SUMMARY 1. [ 1 2ce3H]Digoxin and polyethylene glycol (nonabsorbable marker) dissolved in water were administered orally to five healthy subjects. 2. The ratio between the amount of radioactivity/mg of polyethylene glycol in gastro-intestinal aspirates and that of the test solution demonstrated that 40-60% of the radioactivity administered was absorbed in the stomach and the proximal part of the small intestine. 3. Evidence for additional possible uptake in the lower gut was obtained by intrajejunal instillation of [3H]digoxin into the jejunum of one subject. 4. The recovery of radioactivity in the urine ranged between 43 and 62%. The total absorption might exceed the amount excreted in the urine since there was evidence of biliary excretion of radioactivity. 5. Some of the radioactivity in gastrointestinal aspirates was attached to digoxigenin and its derivatives with one or two digitoxoside groups. Studies in vitro indicated that these compounds were produced during the exposure of radioactive digoxin to the acid gastric content. 6. [12~-~H]Digoxigenin was administered orally to one subject. The uptake of radioactivity was essentially the same as that after the administration of [3H]digoxin. 7. It was concluded that the absorption of radioactivity following the administration of labelled digoxin reflects the combined uptake of the glycoside and metabolites. 8. The uptake of the intact glycoside was calculated to be approx. 50%.


BACKGROUND
Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation adversely impacts the protective properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and progression of atherosclerosis. The impact of early chronic inflammatory conditions on HDL function and vascular risk has not been well investigated.

METHODS
We compared measures of HDL particle distribution and functionality, in addition to measures of carotid intima-medial thickness (cIMT) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and age matched controls.

RESULTS
JIA patients demonstrated lower levels of HDL cholesterol [47.0 (40.0, 56.0) vs. 56.0 (53.0, 61.0) mg/dL, P=0.04], total HDL [29.5 (27.9, 32.3) vs. 32.9 (31.6, 36.3) mg/dL, P=0.05] and large HDL [5.1 (3.7, 7.3) vs. 8.0 (6.7, 9.7) mg/dL, P=0.04] particles. In association JIA patients demonstrated greater cholesterol efflux mediated via ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) [17.3% (12.8, 19.7) vs. 10.0% (5.8, 16.0), P=0.05] and less efflux mediated via ATP binding cassette G-1 (ABCG1) [3.2% (2.0, 3.9) vs. 4.8% (3.5, 5.8), P=0.01] and SR-B1 [6.9% (6.0, 8.4) vs. 9.1% (8.6, 10.2), P=0.002] compared with controls. Exposure of macrophages to serum from JIA patients resulted in a smaller increase in mRNA expression of ABCA1 (2.0±0.95 vs. 7.1±5.7 fold increase, P=0.01) and greater increases in expression of ABCG1 [1.4 (0.9, 1.5) vs. 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) fold increase, P=0.04] and SR-B1 (1.3±0.47 vs. 0.7±0.3 fold increase, P=0.001) compared with controls. Arylesterase (128.9±27.6 vs. 152.0±45.2 umoles/min/mL, P=0.04) activity and endothelial cell migration (491.2±68.9 vs. 634.2±227.4 cells/field, P=0.01) were less in JIA patients. No differences in cIMT were observed between JIA patients and controls.

CONCLUSIONS
The presence of JIA was associated with alterations in HDL particle distribution, cholesterol efflux and non-lipid transporting activities. The ultimate implication of these findings for cardiovascular risk requires further investigation.


Variability in /r/-liaison usage in non-rhotic accents of English has been explained by reference to linguistic, sociolinguistic and phonetic factors. This paper looks at two phonetic factors that might condition such variability: a) the type of vowel phoneme at the end of the syllable likely to make the link; and b) the presence/absence of /r/ at the beginning of that syllable. A corpus of Received Pronunciation (RP) English newscasts from the years 2004 and 2005 available from the BBC Learning English website [16] was investigated. Potential contexts were detected and analysed auditorily. The results show that intrusive /r/ is more frequent after back vowels than after central vowels and that the presence of /r/ in the syllable that would make the /r/-link does not seem to have a great effect on the presence of /r/-link.


his research report provides information on the use of dental services by children (aged 6–12 years) and adolescents (aged 13–16 years) in Australia. Data were collected through the National Dental Telephone Interview Surveys 1994–96. Since the 1970s the school dental services have provided dental care for large numbers of Australian children. Variation in utilisation of these services in different States and Territories and by sociodemographic factors in the period 1994–96 is described.


Hartmann's Boundary questionnaire was developed based on research regarding the personality of nightmare sufferers. Previous research showed that boundary thinness was not only related to openness to experience but also quite strongly to neuroticism. The aim of the present study was to develop a questionnaire measuring boundaries not related to neuroticism. The Boundary Personality Questionnaire (BPQ), consisting of 20 items, showed good reliability and validity by correlating with openness to experience and nightmare frequency. However, there was a strong overlap with the conscientiousness factor that warrants further investigation of the relationship between the boundary concept and the Big Five personality traits.


There has been much interest in admission control schemes that place the burden of admission control decisions on the end users. In these schemes, referred to as Endpoint Admission Control, the decision to join the network is taken by the user, based on the probing of the network using probe packets. Depending on the level of congestion, routers mark the probe packets and thus inform the user of the state of the network. In this paper, we analyze three mechanisms for providing Endpoint Admission Control: virtual-queue marking, random-early marking and tail drop. For each scheme, we analyze the probing duration necessary to guarantee the required QoS and achieve high link utilization. Our main conclusion is that very few probe packets have to be sent when early marking is used, whereas tail drop requires a large number of probe packets


The paper aims to analyse the process of 'democratisation' or lack thereof after the 2011 Egyptian Arab Spring uprisings in the context of 'social capital'. While popular demand for reform toppled Hosni Mubarak in 2011, the transition period that followed showed the determination of regime remnants and the deep state, to preserve the underlying institutional structures of an entrenched authoritarian system. Mubarak's power base was grounded in a complicated system of interwoven relationships which entailed economic, social and political benefits. This social structure is analysed under the umbrella term 'social capital' to give an account of which network(s) pulled the cart in the pursuit of a contra democratic political agenda. A critical analysis of literature, relevant to the aim of the paper, is provided. Social capital is defined as the generalisation of norms and reciprocity which results from individuals' engagement in social networks. A general account on the most important social networks in Egypt is provided in the context of a military dominated social contract established after the 1952 military coup. This analysis concludes that the existing social capital network structure fostered and continues to foster the preservation of the authoritarian status quo. The transition period after the ousting of Mubarak presents a clear illustration of this. The well-embeddedness and the interdisciplinary nature of the deep in state in Egypt's power institutional structure were never eradicated, since the deep state restricted the interference of any 'non-conforming' entities in politics. The Egyptian deep state can be seen as self-sufficient, their penetration in every realm of society enables them to balance off adversaries when needed. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it attempts to show that authoritarianism is preserved when an elitists power network is established which thrives as a direct consequence of the underlying institutional structure. Secondly, it argues that social capital structures can produce an environment which is unfavourable to democratic development.


For heterogeneous chip technologies (Power/Signal, Electronics/MEMS, CMOS/III-Vs, ...) the three dimensional integration of hybrid assembled chips is a viable approach to overcome the issues encountered here. Especially when the interconnects become very dense (high I/Os) or signal voltages from chip to chip are vastly different, a non-ohmic contact via capacitive coupling can be a solution to overcome this issue. Submicron accuracies in the z-direction and low- micron accuracies in x/y are required to fulfill the needs of such a capacitive contact for 8x8µm 2 sized pad arrays. The authors have successfully developed a chip, the interconnect scheme and the assembly process that allows the capacitive coupling of high I/O chips for electronic, MEMS and heterogeneous hybrid devices. The 3D Chip Stack was afterwards assembled on a test PCB with through via wirebonding. Envisioned concept shows the use of backside contacts e.g. PWR/GND/CLK for the top chip to be realized by integrated through via chip manufacturing as used in MEMS/MOEMS technology


The main approach to PGE target selection west of the Pilanesberg was to use the geological models for the setting of PGE mineralisation (together with their associated geophysical and geochemical signatures) in the southwestern lobe of the Bushveld Complex where abundant information is available. A small gravity anomaly to the west of the Pilanesberg could represent stratigraphic thickening of the Bushveld stratigraphy or a local magma feeder zone. If the Merensky Reef is present in this area then it could be expected to be of the narrow, pegmatoidal, potholed (including contact type) and high-grade variety, as in the southwestern and northwestern lobes of the Bushveld Complex. High precision, airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys over the area, carried out by the Council for Geoscience, demarcate Upper Zone stratigraphy and a range of dykes, faults and probable scattered bodies of iron-rich ultramafic pegmatites (IRUPS). Of particular significance are a set of northeasterly trending dykes and/or faults of the Vlakfontein swarm, which could host Ni (PGE) sulphide bodies of the type already known from the area. Anomalously low radiometric signatures were used to demarcate areas of unequivocal mafic/ultramafic rock outcrops or sub-outcrops. Higher radiometric signatures reflect Transvaal floor rocks while extremely high signatures occur over the Pilanesberg alkalic rocks.

In terms of soil geochemistry, chromium is a good indicator of the Lower and Lower Critical zones of the Bushveld Complex. The transition from a high to a low chromium signature in the Rustenburg area is broadly coincident with the base of the Upper Critical Zone, which contains the important UG2 and Merensky Reef platiniferous layers. The same high to low chrome transition is seen to the west of the Pilanesberg and is considered to be an important PGE target indicator. Anomalously high nickel values occur over the Lower Zone rocks to the west of the Pilanesberg, although in the Rustenburg sector the most pronounced nickel geochemical anomalies are shown to be related to the impact of mining including tailings dams, smelters etc. The expansive nickel anomaly west of the Pilanesberg probably reflects the greater abundance of altered (including birbiritized) olivine-bearing rocks (harzburgites) and the presence of nickeliferous pipes. The transition area from a high-nickel (>220ppm) to a low-nickel signature, as in the case of chromium, defines a good PGE target area. Vanadium and titanium as expected show an anomalous build-up in the Upper Zone rocks of the Bushveld Complex. V also shows anomalous values over the upper chromitite zone and over IRUPS. The zone east of the vanadium anomalies to the west of the Pilanesberg therefore emerges as one with PGE potential.

By integrating the interpretations of the above data sets, six main PGE target areas emerge to the west of the Pilanesberg. The most important targets include a well-defined zone of probable Critical Zone rocks as well as east-northeasterly trending linear targets along the Vlakfontein and related fault/dyke sets. Possible fault-, basal- and offset-style mineralisations are identified in the northwestern part of the area.


Lack of well-stabilized biosolids is a basic problem for many municipal wastewater treatment plants in Iran. Disposed biosolids from west Ahvaz wastewater treatment plant were generally used for agricultural activities. Initial evidence showed that these biosolids were untreated and had the potential to transmit many pollutants to the environment and create hazards for public health, although anaerobic digester was selected for this wastewater treatment plant. The main objective of this research was to evaluate and optimize the bacteriological quality of biosolids by lime addition in west Ahvaz wastewater treatment plant. The stability and reuse potential of biosolids from existing anaerobic digester and lime added biosolids were investigated. Lime addition to biosolids was performed in the reactor with 30 L capacity. Averge amounts of fecal coliforms and viable helminthes ova in disposal biosolids from anaerobic digester were 1.3×10 15 MPN / g of dry solids and 314 ova / 4 g of dry solids, respectively. By lime addition with the ratio about 0.265 g Ca (OH) 2 per g of dry solids, pH was not dropped under 12 and growth of fecal coliform was not detected after 30 days. In this regard, discharged biosolids from this plant was unstable and very dangerous for reuse or disposal. Lime addition could stabilize the biosolids and reduce fecal coliforms more than 99.99% and had concordance with class B of United State Environmental Protection Agency criteria. Lime-stabilized biosolids could hence be well used for reconditioning the poor soil and for covering of solid waste landfill-sites.


Sunshine exposure and diet alone do not provide adequate vitamin D for vulnerable groups in the UK. To prevent deficiency and the health consequences, GPs should be advising appropriate supplements for all infants, toddlers and pregnant and breastfeeding women. GP practices could distribute the low cost Healthy Start supplements to all their clients.


There has been a substantial shift from public housing to voucher-based housing assistance over the past decade, largely in response to the rising cost of public housing and the high rates of crime, unemployment and school failure among public housing residents. Despite this shift, there is relatively little evidence on the impact of public housing or housing vouchers on educational outcomes. This paper utilizes a plausibly exogenous source of variation in housing assistance generated by public housing demolitions in Chicago to examine the impact of high-rise public housing on student outcomes. I find that children in households affected by the demolitions do no better or worse than their peers on a wide variety of achievement measures. Because the majority of households that leave public housing in response to the demolitions move to neighborhoods and schools that closely resemble those they left, the zero effect of the demolitions may be interpreted as the independent impact of public housing. These findings suggest that eliminating high-rise public housing will not necessarily lead to the benefits documented in housing mobility experiments such as Gautreaux or Moving to Opportunity


ABSTRACT This paper examines how collective skill formation systems balance economic objectives related to competitiveness and social objectives related to inclusion. Based on a simple theoretical model, we argue that there are clear limits to how much inclusiveness can be achieved in collective skill formation systems. Firms are generally successful in resisting pressure by governments to be more inclusive because they benefit from their structural power in collective skill formation systems. Therefore, most pro-inclusiveness policies in such training systems do not require any firm-specific involvement. If pro-inclusiveness policies involve firms, employer associations typically participate in their development, trying to align the goal of inclusion with the economic interest of employers. Our two-level game model helps to understand this complex interaction between governments and firms. Empirical examples substantiate our expectations. They show how important it is to consider both levels simultaneously when analyzing inclusion-oriented training policy reforms.


Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae are seasonal migrants that mate and calve at low latitudes and feed at mid- to high latitudes. Connections between most Southern Hemisphere breeding and feeding areas are not well understood, but are critical for assessing stock structure and human impacts. Photo-identification was performed to identify the feeding grounds of an Endan- gered sub-population that breeds in the central South Pacific Ocean (CSP). Identification pho- tographs were obtained from 159 ind. at American Samoa and compared to 3508 Southern Hemi- sphere humpback whales in the Antarctic Humpback Whale Catalogue (AHWC), including 1352 from Antarctic feeding grounds. Two individuals from American Samoa were seen on 3 occasions at the Antarctic Peninsula. This is the first known feeding site for American Samoa and one of few reli- ably identified for the CSP. AHWC #2950 was confirmed to have undertaken a round-trip movement of no less than 18 840 km, spanning 108 longitudinal degrees. This represents the largest mammalian migration known to date and a departure from historical assumptions about CSP migratory patterns. The frequency, causes, and fitness implications of such movements have yet to be determined. How- ever, distance is the only known extrinsic barrier to humpback whale movement within oceans, and so maximum individual range is 1 factor potentially affecting population exchange and colonization of new habitats. The movement documented here may place this Endangered sub-population at risk if conservation efforts are relaxed in unidentified parts of its range. Yet, the ability of humpback whales to undertake such extensive movements may have also contributed to the apparent recovery of some populations versus other historically exploited whale species.


Anna Stilz claims that citizens of democratic states bear "task responsibility" to repair unjust harms done by their states. I will argue that the only situation in which Stilz's argument for such "task responsibility" is not redundant, given her own premises, is a situation where the state leaves it up to the citizens whether to indemnify others for the harms done by the state. I will also show that Stilz's "authorization view" rests on an unwarranted and implausible assumption (which I call "the authorization principle") about authorization and political obligation, and that this problem cannot be remedied by limiting the account to democratic states. I will then briefly turn to Pasternak's account of citizen responsibility for state action and argue that it suffers from two deficiencies: first, she equates group membership with collective action, and second, she does not provide any explanation as to why citizens should incur liability for the acts of their state under the four conditions she highlights. I conclude that neither Stilz nor Pasternak succeed in showing that at least citizens of democratic states are liable (barring very special circumstances) for the acts of their states.


Austria does not often make political headlines. It has at least twice in recent years: in 1986, when the Waldheim Affair was debated worldwide, and in 1999, when the Austrian Freedom Party (FPOe) under Joerg Haider received 27 percent of the vote in national elections. Established by former Nazis for former Nazis, the FPOe entered the mainstream of Austrian politics when it became part of a coalition government. This volume explores whether its rise is a uniquely Austrian phenomenon or corresponds to broader social and political changes in Europe. Parallels to Haider's party can be found in other European countries. It anti-immigration agenda and rhetoric are similar to those of the French FN, the Belgian Vlaams Bloc, and the Italian Lega Nord. And its anti-European Union posture is similar to the sentiments of the anti-Maastrich wing of the British conservative party. However, European reaction to the FPOe's rise derives not only from its policies, but its linkage to past suspicions that the Austrians have not learned the lessons of history as had the Germans. The FPOe's success strengthened that impression. In response, 14 European Union governments downgraded their bilateral relations with the Austrian government to a purely technical level. Although the sanctions were lifted in September 2000, the spotlight is still very much on Austria, and concern about the FPOe remains high. This important volume contains eleven chapters by internationally prominent scholars from a broad spectrum of the social sciences. Its cross-disciplinary approach provides perspective on the Haider phenomenon, its rhetoric, and its impact on daily life in Austria. It also analyzes the influence ofright-wing populism on politics, culture, and society, and its implications in Austria as well as elsewhere in Europe. The Haider Phenomenon will be of interest to historians, political scientists, those in European studies, and scholars in contemporary political extremism.


Since EUROFRAME published its economic assessment of the Euro Area last year (EUROFRAME 2014), conditions have disimproved somewhat. Our forecast for 2014 last year was a full half a percentage point greater than that actually realized as the tentative recovery from recession evident in 2013 dissipated throughout 2014. It now appears the Euro Area will only grow by 0.8 per cent in 2014. While world GDP in 2014 did not grow quite as strongly as envisaged, it will still increase by 3.3 per cent. Unlike the Euro Area, the anticipated recovery in the US expected last year has all but materialized.


– The purpose of this paper is to improve current evaluation designs for Indigenous Australian residential alcohol and drug treatment centres, by understanding the context of treatment in this modified TC context. The aim of the research is to present an analysis of the key features of treatment associated with four Indigenous Australian alcohol and drug treatment centres, as expressed by staff working in these centres. , – Ethnographic observations were made at each site between 2008 and 2009 with the first author attending treatment groups, education sessions, staff meetings and other events. The first author conducted informal conversational discussions with all programme staff and board members. In addition, 23 staff and 15 board members participated in a semi-structured interview with an emphasis on gaining views on the essential elements of residential alcohol and drug treatment, potential barriers to effective treatment delivery and "what works" in residential treatment. , – A number of key themes emerged, including the importance of the flexibility of programmes to include a wide variety of treatment approaches, the importance of culture (although defined differently) in the delivery of appropriate service, provision of safe spaces that allow for clients and staff interaction, the potential for improvement in the provision of effective client case management, the need to reduce job-related stress through staff professional development and organisational culture change and the need to address the difficulties experienced in the provision of effective aftercare. , – Currently, there is very little evidence related to Indigenous Australian approaches to the treatment of alcohol and drug misuse. The paper contributes to the understanding of the key features of treatment delivery, as identified by staff employed in drug and alcohol residential treatment. This understanding is vital so that government agencies can provide appropriate funding to areas of need for treatment services.


We present the Pan-STARRS1 discovery of the long-lived and blue transient PS1-11af, which was also detected by Galaxy Evolution Explorer with coordinated observations in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) band. PS1-11af is associated with the nucleus of an early type galaxy at redshift z = 0.4046 that exhibits no evidence for star formation or active galactic nucleus activity. Four epochs of spectroscopy reveal a pair of transient broad absorption features in the UV on otherwise featureless spectra. Despite the superficial similarity of these features to P-Cygni absorptions of supernovae (SNe), we conclude that PS1-11af is not consistent with the properties of known types of SNe. Blackbody fits to the spectral energy distribution are inconsistent with the cooling, expanding ejecta of a SN, and the velocities of the absorption features are too high to represent material in homologous expansion near a SN photosphere. However, the constant blue colors and slow evolution of the luminosity are similar to previous optically selected tidal disruption events (TDEs). The shape of the optical light curve is consistent with models for TDEs, but the minimum accreted mass necessary to power the observed luminosity is only ∼0.002 M☉, which points to a partial disruption model. A full disruption model predicts higher bolometric luminosities, which would require most of the radiation to be emitted in a separate component at high energies where we lack observations. In addition, the observed temperature is lower than that predicted by pure accretion disk models for TDEs and requires reprocessing to a constant, lower temperature. Three deep non-detections in the radio with the Very Large Array over the first two years after the event set strict limits on the production of any relativistic outflow comparable to Swift J1644+57, even if off-axis.


Aim Africa is identified by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as the least studied continent in terms of ecosystem dynamics and climate variability. The aim of this study was (1) to adapt the Lund-Postdam-Jena-GUESS (LPJ-GUESS) ecological modelling framework to Africa by providing new parameter values for tropical plant functional types (PFT), and (2) to assess the sensitivity of some African biomes to changes in precipitation regime. Location The study area was a representative transect (0-22 degrees N and 7-18 degrees E) through the transition from equatorial evergreen forests to savannas, steppes and desert northwards. The transect showed large latitudinal variation in precipitation (mean rainfall ranged from 50 to 2300 mm year(-1)). Methods New PFT parameters used to calibrate LPJ-GUESS were based on modern pollen PFTs and remote sensed leaf area index (LAI). The model was validated using independent modern pollen assemblages, LAI and through comparison with White's modern potential vegetation map. Several scenarios were developed by combining changes in total rainfall amount with variation in the length of the dry season in order to test the sensitivity of African biomes. Results Simulated vegetation compared well to observed data at local and regional scales, in terms of ecosystem functioning (LAI), and composition (pollen and White's vegetation map). The assessment of the sensitivity of biomes to changes in precipitation showed that none of the ecosystems would shift towards a new type under the range of precipitation increases suggested by the IPCC (increases from 5 to 20%). However, deciduous and semi-deciduous forests may be very sensitive to small reductions in both the amount and seasonality of precipitation. Main conclusions This version of LPJ-GUESS parameterized for Africa simulated correctly the vegetation present over a wide precipitation gradient. The biome sensitivity assessment showed that, compared with savannas and grasslands, closed canopy forests may be more sensitive to change in precipitation regime due to the synergetic effects of changed rainfall amounts and seasonality on vegetation functioning.


A decomposition methodology based on the concept of "thermoeconomic isolation" applied to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of a stationary cogeneration proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based total energy system (TES) for residential/commercial applications is the focus of this work. A number of different configurations for the fuel cell based TES were considered. The most promising set based on an energy integration analysis of candidate configurations was developed and detailed thermodynamic, kinetic, geometric, and economic models at both design and off-design were formulated and implemented. A decomposition strategy called Iterative Local-Global Optimization (ILGO) developed by Muñoz and von Spakovsky was then applied to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of the fuel cell based TES. This decomposition strategy is the first to successfully closely approach the theoretical condition of "thermoeconomic isolation" when applied to highly complex, non-linear systems. This contrasts with past attempts to approach this condition, all of which were applied to very simple systems under very special and restricted conditions such as those requiring linearity in the models and strictly local decision variables. This is a major advance in decomposition and has now been successfully applied to a number of highly complex and dynamic transportation and stationary systems. This thesis work presents the detailed results from one such application.


In light of Ken Howard's recent "religion singularity" phenomenon, this article attempts to ascertain the nature of Christian diversity during the last seventy years of the first century (roughly 30 to 100 CE). It offers an examination of the two largest Christian movements that existed before the second century, as well as when those movements may have begun and the locations they most likely flourished. The article argues that the earliest Christian tradition was the one persecuted by the Apostle Paul and that later, two breakaway movements splintered off from this tradition: the Pauline and Ebionite movements. The paper concludes that during the first century, of these two splinter movements, the Pauline movement likely preceded that of the Ebionite movement, though they both flourished in many of the same locations. Of interest is the finding that all three Christian movements (the pre-Pauline tradition, Pauline, and Ebionite) flourished in Asia Minor, a cosmopolitan sub-continent which appears to have served as a geographic information nucleus through which diverse ideas easily proliferated.


Due to the decrease of household incomes, the increase of food prices, and the negative effects of climate change on agricultural production, Tunisia faces a food insecurity challenge, especially in rural and arid areas. The purpose of our research is to understand and explore household resilience to food insecurity in two villages, Selta and Zoghmar, in central Tunisia. A cross-sectional survey of 250 sample households was conducted in the villages. Factor analysis and regression models were employed to analyze the data using SPSS version 21. The results indicate that only around 36% of the households were resilient at different levels. In Selta, 62.8% and in Zoghmar 66.7% of the households were vulnerable. As indicated by the factor loadings and beta coefficients, income and food access, adaptive capacity, and the social safety net were important dimensions of household resilience to food insecurity, being positively correlated with the resilience index. However, asset possession, and climate change negatively affect household resilience. Therefore, interventions must target strategies that address the different levels of resilience reflected by the resilience estimators. These estimators were generated by focusing mainly on building farmers' knowledge of how to face the different difficulties and challenges.


IN A RECENT PUBLIC AGENDA SURVEY, PARENTS OF PUBLIC HIGH-SCHOOL students supported the idea that reducing class sizes was a better way to improve schools than raising salaries for teachers. More stunning, however, was the survey's finding that public high-school teachers felt the same way. This widespread support for class-size reduction has translated into legislative action at the state and federal levels. As early as 1984, Texas placed a cap of 22 students on classes in the early grades. Within the next 12 years, Nevada, Virginia, California, Indiana, and Tennessee followed suit. Efforts at the state level have been supported by the Clinton administration's class-size reduction program, passed in 1998, which was to fund the hiring of around 29,000 new teachers during the 1999-2000 school year alone. While the Bush administration has retreated somewhat, its "No Child Left Behind Act" does provide states with block grants that can be used for class-size reduction. With so much activity surrounding the issue of class size, one would think that the American education system were facing an unprecedented crisis of overcrowded classrooms and harried teachers. However, from a historical perspective, class-size reduction is a remedy in search of a problem. Between 1955 and 1995, the ratio of students to teachers in elementary and secondary schools fell from 26.6 to 15 students per teacher, a 40 percent decline (see Figure 1).The decline of the student/teacher ratio was steady across the 40-year period; moreover, as economists Eric Hanushek and Steven Rivkin have found, it was mainly growth in the pool of mainstream teachers, rather than those of administrators or special-education teachers, that accounted for the decline. In fact, the real crisis seems to lie not in swelling class sizes, but in teachers' dwindling relative pay. Male teachers born around 1900 could expect to earn 45 percent more than the average worker; by contrast, those born around 1950 could expect to earn 8 percent less. Female teachers experienced an even larger decline in their relative pay. In the past half century, schools appear to have shifted their resources into hiring more teachers and paying them lower salaries. How to explain such relentless reductions in class size, especially when they seem to be at the expense of teacher pay? My research suggests that the trends in teacher quantity and pay are driven by the nature of technological progress in the larger economy. To understand how this might work, suppose that the knowledge used by skilled workers outside teaching, such as doctors or engineers, is improving as a result of innovation. This would raise the productivity of skilled nonteachers, thereby raising the price of skilled labor. However, suppose that the general knowledge transmitted by schoolteachers, such as reading or arithmetic, remains largely unchanged and that the productivity of teachers remains constant as a result, Now schools must pay higher prices for skilled teachers, but they do not receive higher productivity in return. Faced with this situation, schools will respond by lowering the quality of teachers relative to workers in other professional occupations and raising the quantity of teachers e mployed. The relative quality of teachers falls precisely because the economy is healthy enough to drive up the demand for educated workers, In a sense, high teacher quality inevitably becomes a victim of its own educational successes. According to this theory, the declining relative pay of teachers reflects a concurrent decline in relative teacher quality. As teacher quality becomes more expensive, schools use less of it. Reducing class size emerges as a cheaper way to boost achievement than raising teacher quality. This also helps to explain a puzzling feature of U.S. achievement data in the postwar period. Since teaching seems to be skill-intensive, the increase in the relative price of skilled workers has raised the overall cost of education, This may be why real costs per student have increased substantially (nearly doubling in the past 30 years) while the performance of schools, as measured by average student achievement, has not risen at all. …


Abstract Although there is currently considerable activity around improving the reentry process for former prisoners returning to society, much of this work lacks a strong theoretical and empirical foundation. With its well-developed theoretical grounding and its growing evidence base, the restorative justice movement provides an obvious place to start when thinking about reintegration. Yet there has been relatively little application of restorative models in the reentry context. We argue that restorative justice interventions are too often focused on the "soft end" of the justice process, when a growing body of evidence suggests that restorative practices might be more effectively focused on the reintegration process for more serious offenses. We provide examples of Canadian and U.S. programs that could be considered emerging models of "restorative reentry."


The English occultist Robert Cochrane (1931‐1966) has remained an enigmatic figure ever since his death under mysterious circumstances almost fifty years ago. The Magister of a coven known as the Clan of Tubal Cain, Cochrane was a co-founder of Cochranian Witchcraft and a vocal critic of Gerald Gardner (1884‐1964) and mainstream elements of the Wiccan movement. Cochrane's legacy is today evident in a variety of contemporary magico-religious groups, including the rejuvenated Clan, the 1734 tradition and the wider "Traditional Witchcraft" current of Western esotericism. Recent academic thought has maintained that Cochrane's tradition was a form of contemporary Paganism akin to that of Gardner, although this has not gone unchallenged; in recent years, Cochrane's successor Shani Oates (1959‐) has argued that Cochranianism is not a tradition of the Pagan Craft, but should instead be understood as a Luciferian and Gnostic spiritual path quite distinct from contemporary Paganism. In this article, the author endeavours to explore this complicated issue, using both historical textual sources and information obtained from oral histories.


In energetic equilibrium, the atmosphere's net radiative divergence ( R ) is balanced by sensible ( S ) and latent ( L ) heat fluxes, i.e., R+S+L=0 . Radiative forcing from increasing CO2 reduces R , and the surface warming following an increase in CO2 is largely due to the reduction in atmospheric energy demand in S and L , with only a smaller surface radiative budget perturbation. With an idealized General Circulation Model, we show that the fast atmospheric adjustment at fixed surface temperature produces the required decrease in the sum of S and L through changes in the near‐surface temperature and specific humidity. In layers near the surface, the reduced radiative cooling forces a temperature increase that leads to a negative Planck radiative feedback and, because of the reduced surface‐atmosphere temperature difference, also to a reduction in sensible heat flux. In the free troposphere, the reduced radiative cooling leads to a weakening of the tropospheric circulation. Consequently, there is a decrease in the water flux exported from the layers near the surface, and as such in precipitation. By mass conservation, the near‐surface specific humidity increases and surface evaporation decreases until it balances the reduced export flux. Other processes can amplify or dampen the responses in S and L and change the partitioning between these two fluxes, but by themselves do not ensure R+L+S=0 .


Exact solutions are presented to the steady-state coupled-mode equations that govern the nonlinear parametric interaction of a central-frequency wave with a pair of upshifted and downshifted sidebands in isotropic single-mode optical fibers. This solution accounts for pump depletion as well for as a possible phase mismatch among the waves. The existence is predicted of eigensolutions propagating unchanged along the fiber, which may be either spatially stable or spatially unstable, depending on the total power and the propagation-constant mismatch. The presence of spatially unstable eigensolutions dramatically affects the power exchange among the three waves. The physical implications of this instability for the frequency-conversion process, as well as its potential application to all-optical switching, are discussed.


Introduction: India is facing a dual burden of overweight/obesity and under nutrition among children less than 5 years of age. Neck circumference is recently studied marker for malnutrition among adults and older children. Objective: To correlate neck circumference with body mass index and to associate it with wasting and underweight status. Material & Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among children less than 5 years of age attending the outpatient setup of a tertiary care setup in Nagpur, Maharashtra. Demographic details and anthropometric measurements were done for the children with necessary permission before the start of the study. Anthropometry was done using standard guidelines and WHO charts were used for classification of wasting and underweight Results: We included 260 study subjects in our study. The mean age of the children was 21.55 ± 17.31 months and majority of them were females, belonged to Hindu religion (58.07%), belonged to Class 4 (33.08%) and the mothers were educated up to senior secondary (34.62%). Neck circumference had significant positive correlation with birth weight (r=0.138) and body mass index (r=0.211). The average neck circumference was significantly lower in case of wasted (p< 0.05) and underweight children (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Neck circumference correlated significantly with body mass index and was significantly lower in wasted and underweight in children less than 5 years of age.


In the current human-modified world, or Anthropocene, the state of water stores and fluxes has become dependent on human as well as natural processes. Water deficits (or droughts) are the result of a complex interaction between meteorological anomalies, land surface processes, and human inflows, outflows, and storage changes. Our current inability to adequately analyse and manage drought in many places points to gaps in our understanding and to inadequate data and tools. The Anthropocene requires a new framework for drought definitions and research. Drought definitions need to be revisited to explicitly include human processes driving and modifying soil moisture drought and hydrological drought development. We give recommendations for robust drought definitions to clarify timescales of drought and prevent confusion with related terms such as water scarcity and overexploitation. Additionally, our understanding and analysis of drought need to move from single driver to multiple drivers and from uni-directional to multi-directional. We identify research gaps and propose analysis approaches on (1) drivers, (2) modifiers, (3) impacts, (4) feedbacks, and (5) changing the baseline of drought in the Anthropocene. The most pressing research questions are related to the attribution of drought to its causes, to linking drought impacts to drought characteristics, and to societal adaptation and responses to drought. Example questions include Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 3632 A. F. Van Loon et al.: Drought in a human-modified world (i) What are the dominant drivers of drought in different parts of the world? (ii) How do human modifications of drought enhance or alleviate drought severity? (iii) How do impacts of drought depend on the physical characteristics of drought vs. the vulnerability of people or the environment? (iv) To what extent are physical and human drought processes coupled, and can feedback loops be identified and altered to lessen or mitigate drought? (v) How should we adapt our drought analysis to accommodate changes in the normal situation (i.e. what are considered normal or reference conditions) over time? Answering these questions requires exploration of qualitative and quantitative data as well as mixed modelling approaches. The challenges related to drought research and management in the Anthropocene are not unique to drought, but do require urgent attention. We give recommendations drawn from the fields of flood research, ecology, water management, and water resources studies. The framework presented here provides a holistic view on drought in the Anthropocene, which will help improve management strategies for mitigating the severity and reducing the impacts of droughts in future.


We address the problem of Visual Relationship Detection (VRD) which aims to describe the relationships between pairs of objects in the form of triplets of (subject, predicate, object). We observe that given a pair of bounding box proposals, objects often participate in multiple relations implying the distribution of triplets is multimodal. We leverage the strong correlations within triplets to learn the joint distribution of triplet variables conditioned on the image and the bounding box proposals, doing away with the hitherto used independent distribution of triplets. To make learning the triplet joint distribution feasible, we introduce a novel technique of learning conditional triplet distributions in the form of their normalized low rank non-negative tensor decompositions. Normalized tensor decompositions take form of mixture distributions of discrete variables and thus are able to capture multimodality. This allows us to efficiently learn higher order discrete multimodal distributions and at the same time keep the parameter size manageable. We further model the probability of selecting an object proposal pair and include a relation triplet prior in our model. We show that each part of the model improves performance and the combination outperforms state-of-the-art score on the Visual Genome (VG) and Visual Relationship Detection (VRD) datasets.


What kind of war is Mexico's drug war? The prominent "criminal insurgency" approach helpfully focuses attention on cartel–state conflict, but unnecessarily redefines insurgency as "state-weakening," eliding critical differences in rebels' and cartels' aims. Whereas rebels fight states, and cartels fight with one another, to conquer mutually prized territory and resources, cartels fight states "merely" to constrain their behavior and influence policy outcomes. This distinction yields a typology with theoretical consequences: decisive victory plays an important role in most models of civil war but is impossible or undesirable in wars of constraint. Theories of criminal war must therefore explain how ongoing coercive violence can be preferable to pacific strategies. I distinguish two such coercive logics of cartel–state conflict: violent lobbying and violent corruption. Lobbyings' more universalistic benefits elicit free riding, so turf war among cartels should make it rarer than violent corruption. This prediction accords with qualitative and quantitative evidence from Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil.


The conventional academic account of Fourth Amendment (or search and seizure) history has been shaped by uncritcal acceptance of claims in Supreme Court opinions that the reference to "unreasonable searches and seizures" in that text was intended to created a broad "reasonableness" standard for assessing all government arrests and searches, whether made with or without warrant. This article marshals salient evidence from the author's more detailed prior articles to demonstrate that this claim is merely a prochronistic myth that grossly understates the criminal procedure standards the American Framers thought they had preserved.The article first describes the actual common-law standards for criminal arrests and related searches to show that mere "reasonableness" was never recognized as a standard in framing-era sources. It also documents that the accusatory common-law criminal arrest standards were actually understood to be salient features of the "law of the land" and "due process of law" protections set out in other constitutional provisions, and that criminal search authority was essentially an appendage of arrest authority. Thus there was neither room nor reason for the Fourth Amendment to address warrantless arrests or searches, or even criminal arrest warrants. Rather, the only unsettled search issue at the time of the framing was the scope of legislative authority regarding revenue search warrants, so the Fourth Amendment was framed simply to ban Congress from authorizing use of too-loose warrants for revenue searches of houses, while the Fifth Amendment due process of law clause preserved criminal procedure standards. (Along the way, the article identifies deficiencies in recent historical claims by Professors Fabio Arcila (notes 122, 204) and Thomas Clancy (note 225).)The article then describes how nineteenth century judges destroyed the original understanding of due process of law and thus left federal Supreme Court justices free to reinvent modern "search and seizure" doctrine under the Fourth Amendment, to invent the concept of Fourth Amendment reasonableness in the 1925 Carroll decision to justify warrantless searches where lawful arrests could not be made, and more recently to exploit the flexible character of reasonableness to effectively create discretionary police arrest and search authority comparable to that conferred by the general warrant which the original Fourth Amendment was meant to abolish.


Copyright's provision of economic incentives is completely consistent with its underlying utilitarian philosophy. A perspective grounded in economic and conventionally understood utilitarian rationales for legal protection emphasizes the commodification and dissemination of intellectual works. This perspective fails to take into account that human enterprise also embodies inspirational or spiritual motivations for creativity. This failure creates turmoil for many authors because it fosters a dominant market exchange reality that ignores the importance of non-economically based motivations for innovation. This Article demonstrates that narratives illuminating spiritual or inspirational motivations for innovation are integral to understanding more fully the artistic soul, and challenges the dialogue on authors' rights in this country to consider the implications of such narratives. The intrinsic dimension of creativity developed herein is one characterized by spiritual or inspirational motivations that are inherent in the creative task itself as opposed to motivation resulting from the possibility of economic reward. Inspirational motivations for artistic creation can be understood better through an examination of a variety of narratives illuminating the intrinsic dimension of innovation. This Article examines both theologically based and secular narratives about creativity drawn from a variety of sources. The analysis demonstrates how deeply inspirational motivations are embedded in Western civilization's perceptions about creativity and illustrates how the insights derived from these narratives featuring inspirational motivations for creativity can inform the discourse about the law of authors' rights. Subsequently, the discussion demonstrates that the American legal system historically has ignored the insights derived from these narratives as fundamental sources of human sensibilities regarding artistic creation, resulting in a legal system manifesting an incomplete view of artistic creativity. It probes how the United States' law governing authors' rights has been shaped in response to a largely different perspective, one that focuses on economic as opposed to inspirational motivations. The analysis also demonstrates that the insights derived from this perspective can facilitate the development of appropriately tailored moral rights laws that would promote the policies underlying authors' rights in this country. Finally, the discussion tackles how the United States' law should be changed so that it can be more responsive to all authorship interests rather than just those that are economically motivated. It proposes a viable framework for stronger moral rights protection consistent with our existing legal system.


Thi s study looks specifically a t the purpos e and function of religious communities in order to analyze the Seventh-day Adventist community as a system and communitarian organism that creates and sustains moral codes and social controls, which thereby is symbiotic with certain identity expressions/formations. My discussion takes place in a rapidly changing broader society of high mobility, internet connectivity, and cultural change. Within the larger global community exists an American community, and within, but also overreaching that community exists a Seventh-day Adventist community that is global. These communities interact with each other, crossing membership boundaries. Within the Seventh-day Adventist world-church, smaller subgroups emerge with unique social


The problems of technological development for the Russian Federation take on special significance in the context of modernization of the production base. The complexity of the position of the Russian economy is that it cannot be attributed fully to developing ones. Russia is a strong industrial power that has gone through the processes of destructive de-industrialization in the conditions of changing its economic and political structure. The need to find ways for re-industrialization is not a unique task for the economies of industrially developed countries. Under the influence of production outsourcing for 20 years, the industrial potential of leading economies of the world was regressed against the backdrop of the ascent of China, a new industrial giant. Therefore, methods, tools, and techniques utilized for industrial renaissance in EU may be used to achieve a technological leap in the Russian Federation, especially since the temporary gap of 5-7 years makes it possible to analyze best practices and use those technological transfer tools that have shown the greatest efficiency. In this article, methods of technological transfer are analyzed, the role of technological audit is justified, and factors are analyzed that influence the successful process of commercialization of technologies. Keywords—Technological transfer, productivity, technological audit, commercialization of technologies


The intensity fluctuations of scattered laser light are reinvestigated. The objective is to show that useful spectral information can be obtained by correlation of the recurrence rate of a fixed, arbitrary intensity level. In developing the concept, we first analyze the arrival and departure statistics of the scatterers in certain light-scattering experiments. Kolmogorov's forward equation is solved for the transition probability of the scatterer occupation number in the detection volume. It then becomes apparent that in the absence of configuration periodicities the scattered light intensity of a many-scatterer system is a process with statistically independent increments. It reduces to a sequence of independent pulses when the occupation number fluctuates between zero and one. All intensity levels recur at exponentially distributed time intervals, the mean recurrence rate depending on the level. Furthermore, the recurrence rate autocorrelation function becomes an important and easily accessible observable. In the absence of scatterer configuration periodicities it equals the scatterer velocity correlation function times a constant factor. Several experimental examples utilizing commerical digital correlators are presented which demonstrate the application of recurrence rate correlation. A case of continuing interest is the measurement of turbulence spectra in fluid flow.


The rapid growth of electric power systems has resulted in many utility companies increasing the investment of Substation Automation Systems (SAS). Free marketing, deregulation and competition has brought about greater restrictive requirements to produce reliable, continuous and good-quality power supply, without a significant increase in the cost of delivery. For this reason, engineers ever since the development of the earliest microprocessor based Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), have depended on digital superiority to assist personnel in the precise location of faults. The ability of these IEDs to generate an abundance of valuable network data through information exchange of relays, permits power authorities to capitalise in areas such as control, protection, monitoring, fault recording and communication. These Instrumentation and Control (I&C) devices facilitate on-site personnel to accurately establish the fault distance of a transmission line and repair any damage at reduced outage times using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA).
However, the system inherent problem endured by the earlier IED models was the fact that the serial bus communication caused a dilemma in the overall response times of the data. This was greatly attributable to the profusion of copper wiring and the lack of compatibility between vendor specific IEDs. To contend with these concerns, a variety of standardised communication paradigms and international protocols were introduced. These incremental additions to the existing substation framework lead to the reduction of copper wiring through the use of fibre optic technologies and interoperability between different vendor specific IEDs via the use of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messaging. The majority of in-service substation protocols are still based on MODBUS and DNP3 standards. These standards however are slowly becoming replaced by Ethernet and fibre optic technologies in the form of the IEC61850 protocol.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in two parts. Part I attempts to construct a portable IEC61850 testing unit capable of achieving interoperability between three different vendors including ABB, Areva and SEL. The IEC61850 testing unit is built to serve as a replica of a real-life in-service substation. The rig is equipped with copper, fibre and Ethernet capabilities in order to set and capture GOOSE messages in the form of ICD, CID, SCL and SCD files using logical nodes. Part II of the research develops an innovative fault locator algorithm to determine the distance to fault error in overhead transmission lines. The algorithm is derived using Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) and uses a square wave arc model to determine the fault distance, arc resistance, total fault resistance and tower footing resistance. The algorithm is simulated and tested using the portable IEC61850 testing unit and a 300km Artificial Transmission Line (ATL).


INTRODUCTION The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment(1) is famous for inspiring disagreement. More than one hundred years have passed since the Supreme Court departed from the original understanding of the clause and interpreted regulations as potentially falling within its ambit.(2) Although the passage of time has established the principle that regulations can run afoul of the Takings Clause, the Court has been unable to offer a coherent vision of when compensation is required.(3) Academic commentators also have failed to reach agreement on the issue, offering an enormous range of solutions to the takings question.(4) The newest field of controversy involves compensation statutes.(5) In a few short years, the property rights movement's demand that both state and national legislatures provide compensation when government regulations diminish property value has won widespread support, which, since 1994, has begun to translate into legislative success.(6) The Contract with America provides that "property owners [are] to receive compensation . . . for any reduction in the value of their property" greater than ten percent.(7) Shortly after the 104th Session of the House of Representatives began, its members passed an act requiring compensation when certain regulations decreased the value of land by more than twenty percent.(8) Five state legislatures have passed statutes directing that property owners be paid for losses that they suffer as the result of governmental regulations.(9) The success of the property rights movement, however, has provoked a powerful response. Academic criticism has been sharp,(10) and political opposition has been intense.(11) Property rights legislation already has been repealed by referendum in Washington state(12) and rejected in an Arizona referendum.(13) President Clinton has threatened to veto any federal property rights bill.(14) Opponents of compensation statutes accurately have seen in both the proposed and enacted statutes a direct threat to the continued existence of the regulatory state: by requiring compensation for regulations these statutes will make the imposition of many regulations too costly. Given the extraordinary diversity of opinion about when compensation is owed, it would be only natural to expect that an equal lack of agreement would exist about what purpose the Takings Clause serves. The reality, however, directly contradicts that expectation. Justice Black crisply stated his view of the purpose of the Takings Clause in Armstrong v. United States:(15) The Takings Clause is "designed to bar Government from forcing some people alone to bear public burdens which, in all fairness and justice, should be borne by the public as a whole."(16) Justice Black's view has received a remarkable degree of assent across the spectrum of opinion.(17) The Armstrong principle has become, according to Professor Glynn Lunney, a part of the "ritual litany" employed in takings decisions.(18) The principle has been embraced repeatedly by Chief Justice Rehnquist and by Justice Scalia, the judicial champions of a broad reading of the Takings Clause,(19) as well as Florida's compensation statute.(20) It is contained specifically in the text of, and invoked in support of, various property rights proposals recently introduced in the Senate.(21) The champions of a narrow reading of the clause, Justices Brennan, Blackmun, Marshall, and Stevens have espoused the Armstrong principle with equal fervor.(22) At one level, this striking unanimity results from Justice Black's broad language. His language avoids confrontation of the hard question: What do fairness and justice require? People with very different ideas about fairness can accept the Armstrong principle while diverging sharply as to what it means. Nonetheless, cultural conventions exist to give the principle meaning. Bruce Ackerman has offered the leading scholarly treatment of cultural conventions concerning the Takings Clause in his book Private Property and the Constitution. …


Context. Previous molecular gas observations at arcsecond-scale resolution of the Seyfert 2 galaxy M 51 suggest the presence of a dense circumnuclear rotating disk, which may be the reservoir for fueling the active nucleus and obscures it from direct view in the optical. However, our recent interferometric CO(3-2) observations show a hint of a velocity gradient perpendicular to the rotating disk, which suggests a more complex structure than previously thought. Aims. To image the putative circumnuclear molecular gas disk at sub-arcsecond resolution to better understand both the spatial distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas. Methods. We carried out CO(2-1) and CO(1-0) line observations of the nuclear region of M 51 with the new A configuration of the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer, yielding a spatial resolution lower than 15 pc. Results. The high resolution images show no clear evidence of a disk, aligned nearly east-west and perpendicular to the radio jet axis, as suggested by previous observations, but show two separate features located on the eastern and western sides of the nucleus. The western feature shows an elongated structure along the jet and a good velocity correspondence with optical emission lines associated with the jet, suggesting that this feature is a jet-entrained gas. The eastern feature is elongated nearly east-west ending around the nucleus. A velocity gradient appears in the same direction with increasingly blueshifted velocities near the nucleus. This velocity gradient is in the opposite sense of that previously inferred for the putative circumnuclear disk. Possible explanations for the observed molecular gas distribution and kinematics are that a rotating gas disk disturbed by the jet, gas streaming toward the nucleus, or a ring with another smaller counter- or Keplarian-rotating gas disk inside.


Unlike most western countries, marine fisheries in Iceland and Norway is still of some national significance. For more than two decades now, the two countries have managed their fisheries with complicated quota systems. The main rules of these two systems are explained in the article. However, the main purpose of the article is to describe how harvest rights in the two countries have been allocated since 1990. In both countries the principle of grandfathering the harvest rights has prevailed, i.e., the initial allocation has protected the professional interest of those that have already participated in the fisheries. Despite this, rules on the matter have not been engraved in stone since they have been dynamic and contingent on various amendments by the legislature and government. Basic rules on allocation have been stipulated in acts in Iceland, while in Norway they have mostly been based on regulations. Since harvest rights are transferable in Iceland, this, in principle, should make the harvest rights better protected than in Norway. However, when the matter is scrutinized, it becomes clear that the Icelandic parliament has in fact reallocated harvest rights on a recurrent basis. In Norway, rules on allocation of harvest rights have been relatively stable. This can be partly explained by the fact that the most important stakeholders in the Norwegian fisheries have in practice had important say on how the harvest rights have been allocated.


The Federal Aviation Administration has done much right in the past few months with its draft small UAS rules, but should add nuance to the draft to avoid draining America's nascent drone industry. This Article, which was submitted as an official comment to the FAA by the University of Washington's world-renowned College of Engineering, recommends five essential modifications to enable American competitiveness in this field. First, the FAA should maintain the line-of-sight requirement as a baseline, but allow uses beyond line-of-sight for pilots and aircraft certified to fly with First-Person View or autonomous technology. Second, the FAA should create exceptions to the largely sensible 500-feet ceiling for Small UAS flight, particularly in areas with few low-flying passenger aircraft, and adopt a licensing and certification process for advanced pilots and drones to fly above 500 feet. Third, the FAA should adopt proposed, more relaxed rules for Micro UAS weighing less than 4.4 pounds because different drones present different risks and so should be regulated differently. Fourth, the FAA should adopt an enabling philosophy toward drones, acknowledging that * Brooks Lindsay, University of Washington School of Law and Foster School of Business, Class of 2017. This Article was submitted as an official comment to the FAA by the University of Washington College of Engineering and William E. Boeing Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics. 1 Lindsay: Drone Drain: How the FAA Can Avoid Draining (and Instead Spur) th Published by UW Law Digital Commons, 2015 344 WASHINGTON JOURNAL OF LAW, TECHNOLOGY & ARTS [VOL. 10:4 their immense economic potential justifies taking manageable safety risks. Fifth, the FAA should actively grant exemptions to the civil ban in the interim of permanent rules, testing drones in society and allowing the FAA to hone the draft rules before they are made permanent in 2017. If the FAA implements these recommendations, it will provide America's emerging drone industry the breathing room to innovative, grow, and compete on the global stage.


Existing methods for visual anomaly detection predominantly rely on global level pixel comparisons for anomaly score computation without emphasizing on unique local features. However, images from real-world applications are susceptible to unwanted noise and distractions, that might jeopardize the robustness of such anomaly score. To alleviate this problem, we propose a self-supervised masking method that specifically focuses on discriminative parts of images to enable robust anomaly detection. Our experiments reveal that discriminator's class activation map in adversarial training evolves in three stages and finally fixates on the foreground location in the images. Using this property of the activation map, we construct a mask that suppresses spurious signals from the background thus enabling robust anomaly detection by focusing on local discriminative attributes. Additionally, our method can further improve the accuracy by learning a semi-supervised discriminative classifier in cases where a few samples from anomaly classes are available during the training. Experimental evaluations on four different types of datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods for each condition and in all domains.


Particulates are present in the atmosphere as a result
of both natural and man-made processes. Typical
particulates include windblown soil, sea salt, sulphur,
nitr0gen and hydrocarbon complexes, ammonium sulphate
and nitrate, carbonaceous matter, biological debris,
metal oxides, trace metals, and extra-terrestrial magnetic
and radioactive compounds. Natural processes such as
cloud formation, rainfall, and sedimentation cleanse
the atmosphere of these particulates and, in so doing,
form particle groups or agglomerates which can contain
many unit particles. For the purpose of atmospheric
research and, in particular, the physical tracing of
pollution sources, particulates are a useful emission
indicator. Consequently, if one wishes to use them
effectively, it is necessary to separate the agglomerate
into its independent particle units prior to analysis
and identification. This is no simple matter, as the
particles are held together by strong physical forces.
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate a method
of separating particulates for physical tracer studies,
but the atmospheric aerosol was considered too complex
a model for the initial studies. [Continues.]


The support of multilingualism within the European Union is one of the central concerns of the Commission of the European Communities. The contextually-bound and flexible use of several languages is regarded as a key qualification, both for individual and social purposes. Within the framework of education in early infancy, the countries involved (in the CotEC) are supposed to promote initiatives that support multilingualism in European societies (European Commission 2005). So, how can the raising of awareness for interlingual phenomena, be encouraged systematically in the context of language instruction and how do students with different language learning experiences benefit from this instructional support? The following contribution addresses this question in the context of English as a second language and German language instruction. This is a shortened and complemented version of Gobel, Vieluf & Hesse (2010). The analysis of a survey on a total amount of about 11.000 students and 440 teachers from different school types show that language transfer promoting instruction is seldomly integrated in German and English classes. Still it can be shown, that language transfer promoting instruction has a positive effect on the language competence development of students in ESL classes.


The 1976 Act announces broad exclusive rights, offset by a myriad of specific exemptions, and one wide exception for "fair use." In words and intent, the exclusive rights are capacious, but new technologies may have caused some of the general phrases to become more constraining than might have been expected from a text whose drafters took pains to make forward-looking. Thus, the scope of the reproduction right turns on the meaning of "copy;" the reach of the distribution right on "distribute copies" and "transfer of ownership;" the range of the public performance right on "public" and "perform." Entrepreneurs and users of new technological means of exploiting copyrighted works have urged narrow constructions of each of these terms, arguing that broad interpretations will chill future innovation (and suppress present markets for copyright-exploiting devices or services). Copyright owners, concerned that unfettered new uses will supplant traditional copyright-controlled markets, have contended that the literal language, or, failing that, congressional intent, encompass the contested use. In addition, new technologies have called into question the identification of the person who "does" the copyright-implicating acts. Who makes a copy when the act is decomposed into steps taken by different actors? Who performs or displays a work when the work resides on one person's server, but the public perceives it through another person's website?Several US courts have narrowly construed the reach of the exclusive rights of reproduction, distribution, public performance and public display, thus putting into doubt their efficacy in the digital environment. In particular, the Second Circuit's recent decision in Cartoon Networks v. CSC Holdings, if followed, could substantially eviscerate the reproduction and public performance rights. The growing number of decisions rejecting a "making available" right attests to some difficulties in adapting the distribution right to online exploitation. By contrast, one bright spot for authors appears in the area of moral rights, in which digital media may provide a means to make at least some authors' attribution interests enforceable. Because the decisions emanate from lower courts, including first-level courts, it is too soon to discern whether US copyright law is adopting a constricted conception of the scope of the economic rights under copyright, and if so, whether the decisions betoken an evolving (if often unarticulated) determination that copyright prerogatives should yield to technological preferences. In either event, the analyses and results contrast with solutions adopted in the European Union, and, in some instances, may be in tension with the US' international obligations.


Objective: Assessing and understanding the health needs and capacities of college students is paramount to creating healthy campus communities. The American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) is a survey that ACHA developed in 1998 to assist institutions of higher education in achieving this goal. The ACHA-NCHA contains approximately 300 questions assessing student health status and health problems, risk and protective behaviors, and impediments to academic performance. Participants: The spring 2007 reference group includes ACHA-NCHA data from 71, 860 students at 107 institutions of higher education. Methods: Officials at participating institutions administered the ACHA-NCHA to all students, to randomly selected students, or to students in randomly selected classrooms. ACHA collected data between January and May 2007. Results: Results from the spring 2007 reference group (N= 71, 860) are presented. Conclusions: These data expand the understanding of the health needs and capacities of college students.


For a long time, grammatical gender has been viewed solely as a feature inherent to nouns and necessary to track agreement between noun and other elements within an utterance (Aikhenvald 2003; Hockett 1958; Corbett 1991). However, since the seminal article of Ritter (1991), other uses and characteristics of gender as an abstract feature have been brought to light. For example, gender has been argued to play a role in numeral classification (Mathieu 2012), or serve as an expression of speaker perspective (Armoskaite & Wiltschko 2012; Gerdts 2011). This study focuses on the role of gender in the derivation of nouns. Based on Lithuanian (Baltic), the paper argues that gender may derive nouns from nouns, adjectives and verbs.


This paper presents an assessment by integration of LED T8 tube lamps in academic buildings for energy efficiency considerations. The proposed project was implemented in conjunction with a national mission, national energy efficiency action plan (NEEAP) for 10-year implementation period of 2016-2025 in reducing allocation on subsidies for efficient expenditure towards energy-saving measures. A case of study in a real environment at one of the UiTM's buildings as a target task area has been tested by replacing a LED lighting technology in consideration of current operating costs and power factor performances. From the results, LED T8 tubes have shown a better power factor of 0.89 compared to fluorescent lamps with about 0.61 and primarily driven by economic benefits in terms of cost savings of up to 50% with return-on-investment (ROI) 6 months after installation. By integrating this technology, nearly 50% of the total energy consumption in indoor lighting system could be significantly saved, thus reducing the total cost of electricity bills in the future within the target area.


A new technique of design and reconstruction of a color hologram is presented. The design is based on an iterative multi-plane optimization algorithm. It allows to encode three different images for a reconstruction at various distances measured from the hologram plane. The distances are calculated in order to obtain a fine color compound image when the hologram is illuminated by three laser beams of RGB colors. A single light phase modulator is used instead of three. The reconstructed red, green and blue component images remain in an exact match in size and position. The 2-D color image is reconstructed at a pre-assumed distance and its color pattern can be easily controlled by the choice of the three input component images.


In 1953, Congress supplanted the tribal civil law on some American-Indian reservations with the civil law of the US state in which they are located. In the vein of cross-national literature on law and finance, I demonstrate that Congress's action reduced external financial actors' uncertainty over the enforcement of contracts on some reservations. Using novel data on 20,000 home loans to tribal members guaranteed by a US Housing and Urban Development program (1996–2013), I find a causal effect at the individual level: mortgage holders governed by US state civil law pay consistently lower interest rates. Thus, externally imposed law generates long-term benefits for tribal members. Nonetheless, qualitative extensions suggest that neither the presence nor the magnitude of the effect offsets many tribes' prioritization of their sovereignty, rather than the individual-level economic benefits that can result from compromising it.


Background: In developing countries, majority of the people do not receive optimal eye care due to barriers which limit their access to appropriate eye care services. The population in need of eye care therefore resort to alternative and accessible eye care services across and within in their communities.
Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the eye care seeking behaviour among people in the Cape Coast metropolis.
Methods: A population based survey was conducted in the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana, between February and May 2013 and the data was analysed in July 2013. Responses of pretested semi structured questionnaire covering aspects of attitudes and practices towards eye care was obtained from 700 participants who were 18 years and older in the Cape Coast metropolis. Households were systematically and randomly selected.
Results: Among the study participants of 700, 54.1% have never had their eyes examined at any health facilities despite reported episodes of eye disease. Their main reason being the perception that their ocular symptom were of minor diseases (185, 45.2%) and cost of seeking eye care (126, 30.8%). Majority of the respondents (60.6%) who had not enrolled onto the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) had never had their eyes checked as compared to those who were on health insurance (39.5%).
Conclusion: The people of the metropolis have poor Eye health seeking behaviour with preference for alternative eye care services.


CD40 expression is required for germinal center (GC) formation and function, but the kinetics and magnitude of signaling following CD40 engagement remain poorly characterized in human B cells undergoing GC reactions. Here, differences in CD40 expression and signaling responses were compared across differentiation stages of mature human tonsillar B cells. A combination of mass cytometry and phospho‐specific flow cytometry was used to quantify protein expression and CD40L‐induced signaling in primary human naïve, GC, and memory B cells. Protein expression signatures of cell subsets were quantified using viSNE and Marker Enrichment Modeling (MEM). This approach revealed enriched expression of CD40 protein in GC B cells, compared to naïve and memory B cells. Despite this, GC B cells responded to CD40L engagement with lower phosphorylation of NFκB p65 during the first 30 min following CD40L activation. Before CD40L stimulation, GC B cells expressed higher levels of suppressor protein IκBα than naïve and memory B cells. Following CD40 activation, IκBα was rapidly degraded and reached equivalently low levels in naïve, GC, and memory B cells at 30 min following CD40L. Quantifying CD40 signaling responses as a function of bound ligand revealed a correlation between bound CD40L and degree of induced NFκB p65 phosphorylation, whereas comparable IκBα degradation occurred at all measured levels of CD40L binding. These results characterize cell‐intrinsic signaling differences that exist in mature human B cells undergoing GC reactions. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry


While ionizing radiotherapy (RT) can provide durable local control, the relative radiosensitivity of surrounding organs such as the lungs and heart and the distributed nature of the pleura limit the ability to safely deliver RT for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Recent advances in the technological sophistication of RT planning and delivery devices have resulted in increased spatial control of irradiation dose that has extended the palliative and definitive applications of RT for patients with MPM. This review will outline the logistical, mechanistic and clinical basics of RT and the clinical trials supporting the use of RT in the multidisciplinary care of patients with MPM.


Nanoscale technologies provide both challenges and opportunities. We show that the issues and potential solutions facing designers are technology independent and arise mainly from shrinking device sizes and an increase in the number of devices available. We explore how it is possible to use some of the devices that will be available to help ease design complexity as well as overcome process related challenges such as limited layout freedom, increased defect densities, timing constraints, and power dissipation.


The life history, population and feeding biology of two species of frogs (R. cancrivora and R. limnocharis) were studied from April 1992 through September
1993 in the rice growing district of Tanjung Karang, Selangor, Malaysia. The
results showed that the breeding periods of the two frogs were correlated with the
irrigation phase of the rice growing seasons and were not correlated with the
rainfall. The frogs were also found to have two breeding peaks annually as opposed
to a single peak for the same species in other localities.
Comparison of the life history aspects of the two species showed that R. cancrivora females produced more, and larger sized, eggs than R. limnocharis females. This then produced a chain effect whereby R. cancrivora larvae developed
faster and metamorphosed at a larger size than those of R. limnocharis, and then
continued to grow at a faster rate, attained a larger size and reached sexual maturity
earlier. These factors most probably contributed to the observed disparity i n
population size between these two frogs wherein R. cancrivora is about six times
more numerous than R. limnocharis.
The fact that adults of these two species differ in size is also the main reason
as to why they can coexist in the same habitat. Different body sizes allow them to
ingest different sized prey items, as was discovered by analysis of their diets, thus
avoiding competition for food. Survivor ships from eggs to metamorphosis for both
species are low but normal for lentic-water breeding amphibians, and they are
deemed sufficient to maintain the population levels if human interference can be
substantially reduced. Fluctuations in the population structure are mainly due to
recruitment, natural mortality and human interference. The most important food
items for both species are insects and about 80% of these insects are pests of rice.
Hence these frogs are considered very important biological control organisms in the
paddy field habitat.


This paper deals with motion planning for robots manipulating movable objects among obstacles. We propose a general manipulation planning approach capable of addressing continuous sets for modeling both the possible grasps and the stable placements of the movable object, rather than discrete sets generally assumed by the previous approaches. The proposed algorithm relies on a topological property that characterizes the existence of solutions in the subspace of configurations where the robot grasps the object placed at a stable position. It allows us to devise a manipulation planner that captures in a probabilistic roadmap the connectivity of sub-dimensional manifolds of the composite configuration space. Experiments conducted with the planner in simulated environments demonstrate its efficacy to solve complex manipulation problems. KEY WORDS—manipulation task planning, path planning, probabilistic roadmaps


This study evaluates the ability of LiDAR, IKONOS and Landsat ETM+ data to provide estimates of forest structure in British upland conifer plantations. Little use has so far been made of these technologies in the UK, whereas in some other countries remote sensing has become integral to forest management systems. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the application of the selected remote sensing systems to provide up-to- date and accurate information on key forest variables such as tree height, volume and density. Two upland conifer areas, located in south-west Scotland and north-east England, were used to develop and validate the regression models used to estimate these forest variables. The ability of LiDAR to provide an accurate measurement of the ground and canopy surfaces was investigated in densely stocked plantations, typical for commercial forestry in the U.K. The results show that, despite the dense nature of the forest canopy, sufficient laser pulses penetrate through to the ground to generate an accurate Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Provided that the ground surface is accurately defined, a point density of 2 returns/m(^2) will enable measurement of tree height to be made. LiDAR-derived top heights were found to be as accurate as field-based measurements (RMSE of 0.57 m). LiDAR-derived top height is easily integrated with established Forestry Commission models to provide volume estimations. Tree density is not accurately estimated using LiDAR data (RMSE of 434 trees/ha). Results strongly suggest that predictive equations developed for top height can be transferred to other conifer forests. Furthermore, the relationship between field-measured top height and laser-derived top height appears to be stable across different conifer species. LiDAR data can be used to identify tree species in pure and mixed stands. Two methods were developed: the first used summary measures based on the laser height distribution and the second the near infrared intensity. These measures when mapped spatially can be used to classify areas by species and to identify areas of anomalous growth and wind damage. At a larger spatial scale. Landsat ETM+ and IKONOS data can provide height estimates up to the point of canopy closure (approximately 10 m). LiDAR-derived height can be used in place of field-based measurements to drive reflectance-based models to estimate height from optical satellite data. The methods developed are transferable to other conifer forests that are managed in a similar way. The results from this thesis show that LIDAR, IKONOS and Landsat ETM+ data provide valuable and complementary information at a_ range of scales and can assist managers to make more informed resource management decisions.


We present a new approach to the design of the holey fibers that have ultra-high nonlinearity and dispersion properties optimized for tunable fiber parametric wavelength converters based on degenerated four wave mixing. This hybrid approach combines downhill simplex algorithms with four wave mixing modeling. Exploiting the relations between fiber properties and the converter's characteristics, this method is not only much faster than other methods proposed before but also enables an inverse design of the holey fibers according to the pre-set device characteristics, like conversion gain, tuning range, fiber length and pump power. We then investigate the sensitivity of these characteristics to the small variations in the fiber structural parameters and find adjusting the pump power can to some extent mitigate the impact of the fabrication errors.


Purpose This study aims to examine the various Egyptian customers" usage patterns of banking services in an attempt to provide a better understanding of factors affecting customer"s decision of using the electronic banking services. Design/methodology/approach A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to a convenience sample of customers. No category was used in the sample selection in order to avoid bias; the only condition was that respondents should have bank"s account. Findings Findings revealed that about 88.85% of sample was users of automated teller machine, internet banking, and mobile banking. However, still a considerable number of them prefer to visit the branch at least once monthly. Research limitations/implications The study was confined to banks in Alexandria, which may not represent the entire Egyptian population. The study also focused on banks" customers and it didn"t take into consideration the opinion of banks" managers and employees. Originality/value This paper introduces theoretical and practical understanding of the impact of e-banking on service quality in the Egyptian banking sector.


Low risk Study adheres to commonly held tenets of high-quality design, execution, and avoidance of bias Good quality RCT • Random sequence generation • Allocation concealment • Intent-to-treat analysis • Blind or independent assessment for author's primary important outcomes • Co-interventions applied equally • F/U rate of 80%þ and <10% difference in follow-up between groups • Controlling for possible confounding


Summary 1. Governmental authorities in many countries financially support the implementation of habitat connectivity measures to enhance the exchange of individuals among fragmented populations. The evaluation of the effectiveness of such measures is crucial for future management directions and can be accomplished by using genetic methods. 2. We retraced the population history of the European tree frog in two Swiss river valleys (Reuss and Thur), performed comprehensive population sampling to infer the genetic structure at 11 microsatellite markers, and used first-generation migrant assignment tests to evaluate the contem porary exchange of individuals. 3. Compared with the Thur valley, the Reuss valley has lost almost double the number of breeding sites and exhibited a more pronounced genetic grouping. However, similar numbers of contempo rary migrants were detected in both valleys. In the Reuss valley, 81% of the migration events occurred within the identified genetic groups, whereas in the Thur valley migration patterns were diffuse. 4. Our results show that the connectivity measures implemented in the Reuss valley facilitated effec tive tree frog migration among breeding sites within distances up to 4 km. Nevertheless, the Reuss valley exhibited high genetic differentiation, which reflected the impact of barriers to tree frog move ment such as the River Reuss. By contrast in the Thur valley, a larger number of breeding sites have been preserved and high admixture indicated exchange of individuals at distances up to 16 km. 5. Synthesis and applications. We show that genetic methods can substantiate the effectiveness of connectivity measures taken in conservation management at the landscape scale. We urge responsi ble authorities from both river valleys to continue implementing connectivity measures and to


Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate overall survival (OS) and cancer recurrence for patients with indeterminate positron emission tomography (PET) scan for extrahepatic disease (EHD) before liver resection (LR) for colorectal liver metastases (CLMs). Summary of Background Data: Indeterminate EHD as determined by PET imaging indicates a probability of extrahepatic malignancy and potentially excludes patients from undergoing LR for CLM. Methods: In a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from February 2006 to December 2014, OS for patients with indeterminate EHD on 18FDG-PET scan before LR for CLM was performed using standard survival analysis methods, including Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazard models for multivariate analyses. Postoperative imaging was used as reference to evaluate the association between indeterminate EHD and recurrence. Results: Of 267 patients with PET scans before LR, 197 patients had no EHD and 70 patients had indeterminate EHD. Median follow-up was 33 months. The estimated 5-year OS was 60.8% versus 59.4% for indeterminate and absent EHD, respectively (P = 0.625). Disease-free survival was comparable between both groups (P = 0.975) and overall recurrence was 57.1% and 59.5% for indeterminate and absent EHD, respectively (P = 0.742). About 16.9% of recurrence was associated with the site of indeterminate EHD, with 80% of associated recurrence occurring in the thorax. Conclusions: The site of indeterminate EHD appears to have a predictive value for recurrence, with indeterminate EHD in the thorax having a higher probability of malignancy. The evidence in this report supports the critical evaluation of PET scan results and that patients are not denied potential curative LR unless the evidence for unresectable EHD is certain.


Proofs obtain whether a mathematical process is true or false. For this reason the purpose of this study is to develop "Questionnaire for Constructing Mathematical Proof" for preservice mathematics teachers. For this aim, totally 32 scale items and 3 open-ended questions were prepared by reviewing relevant literature by researcher. Later, this scale was conducted in 187 preserevice teachers who were at 1, 2, 3 and 4th grade in Karadeniz Technical University Fatih Faculty of Education. At the end of this application, it was put to use answers of 187 preservice teachers and 27 items were selected. KMO value of this scale is .712, Barlett test significance value was .000, Cronbach- alpha value was .79. This value has been rather good.


[(en)Pt(-OH)2Pt(en)]2+, a dinuclear -hydroxo bridged complex (with en = ethylenediamine) crystallizes with excess AgNO3 in high yield as the trinuclear complex [{(en)Pt(-OH)2Pt(en)}Ag](NO3)3 (Pt2Ag, 1) from water. The two halves of the complex are significantly bent (dihedral angle 42.2°) and the three metals form a triangle with the following distances: Pt1Pt2, 2.9729(9) , Pt1Ag1, 2.818(1) and Pt2Ag1, 2.809(1) . The shortness of the PtAg distances and the dispositions of the three metal ions strongly suggest that dative bonds from Pt to Ag are responsible for the bending of the two halves of the edge-sharing dinuclear [(en)Pt(-OH)2Pt(en)]2+ complex. This scenario appears to be yet another cause of bending of edge-sharing dinuclear -OH bridged metal complexes of d8 metal ions, adding to those involving PtPt bonding, or anion binding, among others. Comparison with related -OH dimers of cis-(NH3)2PtII or (tmeda)PtII (tmeda = N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylenediamine), which do not display Ag+ binding, suggests that the feature of Ag+ binding is not common to all cis-bis(am(m)ine) complexes of PtII. Interestingly the complete removal of Ag+ from 1 does not lead to the -OH dimer but rather to the known -OH tetramer [{(en)Pt(-OH)}4]4+.


Eisler's cultural transformation theory suggests that the global crises we face can be addressed only through movement to a partnership model of social organization. Drawing on cultural transformation theory and systems theory, a partnership model of family organization (PMFO) is outlined as a practical framework to guide families toward partnership relations. Eight components of PMFO are presented and expanded on as a path toward furthering familial and societal transformation. The eight tenets of a PMFO are: 1) cooperative adult leadership, 2) connecting orientation, 3) caretaking emphasis, 4) collaborative roles and rules, 5) celebration of unique contributions, 6) compassionate communication, 7) conscious language use, and 8) collection and creation of partnership stories. Finally, specific strategies of application of the PMFO will be discussed.