The Seven Works of Mercy by the Master of Alkmaar presents several conundrums. The archivalia concerning its commission and use no longer exist and the identity of the artist is in dispute. Further, damage done to the panels during the sixteenth century and the subsequent repairs put art historians on shaky ground when trying to interpret the series as a whole. Consequently, it is one of the most challenging, and perhaps least understood, objects in the history of northern art. These difficulties aside, something of its function can still be gleaned by turning to the historical realities of Alkmaar in the decade preceding the panels' execution. This article works to reconstruct the context in which and for which the Seven Works of Mercy was made. Specifically, it is argued that these panels constituted a clear political statement designed to repair the city's shattered reputation and argue for the return of its lost rights.


Every year, 10 000 infants are born in the United States with sensorineural deafness. Deaf children of hearing (and nonsigning) parents are unique among all children in the world in that they cannot easily or naturally learn the language that their parents speak. These parents face tough choices. Should they seek a cochlear implant for their child? If so, should they also learn to sign? As pediatricians, we need to help parents understand the risks and benefits of different approaches to parent–child communication when the child is deaf.


The impact of multiple disabilities causes difficulties in the area of communication. Individuals with severe and multiple handicaps often have no verbal language as a result of serious physical impairments. This population may show little obvious response and it is therefore difficult to know if they are engaged and for the person him or herself to maintain engagement when involved in activities. The purpose of the study was to find out what happens in a normal music therapy session, during moments of perceived engagement. Four individuals experienced in the field of multiple disabilities were invited to take part in semi-structured interviews where they observed a half hour video of a therapist and a student with severe and multiple handicaps participating in music therapy. Data was analyzed in two steps, firstly through participants observing and explaining their reactions to video of music therapy and secondly by the researcher interviewing the participants and writing up a transcript of their commentaries about the video. The key themes that emerged in participants' descriptions of engagement during moments in music therapy suggest it is possible to observe and identify engagement as reflected in the students' non-verbal responses, such as body movement, eye contact and vocalizations.


This paper presents a procedure for generating synthetic district-level series of hourly water demand coefficients cross-correlated in space (between districts) and time. The procedure consists of two steps: (1) generation of hourly water demand coefficients which respect, for each hour of the day, pre-assigned means and variances; and (2) introduction of the cross-correlation at different time lags through the application of a method which implies the reordering of the data generated at step 1. The procedure was applied to a case study of the Ferrara water distribution system with the aim of generating cross-correlated synthetic series of hourly water demand coefficients for the 19 water districts making it up. It was observed that the application of the method for introducing the cross-correlation (step 2) causes numerical problems when a large number of water districts are involved and the cross-correlations are considered at many time lags; this problem is solved by carrying out an appropriate regularization of the observed cross-correlation matrix. The results obtained show that overall the proposed procedure constitutes a valid tool for generating synthetic water demand time series with pre-assigned characteristics in terms of means, variances and cross-correlation at different time lags.


A method is presented for determining in real time the infrared atmospheric transmittance along the line of sight of a tracking radiometer from measurements of background sky radiance. The case at hand involves observations from a high-altitude site in the tropics at wavelength bands from 8 to 21 μm. Hawaiian radiosonde atmospheric profiles were analyzed using the lowtran 5 spectroscopic code. Model atmospheres were found unsuitable for characterizing the variable meteorological conditions. The infrared transmittance and sky radiance are shown to have a very close correlation that allows determination of transmittance within a few percent from radiance data in spite of very large fluctuations in tropospheric humidity and variations in effective atmospheric temperature.


Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are frequently used to tackle image classification and segmentation problems due to its recently proven successful results. In particular, in medical domain, it is more and more common to see automated techniques to help doctors in their diagnosis. In this work, we study the retinal lesions segmentation problem using CNNs on the Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRiD). Additionally, the idea of adversarial training used by Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) will be also added to the previous CNN to improve its results, making segmentation maps more accurate and realistic. A comparison between these two architectures will be made. One of the main challenges we will be facing is the high-imbalance between lesions and healthy parts of the retina and the fact that some lesion classes are very scattered in small fractions. Thus, different loss functions, optimizers and training schemes will be studied and evaluated to see which one best addresses our problem.


Credit rating agencies have been criticized for their role in the financial crisis by understating credit risk. The US subprime mortgage crisis highlighted the systemic relevance of the rating agencies and the deficiencies in their activities; this led to an international consensus to regulate the rating business. Written by those involved in developing European Legislation, this book explains EU Regulation in the context of global initiatives undertaken by the G-20, the Financial Stability Board, and IOSCO to address failures within the rating industry. Through an in-depth analysis of the EU Regulation's requirements on governance, conflicts of interest, methodologies, and transparency, the book provides a clear explanation of how rating agencies operate and how the identified failures have been addressed. Moreover, it examines the supervisory and enforcement powers of ESMA, the EU authority in charge of the registration and oversight of rating agencies. This is complemented with an analysis of guidance from supervisors (ESMA and EBA), IOSCO's recommendations, and US legislation. The book discusses possible new regulatory developments in areas such as the agencies' business model, competition, civil liability, and ratings of sovereign debt, in light of the Euro debt sovereign crisis. It concludes with the authors' support for an enhanced regulatory and oversight coordination at international level and for the implementation of the necessary steps to reduce the existing over-reliance on ratings.


Meeting targets aimed at tackling the climate change challenge requires moving towards a low-carbon economy. These targets can only be met with major reductions in carbon emissions from the electricity sector. Written by a team of leading academics and industry experts, Delivering a Low Carbon Electricity System analyses the social, technological, economic and political issues that affect the attempt to create a low-carbon electricity sector and assesses the main instruments for achieving this aim. The book begins by looking at how low-carbon generation technologies might be added in sufficient quantity to the electricity system. Next, it examines how networks and the demand side can help to decarbonise the sector. It then highlights the role of innovation and discusses instruments for promoting technological progress. Finally, given the economic framework and technological possibilities, it presents a number of general and specific policy instruments and options for the future.


The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that climate change is undoubtedly real and greenhouse gas emissions continue to heat up all components of the climate system (IPCC, 2013). In this study, we have addressed two main concerns:  First, we assessed the performance of temperature simulations of the available CMIP6 and next, we projected future temperature in Iran by underlying socioeconomic scenarios by the late 21th century. In this study, the average annual temperature data of 43 synoptic stations were obtained for the period of 1980-2018. Also, the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset was analyzed to examine the projected changes in temperature over Iran during the twenty-first century. Three available CMIP6 models used in this study including BCC-CSM2-MR, CAMS-CSM1-0, and MRI-ESM2-0. To project the temperature anomaly and the monthly temperature trend of Iran to the end of 21st century, data from the CMIP6 model set under two SSP2.4-5 scenarios (Consistent with the RCP4.5 scenario of the CMIP5 modes) and SSP5.8-5 (Consistent with RCP8.5 scenario of the CMIP5 modes) was used for the period (2020-2100) with a horizontal resolution of 100 km. The Delta change factor (DCF) method was used to correct the bias of the data and to test the trend analysis in the long-term data series of the Man-Kendall nonparametric test (MK). Sen's Slope Estimator nonparametric method was also used to estimate the actual slope of the trend in the time series. The minimum monthly temperature in Iran was investigated based on observational data with 5.64 degrees Celsius in January and the maximum temperature of 29.21 degrees Celsius in July. The same is true for future data; the minimum monthly temperature of Iran during the projected future (2020-2100) under the scenario of SSP245 is 7.14 degrees Celsius and under the scenario of SSP585 is 33.8. The maximum temperature, like the observational period in the future projected period in July, for SSP2.4-5 and SSP5.8-5 scenarios, 31.38 and 32.76 degrees Celsius was calculated, respectively. The average temperature anomaly, according to the SSP2.4-5 scenario, is more than 2 degrees Celsius in 9 months of the year, and less than 2 degrees Celsius in January, November and December, which are considered the coldest months of the year. Investigating the temperature trends for over 80 years, it is found that the overall trend of increase in the amount of the increase in intensity in the scenario of SSP5.8-5 under the 0.1 level in all months is significant. The maximum trend intensity was calculated with a Z score of 10.60 in September and the minimum trend intensity was calculated as 2.77 in January. The average temperature trend based on the non-parametric Man-Kendall (M-K) test in Iran is increasing in all months in both of the studied scenarios. This value is statistically significant at the alpha level of 0.1. The trend slope was also measured using the nonparametric Sen's Slope Estimator (SSE); Under the SSP2.4-5 scenario, the average annual Celsius will be 0.02 year-1 degrees Celsius, and according to the SSP5.8-5 scenario, the average -0.05 year-1 degrees Celsius will increase. Locally, the maximum monthly temperature variability was observed in the mountainous areas of the Zagros and Alborz highlands, respectively. In other words, the highest monthly temperature change rate was observed in the cold period of the year in the mountainous regions. One of the reasons for this high variability can be due to the existence of different weather conditions in the cold season of the year to Iran.


The special problem of identifying the juridical nature of coastal indentations is but one aspect of a more fundamental problem: the need to accommodate the legitimate exclusive interests of coastal states in maximizing wealth, power, and national security with the inclusive interests of the community of states in maximizing freedom of the seas. Throughout historical cycles of mares liberum and clausum,1 this fundamental accommodation has remained the central focus of the international law of the sea. Even today, after thoroughgoing codification efforts in 1958 and 1982, the legal regime of the oceans remains in transition. Many


Core components of the mammalian circadian clock are transcription factors the expression of which is controlled by feedback loops embedded in a complex regulatory circuitry. Cardone et al. report that posttranslational modification of BMAL1, an essential component of the circadian clock, adds another level of complexity to controlling the clock mechanism. In the mouse liver, SUMO is covalently attached to BMAL1, which increases its rate of decay. Sumoylation of BMAL1 follows a daily cycle with timing that parallels its circadian activation. The modification is also induced by CLOCK, the heterodimerization partner of BMAL1. Expression of a mutated, nonsumoylated form of BMAL1 altered rhythmic gene expression, indicating that modification by SUMO is important to the oscillatory function of the circadian clock. L. Cardone, J. Hirayama, F. Giordano, T. Tamaru, J. J. Palvimo, P. Sassone-Corsi, Circadian clock control by SUMOylation of BMAL1. Science 309, 1390-1394 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Cloud computing is an emerging technology that promises competitive advantages, cost savings, enhanced business processes and services, and various other benefits to enterprises. Despite the rapid technological advancement, the adoption of cloud computing is still growing slowly among small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs. This paper presents a model to support the decision-making process, using a multi-criteria decision method PAPRIKA for the socio-technical aspects influencing SMEs cloud adoption decision. Due to the multifaceted nature of the cloud computing adoption process, the evaluation of various cloud services and deployment models have become a major challenge. This paper presents a systematic approach to evaluating cloud computing services and deployment models. Subsequently, we have conducted conjoint analysis activities with five SMEs decision makers as part of the distribution process of this decision modelling based on predetermined criteria. With the help of the proposed model, cloud services and deployment models can be ranked and selected.


This paper examines the development of textile and garment manufacturing in the context of the prevailing arguments on pursuing market-oriented liberalisation and state directed domestic linkages, and the impacts of these developments on unions and workers in Vietnam. Despite rapid growth in exports and employment, the empirical evidence shows that market-oriented integration in the global economy has limited firms' operations to low value-added activities and workers to toil for non-livable wages. The global supply chain has also exposed firms and consigned workers to the vicissitudes of volatile fluctuations in demand causing retrenchments, substandard working conditions and a vicious circle of underdevelopment and poverty. Albeit limited the state-controlled Vinatex has managed to promote domestic linkages in Vietnam, suggesting that the industry can actually be restructured to absorb higher value-added activities. A shift to upgrading activities, including learning and skills training, is essential to support improvements in wages and working conditions.


.. A Tale of Two Houses, Transported: Virginia House and Agecroft Hall .. by Heather Lynn Skilton, University of Richmond, M.A. in History, 1997. directed by Dr. John L. Gordon, Jr. This thesis examines why and how two couples in Richmond, Virginia came to purchase and transport from England to America two ancient English manor homes. A brief overvie\v of the backgrounds and ideas of Alexander and Virginia Weddell and Thomas C. and Elizabeth Williams, Jr. is offered, along with a look at the Richmond of the 1920s into which they brought these homes. As with any major undertaking such as this, the press and public had opinions to share, both in England and America, many of which are found in newspapers of the day. Articles, editorials, and letters to the editors are explored here in an effort to understand \vhy citizens of both countries felt the way they did. The majority of the press coverage in England was negative, while American papers, notably in Richmond, were positive. The reasons for those contradicting vie\\S are studied here. The British government did not remain silent on the subject of the transportations. Although Parliament had given attention to ancient monument preservation prior to the time that Warwick Priory and Agecroft Hall were transplanted. prompted new debates. Finally the fate and future of English building preservation is examined.


Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is an important food crop cultivated for its edible tubers in Ghana. In May 2009, outbreaks of a destructive leaf disease were observed on several taro farms in the Atiwa, East-Akim, Fanteakwa, West-Akim, and New Juaben districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana. Symptoms began on leaves as small, brown, water-soaked lesions that enlarged and coalesced into large lesions with yellow exudate, ultimately leading to the defoliation and death of plants. Symptoms were suggestive of taro leaf blight (TLB) caused by Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski (3). By August 2010, the disease had spread to other taro-growing regions in Ghana. To identify the pathogen, leaf tissue from lesion margins were excised and plated on carrot agar and V8 selective media for Phytophthora and incubated at 27°C for 5 days (2). Growth from diseased tissue was used for morphological characterization. Sporangia were ovoid, hyaline, papillate, caducous, 30 to 60 × 17 to 28 μm, and pedicels were 3.5 to 10 μm long. Genomic DNA was isolated from pure cultures of two isolates, PCg11-2 from Oseim (6°15'N, 0°27'E) and PCg11-5 from Oyoko (6°8'N, 0°17'W). Ribosomal DNA ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 were amplified by PCR using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers (4). The resultant 784-bp amplicons were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. JN662439 and JN662440). Sequences of both isolates were identical. A BLASTn search of these sequences revealed maximum homology of 99% with the sequence of P. colocasiae strains from blighted taro leaves in Nigeria (GenBank Accession No. HQ602756), Hawaii (GenBank Accession No. GU258997), and several strains in Asia and the South Pacific. On the basis of morphological characteristics and nucleotide homology, the isolates were identified as P. colocasiae. To fulfill Koch's postulates, 30 leaf discs from 3-month-old plants were inoculated with 10 μl of a suspension of 3 × 105 zoospores per ml (2). Leaf discs were incubated in the dark at 27°C on wet foam in plastic trays for 5 days. All inoculated discs developed blight symptoms similar in appearance to those observed on diseased taro in the fields. Control discs remained asymptomatic. P. colocasiae was reisolated from leaf discs and its identity confirmed by morphological characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TLB and P. colocasiae in Ghana. Occurrence of TLB was recently reported in Nigeria (1). The recent occurrence of TLB in both Nigeria and Ghana threaten the taro-growing regions of West and Central Africa. Disease surveys and a management strategy that includes resistant varieties are urgently needed. References: (1) R. Bandyopadhyay et al. Plant Dis. 95:618, 2011. (2) A. Drenth and B. Sendall. Practical Guide to Detection and Identification of Phytophthora. Version 1.0. CRC for Tropical Plant Protection. Brisbane, Australia, 2001. (3) M. Raciborski. Java Batavia Bull. 19:189, 1900. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.


Parallel binary adders of n bits long in single-rail input logic which have a minimum number of NOR gates are derived in this paper. The minimality of the number of NOR gates is proved for an arbitrary value of n. Also, it is proved that the adders must be a cascade of basic modules and that there exist many different types of basic modules. These adders have fewer gates and shorter net gate delays (or fewer connections) than the widely used carry-ripple adders which are a cascade of one-bit full adders. Design procedures of such adders are described, based on the integer-programming logic design method. There are many solutions but adders with few connections and those with few net gate delays (all these adders have the minimum number of gates) are shown as important examples. Altbough these adders are designed with NOR gates, the results in this paper are applicable to adders with NAND gates by duality conversion.


In its concentration of interest upon the protagonists, Macbeth can be seen as Shakespeare's experiment in unity of focus, whose chief appeal arises from the struggles of the central characters with each other and with the infernal powers that inspire or govern them. Over the centuries, the vision of directors like Welles, Nunn and Polanski, as well as the eloquent talents of actors like Garrick, Siddons, Olivier and McKellen have contributed to the central debate of the play: Who or what is culpable? Bernice W. Kliman, in her analysis of Macbeth in performance, examines major productions of the play on both stage and screen, thereby inviting the reader to contemplate directors' and actors' choices for what is arguably Shakespeare's most compelling play.


This thesis investigates and develops a stratified random sampling design for sediments in an offshore oil field environment. The sampling area was partitioned equally into sixteen zones. Stratification was based on the near-field and far-field areas, and the number of samples in each zone was chosen by proportional allocation - i.e. proportional to the available appropriate area (far-field). Measurement techniques applied to the samples included: laser granulometry; ultraviolet fluorescence; gas chromatography using mass-selective detection or flame ionisation detection; elemental analysis. The total PAH concentrations (2- to 6-ring parent and alkylated PAHs, including the 16 US EPA PAHs) in sediments were relatively low ( < 100 pg kg dry weight). The PAH concentrations, Forties crude oil equivalent and diesel oil equivalent concentrations were generally higher in sediment of fine grain size and higher organic carbon loading. PAH distributions and concentration ratios indicated a predominantly pyrolytic input, being dominated by the heavier, more persistent, 5- and 6-ring compounds, and with a high proportion of parent PAHs. The nalkane profiles of a number of the sediments contained small, high-boiling UCMs, indicative of weathered oil arising from a limited petrogenic input. Spatial structure analysis shows the existence of a trend in the variogram. Additionally, the spatial pattern in the contour maps of the measured parameters shows that the regionalized variables exhibited non-stationarity and were non-ergodic. The stratified random sampling scheme showed significant advantages over a classical grid sampling scheme when applied to the same area. Specifically, the stratified random sampling design gave much more reliable mean concentrations for all the parameters, achieving a much lower variance than the grid sampling. A further composite random sampling scheme was designed for sediments in the near-shore. The aim is to estimate a within-stratum mean value for each of the chosen measurement parameters with more thorough coverage (i.e. better representation), better precision and less variance at lower analytical cost. This scheme was trialed in two near-shore environments, the Clyde Estuary and the Firth of Forth. The results show no significant differences between the mean and distribution profile of the individual samples and the composite samples for all the parameters measured. This work utilised the best modern chemical analytical methods for the quantification of a range of hydrocarbon species and utilised the results in a modem risk-based approach to environmental assessment. The new stratified random sampling design has been accepted for use in the national marine monitoring programme (NMMP) in the United Kingdom.


First published in 1956, The Power Elite stands as a contemporary classic of social science and social criticism. C. Wright Mills examines and critiques the organization of power in the United States, calling attention to three firmly interlocked prongs of power: the military, corporate, and political elite. The Power Elite can be read as a good account of what was taking place in America at the time it was written, but its underlying question of whether America is as democratic in practice as it is in theory continues to matter very much today. What The Power Elite informed readers of in 1956 was how much the organization of power in America had changed during their lifetimes, and Alan Wolfe's astute afterword to this new edition brings us up to date, illustrating how much more has changed since then. Wolfe sorts out what is helpful in Mills book and which of his predictions have not come to bear, laying out the radical changes in American capitalism, from intense global competition and the collapse of communism to rapid technological transformations and ever changing consumer tastes. The Power Elite has stimulated generations of readers to think about the kind of society they have and the kind of society they might want, and deserves to be read by every new generation.


The use of animation has been associated with some very successful music videos. Prior
to its use by the popular music industry animation had been used in combination with
music since the days of the 'follow-the-bouncing-ball' cartoons produced by the
Fleischer Studio in the mid 1920's. The Disney Studio devoted an entire series of cartoons
to the visualisation of music called the Silly Symphonies which culminated in the
feature length animated film Fantasia. In so doing Disney and his animators set the technical
standards by which subsequent work in the field has been measured. They also
established the aesthetic base. This was challenged by the Fleischer Studio in the 1930's
and also often parodied by the Warner Bros. Studio.
Half a century later the popular music industry turned to animation, amongst other film
and video forms, in the production of the first wave of music video. The global cable
television station MTV consolidated the connection between pop music and animation
with the production and screening of a series of animated logos for its corporate identity.
Between the activity in the 1920's and the advent of music television there have been
various attempts by other studios and by individuals to visualise music. In most of these
instances images have been created in response to the music. The soundtrack has preceded
the visuals. This is contrary to normal practice in film and television production
where the music is not composed until after completion of the editing. But here the music
was privileged and the animation was, so to speak, slave to the rhythm, as this thesis will
show. Not only did the music take precedence over the visuals in production but the identifiable
image of the pop stars involved in the videos took precedence over any animated
effects. This suited the needs of the popular music industry which saw the videos as
a marketing tool for the promotion of musical product. Once again the Disney aesthetic
was challenged and reworked.
Establishing the emergence of a new aesthetic of animation set to music is the basis of
this research. It will be seen that music and animation have certain commonalities.
Accordingly, the method of structural analysis employed in this thesis is similar to both
a musical score and an animation bar sheet and is employed to uncover the multi-layered
nature of music videos. After a brief introduction to this new aesthetic I will review current
theory on animation and music video. There follows a short history of American
animation set to music with some references to European experimentation. The research
model is designed and then applied to three music videos. The analysis of these videos
shows the nature of the new animation aesthetic and how in music video the animation
is indeed a slave to the rhythm


The term "contemplation" has played a significant role in the history of Christian spirituality. Regardless of the tradition, whether Roman Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant, contemplation has been valued. Recently, however, some Evangelicals have raised various concerns about contemplation, including its Roman Catholic origin, the tendency to devalue Jesus Christ and his atonement, the marginalization of Scripture, and the assertion that a person who seeks to grow in the contemplative life will no longer be active to witness to the gospel in the world. This article while recognizing the potential for possible theological distortions argues that there is a biblical and theologically accurate manifestation of contemplation. In particular, this essay seeks to examine the presence of contemplation within the Evangelical church. To that end, the writings of four Americans representative of the beginning of eighteenth-century Evangelicalism are examined to discern whether they display a biblical and orthodox expression of contemplation. In all cases, whether male or female, Calvinist or Wesleyan, this quartet of spiritual leaders reveal and challenge contemporary Christians of all traditions to be more intentional about cultivating a loving and grateful gazing on God and desire to delight in and enjoy God more fully.


Background Neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders are multifactorial diseases (i.e., involving neurodevelopmental, genetic, age or environmental factors) characterized by an abnormal development that affects neuronal function and integrity. Recently, an increasing number of studies revealed that the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in the etiology of cognitive disorders as Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington's diseases, Schizophrenia and Autism spectrum disorders. Methods From an extensive search in bibliographic databases of peer-reviewed research literature,
we identified relevant published studies related to specific key words such as memory, cognition, neurodegenerative disorders, neurogenesis and miRNA. We then analysed, evaluated and summerized scientific evidences derived from these studies. Results We first briefly summarize the basic molecular events involved in memory, a process inherent to cognitive disease, and then describe the role of miRNAs in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and memory. Secondly, we provide an overview of the impact of miRNA dysregulation in the pathogenesis of different neurocognitive disorders, and lastly discuss the feasibility of miRNA-based therapeutics in the treatment of these disorders. Conclusion This review highlights the molecular basis of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders by focusing on the impact of miRNAs dysregulation in these pathological phenotypes. Altogether, the published reports suggest that miRNAs-based therapy could be a viable therapeutic alternative to current treatment options in the future.


Why are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) so successful in today's world? How do they empower themselves? This insightful book provides important new perspectives on the strategic thinking of NGOs, the way they identify themselves, and how they behave. Raymond L. Bryant develops a novel theoretical perspective around the concept of moral capital and assesses that concept through in-depth case studies of NGOs in the Philippines. The book's focus is on perceptions of NGOs as moral and altruistic and how such perceptions can translate into social power. Bryant examines the ambiguous qualities of NGO strategizing, the ways in which the quest for moral capital is bedeviled by the need to compromise with political and economic elites, and the possibilities for NGOs to achieve political goals as moral leaders.


Joint attention has long been accepted as constituting a privileged circumstance in which word learning prospers. Consequently research has investigated the role that maternal responsiveness to infant attention plays in predicting language outcomes. However there has been a recent expansion in research implicating similar predictive effects from individual differences in infant behaviours. Emerging from the foundations of such work comes an interesting question: do the relative contributions of the mother and infant to joint attention episodes impact upon language learning? In an attempt to address this, two joint attention behaviours were assessed as predictors of vocabulary attainment (as measured by OCDI Production Scores). These predictors were: mothers encouraging attention to an object given their infant was already attending to an object (maternal follow-in); and infants looking to an object given their mothers encouragement of attention to an object (infant follow-in). In a sample of 14- month old children (N=36) we compared the predictive power of these maternal and infant follow-in variables on concurrent and later language performance. Results using Growth Curve Analysis provided evidence that while both maternal follow-in and infant follow-in variables contributed to production scores, infant follow-in was a stronger predictor. Consequently it does appear to matter whose final contribution establishes joint attention episodes. Infants who more often follow-in into their mothers' encouragement of attention have larger, and faster growing vocabularies between 14 and 18-months of age.


Currently available treatments for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are often inadequate in terms of both efficacy and patient compliance. Gene therapy offers the possibility of a novel and improved method by which exogenous insulin can be delivered to a patient. This was approached in the present study by constructing a novel insulin-secreting cell line. For the purposes of this work immortalized cell lines were used. Fibroblasts and pituitary cells were transfected with the human preproisinulin gene to create stable lines of proinsulin- and insulin-secreting cells. The effect of known β-cell secretagogues on these cells were investigated, and found mostly to have no stimulatory effect, although IBMX, arginine and ZnSO4 each increased the rate of secretion. Cyclosporin (CyA) is currently the immunosuppresant of choice for transplant recipients; the effect of this treatment on endogenous β-cell function was assessed both in vivo and in vitro. Therapeutic doses of CyA were found to reduce plasma insulin concentrations and to impair glucose tolerance. The effect of immunoisolation on insulin release by HIT T15 cells was also investigated. The presence of an alginate membrane was found to severely impair insulin release. For the first implantation of the insulin-secreting cells, the animal model selected was the athymic nude mouse. This animal is immunoincompetent, and hence the use of an immunosuppressive regimen is circumvented. Graft function was assessed by measurement of plasma human C peptide concentrations, using a highly specific assay. Intraperitoneal implantation of genetically manipulated insulin-secreting pituitary cells into nude mice subsequently treated with a large dose of streptozotocin (STZ) resulted in a significantly delayed onset of hyperglycaemia when compared to control animals. Consumption of a ZnSO4 solution was shown to increase human C peptide release by the implant. Ensuing studies in nude mice examined the efficacy of different implantation sites, and included histochemical examination of the tumours. Aldehyde fuchsin staining and immunocytochemical processing demonstrated the presence of insulin containing cells within the excised tissue. Following initial investigations in nude mice, implantation studies were performed in CyA-immunosuppressed normal and STZ-diabetic mice. Graft function was found to be less efficacious, possibly due to the subcutaneous implantation site, or to the immunosuppresive regimen. Histochemical and transmission electron microscopic analysis of the tumour-like cell clusters found at autopsy revealed necrosis of cells at the core, but essentially normal cell morphology, with dense secretory granules in peripheral cells. The thesis provides evidence that gene therapy offers a feasibly new approach to insulin delivery.


This article presents the effects of a highly autonomous small-team-type R&D management model. The key points are to make the team small and to transfer nearly all the power and authority for research activities to the team. We compared teams to which this model was applied with other teams under conventional management at an R&D centre of a Japanese electronics company. We found that the activities of researchers on teams to which this model was applied tended to be more autonomous and to achieve deep insight. We also extended this highly autonomous management model with the two teams in this study for a total of 12 months. We confirmed that the autonomous actions of the researchers in these teams resulted in some outstanding R&D performances through participant observation.


The purpose of this study is to systematically review the service scholars' different perspectiveson the role of innovation policy in influencing innovation in public service.Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on a systematic reviewing approach. We have reviewedtotal of 117 articles published in the Web of Science and Scopus between 2009 and 2014. These exemplarsare then analyzed in two parts: 1) descriptive analysis of the identified articles based on the period,publication journals, methodology applied and main themes, 2) evaluative analysis of the identifiedarticles based on the actors and organizational structure perspective.Findings – The policy strategy and innovation driver, as well as sustainable consideration directthe focus of innovation policy. The innovation policy focuses not only on the competitive advantages withtechnology development, but also the innovation environment enhancement for sustainable innovative expertcultivation, as well as the eco-environment protection that stimulate sustainability in the society atlarge. Moreover, a network of key actors has been emphasized within both innovation policy making andinnovation implementation process, which contribute for the public service innovation. Academic scholarsemphasis the open innovation mechanism between the actors within the public service innovation policywith different lens of perspectives: combining bottom-up and top-down process within intra-organization;integrating power and responsibility between organizations; and richness of relationships between publicauthorities and other through the outside-in and inside-out processes.Contribution/value – This paper contributes with a synthesized overview of current agenda in termsof innovation policy studies. It compares different focus and potential impacts of innovation policy inrecent literature studies and join to the ongoing discussion around the role of innovation policy withinthe service innovation development.


Evidence is emerging to indicate that atrial fibrillation (AF) is independently associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). This association has been consistently observed in specific patient subgroups such as patients with myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and hypertension, and importantly, in the general population. Data from studies of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recipients suggest that the rapid and irregular rhythm of AF and the short-long-short cycles that are highly prevalent in AF increase susceptibility to ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. An alternative explanation for the association between AF and SCD includes confounding or mediation by shared risk factors such as coronary artery disease and heart failure. Possible risk factors for SCD in patients with AF include black race, left ventricular hypertrophy, history of MI, and diabetes. Additional research is needed to confirm the inherent proarrhythmic nature of AF, identify patients' characteristics or clinical conditions that potentiate SCD risk, and define effective SCD prevention strategies for patients with AF. (Circ J 2014; 78: 2588-2593).


Objective : To assess the effects of lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with radiculopathy (sciatica), by assessing reduction of pain at short term (3 weeks) and intermediate term (12 weeks). Design : This was a prospective study done between August 2005 and July 2011 at Kikuyu Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Centre in Kenya involving 121 patients. Methods : Patient selection was consecutive as the need for the epidural injection arose or was found necessary. After the epidural injection, patients were followed up for 12 weeks. Results : Of those followed up to the end, 58% reported significant pain reduction at 12 weeks. Four patients had a repeat injection and two patients ended up being operated on. Conclusion : Epidural steroid injection reduces pain in the majority of well selected patients with low back pain associated with radiculopathy. This seems to be short lived though. There is need for this patients to be followed up longer.


Action is a medium of collecting sensory information about the environment, which in turn is shaped by architectural affordances. Affordances characterize the fit between the physical structure of the body and capacities for movement and interaction with the environment, thus relying on sensorimotor processes associated with exploring the surroundings. Central to sensorimotor brain dynamics, the attentional mechanisms directing the gating function of sensory signals share neuronal resources with motor-related processes necessary to inferring the external causes of sensory signals. Such a predictive coding approach suggests that sensorimotor dynamics are sensitive to architectural affordances that support or suppress specific kinds of actions for an individual. However, how architectural affordances relate to the attentional mechanisms underlying the gating function for sensory signals remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that event-related desynchronization of alpha-band oscillations in parieto-occipital and medio-temporal regions covary with the architectural affordances. Source-level time-frequency analysis of data recorded in a motor-priming Mobile Brain/Body Imaging experiment revealed strong event-related desynchronization of the alpha band to originate from the posterior cingulate complex and bilateral parahippocampal areas. Our results firstly contribute to the understanding of how the brain resolves architectural affordances relevant to behaviour. Second, our results indicate that the alpha-band originating from the posterior cingulate complex covaries with the architectural affordances before participants interact with the environment. During the interaction, the bilateral parahippocampal areas dynamically reflect the affordable behaviour as perceived through the visual system. We conclude that the sensorimotor dynamics are developed for processing behaviour-relevant features in the designed environment.


Several studies have investigated the relationship between scientists and journalists. However, Southern Europe has been less studied when it comes to understanding the nature and effectiveness of collaborations between these two groups of professionals. To address this gap, this study focused on researchers (i.e., academics and scientists from different fields, including clinical researchers and medical doctors) who conducted research activities on COVID-19-related topics in three Southern European countries (Italy, Portugal, and Spain). Using an approach that combined survey data (n = 317) with semi-structured interviews (n = 40), we explored researchers' personal beliefs, opinions, and experiences regarding their encounters with the media during the pandemic. Our results show that researchers' motivations, concerns, and benefits in their interactions with the media remained largely unchanged during the pandemic. Despite the additional challenges posed by the health emergency, most researchers in Italy, Portugal, and Spain rated their interactions with journalists positively. Several practices to promote and maintain trustful and fruitful cooperation with journalists were also identified. Additionally, lessons learned were extracted from the interactions between researchers and journalists during the pandemic. They hold particular relevance in a context of uncertainty, fake news, high demand for information and high expectations in science and technology. These findings aim to support both the scientific community and media professionals to deal with current and future communicative challenges such as health, environmental and social crises that require joint efforts from multiple societal actors.


The release behavior of tritium bred in the blanket has been studied with in-situ experiments, and most of the results are analyzed assuming that the overall release process of tritium is mainly controlled with the process of tritium diffusion in the crystal grain. However, quantification of the water adsorption and desorption rate on various ceramic breeder materials is important because the chemical form of released tritium is tritiated water. The current authors carried out the water adsorption and desorption experiments on various ceramic breeder materials using a breakthrough method and the adsorption and desorption rate of water at the surface of various ceramic breeder materials were estimated from the breakthrough curve and release curve of water obtained in this work. The breakthrough curves or desorption curves were expressed assuming that two kinds of adsorption or desorption processes having different mass transfer rates proceed at the same time. The hypothetical tritium diffusivities in the crystal grain evaluated from the water desorption rate obtained in this work were compared with the reported value as the tritium diffusivity in the crystal grain. It is probable that the tritium diffusivity in the crystal grain reported so far is strongly affected by the resistance ofmore » surface reaction and the system effect. 27 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.« less


Concern for the quality of undergraduate education and its graduates has been a recurring topic of conversation in the literature and the workplace. Student involvement has been identified as a major factor that contributes to improvement in student learning. Recent emphasis on the need for excellence in higher education has increased the use of assessment as a tool for achieving and measuring the quality of student learning. Quality circles have been used in the workplace as a means of increasing quality and productivity; however, their use in undergraduate classroom has been limited. The purpose of this paper is to report the use of the quality circle technique (student management team) in an undergraduate course. This exploratory pilot study describes the effects of a student management team (four volunteers) on student learning and student satisfaction in a Medical/Surgical nursing course for approximately 40 students. End of semester student evaluations indicated increased student ownership of the course, student satisfaction with both the course and their mastery of course content, and a positive perception of faculty concern with their learning. (Contains 13 references.) (Author/SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************


Monitoring environmental parameters in aquaponics is essential to sustain healthy living conditions for both fish and plants. In order to maximize growth for both, an optimal balance of environmental parameters present in the system is necessary. As a solution, an automated aquaponics system that reacts to parametric changes with an integrated web interface is developed. The Arduino microprocessor sends measured parameters to a central node which host a local server to store the data. Acquired data is processed and triggers corresponding actuators to maintain the optimal environmental parameters. All information are displayed in a mobile-friendly web application which enables access to the real-time and historical data, and manual controls of the actuators. Results shows that the calibrated sensors can gather sensor parameters with high accuracy through comparisons with commercial sensor readings. The control system is capable of running actuators automatically as a result of changes in sensor parameters or manually by the user. Each actuator was tested and successfully triggered for a set period of time for both manual and automated controls. Finally, the network backbone can transmit information and host a website that displays live sensor data, manually control the actuators, and save sensor reading logs. Sensor data are updated and are presented to the user every half seconds which ensures that the data presented are updated. A web application is also uploaded to Heroku which allows the user to view sensor logs and manually control the actuators anywhere. With the fully integrated system, the study was able to implement an automated aquaponics system that measures and controls pH, temperature, and dissolved Oxygen.


The southeastern Indian Shield, an assemblage of several Precambrian geological terranes, carries imprints of major tectonic events, including those related to rifting contemporaneous with India-Antarctica continental separation, volcanism, and sedimentation in Gondwana. In this study, we investigate the character of seismic anisotropy underneath 14 broadband stations spanning this region, utilizing the SK(K)S and direct S waves from earthquakes deeper than 400 km. In total, 113 high-quality splitting measurements reveal that the delay times (δ t ) between the fast and slow axes of anisotropy range from 0.32 s to 1.62 s for direct S waves and from 0.31 s to 1.80 s for SK(K)S phases. The fast polarization directions at a majority of the stations are in accordance with shear at the base of the lithosphere, coinciding with the present-day motion of the Indian plate with respect to the fixed Eurasian plate as defined through the NUVEL1A plate model. The coast-parallel splitting trends in the vicinity of the Eastern Ghat mobile belt can be reconciled by invoking a combination of anisotropy frozen in the lithosphere due to continental rifting along the eastern margin of the Indian plate and active asthenospheric anisotropy.


This volume of the Western Criminology Review addresses the construction of racialized justice as a social and discursive process. Since its first appearance in criminological thinking 20 years ago, critical race theory has grown in significance. Originally part of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) that questioned law and the courts, critical race theory has grown to become a major challenge to the operation of social control and questions the legitimacy of dominant power structures. Early research drew attention to judicial outcomes - in particular, sentencing disparities - that appeared to indicate that race was a factor in explaining different treatment between blacks and whites. Other work went beyond reporting differences to advocating political action. Important, too, has been the ways in which a racialized criminal justice system, based on stereotypes of offenders, immigrants and criminal justice practitioners, contributes to the ongoing production of crime and that the combined effects of race, crime and "justice" differentially impact communities, families and children of racial and ethnic groups. Marginalizing youth of color, and segregating communities along the lines of race and ethnicity, generates feelings of abandonment by societal-level institutions. As injustice increases, the legitimacy of social institutions is undermined. Longtime contributors to critical race theory in criminology, Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic (1993; 2005) have pointed out that while we need to continue to document differences in justice practices, we also need to be aware of the fundamental social processes that produce these differences. These include "the social construction of race, and the related idea of differential racialization," which holds that "race and races are products of social thought, categories that dominant society invents, as it racializes different minority groups for particular purposes" (Delgado and Stefancic 1993 and Delgado and Stafancic 2005 as cited in Lanier and Henry 2009:377). This special issue of the Western Criminology Review then focuses on the ways in which discourse around issues of criminal justice frames, channels and contributes to the institutionalized practices that produce the ultimate disparities in the system. Contributors look at how we conceive of and socially construct our view of the "other" in language that becomes an embodiment of the state's power to perpetuate injustice. They do so from the perspective of someone who worked in an institution who is now an academic, a convict's view, a critical criminologist's observation of a meeting between prisoners, victims and policymakers, and an analysis of discourse in the social construction of criminal justice. The volume marks a shift in focus from studies about racial differences in crime and justice to the processes that produce and institutionalize those differences. …


High consumption of vegetables and fruits is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease. However, little information is available about diets based predominantly on consumption of fruits and their health consequences. We investigated the effects of an extremely high dietary intake of raw vegetables and fruits (70-100% raw food) on serum lipids and plasma vitamin B-12, folate, and total homocysteine (tHcy). In a cross-sectional study, the lipid, folate, vitamin B-12, and tHcy status of 201 adherents to a raw food diet (94 men and 107 women) were examined. The participants consumed approximately 1500-1800 g raw food of plant origin/d mainly as vegetables or fruits. Of the participants, 14% had high serum LDL cholesterol concentrations, 46% had low serum HDL cholesterol, and none had high triglycerides. Of raw food consumers, 38% were vitamin B-12 deficient, whereas 12% had an increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Plasma tHcy concentrations were correlated with plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations (r = -0.450, P < 0.001), but not with plasma folate. Plasma tHcy and MCV concentrations were higher in those in the lowest quintile of consumption of food of animal origin (P(trend) < 0.001). This study indicates that consumption of a strict raw food diet lowers plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, but also lowers serum HDL cholesterol and increases tHcy concentrations due to vitamin B-12 deficiency.


Human daily activity recognition using mobile personal sensing technology plays a central role in the field of pervasive healthcare. One major challenge lies in the inherent complexity of human body movements and the variety of styles when people perform a certain activity. To tackle this problem, in this paper, we present a novel human activity recognition framework based on recently developed compressed sensing and sparse representation theory using wearable inertial sensors. Our approach represents human activity signals as a sparse linear combination of activity signals from all activity classes in the training set. The class membership of the activity signal is determined by solving a l1 minimization problem. We experimentally validate the effectiveness of our sparse representation-based approach by recognizing nine most common human daily activities performed by 14 subjects. Our approach achieves a maximum recognition rate of 96.1%, which beats conventional methods based on nearest neighbor, naive Bayes, and support vector machine by as much as 6.7%. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by using random projection, the task of looking for "optimal features" to achieve the best activity recognition performance is less important within our framework.


Historically in Texas, acceptance of flexible pavement layers has been based upon density control, where the density of the layer must meet or exceed some minimum value. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) utilizes the nuclear density gauge to perform this acceptance testing for subgrade and base layers. However, TxDOT desires to find a non-nuclear method for measuring density; additionally, TxDOT desires to investigate the feasibility of a fundamental shift from density to mechanistic properties for acceptance. This report describes the search for a replacement for the nuclear gauge and also summarizes new techniques that could potentially be used for acceptance of flexible pavement construction. Currently no direct replacement exists for the nuclear density gauge; the most similar devices are the Pavement Quality Indicator and the Pavetracker Plus. However, these two devices are only applicable to hot-mix asphalt layers and are best suited for measuring differential density. Several systems exist that are not density-based that potentially could control flexible pavement construction. These systems include the Vertek and AquaPro moisture probes, the portable falling weight deflectometer, the dynamic cone penetrometer, instrumented vibratory rollers, automated proof rollers, ground-penetrating radar, and infrared imaging. The latter four systems provide near 100% coverage and could serve as screening tools to identify where to perform spot tests. This report describes preliminary testing of the most promising systems and outlines a framework for continued testing with the most promising devices for use during the remainder of this project.


Users of heterogeneous computing systems face two problems: firstly, understanding the trade-off relationship between the observable characteristics of their applications, such as latency and quality of the result, and secondly, how to exploit knowledge of these characteristics to allocate work to distributed resources efficiently. A domain specific approach addresses both of these problems. By considering a subset of operations, models of the observable characteristics or domain metrics may be formulated in advance, and populated at runtime for particular problem instances. These metric models can then be used to express the allocation of work as a formal integer linear programming problem, which can be solved using heuristics, numerical method-based optimisers or constrained optimisation frameworks.
These claims are illustrated using the example domain of derivatives pricing in computational finance, with the domain metrics of workload latency or makespan and pricing accuracy. For a large, varied workload of 128 Black-Scholes and Heston model-based option pricing tasks, running upon a diverse array of 16 Multicore CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs platforms, predictions made by models of both the makespan and accuracy are generally within 10% of the performance actually seen at runtime. When these models are used as inputs to numerical optimiser and formal optimisation-based workload partitioning approaches, a latency improvement of up to 24 and 270 times over a naive heuristic approach is seen.


Patient: Female, 88-year-old Final Diagnosis: Hodgkin lymphoma Symptoms: Fever • weight loss • dypnea Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Pathology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a potentially curable disease with favorable outcomes. However, elderly patients with HL usually have more adverse prognostic factors and hence a much worse prognosis than younger patients. Case Report: The patient was a woman in her 80s. She reported high fever, anorexia, and a weight loss of 8 kg within 5 months. She had been on treatment for diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention and pacemaker implantation to treat acute coronary syndrome and sinus arrhythmia, respectively. Blood tests showed elevation of alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein, leukocyte count, CA 19-9, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Computed tomography did not show tumors in the liver, and cholangitis and sepsis were suspected. Aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin gradually increased through the course of the patient's hospital stay. Despite treatment, her condition deteriorated and she died 22 days after hospital admission. At autopsy, we found stage IV HL with lymph node swelling on both sides of the diaphragm, as well as diffusely disseminated nodules in the liver and spleen. Conclusions: Our patient had several poor prognostic factors including B symptoms, comorbidity, advanced stage, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and interleukin-6, all of which were closely connected with her advanced age. Her age and comorbidities may have been the most adverse prognostic factors for her illness. An effective HL screening method for elderly individuals should be developed to ameliorate poor prognosis and adverse outcomes.


Damage confirmed Early studies of the impacts of neonicotinoid insecticides on insect pollinators indicated considerable harm. However, lingering criticism was that the studies did not represent field-realistic levels of the chemicals or prevailing environmental conditions. Two studies, conducted on different crops and on two continents, now substantiate that neonicotinoids diminish bee health (see the Perspective by Kerr). Tsvetkov et al. find that bees near corn crops are exposed to neonicotinoids for 3 to 4 months via nontarget pollen, resulting in decreased survival and immune responses, especially when coexposed to a commonly used agrochemical fungicide. Woodcock et al., in a multicounty experiment on rapeseed in Europe, find that neonicotinoid exposure from several nontarget sources reduces overwintering success and colony reproduction in both honeybees and wild bees. These field results confirm that neonicotinoids negatively affect pollinator health under realistic agricultural conditions. Science, this issue p. 1395, p. 1393; see also p. 1331 Bee health is affected by neonicotinoids under field-realistic conditions across crops conditions. Experiments linking neonicotinoids and declining bee health have been criticized for not simulating realistic exposure. Here we quantified the duration and magnitude of neonicotinoid exposure in Canada's corn-growing regions and used these data to design realistic experiments to investigate the effect of such insecticides on honey bees. Colonies near corn were naturally exposed to neonicotinoids for up to 4 months—the majority of the honey bee's active season. Realistic experiments showed that neonicotinoids increased worker mortality and were associated with declines in social immunity and increased queenlessness over time. We also discovered that the acute toxicity of neonicotinoids to honey bees doubles in the presence of a commonly encountered fungicide. Our work demonstrates that field-realistic exposure to neonicotinoids can reduce honey bee health in corn-growing regions.


Sales of Japanese kitchen knives are booming in the west, but how many people have the skills to use these superbly-crafted tools to full advantage? Now, internationally renowned chef Hiromitsu Nozaki shares his expertise and insights in a book that will help anyone who owns a Japanese knife to maximize its performance. In "Japanese Kitchen Knives", Nozaki teaches the reader how to use usuba, deba and yanagiba, the three main traditional Japanese knives. He explains many essential techniques, such as the importance of understanding blade angle and point of force, and illustrates these lessons by working with ingredients familiar to western readers, like carrots and rainbow trout. Colour photos and Nozaki's commentary further clarify the process, and the pictures are taken from the chef's perspective for easier understanding (most other books take photos from the reverse perspective). Each technique is accompanied by recipes that require its use, and all recipes are very simple, using easy-to-acquire ingredients. Other sections include a look at artisanal Japanese knife making and information on sharpening, storing and identifying of the variety of Japanese knives. Speciality knives are shown on location, from the unique unagi eel knife in an unagi speciality restaurant to the colossal tuna filleting knife in Tsukiji fish market. With simple lessons from a master chef, avid cooks - professional or amateur - can learn to use Japanese knives like an expert. The processes are illustrated in detail with colour photos and commentary; the photos are taken from chef's perspective for easier understanding. Each technique comes with recipes that require their use; other sections include information of sharpening, storing and the identification of the variety of Japanese knives.


This paper addresses the effect of thermal bridging due to columns and beams on energy consumption and peak load requirements of typical private residential villas in Kuwait. Although it is common practice to apply thermal insulation to walls and roofs, columns and beams are often not considered. The local climate pattern coupled with uninsulated skeleton structure of reinforced concrete that forms 27% of the external total wall area can have a significant effect on the thermal resistance of the buildings envelope. Multi-dimensional heat transfer method was implemented to assess the magnitude of this effect and then to incorporate this in a whole building energy simulation program to assess the impact on the overall thermal performance of the buildings considered. It was found that the thermal resistance of constructions can be reduced by 48% due to uninsulated columns and beams. In addition, the average effect on the overall annual energy consumption and peak load demand for Kuwaiti type villas was found to be 1.8% and 2.3% respectively.


A splitting of modes in a cylindrical graded-index optical fiber is demonstrated by solving the full Maxwell equations using the perturbation analysis. It is shown that the degeneracy of vortex Laguerre-Gauss modes with distinct orbital angular momentum and polarization (spin) but the same total angular momentum is lifted due to the spin-orbit (vector) and tensor forces. Numerical estimations of group delays of modes in optical fiber and frequency splitting in Fabry-Perot and ring resonators are presented.


Following recent suggestions by archaeologists that contemporary art practice may be of benefit to their understanding of the past, this study examines the potential role of art practitioners in archaeological research. In this context, the role of the artists in interpreting material culture, or archaeological evidence, is of particular interest.

To contextualise the study, the literature review identifies the main texts directly related to the relationship between art and archaeology, and evaluates current sources from the field of archaeology, and anthropology for comparative purposes.
The researcher's own art practice is then utilised as an exploratory method to develop some of the issues which arise in the relationship between the disciplines of art and archaeology. The concept of 'experience' and the area of theoretical archaeology are identified as the areas in which a connection with art practice may be most relevant.
Both terms are then explained to provide a philosophical basis for the second part of the dissertations. A brief outline of theoretical archaeology is followed by an explication of the philosophical movement of phenomenology, which forms the basis for phenomenological archaeology, a movement concerned with sense experience and perception of archaeological sites and artefacts.

In order to examine the current relationship between art practice and archaeology, the Foucauldian method of discourse analysis is employed. An analysis of the recent debate in archaeology shows that anthropologists have been engaged in direct collaborations with artists, while archaeologists have concentrated on interpreting artworks, the artefactual products of art practice, rendering the artist a passive component in the discourse. The subsequent analysis of practical statements by art practitioners, namely the Irish 'Umha Aois' experimental bronze casting group reveals that the practitioners do not insists on their disciplinary identity in the same way archaeologists do in their discourse. It further outlines the difference in attitude held by artists and archaeologists towards artefact and agency. The study argues that a relationship between art practice and archaeologists is therefore contingent on the temporary suspension of disciplinary identities in favour of common research interests.


Hamlet's inner conflict, though rich in oedipal imagery, is dramatized as the product of his immediate situation rather than of childhood trauma. It revolves around the old chivalric code of blood revenge and honor-at-all costs, and is implicit in the text, hence not "repressed" by the protagonist. Hamlet's prolonged wrestling with this conflict climaxes in a soliloquy that scathingly attacks the code's exemplification in Fortinbras, leaving the issue of revenge at an impasse. To prepare his hero for the act of killing Claudius, Shakespeare deleted and altered some crucial passes (as we see by assessing the differences between the Second Quarto and Folio texts). The effect of these changes is to diminish Hamlet's turmoil by introducing evidence of his psychological growth, evidence that Freud and Ernest Jones ignored and might well have considered. keywords: Hamlet, honor, Freud, Jones url: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/2007_gordon01.shtml Early and late in his psychoanalytic career Freud took pride in his interpretation of Shakespeare's Hamlet, which supported his belief in the central importance of the Oedipus Complex.1 The interpretation has not worn well. Thoughts of a murdered father and sexualized mother married to the murderer undoubtedly oppress the play's protagonist, but many critics, for different reasons, have demurred from Freud's hypothesis that it is Hamlet's unconscious identification with the guilty uncle that best explains his delay in fulfilling the Ghost's command to revenge. Unable to speak freely in Claudius's corrupt court, Hamlet must express his anguish privately or indirectly, yet the inner conflict entailed in his disgust is not, in my view, quite repressed. His feeling that he ought to avenge his father's murder for honor's sake is opposed by a contrary feeling that also has moral force, a contrary force that is implied throughout the play. It is shown by Hamlet's aversion to the very code of blood revenge that the Ghost invokes, a legacy of the medieval chivalric tradition that was fast losing its authority and glamour in late sixteenth century England.2 The characters in the play who best exemplify this code, with its enviable but obsolescent moral clarity, are Laertes, who, to avenge his father's death, would "cut [Hamlet's] throat in a church" and Fortinbras, who is judged by Hamlet in a more negative light than is generally recognized. The Ghost too, who appears in the first scene dressed in the armor of a warrior decades out of date and commands blood revenge, exemplifies this code but ambiguously because, a) Hamlet has idealized his father and, b) Shakespeare allows us to see the Ghost in both a Catholic and Protestant light, both honest and deceptive. This line of argument requires us to be dissatisfied also with the word "delay," however pervasive it is in Hamlet criticism, because it implies too unequivocally that Hamlet ought to kill Claudius, i.e. that Shakespeare endorses this ought. Although Hamlet, emotionally attracted as he still is by the heroic past, insistently berates himself for not heeding the Ghost's command, his very insistence suggests that the what he really searching for, and with increasing desperation during four acts of the play, is the discovery of a new rationale, an honorable moral basis, for doing so. His frustration comes to a climax in the last soliloquy, "How all occasions do inform against me," after which both Hamlet and his creator find themselves at an impasse. Shakespeare has borrowed the basic plot of a revenge play, but his emphasis on inner conflict makes it difficult to show the hero accomplishing an obligatory revenge in the final act. The playwright solves this artistic problem, more or less satisfactorily, by making crucial revisions in his text that alter the character of his Hamlet and of his foils. The avenger of Act V is a man partly liberated from inner conflict, one who has experienced psychological growth. …


The analysis below complements and enlarges upon the analysis given in my paper "Dialect variation in East Norwegian tone", published in Tones and Tunes. Typological and Comparative Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody I, edited by Tomas Riad and Carlos Gussenhoven (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter 2007). For reasons of space, the full OT-analysis could not be published in the book. It is instead presented below, and should be read as a supplement to the published article. Note that some of the introductory sections double with passages in the article in order to make the text below coherent.


We present control design for a variable configuration CO2 removal (VCCR) system, which exhibits a hybrid dynamical character due to the various modes in which one needs to operate the system. The VCCR is part of an overall NASA Air Recovery System of an intended human life support system for space exploration. The objective of the control system is to maintain CO2 and O concentrations in the crew cabin within safe bounds. We present a novel adaptation of the model predictive control technique to a nonlinear hybrid dynamic system. We exploit the problem structure and map the hybrid optimization problem into a continuous nonlinear program (NLP) with the aid of an appropriate representation of time and set definitions. We present a systematic approach for designing the objective function for the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) regulation problem that achieves a long-term, cyclic steady state. We also present a simple switching feedback controller and compare the performance of the two controllers during off-nominal and failure conditions to highlight the benefits of a systematically designed NMP controller. We then perform safety verification of both control designs-the model predictive control with techniques from statistical learning theory and the switching feedback controller with Barrier certificates computed using sum of squares programming. The two approaches yield consistent results.


A novel process for the isolation of AlGaN/GaN HFETs is reported, utilising co-implantation of phosphorus and He ions. After implantation the material sheet resistance is > 108 Ω/□, even at temperatures as high as 200°C. The high resistance is maintained for high temperature anneals > 700°C. HFETs fabricated with this procedure exhibit good characteristics.


COLOR GRAPH REPRESENTATION FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TISSUE IMAGES Doğan Altunbay M.S. in Computer Engineering Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Gündüz Demir July, 2010 Computer aided image analysis tools are becoming increasingly important in automated cancer diagnosis and grading. They have the potential of assisting pathologists in histopathological examination of tissues, which may lead to a considerable amount of subjectivity. These analysis tools help reduce the subjectivity, providing quantitative information about tissues. In literature, it has been proposed to implement such computational tools using different methods that represent a tissue with different set of image features. One of the most commonly used methods is the structural method that represents a tissue quantifying the spatial relationship of its components. Although previous structural methods lead to promising results for different tissue types, they only use the spatial relations of nuclear tissue components without considering the existence of different components in a tissue. However, additional information that could be obtained from other components of the tissue has an importance in better representing the tissue, and thus, in making more reliable decisions. This thesis introduces a novel structural method to quantify histopathological images for automated cancer diagnosis and grading. Unlike the previous structural methods, it proposes to represent a tissue considering the spatial distribution of different tissue components. To this end, it constructs a graph on multiple tissue components and colors its edges depending on the component types of their end points. Subsequently, a new set of structural features is extracted from these "color graphs" and used in the classification of tissues. Experiments conducted on 3236 photomicrographs of colon tissues that are taken from 258 different patients demonstrate that the color graph approach leads to 94.89 percent training accuracy and 88.63 percent test accuracy. Our experiments also show that the introduction of color edges to represent the spatial relationship of different tissue


Organic farming is frequently associated with claims of more labour requirements than conventional. However, there is a fragmented knowledge about labour use on organic farms in terms of workload, nature and quality of employment provided. In the context of a growing organic demand and a need for more farmers to convert to reach policy targets set by many EU governments, it seems crucial to understand labour trends on organic farms and to what extent labour requirements may hinder the adoption of the organic methods. This paper presents a review of mainly European literature published since 2000. Studies presenting results by farm type usually indicate higher labour use per hectare on organic than conventional arable farms, whereas similar or lower labour use is reported on organic livestock farms, and the results are mixed for other farm types. We have identified in the existing literature two broad dimensions directly related with labour use, which need to be considered in comparative studies, namely farm structure (including farm type, but also farm size and diversification activities), and technical efficiency. These two broad dimensions give us insights into some more specific factors affecting labour use, and how labour is related with productivity and technical efficiency. Overall it appears that claims that labour requirements represent a concrete obstacle to the adoption of the organic methods need to be treated with caution, and more research is needed to understand the role of labour in farmers' decision to convert to organic farming. The review of the nature and quality of employment indicates positive health effects related to higher satisfaction and lower exposure to pesticides in organic agriculture as the most important advantages for farm workers. Overall, there is limited research on whether the organic sector provides better opportunities in terms of job prospects, wages and employment of women.


In this paper, we study how the financial market frictions in the Chinese economy, especially the interest rate policies, lead to inefficient resource allocations and economic imbalances. First, the repressed low interest rate for household savings induce them to increase saving in order to prepare for future necessary expenditures. Consequently consumption share is low and the economic imbalance of consumption and saving emerges. Second, the government provides explicit or implicit guarantees for state firms, so banks prefer to lend to state firms which are less productive. Private firms get less financial resource and operate at sub-optimal levels. The lower aggregate productivity implies the lower household income and consumption and worsen the imbalance. Due to the financial market frictions, traditional consumption stimulating policies, e.g., reducing the interest rate, may actually results in the opposite: even lower consumption and a more imbalanced economy. Reforms towards market-determined interest rates can help to rebalance the economy.


Zeolites play an important role in modifying the chemis-try, physics and biology of soils. Here we review the status of the pedology and edaphology of the zeolitic soils of the Deccan basalt areas of India. Research has been mainly conducted with clinoptilolite (a potas-sium-rich zeolite). However, some basic research has been conducted on zeolitic (heulandites, calcium-rich zeolites) soils of India developed from the Deccan basalts. The results of such research have added to basic understanding of the pedology of tropical soils; and have enhanced our understanding of edaphology related to the use of zeolitic sodic and non-sodic shrink–swell soils (Vertisols) for cultivating crops with-out causing any degradation in soil properties, but with an improvement in organic carbon status. Res-earch is needed on the specific role of heulandites in the presence of K+ and NH+4 fixing clay minerals in soil environments. Identification of soil zeolites by deter-mining cation exchange capacity and extractable bases is possible when sophisticated instrumental facilities are not available. The need for future research on the pedology and chemistry of zeolitic soils for their sustainable use for agricultural production and envi-ronmental management is emphasized.


We designed several treatments to directly control an invasive tree, Chinese tallow [Triadica sebifera (L.) Small] on Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot located in Beaufort, SC. We examined the response of the plant community to four treatment series: 1) control (C), 2) mastication (M), 3) fire (F), and 4) combination of mastication and fire (MF). We found that mastication significantly reduced midstory density of all species. However, without fire, midstory density increased to levels similar to those without mastication within 2 years. The MF treatment reduced midstory density over the course of the study, resulting in an increase in important oak species. The MF treatment also increased ground flora richness, without reducing the richness of regenerating tree species. Our results show that MF resulted in a positive response from the native community.


The peridotites from the area of Korydallos, in the Pindos ophiolitic massif, crop out as deformed slices of a rather dismembered sub-oceanic, lithospheric mantle section and are tectonically enclosed within the Avdella melange. The most sizeable block is a chromitite-bearing serpentinite showing a mesh texture. Accessory, subhedral to euhedral Cr-spinels in the serpentinite display Cr# [Cr/(Cr + Al)] values that range from 0.36 to 0.42 and Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe 2+ )] values that vary between 0.57 and 0.62, whereas the TiO 2  content may be up to 0.47 wt.%. The serpentinite fragment is characterized by low abundances of magmaphile elements (Al 2 O 3 : 0.66 wt.%, CaO: 0.12 wt.%, Na 2 O: 0.08 wt.%, TiO 2 : 0.007 wt.%, Sc: 4 ppm) and enrichment in compatible elements (Cr: 2780 ppm and Ni: 2110 ppm). Overall data are in accordance with derivation of the serpentinite exotic block from a dunite that was formed in the mantle region underneath a back-arc basin before tectonic incorporation in the Korydallos melange. Two compositionally different chromitite pods are recognized in the studied serpentinite fragment, a Cr-rich chromitite and a high-Al chromitite, which have been ascribed to crystallization from a single, progressively differentiating MORB/IAT melt. Although both pods are fully serpentinized only the Al-rich one shows signs of limited Cr-spinel replacement by an opaque spinel phase and clinochlore across grain boundaries and fractures. Modification of the ore-making Cr-spinel is uneven among the Al-rich chromitite specimens. Textural features such as olivine replacement by clinochlore and clinochlore disruption by serpentine indicate that Cr-spinel alteration is not apparently related to serpentinization. From the unaltered Cr-spinel cores to their reworked boundaries the Al 2 O 3 and MgO abundances decrease, being mainly compensated by FeO t  and Cr 2 O 3 increases. Such compositional variations are suggestive of restricted ferrian chromite (and minor magnetite) substitution for Cr-spinel during a short-lived but relatively intense, low amphibolite facies metamorphic episode (temperature: 400–700 °C). The presence of tremolite and clinochlore in the interstitial groundmass of the high-Al chromitite and their absence from the Cr-rich chromitite matrix imply that after chromitite formation a small volume of a high temperature, post-magmatic fluid reacted with Cr-spinel, triggering its alteration.


This research was concerned with the effects of pulsed current on the electrodeposition of chromium and copper. In the case of the latter metal, a novel application has been studied and a theory proposed for the ability to improve throwing power by the joint use of organic additives and pulsed reverse current. During the course of the research, several improvements were made to the pulse plating unit.Chromium. A study was made of the effect of square wave pulsed current on various physical properties of deposits from three hard chromium plating electrolytes. The effect of varying frequency at a duty cycle of 50% on the mean bulk internal stress, visual appearance, hardness, crack characteristics and surface topography of the electrodeposits was determined. X-ray diffraction techniques were used to study the phases present in the deposits. The effect of varying frequency on the cathodic efficiencies of the electrolytes was also determined. It was found that pulsed current reduced the internal stress of deposits from the sulphate catalysed electrolyte. It also reduced or eliminated cracking of deposits and reduced deposit brightness. Under certain conditions, pulsed current was found to induce the co-deposition of hydrides of chromium. Deposit hardness was found to be reduced by the use of pulsed current. Cathodic efficiencies of the high efficiency electrolytes were reduced by use of pulsed current although this effect was minimised at high frequencies. The sulphate catalysed electrolyte showed an increase in efficiency over the frequency range where hydrides were co-deposited.Copper. The polarisation behaviour of acid copper solutions containing polyethers, sulphopropyl sulphides and chloride ions was studied using both direct and pulse reverse current. The effect of these additives on the rest potentials of copper deposits immersed in the electrolyte was also studied. Hole Throwing Power on printed circuit boards was determined using a specially designed test cell. The effect of pulsed reverse current on the hole throwing power of commercially produced printed circuit boards was also studied. Polyethers were found to have an inhibiting effect on the deposition of copper whereas the sulphopropyl sulphides produced a stimulating (i.e. depolarising) effect. Studies of rest potentials made when both additives were present indicated that the sulphopropyl sulphide was preferentially adsorbed. The use of pulsed reverse current in solutions containing both polyether and sulphopropyl sulphide was found to cause desorption of the sulphopropyl sulphide at the cathode surface. Thus, at higher current densities, the inhibiting effect of the polyether produced an increase in the cathodic polarisation potential. At lower current densities, the depolarisation effect of the sulphopropyl sulphide could still occur. On printed circuit boards, this effect was found to produce an increase in the `hole throwing power' due to depolarisation of the holes relative to the surface of the boards. Typically, using direct current, hole/surface thickness ratios of 40% were obtained when plating 0.6 mm holes in a 3.2 mm thick board at a current density of 3 A/dm2 whereas using pulsed reverse current, ratios of 80% could be obtained at an equivalent rate of deposition. This was observed both in laboratory tests and on commercially plated boards.


Objective Previous work investigating deficits in self-appraisal in behavioural-variant frontotemporal degeneration (bvFTD) has focused on a single domain: social/behavioural processes. We examined whether a domain-specific versus multi-domain model best explains degraded self-appraisal in bvFTD. Methods 49 patients with bvFTD and 73 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were administered quantitative assessments of episodic memory, naming and grammatical comprehension. Self-appraisal of cognitive test performance was assessed by asking patients to rate their performance immediately after completing each neuropsychological test. A discrepancy score was created to reflect the difference between patient performance on neuropsychological tests and self-appraisal of their test performance. Self-appraisal for each neuropsychological measure was related to grey matter (GM) density in each group using voxel-based morphometry. Results bvFTD patients were poor at evaluating their own performance on all cognitive tests, with no significant correlations between self-appraisal and actual performance. By contrast, poor self-appraisal in AD was restricted to episodic memory performance. Poor self-appraisal on each task in bvFTD and AD was related to reduced GM density in several ventral and rostral medial prefrontal regions. Crucially, poor self-appraisal for all domains in bvFTD was related to a specific area of reduced GM density in the subgenual cingulate (BA 25). Conclusion Poor self-appraisal in bvFTD affects multiple domains, and this multi-domain impairment pattern is associated with frontal disease in the subgenual cingulate.


Cheap electricity has long been the basis for locating aluminum smelters. However, a limited number of sources of cheap electric power are available around the world. Such sources consist of the best hydroelectric sites and possibly sites near gas field and low grade lignite and subbituminous coal deposits -- unfavorably located to compete on world markets. A few additional aluminum smelters might be located at the remaining sites of this low cost power. However, critical limits exist to extensive relocation of industry near cheap energy or even the persistence of cheap electricity. Electricity is difficult but not impossible to transmit over long distances and a time may come, where it becomes profitable to integrate the low cost facility into a national or international generating system (grid). Moreover, given the limited number of available sites, only a limited number of plants seeking low cost energy can be accommodated. Moreover, cheap energy is not the only consideration in plant location and high nonenergy costs may eat up any energy cost savings. The long run prospect is that the margin aluminum smelting will be based on nuclear generated electricity. However, there may well remain unexploited low cost sources and excess capacity so that it will pay to locate several more smelters near cheap energy.


Non-reciprocal devices, with one-way transport properties, form a key component for isolating and controlling light in photonic systems. Optomechanical systems have emerged as a potential platform for optical non-reciprocity, due to ability of a pump laser to break time and parity symmetry in the system. Here we consider how the non-reciprocal behavior of light can also impact the transport of sound in optomechanical devices. We focus on the case of a quasi one dimensional optical ring resonator with many mechanical modes coupled to light via the acousto-optic effect. The addition of disorder leads to finite diffusion for phonon transport in the material, largely due to elastic backscattering between clockwise and counter-clockwise phonons. We show that a laser pump field, along with the assumption of high quality-factor, sideband-resolved optical resonances, suppresses the effects of disorder and leads to the emergence of chiral diffusion, with direction-dependent diffusion emerging in a bandwidth similar to the phase-matching bandwidth for Brillouin scattering. A simple diagrammatic theory connects the observation of reduced mechanical linewidths directly to the associated phonon diffusion properties, and helps explain recent experimental results.


This study examined meditative practices among group participants and therapists, participating in the Domestic Violence Focused Couples Treatment (DVFCT) group using the phenomenology and systems frameworks. Specifically, this inquiry explored whether or not group participants and therapists experienced intrapersonal effects as well as relational effects from meditating, both within and outside of session. Little research examines the relational impact of meditating, or the use of meditation as a strategy for helping couples who experienced intimate partner violence. Systems theory and existing research regarding mindfulness meditation contributed to the development of interview questions. Five group participants and four therapists who facilitated the Domestic Violence Focused Couples Treatment group within the last two years were interviewed. The main theme that had emerged from the study were the differences between meditating during session versus out of session for all study participants. In the study, it was noticed that group participants also experienced more relational effects then were noticed by the therapists. While the experience for the therapists and group participants varied, some similarities were found consistently through their interviews. Also included are a discussion of the connections between these themes and the existing literature, the strengths and limitations of this study, and the implications for future research.


This paper addresses the importance of credit constraints explaining the gap on college enrollment between students coming from rich and poor families. Measuring the effect of credit constraints on college enrollment is a complex task due to the unobserved nature of credit constraints and the existence of other variables that affect college enrollment that are unobserved as well. This paper exploits a natural experiment that produces variation on credit constraints directly, analyzing two programs that give college tuition loans to students who score above a given cut-off in the national college admission test. This enables a regression discontinuity design that addresses the problems of unobserved omitted variables and self-selection. Moreover, the paper uses a rich and detailed data set from a nationwide admission process that does not rely on unobserved subjective variables to select students, eliminating potential biases from the supply side. With this exogenous variation on loan access, I estimate the causal effect of credit constraints on college enrollment. The college enrollment rate increases significantly for students that are eligible for loans, and is statistically the same for all income groups after the elimination of credit constrains.


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Summary: An exceptional species richness for Mollusca was found on Avempace bank (349-365 m), Djibouti group, Alboran Sea, where the most abundant species was the crinoid Leptometra phalangium. A sample of sediment sieved on a 0.5mm mesh yielded 156 species of molluscs (83 live-taken, 1772 specimens) with a high Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'(log2)=3.60). The dominant mollusc was Limopsis aurita and the six most common species accounted for 77% of the specimens. On the other hand, 42 species were represented by only one or two specimens. Two species are described as new, three more are first findings in the Mediterranean and two are first findings in Iberian waters. One-third of the species have not been reported from the neighbouring, well-explored Alboran Island platform. There is a considerable balance between the trophic groups, denoting a stable and structured community. Most of the species have an extensive Atlantic range, and most have a planktonic larval stage. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the fauna benefits from a diverse influx of larvae carried in by the more superficial incoming Atlantic current. Because of its exceptional richness, this type of bathyal community with Leptometra and Limopsis should be considered a high priority for habitat conservation in the Mediterranean deep sea.


During the last decade the field of computational chem. has experienced an enormous progress. Due to the exponential increase in computer power and the development of new computational methods it has now become possible to treat many complex chem. and biol. problems on an accurate and realistic level. Ab initio mol. dynamics simulations based on d. functional theory are among the most powerful of these new tools. Using parallel computers, systems of a few hundred of atoms can be studied routinely. By extending this approach to a mixed quantum-classical (QM/MM) hybrid scheme, the system size can be enlarged even further. This method paired with enhanced sampling techniques is esp. attractive for the in situ investigation of complex chem. and biochem. reactions that occur in a heterogeneous environment. The power of this approach will be demonstrated on different illustrative examples with a particular emphasis on applications to enzymic reactions and photoactive proteins. [on SciFinder (R)]