This study examined the thoughts of preservice teachers about technology integration and collected their ideas about possible barriers to technology integration in education. With this aim, the participants were asked two key questions which are (1) "What does 'Technology Integration in Education' mean to you?" and (2) "What might be the possible barriers to technology integration in education?". A total of 76 preservice teachers, who took the course "Integrating Technology in Education" during their Elementary Teacher Education program took part in the study. The data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis method in this qualitative study. As a result of the study, it was revealed that preservice teachers have critical perceptions related to technology integration, such as effective use of technology, inclusion of technology in the course curriculum, increasing engagement, visualizing the course content, working with administrators to integrate technology, and being able to teach with technology that cannot be taught beforehand. As for the external and internal barriers, the participants commented that lack of funding/budget, lack of equipment, lack of ability, and time are major barriers to technology integration in education. Unlike the other studies in the relevant literature, preservice teachers stated parents and security as barriers to integrating technology in education.


Combining multi-year, firm-level surveys with country-level panel data for 53 countries, the authors explore the impact of bank competition on firms' access to finance. They find that low competition, as measured by high values of the Lerner index, diminishes firms' access to finance, while commonly-used bank concentration measures are not robust predictors of firms' access to finance. In addition, they find that the impact of competition on access to finance depends on the environment that banks operate in. Some features of the environment, such as greater financial development and better credit information, can mitigate the damaging impact of low competition. But other characteristics, such as high government bank ownership, can exacerbate the negative effect.


This paper presents a dual-mode magnetorheological (MR) fluid mount. Combining the fluid's flow and squeeze modes of operation gives this MR mount a unique possibility for varying dynamic stiffness and damping. Details on the design of the internal structure of the mount and the magnetic circuit are provided. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the magnetic circuit. A mathematical model that combines the behavior of the fluid and the elastomeric parts and takes into account the magnetic activation of the fluid is used to gauge the effect of design parameters on the isolation characteristics of the mount. Experimental results show that in the proposed design, the dynamic stiffness of the mount may be varied over a wide range of frequencies making the mount a unique and versatile vibration isolation device for cases where input excitation occurs over a wide range of frequencies.


Epigenetic changes are a potential mechanism contributing to race/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in health. However, there is scant evidence of the race/ethnic and socioeconomic patterning of epigenetic marks. We used data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Stress Study (N = 988) to describe age- and gender- independent associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) with methylation of Alu and LINE-1 repetitive elements in leukocyte DNA. Mean Alu and Line 1 methylation in the full sample were 24% and 81% respectively. In multivariable linear regression models, African-Americans had 0.27% (p<0.01) and Hispanics 0.20% (p<0.05) lower Alu methylation than whites. In contrast, African-Americans had 0.41% (p<0.01) and Hispanics 0.39% (p<0.01) higher LINE-1 methylation than whites. These associations remained after adjustment for SES. In addition, a one standard deviation higher wealth was associated with 0.09% (p<0.01) higher Alu and 0.15% (p<0.01) lower LINE-1 methylation in age- and gender- adjusted models. Additional adjustment for race/ethnicity did not alter this pattern. No associations were observed with income, education or childhood SES. Our findings, from a large community-based sample, suggest that DNA methylation is socially patterned. Future research, including studies of gene-specific methylation, is needed to understand better the opposing associations of Alu and LINE-1 methylation with race/ethnicity and wealth as well as the extent to which small methylation changes in these sequences may influence disparities in health.


Photograph of a newspaper clipping with a photograph taken by Brad Loper from the Arlington Morning News of Russian police officer Col. Galija Mavljutov touring the Arlington police museum after she attended the International Association of Women Police conference in Dallas. The caption at the top of the picture says "Policewomen join forces." The picture also shows various artifacts on display at the museum including three mannequins wearing uniforms and a United States Flag.


Effectiveness of surgery as a cancer treatment is reduced when all cancer cells are not detected during surgery, leading to recurrences that negatively impact survival. To maximize cancer cell detection during cancer surgery, we designed an in situ intraoperative, label-free, optical cancer detection system that combines intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Using this multimodal optical cancer detection system, we found that brain, lung, colon, and skin cancers could be detected in situ during surgery with an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 97%, 100%, and 93%, respectively. This highly sensitive optical molecular imaging approach can profoundly impact a wide range of surgical and noninvasive interventional oncology procedures by improving cancer detection capabilities, thereby reducing cancer burden and improving survival and quality of life. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3942-50. ©2017 AACR.


The Queueing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP) is a computational architecture that combines the mathematical theories and simulation methods of queueing networks (QNs) with the symbolic and procedure methods of GOMS analysis and the Model Human Processor (MHP). QN-MHP has been successfully used to model reaction time tasks and visual search tasks (Feyen and Liu, 2001). This paper describes using QN-MHP to model vehicle steering and to steer a driving simulator as a step toward modeling more complex driving scenarios. The steering model was implemented in Promodel, a commercially available simulation program. A network of 20 servers represents different functional modules of the human perceptual, cognitive, and motor information processing system. Entities carrying information on vehicle location and orientation arrive at and flow through the visual, cognitive and motor sub-networks of the system and are processed independently and concurrently by the servers. The QN-MHP steering model was interfaced with a driving simulator (DriveSafety) using an Ethernet protocol and several custom-built software modules. Heading and location information were received in real-time from the simulator and processed through the servers. Whenever the model made a hand movement, the corresponding position of the steering wheel was transferred to the simulator, thus steering the simulated vehicle. The model demonstrated realistic steering behavior. It steered the driving simulator within the lane boundaries of straight sections and curves of varying curvature. This work showed the potential strength of QN-MHP as a model of driving behavior. Ongoing work will further develop the model by expanding the scope of the driving task and by adding secondary in-vehicle tasks.


We propose a novel approach to multimodal sentiment analysis using deep neural networks combining visual analysis and natural language processing. Our goal is different than the standard sentiment analysis goal of predicting whether a sentence expresses positive or negative sentiment; instead, we aim to infer the latent emotional state of the user. Thus, we focus on predicting the emotion word tags attached by users to their Tumblr posts, treating these as "self-reported emotions." We demonstrate that our multimodal model combining both text and image features outperforms separate models based solely on either images or text. Our model's results are interpretable, automatically yielding sensible word lists associated with emotions. We explore the structure of emotions implied by our model and compare it to what has been posited in the psychology literature, and validate our model on a set of images that have been used in psychology studies. Finally, our work also provides a useful tool for the growing academic study of images - both photographs and memes - on social networks.


The history of Hungarian palinka distillation dates back thousands of years. Palinka is a special product; its quality features are being increasingly recognized and appreciated by consumers. Our national drink went through considerable transformations in the past years, as it left the village environment behind and has become a Hungaricum, popular with young people. The authorization of home distilling in September 2010 was a key factor in its gaining ground in the country. In connection with this topic, the international practice of beverage tourism has been reviewed. After that, the Hungarian practice was examined, including the selection of palinka festivals, thematic palinka tours and palinka product ranges in 19 counties and in Budapest based on a total of 100 restaurants. Using SWOT analysis I revealed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of palinka gastronomy and palinka industry. Overall, it was found that the popularity of palinka is increasing, but the thematic palinka tours have not yet widened, and there is a need for more procedures supported by community marketing.


Abstract. Radio-echo sounding of the Antarctic and Greenlandic ice sheets often reveals a layer in the lowest hundreds of meters above bedrock more or less free of radio echoes, known as the echo-free zone (EFZ). The cause of this feature is unclear, so far lacking direct evidence for its origin. We compare echoes around the EPICA drill site in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, with the dielectric properties, crystal orientation fabrics and optical stratigraphy of the EPICA-DML ice core. We find that echoes disappear in the depth range where the dielectric contrast is blurred, and where the coherency of the layers in the ice core is lost due to disturbances caused by the ice flow. At the drill site, the EFZ onset at ~2100 m marks a boundary, below which the ice core may have experienced flow induced disturbances on various scales. The onset may indicate changing rheology which needs to be accounted for in the modeling of ice sheet dynamics.


The Brazilian asset-backed security (ABS) market presents many opportunities and obstacles to investors, especially foreign investors who are accustomed to transparent markets and a wealth of information. This article shows that financial models can actually help with this problem, if they are used correctly. Rather than taking the data for the structures at face value and feeding them to a financial model in one direction, this approach utilizes a feedback loop in which the model benchmarks the performance of the security. The author shows how this approach can be used to evaluate and track the risks in this evolving market by analyzing two similar deals with different structures and tracking their performance from 2007–2009. The analysis focuses on the tumultuous life of Fundo de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios (FIDC) PanAmericano Veículos I, a Brazilian FIDC backed with vehicle loans that were originated by Banco PanAmericano. This FIDC is the perfect subject for such a study. It encountered the "perfect storm" of problems. Its investors were lucky to have received their capital back, as well as to have earned the indicated return. The FIDC matured five months before Banco PanAmericano was restructured because of a massive fraud carried out by management. The FIDC survived only because the bank was able to support the deal through frequent transfusions of new loans and the lax enforcement of regulations in Brazil.The model proposed here was used to analyze FIDC PanAmericano Veículos I during this turbulent period.


This paper examines how distributive outcomes and unresolved distributive conflicts affect the rate of productive investment and what the implications are for the level of joblessness people face in South Africa. The link between investment and employment is developed within a context of "Keynesian" and "classical" unemployment. Using time-series and cross-sectional data, estimates of the relative importance of different determinants of the rate of investment in South Africa show strong robust effects from profit rates, economic growth, and the degree of social and political conflict. The results support the argument that both distributive outcomes and distributive conflicts are important influences on the rate of investment. A short discussion of policy implications concludes the paper.


Libraries are increasingly becoming involved in digital humanities research beyond the offering of digital collections. This article examines how libraries in Europe deal with this shift in activities and how they compare with libraries in other parts of the world. This article builds on the results of surveys conducted in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the United States and the United Kingdom, and compares them with a survey conducted in Europe. We found that European libraries are mostly active in research supporting activities, such as digitisation and storage, while US libraries often include analysis in their activities. Funding comes from the library's main budget and non-structural funding in a variety of forms. Staff working in DH roles ha s  a diverse range of titles, with various forms of librarian s  being the most used. Analytical staff such as GIS specialists are only found in the US survey. All surveyed libraries agree that the biggest skill gap amongst their staff is in technical skills. When looking towards the future, European libraries see the role of digital humanities (or digital scholarship) within the library grow and are making plans to facilitate this change within their organisation by positioning themselves as an attractive research partner, by opening and increasing their digital collections and by improving the internal workings of the library.


Recent debates about "spheres of influence" in the context of the corporate responsibility to respect human rights raised the question of whether companies' human rights responsibilities arise, in part, from their leverage—their ability to influence the actions of others through their relationships. Special Representative John Ruggie rejected this proposition in the UN Framework for business and human rights. I argue, on the contrary, that leverage is a source of responsibility where there is a morally significant connection between the company and a rights-holder or rights-violator, the company is able to make an appreciable contribution to ameliorating the situation, it can do so at modest cost, and the threat to the rights-holder's human rights is substantial. In such circumstances companies have a responsibility to exercise leverage even though they did nothing to contribute to the situation. Such responsibility is qualified, not categorical; graduated, not binary; context-specific; practicable; consistent with the specialized social role of business; and not merely a negative responsibility to avoid harm but a positive responsibility to do good.


A reference work for the emerging field of multisensory integration, covering multidisciplinary research that goes beyond the traditional "sense-by-sense" approach and recognizes that perception is fundamentally a multisensory experience. This landmark reference work brings together for the first time in one volume the most recent research from different areas of the emerging field of multisensory integration. After many years of using a modality-specific "sense-by-sense" approach, researchers across different disciplines in neuroscience and psychology now recognize that perception is fundamentally a multisensory experience. To understand how the brain synthesizes information from the different senses, we must study not only how information from each sensory modality is decoded but also how this information interacts with the sensory processing taking place within other sensory channels. The findings cited in The Handbook of Multisensory Processes suggest that there are broad underlying principles that govern this interaction, regardless of the specific senses involved.
 The book is organized thematically into eight sections; each of the 55 chapters presents a state-of-the-art review of its topic by leading researchers in the field. The key themes addressed include multisensory contributions to perception in humans; whether the sensory integration involved in speech perception is fundamentally different from other kinds of multisensory integration; multisensory processing in the midbrain and cortex in model species, including rat, cat, and monkey; behavioral consequences of multisensory integration; modern neuroimaging techniques, including EEG, PET, and fMRI, now being used to reveal the many sites of multisensory processing in the brain; multisensory processes that require postnatal sensory experience to emerge, with examples from multiple species; brain specialization and possible equivalence of brain regions; and clinical studies of such breakdowns of normal sensory integration as brain damage and synesthesia.
 Bradford Books imprint


The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established on July 1, 1997, when the former colony was handed over by Britain to China. Thereafter the policy of "One Country, Two Systems" began as dictated by the Basic Law. This article examines the evolution of the "One Country, Two Systems" policy and discusses how this policy has been reflected in the Basic Law. As any change in the Basic Law may affect the implementation of this policy, and perhaps the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong, this article also analyses the scheme, policies and rules in relation to interpreting and amending the Basic Law. It advocates for learning from the experience of other common law jurisdictions and recommends adopting the principles of consistency, progressiveness and foreseeability in interpreting the Basic Law.


Acceptability and perception drive risky environmental heath and safety decisions: protecting against nearly infinitesimal risks can involve expenditures of millions or billions of dollars. Societal decision-makers and individual taxpayers are asked to understand numbers that span over more than 15 orders of magnitude, numbers with which most individuals lack experience. For example, we perceived real estate values will continue to rise, and lenders, in part misperceiving the potential risks of defaults, lent to more than 7 million high-risk borrowers: more than a trillion dollars were involved in the sub-prime loans market disaster. Even when public agencies or industry perform a health or safety assessment and demonstrate low risk, such assertions are not sufficient justification for those at risk to accept as minimal guarantees of safety, as the Challenger disaster shows. However, to assert that a risk is correctly perceived and acceptable requires understanding of 'acceptable risk' numbers, otherwise any 'acceptable risk criterion' to justify a choice can hardly be meaningful. This paper's synthesis of theoretical and experimental aspects integrates decision-theoretic, behavioural and neurological results, including surprising or paradoxical choices.


[1] A new instrument, the closed-path laser hygrometer (CLH), was flown on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign in 1999–2000 to measure condensed-phase water. The ice water content (IWC) of Arctic cirrus was determined from in situ measurements of condensed- and gas-phase water. The IWC values obtained from the CLH observations are compared to those determined by integrating particle size distributions measured by a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) also flown on the DC-8. The considerably greater IWC seen by the CLH implies the presence of particles with diameters greater than the FSSP's upper limit of 20 μm. The evidence for and implications of the presence of large ice crystals in Arctic cirrus is discussed.


In this paper, I present a few more results from a research work aimed at reconstructing the intellectual trajectory of Professor Gioconda Mussolini, a pioneer in the teaching of anthropology at USP's School of Philosophy, from 1944 to 1969. Here, I review her most representative production: six articles and a co-authored book, texts on several aspects of the cultural and social life of fishing populations on the coast of Sao Paulo State, produced between 1944 and 1961, as a result of numerous, intensive field research studies. The object of this analysis is to show how the set of methodological attitudes revealed in the formulation of the texts leads to a critical overcoming of "community studies," in whose context Gioconda had graduated, both as a student at USP and the Free School on Sociology and Politics, and as a colleague and coworker of representatives of this school (Donald Pierson, Emilio Willems, and Egon Schaden, among others). In this aspect, she shares, to a certain extent, her colleagues' view, such as those of Antonio Candido and Florestan Fernandes. Lastly, I point out the first elements which enable connecting her production to the successive paths in the field of ethno-anthropology of fishing in Brazil.


Filarial nematodes, parasites of vertebrates, including humans, secrete immunomodulatory molecules into the host environment. We have previously demonstrated that one such molecule, the phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein ES-62, acts to bias the immune response toward an anti-inflammatory/Th2 phenotype that is conducive to both worm survival and host health. For example, although ES-62 initially induces macrophages to produce low levels of IL-12 and TNF-α, exposure to the parasite product ultimately renders the cells unable to produce these cytokines in response to classic stimulators such as LPS/IFN-γ. We have investigated the possibility that a TLR is involved in the recognition of ES-62 by target cells, because phosphorylcholine, a common pathogen-associated molecular pattern, appears to be responsible for many of the immunomodulatory properties of ES-62. We now demonstrate that ES-62-mediated, low level IL-12 and TNF-α production by macrophages and dendritic cells is abrogated in MyD88 and TLR4, but not TLR2, knockout, mice implicating TLR4 in the recognition of ES-62 by these cells and MyD88 in the transduction of the resulting intracellular signals. We also show that ES-62 inhibits IL-12 induction by TLR ligands other than LPS, bacterial lipopeptide (TLR2) and CpG (TLR9), via this TLR4-dependent pathway. Surprisingly, macrophages and dendritic cells from LPS-unresponsive, TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice respond normally to ES-62. This is the first report to demonstrate that modulation of cytokine responses by a pathogen product can be abrogated in cells derived from TLR4 knockout, but not C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting the existence of a novel mechanism of TLR4-mediated immunomodulation.


The Euro area is an extremely unique and important currency area for two reasons. First, it is the single largest currency area to be created in an industrialized region and is important as a test case for regions contemplating the establishment of new currency areas, such as East Asia and North America. Second, it was established by sovereign states working as peers, which, despite various challenges, peacefully and autonomously decided to create a single currency area. Marking the 10th anniversary of the creation of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Euro, this invaluable book analyzes the monetary policy of the ECB — the guardian of the Euro — by using recently developed econometric methods. The analysis performed in this book marks a substantial contribution toward understanding the significance of the Euro area as well as the future of the Euro from an international perspective.


Background: Food insecurity is an issue of great concern among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Food insecurity can lead to anxiety, and depression which is in turn associated with poor medication adherence. Food insecurity is a threat to the nutritional status of PLWHA. PLWHA already have a higher energy demand due to the presence of the virus. The lack of food intake can further compromise the immune system and encourage wasting. Because Food insecurity is such a concern among PLWHA, Caring Cuisine which is a program run by Aids Project New Haven in CT, delivers meals for clients who are homebound or unable to access food on their own. In this study we wanted to determine if Caring Cuisine clients had better clinical outcomes than non-participants after adjusting for confounding factors. Methods: This was a five year retrospective study looking at clinical outcomes (Viral load and CD4) and intake form data (risk behavior, mental health, medication adherence, co-morbidities, HIV disease progression symptoms). It was designed as a matched case-control study where two controls (case-management clients of APNH, n=68) were matched to each case (n=34). Controls were matched to cases based on gender, HIV diagnosis date, age, and race. Results: No difference was found in viral load suppression between Caring Cuisine and controls at t1. We found that there was a statistically different change in CD4 counts between females (n=48) and males (n=54) in the population (p=0.002). Males in Caring Cuisine had a much greater drop in CD4 counts between t0 and t1 than controls (p=0.071) Conclusion: Further research needs to be done to determine how home-delivery meal programs affect clinical outcomes of PLWHA.


Agile software development methods are widespread in industry, and there is a wealth of academic research and practitioner publications currently available from this perspective. With the rise of Agile within companies worldwide, it is increasingly important for information systems education to keep up with this trend to ensure curriculum and courses are up-to-date. Students in the computing disciplines must be prepared to enter a job market where Agile is commonplace. As such, the topic of Agile in teaching and learning is critically important. The current special issue includes a rich collection of articles providing information systems educators with research-based, practical approaches for both teaching Agile ("the what") and using Agile as a pedagogical approach ("the how"). In an effort to assist information systems educators categorize the growing amount of literature related to Agile in teaching and learning, a conceptual framework is provided which places the literature along the two axes of pedagogy ("the how") and the content ("the what") ranging from other, non-Agile to Agile. Finally, the authors present a call for future research integrating Agile on a meta-level in the course development process. We hope that this special issue inspires educators and researchers to consider integrating Agile into their teaching and learning.


A graph is equitably \(k\)-colorable if its vertices can be partitioned into \(k\) independent sets in such a way that the number of vertices in any two sets differ by at most one. The smallest \(k\) for which such a coloring exists is known as the equitable chromatic number of \(G\) and denoted by \(\chi_{=}(G)\). It is interesting to note that if a graph \(G\) is equitably \(k\)-colorable, it does not imply that it is equitably \((k+1)\)-colorable. The smallest integer \(k\) for which \(G\) is equitably \(k'\)-colorable for all \(k'\geq k\) is called the equitable chromatic threshold of \(G\) and denoted by \(\chi_{=}^{*}(G)\). In the paper we establish the equitable chromatic number and the equitable chromatic threshold for certain products of some highly-structured graphs. We extend the results from [Chen B.-L., Lih K.-W., Yan J.-H., Equitable coloring of graph products, manuscript, 1998] for Cartesian, weak and strong tensor products.


This thesis critically explores the reflexivity and resistance of Indonesian Islamic Financial
Institutions (IIFIs) towards International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and
Accounting and Auditing Organisation of Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI)
financial reporting standardization projects. The motivation of this study derived from two
conflicting arguments as to whether or not Islamic financial institutions require specific
financial reporting standards to accommodate their specific Islamic finance transactions.
Most of the financial reporting researches adopt a narrative approach in their attempt to
answer the 'Why' question, but neglect further investigation to respond to the 'What is
going on here?' question. This thesis fills the gap by answering the latter question and
unveiling doubts on the required financial reporting standards for IFIs as well as the IIFIs
and suggesting way forward for an enhanced stability of the global financial systems,
through harmonization of financial reporting regimes. The data of this study was collected
from semi structured interviews with 32 participants who are well versed with the
knowledge on financial reporting standardization projects for IFIs/IIFIs, Shariah issues,
and public policy. One of the chapters employs secondary data from conceptual framework
and financial reporting standards issued by IASB, AAOIFI, and Indonesian standard setter.
The aspect of reflexivity is examined on the extent of IFRS and AAOIFI adoptions
by the IIFIs. It begins with the development of IASB and its promoting journey of IFRS
that contains political lobbying in the Indonesian institutional arena. Likewise, the aspect
of resistance towards AAOIFI is revealed through exploration of the institutional arena that
reflects dissimilar finding with that of IFRS. The study involves not only conventional
political discourse but also Islamic political interaction that influences the future of Islamic
based financial reporting standardization. In other facet, an analysis of the three reporting
standards using Maqāsid ul-Shari'āh lens supports the early assumption on the need of a
specific financial reporting for the IIFIs. As a way forward, International Islamic Financial
Architecture (IIFA) institutions are also examined to explore what supports required to
have Islamic based financial reporting standards for IFIs in general and for the IIFIs in
specific.
The thesis makes four main contributions, both to theories and literatures. Firstly, it
shows how the hegemonic political economy of accounting exists within the area of
financial reporting standardization, which is not simply by identifying the types of
isomorphism that influence the organizations' involvement in the financial reporting
standardization. Secondly, in the context of Islamic financial institutions, the different
interpretations of Shariah very much dominate in determining the direction of IFIs towards
the implementation of Islamic based financial reporting due to the political influence in the
respective countries where Islamic finance operates. Hence, the thesis proposes "Islamic
Political Economy of Accounting" as a new theoretical framework to analyse similar
discourse. Standard setters and regulators of IFIs are required to be tactful when looking
into this issue. Thirdly, as the Islamic finance industry is now at continuous growth and
maturity while also facing rising challenges, there must be a different approach to regulate
the financial reporting standards. The hybrid way may not be appropriate any longer. This
is shown in the analysis of the contents of the standards, where low level of Maqāsid ul-
Shari'āh compliance is apparent. Lastly, this thesis also constructs an assumption about the
attitude of dominant political leading countries towards the development of Islamic
finance. As there is currently no real leadership in the area of Islamic finance, it would
require influences from dominant leaders with congregated visions and a mission in line with Islamic values.


Fundamental high-technology innovations radically change existing markets and quite often create entirely new ones. However, the opportunities these technologies offer as well as the potential threats they pose will be underestimated if certain mistakes in the identification and assessment of markets for such fundamental innovations are not avoided. One of these pitfalls can be the restricted focus on current customers and market segments only. For the specification of technologies and needs this "blinkered" perspective bears the danger of barring the view of the threats and possibilities emerging, in Drucker's words, "at the edges". A too-short-termed perception and narrow focus on mere figures and actual facts can also mislead decisions concerning fundamental high-tech innovation projects. The functional market concept presented here provides appropriate means of bypassing pitfalls of this kind. One possible way of doing this is by defining technologies and their markets strictly in terms of their functions and their problem-solving capabilities (thus "functional" markets). The use of such tools as technology portfolios, s-curve, and experience curves will lead to long-term dynamic perspectives.


In this paper, we examine the ideas behind and reactions to a prototype online tool designed, in-house, for an art college's interaction design department. The web-based prototype, the Digital Scrapbook, was initially intended as a tool for tutors to oversee their students' work. However, our ongoing discussions with the department's members indicate that it is more interesting to its target audience for a variety of other reasons, including its role in design inspiration; group representation and collaboration; and as a repository for documenting the creative process. We speculate on the reasons behind this by further reflecting on the reactions to the tool. We come to the conclusion that members of the department value the Digital Scrapbook because it is seen to reflect the processional character of design. That is, we suggest the system is seen as promising because it reveals the often messy, unintended and meandering routes design can follow. In closing, we suggest how we might support further ways of displaying design's processional character and discuss the broader implications of displaying collective processes.


Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are catastrophic events that affect athletic careers and lead to long-term degenerative knee changes. As injuries are believed to occur within the first 50 milliseconds after initial contact during a rapid deceleration task, impact simulators that rapidly deliver impulse loads to cadaveric specimens have been developed. However, no impactor has reproducibly and reliably created ACL injures in a distribution that mimics clinical observation. Purpose: To better understand ACL injury patterns through a cadaveric investigation that applied in vivo–measured external loads to the knee during simulated landings. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A novel mechanical impact simulator reproduced kinetics from in vivo–recorded drop landing tasks on 45 cadaveric knees. Specimens were exposed to a randomized order of variable knee abduction moment, anterior tibial shear, and internal tibial rotation loads before the introduction of an impulse load at the foot. This process was repeated until a hard or soft tissue injury was induced on the joint. Injuries were assessed by an orthopaedic surgeon, and ligament strain was recorded by implanted strain gauges. Results: The mechanical impact simulator induced ACL injuries in 87% of specimens, with medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries in 31%. ACL tear locations were 71% femoral side, 21% midsubstance, and 9% tibial side. Peak strain before failure for ACL-injured specimens was 15.3% ± 8.7% for the ACL and 5.1% ± 5.6% for the MCL (P < .001). Conclusion: The ACL injuries induced by the mechanical impact simulator in the present study have provided clinically relevant in vitro representations of in vivo ACL injury patterns as cited in the literature. Additionally, current ligament strains corroborate the literature to support disproportionate loading of the ACL relative to the MCL during athletic tasks. Clinical Relevance: These findings indicate that the mechanical impact simulator is an appropriate model for examining independent mechanical variables, treatment techniques, and preventive interventions during athletic tasks leading up to and including an ACL injury. Accordingly, this system can be utilized to further parse out contributing factors to an ACL injury as well as assess the shortcomings of ACL reconstruction techniques in a dynamic, simulated environment that is better representative of in vivo injury scenarios.


High-resolution degenerate four-wave mixing spectra of the R(1)(9) A(2)Sigma(+) ? X(2)II(0,0) transition of OH have been measured in a hydrogen/oxygen flame at atmospheric pressure where the Doppler and homogeneous linewidths are of comparable magnitude. The observed sub-Lorentzian Doppler-free line profile is fit well by existing perturbative models by using homogeneous broadening consistent with two-photon absorption measurements. Power broadening of the spectral profile with increasing pump-beam intensity was observed and is compared with predictions from a nonperturbative two-level model.


The long-awaited 2010 Soccer World Cup is just around the corner and anticipation is mounting. Sales of tickets and "Bafana Bafana" soccer shirts are booming, road-works continue with a heightened level of urgency and construction of the Gautrain has progressed to a point where we can almost start to imagine the train speeding along the tracks. One of the World Cup topics that is provoking some debate is the tax concessions that government agreed to as part of the package to host this unique and prestigious event.


Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. This paper presents a detailed glacial geomorphological map covering over 16,000 km of the Seno Skyring-Seno Otway-Strait of Magellan region in southernmost Patagonia. It builds on previously published maps produced at a variety of scales and is re-mapped in detail for the purposes of reconstructing the pre-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacial dynamics of the region, with particular focus on deciphering the glacial landsystem north east of Seno Otway, which has been postulated as a zone of ice streaming. Additional areas of interest include the reconstruction of proglacial lakes dammed by the Skyring and Otway lobes; their drainage during various stages of retreat; and a landsystems approach to the overall reconstruction of the combined Skyring-Otway-Magellan ice lobes. Mapping was conducted using a combination of Landsat ETM+ and ASTER satellite imagery and oblique and vertical aerial photographs, and is centred on approximately 53_S, 71_W. Seven main landform types have been mapped: glacial lineations, moraines, meltwater channels, irregular dissected ridges, eskers, outwash plains and former shorelines. The map records several episodes of ice flow, as revealed by glacial lineations, with the area around Laguna Cabeza del Mar exhibiting spectacular elongate drumlins. Drumlin fields are associated with three major ice lobes whose extent is marked by a series of moraine ridges and lateral meltwater channels. Large parts of the area were also subjected to proglacial meltwater erosion and deposition, as recorded by large tracts of outwash and associated channels.


Anthropological dioramas are museographic installations created in order to display artifacts. They are comprised of exotic material culture products as well as plaster sculptures, generated to show and contextualize the objects. In this article, the case of clothing made for the New York State Museum's manikins is studied. I demonstrate how their authenticity is manufactured through certain practices, including embroidery, tanning, and dyeing. Paradoxically enough, replication techniques guarantee the object's authenticity. Here, the proper origin of the thing matters less than the identity of those who manipulated the artifacts.


The absolute neglect of human capital development for over five decades now has led to widespread poverty and steady decline in the economic growth of Togo. This paper identified the correlation between human capital per worker and gross domestic product (GDP) per worker and examined whether human capital accumulation or total factor productivity is the engine driving growth in Togo from 1960 to 2010. Assuming a Cobb-Douglas production function, regression has been undertaken using EViews 6 and growth accounting has been computed. The main findings are that only labour force is the engine driving growth in Togo, hence growth in Togo is not explained by factors accumulation. In addition, an increase of 100% in the human capital stock per worker will lead to 71% increase in the output per worker. Appropriate human development enhancing inclusive and sustainable growth policy should be formulated.


The purpose of this study is to describe various aspects of student promotion policies in Newfoundland central/junior high and associated feeder schools as perceived by administrators of these organizations. More specifically, promotion policy differences among and between school boards, central/junior high and feeder schools are examined. Furthermore, the study attempts to examine the relationship between central/junior high and associated feeder school response. -- All Newfoundland school board superintendents, central/junior high schools and associated feeder schools were mailed a questionnaire concerning student promotion policies. This questionnaire was adapted from a similar Toronto study (1964) and was piloted in a St. John's school board before mailing. The questionnaire was mailed in April 1979. Final overall response rate was 80 per cent. -- Differences among boards, central/junior high and associated feeder schools were determined from distributions and mean responses to each questionnaire statement. It was found that all three groups showed much agreement in responding. However, boards differed on statements concerning: conditional promotion, grade retention, importance of chronological age, and student's social group. Boards disagreed on the importance of the following considerations for non-promotion: student work and study habits, effort, attendance record, social maturity, ability to handle work of the next grade, and being a slow learner. -- Despite overall agreement among central/junior high schools, they differed on statements concerning: conditional promotion, importance of social group, grade retention, student attitude, work and study habits, effort, attendance, marks in relation to the class, and student's need for a firmer foundation before moving on to the next grade. Feeder school response differences occurred on statements dealing with: conditional promotion, study habits, effort, attendance record, being a slow learner, progress in relation to the class, class inattentiveness, and social maturity. -- To examine differences between these groups, Chi-square analyses were performed. This showed that board, central/junior high and feeder school response significantly differed on the following statements: minimum standards of achievement, the multi-factor approach to promotion, skipping, grade retention, and chronological age. Overall, Chi-square analyses indicated that most significant differences occurred between central/junior high and feeder schools. -- Pearson product-moment correlations were used to point out the relationship between central/junior high schools and associated feeder schools. The mean correlation between each school was +.448, indicating a moderate degree of similarity between central/junior high and associated feeder school response. -- Recommendations and suggestions for further research arose from this study. The major recommendation indicates that school boards and schools should further examine student promotion policy discrepancies prevalent within their districts. Upon completion of this activity it should be determined if these discrepancies ought to exist. If they ought not do, means for better coordinating student promotion policies should be devised.


Pointcut fragility is a well-documented problem in Aspect-Oriented Programming; changes to the base-code can lead to join points incorrectly falling in or out of the scope of pointcuts. Deciding which pointcuts have broken due to base-code changes is a daunting venture, especially in large and complex systems. We demonstrate an automated tool called FRAGLIGHT that recommends a set of pointcuts that are likely to require modification due to a particular base-code change. The underlying approach is rooted in harnessing unique and arbitrarily deep structural commonality between program elements corresponding to join points selected by a pointcut in a particular software version. Patterns describing such commonality are used to recommend pointcuts that have potentially broken with a degree of confidence as the developer is typing. Our tool is implemented as an extension to the Mylyn Eclipse IDE plug-in, which maintains focused contexts of entities relevant to a task.


The traditional Chinese medicine Chan-Su is widely used for treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, but also as a remedy for infections such as furunculosis, tonsillitis and acute pharyngitis. The clinical use of Chan-Su suggests that it has anti-infective effects, however, the mechanism of action is incompletely understood. In particular, the effect on the human immune system is poorly defined. Here, we describe previously unrecognized immunomodulatory activities of cinobufagin (CBG), a major bioactive component of Chan-Su. Using human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), we show that LPS-induced maturation and production of a number of cytokines was potently inhibited by CBG, which also had a pro-apoptotic effect, associated with activation of caspase-3. Interestingly, CBG triggered caspase-1 activation and significantly enhanced IL-1β production in LPS-stimulated cells. Finally, we demonstrate that CBG upregulates gene expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hBD-2 and hBD-3 in DCs, and induces secretion of HNP1-3 and hCAP-18/LL-37 from neutrophils, potentiating neutrophil antibacterial activity. Taken together, our data indicate that CBG modulates the inflammatory phenotype of DCs in response to LPS, and triggers an antibacterial innate immune response, thus proposing possible mechanisms for the clinical effects of Chan-Su in anti-infective therapy.


Abstract:This article discusses the significance of Gilles Deleuze's almost passing references to East Asian thought. Even though Deleuze comes to these ideas through the work of other European thinkers—most notably Friedrich Nietzsche, Sergei Eisenstein, François Jullien, and Alan Watts—the article argues that there are ultimately deep resonances between Deleuze's philosophy, especially in its Bergso-Leibnizian articulations, and specific East Asian ideas. The article begins by cataloging and commenting upon Deleuze's various references to Chinese and Japanese thought generally before discussing how one particular concept—that of the gap (écart)—not only lies at the heart of his metaphysics but also forms the very basis for developing an adequate methodology for negotiating his encounter with East Asia. Finally, by also considering some of Jullien's recent ideas, the article examines the ways in which this methodology of the gap may be more adequate than other attempts to characterize contemporary comparative philosophy.


Fuel is essential for development whether for survival and or wealth creation purposes. In this century the utilization of fuels need to be improved although energy mix is still to be the most rational choice. The large amount utilization of un-renewable fossil has some disadvantages since its low energy content requires massive extraction, transport, and processing while emitting CO 2 resulting degradation of the environment. In the mean time the advancement of nuclear science and technology has improved significantly the performance of nuclear power plant, management of radioactive waste, enhancement of proliferation resistance, and more economic competitiveness. Ever since the last decade of the last century the nuclear renaissance has taken place. This is also due to the fact that nuclear energy does not emit GHG. Although the nuclear fuel offers a virtually limitless source of economic energy, it is only so if the nuclear fuel is reprocessed and recycled. Consequently, the fuel cycle is to be even more of paramount important in the future. The infrastructure of the fuel cycle services worldwide has been adequately available. Various International Initiatives to access the fuel cycle services are also offered. However, it is required to put in place the International Arrangements to guaranty secured sustainable supply of services and its peaceful use. Relevant international co-operations are central for proceeding with the utilization of nuclear energy, while this advantageous nuclear energy utilization relies on the fuel cycle services. It is therefore concluded that the fuel cycle services are the heart of nuclear energy, and the international nuclear community should work together to maintain the availability of this nuclear fuel cycle services timely, sufficiently, and economically.


The objective of this paper is to address the seismic design considerations for a case study building by using Eurocode 8 and the Albanian seismic code KTP-89 regulations. The parameter which is taken into account in this study is the design spectrum defined in each of the two codes. Basic differences exist between the two design spectra, such as the site coefficients, the spectral shape of the spectrum and also the integration by Eurocode 8 of the near and far field concept. The effects of these differences are studied by considering the different types of soils on a case study building. The obtained results on the base shear are compared and important differences between the two codes approach are discussed.


Medi um t e rm (months to years) morphodynamic model l ing o f a complex estuarine system Marcos Eduardo Cordeiro Bemardes This contribution focuses on the medium-term (months to years) morphodynamic modelling of natural estuaries. A 2D morphodynamic model based on the Telemac system was calibrated and validated using extensive field measurements' at Teignmouth (UK). Statistical tools indicate that the model is capable of predicting the observed hydrodynamics with 'good' accuracy, given that measurement noise is removed. Despite some qualitative agreement, morphological predictions show a more limited skill; consistent with the current 'state of the art' in this area of scientific research. The typical long simulation times associated with process-based morphodynamic models are optimised through the successful implementation of an input reduction approach, adapted from Latteux (1995). The technique is shown to reduce the model run times by up to 85% without a significant loss in accuracy. Bathymetric surveys spanning 2 years (December 2002 to November 2004) at Teignmouth have clearly demonstrated a seasonal variability in the sediment volumes within the estuary, with accretion in the relatively energetic winter periods and erosion during the quiescent summer months. The net longer-term trend over this period is accretionary with average seabed accumulation rates of 20 cm.year"'. It is demonstrated that i f the wave stirring effect is neglected, the predictions carried out with a single grain size do not replicate the observed sediment import to the estuary from the neighbouring coastal region, due to the ebb dominated tidal regime found at Teignmouth. The importance of the combined effects of wave stirring and mixed grain sizes on reproducing the sediment import processes is confirmed by the Brier skill scores. Model predictions show a high influx of suspended sediment into the estuary in the presence of wave stirring effects at the coastal region. These sediments are advected into the estuary during the flood phase and are rapidly deposited at the outer estuary, since lag effects are neglected. The sediment input is predicted to be dominated by the finer sediment fractions (primarily silts and clays) although in very energetic conditions even granule-sized sediments can enter the estuary. Starting from an isotropic sediment distribution, a realistic spatial redistribution o f sediment grain sizes is predicted, with sediments generally fining towards the shallower and upper regions of the estuary, whilst coarser grains were concentrated seawards. COAST3D Project (Whitehouse. 2004) and CoastView Project (Davidson et al., submitted).


The thesis exemplifies the potential of ethnography as an approach to the study of
museum consumption and its role within contemporary education and leisure practices.
It is based on the case study of Lifetimes - an innovative local history museum in the
London borough of Croydon, and incorporates a detailed, analytical description of the
perception, discourse and practice of museum consumption, from the varied viewpoints
of the producers and, especially, the consumers. This broad perspective is then used to
reveal, and explain, how the effects and consequences of museum visiting can differ,
dramatically at times, from the intentions and expectations of staff and visitors. Special
emphasis is placed on the question of physical, mental and conceptual access and
comfort, as well as on the concepts of 'meaning-making', appropriation and ownership.
Positioned between 'choice' and 'chore', museum visiting is viewed as a complex,
'transitional' activity that is neither 'leisure' per se, nor 'labour' per se. The analysis then
proceeds to establish that people's present perception, and consequent consumption, of
museums is a product of their past experiences, and particularly their early museum
encounters. The quality of these experiences, along with the quality of their social
contexts, is shown to have a profound and enduring effect on museum-visiting practices
in later life.
Proposing a much-expanded view of local history museums as a figurative meeting
point of 'past', 'place' and 'people', the thesis explores people's experience of history,
locality and community, demonstrating the interconnections between these mediums
and a sense of identity and belonging. The study also draws attention to the materiality
of 'past' and 'place' as an external reference point for identity, as well as to the notion of
the home as a private 'museum of memories'. The thesis concludes with an overall
analysis model of local history museums and their consumption.


We construct a model for pricing sovereign debt that accounts for the risks of both default and restructuring, and allows for compensation for illiquidity. Using a new and relatively efficient method, we estimate the model using Russian dollar-denominated bonds. We consider the determinants of the Russian yield spread, the yield differential across different Russian bonds, and the implications for market integration, relative liquidity, relative expected recovery rates, and implied expectations of different default scenarios.


This paper presents a method to robustly track planes and estimate their 3D poses in a video. A weighted incremental normal estimation method for planes (WINEP) is presented using Bayesian inference. This estimation method guarantees an optimal solution based on all the observations up to the current time, and the computational cost at each time step does not increase with the growing number of past frames. The tracking algorithm integrates boundary information with point feature tracking, which avoids accumulating errors due to intensity changes, image noise, and inaccurate parameter estimation. The tracking algorithm deals with low-textured as well as highly-textured planes. The tracked boundary locations provide the input data for 3D plane pose estimation. Experiments show that our hybrid tracking method using both point and line features is better than using only point features, and our pose estimation algorithm is more robust and accurate than the conventional homography decomposition method, especially under circumstances of noisy observations and low number of input features.


Conventional time domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) relies on a reference Optical Delay Line (ODL). These reference ODLs require the physical movement of a mirror to scan a given depth range. This movement results in instrument degradation. We propose a new optical fibre based time domain OCT system that makes use of a micro-photonic structure as a stationary ODL. The proposed system uses an in-fibre interferometer, either a Michelson or a Mach-Zhender. The reference ODL makes use of a collimator to expand the light from the optical fibre. This is them expanded in one dimension via planar optics, that is, a cylindrical lens based telescope, using a concave and convex lens. The expanded beam is them passed through a transmissive Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), specifically a liquid crystal light valve used as an optical switch. Light is then reflected back through the system off the micro-photonic structure. The micro-photonic structure is a one dimensional array of stagged mirror steps, called a Stepped Mirror Structure (SMS). The system enables the selection of discrete optical delay lengths. The proposed ODL is capable of depth hoping and multicasting. We discuss the fabrication of the SMS, which consists of eight steps, each approximately 150 μm high. A change in notch frequency using an in-fibre Mach Zhender interferometer was used to gauge the average step height. The results gave an average step height of 146 μm.


Renewed paleomagnetic investigations of red beds of the Upper Silurian Bloomsburg and the Lower Carboniferous Mauch Chunk Formations were undertaken with the objective of obtaining evidence regarding the possibility of oroclinal bending as contributing to the arcuate structural trend of the Pennsylvania salient. These formations crop out on both limbs of the salient and earlier, but less definitive paleomagnetic studies on these units indicate that early acquired magnetizations can be recovered. Oriented samples were obtained from nine sites on the southern limb of the salient and eight sites from the northern limb in the Bloomsburg. The natural remanent magnetizations are multivectorial, dominated by a component (B) with a distributed spectrum of unblocking temperatures ranging up to 670°C, and a component (C) with a higher and very discrete distribution of unblocking temperatures. The B component is uniformly of reverse polarity, shows a statistically significant synfolding character, and represents a Late Paleozoic remagnetization. The C component passes fold tests with normal and reverse polarity site means. The C component directions from the southern limb (345.1°/−31.6°) and the northern limb (359.3°/−29.7°) are significantly different in declination (14.2°±10.4°) but not in inclination (1.9°±9°). Samples were also analyzed from seven additional sites in the Mauch Chunk on the southern limb of the salient. Inclusion of these new data gives a revised estimate of the difference between southern and northern limb mean directions of prefolding magnetizations in the Mauch Chunk of 23.3°±12.5 in declination and 4.8°±11° in inclination. Paleomagnetic data from the Bloomsburg, Mauch Chunk, and revised results recently reported for the Upper Devonian Catskill Formation together indicate 22.8°±11.9° of relative rotation, accounting for approximately half the present change in structural trend around the Pennsylvania salient. The oroclinal rotation can be regarded as a tightening of a less arcuate depositional package that developed across a basement reentrant, to achieve a curvature closer to that of the earlier zigzag continental margin outline.


This paper focuses on the analysis of a seven-phase voltage-source inverter for high-performance motor drives. The problem of the modulation strategy of the inverter is solved by combining the multiple space vector representation with traditional carrier-based pulsewidth modulation. This approach leads to the definition of a general modulation strategy that can be usefully utilized in multimotor drives, as well as in multiphase motor drives for improving the torque density. The inverter output voltage capability is investigated, showing that the proposed modulation strategy is able to fully exploit the dc input voltage either in sinusoidal or nonsinusoidal operating conditions. The results obtained in the analytical investigation are confirmed by experimental tests.


Knowledge of the experience and outcomes of current paediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes in sub-Saharan Africa can inform new programmes in the region as well as enhance existing ones. This is urgently needed to facilitate the scale-up of treatment, which is needed to address the burden of paediatric HIV cases on the continent. We reviewed the characteristics and outcomes of programmes with clinical paediatric ART studies published prior to 1 January 2008. The outcomes of the studies were comparable to similar ones from developed countries; however, the duration of follow-up was relatively limited in almost all the studies reviewed. One-year survival probability was between 84% and 91%, and considerable improvement in the clinical, immunologic and viral status of the paediatric patients was generally recorded. Loss to follow-up was less than 10% in all but two studies. Adherence to treatment was good and few adverse events were reported. This is despite the fact that many programmes were subject to enormous constraints in terms of health services, and despite widespread use of adult fixed-dose combinations for paediatric patients, including young infants. While the majority of children commencing ART were severely ill, most children were old (median age >5 years for almost all studies) with relatively few infants and young children (age <2 years) receiving treatment. This is in contrast to knowledge of rapid disease progression in the majority of HIV-infected infants and despite the World Health Organization's recent recommendations to commence ART in all HIV-infected infants less than one year old. There is an urgent need to address barriers to ART for infants. Studies of the outcomes of programmes treating infants as well as those with longer-term follow-up are also needed.


One of the most fundamental problems in network study is community detection. The stochastic block model (SBM) is one widely used model for network data with different estimation methods developed with their community detection consistency results unveiled. However, the SBM is restricted by the strong assumption that all nodes in the same community are stochastically equivalent, which may not be suitable for practical applications. We introduce pairwise covariates-adjusted stochastic block model (PCABM), a generalization of SBM that incorporates pairwise covariate information. We study the maximum likelihood estimates of the coefficients for the covariates as well as the community assignments. It is shown that both the coefficient estimates of the covariates and the community assignments are consistent under suitable sparsity conditions. Spectral clustering with adjustment (SCWA) is introduced to efficiently solve PCABM. Under certain conditions, we derive the error bound of community estimation under SCWA and show that it is community detection consistent. PCABM compares favorably with the SBM or degree-corrected stochastic block model (DCBM) under a wide range of simulated and real networks when covariate information is accessible.


How do humans and animals learn to recognize objects and events? Two classical views are that exemplars or prototypes are learned. A hybrid view is that a mixture, called rule-plus-exceptions, is learned. None of these models learn their categories. A distributed ARTMAP neural network with self-supervised learning incrementally learns categories that match human learning data on a class of thirty diagnostic experiments called the 5-4 category structure. Key predictions of ART models have received behavioral, neurophysiological, and anatomical support. The ART prediction about what goes wrong during amnesic learning has also been supported: a lesion in its orienting system causes a low vigilance parameter.


As the topic of sustainability continues to gain momentum, companies are seeking ways to integrate environmental solutions into their product development process. Decisions made throughout the product development process affect the sustainability of the product from raw material extraction, to production process impacts, to end of life disposal. One such impact is the generation of waste by-products. By utilizing waste as raw materials, companies can continue to cycle technical and biological nutrients thus minimizing the scatter of waste to the natural environment. The focus of this research is to explore the enablers and barriers to utilizing waste streams as raw materials. Using a qualitative approach, nine different organizations from four companies crossing over multiple industries are studied. Key characteristics of production waste that enable successful by-product exchanges are identified, as well as the role the product development process needs to play in creating value from exchanges.© 2010 ASME


The creativity, collaboration, and advanced communication afforded by the use of social media also opens privacy and safety concerns for potential users inside and outside the realm of higher education. As the promise of the positives afforded by weaving social media into the fabric of higher education has been realized, so too have concerns over how this "social network" is governed and managed at colleges and universities. News stories, predominately negative in nature, have highlighted the unprofessional conduct of college and university employees and the issues surrounding the implementation of social media policies at institutions of higher education. Consequently, the approach to studying social media (SM) and social media policy (SMP) is not refined to the point where data can be leveraged to inform clear and well supported decision making. This quantitative study explored the gaps in the literature on SM and SMP in higher education as it relates to the experiences of faculty, administration, and staff. By investigating the degree to which faculty, administration, and staff use SM, the existence and details of SMPs, and perceptions related to SMPs, data supported approaches could offer further insight into how guidelines could be customized to suit specific user needs. The study employed a comparative analysis approach through distribution of an electronic survey to a target population consisting of faculty, administration, and staff members across 48 degree granting institutions in the state of New Jersey. Questions guiding the research were: 1) What are the behaviors, experiences, and perceptions of faculty, administration, and staff in regard to social media's usage and social media policy at institutions of higher education in the state of New Jersey? Do similarities and/or differences exist between faculty, administration, and staff who use/do not use SM and whose


The pedagogical diary may show a versatile utility in the initial teacher training process. Our study aims to highlight the results obtained by capitalizing the pedagogical diary during a semester's activity, the discipline of History of Pedagogy, academic year 2016-2017. The sample consisted of 70 1st-year students from the Pedagogy of Primary and Preschool Education. Our effort was to identify motivational-affective responses generated using the pedagogical diary and semistructured entries at the end of each seminar. The suggested structure comprised the requirement to write down the experiences generated by successively covering the curriculum topics. Their qualitative analysis focused on identifying the types of affective states, their correlation with types of motivation, as well as identifying specific types of motivation.


OBJECTIVE
Reviews on child outcomes following in utero antidepressant exposure have focused on short-term outcomes. However, several recent individual studies reported on adverse physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes beyond infancy and early childhood. The objective of this systematic review was to establish the long-term effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure on physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes in individuals aged 4 years and older.

DATA SOURCES
Embase, MEDLINE Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for all relevant articles, written in English and published prior to November 8, 2018, using terms describing antidepressants, pregnancy, and developmental outcomes.

STUDY SELECTION
All original research articles on long-term outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure were eligible for inclusion. After screening and removal of duplicates, a total of 34 studies were identified.

DATA EXTRACTION
Included articles were qualitatively analyzed to determine inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and study bias.

RESULTS
The identified studies demonstrated statistically significant associations between prenatal antidepressant exposure and a range of physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes. Yet, the risk of confounding by indication was high. When controlling for confounders, 5 studies investigating physical outcomes (asthma, cancer, body mass index [BMI], epilepsy) found no association except conflicting outcomes for BMI. Eighteen studies examining neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognition, behavior, IQ, motor development, speech, language, and scholastic outcomes) found no consistent associations with antidepressant exposure after taking confounders into account. Eleven studies investigated psychiatric outcomes. After adjusting for confounders, prenatal antidepressant exposure was associated with affective disorders but not with childhood psychiatric outcomes (eg, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder).

CONCLUSIONS
Reported associations between in utero exposure to antidepressants and physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric outcomes, in large part, seem to be driven by the underlying maternal disorder. When limiting confounding by indication, prenatal exposure to antidepressants was significantly associated only with offspring BMI and affective disorders.


Binding of a series of sialylated and non-sialylated cell surface carbohydrates to bovine heart galectin-1, recombinant murine galectin-3, and recombinant human galectin-7 was investigated by isothermal titration microcalori- metry (ITC) and hemagglutination inhibition measurements. Galectin-7 shows nearly equal affinities for lactose and Gal (1-4)GlcNAc (LacNAc-II). Galectin-7, however, displays six- and 11-fold weaker affinity for LacNAc-II compared with galectins-1 and -3, respectively. The affinity of galectin-7 for LacNAc-II containing oligosaccharides is also weaker than the other two galectins. ITC measurements show that all three galectins bind to di- and trimeric oligomers of LacNAc-II, which are epitopes found in poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains of glycoprotein receptors, with affinity con - stants similar to that of LacNAc-II. The binding valencies of the di- and trimeric LacNAc-II oligomers were observed to be one from ITC measurements, indicating formation of 1:1 complexes with all three galectins. Thus, galectins-1, -3, and -7 all possess binding sites that primarily accommodate one LacNAc-II moiety per monomer of protein. Sialylated oligosaccharides show different specificities for the three galectins. While 2,3-sialyl LacNAc-II binds to all three galectins, 2,6-sialyl LacNAc-II fails to bind to any of the galectins; 2,6-sialylated diLacNAc binds well to galectin-3 and galectin-7, but only weakly to galectin-1. Similar results are obtained with 2,6-sialyl lacto- N-neo-tetraose, which has a reducing end lactose moiety. Thus, unlike galectin-1, which predominantly recognizes non-reducing terminal LacNAc-II residues in oligosaccharides, galectins-3 and -7 recognize both non-reducing terminal LacNAc-II residues as well as internal LacNAc-II and lactose residues in sialylated and non-sialylated oligosaccharides.


Several twin studies have investigated the overlap between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing problems; however, limited information is known regarding the genetic and environmental contribution to the overlap between ADHD and internalizing problems. This study examined the genetic and environmental influences on the variation in and covariation between ADHD symptoms and internalizing problems by using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We investigated 1,316 child and adolescent twins, including 780 monozygotic twins and 536 dizygotic twins, aged 6 years to 18 years from the Chinese Child and Adolescent Twin Registry. ADHD symptoms and internalizing problems were quantified through parent rating by using the Attention Problems Scale and other three scales, which include Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn, and Somatic Complaints of CBCL. Genetic and environmental susceptibilities common to ADHD symptoms and internalizing problems were examined through bivariate twin modeling. Results showed that genetic factors substantially influenced the ADHD symptoms with a heritability of 72%. Modest genetic influences and substantial shared environmental influences (20–77%) were observed in the three internalizing problem scales. Common genetic and shared environmental influences were essential for the overlap between ADHD and the three internalizing problems respectively. Approximately one‐fifth of the genetic variance of ADHD symptoms was shared with anxiety/depression. In conclusion, substantial genetic and shared environmental influences on ADHD symptoms and internalizing problems were observed in Chinese children and adolescents. Our finding supports a common etiology between ADHD and internalizing problems. This finding can also help explain the co‐existence of these behavior problems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived intermediate of the oceanic nitrogen cycle; however, due to its high reactivity, measurements of dissolved NO in seawater are rare. Here we present an improved method to determine NO concentrations in discrete seawater samples. The set-up of our system consisted of a chemiluminescence NO analyser connected to a stripping unit. The limit of detection for our method is 5 pmol NO in aqueous solution, which translates into 0.25 nmol L−1 when using a 20 mL seawater sample volume. Our method was applied to measure high-resolution depth profiles of dissolved NO during a cruise to the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean. It is fast and comparably easy to handle; thus it opens the door for investigating the distribution of NO in the ocean, and it facilitates laboratory studies on NO pathways.


Architectural heterogeneity is increasing: numerous products and studies have proven the benefits of combining cores and accelerators with varying ISAs into a single system. However, an underappreciated barrier to unlocking the full potential of heterogeneity is the need to specify and to reconcile differences in memory consistency models across layers of the hardware-software stack and among on-chip components. This paper presents ArMOR, a framework for specifying, comparing, and translating between memory consistency models. ArMOR defines MOSTs, an architecture-independent and precise format for specifying the semantics of memory ordering requirements such as preserved program order or explicit fences. MOSTs allow any two consistency models to be directly and algorithmically compared, and they help avoid many of the pitfalls of traditional consistency model analysis. As a case study, we use ArMOR to automatically generate translation modules called shims that dynamically translate code compiled for one memory model to execute on hardware implementing a different model.


Despite their beneficial influence on interoperability and markets, problems of detrimental opportunism occur with technology standards, including standards implemented in software, which this Article calls "Software Standards." Inspired by new perspectives on the study of semicommons in the history of real property, this Article contemplates the substitutability of free and open source software ("FOSS") for traditional standard-setting approaches. Standards are analogous to semicommons, where public and private use interact, raising the possibility of opportunistic influence on the Software Standard to increase private gain at the expense of the public benefit in a more uniform standard. With its source code disclosure requirement, FOSS shifts and dampens this opportunism, although various limits influence the reach of its effect. The political economy around a standard will express itself differently under a FOSS implementation, and clearing intellectual property rights in the standard is no more certain than under the traditional standard-setting approach.


Dry as well as wet coating techniques were developed to coat glass beads as filter media to remove manganese from water. For dry coating, powdered manganese oxide ore was fixed on the media surface. Wet coating was achieved by depositing synthetic manganese oxides onto the bead surface. The media were characterized by electron microscopy as well as by testing the removal of Mn 2+ in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Image analysis of microscopic pictures illustrated that the surface area could partly be coated by powdered material using dry coating methods, whereas complete coverage was achieved using wet coating approaches. With regard to dry coating techniques, Mn sorption uptake was higher for the adhesively dry coated glass beads than for beads where a binding agent was used. The wet coating column approach proved to be more successful than the coating of beads in a stirred tank reactor. Mn removal capability of the beads increased with higher reactant concentrations during coating. Oxide-coated glass beads applied in filter systems have the potential to improve conventional demanganisation processes.


We study the problem of generating a summary for a given sentence. Existing researches on abstractive sentence summarization ignore that keywords in the input sentence provide significant clues for valuable content, and humans tend to write summaries covering these keywords. In this paper, we propose an abstractive sentence summarization method by applying guidance signals of keywords to both the encoder and the decoder in the sequence-to-sequence model. A multi-task learning framework is adopted to jointly learn to extract keywords and generate a summary for the input sentence. We apply keywords-guided selective encoding strategies to filter source information by investigating the interactions between the input sentence and the keywords. We extend pointer-generator network by a dual-attention and a dual-copy mechanism, which can integrate the semantics of the input sentence and the keywords, and copy words from both the input sentence and the keywords. We demonstrate that multi-task learning and keywords-oriented guidance facilitate sentence summarization task, achieving better performance than the competitive models on the English Gigaword sentence summarization dataset.


Abstract The Geiseltal fossil collection from southern Sachsen-Anhalt Germany contains remarkably well-preserved fossils of middle Eocene age. These include several crocodylian skulls, representing at least four different genera with a fifth genus represented by two mandibular rami. As sites with this many crocodylian genera are unknown in modern ecosystems, it has been hypothesized that these crocodylians may have differences in habit as compared to living crocodylians. In order to test similarities between the Geiseltal crocodylians and extant species, an analysis was conducted using geometric morphometrics to quantify shape in crocodylian skulls of all living species (n = 218) and all well-preserved crocodylian skulls of the Geiseltal fauna (n = 28). A relative warps analysis was used to quantify and compare skull shape, revealing Allognathosuchus and Boverisuchus to be very distinct from each other as well as from Asiatosuchus and Diplocynodon. Overlap in shape alone exists between some Diplocynodon and some Asiatosuchus, but there was significant difference in adult size. When compared with extant crocodylians, three Geiseltal genera occupied distinctly non-modern morphospace in the first two relative warps axes. Comparison of the diets of living crocodylians with similarly shaped skulls was used to reconstruct the prey preferences of the Geiseltal crocodylians, revealing differences in specialization. During the middle Eocene high global temperatures, partitioning of prey preference may have allowed this group to attain its higher than usual diversity, reducing the amount of direct competition.


Sexual dimorphisms in adult size (SSD) and development time (SDTD) occur in many groups of organisms. In insects, some of the best examples occur in parasitoid wasps where most studies report that females are larger than males but take longer to develop. Sex-specific differences in the effects of size on reproductive success is generally regarded as the main factor responsible for SSD in parasitoids. Most studies also assume that development time must be extended in order to achieve larger size. Here, SSD and SDTD were compared in the solitary endoparasitoid, Microplitis mediator that develops in larvae of the moth Pseudoplusia includens. The relationship between male and female body size and development time were isometric in M. mediator, but contradict most predictions of parasitoid development models. Across first to fourth instars at parasitism, male wasps were consistently larger than females but completed their development significantly faster. The longer development time in female wasps was due primarily to an extended pupal phase, whereas the duration of larval development did not vary significantly with offspring sex. Secondary sex ratios (percentage male) also did not vary with host instar. We conclude that SSD in M. mediator is not only a function of extended development time, but also because of several possible factors: (i) selection favours an increase in male size (relative to female size); (ii) female size is constrained because of predation risk, (iii) as a cost of reducing the cost of inbreeding or (iv) constraints on egg maturation rate. We argue that failure to look carefully at how parasitoids grow can lead to incorrect conclusions about the basis or significance of SSD.


ABSTRACT Although there are a number of distinct audiences (for example students, hunter and trapper organisations, and co-management agencies) for traditional environmental knowledge, little work has been done in analysing how indigenous knowledge can be best communicated to these different groups. Using examples mainly from northern Canada and Alaska, we explore the challenge of collecting and communicating different kinds of traditional environmental knowledge; the media types or communication modes that can be used; and the appropriateness of these kinds of media for communicating with different audiences. A range of communication options is available, including direct interaction with knowledge holders, use of print media, maps, DVD/video, audio, CD ROM, and websites. These options permit a mix-and-match to find the best fit between kinds of knowledge, the intended audience, and the media type used. This paper does not propose to replace traditional methods of communication with technology. Rather, we examine how technology can serve community and other needs. No single option emerges as a clear best choice for communicating indigenous knowledge. Nevertheless, various media types offer avenues through which northern people can meet their educational, cultural, and political needs, and build cross-cultural understanding.


Fifty years ago Milton Friedman famously argued that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits, which today are at record highs. And, as public institutions falter, business is now offering to step into the void. We must resist this (further) intrusion of business into the public sphere, as it will further depreciate civic institutions. The business of business is business, and so it should be. Business' track record in public politics has been to engineer the rules of the game to its own advantage.


Complex space exploration systems are often designed in collaborative engineering environments where requirements and design decisions by various subsystem engineers have a great impact on the overall risk of the mission. As a result, the system-level management should allocate risk mitigation resources (e.g., capital to place additional sensors or to improve the current technology) among various risk elements such that the main objectives of the system are achieved as closely as possible. Minimizing risk has been long accepted as one of the major drivers for system-level decisions and particularly resource management. In this context, Risk-Based Decision Making refers to a process that allocates resources in such a way that the expected risk of the overall system is minimized. This paper presents a new risk-based design decision-making method, referred to as Risk and Uncertainty Based Concurrent Integrated Design Methodology or RUBIC Design Methodology for short. The new approach is based on concepts from portfolio optimization theory and continuous resource management, extended to provide a mathematical rigor for risk-based decision-making during the design of complex space exploration systems. The RUBIC design method is based on the idea that a unit of resource, allocated to mitigate a certain risk in the system, contributes to the overall system risk reduction in the following two ways: (1) by mitigating that particular risk; and (2) by impacting other risk elements in the system (i.e., the correlation among various risk elements). RUBIC then provides a probabilistic framework for reducing the expected risk of the final system via optimal allocation of available risk-mitigation resources. The application of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a satellite reaction wheel example.


More that fifty years after the dreaded events took place in Europe and along the Pacific-Rim, the California legislature has created a new cause of action that allows residents of California to seek redress in California courts for the atrocities of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers, especially for the use of forced labor by their industries during the war. The new cause of action is supported by an extraordinary, retroactive statute of limitations that reaches across all those years and keeps the doors of California's courts open to these new claims until midnight of December 31, 2010. However, regrettably, the statute of limitations established by California's new Code of Civil Procedure § 354.6 does little to make justice more likely. The courts are dismissing these claims, even as the few remaining victims carry their nightmares to their final breath, on the grounds that they constitute a question of America's international, political interests as expressed in and resolved by numerous post-war treaties and agreements which can be read as having disposed of these claims. California's new provision of civil procedure, § 354.6, uses sweeping terms to position itself as a comprehensive response to the darkest moment of the last century. It is an action for recovery of compensation and an attending statute of limitation for "Second World War slave or forced labor victims and their heirs." The provision's definition of compensation is equally broad, allowing the claimants to seek two forms of compensation: "the present value of wages and benefits that individuals should have been paid" based on present market value plus interest; and a suit in tort for "damages for injuries sustained in connection with the labor performed." Section 354.6 also creates subject matter jurisdiction for the California superior courts and strongly suggests personal jurisdiction by allowing the cause of action to be brought against "any entity or successor in interest thereof, for whom that labor was performed, either directly or through a subsidiary or affiliate."Only one of the ten Nazi-era lawsuits filed between the end of the war and 1996 was dismissed due to the expiration of the statute of limitations. German courts enforced a statute of limitations against the claims of Hugo Prinez in the mid-1980s, but the Supreme Court dismissed the case after concluding that the Federal Sovereign Immunities Act failed to extend subject matter jurisdiction over the case to the U.S. federal courts. The defendants in the modern period of Nazi-era litigation have relied on a uniform battery of defenses in seeking to have the cases dismissed. The Swiss Banks is the first of the modern cases that did not rely on an alleged violation of the statute of limitations as a primary ground for seeking the dismissal of the suit. The Swiss Banks' motion to dismiss has become the model for defense strategy in subsequent Nazi-era litigation. The Iwanowa court dismissed the case after concluding that the claims based on international law were invalid because the history of the treaties between Germany and its former enemies allowed the pursuit of reparations claims after the Two-Plus-Four treaty was implemented in 1991, but because of the extreme political nature of the circumstances involved in the case, such efforts were limited to intergovernmental negotiations and did not permit private litigation, and that the U.S. and German claims were invalid because they were barred by the statute of limitations. One commentator describes the intended effect of § 354.6 in this way: "The defendants claim that United States courts have no jurisdiction to hear these cases and, 'even if they did, the statute of limitations has expired.'" In the only reported decision of a § 354.6 case to date, In re World War II Era Japanese Forced Labor Litigation, the new provision seems to have succeeded in rendering moot the statute of limitations issue. Two significant point emerge from the Court's order: the motion to dismiss addressed by the Court appeared not to assert the expiration of the statute of limitations, and that the statute of limitations issue will not be decisive in these cases. However, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Counsel hints that the entire provision may be preempted as an unconstitutional interference with the supremacy clause. It seems possible, following Crosby that California's § 354.6 will be preempted by the federal (treaty) law on the issue.


Description: Reporting on the work of an international team of scientists actively involved in the study of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) based on polyesters, polyamides, and polyurethanes, this book is the first to provide a detailed description of condensation TPE with close attention paid to polyamide–based systems. Reflecting the increasing importance of TPE as engineering plastics, the authors discuss the widened application opportunities by preparing systems with various chemical compositions and molecular structures as (semi–) interpenetrating networks. The contents also cover the chemical aspects, physical structure and properties, life cycle assessment, and recycling possibilities as well as such unique "smart" property as the shape memory effect of the three classes of thermoplastic elastomers.


In 1701 Tsar Peter the Great decreed that all residents of Moscow must abandon their traditional dress and wear European fashion. Those who produced or sold Russian clothing would face "dreadful punishment." Peter's dress decree, part of his drive to make Russia more like Western Europe, had a profound impact on the history of Imperial Russia. This engrossing book explores the impact of Westernization on Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries and presents a wealth of photographs of ordinary Russians in all their finery. Christine Ruane draws on memoirs, mail-order catalogues, fashion magazines, and other period sources to demonstrate that Russia's adoption of Western fashion had symbolic, economic, and social ramifications and was inseparably linked to the development of capitalism, industrial production, and new forms of communication. This book shows how the fashion industry became a forum through which Russians debated and formulated a new national identity.


Immersive virtual reality (IVR) is increasingly used for learning. However, research on specific designs for IVRs which can be used to enhance individual learning performance is still at an early stage. In this research-in-progress paper, we build upon theories on context-dependent learning to develop an explanatory design theory. We hypothesize that if the user learns in a virtual environment that represents the recall environment (environmental congruence), recall is facilitated. Additionally, if the IVR is designed with a high degree of sensory immersion, the effect of environmental congruence on learning is further increased through enhanced cognitive absorption in the technology. In contrast, cognitive absorption in the task should have a reversed effect. To test the explanatory design theory, we plan to conduct a 2 (learning environment: Room A vs. Room B) x 2 (sensory immersion: low vs. high) x 2 (recall environment: Room A vs. Room B) between-subjects laboratory experiment.


This report presents 14 comparisons among the case studies collected in the Task 51/Report C1. The case studies represent new urban areas, existing urban areas and landscapes. The comparisons concern 1) scale and planning process, 2) legislation and technology and 3) targets and goals. Each comparison provides lessons learnt and recommendations for the different target groups, such as urban planners, architects, researchers and urban stakeholders involved in the planning process.


Over the past years large digital cultural heritage collections have be-
come available, however access paradigms have not kept pace with this
development and are still primarily constructed around simple keyword
search. This works well for users familiar with the collections, but for new
users who are unfamiliar with the collection they present a significant
hurdle. The PATHS (Personalised Access To cultural Heritage Spaces)
project addresses these issues by providing a novel framework for explor-
ing large digital cultural heritage collections, built around the metaphor
of a path through the collection. In this paper we present the initial user
requirements analysis that was used to determine what a path
is in the cultural heritage domain. From this we developed a conceptual model of path interaction, which was turned into a system design and implementation. Finally we present the evaluation of the resulting system and draw a number of conclusions as to what systems supporting exploration in digital cultural heritage collections must support to enable the users to satisfy their information needs.


Previous work in 3D human action recognition has been mainly confined to schemes in a single domain, exploiting in principle skeleton-tracking data, due to their compact representation and efficient modeling of the observed motion dynamics. However, in order to extend and adapt the learning process to multi-modal domains, inevitably the focus needs also to be put on cross-domain analysis. On the other hand, attention schemes, which have lately been applied to numerous application cases and exhibited promising results, can exploit the intra-affinity of the considered modalities and can then be used for performing intra-modality knowledge transfer, e.g. to transfer domain-specific knowledge of the skeleton modality to the flow one and vice verca. This study investigates novel cross-modal attention-based strategies to efficiently model global contextual information regarding the action dynamics, aiming to contribute towards increased overall recognition performance. In particular, a new methodology for transferring knowledge across domains is introduced, by taking advantage of the increased temporal modeling capabilities of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) models. Additionally, extensive experiments and thorough comparative evaluation provide a detailed analysis of the problem at hand and demonstrate the particular characteristics of the involved attention-enhanced schemes. The overall proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance in the currently most challenging public dataset, namely the NTU RGB-D one, surpassing similar uni/multi-modal representation schemes.


Lahars, debris flows, and sediment-rich floods are frequent and deadly hazards at all mountain-forming volcanoes. Their hazard potential is traditionally assessed through mass-conserving closed-system models, where peak conversion rates of potential energy to mechanical energy and hence maximum destruction potential are predicted to occur on the steepest volcano flanks. This belies evidence of extremely high-energy and deadly catastrophes caused by such flows at large distances from volcanoes. Here we use the first high-resolution record of a moving lahar to develop a new model of the temporally and spatially variable mass-flow structure. We show that bulk flow energy can grow dramatically in such systems over tens to hundreds of kilometers via momentum transfers from the lahar into water and particles along its path. We also demonstrate that dynamic transformations of such flows and their ultimate runout are primarily controlled by the mass flow front.