There is a need to understand what makes information security successful in an organization. What are the threats that the organization must deal with and what are the criteria of a beneficial information security policy? Policies are in place, but why employees are not complying?
This study is the first step in trying to highlight effective approaches and strategies that might help organizations to achieve good information security through looking at success factors for the implementation. This dissertation will focus on human factors by looking at what concerns employees about information security. It will explore the importance of information security policy in organizations, and employee's attitudes to compliance with organizations' policies.

This research has been divided into four stages. Each stage was developed in light of the results from the previous stage. The first two stages were conducted in the Sultanate of Oman in order to use a population just starting out in the information security area. Stage one started with a qualitative semi-structured interview to explore and identify factors contributing towards successful implementation of information security in an organization. The results suggested a number of factors organizations needed to consider to implement information security successfully. The second stage of the research was based on the first stage's results. After analysing the outcomes from the semi-structured interviews a quantitative questionnaire was developed to explore for information security policy. The findings did suggest that the more issues the organization covers in their security policy the more effective their policy is likely to be. The more an organization reports adoption of such criteria in their security policy, the more they report a highly effective security policy. The more the organization implements the 'success factors' the more effective they feel their security policy will be.

The third stage was conducted in the UK at Glasgow University because employees are somewhat familiar with the idea of information security. It was based on the findings derived from the analysis of the quantitative questionnaire at stage two. The findings revealed different reasons for employee's non-compliance to organization security policy as well as the impact of non-compliance.

The fourth stage consolidates the findings of the three studies and brings them together to give recommendations about how to formulate a security policy to encourage compliance and therefore reduce security threats.


We describe an electrically controllable diffuser made from a randomly depoled lithium niobate wafer. The level of scattering produced by this diffuser can be varied continuously from a negligible amount (equal to or less than ordinary glass) to a level where the coherent component is practically extinguished. A statistical model for describing the diffuser is developed, from which analytical expressions for the coherent and diffuse components of the mean scattered intensity are obtained. Measurements of the mean intensity versus scattering angle and applied voltage that agree well with the theory are also reported.


Through a photochemical reaction of nitrogen dioxide and 2-trans-butene, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is formed, which plays an important role in polluted air. The decomposition of this has been studied under two conditions: continued irradiation and in the absence of further irradiation. It was found that the rate of decomposition differed markedly in these two conditions. Different reaction mechanisms are postulated to account for this difference.


In our previous study, seven monoclonal antibodies specific for influenza C virus glycoprotein (gp88) were prepared and tentatively classified into two groups: group A (J14, J9, Q5, K16) has neutralization activity whereas group B (S16, J6, J15) does not. These antibodies were used to analyse the antigenic structure of gp88 and to examine the effect of glycosylation on the antigenicity of the glycoprotein. Operational analysis with a panel of antigenic variants selected with each of the group A antibodies identified two non-overlapping antigenic sites on the gp88 molecules, site A-1 recognized by J14, J9 and Q5 and site A-2 by K16. Sites A-1 and A-2 were shown, however, to be topographically overlapping by competitive binding assays. Competitive binding analysis with group B antibodies identified two additional non-over-lapping antigenic sites, site B-1 recognized by S16 and site B-2 by J6 and J15. It was found in radioimmunoprecipitation experiments that antibodies to sites B-1 and B-2 were reactive not only with gp88 but with its non-glycosylated form (T76) synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin. Antibodies to sites A-1 and A-2, in contrast, immunoprecipitated the T76 polypeptide in only trace amounts or not at all. Additionally, Western blot analysis showed that denatured gp88 blotted on nitrocellulose was reactive with antibodies to sites B-1 and B-2 but not with those to sites A-1 and A-2. These observations suggest that glycosylation of gp88 selectively influences the integrity of antigenic sites A-1 and A-2 which are composed of conformation-dependent epitopes.


On the 25th January 2015 the Greek people voted in an election of historic importance - not just for Greece but potentially all of Europe. The radical party Syriza was elected and austerity and the neoliberal agenda is being challenged. Suddenly it seems as if there is an alternative. But what? Building on the economic analysis of two of Europe's leading thinkers, Heiner Flassbeck and Costas Lapavitsas (just elected to parliament as a member of Syriza), Against the Troika is the first book to propose a strategic left-wing plan for how peripheral countries could exit the euro. With a change in government in Greece, and looming political transformations in countries such as Spain, this major intervention lays out a radical, anti-capitalist programme at a critical juncture for Europe. The final three chapters offer a detailed postmortem of the Greek catastrophe, explain what can be learned from it - and provide a possible alternative. Against the Troika is a practical blueprint for real change in a continent wracked by crisis and austerity.


There has not been a retreat but a transformation of the state, involving significant changes in both the public sphere of politics and the so-called private sphere of economic activity, and in their modes of interaction, especially law. The privatization of state-owned assets and the reduction of direct state economic intervention have not led to a reduced role of the state but to changes in its form, involving new types of formalized regulation, the fragmentation of the public sphere, the decentering of the state and the emergence of multi-level governance. This has been complemented by the increased salience of "private" regulation, so that in many ways the apparently private sphere of economic activity has become more public. In fact, there has been a complex process of interaction with a blurring of the divisions between apparently private and public regulation. Despite talk of deregulation there has been extensive reregulation, or formalization of regulation, and the emergence of global regulatory networks, intermingling the public and the private. The transition from government to governance means a lack of a clear hierarchy of norms, a blurring of distinctions between hard and soft law, and a fragmentation of public functions entailing a resurgence of technocracy.


Three decades since the first incidence of HIV was reported, the epidemic has acquired distinct geographic and population based patterns globally, regionally and nationally within Kenya. The sub-Saharan Africa carries inordinately high level of the global HIV burden. Specifically, Kenya has the third largest population of people living with HIV in the sub – Saharan Africa and the highest national HIV prevalence of any country outside of Southern Africa. The Kenyan epidemic has marked gender disparities, characterized by higher prevalence amongst women at 6.9% compared to men at 4.4 % (NASCOP, 2013). Young women between the ages of 15 and 24 years have been found to be nearly four times more vulnerable to
contracting HIV compared to their male counterparts in the same age bracket. Nyanza region of Kenya which is predominantly occupied by the Luo community have consistently posted high levels of HIV prevalence over the years (15%) despite high levels of investments in the HIV
response. This research therefore, sought to explore the intersection between the gendered socialization of the Luo community in matters of sexuality in relation to the high prevalence to HIV infection. Ngunya sub – location of Ugunja sub County was picked as the study site. The study employed
qualitative methods of data collection, specifically, face to face individual in-depth interviews with men, women and the youth in different and age cohorts. Additionally, key informant
interviews were undertaken with aged women and men based on their known capacity as repository of cultural knowledge. The research involved an equal number of women and men
from ages 18 and above. The study revealed deep insights that indicated the existence of a parallel and gender distinct
socialization processes of the Luo community in Ngunya sub-location. The gender socialization was also found to culminate into discernible differential gender power relations that consistently put women and girls at a disadvantage while placing boys and men on a 'high pedestal' on matters of sexual negotiation. The socialization process was found to further create sexual double standards, where the boys and men were egged on to be sexually adventurous and to have multiple sexual partners while the girls were encouraged to remain virgin. It was also revealed that there has been cultural transformation overtime, such that the initial societal controls that regulated sex and sexuality before marriage, during marriage and after death of a spouse has been corrupted over time leading to adoption of 'sex centered practices' that reduced options and freedom particularly of women. At the same, time reducing the demand on the men to be responsible providers in the families. All these were seen as predisposing factors exposing women and girls more than men and boys to heightened risks of acquiring HIV infections. Based on the findings, a raft of recommendations have been made, key amongst them being the need to embark on an objective inter-generational cultural dialogue to fish out the cultural corruptions which are fueling the spread of HIV and retain the noble practices which have value and are applicable in the current context of life.


Purpose – This study examines the outcomes of consumer perceptions of event social responsibility (ESR) for a sponsored community event and its sponsor portfolio (i.e., group of sponsoring companies). It integrates a new antecedent and new moderators of ESR with extant findings to provide a comprehensive model that is theoretically grounded in social identity theory, congruency theory, and image and affect transfer. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test the theoretical framework via a field study of attendees (n=879) at a sponsored, large-scale sporting event that provided ESR through health and wellness education and activities. A field study is especially appropriate because of the experiential nature of sponsored events and ESR. Findings – Fan identification with the sport is an antecedent of ESR, and motivation to attend the event's supporting activities moderates the relationship between fan identification and ESR. High event-sponsor fit strengthens the relationship between ESR and word-of-mouth and between ESR and sponsor patronage. Research limitations/implications – This study illuminates the role of ESR as a key driver of outcomes for events and for their sponsor portfolio. Future research should investigate ESR in contexts other than sport and use longitudinal data that includes actual purchases. It should further examine the construct of sponsor portfolio since so many events have multiple sponsors. Practical implications – Event sponsorship offers an attractive platform for brands to demonstrate good corporate citizenship, so marketers should consider ESR as a key criterion when selecting events to sponsor. Marketers should sponsor events with high event-sponsor portfolio fit to enhance the outcomes related to ESR for both sponsors and events. This research generally underscores the importance of creating auxiliary, interactive experiences for event attendees. Originality/value – This research identifies a new antecedent and new moderators of event social responsibility and integrates them with extant findings to create a comprehensive, theoretically-grounded model. It investigates outcomes for the event and its sponsor portfolio.


If John Marshall, the greatest of Chief Justices, were to hear a challenge to the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, how would he rule? Would the nationalist justice who, according to the New Deal Supreme Court, "described the Federal commerce power with a breadth never yet exceeded," agree that federal control of health care was within that power?In the fictional opinion below, Marshall rules on the constitutionality of a bill similar to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. We constructed this opinion chiefly from direct quotation and paraphrases of Marshall's own words, as expressed in his judicial pronouncements, his newspaper articles, and his speeches at the Virginia ratifying convention. Our study of the full text of Marshall's works revealed him to be a far more restrained justice, who relied far more on established authority, than the caricature drawn by case book editors and law professors whose expurgated versions of his opinions depict him as an activist in the cause of federal power. One striking illustration is the treatment afforded Marshall's own statement in Gibbons v. Ogden that "health laws of every description" are outside the scope of the federal commerce power. The statement has been cited with approval by other Supreme Court justices at least 20 times.


A method is described for combined interpolation and enhancement of ERTS multispectral scanner data sets. Previous research has shown that good enhancement is most easily achieved when there are a large number of data points contained within the radius of gyration of the system point spread function. This requirement can be met using ERTS data by interpolating the data before enhancement. By varying the interpolation scale factor the data set can be empirically matched to a precalculated optimum restoration filter. Once the proper match of data and filter has been found the enhancement can be carried out directly or the enhancement and interpolation operations can be combined into a single filter thereby greatly reducing the processing time. Experimental results of applying this technique are shown along with more conventional methods of image interpolation and enlargement.


Abstract:Continuous surface ozone measurements and regular ECC ozone sonde launches were used, in order to study the dynamical processes during the formation of tropospheric ozone depletion events at Neumayer Station (70°S; 08°W) in 1992 and 1993. Meteorological data, weather charts, ice charts as well as trajectory calculations have been considered for this analysis. Altogether eight events of surface ozone minima were recorded, four of them from June to August 1992 and another four in the period from August to September in 1993, respectively. The duration of these low ozone events was about 1-2 days. During this time ozone mixing ratios varied between 8 ppbv and 24 ppbv. Ozone sonde data showed that those ozone poor layers were restricted to the planetary boundary layer up to a subsidence inversion, indicating their upper limit. In general, those ozone poor air masses were exposed by sunlight during transport across the ice covered Southern Ocean. Beside these general features, typical cases could be identified which might be explained by the special dynamical conditions in the Antarctic coastal region. In September 1993 two events with an elevated ozone poor layer were observed due to the influence of continental winds. In June 1992 an ozone minimum was also detected at Neumayer Station during polar night conditions. In this case the ozone depleted air mass was probably transported from sunlit regions located northward from Neumayer Station where the exposure by sunlight occurred.


The non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of B‐cell and T‐cell neoplasms that arise primarily in the lymph nodes. NHL incidence rates in the US doubled between about 1970 and 1990, and stabilized during the 1990s. NHL accounts for ∼3.4% of cancer deaths in the US. Although some of the observed patterns in NHL have been related to HIV/AIDS, these conditions cannot fully explain the magnitude of the changes; neither do changes in classification systems nor improved diagnostic capabilities. Studies of occupational and environmental exposures (e.g., pesticides, solvents) have produced no consistent pattern of significant positive associations. Inverse associations with ultraviolet radiation exposure and alcohol and fish intake, and positive associations with meat and saturated fat intake have been reported in several studies; additional studies are needed to confirm or refute these associations. Family history of NHL or other hematolymphoproliferative cancers and personal history of several autoimmune disorders are associated with increased risk of NHL, but are not likely to account for a large proportion of cases. HIV and other infectious agents, such as human herpesvirus 8 and Epstein–Barr, appear to be associated with differing types of NHL, such as some B‐cell lymphomas. Future epidemiologic studies should evaluate associations by NHL type, enhance exposure information collected, and elucidate factors that may identify susceptible (or resistant) subpopulations because of genetic, immunologic or other characteristics. The extent to which the etiology of NHL types may differ is important to resolve in ongoing and future studies. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The chosen water management mechanism will directly or indirectly determine the success or failure of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Due to the importance and complexity of the project and based on national conditions and the water situation, it is necessary to adopt a quasi-market mechanism. Using the advanced experience in China and abroad for reference, this study takes the central route of the project as an example and conducts experiments by undergraduates in the laboratory. Under the simplified experimental environment, three basic rules of a quasi-market mechanism are contained and integrated: the combination of governmental macro-control with a market mechanism; the combination of water-supply management with water-demand management; and the combination of routine management with emergency management. By observing the decision-making behaviour of the experimental participants, researchers constantly changed experimental conditions to simulate the real water market realistically; finally, researchers drew conclusions based on the repeated experiments.


The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System has proven itself to be extremely
accurate under tests of normal operations conducted at the Yuma proving ground. During the same tests of several years ago, a special technique called Differential GPS was also evaluated and shown to have even more startling accuracies. The basic concept of Differential GPS is to have a local receiving station continuously calibrate the remaining bias in the GPS signal and transmit it to the local users. This allows aircraft, ships or land vehicles to refine their estimate of position to the last meter or two.
One technique for transmitting such a correction is to use a GPS-like transmitter itself. The exact form of the signal used may be quite significant to operations and accuracy enhancement. The "pseudo-lite" or GPS ground transmitter also provides powerful geometric leverage for the total navigation solution. A pseudo-lite will be called a PL in this paper.
This paper will address the geometric problems encountered by the current GPS satellite constellation. Simulation results will show the value of PLs to deal with both poor satellite geometry and potential satellite outages (in the event of failure).
Quantitative examples of the performance improvements are included.
This paper will also outline potential design alternatives for the PLs.


The molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet is a promising two-dimensional (2D) material and has recently been used in biological sensing. While the electronic structure of 2D MoS2 sheet has been actively studied, the role of its atomic structure and thus the interfacial interactions with bio-fluids are still elusive. Using Molecular dynamics simulations, we developed MoS2 force field parameters to reproduce the experimentally determined water contact angle of the MoS2 nanosheet and then predicted the slip-length of water that has not been measured in experiment yet. Simulation results suggest that the MoS2 nanosheet is a hydrophobic and low-friction surface, despite its seemingly significant charges of surface atoms and relatively strong strength of van der Waals potentials. We expect that the developed force fields for depicting surface atoms of MoS2 will facilitate future research in understanding biomolecule-MoS2 interactions in MoS2-based biosensors.


1 p. (abstract only). YOU CANNOT OPEN THE COMPLETE PAPER. It is not available to the public, in accordance with the author's wishes.


Universities are developing more inclusive curricula in order to
widen participation in Higher Education (HE). Initiatives typically
include partnerships with employers designed to turn workplace
training schemes into higher education programmes for professional
development. Principles governing academic quality and standards
emphasise the importance of ensuring that staff teaching on these
programmes should be qualified to teach in HE, and that they should
have sufficient development opportunities to maintain their dual
teaching and professional status.
This paper asks what we might learn about how to provide
appropriately for partnership staff new to HE by considering the
experience of a team of professional trainers who moved into a
university to teach a new Foundation Degree. Their preparation as
HE teachers is a particular problem, since conventional postgraduate
certificates in this area are designed for those already in post. We
consider how enhanced staff development for individuals and for a
whole team new to HE might be offered through a university's Centre
for Learning and Teaching (CLT). Although this study is based on the
experiences of a specific team, it raises common issues relating to the
integration of new groups of staff into academe, and the development
of lecturers involved in building inclusive curricula within partnership
programmes and workplace learning.


Glioblastoma, grade IV glioma, is the one of the deadliest cancers, with a median survival of only 12-15 months despite aggressive treatment including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. One hallmark of glioblastoma is the morphological and functional abnormalization of tumor blood vessels. The molecular mechanisms involved in this process and their functional and pathological implications are not yet fully understood. Indentification of molecular mechanisms that underlie vascular abnormalization in GBM is necessary to develop efficient treatment regimens for normalizing vascular function.By analyzing the RNA-content of laser microdissected vessels from human biobank specimens using affymetrix microarray analysis, we found that the abnormal glioblastoma vessels have a distinct gene expression signature. We found 95 genes which were differentially expressed in grade IV glioma vessels as compared to vessels in low grade tumors and control brain. 78 of which were up-regulated while 17 were down-regulated. Many of these genes are regulated by VEGFA or TGFβ signaling. In addition, we show a significant increase in Smad signaling complexes in the vasculature of human glioblastoma in situ, suggesting that TGFβ signaling may play important role in vessel abnormalization.CD93 is a single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein, which we found to be up-regulated in high grade glioma. Vascular expression of CD93 correlates to tumor grade in human glioma. Moreover, high grade glioma patients with high CD93 expression in the vasculature are associate with poor prognosis. We found that knocking down CD93 in endothelial cells with siRNA clearly impaired endothelial cell adhesion, migration and tube formation due to defects in cytoskeletal rearrangement. In addition, tumor growth was severely delayed in the CD93-/- mice.Pleiotrophin, a multi-functional heparin-binding growth factor, promotes glioma growth in several ways. Here, we identify pleiotrophin as a driver of vascular abnormalization in glioma. We found that high pleiotrophin expression correlates with poor survival of patients with astrocytomas. Pleiotrophin overexpression in orthotopic GL261 gliomas increases microvessel density, enhances tumour growth and decreases survival. Vessels in pleiotrophin-expressing gliomas are poorly perfused and display a high degree of abnormality, coinciding with elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) deposited in direct proximity to the vasculature. In addition to its role in vessel abnormalization, pleiotrophin enhanced PDGF-B-induced gliomagenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that PTN has an important role in glioma initiation and establishment of the characteristic abnormal tumor vasculature in glioblastoma, identifying PTN as a potential target for therapy.


Many older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) that receive standard intensive chemotherapy fail to achieve complete remission (CR). Upfront identification of patients unlikely to benefit from standard induction chemotherapy would be important for exploration of novel therapies. This study evaluated if a flow cytometric assay measuring pre‐treatment CD34+ CD38low blast frequency could predict therapeutic‐resistance in 736 AML patients entered into the UK National Cancer Research Institute AML16 trial. High peripheral blood CD34+ CD38low blast frequency (>7% of leucocytes), present in 18% of assessable patients, conferred significantly reduced CR rates (38% vs. 76%, P < 0·0001) and poor survival, and was independently prognostic for all endpoints of treatment resistance by multivariate analysis.


Compared to other black women during the era of post slavery experience for being the victims of the double oppressions both from white people as well as black men, Janie, the main character of Their Eyes Were Watching God completely stands for the opposite. I recognize her actions in fighting over oppressions from her husbands as the flourishing ideas of feminism, which are imposed by her Nanny. In addition to her will in seeking for love, Janie undergoes two marriages and eventually rebels from each of them. As soon as her observation proves that love never works in the marriages, she learns that her husbands oppress her in various ways. The ideas of feminism evade when Janie stumbles on her true love with the last husband. For the findings above I reveal from the novel, I choose "A Study of How the Ideas of Feminism Flourish and Eventually Evade during the Main Female Character, Janie Mae Crawford's, Quest for Love in a Marriage as Seen in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God" as the title for this thesis. In this study, I observe the ideas of feminism values spoon-fed by Janie's Nanny as the initial flourishing phase. The further analysis covers the next process of how those ideas are flourished by Janie through her actions of refusa l against the oppressions by her first and second husbands. Finally the final discussion rest on Janie's third marriage, which causes the ideas of feminism that she has compiled throughout her own enhancement during her two previous marriages, evade as she finds her true love. By employing Gender discussion, I believe that an in-depth analysis of the novel will be achieved in more accurate ways. Hence, in the conclusion, I deliberately prove that the ideas of feminism do flourish when Janie is in her quest for love, and eventually evades when she meets her true love.


Tucked between advertisements for Ever Ready Dress Stays ("Impervious, Pliable, Durable, Reliable"), Jonas' Flavoring Extracts ("Perfectly Pure Extracts of Choicest Fruits"), and Bovril Fluid Beef ("A Genuine Social Reform") in the Montreal women's newspaper the Metropolitan from 19 March 1898 is an unknown and previously unrecovered story by Sui Sin Far (Edith Eaton, 1865-1914) with a decidedly unladylike content. "Away Down in Jamaica" details a love triangle or even quadrangle between four people. Kathleen Harold (a white woman) spurns Phil Everett (a white man), instead agreeing to marry Wickliff Walker (a white man) who has had an affair with and cast aside a Jamaican ("brown" [4]) woman with the symbolically weighted name of Clarissa. Eventually Everett dies from love, Clarissa vanishes after poisoning Kathleen Harold, and Wickliff Walker is left bereft. Set against the dramatic backdrop of Jamaica, with its "magnificent sea of fire" caused by the "mingling together in great numbers of phosphorescents" (4), and obsessed with its themes of interracial sex, magic, magnetism, betrayal, murder, and revenge, the story would seem to be extremely unusual in the corpus of Sui Sin Far's fiction. Perhaps even more odd is the placement of this story in the socially upright ladies newspaper the Metropolitan, with its ornate masthead of angels and cherubim (see illustration), and its advertisements for respectable businesses. Further deepening the mystery surrounding the story is its location at the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles among letters between Sui Sin Far and her mentor and editor, the well-known and influential Californian publisher of Land of Sunshine and Out West, Charles Fletcher Lummis. What was Sui Sin Far's purpose in writing this story? And what was her goal in sending it to Lummis? I found this story in the archives at the Southwest Museum while doing research at both the Southwest Museum and the Huntington Library on how Sui Sin Far's publishers attempted to shape her literary identity and capitalize on her appeal as an "exotic" Asian American writer. "Away Down in Jamaica" was among letters that probably had not been part of this archive at the Southwest Museum (the Marion Parks Collection) until the late 1990s. Marion Parks was a librarian at the Southwest involved in the project of trying to save the Lummis homestead. According to the current archivist at the Southwest Museum, Kim Walters, The short story that you referred to came in with other letters from Edith Eaton about 4 years ago [in 1998]. It is not in the part of the Lummis collection that everyone else has published previously. You will be the first. As far as I can tell Marion Parks, the woman that had all of the Lummis correspondence, worked here at the Museum briefly in 1927-1928, [and] she continued to be affiliated with the Museum, and with the Charles F. Lummis Foundation, which did not last very long. This would have been in the early 1940's when people were trying to save El Alisal (Lummis' home).... I have a feeling that this woman just went through and picked up bundles of Lummis papers and correspondence. We left the papers organized the way they were donated, because they were tied up with string, with Lummis' handwritten notes on each group. From some other things that we found in Marion Park's personal files, I think she had intended upon writing a biography of Lummis which she never did. This may mean that other new materials--such as new letters written by Sui Sin Far to Lummis--are now in this archive at the Southwest Museum. Based on what I know about the correspondence, I surmise that Sui Sin Far sent a copy of this short story to Lummis with a letter, as was her frequent practice. However, it is unclear with which letter it might have been enclosed because there are no direct references to it in the extant letters. Sui Sin Far was in Jamaica from 1897-1898, and in a letter to Lummis from 30 January 1897, she mentions wanting to publish some stories about the West Indies, although she says she is too busy at the current time to do so. …


Feature pyramids are a basic component in recognition systems for detecting objects at different scales. But recent deep learning object detectors have avoided pyramid representations, in part because they are compute and memory intensive. In this paper, we exploit the inherent multi-scale, pyramidal hierarchy of deep convolutional networks to construct feature pyramids with marginal extra cost. A topdown architecture with lateral connections is developed for building high-level semantic feature maps at all scales. This architecture, called a Feature Pyramid Network (FPN), shows significant improvement as a generic feature extractor in several applications. Using FPN in a basic Faster R-CNN system, our method achieves state-of-the-art singlemodel results on the COCO detection benchmark without bells and whistles, surpassing all existing single-model entries including those from the COCO 2016 challenge winners. In addition, our method can run at 5 FPS on a GPU and thus is a practical and accurate solution to multi-scale object detection. Code will be made publicly available.


his paper has five parts. These parts seek to accomplish two tasks—first, address the expanding studies known variously as "Animal Studies," "Anthrozoology" and a host of other names, and, second, explore how these fields stand in relation to the popular term "animal rights." Exploring these tasks pushes all of us to engage which dimensions of our human lives must be mobilized to engage the profoundly important fact that each and every human lives in a multispecies world that is well described as a "more-than-human world." Our citizenship in such a multispecies world not only suggests the possibility of nonanthropocentric worldviews—our awareness of this larger community also begs a broader, more inclusive perspective than the human-centered and exceptionalist approaches that dominate our education establishment, political realms, legal systems, businesses and many religious institutions. What further begs such breadth and inclusion is the fact that personally, ecologically and thus ethically each of us lives in a fascinating and distinctive series of nested communities replete with other-than-human neighbors. Our local lives and places are embedded in a world that is so clearly shared and more-than-human that our natural abilities to be curious and caring are sparked by the mere presence of nonhuman living beings. We are


Abstract The following paper presents two stages of an action research project involving two oral proficiency courses held in the virtual world Second Life. Course 1 was conducted during the Autumn of 2007. Based on the experiences of this course, we redesigned many aspects of it in order to improve student activity in terms of oral participation and gave the course again in Spring 2008. By analysing the recordings of four 90-minute sessions, two from each course, we were able to measure student participation based on floor space, turn lengths and turn-taking patterns, and in the study we discuss how different changes in design may have contributed to more favourable outcomes. Results seem to indicate that meaning focussed task design, which involves authenticity and collaborative elements, has a direct impact on learner participation and engagement. Furthermore, our results seem to suggest that technical and social initiations into a complex environment such as SL are important factors that have to be worked into the course design.


This article explores culinary suspicion toward Chinese Manilenos during the Spanish and American occupations of the Philippines. It takes siopao —an urban Filipino adaptation of the Cantonese char siu bao (steamed barbecue pork bun)—as its point of convergence, and explores modern controversies accusing Chinese cooks of using taboo meats instead of pork. These suspicions developed according to a cultural lineage rooted in the exclusion of Chinese migrants and their foodways and formalized in legal mechanisms of urban segregation and exclusionary laws. This article suggests that the simultaneous love and repulsion for siopao stands in for a range of alternative multiculturalisms that sought to govern Chinese bodies, adapted across the imperial fringes of the Spanish and US empires. At the same time, tracing the global networks of Chinese labor, Spanish and American imperialisms, and Philippine migration, this article tells a story of how a portable, working-class Chinese dish became Filipino as it passed through the hands and mouths of a global Pacific.


Recent pronouncements of the courts and policymakers of the European Community and the United States underscore converging trends and standards in antitrust enforcement. Economic regulators on both sides of the Atlantic seek more vigorous enforcement abroad in order to make their antitrust laws meaningful and effective at home. Yet this movement toward extraterritorial enforcement often leads to conflict among trading partners and uncertainty for transnational commerce. Renewed efforts are needed to develop a uniform approach to antitrust law that reflects the interests and respects the policies of both the EC and the United States. Otherwise, regulators may find themselves undercutting the competitiveness of the very economies they seek to promote. EC AND U.S. EXTRATERRITORIALITY: ACTIVISM AND COOPERATION*


Aloha' health counseling with older persons is an emerging specialty, stimulated by changing demographics and dramatic increases in the numbers of older persons during this century. Because mast mental health counselors can expect to encounter older persons and their families with increasing frequency, an understanding of normative developmental issues and transitions is imperative. In addition, the "social breakdown syndrome" provides a useful model for implementing mental health interventions in later life. Similarities and differences in counseling older persons are discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of recognizing countertransference reactions on the part of the mental health counselor when working with older clients A brief review of outcome research reflects a need for all practitioners to evaluate outcomes when using the techniques discussed in this issue in counseling with older persons.


Background: In intra-arterial (IA) thrombolysis trials, higher rates of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) were found than in trials with intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); this observation could have been due to the inclusion of more severely affected patients in IA thrombolysis trials. In the present study, we investigated the rate of sICH in IA and combined IV + IA thrombolysis versus IV thrombolysis after adjusting for differences in clinical and MRI parameters. Methods: In this multicenter study, we systematically analyzed data from 645 patients with anterior-circulation strokes treated with either IV or IA thrombolysis within 6 h following symptom onset. Thrombolytic regimens included (1) IV tPA treatment (n = 536) and (2) IA treatment with either tPA or urokinase (n = 74) or (3) combined IV + IA treatment with either tPA or urokinase (n = 35). Results: 44 (6.8%) patients developed sICH. sICH patients had significantly higher scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission and pretreatment DWI lesions. The sICH risk was 5.2% (n = 28) in IV thrombolysis, which is significantly lower than in IA (12.5%, n = 9) or IV + IA thrombolysis (20%, n = 7). In a binary logistic regression analysis including age, NIHSS score, time to thrombolysis, initial diffusion weighted imaging lesion size, mode of thrombolytic treatment and thrombolytic agent, the mode of thrombolytic treatment remained an independent predictor for sICH. The odds ratio for IA or IV + IA versus IV treatment was 3.466 (1.19–10.01, 95% CI, p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this series, IA and IV + IA thrombolysis is associated with an increased sICH risk as compared to IV thrombolysis, and this risk is independent of differences in baseline parameters such as age, initial NIHSS score or pretreatment lesion size.


This paper investigates the variation between the indicative and conditional moods in purpose clauses in Finnish. It is argued that the use of the conditional mood can be explained by focusing on the intentional aspect of purpose relations. Due to its semantic origins, the Finnish conditional explicitly marks that the event coded by the purpose clause falls under the scope of the intentional space constructed in the main clause. By comparison, the indicative contributes to the chronological organization of events, highlighting the consequential aspect of a purpose relation. This analysis suggests that the Finnish conditional resembles the subjunctive in how it functions in purpose clauses, drawing a parallel with the French subjunctive. Subjunctive moods mark interclausal relations, as they call upon the interlocutor to interpret the event in the mental space that has been or will be constructed in the surrounding discourse.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Although a number of previous studies have examined the prevalence of insomnia among adolescents, there have been very few nationwide studies. The objectives of this nationwide study were to clarify the prevalence of insomnia, its symptoms, and associated factors among Japanese adolescents.

DESIGN AND SETTING
This study was designed as a cross-sectional sampling survey. The targets were junior and senior high schools throughout Japan. Sample schools were selected by cluster sampling. Self-reported anonymous questionnaires were sent to schools for all students to fill out.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 103,650 adolescents responded, and 102,451 questionnaires were subjected to analysis.

INTERVENTION
N/A.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
The prevalence of difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and early morning awakening was 14.8%, 11.3%, and 5.5%, respectively. Insomnia was defined as the presence of one or more of these three symptoms. The prevalence of insomnia was 23.5%. Multivariate analyses revealed that, among junior high school students, male sex, poor mental health, skipping breakfast, drinking alcohol, smoking, not participating in extracurricular activities, and late bedtime had significantly higher odds ratios for insomnia. Among senior high school students, the same characteristics were associated with a significantly higher odds ratio for insomnia, as was the additional factor of having no intent to study at university.

CONCLUSION
Insomnia in Japanese adolescents is common and associated with multiple factors. The results of this study suggest the need for comprehensive program to prevent insomnia in Japanese adolescents.


Commercial cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under hydroponic conditions was initiated in August 1997 in the U.S. Virgin Islands. One week following transplant into an outdoor growout system, several plants wilted and died. Over the next 2 weeks, approximately 50% of the 30,000 plants died and the remaining plants were severely stunted. Temperature of the nutrient solution ranged from 28 to 30°C. Root specimens received for diagnosis consistently yielded pure cultures of Pythium myriotylum Drechsler. To confirm Koch's postulates, lettuce seedlings were reared hydroponically in a greenhouse. Temperature of the nutrient solution ranged from 27 to 29°C. After 14 days, one plant in each hydroponic chamber (which contained six lettuce plants) was removed and the root system of the plant was placed in a beaker containing approximately 1,000 zoospores of P. myriotylum. After a 30-min incubation period, the artificially inoculated plant was replanted in the hydroponic chamber. Within 5 to 7 days all plants were severely wilted and exhibited extensive root rot. P. myriotylum was consistently reisolated from symptomatic plants. No wilt occurred on respective noninoculated plants. The above study was conducted three times with similar results. Although P. myriotylum has previously been isolated from hydroponically grown lettuce in experimental systems (1), this report demonstrates the destructiveness of this zoosporic pathogen in a commercial hydroponic lettuce production facility. Factors that contributed to the epidemic were an abundance of a susceptible host, a temperature regime optimum for pathogen growth and reproduction, and a mechanism for the rapid dispersal of the pathogen via the recirculating nutrient solution. Although the source of pathogen introduction into the facility is not known, the hydroponic system was located in an open field. Thus, the pathogen could have been introduced aerially via wind-blown dust, rain, or insects. We do know, however, that the transplants were pathogen-free. Reference: (1) A. C. Schuerger and K. G. Pategas. Phytopathology 74:796, 1984.


SUMMARY Various adaptation strategies are available that will minimize or negate predicted climate change-related increases in yield loss from phoma stem canker in UK winter oilseed rape (OSR) production. A number of forecasts for OSR yield, national production and subsequent economic values are presented, providing estimates of impacts on both yield and value for different levels of adaptation. Under future climate change scenarios, there will be increasing pressure to maintain yields at current levels. Losses can be minimized in the short term (up to the 2020s) with a 'low'-adaptation strategy, which essentially requires some farmer-led changes towards best management practices. However, the predicted impacts of climate change can be negated and, in most cases, improved upon, with 'high'-adaptation strategies. This requires increased funding from both the public and private sectors and more directed efforts at adaptation from the producer. Most literature on adaptation to climate change has had a conceptual focus with little quantification of impacts. It is argued that quantifying the impacts of adaptation is essential to provide clearer information to guide policy and industry approaches to future climate change risk.


In the five decades after the Civil War, the United States witnessed a profusion of legal institutions designed to cope with the nation's exceptionally acute industrial accident crisis. Jurists elaborated the common law of torts. Workingmen's organizations founded a widespread system of cooperative insurance. Leading employers instituted welfare-capitalist accident relief funds. And social reformers advocated compulsory insurance such as workmen's compensation. The Accidental Republic argues that experiments in accident law at the turn of the twentieth century arose out of competing views of the loose network of ideas and institutions that historians call the ideology of free labor. These experiments a century ago shaped twentieth- and twenty-first-century American accident law; they laid the foundations of the American administrative state; and they occasioned a still hotly contested legal transformation from the principles of free labor to the categories of insurance and risk. In this eclectic moment at the beginnings of the modern state, The Accidental Republic describes American accident law as a contingent set of institutions that might plausibly have developed along a number of historical paths. In turn, the making of American accident law is the story of the equally contingent remaking of our accidental republic.


summary The purpose of this article is to emphasize the critical importance of the preseason for progressively elevating player fitness to aid in reaching peak performance for the initial period of the competitive season. This article also briefly describes critical physiological demands of competitive soccer, which must be understood if the strength and conditioning coach is going to devise a program that will produce improved performance.


Original title: Van oost naar west

The accession of Poland to the European Union in 2004, followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, has led to an increase in the number of migrants coming from those countries to the Netherlands. How are the children of these migrants faring in the Netherlands? Are they settling in well or are they are experiencing difficulties in fitting in?

In this report, parents talk about the lives of their children in the Netherlands. The report focuses on migrants who are entered in the Dutch population registers. They provide information on the lives of their children within the family (parenting and their relationship with their children) and elsewhere (education, social contacts, sport and leisure time). They also give their views on the health and well-being of their children as well as any problem behaviour. Finally, the report looks at the parents' own background, the context in which their children live and the use of services such as child care and healthcare.

This study is a follow-up to the exploratory study 'Polish, Bulgarian and Romanian children in the Netherlands' (Poolse, Bulgaarse en Roemeense kinderen in Nederland) and was carried out at the request of the Integration and Communities Department  (Directie Integratie en Samenleving) of the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment.


Abstract : Soviet foreign policy under the Gorbachev administration, along with domestic policy, has been in a state of flux, particularly in the realm of arms control policy. Both in substance and style Gorbachev introduced a new dynamic in arms control policy. He has skillfully manipulated the issue for propaganda appeal. But also he has shown flexibility in modifying Soviet positions both to respond to U.S. demands and to exert pressure on the United States to reach an agreement. Soviet arms control objectives (some of which are incompatible) may be realized either through a formal agreement with the United States or without an agreement. These objectives include: (a) to use arms control to build a new framework for relations with the United States to replace detente; (b) to kill the strategic defense initiative; (c) to constrain U.S. development in manned aircraft and cruise missiles (d) to deligitimize nuclear weapons as an instrument of military strategy; (e) to exacerbate differences between the United States and Europe. During his first year in power Gorbachev relied heavily on propaganda with calls for eliminating nuclear weapons by the 21st century, his test ban moratorium and denunciation of SDI. After the 21st Party Congress he significantly modified Soviet positions closer to those of the United States with his acceptance of the zero option for INF forces, deep cuts in strategic weapons and willingness to accept limited research on SDI. Gorbachev now sees an arms control agreement as essential to his program for domestic reform and is prepared to make genuine concessions to achieve it.


Disturbances in the supply of electric power can have serious implications for everyday life as well as for national (homeland) security. A power outage can be initiated by natural disasters, adverse weather, technical failures, human errors, sabotage, terrorism, and acts of war. The vulnerability of a system is described as a sensitivity to threats and hazards, and is measured by P (Q(t) > q), i.e. the probability of at least one disturbance with negative societal consequences Q larger than some critical value q, during a given period of time (0,t]. The aim of the thesis is to present methods for quantitative vulnerability analysis of electric power delivery networks to enable effective strategies for prevention, mitigation, response, and recovery to be developed. Paper I provides a framework for vulnerability assessment of infrastructure systems. The paper discusses concepts and perspectives for developing a methodology for vulnerability analysis, and gives examples related to power systems. Paper II analyzes the vulnerability of power delivery systems by means of statistical analysis of Swedish disturbance data. It is demonstrated that the size of large disturbances follows a power law, and that the occurrence of disturbances can be modeled as a Poisson process. Paper III models electric power delivery systems as graphs. Statistical measures for characterizing the structure of two empirical transmission systems are calculated, and a structural vulnerability analysis is performed, i.e. a study of the connectivity of the graph when vertices and edges are disabled. Paper IV discusses the origin of power laws in complex systems in terms of their structure and the dynamics of disturbance propagation. A branching process is used to model the structure of a power distribution system, and it is shown that the disturbance size in this analytical network model follows a power law. Paper V shows how the interaction between an antagonist and the defender of a power system can be modeled as a game. A numerical example is presented, and it is studied if there exists a dominant defense strategy, and if there is an optimal allocation of resources between protection of components, and recovery.


In real-time domains such as video games, a planning algo- rithm has a strictly bounded time before it must return the next action for the agent to execute. We introduce a realistic video game benchmark domain that is useful for evaluating real-time heuristic search algorithms. Unlike previous bench- marks such as grid pathfinding and the sliding tile puzzle, this new domain includes dynamics and induces a directed graph. Using both the previous and new domains, we investigate sev- eral enhancements to a leading real-time search algorithm, LSS-LRTA*. We show experimentally that 1) it is not dif- ficult to outperform A* when optimizing goal achievement time, 2) it is better to plan after each action than to commit to multiple actions or to use a dynamically sized lookahead, 3) A*-based lookahead can cause undesirable actions to be selected, and 4) on-line de-biasing of the heuristic can lead to improved performance. We hope that this new domain and results will stimulate further research on applying real-time search to dynamic real-time domains.


Abstract. Coral reefs are declining worldwide. The abundance of corals has decreased alongside the rise of filter feeders, turf and algae in response to intensifying human pressures. This shift in prevalence of functional groups alters the biogeochemical processes in tropical water ecosystems, thereby influencing reef biological functions. An urgent challenge is to understand the functional consequences of these shifts in order to develop suitable management strategies that aim at preserving the biological functions of reefs. Here, we quantify biogeochemical processes supporting key reef functions (i.e. net community calcification (NCC) and production (NCP), and nutrient recycling) in situ for five different benthic assemblages currently dominating shallow degraded Caribbean reef habitats. To this end, a custom made tent was placed over communities dominated by either one of five functional groups: coral, turf and macroalgae, bioeroding sponges, cyanobacterial mats or sand, to determine chemical fluxes between these communities and the overlying water, during both day and night. Measured fluxes were then translated into responsible biogeochemical processes by solving a system of differential equations describing the contribution of each process to the measured chemical fluxes. Estimated processes are low compared to those known for reef flats worldwide. No real gain in primary habitat is recorded, with negative or very modest net community calcification rates by all communities. Similarly, net production of biomass through photosynthesis is relatively low during the day and remineralisation of organic matter at night is relatively high in comparison, resulting in net heterotrophy over the survey period by most communities. Estimated recycling through nitrification and denitrification are high but denitrification does not fully counterbalance nutrient release from aerobic mineralisation, rendering all substrates sources of nitrogen. A multivariate pairwise analysis revealed that there is no significant difference between processes occurring on any of the assemblages, suggesting functional homogenisation between distinct substrate types. We infer that the amount and type of organic matter released by abundant algal turfs and cyanobacterial mats on this reef, likely enhances heterotroph activity, and stimulates the proliferation of less diverse copiotrophic microbial populations, rendering the studied reef net heterotrophic and the overall biogeochemical 'behaviour' similar regardless of substrate type.


Public enforcement actions frequently result in the distribution of money to people affected by violation of market protection laws. This "public compensation" returns billions of dollars to consumers, investors, and others each year. The law of public compensation appears confusing at first impression because of inconsistent use of nomenclature and conceptual confusion, but courts have developed a discernible set of principles that allow for presumptions and loosened proof standards in awarding this relief. This doctrine held for decades despite repeated challenges by business defendants. The Supreme Court's decision in Liu v. SEC in June 2020, followed by its grant of certiorari in July 2020 to review enforcement actions brought by the Federal Trade Commission, have unsettled the law.

This paper offers two contributions to the development of the law of public compensation. First, we analyze decades of judicial decisions across federal and state public enforcement agencies and identify consensus legal principles for awarding two different forms of public compensation—disgorgement and public restitution. We extend the less developed doctrine of public restitution by suggesting a proportionality test to provide guidance for more difficult cases. Second, we propose legislation to create uniform statutory authority for public enforcers that would reverse restrictions that have been or may be imposed on public compensation by recent and pending Supreme Court decisions. The doctrine and the proposed legislation are grounded in the unique position and authority of public enforcers, including discretion to select between civil penalties and public compensation as monetary remedies, and the deterrence rationale of public enforcement. An appendix includes the model legislation Congress could adopt to clarify and restore enforcement agencies' public compensation authority.


Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are an outstanding solution to improve efficiency of spectrum usage. Secondary users in cognitive networks may select from a set of available channels to use provided that the occupancy does not affect the prioritized licensed users. However, CRNs produce unique routing challenges due to the high fluctuation in the available spectrum as well as diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. In CRNs, distributed multihop architecture and time varying spectrum availability are some of the key factors in design of routing algorithms. In this paper, we develop an ant-colony-optimization- (ACO-) based on-demand cognitive routing algorithm (ACO-OCR), jointly consider path and spectrum scheduling, and take advantage of the availability of multiple channels, to improve the delivery latency and packet loss rate. Then, an analytical framework based on M/G/1 queuing theory is introduced to illustrate the relay node queuing model. The performances of ACO-OCR have been evaluated by means of numerical simulations, and the experimental results confirm its effectiveness. Simulation results show that ACO-OCR outperforms other routing approaches in end-to-end path latency and package loss rate.


Abstract. Complex numerical models of the Earth's environment, based around 3-D or 4-D time and space domains are routinely used for applications including climate predictions, weather forecasts, fishery management and environmental impact assessments. Quantitatively assessing the ability of these models to accurately reproduce geographical patterns at a range of spatial and temporal scales has always been a difficult problem to address. However, this is crucial if we are to rely on these models for decision making. Satellite data are potentially the only observational dataset able to cover the large spatial domains analysed by many types of geophysical models. Consequently optical wavelength satellite data is beginning to be used to evaluate model hindcast fields of terrestrial and marine environments. However, these satellite data invariably contain regions of occluded or missing data due to clouds, further complicating or impacting on any comparisons with the model. This work builds on a published methodology, that evaluates precipitation forecast using radar observations based on predefined absolute thresholds. It allows model skill to be evaluated at a range of spatial scales and rain intensities. Here we extend the original method to allow its generic application to a range of continuous and discontinuous geophysical data fields, and therefore allowing its use with optical satellite data. This is achieved through two major improvements to the original method: (i) all thresholds are determined based on the statistical distribution of the input data, so no a priori knowledge about the model fields being analysed is required and (ii) occluded data can be analysed without impacting on the metric results. The method can be used to assess a model's ability to simulate geographical patterns over a range of spatial scales. We illustrate how the method provides a compact and concise way of visualising the degree of agreement between spatial features in two datasets. The application of the new method, its handling of bias and occlusion and the advantages of the novel method are demonstrated through the analysis of model fields from a marine ecosystem model.


Initial teacher training (ITT) involves different perspectives regarding the role of theoreti - cal versus practical knowledge in teaching and requires an answer to how students inte grate theory and practice and how learning environments contribute to this integration. Many authors have been advocating the idea of teachers as researchers of their own prac tice as a way to establish connections between theoretical knowledge and the knowledge gained from their practice. The ITT program of the University of Lisbon is based on a con ceptual framework that proposes that student-teachers construct professional knowledge from researching their own practice in a context of supervised practice. This paper aims at describing the interpretations that student-teachers make about the Portuguese science curriculum, as well as describe the research questions and methods that they used for collecting data concerning students learning, and their evaluation of the learning process. For that, 31 written reports were analyzed. While involved in the design of the didactic proposals, student-teachers were encouraged to interpret the formal curriculum and turn it into a teaching curriculum, and to critically reflect on the curriculum. By researching their own practice, they developed new understanding regarding students' difficulties, promoting students' conceptual change and managing classroom and students' behavior.


ABSTRACT Mörner, N.-A., 2017. Coastal morphology and sea-level changes in Goa, India during the last 500 years. Coastal morphology, stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, archaeological remains, historical documentation, and tide gauge records allowed us to establish a very firm and detailed record of the changes in sea level in Goa over the last 500 years. It is an oscillation record: a low level in the early 16th century, a +50-cm high level in the 17th century, a level below present sea level in the 18th century, a +20-cm high level in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a ∼20-cm fall in 1955–1962, and a virtually stable level over the last 50 years. This sea level record is almost identical to those obtained in the Maldives and in Bangladesh. The Indian Ocean seems to lack records of any alarming sea-level rise in recent decades; on the contrary, 10 sites analyzed indicate a sea level remaining at about ±0.0, at least over the last 50 years or so.


Recent works have highlighted the strength of the Transformer architecture on sequence tasks while, at the same time, neural architecture search (NAS) has begun to outperform human-designed models. Our goal is to apply NAS to search for a better alternative to the Transformer. We first construct a large search space inspired by the recent advances in feed-forward sequence models and then run evolutionary architecture search with warm starting by seeding our initial population with the Transformer. To directly search on the computationally expensive WMT 2014 English-German translation task, we develop the Progressive Dynamic Hurdles method, which allows us to dynamically allocate more resources to more promising candidate models. The architecture found in our experiments -- the Evolved Transformer -- demonstrates consistent improvement over the Transformer on four well-established language tasks: WMT 2014 English-German, WMT 2014 English-French, WMT 2014 English-Czech and LM1B. At a big model size, the Evolved Transformer establishes a new state-of-the-art BLEU score of 29.8 on WMT'14 English-German; at smaller sizes, it achieves the same quality as the original "big" Transformer with 37.6% less parameters and outperforms the Transformer by 0.7 BLEU at a mobile-friendly model size of 7M parameters.


Secondary fibre paper mills are significant users of both heat and electricity which is mainly derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. The cost of producing this energy is increasing year upon year. These mills are also significant producers of fibrous sludge and reject waste material which can contain high amounts of useful energy. Currently the majority of these waste fractions are disposed of by landfill, land-spread or incineration using natural gas. These disposal methods not only present environmental problems but are also very costly. The focus of this work was to utilise the waste fractions produced at secondary fibre paper mills for the on-site production of combined heat and power (CHP) using advanced thermal conversion methods (gasification and pyrolysis), well suited to relatively small scales of throughput. The heat and power can either be used on-site or exported. The first stage of the work was the development of methods to condition selected paper industry wastes to enable thermal conversion. This stage required detailed characterisation of the waste streams in terms of proximate and ultimate analysis and heat content. Suitable methods to dry and condition the wastes in preparation for thermal conversion were also explored. Through trials at pilot scale with both fixed bed downdraft gasification and intermediate pyrolysis systems, the energy recovered from selected wastes and waste blends in the form of product gas and pyrolysis products was quantified. The optimal process routes were selected based on the experimental results, and implementation studies were carried out at the selected candidate mills. The studies consider the pre-processing of the wastes, thermal conversion, and full integration of the energy products. The final stage of work was an economic analysis to quantify economic gain, return on investment and environmental benefits from the proposed processes.


We prove a $q$-analog of a classical binomial congruence due to Ljunggren which states that $\binom{ap}{bp} \equiv \binom{a}{b}$ modulo $p^3$ for primes $p \geq 5$. This congruence subsumes and builds on earlier congruences by Babbage, Wolstenholme and Glaisher for which we recall existing $q$-analogs. Our congruence generalizes an earlier result of Clark.


SHATTERED GLASS The kalah' and chatan2 stand under the chupah.3 The chazan4 chants the Seven Blessings. The rings have been exchanged, the ketubah5 has been read and signed, and then, in the midst of the happiness, the chatan smashes a wineglass wrapped in cloth with his foot. Shattered, the glass lies on the floor. "Mazel Tov!"6 shouts the crowd. The Jewish marriage ritual is complete.7 The shattered glass symbolizes and reminds the couple and all of those in attendance of the many tears shed throughout the history of the Jewish people. The shattered glass symbolizes and reminds them of the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. This symbol and reminder serves to humble the couple as they begin their new life together, united as one.8 Unfortunately, for some the shattered glass foreshadows the fate of their union. For these few, the marriage will end tragically with a decision by one or both parties to divorce. For Jewish couples, this decision dictates that the divorce must be conducted under Jewish laws. This paper will compare Orthodox Jewish divorce in two democratic legal systems: the secular family law of the United States and the religious family law of Israel. The analysis will trace the development of the law in both countries. This will include case analysis in both countries. Furthermore, this paper will examine these cases' different and similar impacts on the legal and social system in each country. The emphasis of change can be detected in newly created statutes as interpreted by the secular courts in the United States. The changes in the Israeli system are revealed in the increased jurisdiction of the secular courts over marital matters, at the expense of the religious courts. In both countries, however, there is a push toward using secular sanctions initiated by civil courts to compel citizens to subject themselves to the jurisdiction of the religious courts. II. THE TWO LEGAL SYSTEMS Both the United States and Israel are considered democracies. Both countries have established legal systems in which there are legislatures, courts, judges, and citizens. Each country, however, divides their legal scope of influence very differently from one another. A. The US. Legal System and Family Law The relevant parts of the U.S. family law system are the federal and state courts and legislatures. In the United States, marriage and divorce law are the subject of state statutes. Between 1969 and 1985, there was a fervent movement in the United States to reform the divorce laws from strict fault-based laws, which had been founded upon canon law, to more lenient types of no-fault or mixed-fault divorce statutes.9 Moreover, today's laws include the "acceptance or simplification of divorce by mutual consent."'o Divorce law in the United States is a civil matter, in which the laws develop through majority mandates from the legislatures" and through judicial decisions in state and federal courts interpreting the new and old statutes.12 U.S. courts have even gone as far as to suggest that the right to divorce is a constitutional right.l3 B. The Israeli Legal System and Family Law Israel's legal system is founded upon principles influenced by traditional Jewish law and the success and structure of positive state law. This combination "is a source of substantive and procedural legal problems and of tensions in public life generally."'4 As a result of this tension, Israel does not have a written constitution.15 Instead, Israel has eleven Basic Laws which outline the existing practices and symbols of the State.'6 Israel has a loosely coordinated set of court systems: the civil courts, the military courts, and the courts of the fourteen recognized religious communities. Within Israel the civil courts have basic jurisdiction in criminal and civil matters.... The various religious courts have exclusive jurisdiction over members of their communities on matters relating to marriage and divorce; there is no civil marriage or divorce in Israel. …


Abstract Drying of marine sediment samples is required to determine the number of foraminifers per g as an indication for paleoenvironmental changes. Our results show that oven-drying may lead to alteration of the stable oxygen isotope signal. The δ18O values of Turborotalita quinqueloba (Natland) from dried samples are as much as 2.8‰ lighter than their equivalent from samples which were not dried before preparing. Differences in the isotopic composition of Bulimina aculeata (d'Orbigny) were less dramatic (<0.5‰). The drying as well altered the composition of benthic assemblages, thus oven-drying should be generally avoided.


BACKGROUND
During revision hip replacement surgery, the cementless acetabular shell is often well fixed but the locking mechanism may be ineffective. Cementing a new liner into the existing acetabular shell (the double-socket technique) can provide a simple solution. The purposes of the present study were to review our initial clinical results and to define the potential limitations of this technique.

METHODS
Thirty-two hips with a preexisting well-fixed acetabular socket that had been in situ for an average of 8.6 years were treated with the insertion of a new polyethylene liner (seventeen hips) or a metal liner (fifteen hips) with use of cement. The indication for this technique was a deficient locking mechanism in twenty-two hips and the unavailability of a matching liner in ten hips. Anteroposterior radiographs of all hips were analyzed by a single independent reviewer.

RESULTS
The mean duration of follow-up was 5.1 years. Six hips required a reoperation after a mean of 29.7 months; the reasons for the reoperations included aseptic failure of the acetabular construct (four hips), instability (one hip), and sepsis (one hip). The University of California at Los Angeles hip scores improved significantly (p < 0.001) compared with the preoperative values; specifically, the mean score improved from 6.2 to 9.1 for pain, from 6.3 to 8.3 for walking, from 6.2 to 7.8 for function, and from 4.7 to 5.8 for activity. The prevalence of dislocation was 22%. Kaplan-Meier analysis with revision as the end point revealed a five-year survival rate of 78% (95% confidence interval, 55% to 91%).

CONCLUSIONS
The double-socket technique is a good alternative to acetabular socket removal for suitable candidates who have a well-fixed cementless socket with an inner diameter that is larger than the outer diameter of the cemented liner. This technique preserves acetabular bone stock and permits conversion to alternate bearing surfaces. We believe, however, that removal of a well-fixed acetabular shell or the use of a constrained liner should be strongly considered for patients with a history of hip instability.


100 years of telemedicine

Although hard to believe, this year we celebrate the 100th anniversary of telemedicine. The term telemedicine was coined in the 1970s by the American Thomas Bird and, literally translated, means "healing at a distance" (from Latin "medicus" and Greek "tele"). However, the origins of this evolving technology date back to the early 20th century, when Willem Einthoven, a Dutch physiologist, developed the first electrocardiograph in his laboratory in Leiden. With the use of a string galvanometer and telephone wires, he recorded the electrical cardiac signals of patients in a hospital 1½ km away. He stated: "Where there is a link, actual and figurative, between laboratory and hospital, and collaboration between physiologist and clinician, each remaining master in his territory, there one may fruitfully utilize these new electrical methods of research". Einthoven's electrocardiograph was very large but over the years was transformed into a mobile or even portable monitoring device. Nevertheless, he can be regarded as the first clinician scientist to develop and systematically apply a technique that is very similar to telemedicine in the modern sense. The results of his experiments were published in 1906.1 During the 1920s, Norwegian doctors provided advice for sick ship crew members at sea via radio link. In 1967, Bird and colleagues established an audiovisual microwave circuit between the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, USA, and the nearby Logan Airport. They conducted and evaluated >1000 medical consultations for airport employees and travellers who were ill.2 Since then, the number of scientific studies relating to telehealth has steadily increased, and many countries have launched their own electronic health (e-health) programmes, which combine medical informatics, public health and business. Telemedicine constitutes a small part of e-health and is particularly suitable for large geographical areas with a sparse, underserved population. Examples are …


Surface registration, which transforms different sets of surface data into one common reference space, is an important process which allows us to compare or integrate the surface data effectively. If a nonrigid transformation is required, surface registration is commonly done by parameterizing the surfaces onto a simple parameter domain, such as the unit square or sphere. In this work, we are interested in looking for meaningful registrations between surfaces through parameterizations, using prior features in the form of landmark curves on the surfaces. In particular, we generate optimized conformal parameterizations which match landmark curves exactly with shape-based correspondences between them. We propose a variational method to minimize a compound energy functional that measures the harmonic energy of the parameterization maps and the shape dissimilarity between mapped points on the landmark curves. The novelty is that the computed maps are guaranteed to align the landmark features consistently and give a shape-based diffeomorphism between the landmark curves. We achieve this by intrinsically modeling our search space of maps as flows of smooth vector fields that do not flow across the landmark curves. By using the local surface geometry on the curves to define a shape measure, we compute registrations that ensure consistent correspondences between anatomical features. We test our algorithm on synthetic surface data. An application of our model to medical imaging research is shown, using experiments on brain cortical surfaces, with anatomical (sulcal) landmarks delineated, which show that our computed maps give a shape-based alignment of the sulcal curves without significantly impairing conformality. This ensures correct averaging and comparison of data across subjects.


Currently the backbone of the world's energy supply is composed of fossil fuels. However, the combustion of fossil fuels results in the production of enormous quantities of particulate pollutants. The smog resulting from these particulate pollutants causes significant health problem for city dwellers. Wet scrubbers, which use a water spray to scavenge airborne particles, is one of the most widely used devices to control particulate pollutants. Typical wet scrubbers can scavenge particles with diameters bigger than 10 μm, but it is inefficient in scavenging particles with diameters on the order of 1 μm. Unfortunately these fine particles are more dangerous than the coarse particles since fine particles can penetrate deep into human lungs. This dissertation is an investigation into the use of ultrasonics to enhance the ability of wet scrubbers to scavenge fine particles. The first part of the investigation involves testing a combination of water spray and ultrasonics on the scavenging of fine particles in a small scale scrubber. A stream of air laden with particles was flowed into the scrubber with a water spray. Experiments were conducted with and without the presence of an ultrasonic standing wave field inside the scrubber over a range of parameters: water flow rate, air flow rate, particle size and spray drop size. Compared to the water spray alone, significant increases in the scavenging of particles were observed when the water spray was combined with the standing wave field in these experiments. The second part of the investigation involves a determination of the mechanism that causes the increase in particle scavenging of a water spray in the presence of an ultrasonic standing wave field. A review of existing theories showed that the acoustic radiation force generated by an ultrasonic standing wave field can influence the motion of the aerosols in the standing wave field. These theories predict that the spray drops used in these experiments would migrate toward the pressure nodes of the standing wave field. However, for the micron-scaled particles investigated here, some theories predict that the particles would migrate toward the pressure nodes, while other theories predict that ii they would migrate toward the pressure anti-nodes. Experiments were conducted where particles having a range of diameters were flowed into the region of a standing wave field and their locations in the standing wave field were recorded. Results obtained from these experiments show that the particles with diameters larger than 0.3±0.1 μm would migrate toward the pressure nodes while the particles with diameters smaller than 0.3±0.1 μm would migrate toward the pressure anti-nodes. A theory of the acoustic radiation force that agrees with these results was selected to build a model. This model was used to simulate the trajectories of the spray drops and the particles in the scrubber. Results obtained from the simulations show that the increased scavenging is caused by an increase in particles combining with spray drops in the pressure nodes of the standing wave field.


Haemophilia A is a genetic bleeding disorder in which the plasma level of the clotting protein FVHI is reduced or absent Treatment of haemophilia is by replacement of the missing FVTII with FVIII concentrates made from human plasma, or by recombinant technology. The two widely used assays for FVIII measurement (one-stage APTT and chromogenic assay) have disagreements in potency of FVIII concentrates and in post-infusion plasma samples these discrepancies are largest for the recombinant products. The aim of this project was to use a modified thrombin generation test (TGT) for a more physiological approach to FVQI measurement. Two different TGTs were used, a clotting based and a fluorogenic method. Thrombin generation was carried out in commercial FVH1 deficient plasma to which a FWI concentrate was added, the reaction was triggered with the addition of phospholipid, calcium and FEXa. A range of FVQI concentrates were investigated, four plasma-derived, three recombinant products (two full-length, one B-domain deleted). There were no substantial differences between the concentrates under the various conditions tested. Platelets were added to the system to investigate if the different amounts of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in the concentrates affected the thrombin generation, but no substantial differences were observed between low purity plasma-derived and recombinant products containing no VWF. It was also found that a large amount of thrombin could be generated at low levels of FVTQ, and both assays were sensitive to FVIII levels of 0.001 IU/ml. However, it was dependent upon the high amount of FIXa used to trigger the reaction. A wide variation in the amount of thrombin generated by several commercial FVIII deficient plasmas was also observed, both between different manufacturers, and between batches of the same plasma. The ability to detect low levels of FVTII could be beneficial for monitoring patients during prophylaxis, gene therapy and in phenotyping patients with severe haemophilia.


In this thesis, we conduct a preliminary study on the controller design for directional antenna devices carried by drones. The goal of the control system is to ensure the best alignment between two directional antennas so as to enhance the performance of air-to-air communication between the drones. The control system at the current stage relies on the information received from GPS devices. The control system includes two loops: velocity loop and position loop to suppress wind disturbances and to assure the alignment of two directional antennae. The simulation and animation of directional antennae alignment control for two-randomly moving drones was developed using SIMULINK. To facilitate RSSI-based antenna alignment control to be conducted in the future work, a study on initial scanning techniques is also included at the end of this thesis.


Abstract: Balancing is the main method used by a number of constitutional courts around the world to resolve conflicts of fundamentals rights. The European Court of Human Rights is routinely balancing human rights against each other and against conflicting public interests and has elevated proportionality to the status of a basic principle of interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights. The paper examines the debate on balancing in the context of American constitutional law and the Convention, and discusses theories which claim that some form of balancing is inherent in human rights adjudication. It argues that proportionality constitutes a misguided quest for precision and objectivity in the resolution of human rights disputes and suggests that courts should instead focus on the real moral issues underlying such disputes.


The Schwartz theory of basic human values has promoted a revival of empirical research on values in cross-cultural, social, and personality psychology. A central topic in the application of values is comparing them across cultures. This study examines the measurement invariance of the full 40-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) as compared to the 21-item version as applied in the European Social Survey (ESS). The research was carried out on a total sample of 1,204 individuals in Poland and Germany. Measurement invariance was tested using two-group confirmatory factor analyses. Analyses revealed that all the values measured by the PVQ-40 displayed not only configural and metric but also partial scalar invariance for all 10 values with the exception of the stimulation value, thus allowing the mean comparison of nine out of the 10 postulated values. However, the 21-item version achieved partial scalar only for seven values. We conclude that the PVQ-40 is more appropriate for cross-cultural research.


The prion protein (PrP) has been extensively studied because of its central role in a group of neurodegenerative conditions collectively known as prion diseases. While a wealth of information is available for the pathology and transmission of these diseases, the molecular mechanisms involved are not yet clearly defined. So, how do we learn about the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic role of the PrP in disease? What have we learned about the physiological role of the PrP? Defining PrP function may shed light on pathological processes involved in prion diseases. The PrP has been shown to participate in several biological processes, including neuritogenesis, neuronal homeostasis, cell signalling, cell adhesion, and a protective role against stress. This pleiotropism has led to confusion about the precise molecular function(s) of the PrP. This essay shall attempt to clarify the most relevant physiological roles of the protein in the context of the central and peripheral nervous system.


We present the design and analysis of the first fully expressive, iterative combinatorial exchange (ICE). The exchange incorporates a tree-based bidding language (TBBL) that is concise and expressive for CEs. Bidders specify lower and upper bounds in TBBL on their value for different trades and refine these bounds across rounds. These bounds allow price discovery and useful preference elicitation in early rounds, and allow termination with an efficient trade despite partial information on bidder valuations. All computation in the exchange is carefully optimized to exploit the structure of the bid-trees and to avoid enumerating trades. A proxied interpretation of a revealed-preference activity rule, coupled with simple linear prices, ensures progress across rounds. The exchange is fully implemented, and we give results demonstrating several aspects of its scalability and economic properties with simulated bidding strategies.


We usually actively seek out the information we need. However, it is still debated whether information seeking in decision situation is a purposeful behavior or a random process. We investigated this issue using the decision task involving multiple goal-directed event sequences, in which a contextual cue specifies an associated target and touch to the target delivers the reward. We found that the gaze followed the sequence of contextual cue to the associated target, which was eventually chosen. This fixation sequence from contextual cue to the associated target could be observed even when there were multiple goals and when the focus was shifted from one goal to another. To causally investigate the effects of sequential simulation, we directly manipulated the processing of the contextual cues and found its influence on the final choice of target. Furthermore, past episodes of the sequences influenced both final choices of targets and initial gaze to contextual cues. We interpret the results as suggesting that the internal process of simulating goal-directed event sequence drives information-seeking behavior such as attention/gaze in decision situations.


Journal of World's Electrical Engineering and Technology (ISSN 2322-5114) is an international, English language, open access, peer reviewed journal aims to publish the high quality material from Electrical Engineering Technology areas while focus on interations between diverse range of sub-disciplines such as applied design, electronics, embedded systems, control systems, instrumentation, telecommunications, and power systems.


Laboratory and full-scale experiments were conducted for enhancing the coagulation of stabilised surface waters with high organic content by permanganate preoxidation. It was indicated that permanganate preoxidation enhanced both the processes of coagulation and filtration of selected surface waters, River Songhua water, Qitaihe Reservoir water and Ba Reservoir water. Permanganate preoxidation is especially effective for enhancing the coagulation of very stable surface waters with relatively high organic content. Experimental results showed that the manganese dioxide produced in situ during permanganate preoxidation played an important role in enhancing the coagulation and filtration processes. The experimental results suggested that manganese dioxide may adsorb naturally occurring organic materials through surface bonding to form bigger particulates, thus increasing the floc density and improving the removal of organic particulates and possibly the inorganic fine particles. Manganese dioxide was shown to adsorb humic acid and enhance its removal by filtration.


Aaron Wildavsky, along with Mary Douglas, identified what they called grid-group theory. Wildavsky began calling this "cultural theory," and applied it to an astounding array of subjects. The essays in this volume exemplify the theory's potential contributions to three seemingly disparate, but related, areas: the social construction of meaning, normative/analytic political philosophy, and a theory of rational choices. This book is the first in a series of Aaron Wildavsky's collected writings being published posthumously by Transaction. Wildavsky selected, sequenced, and grouped all but three of the essays included in Culture and Social Theory prior to his death. Some are presented here for the first time. Wildavsky's cultural theory provides ways to organize and interpret the world. In the first section, he shows how social scientists, particularly economists and sociologists, apply the theory. Wildavsky argues that concepts such as externalities, public goods, altruism, and even risk and rape are tools of rival, ubiquitous cultures engaged in perpetual struggle with one another. The second section deals with cultural theory as a way to interpret the works of normative and analytic political philosophers, including Thomas Hobbes and John Stuart Mill, on competing human objectives. Wildavsky argues that particular types of interaction among a society's cultures are necessary for effective realization of basic concepts such as democracy. In the third section, Wildavsky applies cultural theory in conjunction with instrumental rationality, the former as a theory of preference formation, the latter as a device for realizing preferences efficiently. High-priority objectives, and thus the character of norms and rational action, shift across cultures. The world and its various elements comprise a complex, frequently changing, and thus ambiguous reality, nowhere more so than in the dynamic contours of the United States. For cultural theory, individualistic, hierarchical, and egalitarian interpretations of the world are the only ones capable of forming and sustaining institutions and related patterns of social relations that will support human social groups. Wildavsky's central objective is to strip away the camouflage and to reveal varying domains of social life as fields of cultural competition. Culture and Social Theory will be a necessary addition to the libraries of political scientists, economists, and policymakers, not to mention all those who admire Aaron Wildavsky and his work.


The Less Favoured Areas (LFAs) Directive (75/268) which was introduced in 1975, was the first common European instrument of regional agricultural structural policy. LFAs are areas where agriculture is hampered by permanent natural handicaps. The major objectives were to ensure the continuation of farming, thereby maintaining a minimum population level and preserving scenic landscapes and environmentally valuable habitats. In the Netherlands, the LFA measure is used as an additional payment, to compensate farmers for negative economic effects due to the conservation of these natural handicaps. It was not implemented as a stand alone policy, but is linked to measures aiming at active nature and landscape conservation management. In this paper, the effects will be examined of the regulations aiming at the conservation of natural handicaps on farm businesses within LFAs, when comparing them to farm businesses outside LFAs, where these regulations and handicaps do not exist. The main data source that was used is the Farm Accountancy Data Network. Reference groups of farms were compiled with the use of the simple and multiple imputation approach in Stars (Statistics for Regional Studies). Both analyses were tested with the use of a parametric and a nonparametric test. When comparing the results of both analyses, it can be concluded that there is no evidence that there is a statistical difference in family farm income corrected for and not corrected for LFA payment between the LFA farm businesses and the reference groups. Based on these findings it can be concluded that the size of the compensatory allowances is small and there is no evidence that it has a significant effect on the family farm income of LFA farm businesses. The main purpose of the Dutch LFA policy is to compensate farm businesses for negative economic effects due to the conservation of natural handicaps. Although this may be true for some individual farms, based on the methods used in this paper, it appears not to be the case for the collectivity of LFA premium beneficiaries as a whole.


We present the results of group dynamics and their effect on success in problem solving/decision making meetings. We use a novel multiple input environment for collaboration and data collection, and a hidden profile task given to groups, whose goals are to find the correct solution. We observe that groups elect 0, 1 or 2 leaders, and the best results are obtained by the groups with a single leader. Prior acquaintance (familiarity), does not show any effect on the success or on the group strategies. Groups with a single leader tend to be more successful, and leaders expressed their authority verbally rather than by through the collaborative system.


The county-level geographic mortality differentials have persisted in the past four decades in the United States (US). Though several socioeconomic factors (e.g., inequality) partially explain this phenomenon, the role of race/ethnic segregation, in general, and the different dimensions of segregation, more specifically, has been underexplored. Focusing on all-cause age-sex standardized US county-level mortality (2004–2008), this study has two substantive goals: (1) to understand whether segregation is a determinant of mortality and if yes, how the relationship between segregation and mortality varies by racial/ethnic dyads (e.g., white/black), and (2) to explore whether different dimensions of segregation (i.e., evenness, exposure, concentration, centralization, and clustering) are associated with mortality. A third goal is methodological: to assess whether spatial autocorrelation influences our understanding of the associations between the dimensions of segregation and mortality. Race/ethnic segregation was found to contribute to the geographic mortality disparities. Moreover, the relationship with mortality differed by both race/ethnic group and the dimension of segregation. Specifically, white/black segregation is positively related to mortality, whereas the segregation between whites and non-black minorities is negatively associated with mortality. Among the five dimensions of segregation, evenness and exposure are more strongly related to mortality than other dimensions. Spatial filtering approaches also identified six unique spatial patterns that significantly affect the spatial distribution of mortality. These patterns offer possible insights that help identify omitted variables related to the persistent patterning of mortality in the US.