While official statistics from the U.S. government indicate that only approximately 1%–2% of all motor vehicle crashes involve drowsy driving, many studies suggest that the true scope of the problem is likely to be much greater. This Research Brief describes a study that examined the prevalence of driver drowsiness immediately prior to crashes that occurred in the context of a large-scale naturalistic driving study in which the driving of more than 3,500 people was monitored continuously for a period of several months using in-vehicle cameras and other data collection equipment. Drowsiness was assessed using a validated measure that is based on the percentage of time that a person's eyes are closed. Using this measure, drowsiness was identified in 8.8%–9.5% of all crashes examined and 10.6%–10.8% of crashes that resulted in significant property damage, airbag deployment, or injury.


We know little about the nature of education in colonized areas—about how the colonial powers organized educational systems and institutions, about what was taught and how students learned, and about how the colonized responded to the educational institutions imposed on them by the colonizers. This book, which contains 11 previously published essays by the late Gail Paradise Kelly, helps us to understand the nature of colonial education in a particularly underresearched area— French Indochina and West Africa. Gail Kelly's work in this field, cut short by her untimely death in 1991, makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the realities of colonial education. We are indebted to David H. Kelly, Gail Paradise Kelly's husband and a historian, for bringing these essays to the attention of the comparative education community. The chapters in this book provide a concrete analysis of French colonial educational policy and practice. They are all based on original archival research that provides the reader with both vignettes of colonial history and interpretation of the topics considered. Before postcolonial studies became popular in the 1990s, with its emphasis on understanding relationships between those with power and those without, and recognizing that the colonized and other dominated groups had their own perspectives and reactions to their circumstances, scholars like Gail Kelly, Remi Clignet, and a few others were building a basis for this later work. At least in the area of education, there is little research available on the realities of education under colonial rule—an interesting exception is E. Patricia Tsurumi's Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, 1895-1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977). There are also excellent studies of the macrorealities of education, such as Philip Foster's Education and Social Change in Ghana (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965). French Colonial Education considers French educational policy, educational practice, and the reactions of the colonized to these policies and practices in the two major areas of French colonial domination during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—Vietnam and West Africa. The bulk of the book is devoted to Vietnam. The focus of the research reported in this book is the development and implementation of French educational policy and the reactions of the colonized to it. Concrete examples are provided in regard to the role of teachers, the development and use of textbooks, and the nature of classroom interactions. In all cases, Kelly is careful to show how policy was made, how it was implemented, and how it was received in the schools. We are reminded that the far-flung empires of the colonial powers were in fact loosely governed, and immense latitude was given to the administrators. We are also reminded how unimportant schooling was in the scheme of things. The colonial


Using prospective longitudinal data, we tested 5 hypotheses: (a) that the relation between earlier developmental experiences (peer social rejection and victimization in a romantic relationship) and adult violent behavior toward peers and romantic partners is specific to relationship domain; (b) that the relation between social-information processing (SIP) biases and subsequent violence is also specific to relational domain (romantic partner vs. peer); (c) that the relation between developmental experiences and SIP biases is domain specific; (d) that domain-specific SIP mediates the impact of earlier developmental experiences on later violent behavior; and (e) that harsh parenting early in life is a domain-general predictor of SIP and later violent behavior. Harsh parenting was assessed through interviews with parents when their children were age 5 years. Classroom sociometric assessments indexing peer rejection were completed in elementary school, and self-report of victimization by romantic partners was provided at age 18 years. SIP was assessed via interview at age 22 years, and violent behavior was measured via self- and partner report at ages 23 years and 24 years. Structural equation analyses revealed specificity in the relation between developmental experiences and violence and in the prediction to and from SIP in the peer domain, but not in the romantic-relationship domain. The impact of early harsh treatment on violence toward peers was mediated by SIP biases in the peer domain. These findings provide support for domain specificity in the peer domain but for cross-domain generality in the romantic relationship domain in the development of violent behavior in early adulthood.


During the initial stage of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation, nerve-derived agrin cooperates with muscle-autonomous mechanisms in the organization and stabilization of a plaque-like postsynaptic specialization at the site of nerve–muscle contact. Subsequent NMJ maturation to the characteristic pretzel-like appearance requires extensive structural reorganization. We found that the progress of plaque-to-pretzel maturation is regulated by agrin. Excessive cleavage of agrin via transgenic overexpression of an agrin-cleaving protease, neurotrypsin, in motoneurons resulted in excessive reorganizational activity of the NMJs, leading to rapid dispersal of the synaptic specialization. By contrast, expression of cleavage-resistant agrin in motoneurons slowed down NMJ remodeling and delayed NMJ maturation. Neurotrypsin, which is the sole agrin-cleaving protease in the CNS, was excluded as the physiological agrin-cleaving protease at the NMJ, because NMJ maturation was normal in neurotrypsin-deficient mice. Together, our analyses characterize agrin cleavage at its proteolytic α- and β-sites by an as-yet-unspecified protease as a regulatory access for relieving the agrin-dependent constraint on endplate reorganization during NMJ maturation.


We have investigated the relationships between covariations in environmental variables and variations in distributions of marine copepod diversity over an extensive latitudinal range from 86.5°N to 46.5°S. For this purpose, 7 data sets (representing 13,713 samples) of copepod species composition data and 11 environmental data sets were assembled. Principal components analysis was applied to investigate the relationships among the mean and seasonal variations in environmental descriptors (ocean temperature, chlorophyll a [Chl a], net primary production, and other physical and chemical properties of the ocean) and their relationships with spatial variations in copepod diversity. High copepod diversity corresponded to a combination of high ocean temperature and salinity and low Chl a and nutrient concentrations (nitrate, silicate, phosphate). To a lesser extent, high‐diversity regions were also correlated to low seasonal variability in oxygen, ocean temperature, and mixed‐layer depth. Regression on principal components provided a robust prediction of global copepod diversity (R2 = 0.45, p < 0.001) as our subset of environmental data was representative of the full range of environmental variability that occurs globally.


This study evaluates the change in CD4(+) T cell counts among patients who achieved complete viral suppression and subsequently discontinued highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We included 72 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients with plasma HIV RNA loads of <500 copies/mL for at least 3 months who then discontinued therapy for at least 12 weeks. The median CD4(+) T decay while off HAART was 16 cells/mm(3)/month (interquartile range, -6 to -34 cells/month). The mean follow-up after therapy ended was 45 weeks. The slope of the CD4(+) T cell decay was inversely correlated with the increase of CD4(+) T cells while receiving HAART, baseline virus load, CD4(+) T cell count at the time therapy was discontinued, age, and duration HIV RNA levels were undetectable. In a multiple regression analysis model, the increase of CD4(+) T cells while receiving therapy and age were independently associated with the rate of CD4(+) T cell loss.


It is often convenient to represent probabilistic models in a first-order fashion, using logical atoms such as partners (X, Y) as random variables parameterized by logical variables. (de Salvo Braz, Amir, & Roth 2005), following (Poole 2003), give a lifted variable elimination algorithm (FOVE) for computing marginal probabilities from first-order probabilistic models (belief assessment, or BA). FOVE is lifted because it works directly at the first-order level, eliminating all the instantiations of a set of atoms in a single step, in some cases independently of the number of these instantiations. Previous work could treat only restricted potential functions. There, atoms' instantiations cannot constrain each other: predicates can appear at most once, or logical variables must not interact across atoms. In this paper, we present two contributions. The first one is a significantly more general lifted variable elimination algorithm, FOVE-P, that covers many cases where atoms share logical variables. The second contribution is to use FOVE-P for solving the Most Probable Explanation (MPE) problem, which consists of calculating the most probable assignment of the random variables in a model. The transition from BA to MPE is straightforward in propositional models, but the lifted first-order case is harder. We introduce the notion of lifted assignments, a distribution of values to a set of random variables rather than to each individual one. Lifted assignments are cheaper to compute while being as useful as regular assignments over that group. Both contributions advance the theoretical understanding of lifted probabilistic inference.


: Enhancements are under consideration for the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Category I (CAT I) Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) to meet the more stringent performance requirements of CAT IIIb operations. This paper analyzes the relative improvement predicted for various alternatives designed to enhance LAAS CAT IIIb availability. These enhancements include increasing the number of ranging sources, using less-conservative error models, taking credit for redundant GPS navigation sensors in the aircraft, using a second frequency to overcome the effects of ionospheric delay, or using differential carrier-phase measurements in the position solution. Availability under each scenario is computed for a vertical alert limit (VAL) ranging from 5.3 m (current requirement) to 10.0 m. Results show that unless VAL is increased beyond about 5.3 m, adequate (0.999) availability cannot be achieved merely by extending the CAT I architecture or by using any one of the above methods alone, with the exception of using dual frequency in both the ground facility and the aircraft. On the other hand, if VAL can be increased to approximately 7.5 m, some other alternatives alone and most pairwise combinations of these alternatives will provide adequate availability.


OBJECTIVES: Implantation of an annuloplasty ring is an essential component of a durable mitral valve repair. Currently available offthe-shelf rings still do not cover all the variations in mitral annulus anatomy and pathology from subject to subject. Computed tomography (CT) and echo imaging allow for 3-D segmentation of the mitral valve and mitral annulus. The concept of tailored annuloplasty rings has been proposed although, to date, no surgically applicable implementation of patient-specific annuloplasty rings has been seen. The objective of this trial was to prove the concept of surgical implantation of a model-guided, personalized mitral annuloplasty ring, manufactured based on individual CT-scan models. METHODS: ECG-gated CT angiography was performed in six healthy pigs under general anaesthesia. Based on the individual shape of the mitral annulus in systole, a customized solid ring with integrated suturing holes was designed and manufactured from a biocompatible titanium alloy by a rapid process using laser melting. The ring was implanted three days later and valve function was assessed by intraoperative echocardiography. The macroscopic annulus–annuloplasty match was assessed after heart explantation. RESULTS: CT angiography provided good enough image quality in all animals to allow for segmentation of the mitral annulus. The individually tailored mitral rings were manufactured and successfully implanted in all pigs. In 50%, a perfect matching of the implanted ring and the mitral annulus was achieved. In one animal, a slight deviation of the ring shape from the circumference was seen postoperatively. The rings implanted in the first two animals were significantly oversized but the deviation did not affect valve competence. CONCLUSIONS: CT image quality and accuracy of the dimensions of the mitral annulus were sufficient for digital modelling and rapid manufacturing of mitral rings. Implantation of individually tailored annuloplasty rings is feasible.


Hundreds of papers and factors attempt to explain the cross-section of expected returns. Given this extensive data mining, it does not make sense to use the usual criteria for establishing significance. Which hurdle should be used for current research? Our paper introduces a new multiple testing framework and provides historical cutoffs from the first empirical tests in 1967 to today. A new factor needs to clear a much higher hurdle, with a t-statistic greater than 3.0. We argue that most claimed research findings in financial economics are likely false. Received October 22, 2014; accepted June 15, 2015 by Editor Andrew Karolyi.


Objective: To evaluate the optimal sequence for the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (rTKIs) sorafenib and sunitinib in metastatic renal cell cancer. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who had received sequential therapy with both rTKIs and integrated these results into a pooled analysis of available data from other publications. Differences in median progression-free survival (PFS) for first- (PFS1) and second-line treatment (PFS2), and for the combined PFS (PFS1 plus PFS2) were examined using weighted linear regression. Results: In the pooled analysis encompassing 853 patients, the median combined PFS for first-line sunitinib and 2nd-line sorafenib (SuSo) was 12.1 months compared with 15.4 months for the reverse sequence (SoSu; 95% CI for difference 1.45–5.12, p = 0.0013). Regarding first-line treatment, no significant difference in PFS1 was noted regardless of which drug was initially used (0.62 months average increase on sorafenib, 95% CI for difference –1.01 to 2.26, p = 0.43). In second-line treatment, sunitinib showed a significantly longer PFS2 than sorafenib (average increase 2.66 months, 95% CI 1.02–4.3, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The SoSu sequence translates into a longer combined PFS compared to the SuSo sequence. Predominantly the superiority of sunitinib regarding PFS2 contributed to the longer combined PFS in sequential use.


The purpose of the paper is to illuminate the costs and benefits of crossing firm boundaries in inbound open innovation (OI) by determining the relationships among partner types, knowledge content and performance. The empirical part of the study is based on a survey of OI collaborations answered by R&D managers in 415 Italian, Finnish and Swedish firms. The results show that the depth of collaboration with different partners (academic/consultants, value chain partners, competitors and firms in other industries) is positively related to innovation performance, whereas the number of different partners and size have negative effects. The main result is that the knowledge content of the collaboration moderates the performance outcomes and the negative impact of having too many different kinds of partners. This illustrates how successful firms use selective collaboration strategies characterized by linking explorative and exploitative knowledge content to specific partners, to leverage the benefits and limit the costs of knowledge boundary crossing processes.


Perhaps the most significant event in twentieth-century American Protestant churches has been the entry of tens of thousands of women into the church's ordained ministry. How are these women's experiences as ministers different from those of their male counterparts? What are their callings and careers like? What are their prospects for employment, income, and satisfaction? Based on a wealth of statistical data as well as in-depth personal interviews, this book offers the most authoritative information ever about the real experiences of clergy women (and men), along with anecdotes that show what the life of American clergy today is really like.


The increasing number of devices used by each user to access data and services and the increasing importance of the data and services available electronically both favor "access-anywhere" network-delivered services. Unfortunately, making such services highly available is difficult. For example, even though end servers or service hosting sites advertise an availability of "four nines" (99.99%) or "five nines" (99.999%), the end-to-end service availability (as perceived by clients) istypically limited to two nines because of poor wide area network availability [6]. Moreover, although network bandwidths are improving quickly, network latencies are much more difficult to improve in wide area networks, which limits performance for access-anywhere services if those services are delivered from a single location.


............................................................................................................ v ÖZ ..........................................................................................................................vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xiv CHAPTERS


This article is about using the mathematical software Sage to do computations with number elds and modular forms. It was written for the October 2008 Bordeaux meeting on explicit methods in number theory (http://www.math.u-bordeaux.fr/gtem2008/). It assumes no prior knowledge about Sage, but assumes a graduate level background in algebraic number theory.


We explore the notions of permission and obligation and their role in knowledge representation, especially as guides to action for planning systems. We first present a simple conditional deontic logic (or more accurately a preference logic) of the type common in the literature and demonstrate its equivalence to a number of modal and conditional systems for default reasoning. We show how the techniques of conditional default reasoning can be used to derive factual preferences from conditional preferences. We extend the system to account for the effect of beliefs on an agent's obligations, including beliefs held by default. This leads us to the notion of a conditional goal, goals toward which an agent should strive according to its belief state. We then extend the system (somewhat naively) to model the ability of an agent to perform actions. Even with this simple account, we are able to show that the deontic slogan "make the best of a bad situation" gives rise to several interpretations or strategies for determining goals (and actions). We show that an agent can improve its decisions and focus its goals by making observations, or increasing its knowledge of the world. Finally, we discuss how this model might be extended and used in the planning process, especially to represent planning under uncertainty in a qualitative manner.


This article examines how boundaries of the state are negotiated and projected in Czech health care volunteering. Hospital regimes and the professional care provided by doctors and nurses are widely imagined as a domain of intensified state authority, a legacy of state socialism. I explore attempts by NGO actors, hospitals, and local government officials involved in three Czech volunteer programs to create alternative, non-medicalized forms of patient care as civil society, thereby reproducing the boundary between state and non-state that characterized civil society discourses of the 1990s in the region. Yet unlike those discourses and the anthropological analyses they have informed, this process of boundary making does not constitute the state and civil society as inevitably antagonistic or competitive entities.


The old Provincial Commissioner's (PC's) office building in Nairobi forms the case study in this thesis. The currently available form of visualization for this monument at the National Museums o f Kenya (NMK) is in the form of a (2-D) survey plan. The basic objective of this study is to develop a methodology for creating a 3-D model of the above monument, which can also be extended and applied to similar monuments. The specific tasks undertaken to meet this objective can be summarized as follows: provision of photo control; close range image acquisition; photogrammetric processing of the images; 3D modelling from resulting photogrammetric solution; laser scanning; 3D modelling of the laser scan data; data fusion o f the line model from photogrammetry with the line model from laser scan; and finally draping of the laser scan surface model with artificial computer generated texture. The results of the 3D line model from photogrammetry were not satisfactory. However, the stitching o f the laser scan data using CycloneTM 3.0 software was done successfully, as well as the 3D surface model and the 3D line model using both AutoCAD 2002 and Golden Surfer 7.0. The fused 3D line model did not align perfectly. Nonetheless, the fused model shows that there is more to be gained in using both mapping technologies in the documentation of cultural heritage monuments.


The great difficulty of encompassing all observed features of ball lightning into a single theory makes it highly probable that many observations and experiences which have no connection to ball lightning are also categorized as ball lightning experiences. In this note we compare the eyewitness reports of ball lightning and the symptoms of epileptic seizures of the occipital lobe as described in the medical literature and show that a person experiencing such a seizure for the first time may believe that he has witnessed a ball lightning event. Since many of the ball lightning reports are associated with nearby lightning strikes, the possibility that the rapidly changing magnetic field of a close lightning strike could trigger an epileptic seizure is analyzed. The results show that the time derivative of the magnetic field in the vicinity of an intense lightning flash is strong enough to stimulate neurons in the brain. This strengthens the possibility of inducing seizures in the occipital lobe of a person located in the vicinity of lightning strikes.


Quantum walks have emerged as an interesting candidate for the implementation of quantum information processing protocols. Optical implementations of quantum walks have been demonstrated by various groups and some have received high-profile coverage. It is often claimed that quantum walks provide an avenue towards universal quantum computation. In this comment I wish to dispel some misconceptions surrounding the prospects of quantum walks as a route towards universal optical quantum computation.


This paper evaluates different metal deposition approaches for a two-staged additive manufacturing (AM) process for 3-D horn antennas, divided into the deposition of plastic and conductive material. The demonstrated fabrication workflow allows for antennas of low cost and low weight and, therefore, demonstrates the vast benefit of AM. The comparison of a commercially available cast aluminum horn to the fabricated prototypes reveals a deviation of up to 3 dB in terms of transmission losses in copolarization over a distance of 1.85 m. Cross-polarization measurements are presented revealing a larger variation among the different metallization approaches. The results shown in this paper demonstrate a successful application of AM in radio frequency engineering. Moreover, one of the presented approaches makes use of only 3-D printing systems and is, therefore, potentially suitable for totally automated manufacturing.


"A World in One Cubic Foot" puts the world accessibly in our hands and allows us to behold the magic of an ecosystem in miniature. Liittschwager's awe-inspiring photographs take us to places both familiar and exotic and instill new awareness of the life that abounds all around. Twelve inches by twelve inches by twelve inches, the cubic foot is a relatively tiny unit of measure compared to the whole world. With every step, we disturb and move through cubic foot after cubic foot. But behold the cubic foot in nature - from coral reefs to cloud forests to tidal pools - even in that finite space you can see the multitude of creatures that make up a vibrant ecosystem. "For A World in One Cubic Foot", esteemed nature photographer David Liittschwager took a bright green metal cube - measuring precisely one cubic foot - and set it in various ecosystems around the world, from Costa Rica to Central Park. Working with local scientists, he measured what moved through that small space in a period of twenty-four hours. He then photographed the cube's setting and the plant, animal, and insect life inside it - anything visible to the naked eye. The result is a stunning portrait of the amazing diversity that can be found in ecosystems around the globe. Many organisms captured in Liittschwager's photographs have rarely, if ever, been presented in their full splendor to the general reader, and the singular beauty of these images evocatively conveys the richness of life around us and the essential need for its conservation. The breathtaking images are accompanied by equally engaging essays that speak to both the landscapes and the worlds contained within them, from distinguished contributors such as Elizabeth Kolbert and Alan Huffman, in addition to a foreword by E. O. Wilson. After encountering this book, you will never look at the tiniest sliver of your own backyard or neighborhood park the same way; instead, you will be stunned by the unexpected variety of species found in an area so small.


Many of the threats to the persistence of populations of sensitive species have physiological or pathological mechanisms, and those mechanisms are best understood through the inherently integrative discipline of physiological ecology. The desert tortoise was listed under the Endangered Species Act largely due to a newly recognized upper respiratory disease thought to cause mortality in individuals and severe declines in populations. Numerous hypotheses about the threats to the persistence of desert tortoise populations involve acquisition of nutrients, and its connection to stress and disease. The nutritional wisdom hypothesis posits that animals should forage not for particular food items, but instead, for particular nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus used in building bones. The optimal foraging hypothesis suggests that, in circumstances of resource abundance, tortoises should forage as dietary specialists as a means of maximizing intake of resources. The optimal digestion hypothesis suggests that tortoises should process ingesta in ways that regulate assimilation rate. Finally, the cost-of-switching hypothesis suggests that herbivores, like the desert tortoise, should avoid switching food types to avoid negatively affecting the microbe community responsible for fermenting plants into energy and nutrients. Combining hypotheses into a resource acquisition theory leads to novel predictions that are generally supported by data presented here. Testing hypotheses, and synthesizing test results into a theory, provides a robust scientific alternative to the popular use of untested hypotheses and unanalyzed data to assert the needs of species. The scientific approach should focus on hypotheses concerning anthropogenic modifications of the environment that impact physiological processes ultimately important to population phenomena. We show how measurements of such impacts as nutrient starvation, can cause physiological stress, and that the endocrine mechanisms involved with stress can result in disease. Finally, our new syntheses evince a new hypothesis. Free molecules of the stress hormone corticosterone can inhibit immunity, and the abundance of "free corticosterone" in the blood (thought to be the active form of the hormone) is regulated when the corticosterone molecules combine with binding globulins. The sex hormone, testosterone, combines with the same binding globulin. High levels of testosterone, naturally occurring in the breeding season, may be further enhanced in populations at high densities, and the resulting excess testosterone may compete with binding globulins, thereby releasing corticosterone and reducing immunity to disease. This sequence could result in physiological and pathological phenomena leading to population cycles with a period that would be essentially impossible to observe in desert tortoise. Such cycles could obscure population fluctuations of anthropogenic origin.


This brief solicited response addresses Prof. Jacqueline Lipton's article "Law of the Intermediated Information Exchange," which appeared in 64 Florida Law Review 1337 (2012). Prof. Lipton's ambitious project is to provide a unifying theory of cyberlaw, at the heart of which lies her proposal to reframe the field as a law of the global intermediated information exchange. I mainly discuss three critiques of her work. First, I raise the question of whether a significant focus on intermediaries will not inherently engender a mentality of attempting choking at the simplest choke point, whether other interests are at stake or not. Second, I argue that jurisdictional issues will remain present independent of the importance of intermediaries because we have to resolve the significant problem of legal diversity in a connected world. Third, I show that cyberlaw is not the only area of the law in which intermediaries play a key role, which raises some questions as to using the intermediary-heavy nature of the Internet as its main legal distinguishing feature. In summary, I conclude that Prof. Lipton's piece encourages us to recognize the necessity of understanding the key role of information intermediaries, but that our work remains cut out for us to color in the important lines that she has drawn.


Nutrient pollution of rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries is one of the preeminent water quality issues in the United States today, and poses a significant threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural nonpoint discharges, the runoff of nitrogen and phosphorous from animal manure and chemical fertilizers, are the primary sources of such nutrient pollution.A pervasive and long-standing problem, nonpoint pollution, nutrient and otherwise, has proven to be one of the toughest challenges in contemporary environmental regulation. This situation is significantly attributable to the political and administrative dynamics of fragmented regulatory authority. The power to control such nonpoint discharges remains largely beyond the reach of federal Clean Water Act authority, and rests with the states, who have proven to be reluctant regulators.This Article proposes a new, conceptually different approach to changing the regulatory status quo and tackling the problem of nonpoint nutrient pollution. It draws a roadmap for a strategic leveraging of the Endangered Species Act, particularly Section 9, against individual nonpoint dischargers and/or their state regulators. It starts with the widespread ecological damage from nonpoint nutrient pollution and looks for a regulatory silver lining to the harmful effects that such nutrient pollution is having on threatened and endangered species of aquatic wildlife. The core objective is to show how the strong protections ESA provides for listed wildlife can be leveraged to better protect the broader nutrient-afflicted aquatic ecosystems of which listed species are but one part.


Tree species differ from one another in, and display trade-offs among, a wide range of attributes, including canopy and understorey growth and mortality rates, fecundity, height and crown allometry, and crown transmissivity. But how does this variation affect the outcome of interspecific competition and hence community structure? We derive criteria for the outcome of competition among tree species competing for light, given their allometric and life-history parameters. These criteria are defined in terms of a new simple whole life-cycle measure of performance, which provides a simple way to organize and understand the many ways in which species differ. The general case, in which all parameters can differ between species, can produce coexistence, founder control or competitive exclusion: thus, competition for light need not be hierarchical as implied by R* theory. The special case in which species differ only in crown transmissivity produces neutral dynamics. The special case in which species differ in all parameters except crown transmissivity gives hierarchical competition, where the equivalent of R* is Z*, the height at which trees enter the canopy in an equilibrium monoculture.


Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interaction effects are a major source of uncertainty in climate models so it is important to quantify the sources of uncertainty and thereby direct research efforts. However, the computational expense of global aerosol models has prevented a full statistical analysis of their outputs. Here we perform a variance-based analysis of a global 3-D aerosol microphysics model to quantify the magnitude and leading causes of parametric uncertainty in model-estimated present-day concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Twenty-eight model parameters covering essentially all important aerosol processes, emissions and representation of aerosol size distributions were defined based on expert elicitation. An uncertainty analysis was then performed based on a Monte Carlo-type sampling of an emulator built for each model grid cell. The standard deviation around the mean CCN varies globally between about ±30% over some marine regions to ±40–100% over most land areas and high latitudes, implying that aerosol processes and emissions are likely to be a significant source of uncertainty in model simulations of aerosol–cloud effects on climate. Among the most important contributors to CCN uncertainty are the sizes of emitted primary particles, including carbonaceous combustion particles from wildfires, biomass burning and fossil fuel use, as well as sulfate particles formed on sub-grid scales. Emissions of carbonaceous combustion particles affect CCN uncertainty more than sulfur emissions. Aerosol emission-related parameters dominate the uncertainty close to sources, while uncertainty in aerosol microphysical processes becomes increasingly important in remote regions, being dominated by deposition and aerosol sulfate formation during cloud-processing. The results lead to several recommendations for research that would result in improved modelling of cloud–active aerosol on a global scale.


Carbon monoxide, CO, is produced by natural and anthropogenic
processes including biomass burning and fossil fuel usage and affects
atmospheric chemistry through its roles as a sink for the hydroxyl radical
(OH) and as a precursor to ozone. As the primary atmospheric sink for
OH, which is responsible for chemically destroying numerous air
pollutants, CO concentrations impact the concentrations of other such
pollutants. Here we use CO as a tracer for polluted air masses by
examining the transport of CO both to and from North America.
CO is an ideal tracer for atmospheric and climate modeling because
it is well understood and well captured due to its simple chemistry and
long lifespan. By employing MOZART, a numerical global tropospheric
chemistry model, we seek to address the nature of air pollutant transport
and establish the role of transport on regional North American CO
concentrations. We find that the greatest intercontinental transported CO
occurs on days when the overall carbon monoxide concentrations are low
to moderate. In addition, carbon monoxide concentrations increase
eastward, reflecting the different regional impacts of emissions.
We also define three main transport pathways of CO over North
America and identify specific episodic flux events by comparing model
results to INTEX-NA flight observations taken the summer of 2004 in
cooperation with NASA, NOAA, and the ICARn campaign. The main
pathways of CO transport over North America are eastward, aloft import
from Asia; northward, surface import from Africa, attributed to heavy
biomass burning in the summer; and eastward export from North
America, at the surface and aloft.
Understanding these pathways for CO transport and the regional
impacts is a key step towards understanding how polluted air masses
evolve and can provide insight into the extent to which local air quality is
influenced by intercontinental transport.


A vector-wave analysis of nondiffracting beams propagating along a birefringent chiral crystal for the case of tensor character of both the optical activity and linear birefringence is presented. We have written characteristic equations and found propagation constants and amplitude parameters of the eigenmodes. The characteristic curves have anomalous zones described by an isotropic point or a gap-point, provided that the elements of an optical activity tensor obey the requirement g(11)g(33)<0, |g(33)|>|g(11)|. In the anomalous zone, a nondiffracting beam can propagate through a purely chiral crystal as if through an isotropic medium. We have shown that the field of eigenmodes is nonuniformly polarized in the beam cross section, while the field with the initially uniform polarization distribution experiences periodic transformations. We have revealed that even a purely chiral crystal without linear birefringence can generate optical vortices in an initially vortex-free Bessel beam.


The State of Western Australia (WA) occupies one third of the Australian continent. The hydro-climate varies enormously from the tropical monsoon region in the north; through an erratic, semi-arid climate of the northwest and
interior; to temperate regions of the south. Most waterways in the State are intermittent, with summer flow in the north, winter flow in the south and ephemeral flows in the northwest. Perennial streams are comparatively rare
geographically. For much of WA there is insufficient water quality and riparian vegetation condition data to make comprehensive, objective assessments of the health of
waterways. In many parts of the State, a comprehensive assessment of the values and condition of, and threats to, waterway ecosystems has not been undertaken. Most information and management is centred on the southwest land
division and there is comparatively little known of waterways elsewhere. However, regional Natural Resource Management (NRM) groups and other organisations are mapping, classifying, evaluating and prioritising their
waterway activities. This paper presents and describes the development of a State-wide waterways management framework. The framework is based on values-threats models and allows assessment of waterways' attributes even when comprehensive or inadequate data is unavailable. It is also capable of
incorporating objective and subjective information so it could prove valuable to waterways managers operating in relatively remote regions where rapid appraisal-type assessments are required.


PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. 1 A FRAMEWORK FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND EDUCATION (James Momoh). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Power System Challenges. 1.2.1 The Power System Modeling and Computational Challenge. 1.2.2 Modeling and Computational Techniques. 1.2.3 New Interdisciplinary Curriculum for the Electric Power Network. 1.3 Solution of the EPNES Architecture. 1.3.1 Modular Description of the EPNES Architecture. 1.3.2 Some Expectations of Studies Using EPNES Benchmark Test Beds. 1.4 Test Beds for EPNES. 1.4.1 Power System Model for the Navy. 1.4.2 Civil Test Bed-179-Bus WSCC Benchmark Power System. 1.5 Examples of Funded Research Work in Response to the EPNES Solicitation. 1.5.1 Funded Research by Topical Areas/Groups under the EPNES Award. 1.5.2 EPNES Award Distribution. 1.6 Future Directions of EPNES. 1.7 Conclusions. 2 DYNAMICAL MODELS IN FAULT-TOLERANT OPERATION AND CONTROL OF ENERGY PROCESSING SYSTEMS (Christoforos N. Hadjicostis, Hugo Rodriguez Cortes, Aleksandar M. Stankovic). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Model-Based Fault Detection. 2.2.1 Fault Detection via Analytic Redundancy. 2.2.2 Failure Detection Filters. 2.3 Detuning Detection and Accommodation on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors. 2.3.1 Detuned Operation of Current-Fed Indirect Field-Oriented Controlled Induction Motors. 2.3.2 Detection of the Detuned Operation. 2.3.3 Estimation of the Magnetizing Flux. 2.3.4 Accommodation of the Detuning Operation. 2.3.5 Simulations. 2.4 Broken Rotor Bar Detection on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors. 2.4.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Model with Broken Rotor Bars. 2.4.2 Broken Rotor Bar Detection. 2.5 Fault Detection on Power Systems. 2.5.1 The Model. 2.5.2 Class of Events. 2.5.3 The Navy Electric Ship Example. 2.5.4 Fault Detection Scheme. 2.5.5 Numerical Simulations. 2.6 Conclusions. 3 INTELLIGENT POWER ROUTERS: DISTRIBUTED COORDINATION FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY PROCESSING NETWORKS (Agustin A. Irizarry-Rivera, Manuel Rodriguez-Martinez, Bienvenido Velez, Miguel Velez-Reyes, Alberto R. Ramirez-Orquin, Efrain O'Neill-Carrillo, Jose R. Cedeno). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Overview of the Intelligent Power Router Concept. 3.3 IPR Architecture and Software Module. 3.4 IPR Communication Protocols. 3.4.1 State of the Art. 3.4.2 Restoration of Electrical Energy Networks with IPRs. 3.4.3 Mathematical Formulation. 3.4.4 IPR Network Architecture. 3.4.5 Islanding-Zone Approach via IPR. 3.4.6 Negotiation in Two Phases. 3.4.7 Experimental Results. 3.5 Risk Assessment of a System Operating with IPR. 3.5.1 IPR Components. 3.5.2 Configuration. 3.5.3 Example. 3.6 Distributed Control Models. 3.6.1 Distributed Control of Electronic Power Distribution Systems. 3.6.2 Integrated Power System in Ship Architecture. 3.6.3 DC Zonal Electric Distribution System. 3.6.4 Implementation of the Reconfiguration Logic. 3.6.5 Conclusion. 3.7 Reconfiguration. 3.8 Economics Issues of the Intelligent Power Router Service. 3.8.1 The Standard Market Design (SMD) Environment. 3.8.2 The Ancillary Service (A/S) Context. 3.8.3 Reliability Aspects of Ancillary Services. 3.8.4 The IPR Technical/Social/Economical Potential for Optimality. 3.8.5 Proposed Definition for the Intelligent Power Router Ancillary Service. 3.8.6 Summary. 3.9 Conclusions. 4 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER USING MICROMECHANICAL SWITCHES (George G. Karady, Gerald T. Heydt, Esma Gel, Norma Hubele). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Overview of Technology. 4.2.1 Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker. 4.2.2 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Switches (MEMS). 4.3 The Concept of a MEMS-Based Circuit Breaker. 4.3.1 Circuit Description. 4.3.2 Operational Principle. 4.3.3 Current Interruption. 4.3.4 Switch Closing. 4.4 Investigation of Switching Array Operation. 4.4.1 Model Development. 4.4.2 Analysis of Current Interruption and Load Energization. 4.4.3 Effect of Delayed Opening of Switches. 4.4.4 A Block of Switch Fails to Open. 4.4.5 Effect of Delayed Closing of Switches. 4.4.6 One Set of Switches Fails to Close. 4.4.7 Summary of Simulation Results. 4.5 Reliability Analyses. 4.5.1 Approximations to Estimate Reliability. 4.5.2 Computational Results. 4.6 Proof of Principle Experiment. 4.6.1 Circuit Breaker Construction. 4.6.2 Control Circuit. 4.7 Circuit Breaker Design. 4.8 Conclusions. 5 GIS-BASED SIMULATION STUDIES FOR POWER SYSTEMS EDUCATION (Ralph D. Badinelli, Virgilio Centeno, Boonyarit Intiyot). 5.1 Overview. 5.1.1 Case Studies. 5.1.2 Generic Decision Model Structure. 5.1.3 Simulation Modeling. 5.1.4 Interfacing. 5.2 Concepts for Modeling Power System Management and Control. 5.2.1 Large-Scale Optimization and Hierarchical Planning. 5.2.2 Sequential Decision Processes and Adaptation. 5.2.3 Stochastic Decisions and Risk Modeling. 5.2.4 Group Decision Making and Markets. 5.2.5 Power System Simulation Objects. 5.3 Grid Operation Models and Methods. 5.3.1 Randomized Load Simulator. 5.3.2 Market Maker. 5.3.3 The Commitment Planner. 5.3.4 Implementation. 6 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MOMENTUM CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM: A SOCIAL-SCIENCE SYSTEMS APPROACH (Richard F. Hirsh, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Ralph D. Badinelli). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Overview of Concepts. 6.2.1 Using the Systems Approach to Understand Change in the Utility System. 6.2.2 Origins and Growth of Momentum in the Electric Utility System. 6.2.3 Politics and System Momentum Change. 6.3 Application of Principles. 6.3.1 The Possibility of Distributed Generation and New Momentum. 6.3.2 Impediments to Decentralized Electricity Generation. 6.4 Practical Consequences: Distributed Generation as a Business Enterprise. 6.5 Aggregated Dispatch as a Means to Stimulate Economic Momentum with DG. 6.6 Conclusion. INDEX.


This paper presents the actuation system of the robotic leg ScarlETH. It was developed specifically for a quadrupedal robot and is designed to achieve fast position control as well as accurate joint torque control. It introduces strong passive dynamics to create an efficient running behavior. High spring compliance with low damping in combination with a cascaded, motor velocity based, control structure was successfully tested in simulation and experiments. Final tests with the entire leg demonstrate that the system can perform a hopping motion providing only positive actuator power.


The study aimed to know the pattern of beef consumption, factors that affected the demand of beef, and the elasticity of the demand of beef. The research was conducted in the city of BandarLampung on purpose, based on the class of  underprivilage households to privilage type III+, namely the upper class at Kemiling Permai Village of Kemiling Subdistrict, the middle class at Labuhan Ratu Village of Kedaton Subdistrict and the lower clas  at Pesawahan Village of Southern Teluk Betung Subdistrict. The sample in the study was 54 house wives. The data was collected from October-November 2013. The data was analyzed by qualitative analysis, multiple linear regression and analysis of the elasticity of demand.  The results showed as follows. The greatest amount of beef demand in the period of July–September 2013 was 0.5-3kg per 3 month, pieces of beef that was being the most widely consumed was chuck as much as 43.61kg per 3 month, frequency of beef consumption as much as 1-3 times in the period of July to September 2013, and a total of 76.64% of households chose the traditional market to buy beef.  Factors affected on beef demand by households in the city of BandarLampung were chicken prices, level of education, income and place of purchase. The cross elasticity between broiler chicken and domestic chickens was positive, it meant that beef was substitution stuff; and income elasticity of the demand of beef worth positive; so that beef was normal stuff . Key words: beef, consumption patterns, demand, elasticity, household


Side Channel Attacks (SCA) are a class of passive attacks on cryptosystems that exploit implementation characteristics of the system. Currently, a lot of research is focussed towards developing countermeasures to side channel attacks. In this thesis, we address two challenges that are an inherent part of the efficient implementation of SCA countermeasures. While designing a system, design choices made for enhancing the efficiency or performance of the system can also affect the side channel security of the system. The first challenge is that the effect of different design choices on the side channel resistance of a system is currently not well understood. It is important to understand these effects in order to develop systems that are both secure and efficient. A second problem with incorporating SCA countermeasures is the increased design complexity. It is often difficult and time consuming to integrate an SCA countermeasure in a larger system. In this thesis, we explore that above mentioned problems from the point of view of developing embedded software that is resistant to power based side channel attacks. Our first work is an evaluation of different software AES implementations, from the perspective of side channel resistance, that shows the effect of design choices on the security and performance of the implementation. Next we present work that identifies the problems that arise while designing software for a particular type of SCA resistant architecture the Virtual Secure Circuit. We provide a solution in terms of a methodology that can be used for developing software for such a system and also demonstrate that this methodology can be conveniently automated leading to swifter and easier software development for side channel resistant designs. This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Award 0644070


Abstract. The emissions of three hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F) and HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) and three hydrofluorocarbons, HFC-23 (CHF3), HFC-134a (CH2FCF3) and HFC-152a (CH3CHF2) from four East Asian countries and the Taiwan region for the year 2008 are determined by inverse modeling. The inverse modeling is based on in-situ measurements of these halocarbons at the Japanese stations Cape Ochi-ishi and Hateruma, the Chinese station Shangdianzi and the South Korean station Gosan. For every station and every 3 h, 20-day backward calculations were made with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The model output, the measurement data, bottom-up emission information and corresponding uncertainties were fed into an inversion algorithm to determine the regional emission fluxes. The model captures the observed variation of halocarbon mixing ratios very well for the two Japanese stations but has difficulties explaining the large observed variability at Shangdianzi, which is partly caused by small-scale transport from Beijing that is not adequately captured by the model. Based on HFC-23 measurements, the inversion algorithm could successfully identify the locations of factories known to produce HCFC-22 and emit HFC-23 as an unintentional byproduct. This lends substantial credibility to the inversion method. We report national emissions for China, North Korea, South Korea and Japan, as well as emissions for the Taiwan region. Halocarbon emissions in China are much larger than the emissions in the other countries together and contribute a substantial fraction to the global emissions. Our estimates of Chinese emissions for the year 2008 are 65.3±6.6 kt/yr for HCFC-22 (17% of global emissions extrapolated from Montzka et al., 2009), 12.1±1.6 kt/yr for HCFC-141b (22%), 7.3±0.7 kt/yr for HCFC-142b (17%), 6.2±0.7 kt/yr for HFC-23 (>50%), 12.9±1.7 kt/yr for HFC-134a (9% of global emissions estimated from Velders et al., 2009) and 3.4±0.5 kt/yr for HFC-152a (7%).


The idea of the small world first put forth by Milgram in the 1960's shows empirically how people knowing reliably only connections to their direct contacts can leverage their knowledge to perform an efficient global search, referred to as social search, in surprisingly few steps. Later, it was established that social networks are often interconnected in such a way that knowledge of all the edges enables a search in even a smaller number of step; such networks are often called small-world networks. Yet, despite a diverse body of work on the social search and its efficiency, it has been unclear why nodes with limited knowledge of just direct links are able to route efficiently. To probe this question, here we use a real location-based social network, Gowalla, to emulate a synthetic social search task. The results demonstrate that the spatial distributions of friends, and friends of friends (FoF) as well as the types of information utilized for search play a key role in effective social search. We also establish that neither the ways nodes are embedded into space nor edges distributed among nodes are important for social search efficiency. Moreover, we show that even very limited knowledge of friends of friends significantly improves social search performance with gains growing most rapidly for small fractions of FoF knowledge.


Chah-nimeh water reservoirs are consisted of 4 semi-natural depressions in Sistan plain which are used to control floods, maintain water supplies of the Hirmand River, and to provide potable and agricultural water for the residents of the area. One of the most significant specifications of each reservoir is its water level. Knowing about the balance fluctuations affects interpretation and evaluation of those issues such as risk-taking associated with the installations and their related structures, water storage changes in the lake, coastal structures, and their related environmental issues. Although frequent measurement can make a general view about its changes, simulation of this variable can provide the opportunity of its prediction, particularly under various scenarios. During recent years, considerable developments have taken place in the field of artificial intelligence including neural networks. Using these networks in predicting and estimating these parameters has increased remarkably in many different scientific and engineering problems whose basis is discovery of the experimental correlation between events occurred in the past. To obtain an optimal model for simulation of the water level of the 4th reservoir, a series of input variables, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, water level, and evaporation were used. Therefore, the network properties including number of hidden layers, number of neurons in each hidden layer, activation function, and learning algorithm using MATLAB software package were determined. Finally, the results of simulating water levels of the 4th reservoir were compared with the real data using the neural networks and ANFIS and the accuracy of these methods was assessed by RMSE, MAE and R2 criteria. Due to the simulation of the reservoir water level by artificial intelligence models, the result showed good accuracy of these models in estimating water levels. Among them, the neural network had made a better estimation. Thus, based on statistical analysis on third test with neural network the measures levels RMSE, MAE, and R2 Was calculated respectively to 0.000062, 0.000048, and 0.9998. To manage these water resources more properly, it is recommended to use artificial intelligence simulation methods in all four reservoirs of chah-nimeh.


In the second half of the 1990s, Stuart Eizenstat was perhaps the most controversial U.S. foreign policy official in Europe. His mission had nothing to do with Russia, the Middle East, Yugoslavia, or any of the other hotspots of the day. Rather, Eizenstat's mission was to provide justice--albeit belated and imperfect justice--for the victims of World War II. Imperfect Justice is Eizenstat's account of how the Holocaust became a political and diplomatic battleground fifty years after the war's end, as the issues of dormant bank accounts, slave labor, confiscated property, looted art, and unpaid insurance policies convulsed Europe and America. He recounts the often heated negotiations with the Swiss, the Germans, the French, the Austrians, and various Jewish organizations, showing how these moral issues, shunted aside for so long, exposed wounds that had never healed and conflicts that had never been properly resolved. Though we will all continue to reckon with the crimes of World War II for a long time to come, Eizenstat's account shows that it is still possible to take positive steps in the service of justice.


The coalgebraic approach to modal logic provides a uniform framework that captures the semantics of a large class of structurally different modal logics, including e.g. graded and probabilistic modal logics and coalition logic. In this paper, we introduce the coalgebraic μ-calculus, an extension of the general (coalgebraic) framework with fixpoint operators. Our main results are completeness of the associated tableau calculus and Exptime decidability for guarded formulas. Technically, this is achieved by reducing satisfiability to the existence of non-wellfounded tableaux, which is in turn equivalent to the existence of winning strategies in parity games. Our results are parametric in the underlying class of models and yield, as concrete applications, previously unknown complexity bounds for the probabilistic μ-calculus and for an extension of coalition logic with


OBJECTIVE
To identify patient expectations regarding chaplain visitation, characteristics of patients who want to be visited by a chaplain, and what patients deem important when a chaplain visits.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
Three weeks after discharge, 4500 eligible medical and surgical patients from hospitals in Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida were surveyed by mail to collect demographic information and expectations regarding chaplain visitation. The survey was conducted during the following time periods: Minnesota participants, April 6 until April 25, 2006; Arizona participants, October 16, 2008, until January 13, 2009; Florida participants, October 16, 2008, until January 20, 2009. Categorical variables were summarized with frequencies or percentages. Associations between responses and site were examined using χ(2) tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the likelihood of wanting chaplain visitation on the basis of patient demographics and perceived importance of reasons for chaplain visitation.

RESULTS
About one-third of those surveyed responded from each site. Most were male, married, aged 56 years or older, and Protestant or Catholic. Of the respondents, nearly 70% reported wanting chaplain visitation, 43% were visited, and 81% indicated that visitation was important. The strongest predictor of wanting chaplain visitation was denomination vs no indicated religious affiliation (Catholic: odds ratio [OR], 8.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.49-14.64; P<.001; evangelical Protestant: OR, 4.95; 95% CI, 2.74-8.91; P<.001; mainline Protestant: OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 2.58-7.29; P<.001). Being female was a weak predictor (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05-2.09; P=.03), as was site. Among the reasons given by respondents for wanting chaplain visitation, the most important were that chaplains served as reminders of God's care and presence (OR, 4.37; 95% CI, 2.58-7.40; P<.001) and that they provided prayer or scripture reading (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.53-4.20; P<.001).

CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest the importance medical and surgical patients place on being visited by a chaplain while they are hospitalized. Those who valued chaplains because they reminded them of God's care and presence and/or because they prayed or read scripture with them were more likely to desire a visit. Our results also suggest that being religiously affiliated is a very strong predictor of wanting chaplain visitation.


Since the seminal work of O'Doherty and Anstey, which describes a relationship between the spectra of the reflectivity of a one-dimensional random medium and of a transmitted pulse, a number of researchers have investigated the qualitative nature and the extent of the validity of this approximate relationship from different angles. A description of the design of an experiment to qualitatively illustrate the relationship is documented. The results of that experiment and some potential applications of the use of the effect then follow.


Abstract In this pioneering study, the cross-sectional warping included transient response and normal/shear stress components of composite elliptical and elliptical cone helices over exact axis geometry are investigated using a mixed FEM. The transient analysis is performed using the Newmark time integration algorithm with or without the amplitude decay factor. The constitutive equations of composite curved rods are derived from three-dimensional elasticity theory. A displacement-type finite element formulation computing the warping-included torsional rigidity is incorporated with the mixed finite element formulation. The curvatures and displacement-type finite elements are used to estimate the normal and shear stress distributions on the respective cross-sections. The maximum normal/shear stresses of a composite straight beam are compared with the literature. An excellent agreement is obtained for the results of an exact elliptical cone helix under dynamic loads compared to the results of 3D solid finite elements. During the implementation of the time integration scheme, the first and second time derivatives of forces and moments are preserved, and their time histories are discussed. Finally, the influences of helix geometry, lamination, and the ratios of material constants on the transient response besides the stresses are investigated. All the numerical examples in this paper are original for the literature.


Extracted from text ... SA Fam Pract 2004;46(10) 4
Homeopathy works
To the Editor: I was delighted to see the article
on homeopathy by Ann Haw in the July edition of
the journal.1
Family Medicine opened up many new
possibilities for me. I became more aware of the
intimate interaction between the body, mind and
spirit while learning to listen in a patient-centered
way to my patients. At the same time, evidencebased
medicine together with a better
understanding of research, made me question
many conventional allopathic therapies. I was
often then left not knowing how to prescribe.
Homeopathy has afforded me the opportunity
to ..


The quality of results from the microbiological examination of foods is affected by the quality of the sample taken and the provision of effective transport systems which prevent temperature deterioration of the samples during transit. This project has investigated and evaluated the factors which affect transportation of food samples for microbiological analysis e.g. type of transport container, cooling agents, insulation agents and the influence of the sample load. The effect of these variables was determined using two calibrated, multi-channel temperature logging systems. This will lead to the evaluation of temperature logging devices for use in routine sampling.
Results from these studies have been used to assess the existing guidelines in Code of Practice No 7:Sampling for Analysis or Examination.
The use of a Thermos 2700 cool box or a Coleman 28 Quart cool box with a modified insulated lid proved to be the best transport container. The volume and position of cooling agents was found to be very important when transporting food samples. A minimum 10% volume of ice packs: volume of cool box should be used, half the volume of ice packs should be placed below the food samples and the remaining ice packs placed above. An insert should be used to prevent contact between food samples and ice packs. Overloading of the cool box should be avoided therefore allowing adequate air circulation. Studies showed that if an insulated transport container was set up properly, ambient food samples could chill to 5°C within 4 hours and be maintained at this temperature for 24 hours.


Populist parties and movements are now a force to be reckoned with in many Western European countries. These groups are known for their opposition to immigration, their 'anti-establishment' views and their concern for protecting national culture. Their rise in popularity has gone hand-in-hand with the advent of social media, and they are adept at using new technology to amplify their message, recruit and organise.

The online social media following for many of these parties dwarfs the formal membership, consisting of tens of thousands of sympathisers and supporters. This melange of virtual and real political activity is the way millions of people — especially young people — relate to politics in the 21st century.

This is the first quantitative investigation into these digital populists, based on over 10,000 survey responses from 12 countries. It includes data on who they are, what they think and what motivates them to shift from virtual to real-world activism. It also provides new insight into how populism — and politics and political engagement more generally — is changing as a result of social media.

The New Face of Digital Populism calls on mainstream politicians to respond and address concerns over immigration and cultural identity without succumbing to xenophobic solutions. People must be encouraged to become actively involved in political and civic life, whatever their political persuasion — it is important to engage and debate forcefully with these parties and their supporters, not shut them out as beyond the pale.


This article complicates concepts of gender and race in virtual environments by presenting a case study of an African American woman's (Celie's) on-line personalities. It discusses how one woman's presence in a college class and her on-line contributions to a (cyber)community of peers influenced her and the group's perspectives on violence and gender issues. The article shows that Celie's interactions on a virtual forum are related to and an extension of a multitude of factors such as her upbringing, her schooling, her wish to succeed in an environment often inhospitable and hostile to her needs, and her gendered identity. A close analysis of her on-line voice provides a starting point for cyberfeminists to look more closely at virtual forums and their potential for enhancing student learning, diversity, and multiple perspectives in classroom environments. This article also encourages feminist scholars to continue explorations centered around the multiple discourse strategies employed by participants in any given conversation.


In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969), the United States Supreme Court famously held that public school students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gates." Recognizing that these rights are necessarily limited, the Court added that school officials retained the authority to punish expression that "would materially and substantially disrupt the work and discipline of the school." In that decades that followed, judges applying Tinker have used the case to dramatically limit student speech rights. This result was achieved through two distinct argumentative moves. These decisions subtly broadened a legal standard that originally required actual disruption to include student speech that had the potential to disrupt. At the same time, these decisions delegated the authority to characterize expression to school officials. Using this power to define, it was easy for administrators to repress student speech by asserting that the possibility for disruption was sufficient to satisfy the "material" and "substantial" criteria set out in Tinker . Taken together, these simple definitional moves allowed judges to transform a landmark decision originally intended to protect student speech rights into a powerful precedent that can be offered to restrict student speech.


An approximate model, along with the experimental verification for thulium (Tm)-doped silica glass fiber amplifier at 1470 nm upon 1064-nm pumping, has been proposed to estimate the optimum parameters and to analyze its performance in terms of gain, bandwidth, and noise performance. The Tm-doped silica glass fiber amplifier was found to be suitable for wavelength division multiplexing application, although a high pump power of more than 1000 mW was needed to achieve a significant gain


Integrative conjugative elements (ICE) are a diverse group of chromosomally integrated, self-transmissible mobile genetic elements (MGE) that are active in shaping the functions of bacteria and bacterial communities. Each type of ICE carries a characteristic set of core genes encoding functions essential for maintenance and self-transmission, and cargo genes that endow on hosts phenotypes beneficial for niche adaptation. An important area to which ICE can contribute beneficial functions is the biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds. In the biodegradation realm, the best-characterized ICE is ICEclc, which carries cargo genes encoding for ortho-cleavage of chlorocatechols (clc genes) and aminophenol metabolism (amn genes). The element was originally identified in the 3-chlorobenzoate-degrader Pseudomonas knackmussii B13, and the closest relative is a nearly identical element in Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 (designated ICEclc-B13 and ICEclc-LB400, respectively). In the present report, genome sequencing of the o-chlorobenzoate degrader Pseudomonas aeruginosa JB2 was used to identify a new member of the ICEclc family, ICEclc-JB2. The cargo of ICEclc-JB2 differs from that of ICEclc-B13 and ICEclc-LB400 in consisting of a unique combination of genes that encode for the utilization of o-halobenzoates and o-hydroxybenzoate as growth substrates (ohb genes and hyb genes, respectively) and which are duplicated in a tandem repeat. Also, ICEclc-JB2 lacks an operon of regulatory genes (tciR-marR-mfsR) that is present in the other two ICEclc, and which controls excision from the host. Thus, the mechanisms regulating intracellular behavior of ICEclc-JB2 may differ from that of its close relatives. The entire tandem repeat in ICEclc-JB2 can excise independently from the element in a process apparently involving transposases/insertion sequence associated with the repeats. Excision of the repeats removes important niche adaptation genes from ICEclc-JB2, rendering it less beneficial to the host. However, the reduced version of ICEclc-JB2 could now acquire new genes that might be beneficial to a future host and, consequently, to the survival of ICEclc-JB2. Collectively, the present identification and characterization of ICEclc-JB2 provides insights into roles of MGE in bacterial niche adaptation and the evolution of catabolic pathways for biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds.


This Monograph (No. 12) describes the work of the team at ANU in exploring the relationship between popular music and drug use. Popular culture has significant potential to influence drug prevention efforts. Popular culture represents and can create the norms and cultural milieu that can either encourage or discourage drug use. To date, there has been little systematic endeavour to study the relationships between popular culture and the milieu it creates around drugs. This pilot study concentrated on one aspect of popular culture – music. The team interviewed a small group of young people and people from the music industry to begin to explore the complex set of potential associations between music and drug use.


A report published in 2009 by the U.S. National Research Council found that forensic analysts had long overstated the strength of many types of evidence, including foot- and fingerprints, tire tracks, bullet marks, blood splatters, fire, and handwriting. Many innocent people have ended up behind bars as a result; even DNA evidence, widely seen as the golden standard, can finger the wrong person. This special issue of Science shows that forensic analysts are trying to do better. Many fields are taking a critical look at the value of evidence, testing the accuracy of their methods, and developing new ones that are more science-based. Meanwhile, some scientists are developing the forensic tools of tomorrow.


Hydra provides an interesting developmental model system where pattern formation processes are easily accessible to experimentation during regeneration. Previous studies have shown that the neuropeptide head activator affects cellular growth and head-specific cellular differentiation during head regeneration and budding. In order to investigate the signal transduction pathway and the regulatory genes involved in these processes, we measured cAMP levels after head activator treatment and found that head activator leads to an increase in cAMP levels at concentrations where effects on nerve cell determination and differentiation are observed (10(-11) to 10(-9) M). Moreover, exposure of intact hydra to a permeable form of cAMP stimulates nerve-cell differentiation and thus mimicks the effect of endogenous head activator. Band-shift assays were performed to detect changes in hydra nuclear protein binding activity during regeneration or after head activator treatment. We found that the cAMP response element (CRE) promotes a specific and strong DNA-binding activity which is dramatically enhanced and modified during early regeneration or after HA treatment. We also identified a surprisingly highly conserved hydra gene encoding the cAMP Response Element Binding protein, which is involved in this CRE-binding activity. Initiation of regeneration upon wounding provokes an endogenous release of HA which leads to the final differentiation of determined nerve cells. We propose that the nerve-cell differentiation observed within the first 4-8 hours of regeneration relies on the agonist effect of head activator on the cAMP pathway, which would in turn modulate the CRE-binding activity of the hydra CREB protein and thus regulate the transcriptional activity of genes involved in regeneration processes.


This paper compares actual (A-type) software processes at work in flight simulation, one example of a software-intensive complex product system, with ideal, rational (B-type) processes as contained in company manuals, tools and procedures. The aim is to identify the causes and consequences of divergencies between A- and B-type processes in a complex product, and to draw implications for theory and practice. The paper also develops a simple partial model to show what A-type processes actually "look like" in practice. The evidence indicates that in response to industrial turbulence, uncertainty, technical complexity and difficulties in capturing user requirements, software engineers and project managers fall back heavily on A-type informal systems and "soft" management becomes essential to project success. Success under such circumstances, B-type rational systems are inadequate to the task at hand and soft factors such as goodwill, negotiation skills, rule breaking and informal communications become essential to project success. These findings contrast with most approaches to software engineering which try to impose highly rational processes and tend to ignore soft issues. The paper also indicates potential benefits of the rational approach, sometimes overlooked by contemporary organisational scholars, by arguing that it is the manner in which B-type processes are developed and implemented which leads to divergencies and difficulties, rather than the processes themselves which are an essential part of orderly progress. While the findings may not be relevant to more simple products and tasks, other complex product systems may well face similar divergencies and project management challenges.


The conceptual innovations of brash and transgressive young geniuses, from Pablo Picasso and T.S. Eliot to Jean-Luc Godard and Bob Dylan, often arrive suddenly and conspicuously, and are immediately recognized and celebrated. In contrast, the experimental innovations of cautious old masters often arrive gradually and unobtrusively, and may be long overlooked and undervalued: Auguste Rodin, Alfred Hitchcock, Robert Frost, and Irving Berlin are among those who had to endure long struggles to gain their full critical recognition. Ironically, the very success of these great innovators added to their longtime neglect, as their creation of subtle and realistic new forms that were deliberately intended to appear natural rather than artificial led many contemporaries to dismiss their art as easy, simplistic, and unimportant. The achievements of these innovators were in fact based on deep mastery of their disciplines, and we must understand those disciplines to appreciate their contributions. Recognizing that important innovations need not be blatant, but can be subtle and unobtrusive, can help scholars to correct the error of the longstanding belief that creativity is greatest in youth.


Vitamin D, a steroid hormone is primarily known for its role in calcium and bone mineral homeostasis. Over the years, vitamin D has been implicated in various non-skeletal diseases. The extraskeletal phenomenon can be attributed to the presence of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in almost all cells and identification of 1-α hydroxylase in extrarenal tissues. The vitamin D deficiency (VDD) pandemic was globally reported with increasing evidence and paralleled the prevalence of diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A dependent link was proposed between hypovitaminosis D glycemic status, insulin resistance and also the other major factors associated with type 2 diabetes leading to CVDs. Insulin resistance plays a central role in both type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome. These 2 disorders are associated with distinct etiologies including hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and significant vascular abnormalities that could lead to endothelial dysfunction. Evidence from randomised clinical trials and meta-analysis, however, yielded conflicting results. This review summarizes the role of vitamin D in the regulation of glucose homeostasis with an emphasis on insulin resistance, blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction and related cardiovascular diseases and also underline the plausible mechanisms for all the documented effects.


Two types of graphene nanoribbons: (a) potassium-split graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and (b) oxidative unzipped and chemically converted graphene nanoribbons (CCGNRs) were investigated for their magnetic properties using the combination of static magnetization and electron spin resonance measurements. The two types of ribbons possess remarkably different magnetic properties. While a low-temperature ferromagnet-like feature is observed in both types of ribbons, such room-temperature feature persists only in potassium-split ribbons. The GNRs show negative exchange bias, but the CCGNRs exhibit a "positive exchange bias". Electron spin resonance measurements suggest that the carbon-related defects may be responsible for the observed magnetic behavior in both types of ribbons. Furthermore, information on the proton hyperfine coupling strength has been obtained from hyperfine sublevel correlation experiments performed on the GNRs. Electron spin resonance finds no evidence for the presence of potassium (cluster) related signals, pointing to the intrinsic magnetic nature of the ribbons. Our combined experimental results may indicate the coexistence of ferromagnetic clusters with antiferromagnetic regions leading to disordered magnetic phase. We discuss the possible origin of the observed contrast in the magnetic behaviors of the two types of ribbons studied.


We report on the optimization of ultrasmall microlenses based on the diffraction of two parallel metallic nanowires. The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld integral is used in the visible range to simulate the near field diffraction patterns induced by single and paired planar silver wires. We demonstrate that the wire width w affects only the diffraction efficiency and the contrast of the diffraction pattern. The wire interdistance D controls the focal length and the depth of focus, which are equal and vary in the 0.1 to 10 μm range when D/λ increases from 1 to 8. The transversal FWHM increases from 200 to 700 nm, and a normalized intensity greater than 2.2 is obtained at the focal point when w is about 300 nm and D/λ=3. There is excellent agreement between these calculated properties and the experimental results obtained for single and paired parallel silver nanowires. We show that in our microsized geometry, the plasmon contribution is negligible with respect to pure diffraction effect. In addition, these nanowire microlenses have focusing properties similar to those of ideal refractive lenses limited by diffraction.


Organic particles sinking from the sunlit surface are oases of food for heterotrophic bacteria living in the deep ocean. Particle-attached bacteria need to solubilize particles, so they produce exoenzymes that cleave bonds to make molecules small enough to be transported through bacterial cell walls. Releasing exoenzymes, which have an energetic cost, to the external environment is risky because there is no guarantee that products of exoenzyme activity, called hydrolysate, will diffuse to the particleattached bacterium that produced the exoenzymes. Strategies used by particle-attached bacteria to counteract diffusive losses of exoenzymes and hydrolysate are investigated in a water column model. We find that production of exoenzymes by particle-attached bacteria is only energetically worthwhile at high bacterial abundances. Quorum sensing provides the means to determine local abundances, and thus the model results support lab and field studies which found that particle-attached bacteria have the ability to use quorum sensing. Additional model results are that particle-attached bacterial production is sensitive to diffusion of hydrolysate from the particle and is enhanced by as much as 15 times when diffusion of exoenzymes and hydrolysate from particles is reduced by barriers of biofilms and particle-attached bacteria. Bacterial colonization rates and activities on particles in both the euphotic and mesopelagic zones impact remineralization length scales. Shoaling or deepening of the remineralization depth has been shown to exert significant influence on the residence time and concentration of carbon in the atmosphere and ocean. By linking variability in remineralization depths to mechanisms governing bacterial colonization of particles and group coordination of exoenzyme production using a model, we quantitatively connect microscale bacteria-particle interactions to the carbon cycle and provide new insights for future observations.


The overall objective of this work is to apply GIS-based cost distance modeling (CDM) to site catchment modeling and analysis of prehistoric (Solutrean) sites in Andalusia. The implementation of a GIS-method for slope-based CDM was explained in detail, so that it can be replicated easily in future studies. Additional cost components, vegetation and stream networks, were included in the method. The presented CDM approach uses slope rasters as input data, which were derived from digital elevation models (DEMs). Various DEMs that differ in cell size, accuracy and other characteristics can be applied to this method. Thus, a major goal of this work is to investigate the influence different publicly available DEMs (SRTM, ASTER GDEM, EU-DEM, official 5-m/10-m cell size DEMs) have on the results of GIS-based CDM. While the investigation was conducted on sites from different chronocultural periods, a case study was performed on Solutrean sites in order to test the CDM approach by producing actual results and then comparing and interpreting them from an archaeological perspective. The results of the DEM evaluation with resampled horizontal resolutions show a clear influence of the DEM cell size on the modeled catchment area sizes. The investigation also indicates that this influence can be superimposed by other factors, such as noise and residuals of filtered anthropogenic features, when using DEMs of different origins.


Transformer oil or insulating oil is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant. Transformer Oil Testing is a method, which should be a part of any condition-based defensive preservation facilities. This is the most important early protective system can allow maintenance arrangement to identify repairing priorities, program schedules, arrange of outside service, and order necessary parts and materials. In this paper we focussing on the transformer oil, their analysis by using MATLAB ( Image Processing). Also study the ideal properties of transformer oil.


Chitin digestion by humans has generally been questioned or denied. Only recently chitinases have been found in several human tissues and their role has been associated with defense against parasite infections and to some allergic conditions. In this pilot study we tested the gastric juices of 25 Italian subjects on the artificial substrates 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N,N',diacetylchitobiose or/and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) chitin to demonstrate the presence of a chitinase activity. Since this chitinase activity was demonstrated at acidic pH, it is currently referred to acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). AMCase activity was present in gastric juices of twenty of 25 Italian patients in a range of activity from 0.21 to 36.27 nmol/ml/h and from 8,881 to 1,254,782 fluorescence emission (CPS), according to the used methods. In the remaining five of 25 gastric juices, AMCase activity was almost absent in both assay methods. An allosamidine inhibition test and the measurement at different pH values confirmed that this activity was characteristic of AMCase. The absence of activity in 20% of the gastric juices may be a consequence of virtual absence of chitinous food in the Western diet.


There is a growing interest towards self configuring/tuning automated general-purpose reusable heuristic approaches for combinatorial optimisation, such as, hyper-heuristics. Hyper-heuristics are search methodologies which explore the space of heuristics rather than the solutions to solve a broad range of hard computational problems without requiring any expert intervention. There are two common types of hyper-heuristics in the literature: selection and generation methodologies. This work focuses on the former type of hyper-heuristics. Almost all selection hyper-heuristics perform a single point based iterative search over the space of heuristics by selecting and applying a suitable heuristic to the solution in hand at each decision point. Then the newly generated solution is either accepted or rejected using an acceptance method. This improvement process is repeated starting from an initial solution until a set of termination criteria is satisfied. The number of studies on the design of hyper-heuristic methodologies has been rapidly increasing and currently, we already have a variety of approaches, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. It has been observed that different hyper-heuristics perform differently on a given subset of problem instances and more importantly, a hyper-heuristic performs differently as the set of low level heuristics vary. This thesis introduces a general "multi-stage" hyper-heuristic framework enabling the use and exploitation of multiple selection hyper-heuristics at different stages during the search process. The goal is designing an approach utilising multiple hyper-heuristics for a more effective and efficient overall performance when compared to the performance of each constituent selection hyper-heuristic. The level of generality that a hyper-heuristic can achieve has always been of interest to the hyper-heuristic researchers. Hence, a variety of multi-stage hyper-heuristics based on the framework are not only applied to the real-world combinatorial optimisation problems of high school timetabling, multi-mode resource-constrained multi-project scheduling and construction of magic squares, but also tested on the well known hyper-heuristic benchmark of CHeSC 2011. The empirical results show that the multi-stage hyper-heuristics designed based on the proposed framework are still inherently general, easy-to-implement, adaptive and reusable. They can be extremely effective solvers considering their success in the competitions of ITC 2011 and MISTA 2013. Moreover, a particular multi-stage hyper-heuristic outperformed the state-of-the-art selection hyper-heuristic from CHeSC 2011.


This research was conducted in response to a government policy to create new school buildings in the United Kingdom. It sought to examine the influence such schools had upon teaching professionals in terms of their motivation, morale and job satisfaction. Using semi-structured interviews, this qualitative, longitudinal study, has focused on two new schools in a rural/urban target authority in the Midlands of the United Kingdom.
The findings support the notion that by creating new schools that teaching professional's motivation, morale and job satisfaction may be positively influenced and this in turn has a positive impact upon their professional identities. The findings also illustrate that if centrally imposed initiatives are of a context specific nature then they will lead to empowered professionals. However for some individuals within the profession their initial calling to work with children and alongside colleagues prove to be just as important for their professional motivation and job satisfaction.


In this paper, we introduce a new approach for nonlinear equalization based on Gaussian processes for classification (GPC). We propose to measure the performance of this equalizer after a low-density parity-check channel decoder has detected the received sequence. Typically, most channel equalizers concentrate on reducing the bit error rate, instead of providing accurate posterior probability estimates. We show that the accuracy of these estimates is essential for optimal performance of the channel decoder and that the error rate output by the equalizer might be irrelevant to understand the performance of the overall communication receiver. In this sense, GPC is a Bayesian nonlinear classification tool that provides accurate posterior probability estimates with short training sequences. In the experimental section, we compare the proposed GPC-based equalizer with state-of-the-art solutions to illustrate its improved performance.


There is little economic theory that supports designing compensation packages to include a market-traded component. Any contract based on tradable securities can potentially be replicated with non-tradable securities that would give the employer tighter control on the incentives and trading activities of the employee. Indeed, it seems paradoxical to compensate employees with tradable securities only to impose restrictions that prohibit them from taking advantage of the tradability feature. This thesis provides insights into the role and economic consequences of disclosures aimed at reducing the ability of employees to gain from insider trading. To analyze the impact of compensating employees with tradable securities I use a principal-agent framework where insider trading is captured by the notion of contract renegotiation. In the first analytical piece I show that in certain situations allowing the agent to trade anonymously on his private information increases production and, more importantly, is socially desirable compared to the case where the agent's trades are required to be publicly disclosed. The intuition for this result is that the bid-ask spread imposed by the market maker makes it costly for the agent to sell his shares and get full insurance if he shirks. The consequence of the positive incentive effects for the agent makes the overall economy better off. In the second version of my model I attempt to capture the SEC notion of insider trading where a manager has material non-public information prior to trading his equity claims. In this piece I allow the agent to collect private information prior to his trading. I identify three information structures and compare the production in the economy where the agent gathers private information prior to trading, to a scenario where private information acquisition is prohibited. I show that it is not at all clear-cut that private information collection by employees is always detrimental to the firm. Rather, situations may arise where private information collection and insider trading by employees results in higher production in the economy and can be socially desirable. Hence the thesis attempts to provide some potential economic reasons for employees to be compensated with tradable securities.


A demultiplexing scheme based on semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and optical filter for optical time division multiplexing differential quadrature phase shift keying (OTDM-DQPSK) system is proposed and investigated experimentally. With only a common half baudrate electrical clock modulated 33% duty cycle return-to-zero (RZ-33) optical clock signal as pump, this scheme is cost-effective, energy-efficient, and integration-potential. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out for the demultiplexing of a 2 \times 40-GBd OTDM-DQPSK signal. Error-free performance is demonstrated, and the average power penalty for both channels is about 3 dB.


(ProQuest Information and Learning: ... denotes formulae omitted.)Laada Bilaniuk. Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine. Culture and Society after Socialism. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. x, 230 pp. Appendix. References. Index. Map. $59.95, cloth. $24.95, paper.The volume under review will certainly become an important resource IOr those interested in political, cultural and linguistic changes in the states formerly belonging to the Soviet Union. Being a Ukrainian citizen myself, I have to say that Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine by Laada Bilaniuk invoked not only my academic interest as a linguist, but also grabbed my attention as a native speaker of Ukrainian. The problem of the place of language politics in Ukrainian society is considered from the perspective of an impartial outsider who is not involved in this language debate. It should also be noted that the book's scope is more than a linguistic analysis: the author reviews the subject matter within the framework of linguistic anthropology, cultural linguistics, ethnography and sociolinguistics.The book consists of six chapters, each of which sheds light on the language politics and process of cultural correction in Ukraine, but from a different perspective. Thus, Chapter 1 addresses Ukraine in cultural and linguistic transition with an analytical focus on Soviet and post-Soviet language policies. The theoretical background is found in the "habitus" and "symbolic power" theories of Bourdieu(1977, 1984, 1990, 1991), although the problem of language change is approached in a more dynamic and complex way, since the main focus is on language. The author offers certain solutions to the problem of escalated ethnolinguistic tensions appearing in the period of social instability, that is, linguistic non-accommodation and the acceptance of the equal coexistence of the Ukrainian and Russian languages in the same spheres of use.The construction of social values and relationships through language is presented in Chapter 2 with four biographical narratives. These biographies reveal the ways in which linguistic forms and social roles are interrelated and influenced by both historical circumstances and individual attitudes. The life stories of these interviewees cover a wide range of problems in Ukraine's recent history, particularly concerning language choice and correctness, the urban-rural dynamic, regional variation, institutional control of language, Soviet systems of language planning and linguistic changes after independence. To my mind, though, this chapter lacks an account of linguistic correction from a Western Ukrainian to make the regional representation eomplete.Chapter 3 contains a deep and thorough analysis of the historical circumstances under which the attitude of the Ukrainian people toward the Ukrainian language was shaped. tile-language is seen as an ideological and political construct, and therefore is highly sensitive to ideology, language policy and economic conditions. I cannot but agree with the author's assumption that Ukrainian still suffers the status of a low-prestige rural language, while Russian is viewed as a prestigious city language for many Ukrainians. The only criticism I have of this chapter is that the great Ukrainian poetess Lesya Ukrainka should have been mentioned alongside the other great minds that have influenced the history of Ukraine and molded the spirit of "Ukrainianness. …