Since mindfulness may be effective in basic mechanisms of panic disorder, this
study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an adjunct to drug
treatment in patients with panic disorder.
Materials & Methods: This pre-experimental study included pre-test/post-test control group (waiting
list) and follow-up. Thirty panic patients were selected and randomly assigned into experimental and
control groups. Both groups had the same type and dose of medication. The experimental group received
MBCT and the control group were on a waiting list. The panic belief inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory,
and the Beck Depression Inventory were used to collect the data and then the data were analyzed using
covariance analysis.
Results: After treatment, scores of the experimental group patients revealed significant reduction in
severity of symptom, anticipatory anxiety, body catastrophizing, emotional catastrophizing and selfdiscontent
subscales of panic disorder (p<0.05). Also, the changes in two-month follow up were
persistent.
Conclusion: Therefore, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, by affecting cognitive mechanisms and
components that are involved in panic disorder, can be effective in improvement of patients with panic
disorder


It has been suggested that we are entering a new era in medical device regulation in Europe. This paper discusses the implementation of the European Medical Devices Directive (EMDD) in EU member states with a particular focus on the UK. Case studies are then presented of two models of implant technologies--Trilucent breast implants and the 3M Capital hip prosthesis. Both have been withdrawn from the marketplace recently in controversial circumstances. Different aspects of regulatory activity are outlined with a bearing upon benefits and safety from national health services' and consumers' perspectives, and a number of issues concerned with the ability of regulatory mechanisms and practices to serve public health and safety are identified. Our analysis of the case studies draws parallels with studies of drug regulation, and explores the construction of risk and public participation in policy making. We argue that there are weaknesses in the regulation of medical devices and that commercial interests have dominated regulatory policy. Our case studies, however, suggest a shift towards a more user-oriented shaping of regulation.


Alan Lomax died on 19 July 2002. Born in Austin, Texas, on 31 January 1915, Alan was the third child of John and Bess (nee Brown) Lomax. He spent most of his youth in Dallas and Austin, graduating with a B.A. in Philosophy from the University of Texas in 1936. Introduced to folk song and folklore in the family home, he went on his first collecting trip with his father in 1933, visiting the infamous Parchman State Farm at Canton, Mississippi. During the next three years father and son made pioneering recordings of Cajun and Creole music, the Soul Stirrers, Aunt Molly Jackson, Leadbelly, and other inmates of Southern penitentiaries. Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Leadbelly, jointly edited by John and Alan, was published in 1936. Alan also helped his father to compile American Ballads and Folk Songs, the first of several influential American folk-song collections edited by the Lomaxes. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] In 1937 Alan obtained the post of Assistant in Charge of the Archive of Folk Song at the Library of Congress in Washington. He catalogued a growing volume of field recordings contributed by such folklorists as Sidney Robertson Cowell, Herbert Halpert, and Vance Randolph. He hired the young Pete Seeger as his assistant in compiling a Checklist of Recorded Songs in the English Language in the Archive of American Folk Song to July, 1940. He also compiled, with Sidney Cowell, American Folk Song and Folk-lore: A Regional Bibliography. Research trips took him to the Southern Appalachians, the mid West, the Deep South, the Bahamas, and Haiti. Especially significant were his field recordings of blues musicians in the Mississippi Delta, including the young Muddy Waters, Son House, and Honeyboy Edwards. Other singers whom he recorded for the Archive included Sarah Ogan Gunning and Woody Guthrie. He also made an invaluable contribution to the history of jazz, interviewing at length jazz pioneer Jelly Roll Morton. His Morton recordings would be issued as a twelve-volume L.P. set in 1950, to accompany the publication of his book, Mr. Jelly Roll. Another major project was the release of eleven albums of traditional music collectively titled Folk Songs of the United States. Charges of political bias resulted in Alan's resignation as archivist in the fall of 1942. He had encouraged the Almanac Singers to develop a repertoire that mixed traditional folk songs with union and other political material, formed a similar group (comprised of unionized office workers) called the Priority Ramblers, and participated in the famous 'Grapes of Wrath' concert that featured Guthrie, Aunt Molly Jackson, and Will Geer. Lomax's enormous energy and enthusiasm for folk music soon found other outlets. He began his career as a broadcaster in 1939, with a twenty-six-part series titled American Folk Songs on the CBS network's American School of the Air. A follow-up series, Wellsprings of America, ran for another twenty-six weeks during the winter of 1939-40. Then came Back Where I Come From, with regular performers Josh White and Pete Seeger. He also found opportunities to produce recordings by his favourite artists. Negro Sinful Songs performed by Leadbelly, the first commercial album of Afro-American folk songs, was followed by two influential releases on Victor: The Midnight Special: Songs of Texas Prisons and Guthrie's Dustbowl Ballads. Alan spent the remaining war years working for the Office of War Information and for the Special Services unit of the US Army. He produced and hosted a CBS radio series titled Transatlantic Call that was also broadcast in wartime Britain by the BBC. A by-product was his first radio ballad, The Martins and the Coys, which starred Woody Guthrie, Burl Ives, and Pete Seeger. Another was his first film script, To Hear My Banjo Play. After the war, Lomax earned his living as a record producer, broadcaster, impresario, journalist, and freelance writer. Cognizant of the power of mass media, he tried to use it to win a larger audience for the music he loved, folk song and blues. …


This paper is based on the findings of a study that assessed the awareness of Programme for Enhancement of Resources Initiative (PERii) electronic journals, their use and challenges encountered by postgraduate students. The study was carried out at the University of Dar es Salaam and involved postgraduate students in the School of Education. A combination of questionnaire for postgraduate students and interviews for Reference Librarians was used to collect data. Findings revealed that the majority of the respondents became aware of PERii electronic journals through various sources. The resources are widely used, including for the exploration of ongoing scientific debates through peer reviewed papers. The challenges encountered are largely infrastructural, including inability to access resources from home, together with limited information and computer literacy. Recommendations for improving access and use of PERii electronic journals are given. Keywords : E-resources, Postgraduate students, User studies, Tanzania


The insurrection of 31 May-2 June 1793 that overthrew the Girondins and brought the Montagnards to power was a decisive event in the history of the French Revolution. Morris Slavin's study is the first that discusses the background, the mechanisms, and the immediate results of the uprising, as well as the hidden forces that produced it and the contradictions that were inherent in it from the beginning.Slavin's approach to the controversy between the Gironde and the Mountain is from below ("d'en bas"), from the vantage point of the sections of Paris and their extralegal assembly, the Eveche assembly, and its Comite des Neuf. He shows how and why the Montagnards used the insurrectionary organs created by the sans-culottes for their own purposes, and how the Montagnards won them over against their Girondin enemies by granting the sans-culottes economic concessions, at the same time disarming them politically.This revelation of the profound differences between the sans-culottes and the Montagnards on the goals of the insurrection is a major contribution to understanding French revolutionary behavior. Slavin finds that the rank and file in the pro-Girondin sections were just as self-sacrificing and just as patriotic as the followers of the Mountain. The dispute between the Girondins and the Montagnards was an intraclass contest, not a class struggle.


"While the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) remains a hotly debated issue in all five Central American countries that are part of the treaty, most discussions are based on preconceived opinions rather than grounded in research-based results. The point of departure of the paper is that the provisions in the agreement concerning the textile maquila industry are likely to have a significant impact on household welfare, despite the already existing preferential access of textile maquila exports to the U.S. market under the rules of origin set by the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) and the U.S.–Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA). What CAFTA does for maquila production in Central America is to make permanent and expand the liberalized rules of origin (granted temporarily and unilaterally by the United States and likely to be revoked in 2008) for inputs to the maquila industry. Therefore, to assess the true impact of the maquila provisions in CAFTA, we need to compare the situations without CAFTA or the CBI/CBTPA with the situation that includes CAFTA, instead of the situations before and after CAFTA. The objectives of the paper are to analyze the likely impacts of CAFTA on the apparel value chain in Central America; assess the bottlenecks and constraints to productivity growth in the apparel industry; and identify the requirements for continuing success in the value chain. In researching the paper, we made use of a variety of methodologies, including literature review, Internet sourcing, field visits, and personal interviews with key players in the sector in all five Central American CAFTA countries. We also used computable general equilibrium (CGE) models and combined these with microsimulations based on household surveys, in order to quantify the likely effect of the maquila provisions in CAFTA on economic growth, employment, and poverty. The results suggest that, depending on the country, the maquila provisions in CAFTA add between 0.01% and 1.4% to annual economic growth and between 0.005% and 1.4% per year to employment of particularly female unskilled labor. As a result and depending on the specific country, the rate of total poverty is likely to fall by between virtually zero (Costa Rica) and 0.73% (Honduras) per year relative to a situation without CAFTA's maquila provisions. However, the model-based analyses do not take account of the fact that the quota system for textiles and clothing (the so-called Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, or ATC) expired January 1, 2005, greatly improving the access of China and other low-cost exporters to the U.S. market. Although China has so far voluntarily restricted its apparel exports to the U.S. market, in the longer term market share will increasingly go to countries with the highest comparative advantage. The qualitative analysis in the paper suggests that a survival strategy for the Central American maquila industry should consist of two main elements. First, and in order to make maximum use of the liberalized rules of origin under CAFTA, countries should increasingly move toward full-package production instead of pure assembly. Second, identification of market niches that demand higher-quality apparel produced by firms that respect socially responsible production conditions and are able to deliver fast responsiveness is a crucial means by which the Central American textile industry can develop a comparative advantage vis-a-vis Asian suppliers, needed to survive in an increasingly competitive export market." from Authors' Abstract


Today mechanical ventilation systems are installed in many buildings to handle the ventilation. Such ventilation systems constitute a potential source of unwanted background noise in the buildings. In order to reduce the noise propagating through the ducts passive silencers are normally installed as a part of the ventilation system. However, the passive silencers are relatively ineffective in the low frequency range. A solution can be to use a combination of active noise control (ANC) and passive techniques where the ANC system extends the noise attenuation to include the low frequency noise. The construction of the ventilation systems can vary substantially between different buildings and may contain many different duct parts in different compositions etc. Hence, it may not be trivial to find a cost- and performance efficient installation of an ANC system in a ventilation system, e.g. to find a proper installation position of it and suitable passive silencers to combine it with, finding out if one or several ANC systems should be used, and so on. In order to make the design of a complete ventilation system (including one or several ANC systems) cost- and time efficient, an adequate mathematical model of the duct is required. The purpose of the model is to describe sound propagation in the duct. Such model can be built e.g. based on the two-port theory or by finite element method. In this paper initial investigations concerning modelling of standard duct parts were performed. Simulations were carried out to find parameters such as Noise Reduction etc., using both plane wave two-port theory and finite element modelling. The results of the simulations were compared with measurement results.


The PC12 and SH-SY5Y cell models have been proposed as potentially realistic models to investigate neuronal cell toxicity. The effects of oxidative stress (OS) caused by both H2O2 and Aβ on both cell models were assessed by several methods. Cell toxicity was quantitated by measuring cell viability using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) viability assay, an indicator of the integrity of the electron transfer chain (ETC), and cell morphology by fluorescence and video microscopy, both of which showed OS to cause decreased viability and changes in morphology. Levels of intracellular peroxide production, and changes in glutathione and carbonyl levels were also assessed, which showed OS to cause increases in intracellular peroxide production, glutathione and carbonyl levels. Differentiated SH-SY5y cells were also employed and observed to exhibit the greatest sensitivity to toxicity. The neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF) was shown to cause protection against OS. Cells pre-treated with NGF showed higher viability after OS, generally less apoptotic morphology, recorded less apoptotic nucleiods, generally lower levels of intracellular peroxides and changes in gene expression. The neutrophic factor, brain derived growth factor (BDNF) and ascorbic acid (AA) were also investigated. BDNF showed no specific neuroprotection, however the preliminary data does warrant further investigation. AA showed a 'janus face' showing either anti-oxidant action and neuroprotection or pro-oxidant action depending on the situation. Results showed that the toxic effects of compounds such as Aβ and H2O2 are cell type dependent, and that OS alters glutathione metabolism in neuronal cells. Following toxic insult, glutathione levels are depleted to low levels. It is herein suggested that this lowering triggers an adaptive response causing alterations in glutathione metabolism as assessed by evaluation of glutathione mRNA biosynthetic enzyme expression and the subsequent increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels.


For humans, it is usually easier to make statements about the similarity of objects in relative, rather than absolute terms. Moreover, subjective comparisons of objects can be based on a number of different and independent attributes. For example, objects can be compared based on their shape, color, etc. In this paper, we consider the problem of uncovering these hidden attributes given a set of relative distance judgments in the form of triplets. The attribute that was used to generate a particular triplet in this set is unknown. Such data occurs, e.g., in crowdsourcing applications where the triplets are collected from a large group of workers.

We propose the Multiview Triplet Embedding (MVTE) algorithm that produces a number of low-dimensional maps, each corresponding to one of the hidden attributes. The method can be used to assess how many different attributes were used to create the triplets, as well as to assess the difficulty of a distance comparison task, and find objects that have multiple interpretations in relation to the other objects.


Abstract The paper presents an economic model of interaction between cricket boards, players and international club-line games sponsors like ICL or IPL. It attempts to capture the inherent conflict between such games and country-line games traditionally organized by cricket boards. It identifies the nature of various trade offs facing these 'players' in the game and examines the effects of market-size changes on the composition of players, the scale of country-line and club-line games and the welfare of players and cricket boards.


Green electronics is largely driven by performance limitations of scaled Si-based CMOS due to the exceptionally high power dissipation arising in such devices at nanoscale dimensions. Novel architectures for computation are currently in consideration, which include tunneling field-effect-transistors (TFETs), as well as nanoelectro-mechanical-systems (NEMS) due to their abrupt ON/OFF transitions, low OFF state currents and high speed operation. Besides this overview of green transistor technologies, where low-dimensional materials such as graphene and semiconducting nanowires are under consideration, the other area that is discussed in this paper relates to the use of environmentally friendly, biodegradable organic polymers, for enabling highefficiency, low-cost organic photovoltaics. Other advantages of organic PV lie in manufacturing processes that utilize room temperature techniques, where such solar cell architectures are also compatible with flexible electronics using roll-to-roll processing.


Academic libraries should be aware of trends in popular culture that appeal to students and design programs that engage them in participatory experiences.  At the University of Florida, more than 1,000 undergraduates participate in the campus-wide alternate reality game, Humans vs. Zombies.  Through a partnership with the game designers, librarians successfully created a library mission that allowed zombie-hunting students to apply 21st century learning skills such as communication; collaboration; critical thinking; problem solving; creativity; innovation; and information, media, and technology literacy.  This article describes the development, marketing, and assessment of the game.


First d-block metal-based perovskite oxides (FDMPOs) have garnered significant attention in research for their utilization in the water oxidation reaction due to their low cost, earth abundance, and promising activities. Recently, FDMPOs are being applied in electrocatalysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water splitting reaction. Numerous promising FDMPO-based water splitting electrocatalysts have been reported, along with new catalytic mechanisms. Therefore, an in-time summary of the current progress of FDMPO-based water splitting electrocatalysts is now considered imperative. However, few reviews have focused on this particular subject thus far. In this contribution, we review the most recent advances (mainly within the years 2014–2020) of FDMPO electrocatalysts for alkaline water splitting, which is widely considered to be the most promising next-generation technology for future large-scale hydrogen production. This review begins with an introduction describing the fundamentals of alkaline water electrolysis and perovskite oxides. We then carefully elaborate on the various design strategies used for the preparation of FDMPO electrocatalysts applied in the alkaline water splitting reaction, including defecting engineering, strain tuning, nanostructuring, and hybridization. Finally, we discuss the current advances of various FDMPO-based water splitting electrocatalysts, including those based on Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, and other first d-block metal-based catalysts. By conveying various methods, developments, perspectives, and challenges, this review will contribute toward the understanding and development of FDMPO electrocatalysts for alkaline water splitting.


This thesis argues that establishing legitimacy, both in relation to the international
community and in relation to local populations, is a critical precondition for the success of
international missions in post-conflict situations. The argument is developed through a study
of post-conflict institution-building in Kosovo. In 1999, when the Security Council
established the United Nations Administrative Mission in Kosovo, the international
community had a unique opportunity to develop conflict management mechanisms capable of
responding to the contemporary challenges posed by ethnic conflicts. By acting under the
United Nations umbrella, the international community could have sent a strong message to the
deeply divided population of Kosovo: this mission had the ability to protect them and provide
them with institutional structures capable of sustaining long-term economic, political and
social peace and stability. Yet the international actors failed to do so. They failed to grant the
Kosovo population the security they so dearly needed, and they failed to construct institutions
appropriate to the challenges faced by the territory. This thesis argues that this occurred
because of the international community's inability to provide legitimacy for their actions and
policies. As the different actors focused their attention on attempting to secure legitimacy vis
a vis the international community, they failed to nurture the roots of the new political system
they wished to establish by obtaining the support of Kosovo's population as a whole. After
developing a working concept of legitimacy, I analyse the degree and nature of legitimacy of
the different international actors, and their policies at each stage that led to the establishment
of a new political system in Kosovo. Through this analysis, I provide an explanation for the
failure of the international community to offer a satisfactory and sustainable solution to the
Kosovo issue.


Plant oil derivates as fuels The dependence of the Hungarian economy on energy imports has already reached that degree, which is forecast in the EU for the average of the community by 2020. The total quantity of the biomass in Hungary is 350 - 360 mtons, out of which 105 - 110 mtons reproduces itself annualy. The energy content of the yearly produced biomass is as high as 1185 PJ, which is 5% more than the annual energy consumption. The renewable energies which are produced by agriculture could cover 10% of the energy demand of Hungary for a short term. At our College Faculty in Mezőtúr we have been dealing with the application issues of vegetable oil derivates as fuels since 1990.


The transcripts of nolW and nolB, two divergently oriented cultivar specificity genes of Rhizobium fredii strain USDA257, are known to be initiated 14 bp apart from promoters that face one another. We show here that expression of nolB is dependent both on induction with flavonoid signals and on the regulatory gene, nodD1. Expression of nolW is constitutive and independent of flavonoids and nodD1. Normal expression of nolB is retained with a promoter that extends only 61 bp upstream of the transcript start site, but it is lost if an additional 24 bp are removed. Substantial expression of nolW is retained with a promoter that contains only 34 bp of DNA upstream from the transcript initiation site. The dual control region for the two genes is thus only about 109 bp in length.


If voters are fully rational and have negligible cognition costs, ballot layout should not affect election outcomes. In this paper, we explore deviations from rational voting using quasi-random variation in candidate name placement on ballots from the 2003 California Recall Election. We find that the voteshares of minor candidates almost double when their names are adjacent to the names of major candidates on a ballot. Voteshare gains are largest in precincts with high percentages of Democratic, Hispanic, low-income, non-English speaking, poorly educated, or young voters. A major candidate that attracts a disproportionate share of voters from these types of precincts faces a systematic electoral disadvantage. If the Republican frontrunner Arnold Schwarzenegger and Democratic frontrunner Cruz Bustamante had been in a tie, adjacency misvoting would have given Schwarzenegger an edge of 0.06% of the voteshare. This gain in voteshare exceeds the margins of victory in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election and the 2004 Washington Gubernatorial Election. We explore which voting technology platforms and brands mitigate misvoting.


ABSTRACT While the benefits of urban forests (UFs) are well-researched, less is known about how to steer collective action for conserving and strengthening this resource, and particularly the role of local government. We address this knowledge gap through a study of urban forest governance in Scotland, United Kingdom. Applying a mixed-methods approach including semi-structured interviews, document analysis and surveys, covering 26 out of the total of 32 Scottish local authorities (LAs), we show that UF management by Scottish LAs is largely reactive. This can be explained by limited funding and knowledge of the resource, poor knowledge of the scale and state of the UF, fragmented management structures, and the tendency to perceive trees as a liability as opposed to an asset. However, some LAs successfully resist this trend through city officials acting as frontrunners within their organisations. They do so by championing activities such as investing in tools for socioeconomic valuation of the UF, pursuing grant funding, breaking down silos through organisational reorganisation, preparing city-level trees and woodland strategies, cross-sectoral partnership working and community engagement. Fundamental change, however, relies on the combination of these activities and therefore requires a whole-organisation commitment to UF sustainability across different domains relevant to predicting UF outcomes.


This book has a two-fold purpose: (1) to provide the practicing clinician with information about the controversy surrounding delayed/repressed memory of sexual abuse and (2) to provide treatment principles and guidelines for working with these issues.Since the eruption of the recovered memory controversy in 1992, the treatment of adults who report abuse as children (whether their memory has been relatively continuous or has been recovered) has become a high-risk area, as numerous lawsuits have been filed alleging false memory of abuse due to suggestive therapeutic practices. In this climate, clinicians have become fearful, cautious, and confused about how to practice responsibly with this population.Since a large percentage of those seeking psychotherapy have a history of sexual abuse, all clinicians need a clear articulation of the current evolving standard of care for clients reporting memories of abuse. Drawing together material from many sources, this book provides state-of-the-art principles and guidelines for treatment when memories of past abuse are at issue. It covers available empirical and clinical data on human memory processes for normal and traumatic events and on the treatment of posttraumatic conditions in general and child sexual abuse in particular; the critiques and concerns voiced by cognitive psychologists who investigate memory and suggestibility issues; the recommendations made by a number of professional task forces and advisory committees charged with studying the issues involved in the controversy and making recommendations for practice; and the recommendations of expert clinicians and clinical researchers. Especially useful is Courtois's application of the treatment decision model to a range of clinical scenarios, from continuous, corroborated memory of abuse to suspicions of abuse based on symptomatology. Speaking with authority and empathy, Courtois shows clinicians how to practice responsibly and safely while doing memory work. Her guidance is invaluable.


Observational biases distort our view of nature, such that the patterns we see within a surveyed population of interest are often unrepresentative of the truth we seek. Transiting planets currently represent the most informative data set on the ensemble properties of exoplanets within 1 AU of their star. However, the transit method is inherently biased due to both geometric and detection-driven effects. In this work, we derive the overall observational biases affecting the most basic transit parameters from first principles. By assuming a trapezoidal transit and using conditional probability, we infer the expected distribution of these terms both as a joint distribution and in a marginalized form. These general analytic results provide a baseline against which to compare trends predicted by mission-tailored injection/recovery simulations and offer a simple way to correct for observational bias. Our results explain why the observed population of transiting planets displays a non-uniform impact parameter distribution, with a bias towards near-equatorial geometries. We also find that the geometric bias towards observed planets transiting near periastron is attenuated by the longer durations which occur near apoastron. Finally, we predict that the observational bias with respect to ratio-of-radii is super-quadratic, scaling as $(R_P/R_{\star})^{5/2}$, driven by an enhanced geometric transit probability and modestly longer durations.


In light of the fact that the Supreme Court of Appeal's "prospective recognition" of a general enrichment action in McCarthy Retail (Pty) Ltd v Shortdistance Carriers CC 2001 3 SA 482 (SCA) is likely to be confirmed only after this issue has been properly argued in an appropriate case, this article takes the opportunity again to make the case for such an action and to give some idea of what its scope might be.
It argues that a general action should be recognized because it amplifies the ability of our law of obligations to correct injustices that arise between individuals, which, at present, are tolerated because the reach of the specific enrichment actions is too restricted, and because the neither the law of contract nor the law of delict is adapted to respond appropriately to these injustices. It argues, on the one hand, that the action must be subsidiary to the existing enrichment actions in order that its scope will not be unnecessarily wide, but also argues, on the other hand, that its elements must to a certain extent be flexible to ensure that its scope is not unduly limited.


This study is a part of a Nordic co-operative research project, Climate and Energy, funded by Nordic Energy Research and the Nordic energy sector. The project has the objective of a comprehensive assessment of the impact of climate change on Nordic renewable energy resources including hydropower, wind power, biofuels and solar energy. In this paper, the long term variability of precipitation, temperature and discharge of Icelandic rivers is analyzed with respect to trends. Trend is tested for two periods: 1941–2002, since the longest Icelandic discharge records reach 60 years back in time, and 1961–2000, so that a larger set of discharge records could be included, as only a few Icelandic discharge records extend more than 40 years back in time. An eventual trend in the time series is analyzed using the Mann–Kendall test. The test is applied to the time series of both annual and seasonal values, and also to the timing and volume of the maximum daily discharge in spring and autumn, respectively. The main conclusions from the study are that, despite significant increase in measured precipitation, discharge in non-glacial rivers has not increased. Meanwhile, spring temperatures have a negative trend and spring floods, therefore, are larger and delayed.


With inequality growing and competitive market forces on the march, can unions play a constructive role in solving the problems of capitalist economic development? Should they try? In this study of coalition building in Buffalo, New York we find that regular procedures of problem solving involving multiple coalition partners – what we call a high-road social infrastructure – have developed in the city. We discuss the progression of union approaches to economic development, including in-plant and regional labor-management partnership, community coalitions and the creation of labor-led nonprofit organizations. In response to long-term economic and social crisis, a group of union leaders has begun carrying out projects to help attract investment from outside the region and improve the quality of jobs in the region. Coalition-building, however, is hampered by uncertainty about the best union strategy, enmity from some business and political elites, and the scale of the region's long-term structural problems.


Highly productive sown pasture systems can result in high growth rates of beef cattle and lead to increases in soil nitrogen and the production of subsequent crops. The nitrogen dynamics and growth of grain sorghum following grazed annual legume leys or a grass pasture were investigated in a no-till system in the South Burnett district of Queensland. Two years of the tropical legumes Macrotyloma daltonii and Vigna trilobata (both self regenerating annual legumes) and Lablab purpureus (a resown annual legume) resulted in soil nitrate N (0-0.9 m depth), at sorghum sowing, ranging from 35 to 86 kg/ha compared with 4 kg/ha after pure grass pastures. Average grain sorghum production in the 4 cropping seasons following the grazed legume leys ranged from 2651 to 4012 kg/ha. Following the grass pasture, grain sorghum production in the first and second year was < 1900 kg/ha and by the third year grain yield was comparable to the legume systems. Simulation studies utilising the farming systems model APSIM indicated that the soil N and water dynamics following 2-year ley phases could be closely represented over 4 years and the prediction of sorghum growth during this time was reasonable. In simulated unfertilised sorghum crops grown from 1954 to 2004, grain yield did not exceed 1500 kg/ha in 50% of seasons following a grass pasture, while following 2-year legume leys, grain exceeded 3000 kg/ha in 80% of seasons. It was concluded that mixed farming systems that utilise short term legume-based pastures for beef production in rotation with crop production enterprises can be highly productive.


A comparative statistical study of foraminiferal and ostracode assemblages in Domerian marls from the Aquitaine basin (France) shows that the taxonomic structure of the populations fluctuates through time. Multiple Correspondences Analyses (M.C.A.) processing presence-absence data (table of taxa in the successive sample levels) were conducted. The first axis (F1) of this M.C.A. is related to faunal diversity and expresses a biotic capacity gradient. The F2 axis coincides with accomodation space and can be used to identify systems tracts and sequence boundaries. The F3 axis is interpreted as representing an oxygenation gradient. Short-term fluctuations at the systems tract or half systems tract level appear in the residuals of regressions and the distance between samples.


BACKGROUND
Microsurgical clip obliteration remains a time-honored and viable option for the treatment of select aneurysms with very low rates of recurrence.

OBJECTIVE
We studied previously clipped aneurysms that were found to have recurrences to better understand the patterns and configurations of these rare entities.

METHODS
A retrospective review was performed of 2 prospectively maintained databases of aneurysm treatments from 2 institutions spanning 14 years to identify patients with recurrence of previously clipped intracranial aneurysms.

RESULTS
Twenty-six aneurysm recurrences were identified. Three types of recurrence were identified: type I, proximal to the clip tines; type II, distal; and type III, lateral. The most common type of recurrence was that arising distal to the clip tines (46.1%), and the least frequently encountered recurrence was that arising proximal to the tines (19.2%). Laterally located recurrences were found in 34.6% of cases.

CONCLUSION
We describe 3 different patterns of aneurysm recurrence with respect to clip application: those occurring proximal, distal, or lateral to the clip tines.


This article investigates the perceptions of 'university of technology' amongst managers and directors at nine higher education (HE) institutions. The analysis in this article is based on transcripts and summaries of eleven interviews. Only one of the interviewees, from a historically white technikon, feels that universities of technology (UoTs) are completely unique institutions. The rest of the technikon interviewees seem to view UoTs as extensions of technikons, but with increased research and post-graduate programmes (though some even voiced reservations in this regard). The university interviewees seemed to stress the 'U' in UoT and assumed that the notion of UoT in South Africa is the same or very similar to UoTs internationally. Generally, the university interviewees felt that it was not possible to create UoTs out of the technikons without significant restructuring and development.
These results indicate that HE institutions do not share perceptions regarding a 'UoT' and accordingly there is some disparity in perceptions on the possible consequences of the change from technikons to UoTs for the profiles of these institutions, as well as to the HE landscape of South Africa. This poses a potential problem for the institutions, as well as for South African higher education in general.
We complete the article with a discussion of some possible directions for the new universities of technologies.


Spondylodiscitis is a frequent diagnosis in developing countries and has a huge impact on healthcare programs. This disease can cause spinal instability and compression of neurological structures as well as it can develop asymptomatically. Risk factors have been described in the literature but to our knowledge this is the first demographic report from Guadalajara, Jalisco done in a Spine Center. Risk factors, most frequent segments involved, clinical presentation and common surgical findings were identified and compared to previous reports. The present study aims to add valuable information to the literature for spine surgeons in developing countries to take into consideration in order to treat their patients.


Current literature supports the concept that the multivalent nature of historic resources can be accessed and utilized for economic development and historic preservation initiatives. Thus suggesting that complete assessment of economic, social, cultural, and subjective values requires both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to provide stakeholders with a more holistic understanding of historic preservation and the effects of rehabilitation on surrounding communities. This mixed methods case study examines the different ways in which a community valued the rehabilitation of a neighborhood school in Edenton, North Carolina based on property values and community perception. The researcher conducted a quantitative property value study that compared values from 1990 and 2006 for all parcels within a one-half mile radius of the rehabilitated school. The researcher then conducted a content analysis of available meeting minutes and newspaper articles for the year 1988. Results revealed a positive correlation between the adaptive reuse of the E. A. Swain School and surrounding property values. The content analysis revealed that the community positively valued the project. The findings of this thesis support current literature that historic preservation is an effective economic development tool. Not only can communities use these findings as a leverage tool to promote adaptive reuse, but also the research design can be adapted to any rehabilitation project in which a holistic interpretation of community valuation of the built environment is required.


Eclamptic seizures are a known complication of pregnancy; less well publicized is the patient with late postpartum eclampsia. Late postpartum eclamptic seizures are convulsions that occur more then 48 hours after delivery. Because 40% of patients who have late postpartum eclampsia do not experience preeclampsia, clinical awareness is essential for early treatment and care.


Germany (the sum of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic) is historically and politically a decentralized country. The influence of the states is very significant, particularly in cultural and educational affairs (Kulturhoheit der Lander). There are only few organisations that are jointly financed by states and the federal government. One of the most important of these is the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the German Research Foundation. It is mainly driven by the research community, and a highly efficient evaluation system, managed by a well-organized office in Bonn. Founded as the 'Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft' after the Second World War, the DFG began a library acquisitions programme, mainly for foreign research material, in 1948 (Schmidt & Oertel, 1966). The aim was - and is - to provide a copy of every publication of research interest in at least one German library. There was - and is - no real national library in Germany. Leading libraries such as the Prussian State Library[1] were divided after the Second World War, or were severely damaged like the Bavarian State Library. As a result, the organisational scheme was simple and yet sophisticated: · to seek the most important holdings, · to give the library with the strongest collection special funding to acquire foreign material (nowadays about 66% of costs); and · to ask the library to take responsibility for buying foreign material as well as the complete range of German publications, and the staff required for acquisitions processing and interlibrary loan services.


This study examines the effects of culture on career decision making for students at the London School of Economics (LSE). There is an existing body of research which highlights the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures. However, it has been limited for international students based in the UK. At the LSE the majority of students are international so this presents a unique opportunity to carry out research into different cultures within one UK institution. The research seeks to identify differences and similarities between students from different continents. Firstly, it looks at whether they fit into the categories of individualists and collectivists and secondly if they fit with current theories of career development. The research approach is a quantitative study based on a questionnaire distributed online and completed by over 1300 students representing all six continents. The results reveal that there are many commonalities between students from different continents such as the importance of personal interest and parents. Whilst there are also differences it would seem that applying cultural stereotypes to international students at the LSE would not be appropriate. As the study is based at a single institution the research strategy used does not allow for wider generalisation but provides an important insight into the career decision making of international students.


Reverse engineering involves disassembling a complex device and analyzing its components and workings in detail with the goal of understanding how the device works in its intact state. To elucidate the neural components implicated in normal face perception, we investigate the disrupted components in individuals with congenital prosopagnosia, an apparently lifelong impairment in face processing, despite normal vision and other cognitive skills. Structural and functional MRI data reveal compromised connectivity between more posterior face-selective cortical patches and more anterior regions that respond to face stimuli. Computational descriptions of the topology of this connectivity, using measures from graph theory that permit the construction of the network at the level of the whole brain, uncover atypical organization of the face network in CP. Moreover, this network disorganization is increasingly pronounced as a function of severity of the face recognition disorder. Last, we reconstruct the face images viewed by normal and prosopagnosic observers from the neural data and demonstrate the altered underlying representations in key cortical regions in the prosopagnosic individuals. This multipronged approach uncovers in fine-grained detail the alteration in information discrimination in the prosopagnosic individuals as well as the pertubations in the neural network that gives rise to normal face perception.


This study examines how three types of extreme events (heat waves, droughts, floods) are mentioned together with climate change on social media. English-language Twitter use during 2008–2017 is analyzed, based on 1,127,996 tweets (including retweets). Frequencies and spikes of activity are compared and theoretically interpreted as reflecting complex relations between the extreme event factor (the occurrence of an extreme event); the media ecology factor (climate-change oriented statements/actions in the overall media landscape) and the digital action factor (activities on Twitter). Flooding was found to be by far the most tweeted of the three in connection to climate change, followed by droughts and heat waves. It also led when comparing spikes of activity. The dominance of floods is highly prevalent from 2014 onwards, triggered by flooding events (extreme event factor), the climate science controversy in US politics (media ecology factor) and the viral power of celebrities' tweets (digital action factor).


AIM
The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) training on the jumping capabilities of high-level female basketball players.

METHODS
A 12-week WBV program was applied to 10 national and international level female basketball players. They were randomly distributed into a control group (CG: 23.2±3.96 years, 69.64±11.17 kg, 179.7±7.96 cm) and an experimental group (VG: 24.0±2.65 years, 70.17±9.86 kg, 181.9±10.83 cm). In order to determine the effects of the WBV program on the jumping capabilities of the subjects, the following tests were used: SJ, CMJ, ACMVJ, and 15-seconds maximal jump.

RESULTS
In the SJ test, the CG significantly increased from 455.4±25.91 to 476.6±26.6 ms (+4.42%; P=0.05), while the VG also increased significantly from 455±15.62 to 478.33±16.56 ms (+5.13%; P=0.02). In the CMJ test, the CG significantly increased from 470.2±12.15 to 496±23.38 ms (+5.49%; P=0.04), while the VG remained unchanged: 472±15.62 to 474.67±8.74 ms (+0.76%). In the ACMVJ test, the CG increased from 514±37.67 to 520±15.5 ms (+1.42%), while the VG decreased from 515±31.43 to 510.33±16.56 ms (-0.77%). In the 15-seconds jump test, the CG increased from 459±23.48 to 481.6±15.53 ms (+5.15%), while the VG increased from 464±36.66 to 471±33.96 ms (+1.6%). In this same test, the power generated by the CG increased from 20.01±1.84 to 22.14±2.21 W/kg (+11.12%), while the VG increased from 17.28±2.39 to 22.21±5.82 W/kg (+29.7%).

CONCLUSION
WBV has no extra appreciable effect or benefit on the jumping capabilities of high-level female basketball players compared to regular strength training methods.


This study examined the short-term growth responses to a temperature increase in situ of three bryophytes species of different genera. Temperatures were enhanced by the use of open-top chambers at Latnjajaure, a subarctic-alpine site in northernmost Sweden. Growth was measured during the growing season of 1995, using the tied-thread method for Aulacomnium turgidum, the cranked-wire method for Sphagnum teres, and the shoot-transplanting method for Tomentypnum nitens. Temperature enhancement significantly increased the growth in length of Sphagnum teres while no significant effects were found for the other two species. One possible reason for this is that Sphagnum teres had more water available, while the other two species could not respond to increased temperature due to constraints of water availability.


Electric vehicles have begun to hit the main stream market, with sales raising form under 20,000 in 2001 to over 110,000 per year since 2014 [1]. With new models hitting the market every year, and more people becoming conscious about their fossil fuel usage, this trend will only continue until there are more electric vehicles than combustion vehicles on the road. A major drawback of electric vehicles is their limited range, and relatively long recharge times. Even with advancements in battery charging speed, such as the Tesla super charger, able to provide up to 90 miles of range in just 30 minutes, electric vehicles are still not practical for people who make regular, long distance trips [2]. These quick charging technologies not only take much longer than refueling a combustion vehicle, they providing less range, and they are also bad for the vehicles batteries. Regularly using them will greatly reduce the capacity and lifespan of the vehicles battery pack. The equivalent to refueling a combustion vehicle, is switching out the traction battery pack for a fully charged one. This gives the vehicle the full range of the battery pack, in the time it takes for the exchange to take place. This technology would help make electric vehicles more practical for people who do not want to wait around for their vehicle to charge, as well as help spread the cost of replacing depleted battery packs over the life of the vehicle.


iOS 7 changed everythingget up to speed!iOS 7 is a major shift in the look and feel of appsthe first major sea change since the iPhone was first introduced. For apps to blend in with the new UI, each needs a complete redesign. Beginning iOS Programming: Building and Deploying iOS Applications starts at the beginningincluding an introduction to Objective Cand gives you the skills you need to get your apps up and running. Author Nick Harris has extensive experience developing for iOS and provides a solid background for teaching the building blocks of app development.Learn Objective-C and how it differs from other programming languagesTurn your app idea into an actionable planBuild each feature with the help of standalone chaptersAssemble your project into a real-world iOS appThroughout the book, you'll be able to experiment with dozens of recipes from real-life scenarios, creating an app as you learn. The book's website features download sample apps to follow along with the instruction, and sample code to illustrate ideas.


Summary. As a result of investigation of science and methodical approaches related problems of building and development of innovation clusters there were some issues in functional assignments of innovation and production clusters. Because of those issues, article's authors differ conceptions of innovation cluster and production cluster, as they explain notion of innovation-production cluster. The main goal of this article is to reveal existing organizational issues in cluster building and its successful development. Based on regional clusters building analysis carried out there was typical practical structure of cluster members interaction revealed. This structure also have its cons, as following: absence cluster orientation to marketing environment, lack of members' prolonged relations' building and development system, along with ineffective management of information, financial and material streams within cluster, narrow competence difference and responsibility zones between cluster members, lack of transparence of cluster's action, low environment changes adaptivity, hard to use cluster members' intellectual property, and commercialization of hi-tech products. When all those issues listed above come together, it reduces life activity of existing models of innovative cluster-building along with practical opportunity of cluster realization. Because of that, authors offer an upgraded innovative-productive cluster building model with more efficient business processes management system, which includes advanced innovative cluster structure, competence matrix and subcluster responsibility zone. Suggested model differs from other ones by using unified innovative product development control center, which also controls production and marketing realization.


The rapidly changing demands and circumstances in southern Africa are offering exciting new challenges in coastal zone management (CZM) and have highlighted the urgent need for effective integration of environmental considerations into coastal planning and management to ensure sustainable utilization into the 21st Century. Given the first world/third world dichotomy existing on this sub-continent, it is inevitable that some trade-offs and choices between economic development, environmental health and quality of life will have to be made. The harmonious interaction of these fundamental components of human well-being will dictate the path for future generations. COAST (Coastal Action Strategy) is a private sector initiated programme, which aims at the development of a dynamic planning and management system, making use of GIS technology to focus on the critical components of environmental sustainability against the projected conflicting and overlapping requirements of a population growing at a critical rate. This programme is not an academic exercise but an attempt to produce pragmatic planning within a dynamic framework as an alternative 'solution' to the problems being experienced with traditional planning approaches. At the same time every attempt is being made to ensure the effective integration of science and socio-economic reality within the limited funding and skilled manpower constraints of a developing country. The methodology being adopted in this four year programme, together with some of the early products are presented.


Measuring local levels of marine pollution by microplastics (MP) and identifying potential sources in coastal areas is essential to evaluate the associated impacts to environment and biota. The accumulation of floating MP at the sea surface is of great concern as the neustonic habitat consists of a feeding ground for primary consumers (including filter-feeders) and active predators, which makes these organisms a relevant via of MP input into the marine trophic chain. Here, a baseline evaluation of MP accumulation at the sea surface was conducted with a neuston net (335 μm mesh) at the Arrábida coastal area, in Portugal. The study site encompasses a marine protected area and an estuary, both under strong anthropogenic pressures due to multiple activities taking place. A short-term investigation on local spatiotemporal distribution, concentration and composition of MP was performed for the first time, through the monthly collection (summer 2018 to winter 2019) of samples at 6 stations. All the neuston samples contained MP and their mean concentration was 0.45 ± 0.52 items m−3 (mean ± SD). Both the averaged MP:neuston and MP:ichthyoplankton ratios were higher in December, when concentrations of organisms decreased. Temporal distribution patterns followed expected trends, as MP concentration was clearly higher in winter months due to precipitation and runoff. Although mean MP concentrations did not vary significantly between sampling stations, there was a spatial distribution of MP in relation to particle shape and size. Fragments were the most abundant shape and MP belonging to 1–2 mm size class were dominant. Amongst a diversity of 10 polymers identified by FTIR analysis, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and copolymer PP/PE were the most abundant. Potential links between local sources/activities and the different polymers were suggested. Altogether, the information provided in this study aims to raise awareness among the identified sectors and consequently to act toward the prevention of MP inputs in the region.


This conference contribution addresses the effective use of groupwork for assessment and feedback of practice related skill building activities for interview and portfolio preparation. While focusing on final year BA (Hons) Architecture students, the lessons aims to be transferrable to any design related discipline where the personal presentation of a portfolio is considered essential for entry to the job market.Assessment of this component typically consists of staff and invited architectural professionals on 'mock interview' panels over several days to individual speak with and assess students on the portfolio and their demeanour. While beneficial to individuals, this is time consuming for staff and has little opportunity for the class to share in broader lessons.This study uses ten small groups of five students, with a practice mentor. Each group will interview and be interviewed by another group to gain experience on both sides. The practice mentor and module staff will have an overview and monitor the groups. All groups will then share experiences at the end of a single three-hour session.The study aims to evaluate if this small group approach is engaging as a method of teaching and learning, and its effectiveness for peer assessment and feedback. The pecha kucha will document preparatory lectures, examples of student work, the interview sessions and the feedback.


Adversarial imitation learning alternates between learning a discriminator -- which tells apart expert's demonstrations from generated ones -- and a generator's policy to produce trajectories that can fool this discriminator. This alternated optimization is known to be delicate in practice since it compounds unstable adversarial training with brittle and sample-inefficient reinforcement learning. We propose to remove the burden of the policy optimization steps by leveraging a novel discriminator formulation. Specifically, our discriminator is explicitly conditioned on two policies: the one from the previous generator's iteration and a learnable policy. When optimized, this discriminator directly learns the optimal generator's policy. Consequently, our discriminator's update solves the generator's optimization problem for free: learning a policy that imitates the expert does not require an additional optimization loop. This formulation effectively cuts by half the implementation and computational burden of adversarial imitation learning algorithms by removing the reinforcement learning phase altogether. We show on a variety of tasks that our simpler approach is competitive to prevalent imitation learning methods.


Respiration is a complex physiological system affecting a variety of physical processes that can act as a critical link between mind and body. This reviewdiscusses the evidence for dysregulated breathing playing a role in three clinical syndromes: panic disorder, functional cardiac disorder, and chronic pain. Recent technological advances allowing the ambulatory assessment of endtidal partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and respiratory patterns have opened up new avenues for investigation and treatment of these disorders. The latest evidence from laboratories indicates that subtle disturbances of breathing, such as tidal volume instability and sighing, contribute to the chronic hypocapnia often found in panic patients. Hypocapnia is also common in functional cardiac and chronic pain disorders, and studies indicate that it mediates some of their symptomatology. Consistent with the role of respiratory dysregulation in these disorders, initial evidence indicates efficacy of respiration-focused treatment.


Despite advances in surgical techniques, atrial fibrillation (AF) continues to be the most prevalent rhythm disorder after cardiac surgery, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).1 Post-CABG AF typically presents between the second and third postoperative day. It is associated with adverse long-term outcomes including perioperative stroke, hospital length of stay and overall mortality.2 The prevalence of post-CABG AF has not significantly changed over the past two decades, despite advances in surgical techniques, and it continues to be the subject of ongoing research.

In their  Heart  manuscript, Filardo and colleagues report on the incidence of post-CABG AF using data collected from five high-volume surgical centres in the USA. The authors found that the unadjusted incidence of post-CABG AF was around 29.5% and 33.1% after adjustment for comorbidities captured using the Society for Thoracic Surgery score. The incidence of post-CABG AF did not significantly change over the study period which spanned from 2002 to 2010. The median time of onset of AF after CABG was 52 hours and the first episode lasted for an average of 7.2 hours.3

The study found some expected differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients who did and those who did not develop post-CABG AF. These …


Call centres represent a new strategy by capital to reduce unit labour costs. While this strategy has been applied to many different types of work, it is particularly successful in cutting costs in routine interactive service encounters. Telebank, the case study research site, is one of four integrated call centres throughout the UK. Data collection includes taped semi-structured interviews with customer service representatives and managers as well as non-participant observation of recruitment, training and the labour process. This article argues that management has developed a new form of structural control. Theoretically this draws heavily on Edwards's concept of technical control, but not only is this shown to be extended and modified, it is also combined with bureaucratic control, which influences the social structure of the workplace. Contrary to Edwards such systems are not distinct; rather they are blended together in the process of institutionalizing control. Part of the rationale for this is to camouflage control, to contain conflict by making control a product of the system rather than involving direct confrontation between management and workers. Despite such attempts the struggle for transforming labour power into profitable labour remains, and the article ends by exploring confrontation between workers and managers and worker agency more generally.


Four field trials were conducted to determine whether physiological age (p-age) of seed tubers affects the subsequent growth of Kennebec and Russet Burbank.
Seed potatoes were physiologically aged by allowing them to sprout prior to planting. The degree of aging was quantified as the number of day degrees above a baseline of 4°C, from the time of dormancy break until the time of planting. In the first experiment five p-ages of 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1200 day degrees above 4°C, were imposed on both cut and round seed tubers of Kennebec. The affects of p-age were studied in terms of the growth of the resulting crop. By increasing p-age of seed at the time of planting, emergence was more rapid, a leaf canopy was more quickly established, tuber initiation occurred earlier, and early tuber yields were greater. Physiological age also affected the number of stems per plant so that the maximum number occurred on plants of 250-500 day degxleis >4°C. Although final yields were not significantly different, significant differences occurred with number of tubers and mean tuber weight. With increasing p-age there was a significant increase in mean tuber weight and a simultaneous decline in the number of tubers per plant. There were no significant differences between cut and round seed in their response to p-age.
In Experiment 2 the effect of p-age on Russet Burbank was investigated and compared to the effects observed on Kennebec in Experiment 1. Again, p-older seed emerged sooner and established a leaf canopy earlier. Increased p-age encouraged early stolon growth and tuber initiation. These effects were comparable to the response of Kennebec. However further effects of p-age on Russet Burbank were relatively small in comparison to the p-age response of Kennebec. Where Kennebec produced most numbers of stems from seed of P-250 - P-500, Russet Burbank produced the least from these treatments. Yield was not significantly affected by p-age but was found to be proportional to the total light receipts intercepted by each treatment. Mean tuber weight increased with p-age but not to the extent which was recorded for Kennebec. Maximum numbers of tubers per hectare occurred for P-500 - P-750 plants which was converse to Kennebec which had the greatest numbers of tubers from P-younger plants. The effect of plant density on the physiological age response was examined by planting seed of P-0, P-500 and P-1200, at 3, 6 and 15 plants per square metre. Certain characteristics of the p-age response described in Exp. 1 were observed across all planting densities. They included increased rate of emergence, and reduced time till crop senescence with increasing p-age. Maximum numbers of stems per plant were achieved at P-500, and yields were reduced when physiological age was P-1200. When plant density was increased, increasing p-age reduced the numbers of tubers which developed on each stem and hence affected the mean tuber weight.
The effect of seed type on the physiological age response of Kennebec was examined by p-aging seed to P-0, P-500 and P-1200 and cutting it into splitters, commercially cut and heel-end sets just prior to planting. The p-age response observed for Kennebec in Exp. 1 was again seen in this trial for splitters and to a lesser degree, heel-end sets. Differences in their response were explained by the poor emergence and reduced stem production of the heel-end sets. Commercially cut seed was coMpiised of a high proportion of heel-end sets and sets from the apical portion of the mother tuber. Their response to p-age was midway between that of heel-end sets and splitters.


Summary and Conclusions
The antimalarial effects of chloroquine (Aralen), amodiaquin (Camoquin) and pyrimethamine (Daraprim) were tested respectively in three groups of African school children; a fourth group served as control. A total of 148 children were studied over a period of 12 weeks. All drugs were administered at weekly intervals in the following dosages: Chloroquine (base) 0.15 gm., amodiaquin 0.2 gm., pyrimethamine 12.5 mgm.; children in the control group received placebos. Blood smears for parasite rate studies were examined prior to and at weekly intervals during the course of the experiment. Spleen surveys were made before and at 4-weekly intervals during the course of the experiment. At no time was there evidence of drug intolerance.
The results of parasite rate studies clearly indicate that in the dosages used all three drugs are highly efficient in clearing the blood of asexual malaria parasites. Chloroquine showed the most rapid action, and although pyrimethamine took somewhat longer to exert its effect it was equally effective in eliminating parasites from the blood. Amodiaquin did not prove to be quite as effective and in several children a temporary "break-through" did occur.
The gametocyte rate showed an early transient rise only in children receiving pyrimethamine, an observation also made by Foy and Kondi (1952). However, there was a definite decrease in the gametocyte rate in all three groups receiving antimalarials after several weeks of drug administration.
By the end of the 12-week treatment period the children in the three groups receiving the antimalarials showed an equally marked regression in both the spleen rates and the average enlarged spleen. The initial spleen reduction appeared to be somewhat more rapid in children receiving amodiaquin.


This paper synthesizes findings from an ongoing research program on learning in signaling games. The present paper focuses on crossgame learning (the ability of subjects to take what has been learned in one game and generalize it to related games), an issue that has been ignored in most of the learning literature. We begin by laying out the basic experimental design and recapitulating early results characterizing the learning process. We then report results from an initial experiment in which we find a surprising degree of positive cross-game learning, contrary to the predictions of commonly employed learning models and to the findings of cognitive psychologists. We next explore two features of the environment that help to explain when and why this positive transfer occurs. First, we examine the effects of abstract versus meaningful context, an issue that has been largely ignored by economists out of the belief that behavior is largely dictated by the deep mathematical structure of a game. In contrast, results from cognitive psychology suggest that behavior may well be sensitive to context employed. Our results show that the use of meaningful context serves as a catalyst for positive transfer. Second, we explore how play by two-person teams differs from play by individuals. The psychology literature is quite pessimistic about the ability of teams to beat a "truth wins" standard based on performance of individuals. But teams easily surpass this norm in our cross-game experiment. We use the dialogues between team members to gain insight into how this transfer occurs, gaining direct confirmation for hypotheses generated by econometric analysis of earlier data.


B CELL REPERTOIRE DEVELOPMENT IN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE Åsa Andersson, Dept, for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. The B cell repertoire in the neonatal immune system (IS) is characterised by reactivity towards self-components, including other immunoglobulin (Ig) V-regions. These properties have been suggested to be a requirement for the development of a normal immune system. DNA sequencing of two interacting Ig idiotypes, derived from neonatal, preimmune mice, demonstrated that such idiotypic connectivity is germline encoded and devoid of VDJ junctional diversity. The serum levels of the same Ig idiotypes were studied in normal mice and demonstrated that the expression in serum fluctuated over time in a pattern compatible with a complex dynamic system. In contrast, similar analyses in autoimmune mice or hum ans dem onstrated fluctuations in Ig titers that differed significantly from the healthy individuals. These findings suggested that pathological autoimm unity may be associated with fundamental alterations in the dynamics of natural antibody (ab) expression. This was further investigated in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, an animal model for hum an Type I diabetes. Suppression of the early B cell development in the NOD mouse prevented the development of diabetes, suggesting a role for B cells/Igs in the developm ent of diabetes in these mice. Furthermore, neonatal injections of polyclonal Ig preparations or single, monoclonal natural abs inhibited disease induction. The prevention of diabetes development by one such natural ab was dem onstrated to be dependent on both the dose injected and the tim ing of administration. Studies of the B cell repertoire development in NOD mice, compared to normal mice, by DNA-sequence analyses of IgVH rearrangements utilising genes from the most D-proximal Vh family, Vh 7183, supported the idea of an aberrant B cell repertoire in this mouse model. Thus, the adult NOD mouse retained a neonatal pattern of Vh 7183 rearrangements. This pattern could, however, be "normalised" by neonatal injection of a natural antibody, previously demonstrated to prevent the development of T cell dependent autoimmunity in the NOD mouse.


In applications of Gaussian processes where quantification of uncertainty is of primary interest, it is necessary to accurately characterize the posterior distribution over covariance parameters. This paper proposes an adaptation of the Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics algorithm to draw samples from the posterior distribution over covariance parameters with negligible bias and without the need to compute the marginal likelihood. In Gaussian process regression, this has the enormous advantage that stochastic gradients can be computed by solving linear systems only. A novel unbiased linear systems solver based on parallelizable covariance matrix-vector products is developed to accelerate the unbiased estimation of gradients. The results demonstrate the possibility to enable scalable and exact (in a Monte Carlo sense) quantification of uncertainty in Gaussian processes without imposing any special structure on the covariance or reducing the number of input vectors.


Abstract The aim of this study was to examine a possible relationship between early puberty and chronic nonspecific pain in 13- to 18-year-old girls. All adolescents in Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway, were invited to participate in the Young-HUNT3 study (2006-2008). Of the invited girls, 81% answered the questionnaire and of these 3982 were 13 to 18 years of age. Menarche and perceived physical maturation were used as exposure measures. Early menarche was defined as <12 years, normal menarche as ≥12 and <14 years, and late menarche as ≥14 years. Perceived physical maturation was divided into maturing earlier, the same or later than others of their own age. The main outcome measure was chronic nonspecific pain, defined as pain in at least one location not related to any known disease or injury, for at least once a week during the last 3 months. The median age at menarche was 13.2 years. Chronic nonspecific pain was more prevalent among girls with early menarche (68%, 95% CI: 64%-72%) compared to girls with either normal (55%, 95% CI: 53%-57%), late (50%, 95% CI: 46%-54%), or no menarche (35%, 95% CI: 29%-40%). The association persisted after adjusting for age, body mass index, socioeconomic factors, and anxiety and depression. A similar association was found between girls that perceived themselves as earlier physically matured than their peers and chronic nonspecific pain. Headache/migraine was the most common type of chronic nonspecific pain regardless of menarcheal age. In all reported locations, pain was more prevalent in the group with early menarche compared to normal or late menarche.


This paper relaxes the Bayesian Nash equilibrium (BNE) assumption commonly imposed in empirical discrete choice games with incomplete information. Instead of assuming that players have unbiased/correct expectations, my model treats a player's belief about the behavior of other players as an unrestricted unknown function. I study the joint identification of belief and payoff functions. I show that in games where one player has more actions than the other player, the payoff function is partially identified with neither equilibrium restrictions nor the usual exclusion restrictions. Furthermore, if the cardinality of players' action sets varies across games, then the payoff and belief functions are point identified up to scale normalizations and the restriction of equilibrium beliefs is testable. For games where action sets are constant across players and observations, I obtain very similar identification results without imposing restrictions on beliefs, as long as the payoff function satisfies a condition of multiplicative separability. I apply this model and its identification results to study the store hours competition between McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in China. The null hypothesis that KFC has unbiased beliefs is rejected. Failing to account for KFC's biased beliefs generates an attenuation bias on estimated strategic effects. Finally, the estimation results of the payoff functions indicate that the decision about store hours is a type of vertical differentiation. By operating through the night, a firm not only attracts night-time consumers but also can steal competitors' day-time customers. This result has implications on the optimal regulation of stores' opening hours.


The contexts of family and peer group play critical roles in shaping children's lives over their development. Biological theory suggests that these two contexts are interlinked to impact children's daily lives and should be examined in integrated models. The present study examined relationship quality with peers as a potential mediator that links maternal parenting style to children's school adjustment. Two dimensions of parenting style--maternal responsiveness and behavioral control, and three aspects of school adjustment--academic grades, problem behaviors in the school setting, and school related experiences of stress, were investigated. The mediation models were tested concurrently and longitudinally in a sample of 347 children during their 4th to 5th grades. Biological theory also suggests personal characteristics as one of the defining factors that influence developmental outcomes. Thus, child gender and child ethnicity were included as moderators in the proposed models. Using multiple regressions, results of the study indicated both dimensions of maternal parenting style and peer relationship quality were linked to children's well-being at school concurrently. Surprisingly, peer relationship quality was unassociated with behavioral problems. Short-term longitudinal associations were found between behavioral control and GPA and between responsiveness and school related stress. In terms of mediation, only maternal responsiveness had indirect effects on one of children's outcome variables via its influence on peer relationships concurrently. Also, moderation effects were not found in the proposed mediation models.


Location data collection at a societal scale is increasingly becoming common - examples of this are call and data detail records in telecommunication companies, GPS samples collected by car companies, and GPS samples from mobile devices in mapping companies (e.g., Google, Microsoft). Such large scale mobility datasets have applications in urban planning, network planning, surveillance, and real-time traffic estimations. This paper addresses the problem of subsampling location traces while preserving the amount of information present in such datasets. We present a novel subsampling technique that is based on a hierarchical geographical encoding mechanism (geohash), that allows for efficient spatial cluster sampling. We analyze this subsampling technique through various information theoretic measures to quantify the total "amount" of information in a dataset from a location trace perspective and evaluate these metrics in the context of two large scale mobility datasets from telecommunication companies - one is that of call detail records and the second is that of data detail records. We show that subsampling data in both these cases by as much as 75% does not significantly reduce the total amount of information, i.e. the dataset can be used similar to the original version. This paves way for the creation of better space and CPU efficient models that can support various applications reliant on collective location traces.


In preparing for mass Jewish emigration to Israel, executives of the Federation of Jewish religious communities of Yugoslavia decided on defining a specific structure within the community to deal with two basic tasks – communicating information relevant to the migration to all of the participating sides and dealing with problems potentially arising from the process. While top to bottom communication followed this model for the most part, passing information in the opposite direction proved to be much more of a challenge. Traditional dynamics of the Jewish community in Yugoslavia proved much more significant than the proposed internal hierarchy. This paper examines how the organized emigration process was influenced by the internal hierarchy, how the proposed distribution of duties amongst various levels of participants functioned when applied to real problems and what led to this framework finally failing. Documents used in writing this paper are held at the Archives of the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade.


Myth is a part of culture. It influences our life uncounciously. We often find myth in our daily life, for example; if we sweep the floor unclean then we will have a hairy soulmate. Myth also influences someone to do a better deed through the motivation of the ancestor's story as depicted from novel. In this study, I would like to analyze the influences of Norwegian myth towards the novel.
In this research, I would like to achieve two objectives. The first objective is that I would like to describe the Norwegian myth of ring symbol found in the Lord of the Ring: the Fellowship of the Ring novel. Secondly, I would like to describe the influences of ring symbol in Norwegian myth towards J.R.R.Tolkien's the Lord of the Ring: the Fellowship of the Ring novel.
From the analysis, I found there are a lot of Norwegian myths found in the novel; they are described the meaning of ring symbol that influences the novel. The meaning of ring symbol that used in the novel are; the ring as symbol of nobleman, the ring as symbol of domination, the ring as symbol of bane, the ring as symbol of power. Then, there are many details of the novel that show the influences of Norwegian myth toward J.R.R.Tolkien's novel. They are; the influences of the meaning of ring symbols in how he depicts the characters, plot, atmosphere, theme, tone and setting.


— he nature of collaborative learning involves intensive interactions among collaborators, such as articulating knowledge into written, verbal or symbolic forms, authoring articles or posting messages to this community's discussion forum, responding or adding comments to messages or articles posted by others, etc. Knowledge collaborators' capabilities to provide knowledge and the motivation to collaborate in the learning process influence the quantity and quality of the knowledge to flow into the virtual learning community. In this paper, we have developed an ontology enabled annotation and knowledge management to provide semantic web services from three perspectives, personalized annotation, real-time discussion, and semantic content retrieval. Personalized annotation is used to equip the collaborators with Web based authoring tools for commenting, knowledge articulation and exertion by extracting metadata from both the annotated content and the annotation itself, and establishing an ontological relation between them. The real time discussion is used as a bridge to link collaborators and knowledge and motivate collaborators for knowledge sharing by building profiles for collaborators and knowledge (in the forms of content and annotation) during every discussion session, and establishing ontological relation between the collaborators and knowledge for the use of semantic content retrieval. The semantic content retrieval then utilizes the ontological relations constructed from the personalized annotation and real-time discussion for finding more relevant collaborators and knowledge.


Geochemical data from cap carbonates deposited above Cryogenian glacial deposits have been widely used to infer the conditions that prevailed in the aftermath of snowball Earth. However, the time scale over which these carbonates were deposited and the degree to which they record the chemistry of a globally well-mixed ocean have remained poorly constrained. During deglaciation, a large volume of meltwater entered the ocean, creating two distinct layers: the fresh, hot, and light upper layer, and the salty, cold, and dense lower layer. Here we estimate the ocean mixing time scale based on energetic constraints. We find that the mixing time scale is 10 4 –10 5 yr, with a best estimate of ∼5 × 10 4 yr, or up to 100 times longer than that of the modern ocean. Mixing of the surface temperature anomaly implies a delayed sea-level rise of 40–50 m associated with pure thermal expansion. This result reconciles geological, geochemical, and paleomagnetic data from basal Ediacaran cap carbonates with physical oceanographic theory. In particular, our model suggests that (1) the cap dolostones formed predominantly in a freshwater environment; (2) the waters in which the dolostones formed were not well mixed with saline deep water, allowing for large geochemical differences between the cap dolostones and the deep ocean; and (3) the cap carbonate sequences formed in a two-phase transgression that lasted >10 4 yr, which is consistent with both local sea-level records and the preservation of magnetic excursions and reversals.


BACKGROUND
Because of the association between prone positioning and sudden infant death syndrome SIDS) it is recommended that young infants be placed on their backs (supine). However, the supine position might not be the most appropriate position for infants and children hospitalised with acute respiratory distress. Positioning patients has been proposed as a non-invasive way of increasing oxygenation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress. But, because of substantial differences in respiratory mechanics between adults and children and the risk of SIDS in young infants, a specific review of positioning for infants and young children with acute respiratory distress is warranted.

OBJECTIVES
To compare the effects of different body positions in hospitalised infants and children with acute respiratory distress.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2004); MEDLINE (January 1966 to October Week 3, 2004); EMBASE (1980 to week 24, 2004); and CINAHL (1982 to October Week 3, 2004).

SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomised or systematically-allocated controlled clinical trials comparing two or more positions in the management of infants and children hospitalised with acute respiratory distress.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data were extracted from each study independently by two authors. Differences were resolved by consensus or referral to a third author. Continuous outcomes were analysed using a weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval. No bivariate outcomes were available. All but one included study reported crossover data therefore this data was used for meta-analysis. Fixed-effect models were used unless heterogeneity was significant (p value equal to or less than 0.1), in which case a random-effects model was used.

MAIN RESULTS
Forty-nine papers were selected for this review of which 21 studies (22 publications) were included. These studies compared prone, supine, lateral, elevated, and flat positions. Prone positioning was significantly more beneficial than supine positioning in terms of oxygen saturation, partial pressure of arterial oxygen, oxygenation index, thoraco-abdominal synchrony, and episodes of desaturation. There were no statistically significant differences between any other positions.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The prone position was significantly superior to the supine position in terms of oxygenation. However, as most patients included in the meta-analysis were ventilated, preterm infants the benefits of prone positioning may be most relevant to these infants. In addition, although placing infants and children in the prone position may improve respiratory function, the association of sudden infant death with prone positioning means that infants should only be placed in this position if continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring is used.


We present a broad-band timing analysis of the accreting white dwarf system MV Lyrae based on data obtained with the Kepler satellite. The observations span 633 d at a cadence of 58.8 s and allow us to probe four orders of magnitude in temporal frequency. The modelling of the observed broad-band noise components is based on the superposition of multiple Lorentzian components, similar to the empirical modelling adopted for X-ray binary systems. We also present the detection of a frequency varying Lorentzian component in the light curve of MV Lyrae, where the Lorentzian characteristic frequency is inversely correlated with the mean source flux. Because in the literature similar broad-band noise components have been associated with either the viscous or dynamical time-scale for different source types (accreting black holes or neutron stars), we here systematically explore both scenarios and place constraints on the accretion disc structure. In the viscous case we employ the fluctuating accretion disc model to infer parameters for the viscosity and disc scale height, and infer uncomfortably high parameters to be accommodated by the standard thin disc, whilst in the dynamical case we infer a large accretion disc truncation radius of ≈10RWD. More importantly however, the phenomenological properties between the broad-band variability observed here and in X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei are very similar, potentially suggesting a common origin for the broad-band variability.


In the recently evolved fields of satellite and
space communications as well as in a number of related
areas, a vital requirement is an accurate knowledge of
the radiating and receiving characteristics of the transmitting
and receiving antennas as they appear at a large
distance (in the so called far-field region). It is often
impossible to obtain a direct measurement of the performance
of an antenna and in such cases where it is possible, the
accuracy obtainable is frequently limited by the many
difficulties associated with the process.
Over recent years, a number of techniques have begun
to appear which allow measurement of data close to the test
antenna (in the near-field region) and then by mathematical
processing (the transformation) predict what the far-field
performance will be. The earlier techniques while being
basically simple from a mathematical viewpoint, were not
completely general and tended to involve special, sophisticated,
hardware. The later techniques use the most
general spherical scanning system but involve much more
complicated processing.
A new approach to the problem is presented in which
much of the computational burden is pre-processed so that
the size and complexity of the ultimate prediction task is
reduced. The various measurement systems are considered
briefly and the spherical system is formulated in detail.
Simulated and experimental predictions are carried out
and studies are included of the various errors likely to
be present and their effects. The important parameters,
including the sampling criterion, are discussed in some
detail.
It is shown that this technique has the potential
for producing rapid and accurate predictions of antenna
far-field patterns including the facility of compensation
for the characteristics of the measurement probe.


This article critiques the komedya vis-à-vis its institutionalization as national theatre form and proposes a cosmopolitan alternative in the critique. It argues that the imposition of a nationalist perspective in the reading the form falls into the trap of territoriality and "othering" because of its Roman Catholic and Tagalog-centric orientations. The cosmopolitan critique is necessary because it embodies a middle-path alternative to the essentializing and territorializing character of popular nationalism and the anarchy of pluralism. The discussion of cosmopolitanism comes from the irony that komedya could have offered a cosmopolitan possibility when Filipino artists began its indigenization. The efficacy of this possibility was overpowered by methodological nationalism based on the hegemony of the center (The Greater Manila Area) and its central religion – Catholicism. Thus, the komedya was contextualized as a Catholic theatre form and strengthened a particular hostility against non-Catholics, especially the Muslims.


As the only region containing a land frontier with a European Union from which the UK has chosen to depart, Northern Ireland will be particularly significantly affected by withdrawal. It is the prospect of the return of a 'hard border' partitioning the island of Ireland, not seen since the Troubles, which is perhaps of greatest concern. However, the status of the border is only one of several issues vexing Northern Ireland. This report concentrates upon the four most important: the lack of consent for withdrawal; the impact upon the Good Friday Agreement; the hardening of the border; and prospects for cross-border trade.


: This descriptive and analytical study was conducted to evaluate quality quality of nursing care by nurses in hemodialysis patients and Their knowledge of peritoneal dialysis in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, 40 nurses graduated with bachelor, master and associae degree were participated. Data gathering was accomplished by questionnaire consists of 9 items about assessment of knowledge of peritoneal dialysis and checklist contains 4 questions in relation to the quality of nursing care is taken in hemodialysis patients. The findings have been developed in 34 tables and a chart. The Pearson , s correlation coefficient and chi-square test was used to determine nurses , level of knowledge of peritoneal dialysis and evaluating the quality of nursing care delivery to hemodialysis patients nursing and variables such as age, marital status, monthly income, work experience in nursing, work experience in dialysis unit and special courses in dialysis. Overall the resaerch results showed that the quality of nursing care provided to patient before, during and after dialysis is not of good quality.


In the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0, technology became a factor that could contribute significantly to improving the quality of life and welfare of the people of a nation. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) penetration through Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) which are disruptively, has led to fundamental advances in civilization. The expansion of Industrial Revolution 4.0 has also changed the pattern of government and citizen relations which has implications for the needs of policy governance and internal government transformation. One of them is a change in social welfare development policies, where government officials are required to be responsive to social dynamics that have consequences for increasing demands for public accountability and transparency.

This paper aims to elaborate on the e-Warong program as one of the breakthroughs to reduce poverty by utilizing digital technology. E-Warong (electronic mutual cooperation shop) is an Indonesian government program based on the empowerment of the poor Grass Root Innovation (GRI) with an approach to building group awareness in encouraging the independence of the poor to develop joint ventures through mutual cooperation with utilizing ICT advantages. This program is an implementation of the Smart City concept, especially Smart Economy, within the Sustainable Development Goals framework.


Smith et al. used patch-clamp analysis of cortical synaptosomes (pinched-off nerve terminals) to investigate the consequences of lowering extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o), and they identified a nonselective cation channel activated by decreasing [Ca2+]o. Neurotransmitter release is triggered by influx of calcium into the presynaptic nerve terminal; at excitatory central synapses, calcium may enter the postsynaptic neuron as well. Synaptic activity can thus lead to a reduction in [Ca2+]o in the restricted extracellular volume of the synaptic cleft. Smith et al. used electron microscopy to verify that small clusters of synaptosomes plated on coverslips consisted mostly of nerve terminals. They also verified with the fluorescent dye FM-143 that synaptosomes underwent synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis in response to depolarization with elevated [K+]o. In recording from synaptosome-attached patches, the authors found that reducing [Ca2+]o unmasked a depolarization-dependent slow outward current activated by physiologically relevant decreases in synaptic [Ca2+]o. Measurement of the reversal potential in inside-out patches under various ionic conditions indicated that this current was carried by a novel nonselective cation channel (NSC). The channel was indirectly inhibited by Gd3+, spermidine, and Mg2+, as well as by Ca2+, with a rank order of potency that matched that of the extracellular Ca2+ receptor (CaR, a G protein-coupled receptor involved in regulating serum [Ca2+]o). Thus, activity-dependent reduction in synaptic [Ca2+] is likely to lead--through an indirect mechanism--to enhanced activation of the NSC and thereby to modulation of the excitability of the presynaptic nerve terminal. S. M. Smith, J. B. Bergsman, N. C. Harata, R. H. Scheller, R. W. Tsien, Recordings from single neocortical nerve terminals reveal a nonselective cation channel activated by decreases in extracellular calcium. Neuron 41, 243-256 (2004). [Online Journal]


Often noted for their heroic prowess as pilots in World War II, the Tuskegee Airmen served just as nobly fighting racial segregation within the Army. Considered exemplary in its integration today, the armed forces were a testing ground for integration in the middle of the twentieth century. Black officers and enlisted men, putting themselves in harm's way for a segregated United States, rebuked the notion of separate but equal, thereby slowly paving the way for integration in the military, and eventually, the nation. In this Article, F. Michael Higginbotham examines the history of segregation in the United States Armed Forces as well as the role and contribution of black soldiers, most notably the American Army Air Corps personnel, in the legal challenges and protests that led the battle to desegregate the armed forces.