We are interested in finding a jointly optimal scheduling, routing and power control that achieves max-min fair rate allocation in a multi-hop wireless network. This is a highly complex non-convex optimization problem and it has been previously solved only for small networks. We restrict ourselves to symmetric networks with ring and line topologies, and we numerically solve the problem for a large number of nodes. We model point-to- point links as single user Gaussian channels where nodes cannot send and receive at the same time. This type of channel approximates the performance of CDMA networks and performs better than the equivalent 802.11 network. We show that for smaller transmission powers it is optimal to relay over other nodes whereas for high powers it is optimal to send data directly to a destination. We also show when this transition occurs. We analyze the optimal schedule and find that if a node is active, it should send at the maximum power. When a transmission power is small, the optimal schedule is that every second node is sending, and as the power grows, the distance between active nodes grows. Furthermore, in large networks the distance between nodes sending at the same time is never larger than 4.5 times the size of links used (number of nodes spanned by one transmission link), and it converges to that value for large transmission powers.


Abstract. Amino acid racemization (AAR) geochronology is a powerful tool for dating Quaternary marine sediments across the globe, yet its application to Arctic Ocean sediments has been limited. Anomalous rates of AAR in foraminifera from the central Arctic were reported in previously published studies, indicating that either the rate of racemization is higher in this area, or inaccurate age models were used to constrain the sediment ages. This study investigates racemization rates in foraminifera from three well-dated sediment cores taken from the Yermak Plateau during the 2015 TRANSSIZ Expedition on RV Polarstern. D and L isomers of the amino acids, aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu), were separated in samples of the planktic foraminifera, Neogloboquadrina pachyderm and the benthic species, Cassidulina neoteretis to quantify the extent of racemization. In total, 241 subsamples were analysed, extending back to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7. Two previously published power functions, which relate the extent of racemization of Asp and Glu in foraminifera to sample age are revisited, and a comparison is made between the ages predicted by these calibrated age equations and independent geochronological constraints available for the cores. Our analyses reveal an excellent match between ages predicted by a global compilation of racemization rates for N. pachyderma, and confirm that a proposed Arctic-specific calibration curve is not applicable at the Yermak Plateau. These results generally support the rates of AAR determined for other cold bottom water sites, and further highlight the anomalous nature of the purportedly high rate of racemization indicated by previous analyses of central Arctic sediments.


A quantum model with the consideration of laser wave-particle duality based on the plasma model is employed for the femtosecond laser pulse train processing of fused silica. Effects of the key pulse train parameters, such as the pulse separation time and the number of pulses per train on the distributions of free electron are discussed. The calculations show that the spatial/temporal distributions of free electron can be adjusted by transient localized electron dynamics control using femtosecond laser pulse train design; the results are ablation shapes of craters and subwavelength ripples. It is also found that the first pulse separation time (Δt1) can be used for rough adjustments of ablated structures, while the second pulse separation time (Δt2) can be used for the fine tuning of ablated structures, especially the shapes of craters.


Restriction mapping of polyoma virus DNA in mammary tumours of athymic mice gave patterns that varied with the tumour examined. These reflected differences in both the organization and the state of integration of virus genomes in the host chromosomes. All tumours contained tandemly integrated full-length and defective virus genomes. Some tumours also contained unintegrated virus DNA molecules, some full-length and others defective. The deletions were localized in the virus genomic sequences coding for the distal part of the large T antigen. After the first transplantation, the organization of polyoma virus genomes in tumours remained essentially unchanged through four successive transplantations. The tumour cells that initially contained free virus DNA molecules continued to possess such molecules during serial transplantations. The virus DNA molecules in transplanted tumours lacking unintegrated virus genomes were more methylated than in tumours containing unintegrated virus genomes.


Several studies using fish oil supplementation as a source of DHA/EPA (combined) have been reported upon in the evidence-based literature with respect to potential benefits on psoriasis severity. Many of these studies have used high dosage of DHA/EPA (combined) ranging from 2-12 g of omega-3 fatty acid per day over extended time periods approaching 4 months in duration in some studies. Some of these studies have shown a clinical benefit while others have not. With respect to higher dosages, it is noteworthy that the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. considers up to 3g of DHA/EPA (combined) being generally safe per day for the adult population. In general, studies using omega-3 supplementation have been consistent. Recent studies have suggested that the in-hospital infusion (daily) with omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsions (containing DHA +EPA) may be a promising alternative in some patients such as those with acute guttate psoriasis. Further studies are ongoing in this area based on primary evidence of graphic effects of omega-3 therapy via intravenous supplementation within clinical institutions. These later studies should be regarded as potentially promising research trials which lead follow-up studies with larger patient numbers and varying doses and durations of such therapy before standard clinical usage can be considered.


Monte Carlo (MC) method is a statistical method for simulating photon propagation in media in the optical molecular imaging field. However, obtaining an accurate result using the method is quite time-consuming, especially because the boundary of the media is complex. A voxel classification method is proposed to reduce the computation cost. All the voxels generated by dividing the media are classified into three types (outside, boundary, and inside) according to the position of the voxel. The classified information is used to determine the relative position of the photon and the intersection between photon path and media boundary in the MC method. The influencing factors and effectiveness of the proposed method are analyzed and validated by simulation experiments.


Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and activity have been observed in several different transformed cell types that express mutated ras genes. To investigate the mechanism of increased COX-2 expression following Ras-mediated transformation, Rat-1:iRas cell line was transfected with an Ha-Ras Val-12 cDNA expression vector that is under the transcriptional control of the lac operon and is inducible with isopropyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (IPTG). IPTG treatment caused parallel increases in the levels of Ha-Ras and COX-2 proteins in Rat-1:iRas cells. The increased expression of COX-2 was accompanied by increased prostaglandin E2 production. Selective inhibition of COX-2 activity suppressed the production of prostaglandin E2 by >90% but did not alter the progress of the morphological transformation. The level of COX-2 mRNA was up-regulated by activated Ha-Ras. Induction of Ras increased the transcription of COX-2 by 44.3 ± 10.1% and increased the half-life of COX-2 mRNA by ∼3.5-fold. A specific mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (PD 98059) caused a delay in both the activation of ERK1/2 and the induction of COX-2 in IPTG-induced Rat-1:iRas cells. Inhibition of ERK activity by PD 98059 also suppressed the induction of COX-2 by epidermal growth factor in intestinal epithelial cells and significantly reduced the expression of COX-2 in Ha-Ras-transformed rat intestinal epithelial cells. ERK activity appears to be required for induction of COX-2 by Ras.


Background & Aim: Reactive oxygen species can affect many cellular functions through protein oxidation or initiation of lipid peroxidation cascade. The study was designed to investigate changes in erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and plasma total antioxidant level due to Securigera Securidaca extract in diabetic rats. Material and Methods: The present experimental study was carried out on 30 male rats scientifically named Ratus Norvegicus, including normal and diabetic groups. In addition , each group was divided into three subgroups (5 rats per each): a control group and two subgroups which received 100mg/kg and200 mg/kg of the extract. The rats received all the injections intraperitoneally for thirty days . After the termination of injection period, blood was drawn from the heart and glutathione peroxidase activity and plasma total antioxidant levels were assessed. Statistical differences were evaluated by ANOVA and Students' t- test . Results: Glutathione peroxidase activity in diabetic subgroups treated at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg was heightened in comparison to the diabetic control subgroup(P=0.01 and P=0.004 respectively). Plasma total antioxidant level in diabetic subgroups treated at doses of 100 mg/kg and200mg/kg was increased compared to the diabetic control subgroup (P=0.005and P=0.035 respectively). Conclusion: Securigera Securidaca extract probably increases antioxidant defense in diabetic rats by making changes in glutathione peroxidase activity and plasma total antioxidant level.


Until the last two centuries, the human landscapes of the Great Plains were shaped solely by Native Americans, and since then the region has continued to be defined by the enduring presence of its Indigenous peoples. The "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians" offers a sweeping overview, across time and space, of this story in 123 entries drawn from the acclaimed "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains," together with 23 new entries focusing on contemporary Plains Indians, and many new photographs.Here are the peoples, places, processes, and events that have shaped lives of the Indians of the Great Plains from the beginnings of human habitation to the present not only yesterday s wars, treaties, and traditions but also today s tribal colleges, casinos, and legal battles. In addition to entries on familiar names from the past like Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, new entries on contemporary figures such as American Indian Movement spiritual leader Leonard Crow Dog and activists Russell Means and Leonard Peltier are included in the volume. Influential writer Vine Deloria Sr., Crow medicine woman Pretty Shield, Nakota blues-rock band Indigenous, and the Nebraska Indians baseball team are also among the entries in this comprehensive account. Anyone wanting to know about Plains Indians, past and present, will find this an authoritative and fascinating source."


Although meat intake has been fairly consistently linked to the risk of colorectal cancer, only a few studies have evaluated meat intake by doneness level and the heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced by high temperature cooking of meat in relation to colorectal adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps. We evaluated these associations in a large colonoscopy‐based case‐control study. Included in this study were participants with adenomatous polyp only (n = 573), hyperplastic polyp only (n = 256), or both adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps (n = 199), and 1,544 polyp‐free controls. In addition to information related to demographic and other lifestyle factors, meat intake by cooking method and doneness preference were obtained through telephone interviews. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for the association between exposures and colorectal polyp risks. Presence of hyperplastic polyp was found to be positively associated with high consumption of total meat (ptrend = 0.076) or red meat (ptrend = 0.060), with an approximate 50–60% elevated risk observed in the highest vs. the lowest intake group. High intake of 2‐amino‐I‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2‐amino‐3,4,8‐trimethylimidazo [4,5]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) were associated with increased risk for hyperplastic polyp (ptrend = 0.036 and 0.038, respectively). With a possible exception of the intake of total well‐done meats (ptrend = 0.055) or well‐done red meats (ptrend = 0.074) with the risk of large adenomas, no other positive association was found specifically for the risk of adenomas with any of the exposure variables aforementioned. This study provides additional support for a positive association of high intake of red meat with colorectal adenomas, and suggests that high intake of meats and meat carcinogens may also be associated with hyperplastic polyps. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Human activity recognition (HAR) is the automated recognition of individual or group activities from sensor inputs. It deals with a wide range of application areas, such as for health care, assisting technologies, quantified-self and safety applications. HAR is the key to build human-centred applications and enables users to seamlessly and naturally interact with each other or with a smart environment. A smart environment is an instrumented room or space equipped with sensors and actuators to perceive the physical state or human activities within this space. The diversity of sensors makes it difficult to use the appropriate sensor to build specific applications. This work aims at presenting sensor-driven applications for human activity recognition in smart environments by using novel sensing categories beyond the existing sensor technologies commonly applied to these tasks. The intention is to improve the interaction for various sub-fields of human activities. Each application addresses the difficulties following the typical process pipeline for designing a smart environment application.

At first, I survey most prominent research works with focus on sensor-driven categorization in the research domain of HAR to identify possible research gaps to position my work. I identify two use-cases: quantified-self and smart home applications. Quantified-self aims at self-tracking and self-knowledge through numbers. Common sensor technology for daily tracking of various aerobic endurance training activities, such as walking, running or cycling are based on acceleration data with wearable. However, more stationary exercises, such as strength-based training or stretching are also important for a healthy life-style, as they improve body coordination and balance. These exercises are not well tracked by wearing only a single wearable sensor, as these activities rely on coordinated movement of the entire body. I leverage two sensing categories to design two portable mobile applications for remote sensing of these more stationary exercises of physical workout.
Sensor-driven applications for smart home domain aim at building systems to make the life of the occupants safer and more convenient. In this thesis, I target at stationary applications to be integrated into the environment to allow a more natural interaction between the occupant and the smart environment. I propose two possible solutions to achieve this task. The first system is a surface acoustic based system which provides a sparse sensor setup to detect a basic set of activities of daily living including the investigation of minimalist sensor arrangement. The second application is a tag-free indoor positioning system. Indoor localization aims at providing location information to build intelligent services for smart homes. Accurate indoor position offers the basic context for high-level reasoning system to achieve more complex contexts. The floor-based localization system using electrostatic sensors is scalable to different room geometries due to its layout and modular composition. Finally, privacy with non-visual input is the main aspect for applications proposed in this thesis.
In addition, this thesis addresses the issue of adaptivity from prototypes towards real-world applications. I identify the issues of data sparsity in the training data and data diversity in the real-world data. In order to solve the issue of data sparsity, I demonstrate the data augmentation strategy to be applied on time series to increase the amount of training data by generating synthetic data. Towards mitigating the inherent difference of the development dataset and the real-world scenarios, I further investigate several approaches including metric-based learning and fine-tuning. I explore these methods to finetune the trained model on limited amount of individual data with and without retrain the pre-trained inference model. Finally some examples are stated as how to deploy the offline model to online processing device with limited hardware resources.


This thesis investigates and analyses the performance of terrestrial free-space optical communication (FSO) system based on the phase shift keying pre-modulated subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM). The results are theoretically and experimentally compared with the classical On-Off keying (OOK) modulated FSO system in the presence of atmospheric turbulence. The performance analysis is based on the bit error rate (BER) and outage probability metrics. Optical signal traversing the atmospheric channel suffers attenuation due to scattering and absorption of the signal by aerosols, fog, atmospheric gases and precipitation. In the event of thick fog, the atmospheric attenuation coefficient exceeds 100 dB/km, this potentially limits the achievable FSO link length to less than 1 kilometre. But even in clear atmospheric conditions when signal absorption and scattering are less severe with a combined attenuation coefficient of less than 1 dB/km, the atmospheric turbulence significantly impairs the achievable error rate, the outage probability and the available link margin of a terrestrial FSO communication system. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on the symbol detection of an OOK based terrestrial FSO system is presented analytically and experimentally verified. It was found that atmospheric turbulence induced channel fading will require the OOK threshold detector to have the knowledge of the channel fading strength and noise levels if the detection error is to be reduced to its barest minimum. This poses a serious design difficulty that can be circumvented by employing phase shift keying (PSK) pre-modulated SIM. The results of the analysis and experiments showed that for a binary PSK-SIM based FSO system, the symbol detection threshold level does not require the knowledge of the channel fading strength or noise level. As such, the threshold level is fixed at the zero mark in the presence or absence of atmospheric turbulence. Also for the full and seamless integration of FSO into the access network, a study of SIM-FSO performance becomes compelling because existing networks already contain subcarrier-like signals such as radio over fibre and cable television signals. The use of multiple subcarrier signals as a means of increasing the throughput/capacity is also investigated and the effect of optical source nonlinearity is found to result in intermodulation distortion. The intermodulation distortion can impose a BER floor of up to 10-4 on the system error performance. In addition, spatial diversity and subcarrier delay diversity techniques are studied as means of ameliorating the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the error and outage performance of SIM-FSO systems. The three spatial diversity linear combining techniques analysed are maximum ratio combining, equal gain combining and selection combining. The system performance based on each of these combining techniques is presented and compared under different strengths of atmospheric turbulence. The results predicted that achieving a 4 km SIM-FSO link length with no diversity technique will require about 12 dB of power more than using a 4 × 4 transmitter/receiver array system with the same data rate in a weak turbulent atmospheric channel. On the other hand, retransmitting the delayed copy of the data once on a different subcarrier frequency was found to result in a gain of up to 4.5 dB in weak atmospheric turbulence channel.


Variation and change in relativization strategies has been well documented (e.g. Ball 1996: 46, Biber and Clark 2002, Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad and Finegan 1999, Johansson 2006, Lehmann 2002). Certain types of relative clause, namely that-relatives and zero relatives, were difficult to retrieve from plain-text corpora. Studies therefore either relied on manual extraction of data or a subset of possible relativization strategies. In some text types, however, the zero relative is an important member of the class of possible relativizers. Recent advances in syntactic annotation should have made that-relatives and zero relatives more accessible to automatic retrieval. In this article, we test precision and recall of searches on a modest-sized corpus, i.e. scientific texts from ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers), as a preliminary to future work on the large corpora which are increasingly becoming available. The parser retrieved some false positives and at the same time missed some relevant data. We discuss structural reasons for both kinds of shortcoming as well as the possibilities and limitations of parser adaptation.


The introduction history, systematics, transport vectors and distribution patterns of 85 introduced and 39 cryptogenic marine or estuarine animals and plants of South Africa are presented. This represents an addition of 93 species compared with previous lists. Taxa covered include protists, dinoflagellates, sponges, cnidarians, annelids, crustaceans, pycnogonids, insects, molluscs, brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, ascidians, fish, algae and higher plants. For each species a justification motivating its inclusion as an introduction into South African shores or its cryptogenic status, is provided. Challenges associated with this type of inventory work are explored and major patterns of bioinvasion within the region are summarized briefly.


Polymers have become essential part of life. One can't think of life without polymers, reason being their innumerable physical and engineering characteristics. Most prominent quality of polymers is their low cost and durability.However, seize to strength ratio of polymers is large as compared to metals. Heat capacity of polymers is also less. Structural strength of polymers is also poor which make them unsuitable for heavy structures. Above all polymer are non biodegradables they may persist in environment for centuries. Due to this disability many countries have imposed restrictions on their use. Low price, long life and readiness to adopt any shape has made polymers invulnerable. Non bio degradability of synthetic polymers shifted the quilt towards the invention of biopolymers. Scientists found the solution in biopolymers. They can be biosynthesized by living organisms or chemically synthesized from biological matter. The biopolymers are natural polymers formed by living organisms. Biopolymers are monomeric units which are bound covalently to form large molecules. Unlike polymers the biopolymers are biodegradable which decompose in bio-products with time after the expiry of intended purpose. Mainly there are three classes of biodegradable polymers namely polysaccharides, polypeptides and poly nucleotides Biopolymers mostly find applications in manufacturing, packaging, biomedical engineering and food industry. Difference between natural and synthetic polymers is discussed. Advantages of biopolymers over polymers are compared. Present study enlists brief overview of biopolymers. Keywords: Polymers, Biopolymers, Biodegradable Abbreviations: PVC, PVDF, Tg, DNA, RNA


In this paper, we present the results of a theoretical and experimental investigation into the refractive index and absorption, at room temperature, of a 4 μm-thick undoped epitaxial layer of GaSb deposited on a GaAs substrate. A theoretical formula for optical transmission through an etalon was derived, taking into account the finite coherence length of the light. This formula was used to analyse the measured transmission spectra. The refractive index was determined in a wide spectral range, between 0.105 eV and 0.715 eV. The absorption was determined for photon energies between 0.28 eV and 0.95 eV. An Urbach tail was observed in the absorption spectrum, as well as a constant increase in absorption in the spectral region above the band gap.


The study sought to determine the influence customer relationship practices on organizational performance in the manufacturing firms in Kenya. The target population for the study was the senior staff in supply chain, operations and finance or equivalent managers in the 563 manufacturing organizations listed by Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM). The sampling technique was stratified random sampling in based on the 14 sectors as identified by KAM. The study sampled 312 respondents from 104 firms. The study found a positive significant relationship between customer relationship and performance of manufacturing firms in Kenya. Among the aspects of customer relationship that contributed highly to performance of manufacturing firms included exchange of information with customers, ensuring product visibility within the market and incorporating the views of customers in production process. The study recommended the adoption of customer relationship management practices as a way of improving and sustaining performance of organizations.


We review physical and chemical constraints on the mechanisms of melt extraction from the mantle beneath mid–ocean ridges. Compositional constraints from MORB and abyssal peridotite are summarized, followed by observations of melt extraction features in the mantle, and constraints from the physical properties of partially molten peridotite. We address two main issues. (1) To what extent is melting 'near–fractional', with low porosities in the source and chemical isolation of ascending melt? To what extent are other processes, loosely termed reactive flow, important in MORB genesis? (2) Where chemically isolated melt extraction is required, does this occur mainly in melt–filled fractures or in conduits of focused porous flow? Reactive flow plays an important role, but somewhere in the upwelling mantle melting must be 'near fractional', with intergranular porosities less than 1%, and most melt extraction must be in isolated conduits. Two porosity models provide the best paradigm for this type of process. Field relationships and geochemical data show that replacive dunites mark conduits for focused, chemically isolated, porous flow of mid–ocean ridge basalt (MORB) in the upwelling mantle. By contrast, pyroxenite and gabbro dikes are lithospheric features; they do not represent conduits for melt extraction from the upwelling mantle. Thus, preserved melt extraction features do not require hydrofracture in the melting region. However, field evidence does not rule out hydrofracture. Predicted porous flow velocities satisfy 230Th excess constraints (ca. 1 m yr-1, provided melt extraction occurs in porous conduits rather than by diffuse flow, and melt-free, solid viscosity is less than ca. 1020 Pa s. Melt velocities of ca. 50 m yr-1 are inferred from patterns of post–glacial volcanism in Iceland and from 226Ra excess. If these inferences are correct, minimum conditions for hydrofracture may be reached in the shallowest part of melting region beneath ridges. However, necessary high porosities can only be attained within pre–existing conduits for focused porous flow. Alternatively, the requirement for high melt velocity could be satisfied in melt–filled tubes formed by dissolution or mechanical instabilities. Melt–filled fractures or tubes, if they form, are probably closed at the top and bottom, limited in size by the supply of melt. Therefore, to satisfy the requirements for geochemical isolation from surrounding peridotite, melt–filled conduits may be surrounded by a dunite zone. Furthermore, individual melt–filled voids probably contain too little melt to form sufficient dunite by reaction, suggesting that dunite zones must be present before melt extraction in fractures or tubes.


Kesiane C. Costa-String INVOLVEMENT PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AND THEIR OVERALL COLLEGE EXPERIENCE 2015-2016 Burton R. Sisco, Ed.D. Master of Arts in Higher Education The goal of this mix method study was to examine the involvement patterns of Rowan University international undergraduate students and their overall college experience and satisfaction. The study further explored what services are most used from international students at Rowan University. The survey sample included the available population of all international undergraduate students from Rowan University, Glassboro main campus, during spring 2015. Of the 59 international undergraduate students who received the survey, 33 students responded yielding a 56% response rate. The purposive sample included four undergraduate international students from Rowan University, Glassboro, main campus, enrolled during the 2014-2015 academic year, spring term of 2015. A total of two separate face-to-face interview sessions were conducted to gather data about participants' overall reflections on activities and services they participated the most on campus and their level of college satisfaction. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis confirmed findings from previous studies that international students have a higher involvement with academic activities than extracurricular activities. Moreover, the data suggested that international students were satisfied with Rowan's college experience and institutional services.


Doubly censoring scheme, which includes left as well as right censored observations, is frequently observed in practical studies. In this paper we introduce a new interval say tracking interval for comparing the two rival models when the data are doubly censored. We obtain the asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimator under doubly censored data and drive a statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the proposed non-nested models are equally close to the true model against the alternative hypothesis that one model is closer when we are faced with an experimental situation. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to observe the behavior of the theoretical results, and the proposed methodology is illustrated with data from spreading of the micro plasma droplets. We also perform the statistical analysis of these data using the probability models including Weibull, Burr type XII, Burr type III and inverse Weibull distributions. One important result of this study is that the Burr type XII distribution, in contrast to inverse Weibull distribution, may describe more closely to Weibull distribution for spread factor data under doubly censored sample.


Residence is one of the fundamental concepts in international taxation. As a rule, residents are taxed on their worldwide income while nonresidents are taxed only on their domestic-source income. The criteria for residence vary from country to country. Some countries look to physical presence. Other rely upon more obtuse concepts such as domicile, permanent home, ordinary residence, habitual abode, connections, or ties. Many countries use a variety of tests. Tax treaties typically employ a series of tie-breaking provisions to determine residency when each of the two signatories views an individual as a resident in accordance with its own domestic rules.
Despite the wide variety of tests for determining individual residence, all share a common underlying premise, namely that residence is a binary attribute. An individual either is or is not a resident. There are no shades of grey. An individual who barely satisfies the relevant test is classified as a resident, while an individual who just fails to do so is classified as a nonresident.

This structure is not normatively justifiable. The most persuasive explanation for the disparate tax treatment of residents and nonresidents is that from the perspective of distributive justice, individuals have qualitatively different rights and obligations vis-a-vis other members of the society to which they belong than they have vis-a-vis others. However, it is difficult to defend the proposition that, for those on the margin, an infinitesimally small change in circumstance could affect such a significant change in moral obligations. It is more reasonable to posit that the intensity of these rights and obligations varies along a continuum: that the closer one's connection to a country, the more intense are one's societal rights and obligations. An alternative explanation for the disparate tax treatment of residents and nonresidents is that the former benefit from government services in a manner in which the latter do not. This explanation, too, cannot ground a binary conception of residence. Presumably individuals who maintain varying degrees of connection with a country will procure varying degrees of benefit from public expenditures.

The thesis of this Article is that residence should be viewed on a continuum, from complete absence of association with a particular country on the one extreme to exclusive association (that is, lack of association with any other country) on the other. The extent to which an individual is subject to tax on foreign-source income should be a function of that individual's degree of connectedness to the country, in accordance with whatever criteria the country concerned considers relevant. Thus, where residency is determined by physical presence, the more days an individual is physically present in the country during the tax year (or during a succession of tax years), the greater the tax burden that would be imposed on that individual's foreign-source income.

As opposed to the current binary definition, a scalar conception of individual residence would more accurately represent real-world connections between individuals and countries, would better accord with the principle of horizontal equity, and would be less manipulable. After making the normative and practical case for a scalar conception of residence, the Article goes on to address a number of possible challenges to its adoption. It also considers the role of citizenship as a determinant of subjectivity to taxation. It argues that in the current context citizenship and residence are commensurable values and that the tax law should assign each an appropriate weight when determining the extent of an individual's association with the country.


We propose a credit portfolio approach for evaluating systemic risk and attributing it across institutions. We construct a model that can be estimated from high-frequency CDS data. This captures risks from publicly traded banks, privately held institutions, and coöperative banks, extending approaches that rely on information from the public equity market only. We account for correlated losses between the institutions, overcoming a modeling weakness in earlier studies. We also offer a modeling extension to account for fat tails and skewness of asset returns. The model is applied to a universe of banks where we find discrepancies between the capital adequacy of the largest contributors to systemic risk relative to less systemically important banks on a European scale.


The Second Circuit's decision in favor of the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), in Cuomo v. The Clearing House Association, found that deference was due the federal agency's interpretation of one of its regulations, which provided for the OCC's exclusive visitorial power over national banks, precluding the opposing party, the New York attorney general, from enforcing its state anti-discrimination laws against a national bank. The Chevron Doctrine grants the deference afforded to federal agency interpretation of their statutes. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari. This Article first summarizes the facts and arguments made before the Second Circuit, including the existing, relevant case law tending to similar questions of law. It then addresses the issues presented with the Second Circuit's decision and analysis, such as states' interest in protecting its citizens from predatory or discriminatory lending, especially in the context of the subprime lending crisis. The Article concludes that the Supreme Court's review and decision in this case will allow it to respond to ambiguities lingering from its previous decisions. But ultimately, because of the necessary interpretation of the Chevron Doctrine, administrative lawyers and officials across disciplines will be significantly affected by the Supreme Court's analysis.


National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health researchers are studying the potential for Li-ion-battery thermal runaway from an internal short circuit in equipment approved as permissible for use in underground coal mines. Researchers used a plastic wedge to induce internal short circuits for thermal runaway susceptibility evaluation purposes, which proved to be a more severe test than the flat plate method for selected Li-ion cells. Researchers conducted cell crush tests within a 20-L chamber filled with 6.5 % CH4-air to simulate the mining hazard. Results indicate that LG Chem ICR18650S2 LiCoO2 cells pose a CH4 explosion hazard from a cell internal short circuit. Under specified test conditions, A123 Systems 26650 LiFePO4 cells were safer than the LG Chem ICR18650S2 LiCoO2 cells at a conservative statistical significance level.


Firms do not only compete by price. Another parameter of competition is innovation. This raises the question of how competition law should assess potential restraints of competition in innovation. Modern competition policy advocates an effects-based approach which analyzes cases in the light of the economic effects on relevant markets. Also firms compete in existing markets when they try to improve their products sold in these markets or optimize processes for manufacturing those products. However, as it was first discussed in merger control law, an analysis limited to the effects on existing markets may fail to assess cases appropriately when firms are not yet competitors, but dispose of innovation capacity for future markets. Whereas a merger among such firms will not harm existing price competition, it may well have a negative effect on the incentives to innovate of the new firm. For addressing this phenomenon, the U.S. agencies in particular started to analyse cases also in the light of so-called "innovation markets" in the 1990s. Yet, this new approach was also criticized. Indeed, the idea of an innovation market remained at best a metaphor since there are no transactions between suppliers and customers of innovation before tradable technologies and products emerge from R&D efforts. Therefore, both the most recent US Horizontal Merger Guidelines and the EU Guidelines on Horizontal Cooperation Agreements have now given up the "innovation market" concept in favor of a US "innovation competition" and EU "competition in innovation" concept. This change confirms that competition in innovation takes place outside and before the emergence of markets. If this is so, modern competition law, which strongly focuses on an approach based on market analysis, may pose a major problem regarding its capability to address restraints of competition in innovation appropriately. The following article analysis this problem against the background of EU competition law for the different fields of enforcement – mergers, agreements and unilateral conduct – by also taking into account most recent cases. The article highlights that an analysis based on the effects on existing markets can only work as a rough proxy in such cases. Most importantly, in the field of unilateral conduct, the requirement of market dominance at the time of the abuse under Article 102 TFEU considerably limits the capability of enforcers to act against restraints of competition in innovation.


A properly functioning milking machine system requires a vacuum controller that maintains a nearly uniform vacuum level from no-load to full-load operation. Experiences with commercially available equipment on California dairies indicate that some types of controllers perform markedly better than other types. In this analysis of vacuum controller performance, controller terminology is redefined, a method for field testing controller performance is described, and six vacuum controllers in common use are rated as to how they meet the operating requirements of a good milking machine installation. Performance tests showed considerable variation in their sensitivity, and the need for better engineered controllers is suggested.


Address translation using the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) consumes as much as 16% of the chip power on some processors because of its high associativity and access frequency. While prior work has looked into optimizing this structure at the circuit and architectural levels, this paper takes a different approach of optimizing its power by reducing the number of data TLB (dTLB) lookups for data references. The main idea is to keep translations in a set of translation registers, and intelligently use them in software to directly generate the physical addresses without going through the dTLB. The software has to work within the confines of the translation registers provided by the hardware, and has to maximize the reuse of such translations to be effective. We propose strategies and code transformations for achieving this in array-based and pointer-based codes, looking to optimize data accesses. Results with a suite of Spec95 array-based and pointer-based codes show dTLB energy savings of up to 73% and 88%, respectively, compared to directly using the dTLB for all references. Despite the small increase in instructions executed with our mechanisms, the approach can in fact provide performance benefits in certain cases.


The paper examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the survival of business start-ups. FDI has potential for both negative displacement/competition effects as well as positive knowledge spillover and linkage effects on new ventures. We find a net positive effect for the whole dataset. However, a major contribution of the paper is to outline and test an argument that this effect is likely to be comprised of a net negative effect in dynamic industries (high churn: firm entry plus exit relative to the stock of firms) alongside a net positive effect in static (low churn) industries. We find evidence to support this view. The results identify new effects of globalisation on enterprise development with associated challenges for industrial policy. JEL classification: F20, L11, L25, M13


T regulatory cells (Treg) avert autoimmunity, but their increased levels in melanoma confer a poor prognosis. To explore the basis for Treg accumulation in melanoma, we evaluated chemokine expression in patients. A 5-fold increase was documented in the Treg chemoattractants CCL22 and CCL1 in melanoma-affected skin versus unaffected skin, as accompanied by infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells. In parallel, there was an approximately two-fold enhancement in expression of CCR4 in circulating Treg but not T effector cells. We hypothesized that redirecting Treg away from tumors might suppress autoimmune side effects caused by immune checkpoint therapeutics now used widely in the clinic. In assessing this hypothesis, we observed a marked increase in skin Treg in mice vaccinated with Ccl22, with repetitive vaccination sufficient to limit Treg accumulation and melanoma growth in the lungs of animals challenged by tumor cell injection, whether using a prevention or treatment protocol design. The observed change in Treg accumulation in this setting could not be explained by Treg conversion. Overall, our findings offered a preclinical proof of concept for the potential use of CCL22 delivered by local injection as a strategy to enhance the efficacious response to immune checkpoint therapy while suppressing its autoimmune side effects. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6230-40. ©2016 AACR.


Currently Er(3+)-doped fluorides are being used as upconversion phosphors to enhance the efficiency of Si solar cells, to our knowledge. However, this enhancement is strongly limited owing to the small solar spectral range around 1540 nm that is used. We demonstrate that Ho(3+)-doped oxyfluoride glass ceramics are adequate to enlarge the Si sub-bandgap region around 1170 nm that can be transformed into higher-energy photons, showing an upconversion efficiency 2 orders of magnitude higher than the precursor glass. As these materials are transparent at 1540 nm, they can be used complementarily with Er(3+)-doped phosphors for the same purpose.


BACKGROUND
Cancer exercise programming in the community has been emerging in response to the increasing numbers of cancer survivors and social factors favoring movement away from a sedentary lifestyle.

OBJECTIVES
This article examines several community-based exercise programs for cancer survivors as exemplars of successful programs.

METHODS
The article investigates where the research is leading as technological advances and cloud-based technologies change the fitness landscape. Links to valuable resources for healthcare providers interested in current physical activity recommendations for cancer survivors are also offered.

FINDINGS
Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer survivors who engage in an active lifestyle have less fatigue, better quality of life, improved sense of well-being, and, in the case of breast and colon cancers, a reduced risk of recurrent disease.


The origins and import of the constitutional recognition of children's rights can be traced through some of the most important legal documents of the last 800 years, including the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, and the United States Bill of Rights. Both human rights and the cultural and historical weight accorded to the recognition of rights through constitutional expression are derived from these documents and the values they embodied. But it was the intersection of the more recent rise of international recognition of children's rights in the global community during the 20th century with that historical precedent of embedding legal and political rights within national constitutions that laid a fertile foundation for the widespread constitutionalization of children's rights in numerous countries around the world since 1989. Factor in decolonialization and the collapse of the Soviet Bloc -- providing an expansion in recognition of rights-holding populations and opportunities to establish new governments and draft new constitutions -- and it becomes clear that children's rights advocates were provided the perfect moment in history to domesticate what had become nearly universal recognition of children as rights holders -- at least in the international community. This article was prepared for the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law and provides a comparative overview of the constitutionalization of children's rights around the world over the past century.


ABSTRACT Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug, is widely used in the treatment of serious infections in humans. Its degradation by basidiomycetous fungi was studied by monitoring14CO2 production from [14C]CIP in liquid cultures. Sixteen species inhabiting wood, soil, humus, or animal dung produced up to 35% 14CO2 during 8 weeks of incubation. Despite some low rates of14CO2 formation, all species tested had reduced the antibacterial activity of CIP in supernatants to between 0 and 33% after 13 weeks. Gloeophyllum striatum was used to identify the metabolites formed from CIP. After 8 weeks, mycelia had produced 17 and 10% 14CO2 from C-4 and the piperazinyl moiety, respectively, although more than half of CIP (applied at 10 ppm) had been transformed into metabolites already after 90 h. The structures of 11 metabolites were elucidated by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. They fell into four categories as follows: (i) monohydroxylated congeners, (ii) dihydroxylated congeners, (iii) an isatin-type compound, proving elimination of C-2, and (iv) metabolites indicating both elimination and degradation of the piperazinyl moiety. A metabolic scheme previously described for enrofloxacin degradation could be confirmed and extended. A new type of metabolite, 6-defluoro-6-hydroxy-deethylene-CIP, provided confirmatory evidence for the proposed network of congeners. This may result from sequential hydroxylation of CIP and its congeners by hydroxyl radicals. Our findings reveal for the first time the widespread potential for CIP degradation among basidiomycetes inhabiting various environments, including agricultural soils and animal dung.


Agent-based modeling is a branch of computer simulation, especially suited for studying complex social systems. It models the individual, together with its imperfections (e.g., limited cognitive or computational abilities), its idiosyncrasies and personal interactions. The approach builds the model from 'the bottom-up', focusing mostly on micro rules and seeking to understand the emergence of macro behavior. Participatory simulation - a branch of agent-based simulation - is a methodology building on the synergy of human actors and artificial agents, excelling in the training and decision-making support areas. In participatory simulations some agents are controlled by users, while others are software governed. The Multi-Agent Simulation Suite is a software package intended to enable modelers to utilize the tools of agent-based simulation in various fields, without having to develop heavy programming skills.


This paper reports the results of a study aimed at finding out the financial status of the Lesotho Distance Teaching Centre (LDTC), Lesotho, a tiny country surrounded by South Africa. The Centre provides basic, junior and senior school certificate programmes and has been in existence since 1974 under the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET). The objectives were to study the funding pattern, income and expenditure, and the effectiveness of the management to reap economy of scale and achieve the planned activities within the given budget. Budget documents were analysed, and the officials at the MOET and LDTC (N = 13) were provided a questionnaire and were interviewed toward collection and analysis of data. The results of the study indicate: reduced student intake (except for basic education), decrease in financial support especially from the government, increase in nonacademic expenses, and lack of initiatives and efficiency in resource mobilisation and efficient resource deployment. Implications have been drawn for further organisation and management of the centre and of distance education in the country, which may be of help to other distance teaching institutions elsewhere..


This article discusses the question of origin and identity of katafraktoi – heavy-armoured cavalry in Byzantium. In the specialist literature on the subject, there is a widespread opinion that the heavily-armoured elitist cavalry, defined as catafracti and clibanarii had existed from the Hellenistic period until the end of Late Antiquity. Whereas a comparison of the construction, material and use of the individual elements of weapons and armour used by the Byzantine heavy cavalry from the sixth century and the first half of the seventh century with those of the ancient catafracti and clibanarii, allows us to draw the conclusion that the Byzantine heavily armed cavalry was its continuation, not necessarily in respect of the identity of the formations and their tactics, but more so in respect of the used arms and other elements of equipment. The term catafracti was not used at that time. Classifying the Byzantine cavalry from this period as catafracti, despite the fact that it is not usually defined in this way is based on the opinion of emperor Leo VI, expressed in Tactica, in accordance with which the chief element which distinguished catafracti and clibanarii units from other types of cavalry, was the complete armour of both the horse and rider. In spite of the fact, that the Romans, in response to the Sasanid heavy horsemen created their own mailed cavalry described by names catafracti or clibanarii, the influence of the Steppe people (principally the Huns and Avars) was more pronounced in the next centuries. Their weapons and tactics completely transformed the Byzantine way of war. In particular, this development concerned the cavalry – the main striking force of Byzantine army at this time. As we have seen, a disappearance of the ancient terms catafracti and clibanarii and their tactics (fighting in wedge-column order) was linked with this process of change. In the 10th century, in contemporary military treatises the term katafraktoi appeared once again, a fact that can be connected with a usage typical for the "Macedonian renaissance". At this time, the elitist formations of this type constituted a force marginal as compared to other cavalry units making up the Byzantine forces. However, the appearance of the 10th century katafraktoi were a practical effect of the revival of ancient traditions in the Byzantine culture: they were not a formation which was only modeled on its ancient predecessor, but its constituted a continuation of the ancient patterns. The horsemen were equipped with similar protective armour as their ancient forerunners. They also applied the same tactics, for instance by fighting in the wedge-column order, which is ascribed to the ancient cavalry of this type. Sources mentioned above indicates, that this kind of battle array was Michal Wojnowski 220 reintroduced at this time. Moreover, the katafraktoi were also present as a main striking cavalry force in the Comnenian army, which indicates, that heavy-armoured cavalry was still necessary. There is no reason to accept the opinion that there was no continuous tradition of heavy-armoured cavalry in the Byzantine Empire. Michal Wojnowski 36–213 Haczow 496 Polska email@example.com


Whether and how the federal securities laws should restrict insider trading is one of the most hotly debated topics in the securities law literature. Paradoxically, both the theoretical analysis and the legal rules concerning insider trading remain extraordinarily vague and ill-formed. What is the special character of insider trading that leads to this apparently irresolvable puzzle? In this Article, I argue that there is, in fact, nothing special about insider trading that creates this dilemma, but rather there is something special about the nature of information itself. Accordingly, this theoretical dilemma is not limited to insider trading regulation, but rather pervades all areas of intellectual property law. In this Article, I situate insider trading regulation within the larger body of intellectual property law by discussing three potential allocations of the property right in valuable inside information. First, inside information could be treated as a public resource, meaning that a person in possession of inside information could not legally exploit that advantage for personal profit. Such a regime would forbid some or all insider trading by forcing the disclosure to the marketplace of inside information prior to trading. I argue that regulators should reject this alternative because, despite it's proponents' tendency to justify the rule in terms of fairness, this proposal is unlikely to foster fairness in any meaningful way. Alternatively, the property right in valuable inside information could belong to issuers, as the producers of such information. I argue that regulators should reject this alternative because, despite its proponents? tendency to frame their arguments in terms of promoting informational efficiency, a legal regime treating inside information as the property of the issuer is unlikely to further that goal. In fact, such proposals assume an affirmative answer to a question that is fiercely debated in other areas of intellectual property law: does creating a property right in information producers incentivize additional production to the extent necessary to offset the social costs of excluding others from use of the information? Finally, the property right in valuable inside information could reside with "outsider traders" (traders who possess inside information, but are neither insiders nor constructive insiders of the issuer). I argue that regulators should pursue this alternative because, although there is no need to encourage issuers to create valuable inside information, the need to encourage the dissemination of such information to the marketplace has been recognized for many years. Accordingly, I propose in this Article a system of federal securities regulation that would permit trading by corporate outsiders who did not receive their information in a tip from an insider or constructive insider. Such a system, I argue, provides the hope of filling in the gaps left by the current disclose or abstain system, by encouraging the reflection of material information in stock market price without disclosure of the actual inside information. At the same time, this proposal avoids the perverse incentives and negative impacts on market efficiency attendant in a system that permits insider trading by corporate employees.


Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become important therapeutic and prophylactic agents for a number of indications, including infectious diseases. However, due to many issues, particularly the high cost of antibody production, mAb therapies are limited to the world's richest populations. Furthermore, lengthy product development programs mean only a small number of mAb products can be produced at any one time. Engineering novel, low-cost, and simple methods of developing and delivering mAbs would be highly advantageous, potentially expanding the utility of antibody approaches into a wider array of applications. Here, we describe an approach to deliver human IgG neutralizing mAbs in vivo using DNA plasmid-mediated antibody gene transfer. This approach, which we term DNA mAb (DMAb) delivery, generates biologically relevant levels of mAbs after a single intramuscular injection of antibody-encoding DNA followed by in vivo electroporation (EP). First, we developed antibody-encoding DNA plasmids that could reproducibly deliver human mAbs to mouse serum. We show that these plasmid-encoded antibodies have similar binding capacity and functionality to in vitro-produced purified antibodies. Then, we use a mouse model to show that intramuscular delivery of pDVSF-3 LALA, which encodes a human anti-Dengue virus (DENV) IgG1 neutralizing antibody modified with a mutation that abrogates Fcγ receptor binding, produces anti-DENV antisera capable of binding to and neutralizing DENV1-3. Importantly, mice receiving pDVSF-3 LALA, but not the unmodified pDVSF-3 WT, were protected from both virus-only disease and antibody-enhanced lethal disease. To build upon these initial findings, we evaluated targeted genetic approaches and alternative delivery regimens in order to increase DMAb expression in vivo. Using DMAbs encoding human IgG1 antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) as a model, we show that specific amino acid modifications to the framework regions of antibody variable domains confer increased in vitro and in vivo DMAb expression levels compared to the original DMAb sequences. Of note, these modifications were found to have no detrimental effect on the antibody's borreliacidal activity. Lastly, we observed that pretreatment of the DMAb injection site with hyaluronidase resulted in a 2.4 to 6.4-fold increase in human IgG concentration levels in vivo compared to mice receiving EP-mediated DMAb delivery only. Taken together, these data establish DNA plasmid-based antibody gene transfer as a safe, effective means of delivering tailored, protective monoclonal antibodies to hosts. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor David B. Weiner This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1719


ASEAN role in promoting peace in Southeast Asia as regional organization is my dissertation. ASEAN was established during cold war period with six countries and expands its membership to ten countries in post cold war era. Starting with economic integration earlier, ASEAN plays role in peace also. Every one now astonished at ASEAN's economic progress but overlooks its role in promoting peace not only by development but also by lessening, mitigating or even managing interstate confrontation, conflict, and violence. I use qualitative methodology, specifically qualitative case analysis to accomplish my research monograph. ASEAN way, soft diplomacy, socialization, social interaction, joint economy and industrialization, impressive leadership, non coercive and non intervention policy that all helps ASEAN to minimize their internal conflict. ASEAN regional integration goes through Ernst Haas Leon Lind burg's neo-functionalism's way; starting with economic integration and spillover into security issues. ASEAN also promotes both negative and positive peace as John Galtung defined through its regional integration process.


Assessing hydropower potential requires knowledge of the streamflow characteristics at prospective sites. Gaging stations are often unavailable. A method for estimating streamflow characteristics was devised to facilitate micro-hydro site analysis in northwestern Oregon. Regression models were developed with streamflow data from gaged streams in northwestern Oregon to enable estimation of streamflows of ungaged streams in this region. The models incorporate a 'basin energy' term as the independent variable which is the basin area multiplied by the square root of basin relief. Hence the only data required for applying these models to ungaged sites are basin area and basin relief, both of which can be easily obtained from topographic maps. The regression models are capable of yielding practical estimates of high, average, and low streamflow characteristics for streams in this region.


Ships Passing in the Night? E-Learning Designers' Experiences with User Experience Christijan D. Draper Department of Instructional Psychology and Technology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy This qualitative study investigated the extent to which a diverse sub-set of e-learning designers were aware of UX principles and practices, where their e-learning design practices overlapped with established UX practices, and where UX principles might benefit e-learning designers. E-learning has grown dramatically as an area of focus in instructional design within the last decade and a half. This growth suggests a need for a better understanding of design tools, concepts and principles that can guide an e-learning designer to design better and more effective instruction. One field of design that has potentially had an impact on e-learning design recently is user experience (UX) design. Both fields of UX and e-learning are concerned with designing interactions with technology, but while there are some shared ideas and terms between the two, there has been no research into the perceptions and understanding of UX tools by practicing instructional designers. Nine professional e-learning designers were interviewed to understand their perspective and experience. The findings of this study resulted in four themes and several subthemes. In general the participants of the study were not familiar with the formal practices of UX design. Many were also not familiar with several of the seminal works of the UX design field. The emergent themes suggest there are similar concerns between UX design and e-learning design. There were varying perceptions of the role of an e-learning designer as well as a broad spectrum of perception of what qualifies as good e-learning design. Participants reported the e-learning design field has numerous practitioners who lack formal training in instructional design principles in addition to limited training in other design disciplines. Participants also discussed constraints that could impact their ability to embrace UX practices. Findings suggest e-learning design practitioners and students of the field would likely benefit from a greater awareness of, or even formal training in UX practices. Additional research into the shared practices of UX and e-learning design could also likely open new opportunities to advance the practice of e-learning design.


Load balancing remains an important area of study in computer science largely due to the increasing demand on data centers and webservers. However, it is rare to see improvements in load balancing algorithms implemented outside of expensive specialized hardware. This research project is an attempt to bring these innovative techniques to NGINX, the industry leading open source load balancer and webserver. In addition to implementing a new, native NGINX module, I have developed a simple work ow to benchmark and compare the performance of available load balancing algorithms in any given production environment. My benchmarks indicate that it is possible to take advantage of more sophisticated load distribution techniques without paying a signi cant performance cost in additional overhead.


Mahakam Delta area utilization for various purposes, especially for intensive aquaculture has led to degradation of the land quality and mangrove vegetation both in ecological terms. The research was conducted in the Mahakam Delta to assess the ecological aspect revitalization of non produktive fishponds at Mahakam Delta with silvofishery system which is a combination of fishery and forestry in one unit of land management. The research was conducted by surveys, interviews, laboratory analysis and tracking of secondary data relating to the revitalization activities of fishponds at Mahakam Delta with silvofishery system. The results of the study are: (1) Revitalization of non productive fishponds at Mahakam Delta with silvofishery system was conducted by government and local community, applied Traditional Ditch Fishponds with three types of bakau planting site, i.e.: permanentflooded, periodically flooded and not flooded site. (2) Five major parameters of water quality in the 2 to 8 years ages silvofishery fishponds, (Temperature: 25 to 28C; Transparency: 40 to 60 cm; pH: 6.7 to 7.36; Salinity: 13 to 20 ppt; Dissolved Oxygen: 3.2 to 5.7 ppm) are relatively stable and meets the quality standard suitability for cultivation of shrimp, milkfish and crabs.


To predict crack opening stresses, contact elements are incorporated into the elastic-plastic finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure. A code using ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) is developed. In spite of the fact that the use of contact elements in modelling crack surface contact and crack closure is inherently natural, efforts to incorporate them in the finite element analysis of crack closure are not widespread. The traditional method of modelling crack closure is based on placing truss elements at the crack surface nodes. In the present research, contact elements are used to model crack surface contact. While the load is applied incrementally, crack opening stress is determined by monitoring the state of the contact elements. The results of two-dimensional plane strain finite element analyses are in good agreement with previous work reported in the literature. Instead of finding crack opening stress at every load cycle, an algorithm to find crack opening stress at predetermined load cycle intervals is developed. With the developed algorithm it was possible to analyze crack closure behaviour during a larger number of load cycles with less execution time. The algorithm that is implemented is parametrically analysed. The effect of load increment is investigated. Since crack opening stress is not evaluated at every cycle, the effect of how often opening stresses are determined is another issue that is investigated. As a result of the simulation with a relatively high number of cycles, it was possible to observe the final stabilization in the crack opening stress values that follows a decay after the initial plateau.


Your CPU meter shows a problem. One core is running at 100 percent, but all the other cores are idle. Your application is CPU-bound, but you are using only a fraction of the computing power of your multicore system. Is there a way to get better performance?The answer, in a nutshell, is parallel programming. Where you once would have written the kind of sequential code that is familiar to all programmers, you now find that this no longer meets your performance goals. To use your systems CPU resources efficiently, you need to split your application into pieces that can run at the same time. Of course, this is easier said than done. Parallel programming has a reputation for being the domain of experts and a minefield of subtle, hard-to-reproduce software defects. Everyone seems to have a favorite story about a parallel program that did not behave as expected because of a mysterious bug.These stories should inspire a healthy respect for the difficulty of the problems you will face in writing your own parallel programs. Fortunately, help has arrived. The Parallel Patterns Library (PPL) and the Asynchronous Agents Library introduce a new programming model for parallelism that significantly simplifies the job. Behind the scenes are sophisticated algorithms that dynamically distribute computations on multicore architectures. In addition, Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 development system includes debugging and analysis tools to support the new parallel programming model.Proven design patterns are another source of help. This guide introduces you to the most important and frequently used patterns of parallel programming and provides executable code samples for them, using PPL. When thinking about where to begin, a good place to start is to review the patterns in this book. See if your problem has any attributes that match the six patterns presented in the following chapters. If it does, delve more deeply into the relevant pattern or patterns and study the sample code.


Abstract. Epidemiological studies investigating the human health effects of PM2.5 are susceptible to exposure measurement errors, a form of bias in exposure estimates, since they rely on data from a limited number of PM2.5 monitors within their study area. Satellite data can be used to expand spatial coverage, potentially enhancing our ability to estimate location- or subject-specific exposures to PM2.5, but some have reported poor predictive power. A new methodology was developed to calibrate aerosol optical depth (AOD) data obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Subsequently, this method was used to predict ground daily PM2.5 concentrations in the New England region. 2003 MODIS AOD data corresponding to the New England region were retrieved, and PM2.5 concentrations measured at 26 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PM2.5 monitoring sites were used to calibrate the AOD data. A mixed effects model which allows day-to-day variability in daily PM2.5-AOD relationships was used to predict location-specific PM2.5 levels. PM2.5 concentrations measured at the monitoring sites were compared to those predicted for the corresponding grid cells. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons between the observed and predicted concentrations suggested that the proposed new calibration approach renders MODIS AOD data a potentially useful predictor of PM2.5 concentrations. Furthermore, the estimated PM2.5 levels within the study domain were examined in relation to air pollution sources. Our approach made it possible to investigate the spatial patterns of PM2.5 concentrations within the study domain.


ABSTRACT The author reinterprets the artistic phenomena that composed historical avant-garde art. His method of interpretation is an intertextual strategy that approaches the historical artifacts through recent phenomena. The first case study is of structural film; its most important attributes appear to be artistic strategies questioning the structural/material integrity, durability and permanence of the film work. The second case study is of the avant-garde strategy of collective work, reinterpreted through the open-source work and interactive art of today. The author identifies three steps in the development of the 20th-century concept of joint creative work: avant-garde general strategies of artistic collaboration; avant-garde film works oriented toward creative collectivism; and collaborative artistic practices that manifest themselves in non-hierarchical strategies of contemporary interactive art.


In 1941 the Allied forces in the Pacific were devastatingly unprepared for the onslaught of the Japanese Army, which by this time had been fighting for ten years on the Manchurian front. The Allies paid dearly for their lack of planning and found themselves defeated time and time again as the seasoned Japanese forces swept through the Pacific colonies. This book examines the Japanese concept of war and describes the organization, tactics and weaponry of the Japanese Army from their triumphant invasions of 1941-42 until their ultimate defeat in 1945. Numerous illustrations and colour plates depict the weapons and uniforms of the Japanese troops of World War II in vivid detail.


A series of molecular dynamics simulations of prepolymerization mixtures for phenylalanine anilide imprinted co‐(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate‐methacrylic acid) molecularly imprinted polymers have been employed to investigate the mechanistic basis for template selective recognition in these systems. This has provided new insights on the mechanisms underlying template recognition, in particular the significant role played by the crosslinking agent. Importantly, the study supports the occurrence of template self‐association events that allows us to resolve debate between the two previously proposed models used to explain this system's underlying recognition mechanisms. Moreover, the complexity of the molecular level events underlying template complexation is highlighted by this study, a factor that should be considered in rational molecularly imprinted polymer design, especially with respect to recognition site heterogeneity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Over the last decade, both the Internet and mobile telephony has become parts of daily life, changing the ways we communicate and search for information. These two distinct tools are now slowly merging. The topic of this thesis is TCP over wireless, and the automatic control that is used both within the system, from the link-layer power control to the end-to-end congestion control. It consists of three main contributions. The first contribution is a proposed split-connection scheme for downloads to a mobile terminal. A wireless mobile terminal requests a file or a web page from a proxy, which in turn requests the data from a server on the Internet. During the file transfer, the radio network controller (RNC) sends radio network feedback (RNF) messages to the proxy. These messages include information about bandwidth changes over the radio channel, and the current RNC queue length. A novel control mechanism in the proxy uses this information to adjust the sending rate. The stability and convergence speed of the proxy controller is analyzed theoretically. The performance of the proposed controller is compared to end-to-end TCP Reno, using ns-2 simulations of realistic use cases. It is shown that the proxy control is able to reduce the response time experienced by users, and increase the utilization of the radio channel. The changes are loalized to the RNC and the proxy; no changes are required to the TCP implementation in terminal or server. The second contribution is the analysis of an uplink channel using power control and link-layer retransmissions. To be able to design the link-layer mechanisms in a systematic way, good models for the link-layer processes, and their interaction with TCP, are essential.The use of link-layer retransmissions transforms a link with constant delay and random losses into a link with random delay and almost no losses. As seen from the TCP end points, the difference between such a link and a wired one is no longer the loss rate, but the packet delay distribution. Models for the power control and link-layer retransmissions on the link are used to derive packet delay distribution, and its impact on TCP performance is investigated. The final contribution considers ways to optimize the link-layer processes. The main result is that TCP performance, over a wireless link with random retransmission delays, can be improved by adding carefully chosen artificial delays to certain packets. The artificial delays are optimized off-line and applied on-line. The additional delay that is applied to a packet depends only on the retransmission delay experienced by that same packet, and this information is available locally at the link.


textabstractFall incidents are common in old age, with a rising injury rate with
increasing age. Falling
is not a diagnosis per se, but a symptom that can result from a
number of diseases and abnormalities.
However, even though there are abundant studies addressing possible
causes
of fall incidents in older persons, there are still quite a few
unresolved questions. In this
thesis, we focus on two groups of (possible) fall-risk factors.
First, we address cardiovascular
risk factors for falls and second, we elude on the effects of
withdrawal of drugs that are
known in the literature to increase fall risk.
Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to this thesis. Chapter 2
contains a selection of
case reports regarding drug-related falls. These patients prompted us
to conduct a prospective
cohort study on this topic. In all these patients, falling was
attributed to the use of
certain drugs and fall incidents ceased after withdrawal of these drugs.
Chapter 3 focuses on cardiovascular determinants of falls. In chapter
3.1 the association
between echocardiographic abnormalities and fall incidents was
investigated in a
prospective cohort of geriatric outpatients. It is generally accepted
that certain structural
cardiac abnormalities, like for example aortic valve stenosis, mitral
valve regurgitation
and pulmonary hypertension can result in syncopal events. We showed
that there was a
significant association with fall incidents for both valvular
regurgitations and pulmonary
hypertension. Fall risk increased with increasing severity of the
abnormality. No relation
was found between aortic valve stenosis and fall incidents, probably
due to a lack of moderate
and severe stenoses in our follow-up group. In chapter 3.2 the
association between
left ventricular systolic function, as measured with
echocardiography, and fall risk was examined
in the Rotterdam study. The risk of a serious fall incident during
follow-up was
significantly higher if left ventricular ejection fraction was
impaired. In chapter 3.3 the
optimal measurement method of orthostatic hypotension in relation to
falls was studied.
Within a cohort of geriatric outpatients it was investigated which
time average of continuous-
finger-blood-pressure measurement showed the best association between
OH and
falls. This was also compared with conventional sphygmomanometer
measurements. The
best association was found when using 5-second averages of the
continuous measurement
method. Since the aetiology of falls is often multifactorial,
orthostatic hypotension
and falls remained poorly correlated, irrespective of the method or
time average that was
applied.
The studies described in chapter 4 concern the relationship between
the use of fall-riskincreasing
drugs and falls, including the pathway leading to these fall
incidents. In chapter
4.1 fall risk after withdrawal of certain drugs is tested in a cohort
of geriatric outpatients.
Several drugs have been associated with an increased fall risk, but
it is not yet known if
withdrawal of these drugs leads to a decrease in fall incidents. This
study indicates that
withdrawal of all fall-risk-increasing drugs, including both
cardiovascular and psychotropic
drugs, is an effective intervention for lowering falls incidence. The
effect was highest for
Chapter 6 Summary/Samenvatting
129 withdrawal of cardiovascular drugs. The effect of withdrawal of
fall-risk-increasing drugs
on mobility test outcomes is shown in chapter 4.2. Mobility tests,
such as the Timed Up
and Go Test are well-established predictors for fall incidents. Falls
due to usage of certain
drugs might be largely or at least partly caused by the impairment of
mobility that these
drugs can generate. This was confirmed by our study, since alongside
with a reduction
in falls, 10-meter walking test and Timed Up and Go Test
significantly improved during
follow-up. Other adverse drug effects that might be important in the
causal pathway of
drug use and ensuing fall incidents are cardiovascular abnormalities,
e.g. orthostatic hypotension,
vasovagal collapse, and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. This was
investigated in
chapter 4.3. For this, the effect of withdrawal of fall-risk-
increasing drugs on tilt-table test
outcomes was tested. In our study orthostatic hypotension improved
significantly after
drug withdrawal. Subgroup analysis of cardiovascular drug withdrawal
showed a signifi-
cant reduction in both orthostatic hypotension and carotid sinus
hypersensitivity. These
results indicate that derangement of cardiovascular homeostasis may
be an important
mechanism by which drug use results in fall incidents. Chapter 4.4
deals with the cost-effectiveness
of the intervention. Chapter 4.1-4.3 show that withdrawal of fall-
risk-increasing
drugs is clinically effective. However, given the continuous pressure
on healthcare costs
during the last decades, it is important to also address the cost-
effectiveness of medical
interventions. In our cohort, the intervention, i.e. drug withdrawal,
was not only cost-effective;
it also generated significant cost savings. Although the effect is
likely to decrease
over time, cost savings were already generated in the short run. Long-
term management
of drug withdrawal will require extra efforts, but is also likely to
sustain the risk reduction.
In the general discussion, chapter 5, the main findings of this
thesis are discussed and put
in a broader perspective. The results indicate that there is room for
improvement in the
multifactorial approach of older fallers. This appears to be true
both for the assessment of
cardiovascular abnormalities and for the withdrawal of fall-risk-
increasing drugs.


Undergraduate psychology students completed self-reports on a range of personality measures that were previously identified as significantly associated with academic performance. Their responses were analyzed in relation to their prior and subsequent performance on two indices of academic achievement (course work marks and test results). Correlation analyses demonstrated significant associations between a range of measures and both indices of performance. Regression analysis demonstrated that academic conscientiousness, test anxiety, and previous achievement accounted for unique and shared variance on test performance. A similar pattern emerged in a regression analysis for course work performance. It is advocated that future research should incorporate measures that embody the various major orientations within psychology and that cover the range of beliefs, behaviors, anxieties, cognitions, and expectancies that are likely to be implicated in achievement. Moreover, the operational definitions of the specific measures used encapsulate the principles that would be useful for educators to inculcate in their teaching ethos and for students to pursue in order to optimize performance.


A cooling and ventilation device comprises a product inlet, a product outlet, a waste inlet, a waste outlet, a waste channel connecting the waste inlet to the waste outlet, an evaporative heat exchanger having a primary channel connected between the product inlet and the product outlet and a secondary channel connected between an outlet from the primary channel and the waste channel, a flow control element effective to control flow from the secondary channel to the waste channel and a controller selectively controlling the flow control element to thereby control flow from the secondary channel to the waste channel. The product inlet may be connected to a suitable source of outside air and the product outlet supplied to a habitable space such as the interior of a building or vehicle. The waste inlet may receive expelled air from the habitable space, which is subsequently exhausted to the environment via the waste outlet. In this manner, a device is achieved that can provide all of the benefits of evaporative cooling and ventilation while only requiring two air inlets and two air outlets. ® KIPO & WIPO 2009


Two-factor authentication (2F) aims to enhance resilience of password-based authentication by requiring users to provide an additional authentication factor, e.g., a code generated by a security token. However, it also introduces non-negligible costs for service providers and requires users to carry out additional actions during the authentication process. In this paper, we present an exploratory comparative study of the usability of 2F technologies. First, we conduct a pre-study interview to identify popular technologies as well as contexts and motivations in which they are used. We then present the results of a quantitative study based on a survey completed by 219 Mechanical Turk users, aiming to measure the usability of three popular 2F solutions: codes generated by security tokens, one-time PINs received via email or SMS, and dedicated smartphone apps (e.g., Google Authenticator). We record contexts and motivations, and study their impact on perceived usability. We find that 2F technologies are overall perceived as usable, regardless of motivation and/or context of use. We also present an exploratory factor analysis, highlighting that three metrics – ease-of-use, required cognitive efforts, and trustworthiness – are enough to capture key factors affecting 2F usability.


This paper describes the results of study on testing of hair and nails samples as possible markers of occupational exposure in a phosphate fertiliser plant. The key objectives were to verify if: (1) elements originating from fertiliser production may accumulate in hard tissue and hence allow preliminary occupational exposure risk assessment; (2) linear discriminant function analysis (LDA) may be applied as a diversification tool in preliminary assessment of occupational exposure risk based on hard tissue samples analysis; and (3) both hairs and nails can be used successfully as an efficient biological sample in biomonitoring studies and as markers of occupational exposure in various types of plant. The complex data matrix (2025 observations) obtained by the determination of 25 elements by neutron activation analysis in hard tissue samples was treated by LDA. The obtained results indicated the presence of two discriminant functions (DFs). The data variance explained by the first DF is 78%, and that by the second DF is 22%. The first DF is highly related to S, W, Cu, K and Mg concentrations and separates hair from nails samples, and the second DF, being related to phosphate fertiliser precursors, separates the control group from the employees. Sm, Al, Mo and As accumulate in nails and hairs of fertiliser plant employees, whereas Cl and Ti are removed from hard tissues. The mean concentrations of Na, In, I, Au, Dy, Ca, La, U, Sb, V, Zn, Mn and Co in hard tissue samples do not discriminate employees and control group members and hence prove their ineffectiveness in occupational exposure assessment in phosphate fertiliser plants.


The NSW Department of Health is establishing a four year program to provide grants to fund and evaluate demonstration projects that aim to prevent injury among Aboriginal people, as part of the NSW implementation plan for the National Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap in Indigenous Health Outcomes. NSW Health has engaged the Sax Institute to assist in designing and implementing this project. The Sax Institute will consult with a Reference Group and Aboriginal communities to set priorities, with the following decisions to be made: This is one of three reviews subsequently commissioned to inform the program. It reviews peer-review and grey literature evaluations of the effectiveness of Australian Indigenous initiatives published 1995-2010 to answer the following questions with specific terms of reference provided: What are the most effective strategies/projects/programs that have been implemented for the prevention of injury amongst Aboriginal populations? What types and causes of injury have successfully been addressed by these strategies? What types and causes of injury have not been successfully addressed (or addressed at all) by these strategies? What are elements that contribute to success or failure in such strategies?


Background: Invasive fungal infection is an opportunistic infection caused commonly by mucoraccae and aspergillus. It mostly occurs in patients with underlying disease. Since it has a high mortality and morbidity rate, considering a treatment strategy seems necessary. Objective: Since there has not been a clear protocol for treating these patients, we decided to establish a protocol for fungal infection of sinus and anterior skull base management. Methods: This retrospective and descriptive case study series included 30 patients. After confirming the pathogen, the authors came to a proper protocol for treatment which is mentioned later. Results: The site involvement included nose and orbital cavity (53.3%), anterior skull base and brain in conjunction with sinonasal (36.6%) and simple nasal cavity involvement (10%). 86.6% of the patients had underlying diseases. 56.6% of patients had diabetes as a single underlying disease, while 13.3% had both diabetes and renal failure in combination. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was present in 6.6%, renal failure in 3.3%, lupus in 3.3% and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 3.3% of patients. Mortality rate was 40%. We categorized the patients into 3 groups: only sinonasal, sinonasal and orbit, and associated anterior skull base and brain involvement. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is an important factor in improving survival. Anterior skull base and brain involvement has a very poor prognosis.


At the time of writing Sharon Kivland is wondering what she will do that evening. It will, she thinks, be something between a few readings from selected works and a historical ramble through a number of book projects. She promises to be as lively and entertaining as she can be. Many books will be on display, as well as some new drawings associated with or indeed, the source of, two new books (which are perhaps closer to pamphlets). She will also talk about her series entitled The Good Reader, introducing the new book therein by Peter Jaeger, The Shadow Line.

Artist and writer Sharon Kivland is the editor and author of numerous books. Reader in Fine Art at Sheffield Hallam University, she is also a Research Associate at the Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research. London, and a commissioning editor of E.R.O.S. . She has exhibited her work for many years and is represented by Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer, Dusseldorf.

Artist and artist book maker Sharon Kivland, editor of numerous books and reader in Fine Art at Sheffield Hallam University, she is also a Research Associate at the Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research in London.

Kivland's book series, Freud on Holiday, addresses her particular relation to the work of Sigmund Freud. Through photographs and essays, Kivland's books re-imagine journeys made (and sometimes dreamt) by Freud to European sites of archaeological importance. She completed volume 3, The Forgetting of a Proper Name, in which holiday destinations prove rather problematic, in 2011 (Cube Art Editions and information as material). Two appendices have been added to this series: "Freud's Weather" and "Freud's Dining" (information as material 2011), which will be followed by "Freud's Shopping" and "Freud's Hotels", and the fourth volume in the holiday series, "A Cavernous Defile", in which she follows Freud (among others) to the Trentino and the Hotel du Lac.
An accompanying series of books explores Freud and architecture (L'esprit d'escalier, 2007), Freud and real estate (An agent of the estate, 2008), Freud and the Wolf-Man and deferred effect (Afterwards, Mead Gallery, Warwick Arts Centre, 2009), Freud and the gift of flowers (with Forbes Morlock, 2009), and the reason Freud changed hotels in Paris in 1885. She has ventured into a small series of pamphlets, printed in a small edition, titled Reisen. The first of these modest booklets contains short extracts from The Interpretation of Dreams, published in 1900, edited, to a certain extent, in an attempt to retain only references to trains. The second contains details of some of the train journeys of Freud's holidays, gleaned from his correspondence home, with reference to contemporary editions of Cook's Continental Time Tables, Tourist's Handbook and Steamship Tables, supplemented by consultation of the European rail timetables of the present day.
A Case of Hysteria

Kivland's book A Case of Hysteria, published in 1999 by Book Works, won acclaim for its integration of psychoanalytic research and artistic method. The book follows Freud's influential 'Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria', in which he charts the treatment of his patient 'Dora', and unfolds the enduring mysteries of the case in ways that reference, collect and in some ways exceed existing study of the subject. In her review in the Journal of European Psychoanalysis Julia Borossa called the work 'astonishing', noting: 'What A Case of Hysteria does is make strategic use of Freud's "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria" in order to argue a series of very important points about, on the one hand, what constitutes a case study, and on the other, about writing and the creative process itself'. She concluded by calling the work: by calling the work: 'A book which is highly original and demanding of its readers, [and] has important things to say about the elusiveness of the intersubjective encounter versus an iconic status of Freud's text'


The color of materials such as paints, prints and glass may be characterized by a reflectance or a transmittance spectrum. Modeling their reflectance and their transmittance requires describing the interaction of light, from the light source to the observer, across the different layers and interfaces. Each layer and interface behaves as a light reflector and transmitter, and is given the generic name of "biface". Multilayer specimens, called "multifaces", result from the superposition of various bifaces between which light is subject to multiple reflections and transmissions. We establish a multiple reflection-transmission model which describes the transfers of fluxes between the different bifaces using the basic laws of geometrical optics. This approach is valid for multilayer specimen composed of strongly scattering and/or non-scattering layers and flat interfaces. Weakly scattering layers and rough interfaces are allowed if they are surrounded by strongly scattering layers. We first develop the multiple reflection-transmission model in a general manner, i.e. regardless to the specific optical properties of the bifaces. The light multiple reflection-transmission process is represented by a Markov chain. The well established mathematical tools provided by the Markov theory enable deriving the formulae for the reflectance and transmittance of superposed bifaces. Then, we show how the multiple reflection-transmission formulae are applied for a specific multiface and for a specific measuring geometry. We retrieve as special cases of our general model the Kubelka model for stacked intensely scattering layers, the Williams-Clapper model for a diffusing background coated with a non-scattering layer, the Saunderson correction, and the Clapper-Yule model for high quality halftone prints. We finally explore new possibilities offered by the multiple reflection-transmission model, both for developing new reflectance or transmittance models and for checking the relevance of parameters deduced from measured data. We develop a method for characterizing papers independently of the measuring geometry by modeling two superposed sheets of paper and draw the bases of a reflectance and transmittance prediction model for recto-verso halftone prints.


The chapter shows the complex symbolism associated with 3 May, wherein secular and religious elements interact. In 3 May, two holidays coincide: the state National Holiday of May Third and the church Feast of Our Lady, Queen of Poland. The National Holiday of May Third commemorates the anniversary of proclaiming the 3 May Constitution in 1791. This event is considered a cornerstone of Polish political symbolism, on which the entire construction of modern Polish national and state identity is founded. The analysis, done from a symbolic constructionist perspective, focuses on discursive symbolism and its use in symbolic politics after the fall of communism in Poland. Rhetorical categories such as genres and topoi, as well as Kenneth Burke's dramatistic pentad are employed. In terms of Burke's dramatistic pentad, it is pointed out that president Lech Walesa focused on the acting "agent," with the nation as a collective subject; in President Aleksander Kwaśniewski's rhetoric, the "act" became central, whereas in President Kaczynski's rhetoric, the "purpose" moved to the foreground. The chapter presents how Polish presidents and church dignitaries used discursive symbolism to shape state and national identity. It shows the complex interaction of civic, national, and religious identities in the context of Poland's most important holiday.