article describes the rationale and method of developing the FREMA model and how it may be used. We delivered FREMA via a heavily interlinked website. Because the resulting network of resources was so complex, we required a method of providing users with a structured navigational method that helped them explore and identify resources useful to them. This led us to look at how overviews of e‐learning domains have been handled previously, and to work towards our own concept maps that ploted the topology of the domain. FREMA represents an evolving view of the domain and therefore we developed the website into a Semantic Wiki, thereby allowing the assessment community to record their own projects and services and thus to grow the reference model over time.


Abstract Aspiring principals were surveyed about their perceptions and training in regard to conflict management. Subjects reported positive attitudes about conflict and were confident in their conflict management skills when dealing with students. Subjects were less confident in their conflict management skills when dealing with parents and supervisors. Conflict management training consisting of authentic, school-based activities should be intensified in principal preparation programs. Introduction School leaders encounter conflict on a frequent basis (Martin and Willower, 1981). They are also the primary builders of consensus and collaboration on their campuses (Leithwood, Begley, and Cousins, 1992).Teachers under their supervision encounter conflict in their efforts to educate children (Cornille, Pestle, and Vanwy, 1999). While conflict can be negative and destructive, it can also result in positive changes within an organization (Putnam, 1997). Researchers have identified the knowledge base and skills necessary for the development of successful school leaders. Conflict management is among those skills (Wilmore, 2003). However, few public school leaders have had the support and training necessary to engage in constructive conflict management, further limiting opportunities to teach and model conflict management skills to others (Coleman and Fisher-Yoshida, 2004). This study focused specifically upon the following questions about conflict management skills in future campus administrators: 1. What are the main sources of conflict management training for prospective school leaders? 2. Within which conflict management contexts do prospective school leaders need additional training? 3. What perceptions do prospective school leaders have about the frequency of conflict they will encounter relative to the following sources: students, parents, teachers, and supervisors (superintendent, assistant/associate superintendents, director, and executive directors). Theoretical Perspective Several researchers have contributed to the study of conflict management in organizations. Thomas (1976) suggested that five distinct styles of conflict management exist within organizations, including collaboration, accommodation, competition, compromise, and avoidance. Katz and Lawyer (1993) submitted that effective approaches to conflict include reflective listening, maintenance of civility, separation of positions from interests, and the delineation of group goals along with consideration of the interests of all who have a stake in the problem. Deutsch (1994) maintained that unfavorable social contexts required conflict managers to be skillful at removing themselves from the context in order to observe and make conscious decisions. Deutsch and Coleman (2000) developed large-group conflict management methods designed for three major purposes: creating the future, approaching work, and addressing specific problems. Welch (2001) developed the O.F.T.E.N. strategy for conflict management, consisting of observation, feelings, thinking, expectations, and negotiation. The need for effective conflict management training methods was addressed by Horowitz and Boardman (1994) who recommended formative and summative evaluation of programs to determine the best methods. Bartsch and Cheurprakobkit (2002) determined that principals in their study considered conflict resolution training to be a staff development priority. Cornille, Pestle, and Vanwy (1999) recommended continuing education for teachers, emphasizing the most effective styles of conflict management for different situations. Deutsch (1994) suggested that effective conflict management training must emphasize social and cognitive skills. However, Deutsch maintained that training which focuses upon social and cognitive skills is difficult because of the lack of realistic feedback and because these skills cannot be developed through independent practice (Deutsch, 1994). …


Stilbenoids are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds produced de novo in many plant species to protect against fungal infection and toxins. Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene), a stilbenoid isolated from grapes and many species of plants, is widely known for its extensive bioactivities, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Recently, many novel resveratrol oligomers have been isolated from various plants. While their structures are diverse, these oligomers are characterized by the polymerization of two or more resveratrol units. Little is known regarding the bioactivities of these novel resveratrol oligomers. We hypothesized that these oligomers might have similar or superior bioactivities to resveratrol. In this study, we designed in vitro models to compare resveratrol side by side with natural dimers (ε-viniferin and gnetin H) and trimers (suffruticosol B and C) from plants for their bioactivities. Our data showed that these oligomers, similar to resveratrol, had many activities such as downregulation of cancer cell proliferation, upregulation of normal keratinocyte growth, and the modulation of the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. Furthermore, these oligomers appeared to have higher cytotoxicity than resveratrol in normal human blood cells; the order was the trimers (suffruticosol B and C) > dimers (ε-viniferin and gnetin H) > monomer (resveratrol). However, only suffruticosol C, gnetin H and resveratrol showed anticancer activity against human T98G glioblastoma cells at lower concentrations. No correlation between anticancer or immunomodulating effects and the degree of polymerization was observed. Our results provide some preliminary evidences that resveratrol oligomers could be potential preventive or therapeutic agents for cancers and other immune-related diseases. As far as any superiority of efficacy of these stilbenoids is concerned, more extensive studies are definitely needed.


This paper examines the phenomenon of noon in John Clare's poetry. Drawing heavily on Deleuze's notion of the middle or the intermezzo, this paper makes the case that Clare's noon or midday is an exploration of what Deleuze calls life's "meantimes (des entre-temps), between-moments," and one that importantly offers us a view into the experience of the intermezzo. For Clare, noon affords a new mode of perception, one that he repeatedly frames as a shattered vision: at noon "it seems / As if crooked bits of glass / Seem'd repeatedley to pass" (6-8). While also considering the appearance of noon in the work of Clare's contemporaries, such as Shelley and Constable, the uniquely shattered vision that accompanies Clare's experience of this seemingly ubiquitous spacetime is a way to see the world in a different way outside of our routinized or habitualized modes of everyday perception. Furthermore, against a dominant tradition that imagines thought as taking flight at dusk (following Hegel), Clare's turn to noon offers thought a different line of flight. For Clare, midday becomes an important moment of knowledge, a defamiliarized moment of shattered perception, a creative synthetic event of sympoeisis, that is, the practice of mixing and making together.


This study is designed to investigate any possible differences in students' learning of grammar by two teaching methods of discrete-point and integrative teaching on one hand and the relationship between learning styles of field dependence/independence and these methods on the other hand. After administering a proficiency test, 25 students with the mean score and one standard deviation below and above the mean were selected to take part in the GEFT (Group embedded figures test) to be identified based on their degree of field dependence & independence. Then, two groups each containing10 participants with both learning styles (each class contained 5 FD and 5 FI) took part in the experiment. The first group was taught some selected grammatical points with the discrete-point method and the second group with the integrative method. After the treatment, the participants' grammar knowledge was assessed by a grammar test containing 50 items and analyzed for the possible effect of the styles on learning and the probable superiority of one grammar teaching method over the other. The results of analysis indicated that integrative grammar teaching led to better learning of grammar in comparison with the discrete-point method. Furthermore, FD learners took more advantage of an integrative method while the FIs benefited better from the discrete-point approach. The findings of this study has implications for teachers suggesting them to take into consideration individual differences to apply the best teaching methods appropriate for different learners.


One of the most important problems in quantum physics is to find the energy eigenvalues for Schrodinger's equation. This equation is exactly solvable only for a small class of potentials. For one-particle problems numerical solutions can always be obtained, but in the absence of exact solutions, the next best thing is an analytical formula for an approximation, such as energy bound. In this thesis we use geometrical techniques such as the envelope method to obtain analytical spectral bounds for Schrodinger's equation for wide classes of potential. Our geometrical approach leans heavily on the comparison theorem, to the effect that V 1 < V 2 [implies] E 1 < E 2 . For the bottom of an angular-momentum subspace it is possible to generalize the comparison theorem by allowing the comparison potentials V 1 and V 2 to cross over in a controlled way and still imply spectral ordering E 1 < E 2 . We prove and use these theorems to sharper some earlier upper and lower bounds obtained using the 'envelope method'. In chapter two we introduce the envelope method that is used in the subsequent chapters. In chapter three we study the Hellmann potential in quantum physics: we prove that discrete eigenvalues exist and we obtain formulae for upper and lower bounds to them. In chapter four, we prove the existence of a discrete spectrum for the cutoff-Coulomb potential, and we obtain upper and lower-bound formulae. In chapter five we prove the monotonicity of the wave function |( r ) for the ground state in the case of attractive central potentials in N N spatial dimensions. By using this result we establish some generalized comparison theorems in which the comparison potentials intersect. We use these theorems, together with the sum approximation, to improve the upper and the lower bounds obtained earlier with the aid of the envelope method. In chapter six, we study the representation P ( q ) for the eigenvalues E ( q ) of the operator H = -x + sgn(q)r q defined by E ( q ) = [Special characters omitted.] . It had earlier been proved that P ( q ) is monotone increasing. We strengthen this result for the ground state (and the bottom of each angular-momentum subspace) by using the generalized comparison theorems to prove that a new function Q ( q ) = Z ( q ) P ( q ) is monotone increasing, where the factor Z ( q ) is monotone decreasing. Thus we know that P ( q ) cannot increase too slowly: this in turn allows us to obtain same improved bounds for the eigenvalues E ( q ) in N dimensions. In the last chapter we analyse bounds for the Coulomb plus power-law potentials obtained by variational methods and the sum approximation.


Banjarese language is a regional language used by Banjarese people in South Borneo. It is
spoken by both Banjarmasin and Amuntai people. However, Banjarese language of Banjarmasin
is different from that of Amuntai in their pronunciation and vocabulary. In the relation to the
phenomena about the vocabulary and sounds pattern differences between Banjarmasin and
Amuntai dialect, the writer investigated this topic.
The problem investigated in this study was the differences between Banjarmasin and Amuntai
dialect in South Borneo focusing on vocabulary and sounds pattern.
The instrument of this study was observation in order to get the data from the informants. The
observation was used to know the condition and the relationship of the society in Banjarmasin
and Amuntai in using the dialect. The other instrument was interviews that use another informant
to confirm the data. After collecting the data, the writer analyzed the data and classified the data
based on the problem.
The complete data was analyzed based on the researcher problem.The finding were (1) The
sounds pattern differences between Banjarmasin and Amuntai were on their sound of [e]; (2) The
vocabulary differences between Banjarmasin and Amuntai in some words. For example: the
word membeli, Banjarmasin people say manukar, but Amuntai people say mahurup. The word
pegang, Banjarmasin people say pingkut, but Amuntai people say tingkut and etc.


This paper aims to answer the following question: what is the understanding of the principle of sovereignty in the EU today, and  how should this knowledge inform our actions tomorrow? It is demonstrated that from both doctrinal and practical points of view, it is impossible to determine conclusively what sovereignty or its preservation entails in the present European legal setting. The only point of clarity regarding the contemporary interpretation of sovereignty is that the principle should no longer be conceived in traditional and absolute terms – since this would be incompatible with the current European legal and political reality. Yet, while there seems to be an agreement on what sovereignty is not, there is no agreement, in either legal doctrine or practice, on what this principle actually is. It is argued that such a deeply contested nature of sovereignty puts in question not only the role and strength of this principle, but also the adequacy of its use as a legal parameter for determining the boundaries of the European integration process. It is thus concluded that in legal debates concerning the future of the EU, arguments relying on sovereignty should not be taken at face value. Rather, they should be approached with a critical eye and with full awareness of the disputed nature of the principle they rest upon.


AIMS: To assess c-erbB-2 immunostaining in relation to morphological type of in situ and invasive breast carcinoma. METHODS: Formalin fixed, wax embedded archival tissue was used. Invasive carcinomas comprised 50 infiltrating ductal (NOS); seven medullary, 10 tubular, 15 mucinous and 24 classic invasive lobular. In situ carcinomas comprised 48 ductal (DCIS) and 10 cases of lobular (LCIS). The antibodies used were pAB1 (polyclonal) which stains cell lines that over express the c-erbB-2 oncogene, and ICR 12 (monoclonal) which stains sections of breast carcinoma known to show c-erbB-2 amplification. RESULTS: Immunostaining consistent with c-erbB-2 overexpression was found in 10 out of 50 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (NOS), one of 24 infiltrating lobular carcinomas and one of seven medullary carcinomas only. Seventy per cent of ICR 12 positive cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma also had extratumoral DCIS. Forty six per cent of pure DCIS lesions also showed strong membrane staining for c-erbB-2 protein, confined to large cell types. CONCLUSIONS: Immunostaining for c-erb B-2 oncoprotein occurs mainly in large cell DCIS and infiltrating ductal carcinoma NOS, especially those with an extratumoral DCIS component. There is a low incidence in other types of breast cancer, including those associated with a better prognosis. Different biological mechanisms may be responsible for histologically distinct types of breast carcinoma.


The demands of contemporary health conscious consumers are increasingly focused on minimally processed, convenient and affordable food that retains its natural sensory qualities along with nutritional value. In order to fully respond to these expectations, the use of sous vide processing technology, which refers to cooking vacuum-sealed food in heat-stable plastic pouches under precisely monitored conditions, has been widely adopted. Due to the low temperatures of sous vide processing, most research on this processing method is associated with biological hazards such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulinum. Not only has sous vide long been accepted by the food industry, in recent years, it has also been applied in households and in restaurants which are searching for innovative ways to attract more health conscious consumers. In this review, the authors present basic techniques, benefits and disadvantages of sous vide cooking and consider the great efforts the modern food industry is undertaking to extend shelf-life, ensure microbiological safety and maintain nutritional and organoleptic quality of sous vide food products.


A high-speed, low-power, and highly reliable frequency multiplier is proposed for a delay-locked loop-based clock generator to generate a multiplied clock with a high frequency and wide frequency range. The proposed edge combiner achieves a high-speed and highly reliable operation using a hierarchical structure and an overlap canceller. In addition, by applying the logical effort to the pulse generator and multiplication-ratio control logic design, the proposed frequency multiplier minimizes the delay difference between positive- and negative-edge generation paths, which causes a deterministic jitter. Finally, a numerical analysis is performed to analyze and compare the performance of the proposed frequency multiplier with that of previous frequency multipliers. The proposed frequency multiplier is fabricated using a 0.13-μm CMOS process technology, and has the multiplication ratios of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16, and an output range of 100 MHz-3.3 GHz. The frequency multiplier achieves a power consumption to a frequency ratio of 2.9 μW/MHz.


Abstract. An evaluation of the performance of a physically-based distributed model of a small Mediterranean mountain catchment is presented. This was carried out using hydrological response data, including measurements of runoff, soil moisture, phreatic surface level and actual evapotranspiration. A-priori model parameterisation was based as far as possible on property data measured in the catchment. Limited model calibration was required to identify an appropriate value for terms controlling water loss to a deeper regional aquifer. The model provided good results for an initial calibration period, when judged in terms of catchment discharge. However, model performance for runoff declined substantially when evaluated against a consecutive, rather drier, period of data. Evaluation against other catchment responses allowed identification of the problems responsible for the observed lack of model robustness in flow simulation. In particular, it was shown that an incorrect parameterisation of the soil water model was preventing adequate representation of drainage from soils during hydrograph recessions. This excess moisture was then being removed via an overestimation of evapotranspiration. It also appeared that the model underestimated canopy interception. The results presented here suggest that model evaluation against catchment scale variables summarising its water balance can be of great use in identifying problems with model parameterisation, even for distributed models. Evaluation using spatially distributed data yielded less useful information on model performance, owing to the relative sparseness of data points, and problems of mismatch of scale between the measurement and the model grid. Keywords: physically-based distributed model, SHETRAN, parameterisation, Mediterranean mountain catchment, internal evaluation, multi-response


The diffraction of plane electromagnetic waves by a slit in an infinitely thin, perfectly conducting screen between two media with different dielectric constants is studied using rigorous diffraction theory. Both the case where the electric vector is parallel to slit and the case where the magnetic vector is parallel to slit are examined. The problem is formulated in elliptic cylinder coordinates and solved in terms of Mathieu functions. The explicit determination of the diffracted wave-expansion coefficients leads to solving infinite systems of complex linear equations. The long-wave (Rayleigh scattering) region is studied in detail. The scattered intensity at infinity, transmission coefficient, and backscatter coefficient are evaluated. Finally, numerical results are presented for some special cases.


This paper examines the impact of government guaranteed small business loans on urban economic growth, and compares the growth impacts of government versus market financed entrepreneurship. OLS estimates indicate a significant and positive relation between the Small Business Administration's guaranteed loans and metropolitan growth between 1993 and 2002. However, first-difference and instrumental variable regressions show no growth impact from government guaranteed loans. In contrast, market entrepreneurship significantly and positively contributes to local economic growth. The results imply that, at least from an efficiency perspective, there are no net gains to the local economy from government guaranteed small business loans.


Brillouin-gain-spectrum measurement along an optical fiber has recently gained a lot of interest owing to its potential for strain monitoring in installed cables and for distributed temperature sensing. We present a method that has the following advantages: (1) few optical elements are required, (2) a single laser source is used, and (3) a single fiber end is accessed. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown. The operation of this setup relies on two features. First, the pump and probe signals are pulses that both propagate back and forth through the fiber by using a reflection at the far end. The second and more important feature is the use of a guided-wave intensity modulator for pulsing the laser light to form the pump signal and for generating the probe signal


Interest in gender and sexual identity has soared in recent years, sparking lively discussions both inside and outside of the classroom. Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The New Basics brings together many of the vibrant voices in this ongoing dialogue, constructing a compelling new model for making sense of gender and sexuality. As it bridges the study of these topics, this dynamic anthology provides a thorough examination of their various interconnections and intersections. Working from an accessible, incisive framework, editors Abby L. Ferber, Kimberly Holcomb, and Tre Wentling raise many provocative questions, including * How does our understanding of the relationships between sex, gender, and sexuality vary across time and culture? * What are the relationships between transgender, transsexual, and queer? * How do class and race shape the experiences and expressions of gender and sexuality? To capture the broad spectrum of its subject, Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The New Basics integrates a variety of selections, including first-person accounts and narratives, poems, theoretical analyses, and critiques of existing research. In addition, the editors have created a unique glossary, which provides current definitions of both basic and cutting-edge terms. An invaluable resource for both students and instructors in this constantly evolving field, this collection of key concepts familiarizes readers with the latest developments in research and vocabulary. Ideal for courses in sociology and women's studies, Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The New Basics introduces students to the exciting new research that will shape the ways in which we understand sex, gender, and sexuality--as well as the complex and shifting relationships among these categories.


We investigate how the configurations obtained from the writhing of a heavy elastic rod are influenced by its intrinsic natural curvature. To this end, we perform a combination of numerics and precision model experiments on the compression or twisting of a thin rod. The 'softness' of these single elastic filaments stems from their slenderness (high aspect ratio), which allow for geometrically nonlinear compliant modes that can accommodate large deformations. We uncover the original mechanism that the presence of a body force (gravity in our case) delays the effect of natural curvature, which results from the complex interplay between geometrical constraints, elasticity and weight. We rationalize our experimental results by coupling the predictive power of a numerical method of our own, with classic theory for elastic rods under large deformations. This preponderance of geometry is relevant in systems over a wide range of length scales where curvature and body-forces often co-exist; from engineered rod-like structures such as wires, cables, and pipelines, to natural macromolecules, flagella, fibers and tendrils.


Judge Decision passed to the prisoner to have will fasten and designed to eliminate their freedom, will cause the stress so that a special effort will be needed in order not to generate the bigger impact. A strive to overcome this problem is mentioned a coping strategy. Coping strategy is a way used by individual to finish the problems they faced by utilizing her/his own resource, whether physical or and also psychological goodness. This research's aim is to know the Subject perception, to the judge decision, coping strategy used, and her personality type.
This research represents a qualitative approach by using a documentation technique to collecting data in Berita Acara Pidana (BAP) to know the judge decision accepted by the prisoner. The researcher also conducted interview the prisoner and the officer of Bidang Bimbingan Kemasyarakatan & Perawatan (BIMPAS) to know the perception and also coping strategy of the prisoner in accepting judge decision. Beside that the researcher also used the scale technique to know the type of Subjects personality. Subjects in this research were obtained in Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Wanita Kelas II A Malang with the new murder case criterion, accepted the judge decision with the consideration still can remember the event in the conference The result of this research indicated that the Subjects give the different perception to the judge decision. The first Subject sometimes thought accept, but sometimes refused the assertion, and also give a reaction fear, feel guilty, ashamed, worry, angry, and disappointed. The coping strategy used were hide its case, trying suicide, weeping, groaning public prosecutor by verbal, arrest; detaining her self, having recourse others, comparing crime accepted with the other prisoner, and also avoid the journalist. While second subject refused because she thought that had never done were the murder such as those which asserted. Her reaction which is peeped out were fulminating, disappointed, stressed, and headache. Coping strategy used were refused the accusation, arrest; detaining her self, groaning girlfriend of either through physical and also verbal, way comparing crime accepted with the other prisoner, and look for the attention to officer. Both have own type A personality, tend to use the approach of emotion focused coping to overcome the problem the effect of the judge decision.


An octet formalism is established for stretching and bending deformations of an anisotropic elastic plate based on the Kirchhoff theory. The plate is inhomogeneous in the thickness direction and thus includes the laminated plate as a special case. By defining a 4–eigenvector associated with two in–plane displacements and two rotational angles of a normal of the mid–plane, and a 4–eigenvector associated with four stress functions, the three equilibrium equations of the plate reduce to a standard eight–dimensional eigenrelation. The fundamental elastic plate matrix defined in this work is found to place the two eigenvectors in reverse order to form the left and right 8–eigenvectors of the matrix. The same capability has been observed for the fundamental elasticity matrix in Stroh's sextic formalism for generalized plane strain elasticity. Thus our octet formalism symbolically preserves extensive elegant properties and identities pertaining to the capability, e.g. the orthogonality and closure relations, which have been established in the Stroh sextic formalism. Having shown that the eigenvalues cannot be real, we provide the eigenvalue representations for special cases of material and geometry. The non–semisimple case including an isotropic material is briefly discussed.


Objective Changes in mortality inequalities across socioeconomic groups have been a substantial public health concern worldwide. We investigated changes in absolute/relative mortality inequalities across occupations, and the contribution of different diseases to inequalities in tandem with the restructuring of the Japanese economy. Methods Using complete Japanese national death registries from 5 year intervals (1980–2010), all cause and cause specific age standardised mortality rates (ASMR per 100 000 people standardised using the Japanese standard population in 1985, aged 30–59 years) across 12 occupations were computed. Absolute and relative inequalities were measured in ASMR differences (RDs) and ASMR ratios (RRs) among occupations in comparison with manufacturing workers (reference). We also estimated the changing contribution of different diseases by calculating the differences in ASMR change between 1995 and 2010 for occupations and reference. Results All cause ASMRs tended to decrease in both sexes over the three decades except for male managers (increased by 71% points, 1995–2010). RDs across occupations were reduced for both sexes (civil servants 233.5 to −1.9 for men; sales workers 63.3 to 4.5 for women) but RRs increased for some occupations (professional workers 1.38 to 1.70; service workers 2.35 to 3.73) for men and decreased for women from 1980 to 2010. Male relative inequalities widened among farmer, fishery and service workers, because the percentage declines were smaller in these occupations. Cerebrovascular disease and cancer were the main causes of the decrease in mortality inequalities among sexes but the incidence of suicide increased among men, thereby increasing sex related inequalities. Conclusions Absolute inequality trends in mortality across occupations decreased in both sexes, while relative inequality trends were heterogeneous in Japan. The main drivers of narrowing and widening mortality inequalities were cerebrovascular disease and suicide, respectively. Future public health efforts will benefit from eliminating residual inequalities in mortality by considering the contribution of the causes of death and socioeconomic status stratification.


This dissertation consists of two studies on International finance and macroeconomics. Each study addresses different topics. The first study exploits Speculators' positions in futures markets to forecast exchange rates. The forecasting model we propose combines Engel and Hamilton's (1990) point that exchange rates follow long swings with Evans and Lyons' (2004) finding that privately available information about market participants' order flow can predict exchange rates over the short-run. We extract speculators' private information by fitting a microfounded autoregressive Markov regime switching model to the speculators'net positions data in the Commitment-of-Traders report and forecasting the speculators' mode of accumulation. We then use this predicted mode to form both directional and point exchange rate forecasts for the six most traded currency pairs. Over forecasting horizons ranging from 6 to 12 months, we evaluate the performance of our forecasts vis-a-vis the random walk. The results indicate that our forecasts are significantly better than those from random walk models for most currencies, except the Swiss Franc.The second study investigates on the sources of macroeconomic fluctuations in emerging economies. I compare the performance of the Aguiar and Gopinath (2007) model with that of the encompassing model which combines shocks to trend growth with interest rate shocks and financial frictions. Exploiting the recent developments in the theory and implementation of Bayesian methods, I estimate two models using Korea's data over the same sample period as in Aguiar and Gopinath (2007), and Chang and Fernandez (2010). In addition, I explore the role of the transitional dynamics in the estimation results. My findings are contrary to those from existing studies. The magnitude of permanent shocks is much larger than that of transitory shocks and the frictionless stochastic trend model delivers closer a match to the moments calculated from the data.


In this paper, we examine the dynamic properties of a particular demographic model. An essential part of the model is the marriage function which is derived from assumptions about the behavior of women and men in a market where each individual is looking for a suitable partner. By means of simulation experiments we investigate different aspects of the model. Specifically, we find that it is difficult to determine parameters related to preferences, birth and death rates, such that a non-trivial stable equilibrium is attained.


Crystallisation is an important unit operation in the processing of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. This thesis presents research in the area of crystallisation and solid-state chemistry and investigates methods towards optimising the physical and particle properties of organic solid forms. The work was carried out in the context of the EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC). CMAC aims to accelerate the adoption of continuous manufacturing processes for the production of higher quality chemical products at lower cost and more sustainably. Chapters 1-3 present an introduction to the research area in crystallisation tackled, along with background theory and experimental methods employed. Crystal morphology is important for the ease of downstream processing in the production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals due to its impact on the bulk properties of a substance. Impurities can play a significant role in the final crystal morphology produced from crystallisation and can therefore be added intentionally (known as additives) to tune the morphology of a substance to a more desirable shape. Chapter 4 presents the discovery of a polymer-additive mediated effect on the crystal morphology of succinic acid; the effect of the additive is dependent on both the concentration of succinic acid and the polymer additive and a thorough investigation of these parameters at different scales is presented. A possible mechanism for the interaction of the polymer with the crystal surface is also described. Chapter 5 reports the transfer of the crystallisation of succinic acid carried out in Chapter 4 into the continuous environment using two different platforms. The system is used to characterise the design of a mesoscale segmented flow crystalliser as well as transferred to a well-established oscillatory flow platform. In the latter platform the additive effect of the polymer on the crystal morphology of succinic acid is successfully reproduced in the continuous environment. Chapter 6 explores the effect of a range of structurally similar additive candidates on the crystallisation of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), isoniazid. As employed in Chapter 4, face indexing and analysis of the crystal structure are used to rationalise the effect of the additives. Chapter 7 and 8 detail small-scale molecular crystallisation studies in attempts to induce disordered or layered solid forms and understand orientational disorder. In Chapter 7 the production of a range of multi-component molecular complexes of the API piroxicam are reported. This includes a solvated system which shows interesting structural and thermal properties which have been studied in detail. Chapter 8 is concerned with studies of orientational disorder in 5-chlorouracil.


The widespread adoption of computer technologies fundamentally re-shaped the way companies operate. A deluge of systems and applications now support the daily activities of employees and managers alike, thus increasing the amount, value, and sensibleness of available data. This abundance of data provides new opportunities for applications development, where more and more data is shared and reused to enable new functionalities, to unlock novel insights about the enterprise or its personnel, or to improve on aspects such as employee engagement, productivity or sociability. At the same time, data sharing poses new challenges. Data is often used for purposes that are different from the original design, and there is a pervasive need to ensure compliance with the relevant laws and third party policies. What is more, employees might find the increased use of personal data undesirable, and therefore demand proper transparency and control over their personal data. This works tackles the technical challenges that come with the sharing and usage of personal data by enterprise-class applications, and provides a framework for privacy aware data sharing. In a literature survey we investigate several disciplines related to privacy, access control management, and provenance in computer systems, to determine the current state of the art and practice. The study provides the conceptual underpinning for a novel data model that facilitates a privacy aware way for applications to share data while still providing transparency, simplicity and control to users. The model is then implemented in a new enterprise-class platform, a multi-tenant Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) provider that centralises privacy and consent management related functionalities. The model and framework are then validated through interviews with IBM employees having different roles within the organisation. The quality of the resulting implementation is validated by means of a set of scalability tests, with the goal of demonstrating the actual suitability of the proposed solution in a realistic enterprise context.


IMPORTANCE
Although previous reports have linked preterm birth with insulin resistance in children and adults, it is not known whether altered insulin homeostasis is detectable at birth and tracks from birth through childhood.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether preterm birth is associated with elevated plasma insulin levels at birth and whether this association persists into early childhood.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A prospective birth cohort of 1358 children recruited at birth from 1998 to 2010 and followed-up with prospectively from 2005 to 2012 at the Boston Medical Center in Massachusetts.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Random plasma insulin levels were measured at 2 time points: at birth (cord blood) and in early childhood (venous blood). The median age was 1.4 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.8-3.3) among 4 gestational age groups: full term (≥39 wk), early term (37-38 wk), late preterm (34-36 wk), and early preterm (<34 wk).

RESULTS
The geometric mean of insulin levels at birth were 9.2 µIU/mL (95% CI, 8.4-10.0) for full term; 10.3 µIU/mL (95% CI, 9.3-11.5) for early term; 13.2 µIU/mL (95% CI, 11.8-14.8) for late preterm; and 18.9 µIU/mL (95% CI, 16.6-21.4) for early preterm. In early childhood, these levels were 11.2 µIU/mL (95% CI, 10.3-12.0) for full term; 12.4 µIU/mL (95% CI, 11.3-13.6) for early term; 13.3 µIU/mL (95% CI, 11.9-14.8) for late preterm; and 14.6 µIU/mL (95% CI, 12.6-16.9) for early preterm. Insulin levels at birth were higher by 1.13-fold (95% CI, 0.97-1.28) for early term, 1.45-fold (95% CI, 1.25-1.65) for late preterm, and 2.05-fold (95% CI, 1.69-2.42) for early preterm than for those born full term. In early childhood, random plasma insulin levels were 1.12-fold (95% CI, 0.99-1.25) higher for early term, 1.19-fold (95% CI, 1.02-1.35) for late preterm, and 1.31-fold (95% CI, 1.10-1.52) for early preterm than those born full term. The association was attenuated after adjustment for postnatal weight gain and was not significant after adjustment for insulin levels at birth. Infants ranked in the top insulin tertile at birth were more likely to remain in the top tertile (41.2%) compared with children ranked in the lowest tertile (28.6%) in early childhood.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
There was an inverse association between gestational age and elevated plasma insulin levels at birth and in early childhood. The implications for future development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes warrant further investigation.


The concepts "smart city" and "anchor institution" – both popular in policy circles – intersect at broadband infrastructure in ways that highlight the importance of civil society institutions to digital networks. This essay shows, through the example of public libraries, how anchor institutions can extend connectivity and the fruits of robust broadband. More broadly, there are lessons here about the meaning of "public-private partnerships," often at the heart of smart city plans, and the virtues of strengthening the public side of that relationship. Buzz around smart cities has been building as policymakers seek to harness information technology to improve the delivery of city services and the welfare of urban residents. Whether the focus is on the Internet of Things or the delivery of educational services, strong telecommunications infrastructure is a necessary component. Enter the concept of "anchor institution" (e.g., university, library, hospital). It was not until 2009 that the term made its first appearance in United States law, and this was in the context of broadband policy. The public policy goals that anchor institutions are supposed to advance in the broadband context almost perfectly coincide with smart city goals: networking individuals and entities in ways that optimize the flow of information for social and economic advancement. The last few years have shown that the achievement of smart city and broadband policy goals in ways that are inclusive, democratic, and otherwise in the public interest will require the meaningful involvement of civil society institutions, like the public library. These institutions will have to share in, and contribute to, the intelligence that connectivity enables. The successes and failures thus far of broadband policy to engage anchor institutions may presage other smart city threats and promises. This essay explores these issues in four parts. Part I describes the smart city and anchor institution concepts. Part II identifies broadband policy goals and market gaps in their fulfillment. Part III shows how anchor institutions and public libraries in particular are important partners in reaching broadband infrastructure goals. Part IV then concludes with some observations for smart city initiatives in general.


Using current societal dilemmas, this book explores how social factors and social identity influence our health and recovery from illness. It includes recent research to present practitioners, researchers, policymakers and students of many disciplines with the material to support them in better harnessing current knowledge of the impact of social factors on health. The contents will influence collaborative working across policy, disciplinary and practice boundaries to design and deliver healthcare services. The book identifies the importance of social connectedness, social support, agency and self and group efficacy in people's health, longevity and resilience after adversity. Core perspectives include the social identity approach and a values framework for taking public health ethics into decision-making, both of which emphasise valuing people and co-productive relationships. Advocating better targeted mental health promotion and integrated interventions, this book strongly argues for a greater emphasis on social factors in evidence-based and cost-effective practice.


To believe in realities, distinct from that which is perceived, is above all to recognize that the order of our perceptions depends on them, and not on us. H. Bergson How is an essay on the Lars Von Trier's film Breaking the Waves (1996) related to an Issue on Deleuzean politics? If the phrase 'Deleuzean politics' sounds for many like an oxymoron, then the political character of a film like Breaking the Waves sounds even more problematic, and the whole story becomes even worse (or absurd?) with the claim that the film has indeed a political significance for feminist thinking and feminist politics. How can a film depicting woman as a victim, an object to be sacrificed, as the absolute idiot being stripped of any capacity for rationality, free determination and free will be a 'feminist' film, a film enhancing feminist politics? And how is it linked to Deleuzean politics? Rather than starting by attempting a general evaluation of the political significance of Deleuze's work, as well as an overview of what constitutes a Deleuzean feminist politics (this is what this issue of new formations on the whole aims at demonstrating anyway), I will rather start by focusing on some specific links as they emerge from the cinematic event of Breaking the Waves --links which, as it will be argued later, challenge feminist thinking and bring into the fore some (often neglected) aspects of Deleuze's philosophy and thinking (a more 'mystical' Deleuze). What are these links then? Breaking the Waves tells the story of Bess McNeill, who marries an outsider, a foreigner, who does not belong to the closed community of the small village Bess lives in; a community with deeply rooted fundamentalist Christian beliefs ruled by the elder men of the village, who determine the values of the social and personal lives of its members: according to these rules, life isn't for enjoyment; it is for serving God. Sex isn't for pleasure; it is for procreation. Outsiders aren't welcome. So Bess's decision to marry an outsider causes irritation to the community. But Bess is determined to marry Jan (an oil-rig worker), and the post-wedding scenes express the sexual awakening that signals also her happiness (personal sexual liberation is depicted as being positive for the subject's development). Nevertheless, Bess is somewhat simple and childlike, and has difficulty living without Jan when he is away on the oil platform. She prays for his return, and when he returns paralysed from the neck down after an accident in his workplace, she believes it is her fault. Being no longer able to make love, and mentally affected by the accident, Jan urges her to find and have sex with other men, and then tell him the details; a demand that becomes slowly in Bess's mind God's wish, and which leads her finally to her own death (a sacrificial death). The theme of love is at the core of the film Breaking the Waves; however, love in Lars Von Trier's film escapes the cliches of an emotionality within a couple, and becomes instead a multifaceted event, a metamorphosising force that gives the film's narrative a multilayered, deep and complex character. Breaking the Waves is a film that brings together themes of love, religion (or better belief), spirituality, and difference, in a unique way that makes an urgent demand on us to rethink ethics outside the secularism-religion divide: It is highly spiritual yet anti-religious, triumphant yet tragic, and personal yet universal. Love forms the film's core, but rather than approaching the subject from a cliched perspective, Breaking the Waves examines no less than six facets of the emotion: transformative love, sacrificial love, redemptive love, destructive love, romantic love, and sexual love. (1) The film's plot is enacted by two main conceptual figures: that of the idiot (identified with a naive believer, a faithful subject, the ignoratnia amans) and the sacrificial subject/object. …


Worldwide, ecosystems have demonstrated the potential for dramatic shifts to an
alternative persistent state under gradual long-term environmental changes or following
sudden short-term perturbations. Such shifts are documented for numerous marine
examples from coral reef to pelagic communities and may become more common as
ecological dynamics adjust to climate-driven changes. These shifts are often sudden,
challenging to predict and can have disastrous and unpredictable consequences on both
ecosystem functioning and the human activities that rely on the associated natural
resources. They often result in irreversible dramatic changes in community structure
and productivity and represent a growing concern for managers of natural systems.
In ecosystems where the presence of an alternative persistent state is well documented, the
drivers of these shifts (e.g. anthropogenic stressors or changes in environmental conditions)
can be analysed retrospectively so as to address key management questions, as has occurred
in several applications on coral reefs. However, phase shifts are often swift and observed a
posteriori, i.e. after the ecosystem has shifted to the alternative state. Thus, thresholds in
ecosystem dynamics are difficult to identify empirically despite that this is crucial for sound
management of marine resources. Additionally, controlled experimental assessment of the
effects of alternative management scenarios on community state is hardly ever achievable
in marine ecosystems. When they occur, phase shifts are unique to each ecosystem, hence
case-specific simulation models present a valuable tool to explore ecological dynamics
with alternative persistent community states, test the effects of management scenarios
and inform decision-making.
On the east coast of Tasmania, shallow rocky reef communities on the exposed coast mainly
occur in two alternative persistent states: (1) the seaweed bed state characterised by a
dense productive canopy of macroalgae; or, (2) the sea urchin 'barren' state characterised
by a poorly productive rocky habitat largely bare of seaweeds as a result of destructive
grazing by the long-spined sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii ). The establishment of these widespread sea urchin barrens result from a combination of both: (1) the climatedriven
range extension of the long-spined sea urchin C. rodgersii from Australia's mainland
to Tasmania; and (2) depletion of key reef predators by fishing. Large southern rock lobster
(Jasus edwardsii ) individuals constitute the main predator of the long-spined sea urchin
in Tasmania. Relative to the seaweed bed state, C. rodgersii barrens represent dramatic
losses of habitat, species diversity and productivity, including commercial species such as
blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) and southern rock lobster, the two most valuable fisheries
in Tasmania. Thus, the spread of sea urchin barrens presents a major and pressing threat
for the lobster and abalone fishing industries.
This thesis presents a suite of models specifically developed to better understand the
dynamics of Tasmanian rocky reef communities and inform management interventions to
mitigate destructive grazing of seaweed beds by the invasive long-spined sea urchin.
Chapter 2 investigates the causal relationships between positive feedback and the
occurrence of alternative states in community dynamics. Modelling of community feedback
informed by available qualitative knowledge about ecosystem structure constitutes a
valuable framework to detect the potential for alternative states in ecological dynamics
as illustrated with some examples from Tasmanian rocky reef communities. Qualitative
modelling assists to understand the essential features of temperate reef dynamics around
Tasmania, and provides a useful first step towards quantitative modelling of rocky reef
dynamics. The approach provides an ideal framework to (i) collate all available information
about rocky reef ecology, (ii) test model structure uncertainty, and (iii) identify key drivers
of alternative states in ecosystem dynamics.
The quantitative model presented in the subsequent chapters captures the dynamics of
the three key groups or species (i.e. the rock lobster, sea urchin, and seaweed assemblage)
directly involved in the positive feedback that drives the shift between alternative states
on Tasmanian rocky reef. Chapter 3 describes the development, parameterisation and
calibration of a mean field model of the local dynamics (reef area of 100 m2 - 10 ha)
of a reef community. The model's ability to capture the potential for phase shifts, from
dense seaweed bed to sea urchin barrens habitat and back, is validated against largescale
patterns observed on rocky reefs where C. rodgersii occurs. In the simulations,
the time for extensive sea urchin barrens to form is of the order of two decades, while restoration of seaweed cover from the sea urchin barrens habitat takes about three decades
if relying on management interventions that cannot effectively reduce urchin density to
zero. Thus, restoration of seaweed beds seems unrealistic to implement within the current
timeframe of management plans. Comprehensive model-independent sensitivity analysis
of model behaviour to parameter estimates also suggests that, in addition to lobster fishing
mortality, recruitment rates of sea urchins and rock lobsters, which are strongly influenced
by large scale oceanographic features and highly variable in eastern Tasmania, are key
factors in determining the potential for sea urchin barren formation in the model.
In Chapter 4, sets of Monte-Carlo simulations with this model are used to address three
sets of questions related to management for mitigation of sea urchin destructive grazing
of Tasmanian seaweed beds. Model behaviour suggests that thresholds in shifting from
seaweed bed to sea urchin barren and restoration of seaweed cover reveal the existence of a
hysteresis in model dynamics. The hysteresis implies that the establishment of sea urchin
barrens cannot be reversed easily. These thresholds provide valuable ecological reference
points to prevent the establishment of sea urchin barrens. The model indicates that
culling of sea urchins appears as the most effective management strategy to minimise the
ecological impact of C. rodgersii on Tasmanian reef communities. Indirect interventions
relying solely on the rebuilding of rock lobster population (through reduction in fishing or
implementation of a maximum legal catch size) perform poorly but, when combined with
direct control of the sea urchin population, they can provide optimal outcomes both in
terms of minimising barren formation and fishery performance. Finally, the model shows
that to allow lobsters to play their critical ecological 'service' role in preventing sea urchin
barrens formation, a reduction in lobster fishing mortality from current levels is required.
A maximum sustainable yield as estimated from the single species stock assessment model
does not account for the ecosystem service delivered by larger lobsters, and the models
emphasise the need for an ecosystem-based fishery management approach.
This suite of models contributes to the general understanding of mechanisms and drivers
that can facilitate shift between alternative states in ecological dynamics. The quantitative
simulation model provides specific information to managers about the drivers of shifts
between the seaweed bed and the sea urchin barren state in the dynamics of Tasmanian
rocky reefs. In particular, the presence of a hysteresis in reef community dynamics means
that effort to prevent barrens formation constitutes a more viable and cost effective management strategy than the restoration of seaweed beds once extensive barrens habitat
has developed. The commercially-fished rock lobster is an essential reef predator delivering
key ecosystem services to Tasmanian rocky reefs and model simulations highlight the
necessity for fisheries management to move away from a single species focus and account for
the ecological role of targeted commercial species. The tools implemented here to inform an
ecosystem-based management of Tasmanian rocky reefs are generic and 'transportable' to
other ecosystems with alternative states. While C. rodgersii barrens currently constitute
a pressing concern for managers of reef communities and fisheries in Tasmania, the longspined
sea urchin is only one example of a species that is dramatically restructuring
Tasmanian reef communities. There are many other 'natural' invaders, whose ecosystem
roles and impacts are unknown, currently extending their distribution from Australia's
mainland to the warming Tasmanian waters. In the coming decades, climate-driven
changes are likely to bring more surprises to Tasmanian rocky reefs, and just as many
challenges for the associated fisheries and their managers.


Concern for the environment and energy security is changing the way we think about energy. Grid-enabled passenger vehicles, like electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) can help address environmental and energy issues. Automakers have recognized that electric drive vehicles are critical to the future of the industry. However, some challenges exist to greater adoption: the perception of cost, EV range, access to charging, potential impacts to the grid, and lack of public awareness about the availability and practicality of these vehicles. Although the current initial price for EV's is higher, their operating costs are lower. Policies that reduce the total cost of ownership of EVs and PHEVs, compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, will lead to faster market penetration. Greater access to charging infrastructure will also accelerate public adoption. Smart grid technology will optimize the vehicle integration with the grid, allowing intelligent and efficient use of energy. By coordinating efforts and using a systems perspective, the advantages of EVs and PHEVs can be achieved using the least resources. This paper analyzes these factors, their rate of acceleration and how they may synergistically align for the electrification of vehicles.


The newest volume in the Art Institute of Chicago's successful A+D series, Fashioning the Object invites readers to visit three of the most visionary design studios at work today: Bless, Boudicca, and Sandra Backlund. Fiercely independent and far-reaching in their influences, these young designers from Berlin, London, Paris, and Stockholm are producing fashion objects that straddle the line between traditional craft and cutting-edge technique, both in their use of materials and in the promotion of their brands. Zoe Ryan establishes the context for understanding the exciting departures these design houses represent, as the young creators draw inspiration from an array of other disciplines, including architecture, performance, film, and fine art. From Bless's numbered editions, to Boudicca's graffiti-can perfume, to Backlund's ready-to-wear pieces of knitted copper, these designers adapt storied objects to new uses and break old conventions, promulgating their ideas in playful, groundbreaking ways.


One of the most promising advances raised by the current computer age is perform- ing research "in silico," which means computer-assisted. The objective of this chapter is firstly to evaluate if a 3D in-silico model of an oncological patient could be used to make a 3D-printed prototype in real scale, discriminating precisely healthy tissues, tumoral tissues and oncological margins. Secondly, the objective is to evaluate if this prototype could be representative enough to allow testing osteotomies under navigated guidance based on images. A tumor resection for a patient with diagnosed metaphyseal osteosar- coma of the proximal tibia was transferred into a rapid prototyping model, fabricated using 3D printing and representing different structures in different colors. The planned osteotomy was executed using Stryker Navigator to guide the cutting saw and the pro totype was opened to verify the precision of the performed osteotomy. Both osteotomy planes showed successful correspondence with the safe margin, with a maximum error of 1 mm. The application of these techniques in general orthopedics would help to reduce the incidence of unforeseen intraoperative failures, contributing to obtain predictable surgical procedures. This would implement a new way of performing development, research and training in orthopedics and traumatology by in-silico technology.


Regression tree models have been shown to provide the most accurate estimates of distributed snow water equivalent (SWE) when intensive field observations are available. This work presents a comparison of regression tree models using different source digital elevation models (DEMs) and different combinations of independent variables. Different residual interpolation techniques are also compared. The analysis was performed in the 19·1 km2 Tokopah Basin, located in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. Snow depth, the dependent variable of the statistical models, was derived from three snow surveys (April, May and June 1997), with an average of 328 depth measurements per survey. Estimates of distributed SWE were derived from the product of the snow depth surfaces, the average snow density (54 measurements on average) and the fractional snow covered area (obtained from the Landsat Thematic Mapper and the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer). Independent variables derived from the standard US Geological Survey DEM yielded the lowest overall model deviance and lowest error in snow depth prediction. Simulations using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM and the National Elevation Dataset DEM were improved when northness was substituted for solar radiation in five of six cases. Co‐kriging with maximum upwind slope and elevation proved to be the best method for distributing residuals for April and June, respectively. Inverse distance weighting was the best residual distribution method for May. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Customer service levels in the motor industry have always been a sore point with consumers. Starting with salesmen in showrooms sitting with their feet on their desks, not even bothering to stand up when a customer walks in wanting to spend hundreds of thousands of Rands on a new car. Or, trying to get those niggly little teething troubles sorted out or a routine service done properly and without all sorts of little additional extra costs no-one told you about when you bought the car.


INTRODUCTION
Increasing survival of preterm newborns and current care deficits result in high rates of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), affecting patients with higher birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) than those at developed countries; unusual cases (UC) and missed opportunities (MO) are reported.

OBJECTIVE
To describe epidemiology of ROP during 2008 compared with the previous year. POPULATION, MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study.

POPULATION
Preterm babies with BW < 1,500 g and/or < or = 32 w GA and > or = 1,500 g and/or 33-36 w who received oxygen therapy.

SOURCE
31 public services from 20/24 Provinces.

VARIABLES
BW, GA, ophthalmologic screening, age at 1st control, ROP Grade, treatment requirement, place of treatment and time of complete ROP screening.

RESULTS
Responses were obtained from 24/31 services from 16 Provinces (84,200 newborns) identifying 3,371 newborns at risk, 956 < 1,500 g BW. Screening was done in 90%; it was late in 6%. Neonatal discharge before complete ROP screening occurred in 93%. ROP rate was 11.93%; 26.25% in < 1,500 g BW. Treatment was required at 2.60%; of them, 7% were < 1,500 g BW; 20.3% were UC, one infant was a MO. Treatment need increased 20% at 2008 vs. 2007, without significant difference. Changes were not observed at median BW and GA and UC. Treatment in situ was 75% in 2008, similar to 2007.

CONCLUSIONS
Incidence of ROP in public hospitals of Argentina is worrisome. Rates in 2008 have not improved compared with 2007, expressing that criteria for prevention are not yet consolidated. Screening and access to treatment must improve.


As datasets grow richer, an important challenge is to leverage the full features in the data to maximize the number of useful discoveries while controlling for false positives. We address this problem in the context of multiple hypotheses testing, where for each hypothesis, we observe a p-value along with a set of features specific to that hypothesis. For example, in genetic association studies, each hypothesis tests the correlation between a variant and the trait. We have a rich set of features for each variant (e.g. its location, conservation, epigenetics etc.) which could inform how likely the variant is to have a true association. However popular testing approaches, such as Benjamini-Hochberg's procedure (BH) and independent hypothesis weighting (IHW), either ignore these features or assume that the features are categorical or uni-variate. We propose a new algorithm, NeuralFDR, which automatically learns a discovery threshold as a function of all the hypothesis features. We parametrize the discovery threshold as a neural network, which enables flexible handling of multi-dimensional discrete and continuous features as well as efficient end-to-end optimization. We prove that NeuralFDR has strong false discovery rate (FDR) guarantees, and show that it makes substantially more discoveries in synthetic and real datasets. Moreover, we demonstrate that the learned discovery threshold is directly interpretable.


This study was performed to detect chewing lice on the wild birds in Eastern Turkey, between April 2013-September 2014. 108 injured birds brought to Wild Animal Protection Center of Yüzüncü Yıl University were examined for louse. The feathers of each bird specimens were inspected for louse, macroscopically. Collected lice samples on the birds were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol and mounted on slides in Canada balsam after transparented in 10% KOH. Fifteen (14.95%) out of the 108 were found to be infested with at least one chewing louse species. Nineteen lice species in 15 genera were found on the infested birds. Goniocotes megalocephalus (Uchida, 1916) on the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris); Actornithophilus piceus lari (Packard, 1870) on the Armenian Gull (Larus armenicus); Kurodaia fulvofasciata (Piaget, 1880) on the Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus); Laemobothrion sp. on the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos); Trinoton anserinum (Fabricius [J.C.], 1805) and Holomenopon sp. on the Greylag Goose (Anser anser) were recorded for the first time from Turkey in this study.


Historically, universities have provided higher education to generally "elite" students from high income, highly educated families. Typically, students left home to live on campus to engage fully in university activities, educationally, socially and culturally. This traditional style of university education is still the case in many developing countries, including my home country of China.
In recent decades, the expansion of university education to encourage a broader cross-section of society to receive higher education has seen an increase in "non-traditional" students. The term "non-traditional" applies to a mix of various backgrounds including greater proportions of female students, students from ethnic minorities, mature aged students, students working full- or part-time, and students from families whose parents themselves had little experience of university education. In Australia the expansion of the university student population following the Martin Report in the 1970s and the creation of a number of suburban universities under the auspices of the Australian Universities Commission led to a vast increase in enrolments from non-traditional students including, in more recent years, the inclusion of students from interstate and overseas.
The University of Tasmania (UTAS) is the only University in Tasmania and has several campuses, in Hobart, Launceston and Burnie. Students attending the Sandy Bay campus of UTAS include those who leave home to seek
ii
accommodation either on campus or in rented accommodation near to the university (including those from beyond the Hobart urban area as well as interstate students and international students like myself) and students, mainly from the Hobart urban area, electing to live at home with their parents or partner.
This purpose of this study is to investigate the travel behaviour of students attending the Sandy Bay campus and to examine the factors influencing their choice of travel mode. Research was undertaken using both a questionnaire approach and an invitation to students to participate in the completion of travel diaries.
By describing the travel behaviour of students and identifying the key factors influencing their choice of travel mode, it is hoped that the research can inform the outcomes of the UTAS Master Plan 2007.


Here is a concisely written, easy-to-read, user-friendly, and down-to-earth guidebook for planning all phases of academic success in college. It addresses a range of unsolved mysteries regarding how to succeed in college such as: finding your own niche; selecting majors; whether to transfer schools; what internships are all about and why they are an important part of your success in college; how to effectively plan out your course curriculum; and finally, shedding some light on that elusive and timeless question of "What am I going to do with the rest of my life?"


An estimated one in three American adults has a criminal record. While some records are for serious offenses, most are for arrests or relatively lowlevel misdemeanors. In an era of heightened security concerns, easily available data, and increased criminal background checks, these records act as a substantial barrier to gainful employment and other opportunities. Harvard sociologist Devah Pager describes people with criminal records as "marked" with a negative job credential. In response to this problem, lawyers have launched unmarking programs to help people take advantage of legal record clearing remedies. We studied a random sample of participants in one such program to analyze the impact of the record clearing intervention on employment outcomes. Using methods to control for selection bias and the effects of changes in the economy in our data, we found evidence that: (1) the record clearing intervention boosted participants' employment rates and average real earnings, and (2) people sought record clearing remedies after a period of suppressed earnings. More research needs to be done to understand the durability of the positive impact and its effects in different local settings and labor markets, but these findings suggest that the record clearing intervention makes a meaningful difference in employment outcomes for people with criminal records. The findings also suggest the importance of early intervention to increase employment opportunities for people with criminal records. Such interventions might include more legal services, but they might also include record clearing by operation of law or another mechanism that does not put the onus of unmarking on the person with a criminal record.


Consumers are increasingly using web-based systems for the search and purchase of products and services. They are, however, also still using traditional, offline channels such as telephone, high street and mail order, on a regular basis. The research presented in this thesis investigated consumer use of e-services in the context of a multi-channel environment, with a special focus on voluntary channel choice and voluntary movement between channels. Both multi-channel usage and voluntary movement between channels are currently under-researched topics.

The area of research for the study was leisure travel. The travel preparations from a sample of consumers throughout the UK were investigated through interviews and diary studies. Literature from the field of Human-Computer Interaction and Consumer Research informed the methodology and the perspective for the analysis. The findings from the in-depth study show that the participants frequently used multiple channels during their travel preparations. They regularly moved between online and offline channels, and often did so on a voluntary basis. The analysis revealed that the most important driver for multi-channel usage among the participants was the need for control. This research contextualises control as a key characteristic of contemporary consumption behaviour. Its main contributions are the findings that the need for control has six dimensions (time, place, costs, risks, information and personal contact), and that the influence of these dimensions on consumer channel choice varies across specific consumption situations.

The study also found that the participants were not consistent in their channel choices over time. They showed fragmented consumer behaviour, dependent on their social roles and external circumstances. The thesis discusses how control and fragmentation are key themes in the explanation of voluntary multi-channel usage and movement between channels. The insights from this research contribute to a deeper understanding of consumer use of e-services and to strategic improvements in the design and management of e-services.


Geological carbon storage has the potential to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, if large volumes can be injected and securely retained. Storage capacity is limited by regional pressure buildup in the subsurface. However, natural CO 2 reservoirs in the United States are commonly underpressured, suggesting that natural processes reduce the pressure buildup over time and increase storage security. To identify these processes, we studied Bravo Dome natural CO 2 reservoir (New Mexico, USA), where the gas pressure is up to 6.4 MPa below the hydrostatic pressure, i.e., less than 30% of the expected pressure. Here, we show that the dissolution of CO 2 into the brine reduces the pressure by 1.02 ± 0.08 MPa, because Bravo Dome is isolated from the ambient hydrologic system. This challenges the assumption that the successful long-term storage of CO 2 is limited to open geological formations. We also show that the formation containing the reservoir was already 2.85 ± 2.02 MPa underpressured before CO 2 emplacement. This is likely due to the overlying evaporite layer, which prevents recharge. Similar underpressured formations below regional evaporites are widespread in the midcontinent of the United States. This suggests the existence of significant storage capacities with properties similar to Bravo Dome, which has contained large volumes of CO 2 over millennial time scales.