Preface. Chapter 1 The Fossil Record. Changing Ideas about the Changing Earth. Neptune vs. Vulcan. A Brief Guide to Sedimentology. Dating the Rocks. The Succession of Faunas. Radiation-Based Dating Techniques. Other Dating Techniques. Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth. The Problem of Orogeny. Continental Drift. Life: The First Three Billion Years. Multicellular Life. The Cambrian Revolution. Jaws, Fins, and Feet. The Reptilian Revolutions. The Two Great Extinctions. The Mammals Take Over. Chapter 2 Analyzing Evolution. Parsimony and Pigeons. Darwin's Theory. Problems with Darwinism. The Concept of Species. Evidence for Anagenesis and Cladogenesis. The Tempo of Speciation. Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms. "Races". Species and Fossils. Morphospecies. Microevolution and Macroevolution. The Politics of Macroevolution. Reconstructing the Tree of Life. Sources of Error in Phylogenetics. Linnaean Classification. Evolutionary Systematics. Phenetics and Cladistics. Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics. Chapter 3 People As Primates. Early Mammals. Allometry. Allometry and Early Mammals. Death and Molar Occlusion. Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk. Respiration and the Palate. The Tribosphenic Molar. Live Birth and Placentation. Cretaceous Mammals. The Order Primates. The Living Strepsirrhines. Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses. Tarsiers. Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids. Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys. Hominoids: The Living Apes. Pongids and Hominids. Bonobos and Chimpanzees. Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth. Primate Origins: The Crown Group. Fossil Primates: The Stem Group. The First Fossil Euprimates. Eocene "Lemurs" and "Tarsiers". The First Anthropoids. Anthropoid Radiations. Chapter 4 The Bipedal Ape. Being Human vs. Becoming Human. The Taung Child. Australopithecus Grows Up. Bipedal Posture and the Vertebral Column. Bipedal Posture and the Pelvis. Bipedal Locomotion: Knees. Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint. Bipedal Locomotion: Feet. Australopithecus Stands Up. The Skull of Australopithecus africanus. Australopithecus robustus. Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? Postcranial Peculiarities. Louis Leakey and East Africa. Olduvai Gorge. Sahelanthropus : The Oldest Hominin? Mio-Pliocene Enigmas: Orrorin and Ardipithecus. Australopithecus anamensis. Australopithecus afarensis. Lucy's Locomotion: The View from Stony Brook. Lucy's Locomotion: The Rebuttal. Lucy's Locomotion: Persistent Questions. Australopithecus bahrelghazali ? Australopithecus platyops ? Australopithecus garhi. Australopithecus aethiopicus. Australopithecus boisei. Fitting in South Africa: The Problem(s) of Sterkfontein. Fitting in South Africa: Some robustus Questions. The Phylogeny of Australopithecus. What Did Australopithecus Eat? Australopithecus and the Ecosystem. Two Species or Two Sexes? Hunting, Gathering, and Dimorphism. Dinichism: A Possible Synthesis. Explaining Hominin Origins. Primitive Homo -Or "Advanced" Australopithecus ? Dating and Geological Context of the Habilines from Olduvai, Omo, and Koobi Fora. Habiline Skulls. Habiline Teeth. Habiline Postcranial Remains. Advanced Australopithecus : The Frustrations of Variation. Advanced Australopithecus : Back to South Africa. Advanced Australopithecus or Early Homo ? Phylogenetic Issues. Chapter 5 The Migrating Ape: Homo erectus and Human Evolution. The "Muddle in the Middle". A Brief History of Homo erectus : 1889-1950. Later Discoveries in Africa and Eurasia. Erectine Chronology and Geographic Distribution. Cranial Vault Morphology of Homo erectus. Cranial Capacity and the Brain. Faces and Mandibles of Asian Homo erectus. The Erectine Dentition. Erectine Postcranial Remains. Early African Erectine Skulls and the Ergaster Question. Early African Erectine Postcranial Morphology. Early Erectine Adaptations: Anatomy and Physiology. Early Erectine Adaptations: The Archaeological Evidence. Patterns of Development and Evolutionary Change in Erectines. Early Erectine Radiations in Africa. Out of Africa I: The Erectine Radiation. Indonesian Erectines and the Specter of "Meganthropus". Chinese Erectines. Dmanisi-Humans at the Periphery of Europe. The Initial Occupation of Europe. Major Issues: A Summing Up. Taxonomy. Dates and Additional Evidence. Evolutionary Patterns. Chapter 6 The Big-Brained Ape: Regional Variation and Evolutionary Trends in the Middle Pleistocene. Of "Archaic Homo sapiens " and Homo heidelbergensis. Early Models of Later Human Evolution. The Recent African Origin Model. The Multiregional Evolution Model. European Heidelbergs. Petralona. Bilzingsleben. Swanscombe. Steinheim. Mauer. Boxgrove. Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos. Other European Heidelbergs. African Heidelbergs. Kabwe. Bodo and Ndutu. African Heidelberg Mandibles. Other African Heidelbergs. North Africans. Asian Heidelbergs? Mugharet El-Zuttiyeh. Other West Asian Candidates. South Asia. East Asia. Australasia. Ngandong. Liang Bua. Supraorbital Tori, Chins, and Projecting Faces. Major Issues: Speciation, Migration, and Regional Continuity. Chapter 7 Talking Apes: The Neandertals. Neandertals-Early Discoveries and Ideas (1829-1909). Ideas about Neandertals-From Boule to the 21st Century. Neandertal Chronology and Distribution. Neandertal Morphology-The Cranial Vault. Frontal Bones. Occipital Bones. Temporal Bones. Brains. Neandertal Faces. External Nose. Prognathism. Internal Nose. Neandertal Mandibles. Neandertal Dentition. Body Size and Proportions. Neck and Upper Limb. Pelvis and Lower Limb. Neandertal Life History. Neandertal Genetics. Neandertal Technology. Diet and Subsistence Behavior. Neandertals and Language. Symbolic Behavior. Early European Neandertals. Wurm Neandertals from Western Europe. Western and Central Asian Neandertals. Late Neandertals. Major Issues. Chapter 8 The Symbolic Ape: The Origin of Modern Humans. A "Creative Explosion"? Modern Human Anatomy-The Skull. Modern Human Anatomy-Cranial Capacity. Modern Human Anatomy-The Postcranial Skeleton. The Geochronology of Modern Human Origins. The African Transition: Background and Dating. The African Transition: Vault Morphology. The African Transition: Facial Morphology. The African Transition: Additional Bones, Archaeology, and Other Matters. East Asian Archaic Humans: Background and Context. East Asian Archaic Sites and Specimens. Jinniushan. Maba. Other Cranial Pieces. Dentition. East Asian Archaics: Continuity or Someone New? Early Modern Humans: The East African Record. Out of (East) Africa: Early Modern People in North and South Africa. The First Modern People Outside Africa: The Near Eastern Evidence. African and Circum-Mediterranean Gene Flow and Modern Human Origins. Modern Human Origins in East Asia. Modern Human Origins in Australasia. Europe: The Last Frontier. Recent Human Genetics and Modern Human Origins. Ancient DNA in Early Modern Humans. Modern Human Origins: The Models vs. the Facts. The Recent African Origin Model. Alternative Views-Multiregional Evolution. Alternative Views-The Assimilation Model. Assimilation and Interactions Between Modern and Archaic Humans. Appendix: Cranial Measurements. Bibliography. Index.


This paper sets out the potential impacts of GURTs on various developing countries. The impact on any country depends on a number of important factors existing biotechnology capability, capacity for developing biotechnology, and the country's suitability for planting non-hybridised modern varieties. For a large group of developing countries the potential impact from GURTs will be dependent on the impact of these technologies on the rate of diffusion of innovation from countries that possess biotechnological capabilities to those countries that do not. This is necessarily an empirical question, because there are two important effects that are countervailing the impact of GURTs on the general rate of innovation and the impact of GURTs on the rate of diffusion between countries. To address this question, a case study is constructed assessing the impact of hybridised varieties on the diffusion of innovation within maize production. This case study indicates that hybridisation as a URT has slowed the overall r...


Summer report of birds found in central Iowa contributed by Hank Zaletel. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists' Union Quarterly field report of summer 1993.


This thesis highlights the importance of ethical awareness amongst photojournalists, their complex professional practices and digital photography in relation to photographs submitted for publication in UK national newspapers. At the current time in the UK photojournalistic context, the ethical significance of photojournalists' practice is often silenced. This thesis aims to bring their voices to the surface.

By adopting a social constructivist approach, this study draws on data collected from semi-structured interviews from twenty-five professional photojournalists. The interviews provided data which reflect the thoughts, opinions and views of professional photojournalists currently practising and that have submitted photographs to UK national newspapers. Below are the key themes of this study:

- In constructing the importance of ethical practices in relation to newspaper photographs, I developed a representation that conceptualises the ethical relationship photojournalists have regarding challenges they face, being an eyewitness to history and their photographic identity. This representation positions practices relating to ethical activities conducted and understood by photojournalists; encapsulating the 'ethical eye'.

- Ethical awareness amongst professional photojournalists is evident in the acts of both taking and working on photographs. I developed the idea that photojournalists utilise an 'ethical eye' while taking and working on photographs.

- In further examining the 'ethical eye', I constructed the 'deontological ethical eye' which conceptualises the ethical duties faced by professional photojournalists. This research suggests that these duties aid in guiding them when taking action in ethical situations.

- Photojournalists take 'care' while taking photographs, exhibiting excitement and dedication to their profession. I contend that even though photojournalists take 'care' with their photographs, this may be in vain because newspapers may make their own changes to the photographs.

- I argue that photojournalists are socialised despite the lack of a structured working environment. In addition, I argue that they act as ethical role models for their professional peers; aiding in deterring unethical behaviour and helping to maintain the 'traditions' of photojournalism.

- Photojournalists' personal views relating to the complex changes within their industry reveal challenges faced by photojournalists. I assert that although digital photography has been a great benefit to photojournalism; it has also brought about pressures, difficulties and concerns for photojournalists.

- Throughout this study, I draw upon the perspectives of photojournalists, and I establish that there is a lack of communication between photojournalists and newspaper staff.

- It is also established that photojournalists do not receive ethical codes or guidelines from newspapers regarding photo manipulation. However, there is an unwritten 'code' within the photojournalism community; the socialisation of photojournalists is a key factor in dictating their ethical practices.

The implication of this study goes beyond a consideration of professional comradery between photojournalists and newspaper staff. To establish ethical boundaries, I argue that photojournalism is becoming increasingly boundless in that anyone can submit photographs, from anywhere, making the management of the profession difficult. Yet, through the optimistic views of photojournalists, newspaper photographs will remain at the forefront of visual communication.

The findings of this research were considered in light of existing theory as discussed in Chapter Two. The research findings for this research were highlighted in Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, I discuss digital photo manipulation, ethical views of photojournalists regarding their practice and digital photographs.

Chapter Six discusses the judgment values and views of photojournalists on the current challenges and future state of photojournalism; as well as the way in which photojournalists are socialised into their profession. Limitations of this research study were reviewed, and recommendations for future research were outlined in Chapter Seven.

Photographic discussions are important; especially those concerning ethics within photojournalism because it can help improve and may spark participation in photographic discussions. Discussions could create awareness, guiding professional photojournalists and those involved in photojournalism on how they conduct themselves while performing their professional ethical duties. Photography is a topic of interest to many people, not only because it is fascinating, but because most people at one point or another have picked up a camera and taken photographs.


President Barak Obama's authorization to use unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, to lethally incapacitate persons he believes constitute a threat to the US has become a hallmark of his Administration. Consider that President Barak Obama oversaw fifty-three drone missile attacks during his first year in office, which is more than the total number of similar strikes carried out during the eight years of President George W. Bush's two terms. The Obama Administration justifies its use of force as self-defense in anticipation of an inevitable attack, whose time and place is uncertain. While international law recognizes the legitimacy of anticipatory self-defense, the Obama Administration's targeted killing practice, redefines the traditional meaning of imminence by relaxing its temporal standards. The Obama Administration, purports that modern day warfare characterized by adversarial non-state actors coupled with access to devastating weaponry makes the traditional meaning of imminence inappropriate and anachronistic in dealing with these particular threats. Its contention reflects similar concerns raised by US Administrations dating back to Ronald Reagan in the mid-eighties. Indeed, the U.S. has steadily shifted the meaning of imminence for nearly three decades in its response to terrorist threats, not least of which during the George W. Bush Administration, which explicitly declared a "war on terror." More broadly, the definitional shift of imminence implicates the regulation of the use of force by states. The concept of "new imminence" is highly susceptible to abuse because it can neither be externally regulated nor restrained. To mitigate the risks posed by new imminence, states must either affirm and/or establish an oversight mechanism of the use of force. Alternatively, states should preserve the traditional law of self-defense and insist that states adopt a political, as opposed to a legal, framework to respond to terrorist threats.


This book addresses problems and puzzles associated with identifying international norms and the influence of these norms on the behavior of different states in international relations in a regional context. Arie M. Kacowicz's research traces several international norms of peace and security and examines their impact in Latin America between 1881 and 2001. He offers an original synthesis of positivist and constructivist approaches and links international relations, law, and ethics with Latin American diplomatic history. Kacowicz's primary argument is that a body of international norms of peace and security can be considered as an independent and dynamic factor that affects the quality of international society generally and also plays a significant role in regional contexts. In developing his argument, he analyzes the origin of international norms, the impact of norms on the domestic and foreign behavior of states, and the conditions under which regional norms affect the political behavior of states. The book contains eleven empirical case-studies of the ways that international norms have affected the actions of Latin American states, ranging from the neutralization of the Magellan Straits in 1881, to the incorporation of Argentina, Chile, and Brazil into the Tlatelolco regime of a nuclear-weapons-free-zone in 1994, and the nuclear cooperation between Argentina and Brazil beginning in the late 1990s. These case-studies include stories of success through peaceful resolutions of conflict between states, of failure, and mixtures of both. Scholars and students of international relations and Latin America will find this book to be both a valuable analysis of international norms and a compelling diplomatic history.


AIM
The injection of non-sterile methadone designed for oral consumption is associated with serious health risks. There is only a small number of studies on this topic, with divergent results. The main aim of the present study was to obtain data on the frequency of methadone injecting in a state out-patient clinic specialised in substance use disorders.

METHODS
Eighty patients in methadone maintenance treatment were interviewed with a short questionnaire. Mean age was 32 years, 76% were male, mean methadone dose was 55 mg.

RESULTS
Twenty-six patients (32%) indicated having injected methadone at least once in their life. Only four patients (5%) reported having injected methadone within the preceding month (mean dose 56 mg). All four had injected additional substances during this month.

CONCLUSIONS
Frequency rates appeared low compared with other studies despite a generous take-away policy. The results suggest an association between methadone injecting and a more general tendency to inject substances.


This report takes an in-depth look at working with chronic musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and makes a clear case for the benefits of enabling those with chronic conditions to remain in work. It highlights the importance of designing inclusive workplaces and sets out principles for managing chronic MSDs, with prevention, early intervention, and effective, participative rehabilitation and return-to-work planning being identified as key. Good practice examples detail a wide range of workplace adjustments made to accommodate individuals with MSDs, from offering flexitime to providing the right tools and ergonomic equipment. This comprehensive practical advice is complemented by broader recommendations for policy-makers.


OBJECTIVE
To provide a comprehensive review of the causes, current diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of syncope.

DATA IDENTIFICATION
New data and knowledge in this evolving field were critically analyzed by doing a MEDLINE search on syncope supplemented by selective review of English language literature citations in the Index Medicus before 1980.

STUDY SELECTION
We reviewed approximately 200 published articles on syncope and closely related topics as well as using our own clinical experience. We selected articles if they addressed the pathophysiology of syncope, classification and causes, differential diagnosis, noninvasive and invasive evaluation, and current therapy.

RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS
Syncope is a common clinical problem, occurring in 30% to 50% of the adult population. The prognosis for syncope depends on its cause. Cardiac syncope has the worst prognosis and therefore mandates thorough evaluation and prompt treatment. Diagnostic evaluation is made difficult by the transient nature of the episodes and the many causes. Noninvasive testing reveals the cause of syncope in approximately 50% of cases. More extensive evaluation, including invasive electrophysiologic studies, has assumed a larger role in defining the cause of syncope in selected patients with structural heart disease in whom a noninvasive evaluation has been nondiagnostic. Recently tilt-table studies have been proposed as a clinically useful noninvasive test for vagally mediated syncope.

CONCLUSIONS
A rational stepwise diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with syncope can be developed by initially doing a careful history and physical examination followed by a noninvasive evaluation and selective use of additional, more specialized or invasive tests. Future research should focus on defining the validity and utility of current diagnostic testing in syncope and on exploring further the pathophysiology of patients with recurrent, unexplained syncope.


The devastating environmental effects of deforestation and the exploitation of other natural resources in the developing world have been well documented, yet their impact on local communities has received far less attention. This report looks at how land degradation and deforestation are being addressed at the local level, where households have experienced the reduction of farm size and the decline of natural resources. Through a comparison of Asia and Africa, the evolution of land tenure institutions within diverse cultural, natural, and policy environments is examined. Specific topics include the evolution of customary land tenure, the impacts of land tenure policies, and common property management. The editors conclude that the best strategy for managing land and forest resources lies in promoting the establishment of property rights and investment in the improvement of the natural resource base.


Abstract Background Veterans with significant chronic pain from musculoskeletal disorders are at risk of substance misuse. Veterans whose condition is the result of military service may be eligible for a disability pension. Department of Veterans Affairs compensation examinations, which determine the degree of disability and whether it was connected to military service, represent an opportunity to engage Veterans in pain management and substance use treatments. A multisite randomized clinical trial is testing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Pain Management (SBIRT-PM) for Veterans seeking compensation for musculoskeletal disorders. This telephone-based intervention is delivered through a hub-and-spoke configuration. Design This study is a two-arm, parallel-group, 36-week, multisite randomized controlled single-blind trial. It will randomize 1,100 Veterans experiencing pain and seeking service-connection for musculoskeletal disorders to either SBIRT-PM or usual care across eight New England VA medical centers. The study balances pragmatic with explanatory methodological features. Primary outcomes are pain severity and number of substances misused. Nonpharmacological pain management and substance use services utilization are tracked in the trial. Summary Early trial enrollment targets were met across sites. SBIRT-PM could help Veterans, at the time of their compensation claims, use multimodal pain treatments and reduce existing substance misuse. Strategies to address COVID-19 pandemic impacts on the SBIRT-PM protocol have been developed to maintain its pragmatic and exploratory integrity.


In Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) design of modelling languages and model transformations is still an expert's task. Domain experts, i.e. the stakeholders of languages and transformations, would like to independently define and use their own MDE ecosystem, but can only support those activities. In this position paper we discuss this problem from a more general perspective, arguing for the need of emergent MDE, that is modelling languages and transformations shall be inferred from the usage it is done of modelling concepts. Moreover, the paper outlines a possible research agenda with corresponding challenges towards the goal of emergent MDE ecosystems.


There is a growing body of evidence that computer-assisted instruction (CAI) can enhance the quality of education, supporting or replacing traditional classroom lecture (TCL) while providing learners with presentations that fit their needs. CAI is used in the educational programs of many allied health and nursing professions. However, there is limited research in the use of this type of material and its effectiveness in occupational therapy educational programs. The primary purpose of this research was to compare the effects of CAI versus traditional teaching methods with occupational therapy students. To explore the topic, three consecutive and inter-related studies were conducted.
The first study was a systematic literature review that included a meta-analysis portion. This phase of the research was a comprehensive review and analysis of literature addressing the effectiveness of CAI versus other traditional teaching methods in the allied health and nursing professions. Statistical analysis along with vote-counting and qualitative analysis were used to determine CAI effective and other effects of this teaching method reported in the literature in the last two and half decades.
The second study was the development of instructional design guidelines for developing CAI materials and its application to occupational therapy education. This phase of the research focused on the development of guidelines for the design and implementation of CAI materials that lead to the creation and assessment of a CD-ROM. The development of the guidelines was based on instructional design and self-learning principles.
The third study was a pilot study based on phase I and II results. This phase was a quasi-experimental study evaluating a CAI material versus traditional classroom lecture with a group of occupational therapy entry-level masters students. Qualitative and quantitative data were obtained in order to understand the effects of CAI as a teaching tool and the learners' attitudes toward CAI.
The result of this research can assist occupational therapy and other allied health educators to understand the advantages CAI materials can provide if they are properly designed and implemented in their classes. This research indicated that CAI is an effective alternative to traditional classroom lecture to teach practical skills and theoretical knowledge. It was found that CAI provides faster instruction while providing learner-centered training. Finally, this researcher proposed CAI design guidelines, based on instructional design and self-instruction principles, to assist educators embarking on the development of CAI to guarantee that the final instructional product is effective and efficient.


Thesis Summary:
Public land management in the United States is primarily a function of the United States
Federal Government, with roughly ninety-five percent of America's public lands owned by
the American people and intensely managed by America's federal government. Within
Australia this trend is reversed, with Australia's states administering the vast majority of
Australia's non-alienated common lands under noticeably less public, government and
judicial scrutiny than occurs in the United States. The focus of this thesis is to explain why
the United States developed primarily a national approach to public land management,
while Australia's government lands are mainly managed at the state level and to illustrate
the aftermath of these differences.
Methods:
This thesis will concentrate upon critical historical events, including similarities and
differences in colonial and post-American Revolution land policies, constitutional provision,
modern case law, and notable judicial decisions. Australia's state land policies will be
revealed for strictly comparative purposes to demonstrate the importance of America's
national land policies to public land conservation. Written and/or phone inquiries were
conducted with each of Australia's state/territorial land administrative agencies and the
Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. Similar inquiries were conducted with
public land administration agencies within the United States, including the National Parks
Service, National Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and the Arkansas
Department of Parks. Historical references were obtained from the Tasmania University
Library; Tasmania State Library; Saint Paul [Minnesota], Milwaukee [Wisconsin]. and
Boston [Massachusetts] public libraries; as well as the university libraries of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Sydney, and Melbourne. Having traveled extensively throughout Australia as
an environmental studies and aboriginal anthropology student at Sydney University in
1985, an extended dedication has been included to demonstrate that Native American and
Native Australian civilizations declined because of land polices that encouraged genocide
and displaced native people from their ancestral lands.
Conclusions:
The United States developed a national approach to public land management because of
unanimous, early agreement among America's states; early governing land laws that
solidified the constitutional, national land powers of the United States Congress; prodevelopment
and later pro-conservation land philosophies; and important presidential
initiatives in conservation. The aftermath of a national approach resulted in the United
States Government securing 'true' national lands, while nationalism and romanticism
succeeded in greatly furthering legalized land conservation. These factors may be
illustrated by comparing America's national land policies to Australia's largely state
administered land policies through differences in public land tenure, historic land
policy, land law development, and executive and congressional initative.


Abstract. Germany's national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) is the responsible authority for monitoring climate change in Germany. To fulfill this task it operates the National Climate Data Centre ("Nationales KlimaDatenZentrum, NKDZ"). The historical and current instrumental measurements and visual observations of DWD's station network are archived, quality-controlled and used to provide aggregated products, as for example daily and monthly means or climate normals. Gridded data are generated and used to derive time series of national and regional averages. Phenological observations and radiosonde data are also part of the data base. In recent years, additional historical data have been digitized to expand the data base. The products are used for informing the public, e.g. as an element of the German climate atlas ( http://www.deutscher-klimaatlas.de ). One major recent activity was the provision of information for the new climatological reference interval 1981–2010 and an updated climatological analysis based on the newly digitized data.


Background: Some of the studies showed that related to memory and Hippocampusdependent learning, relation after take Bromocriptine (as D2 agonist) and Haloperidol (as D2 antagonist), there is no investigation concerning the effects of these two drugs on Hippocampus size and number of Asterocyt's cell . The aim of this study is to investigation the probable effects of Bromocriptine and Haloperidol on learning activities and Hippocampal size and number of Asterocyte in male Rats. Materials and Methods: 45 male Rats of Sprague-Dawley race with the body weight of 220±20 gr have been selected randomly and divided to 5 groups (each one consists of 9 rats). The studied groups have been received 5 and 10 mg/kg/day and 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day Bromocriptine and Haloperidol respectively and as daily Intra peritunial injections for one month. At the end of this period, spatial memory of different groups has been tested by Morris water maze. Then, the rats were anesthetized, and their brains have been fixed by intra cardiac fixator injection and then the brain was removed. The hippocampus serial sections of 7μm have been prepared. 10 samples have been chosen systematically from 100 and were evaluated. Volume estamination was done by Cavalier principle method. Results: for the groups which received maximal dose of Haloperidol and Bromocriptine, it took long time and high distances to reach Morris water maze which indicated of week learning ability of these two groups. Furthermore, comparing to control, these two groups had small sized right Hippocampus. It took short time and low distances for the groups which received low dose of Haloperidol and Bromocriptine which indicated bether learning ability of these two groups and comparing to control one, these two groups had large sized Hippocampus. At the other hand, consumption of Haloperidol and Bromocritine with low and high dose in comparison with control group had increase and reduces in asterocytes cell respectivly Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the low dose consumption of Haloperidol & Bromocriptine not only affects the learning positively, but also increases the Hippocampus volume and the number of


I. INTRODUCTION For New York civil actions, the baseline standard for the content of all pleadings--often called the "notice" standard--is set forth in 3013 of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules ("CPLR"). CPLR 3013 requires that "[s]tatements in a pleading shall be sufficiently particular to give the court and parties notice of the transactions, occurrences, or series of transactions or occurrences, intended to be proved and the material elements of each cause of action or defense." (1) Separately, CPLR 3016(b)--which is entitled "Particularity in specific actions"--provides that "[w]here a cause of action or defense is based upon misrepresentation, fraud, mistake, wilful default, breach of trust or undue influence, the circumstances constituting the wrong shall be stated in detail." (2) While explicit in its command, some have challenged the applicability and practical effect of 3016(b). The New York State Attorney General ("NYAG"), for example, has taken the position that 3016(b) does not apply to fraud claims under the Martin Act (3) and Executive Law ("EL") section 63(12). (4) And certain courts, as well as leading New York practice commentators, have maintained that the requirements of 3016(b) are "subordinate" to the lesser notice requirement of 3013. (5) These interpretations of 3016(b) ignore the plain meaning, underlying purpose, and significant import of the rule. On its face, 3016(b)'s "shall be stated in detail" requirement applies to all causes of action based on allegations of fraud and/or misrepresentation--there is no carve-out for certain claims, including those under the Martin Act and EL section 63(12). (6) Moreover, while the holdings of lower and intermediate New York courts vary significantly, a strong line of precedent, fully supported by the plain text of the rule and basic tenets of statutory construction, holds that 3016(b) does, in fact, impose requirements above and beyond those of 3013. This interpretation serves important policy goals that underpin 3016(b): not only "to inform a defendant with respect to the incidents complained of," (7) but to prevent "proliferating litigation of baseless claims." (8) The rule protects would-be defendants from being forced to defend, often at great cost, speculative allegations of fraud. Such allegations, especially when lodged by government regulators or in the context of class action litigation, can create significant settlement pressures (which often stem simply from reputational risk and the in terrorem effect of bad press) that may force defendants to abandon meritorious defenses. (9) In a trio of cases, the New York State Court of Appeals has recently addressed 3016(b). In so doing, the Court acknowledged that the rule imposes a heightened pleading requirement. Still, its application of the rule has left many unanswered questions. It remains to be seen whether New York courts will consistently construe 3016(b) to erect meaningful pleading requirements, beyond those contained in 3013, as the federal courts have done in applying Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("FRCP"). While a New York-centric issue, the application and meaning of 3016(b) has national implications given the NYAG's exhibited willingness to expand its regulatory efforts--which not infrequently involved allegations of fraud--beyond state borders in the past several years. Use of the Martin Act, New York's Blue Sky Law, was "revived" by former NYAG Eliot Spitzer, and its use persisted under former NYAG Andrew Cuomo, current New York State Governor. Indeed, some have suggested that this revival has transformed the NYAG's office into "'the country's second securities regulator.'" (10) Accordingly, understanding the requirements of 3016(b) is not only important for New York practitioners, it is increasingly important for litigators across the nation who may represent clients faced with allegations of securities and other types of fraud governed by the CPLR. …


Abstract Breakthrough innovations – commonly defined by innovations with patents surpassing a critical threshold of forward citations – generate benefits for innovators, businesses, and society. Analyzing more than five million patents and citations from 1976 to 2017, this paper adds to the existing literature by examining whether the radicalness of a patented good – that is, the more technology classes cited as contributing prior arts not identified in the patent's own technology identity – impacts the likelihood an innovation is a breakthrough. In essence, the paper tests the common belief that it is beneficial to "think outside the box" when innovating. The results show that increased radicalness increases the likelihood of a breakthrough up to a certain threshold, after which increased radicalness decreases the likelihood of a breakthrough. Additionally, established innovators and university ownership of a patent each extend the range for which increased radicalness increases the probability of a breakthrough, while joint patent ownership decreases the range.


Trade rules are suggested to be one of the reasons for the hunger in the world and environmental damage. As current trade rules encourage market orientation and therefore specialization and industrialization of agriculture, which has as side effects rural hunger and environmental damage, there is room for improvement in the international trade regime. One main finding of Nexus Foundations' work in Geneva is a possible new orientation for agricultural and food markets – an orientation on development, rather than purely on markets. This development orientation consists of several elements from development of soil fertility to local markets and consumer relatedness. Since the Bali Ministerial in 2013, the WTO has set up a four year work programme on the issue of food security related to food reserves. This opens the chance to discuss broader food security issues in the realm of trade negotiations. Keywords: Trade rules, food security, environmental damage, market orientation, development orientation Submitted 15 April 2014; Published 10 June 2014 urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2014062645635


This thesis uses the content analysis of a large sample of advertisements to trace a narrative of changing self experience in post-war consumer culture. The thesis challenges the tendency in cultural studies of advertising to see texts solely as a record of advertisers'
commercial intentions. It questions the assumption that advertising secures producers' control of the symbolic economy. As a complement to such 'producer narratives' the
thesis presents a 'narrative of readerships'. This traces changes and continuities in readers' orientations to objects of consumption in the period.
A detailed examination of the theoretical underpinnings of critical approaches to advertising leads to the proposal of an alternative to the models of reception evident in
text based studies. This alternative model draws on object relations psychoanalysis.
The thesis asserts the value of the close empirical study of advertising texts. This provides evidence to counter both negative and positive generalisations about
advertisements as 'creativity 1 or manipulation. The thesis proposes instead that advertising serves a range of commercial, practical, aesthetic and social communicative functions.
The thesis questions the validity of analyses of advertising textualities in the 'diagnosis' of pathologies of the self and culture, suggesting that the ascription of such pathologies depends upon an inadequate model of reception.
The thesis sets out an account of psychosocial change binding an analysis of disruptions to sociologically conceived trajectories to an account of an increasing prevalence of anxiety in psychosocial experience. Advertising, seen in the light of these disruptions to
cultural inheritance is presented as an increasingly important communicative mode because of its contribution to a symbolically rich cultural environment which can
facilitate 'identity work'.
The thesis presents evidence for a continuing preoccupation amongst consumers with function and practicality. This finding is explored as evidence, not only of a persistent
strand of consumer rationality, but as an indicator of an emerging new orientation to materiality in culture. The thesis proposes that totalising narratives, either optimistic or pessimistic, about the cultural experience of consumption are suspect. A more complex and variegated account is more likely to capture the consumer experiences
The thesis suggests the necessity for close empirical analysis of changing consumer cultures as a counter to overarching narratives of cultural change


The pervasiveness of the Internet of Things in Smart Cities has brought paramount opportunities for improving the citizens' every life: energy and transport systems can be used more efficiently, waste collection and recycling actions can be optimized and the citizen is empowered to participate in online sharing economies for the peer-to-peer exchange of goods, e.g. energy, vehicles, tools, etc. Nevertheless, these opportunities come with several challenges that put the resilience of smart cities into risks. Several of these challenges stem from the centralized design of information and communication technologies: the concentration of data collection, storage and processing raises privacy concerns over citizens' sensitive data that allow discriminatory and profiling actions, which in turn question the autonomy and freedom of citizens, for instance, behavioral influence of online recommendations and personalized content creation. This talk raises the following question: Can participatory self-management systems orchestrated by the collective intelligence and wisdom of the crowd be used as a tactical utility to protect the citizen from these threats? What are the techno-socio-economic challenges of designing and applying decentralized systems in real-world? This talk sheds light on how open and transparent data sharing; data analytics, optimization and learning can be used by citizens, for citizens, to empower resilient smart cities. Some application scenarios discussed are the following: accurate, real-time and privacy-preserving measurements of urban qualities, load-balancing of bike-sharing stations, energy demand-response systems and self-repairable power grids using smart transformers.


Legislative intent is not only important for the legitimacy of large parts of the law. More fundamentally it is also central to an analytical reconstruction of legal hermeneutics. As amongst others the work of Paul Grice and Donald Davidson has highlighted, non-natural signs acquire their meaning only through the communicative intentions that are connected to them. No meaning, no interpretation and no hermeneutics of linguistic expressions can exist without communicative intentions, be they factual or fictive. Central to communicative intentions is an intentional subject. For codified law, that means the legislature. Without a convincing reconstruction of legislative intent, the whole analytical reconstruction of legal hermeneutics fails to get off the ground. In modern legal systems, however, legislation is a collective process involving often several hundred individuals. In the more recent literature the thus raised issues of collective intentionality have often been addressed by pointing to reductive accounts in the theory of action and group agency. There is, however, little reason to be confident that the conditions of reductive accounts of collective intentionality, which have been designed for small sized groups, can be met by the legislature. The essay shows why this is the case even if we take the anaphoric character of the vote on legislation into account. The anaphoric analysis of the voting act, however, allows to reveal the linguistic structure of our legislative practices and the normative assumptions build into it. It then becomes apparent, how our talk of legislative intent relies on normative ascriptions of communicative intentions to individual legislators. It is via normative ascriptions of intentions – also ubiquitous in other areas of the law – that we arrive at the necessary overlap of communicative intentions for a reductive account of legislative intent. This normative construction of legislative intent has to be distinguished from legal construction as a practice to amend the law mainly in cases where legislative intent runs out.


Cultural psychiatry in the United Kingdom exhibits unique characteristics closely related to its history as a colonial power, its relationship with Commonwealth countries and the changing socio-demographic characteristics of its diverse population throughout the centuries. It is not surprising, therefore, that the emergence of this discipline was centred around issues of race and religion. After a brief historical review of the development of cultural psychiatry and the mention of pioneering intellectual and academic figures, as well as the evolvement of the field in organizations such as the Royal College of Psychiatrists, this chapter examines the need of a critical cultural psychiatry, more than a narrative social science distanced from the realities of clinical practice. In such context, issues such as policies and experience with efforts to delivering race equality, and address inequities in a renewed public health approach seem to confer British cultural psychiatry with a defined socially active role aimed at the pragmatic management, understanding and improvement of diverse and alternative systems of care and care practices.


Abstract As the excitement of the sport-for-development-and-peace (SDP) movement settles down, there is expected criticism as to whether the current practice and theorization of SDP can actually deliver authentic development in the global south. The frustration is partly due to the classical theorization of SDP which tends to centralize sport as the unique tool for social change with little regard for cultural factors. Inevitably, many authors are turning to alternative theorizations of SDP with hopes of realistically progressing the field. Following this directive, the paper offers an alternative conceptualization of SDP through a critical re-examination of Nelson Mandela's views and engagement with sport. We argue that Mandela's popularized assertions of sport as a tool for social change were taken out of context helping construct the current SDP paradigm built upon pseudo realistic foundations. In turn, this paper uses Ubuntu, a Sub-Saharan African cultural ideology to propose an alternative theorization of SDP.


The morphology and stellar content of 22 clusters in the Cygnus area has been determined using 2MASS infrared observations in the J and K bands. 7 of the clusters are well-known objects and our results are in good agreement with previous work. 12 objects are recently-discovered cluster candidates (Dutra & Bica 2001) and 3 are new cluster candidates. Adopting distance estimates from the literature or by considering cluster counterparts, we derive a consistent set of parameters suitable for analysis and comparison: center coordinates, radius, stellar population, IMF slope and mass range. We find a mean IMF slope of= 1:30 for the known clusters and= 1:40 for the others. Infrared data having better completeness, we derive larger stellar contents and cluster masses than previous works. An important fraction of the cluster stellar population in Cygnus is hidden in very obscured areas. A clear tendency towards mass segregation appears for most of the clusters. Some of the new clusters seem to be quite massive, probably hosting very massive stars at the center. They are privileged targets for more detailed investigations using infrared spectroscopy.


The papers collected in this volume represent the main body of research arising from the International Munich Centenary Conference in 2001, which commemorated the discovery of the famous Russell Paradox a hundred years ago. The 31 contributions and the introductory essay by the editor were (with two exceptions) all originally written for the volume. The volume serves a twofold purpose, historical and systematic. One focus is on Bertrand Russell's logic and logical philosophy, taking into account the rich sources of the Russell Archives, many of which have become available only recently. The second equally important aim is to present original research in the broad range of foundational studies that draws on both current conceptions and recent technical advances in the above-mentioned fields. The volume contributes thereby to the well-established body of mathematical philosophy initiated to a large extent by Russell's work.


The energy used in non-domestic buildings accounts for 18 % of the energy use in the UK. Within the non-domestic building stock, 11 % of office buildings have a very high influence on the energy use. Thus, the retrofit of office buildings has a significant potential for energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions reduction within the non-domestic building stock. However, the replacement rate of existing buildings by new-build is only around 1-3 % per annum. Post-war office buildings, (built between 1945 and 1985) represent a promising sector for retrofit and energy demand reduction. They have disproportionately high energy consumption because many were built before the building regulations addressed thermal performance.
The aim of the research is to evaluate the retrofit strategies for post-war office buildings accounting for the improved energy efficiency, thermal comfort and hence, productivity, capital and the running costs. The research seeks to provide the optimal generic retrofit strategies and illustrate sophisticated methods which will be the basis for guidelines about post-war office building retrofit. For this, multiple combinations of heating and cooling retrofit measures were applied to representative models (Exemplar) of post-war office buildings using dynamic thermal simulation modelling. The retrofit strategies include; applying envelope retrofit to UK Building Regulations Part L2B and The Passivhaus Institue EnerPHit standards for heating demand reduction and winter comfort. Passive cooling interventions such as shading devices and night ventilation and active cooling intervention such as mixed-mode ventilation were applied to overcome summer overheating. All retrofit combinations were evaluated considering future climate, inner and outer city locations and different orientations.
In summary, the results showed that under current weather conditions Part L2B standard retrofit with passive cooling provided the optimum solution. In 2050, however, both Part L2B retrofit naturally ventilated cases with the passive cooling measures and EnerPHit retrofit mixed-mode ventilation cases provide the requisite thermal comfort and result in a similar range of energy consumption.
It was concluded that to create generic retrofit solutions which could be applied to a given typology within the building stock is possible. The methodology and the Exemplar model could be used in future projects by decision-makers and the findings and analysis of the simulations could be taken as guidance for the widespread retrofit of post-war office buildings.


Pediatric and Adolescent Musculoskeletal MRI: A Case-Based Approach is a user-friendly resource that covers more than a hundred MRI cases of commonly encountered and unusual pediatric conditions, including the rapidly growing area of sports injuries in older children and adolescents. Each case is presented as an unknown, and the progression from initial findings to diagnosis, discussion, illustrated differential considerations, and orthopedic perspectives make this book ideal for self-education. With nearly a thousand images to complement clear, concise text, this reference is a unique and useful tool for all physicians involved in the musculoskeletal imaging and diagnosis of pediatric and adolescent patients. The book is authored by J. Herman Kan, MD, of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine/Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, and Paul K. Kleinman, MD, of Harvard Medical School/Children's Hospital Boston.


The geometric parameters of a space robot change with the terrible temperature change in orbit, which will cause the end-effector pose (position and orientation) error of a space robot, and so weakens its operability. With this in consideration, a new geometric parameter identification method is presented based on a laser-ranger attached to the end-effector. Then, independence of the geometric parameters is analyzed, and their identification equations are derived. With the derived identification Jacobian matrix, the optimal identification configurations are chosen according to the observability index O3. Subsequently, through simulation the geometric parameter identification of a 6-DOF space robot is implemented for these identification configurations, and the identified parameters are verified in a set of independent reference configurations. The result shows that in spite of distance measurement alone, pose accuracy of the space robot still has a greater improvement, so the identification method is practical and valid.


Using comparable fiscal incidence analysis, this paper examines the impact of fiscal policy on inequality and poverty in twenty-five countries for around 2010. Success in fiscal redistribution is driven primarily by redistributive effort (share of social spending to GDP in each country) and the extent to which transfers/subsidies are targeted to the poor and direct taxes targeted to the rich. While fiscal policy always reduces inequality, this is not the case with poverty. Fiscal policy increases poverty in four countries using US$1.25/day PPP poverty line, in 8 countries using US$2.50/day line, and 15 countries using the US$4/day line (over and above market income poverty). While spending on pre-school and primary school is pro-poor (i.e., the per capita transfer declines with income) in almost all countries, pro-poor secondary school spending is less prevalent, and tertiary education spending tends to be progressive only in relative terms (i.e., equalizing but not pro-poor). Health spending is always equalizing except for Jordan.


Beginning around February 20, 2006, the Hawaiian Islands experienced unusually severe rain showers that caused severe flooding throughout the State. On March 14, 2006, the privately-owned Kaloko Dam on the island of Kauai failed sending a wall of water downstream that overtopped the Morita Dam, damaged Kuhio Highway, and swept away homes. At the request of the State of Hawaii, the Corps of Engineers' Honolulu District conducted emergency visual condition surveys of dams on the islands of Kauai, Maui, Oahu, Hawaii, and Molokai to determine if there were any immediate threats to public safety. These visual surveys resulted in point in time information on 143 dams. After touring the storm damaged areas on Kauai, particularly the damage caused by the Kaloko Dam failure, U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye requested emergency relief funds for Hawaii in the FY06 Emergency Supplemental Appropriation Bill that was being developed in the Senate at the time. The FY 06 Emergency Supplemental Appropriation Act (Public Law 109-234) contained $2M for the Hawaii Water System Technical Studies program for the conduct of dam break analyses. The dam break analyses evaluated the downstream inundation area in the case of a dam failure below selected dams. The analyses did not establish when or the likelihood of a dam failure. The selected dams were identified by the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Dam Safety Program Office. These analyses were conducted in coordination with other Federal agencies, emergency management agencies, and counties. The 11 dams studied are: Kauai (7) — Twin Reservoir, Waita Reservoir, Elua Reservoir, Aepo Reservoir, Puu Lua Reservoir, Halamanu Field 21 Reservoir, and Upper Kapahi Reservoir; Maui (1) — Reservoir 24; Oahu (2) — Nuuanu Dam and Wahiawa Dam; and Molokai (1) — Kualapuu Reservoir. The studies were conducted by staff from the Corps' Honolulu District, Corps' Hydrologic Engineer Center (HEC), and the A-E firms of Parsons-Brinkerhoff/Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, SSFM/WEST Consultants, Tetra Tech, and Oceanit Laboratories. This paper discusses the coordination by the Corps with the State of Hawaii Dam Safety Program Office, conduct of a model workshop, creation and function of the Technical Advisory Group, the production and review of multiple study products, and final transmittal of products for use by the State of Hawaii in coordination with dam owners and emergency management agencies.


This research examines the influence of workplace learning on their job satisfaction among employees of Agrobank headquarters in Kuala Lumpur. In addition, the research aims to investigate the degree of workplace engagement that the employees are experiencing or satisfied in their work, to identify the workplace underlying factors and to gauge the differences in the degree of workplace learning engagement and job satisfaction for different demographic variables. The study was conducted using mixed-methods research where both questionnaire survey and structured interview were applied. Fifty (50) respondents took part in this survey and ten (10) employees were interviewed. The findings indicated that the degree of workplace learning engagement among the employees in general was at medium-high level with incidental learning as the most dominant factors in influencing employees' workplace learning and there was no significant difference in the degree of workplace learning
engagement for different demographic variables of gender, age group and position held. The overall level of job satisfaction was at medium level. Although femaleemployees were reported to experience higher job satisfaction than the male employees however the mean difference between those two genders is very small. Thus it can be concluded that there was no significant difference in the level of job satisfaction for the three (3) demographic variables i.e. gender, age group and position
held. The degree of workplace learning engagement experienced by the employees has a significantly positive relationship with their job satisfaction where an increase in employees' workplace learning will result in an increase in job satisfaction (r = 0.80,
p-value = 0.583) and employees agreed that workplace learning activities is an essential supportive factor for them to perform their job better. This findings are hoped will contribute to the general knowledge and understanding on employees' workplace learning and how its influence their job satisfaction, and benefit the bank
employees, management and training department in paying more attention of the dynamic nature of workplace learning in their organization.


This study reports 3-year outcomes for clients who had been treated in the five outpatient sites of Project MATCH, a multisite clinical trial designed to test a priori client treatment matching hypotheses. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the status of the matching hypotheses at the 3-year follow-up. This entailed investigating which matching findings were sustained or even strengthened across the 3-year study period, and whether any hypotheses that were not supported earlier eventually emerged at 3 years, or conversely, whether matching findings discerned earlier dissipated at this later time. This research also examines the prognostic effects of the client matching attributes, characterizes the overall outcomes at 37 to 39 months, and explores differential effects of the three treatments at extended follow-up. With regard to the matching effects, client anger demonstrated the most consistent interaction in the trial, with significant matching effects evident at both the 1-year and 3-year follow-ups. As predicted, clients high in anger fared better in Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) than in the other two MATCH treatments: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF). Among subjects in the highest third of the anger variable, clients treated in MET had on average 76.4% abstinent days, whereas their counterparts in the other two treatments (CBT and TSF) had on average 66% abstinent days. Conversely, clients low in anger performed better after treatment in CBT and TSF than in MET. Significant matching effects for the support for drinking variable emerged in the 3-year outcome analysis, such that clients whose social networks were more supportive of drinking derived greater benefit from TSF treatment than from MET. Among subjects in the highest third of the support for drinking variable, TSF participants were abstinent 16.1% more days than MET participants. At the lower end of this variable, difference in percent days abstinent between MET and TSF was 3%, with MET clients having more abstinent days. A significant matching effect for psychiatric severity that appeared in the first year posttreatment was not observed after 3 years. Of the 21 client attributes used in testing the matching hypotheses, 11 had prognostic value at 3 years. Among these, readiness-to-change and self-efficacy emerged as the strongest predictors of long-term drinking outcome. With regard to the overall outcomes, the reductions in drinking that were observed in the first year after treatment were sustained over the 3-year follow-up period: almost 30% of the subjects were totally abstinent in months 37 to 39, whereas those who did report drinking nevertheless remained abstinent an average of two-thirds of the time. As in the 1-year follow-up, there were few differences among the three treatments, although TSF continued to show a possible slight advantage.


Coordination polymers are ideal synthons in creating high aspect ratio nanostructures, however, conventional synthetic methods are often restricted to batch-wise and costly processes. Herein, we demonstrate a non-traditional, frugal approach to synthesize 1D coordination polymers by in situ etching of zerovalent metal particle precursors. This procedure is denoted as the heterogeneous metal/ligand reaction and was demonstrated on Group 13 metals as a proof of concept. Simple carboxylic acids supply the etchant protons and ligands for metal ions (conjugate base) in a 1 : 1 ratio. This scalable reaction produces a 1D polymer that assembles into high-aspect ratio 'nanobeams'. We demonstrate control over crystal structure and morphology by tuning the: (i) metal center, (ii) stoichiometry and (iii) structure of the ligands. This work presents a general scalable method for continuous, heat free and water-based coordination polymer synthesis.


Backward compatibility of class libraries ensures that an old implementation of a library can safely be replaced by a new implementation without breaking existing clients.
Formal reasoning about backward compatibility requires an adequate semantic model to compare the behavior of two library implementations.
In the object-oriented setting with inheritance and callbacks, finding such models is difficult as the interface between library implementations and clients are complex.
Furthermore, handling these models in a way to support practical reasoning requires appropriate verification tools.

This thesis proposes a formal model for library implementations and a reasoning approach for backward compatibility that is implemented using an automatic verifier. The first part of the thesis develops a fully abstract trace-based semantics for class libraries of a core sequential object-oriented language. Traces abstract from the control flow (stack) and data representation (heap) of the library implementations. The construction of a most general context is given that abstracts exactly from all possible clients of the library implementation.
Soundness and completeness of the trace semantics as well as the most general context are proven using specialized simulation relations on the operational semantics. The simulation relations also provide a proof method for reasoning about backward compatibility.
The second part of the thesis presents the implementation of the simulation-based proof method for an automatic verifier to check backward compatibility of class libraries written in Java. The approach works for complex library implementations, with recursion and loops, in the setting of unknown program contexts. The verification process relies on a coupling invariant that describes a relation between programs that use the old library implementation and programs that use the new library implementation. The thesis presents a specification language to formulate such coupling invariants. Finally, an application of the developed theory and tool to typical examples from the literature validates the reasoning and verification approach.


Morphological and anatomical features of floating and submerged (linear and dissected) leaves have been analyzed for Trapa natans L. plants, which characterized by heterophylly. The presence of various types of leaf lamina structure in floating and submerged leaves was confirmed. The morphological and anatomical features of two types of submerged leaves are differed from the features of floating leaves in vegetative phase of growth by the next features: form of leaf lamina, type of mesophyll, cell's size, number of cellular layers of photosynthesizing parenchyma, and an absence of stomata.


The main goal of this paper is to broaden our perception of North Korea's nuclear weapons program beyond military, economic, and political-diplomatic aspects and to propose a view of the program as a dynamic identity project of and for the North Korean state. Drawing on a poststructuralist approach that theorizes the state as performatively constituted and foreign policy as a political performance central to the production of identity, this paper analyzes North Korea's evolving nuclear state identity on two levels. Firstly, it scrutinizes the discursive construction of this particular identity trait, identifying both the process of exploration as well as the central contextual characteristics of this particular identity trait. Building on these deliberations, the study, secondly, analyzes the performative enactment of this identity construction by scrutinizing some of those iterated foreign policy performances that bring the constructed nuclear state identity into being. As its central argument, the paper holds that to P'yŏngyang, the nuclear weapons program has significance well beyond its military, economic, and political-diplomatic aspects; it has become the most crucial identity project of the North Korean state in the post-Cold War era, ultimately resulting in the emergence of an authoritative nuclear state identity that is still in the process of being explored. This view opens a new perspective on the ongoing nuclear conflict with the international community as a vital performative space in which the DPRK stages its identity politics and continuously explores its identity as a nuclear weapons state.


As recognition of air quality as a global problem continues to grow, so too does the importance of education as an air quality management tool. A range of environmental education programs exist which aim to address air quality issues, raise awareness and influence behaviour, yet best practice in this field has not yet been clearly defined. A range of key elements that contribute to effective environmental education with a focus on air quality education programs can be identified in the literature. These elements are considered in the context of a case study evaluation of the Department of Environment and Conservation (WA) AirWatch program. A mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology is used to examine the effectiveness of this long running air quality education program for primary and secondary schools. Pre-program survey data highlights a very low knowledge of air quality issues in both primary and secondary students despite very positive attitudes. Preliminary results indicate the program achieves an increase in the use of carpooling and public transport, and participants benefit from being involved in practical and hands-on learning relevant to everyday real world issues. However, the results also identify that clearer links between the program goals and the education strategies used would benefit the achievement of positive knowledge, attitude and behavioural outcomes. This has implications for the development and implementation of education as an air quality management tool. Definition of best practice, including effective ongoing evaluation practices has the potential to contribute to protection of air quality values.


The past several decades have been accompanied by a growing concern regarding the viability of auto-centric planning as it relates to environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Research has shown that dense, multimodal urban development has many benefits over the sprawling land use patterns that are so common today. As there are few modern places that are free of automobile-oriented development, historic cities often act as great sources of this information. Unfortunately, it is difficult to fully explore and understand PreAutomobile Era cities because of a lack of accessible data. Through GIS digitization of maps of Hartford, Connecticut around 1920, it was possible to quantify characteristics of an historic American city built for pedestrians and compare it to modern-day development patterns. Initial results show that the trolley system of 1920, while not significantly superior to the modern bus system, was effective in moving residents from their homes to the downtown commercial center and moving people throughout the Greater Hartford region. The 1920 system was also accompanied by more multimodal streets and residential land use development that employed a small-scale, uniform building pattern. This research is a starting point for developing a more advanced analysis of the significant changes to Hartford's urban fabric as it has gone from transit-oriented to autooriented. It is believed that by using tangible data to describe the urban form of the American city before it was dominated by the automobile, important insights can be gained in the push for safer, more sustainable, and more vibrant places.


In Eastern Europe (as in Western) wages will be mainly set by collective bargaining. The bargains are likely to be at a level of the firm. Cross-country evidence suggests that where there is a high coverage of collective bargaining and bargaining is at a firm level, quite high unemployment is needed to restrain inflation. Rigid norms for wage growth cannot last indefinitely, though they can help for a shortish time during disinflation. Tax-based incomes policy, however, can offer a permanent source of downward pressure on nominal wages, while permitting flexibility to preserve efficiency. There should be a uniform norm (unrelated to the circumstances of the enterprise). The norm should relate to average hourly earnings (or earnings per worker), and not to the total wage bill (WN). The latter would discourage structural adjustment.


What is the relationship between bank capital, the risk of a financial crisis, and its severity? This article introduces the first comprehensive analysis of the long-run evolution of the capital structure of modern banking using newly constructed data for banks' balance sheets in 17 countries since 1870. In addition to establishing stylized facts on the changing funding mix of banks, we study the nexus between capital structure and financial instability. We find no association between higher capital and lower risk of banking crisis. However, economies with better capitalized banking systems recover faster from financial crises as credit begins to flow back more readily.


Organizational scholarship has recently begun to treat personality as malleable in workplace settings and has called for personality change to be incorporated into current research. The lack of a comprehensive, theoretical model of organizational personality change is a critical impediment to this research. We integrate recent advances in biological and epigenetic fields with the cognitive appraisal, personality, and stress literatures to introduce a comprehensive model of short- and long-term organizational personality change. This model explains when, how, and why appraisal of workplace stress alters employee personality through three important neurochemical systems and the mechanisms through which changes in these systems differentially impact dimensions of the Five Factor personality framework. By examining epigenetic changes affecting neurochemical systems, we explain how appraisal of chronic workplace stress can lead to long-term changes in various personality traits—a relationship with substantial implications for both practice and research. This model further provides a roadmap to understand how short- and long-term employee personality change influences workplace outcomes at the individual, team, and organizational levels and how interventions at these levels can mitigate or reverse deleterious effects of workplace stressors on employee personality change. We outline the processes necessary for organizational scholars to test the propositions described here and more robustly incorporate personality change into organizational scholarship.


This article returns to the relation between trauma and theatre/drama by exploring how postdramatic forms of theatre might relate to posttraumatic forms of memory in the twenty-first century. It raises the question whether there 'might not be an affinity between trauma's incommensurability, inaccessibility and ultimate resistance to narrative representation and postdramatic theatre's antirepresentational impetus' (p.1). The article contents that critics such as Jeanette Malkin, in her Memory-Theatre and Postmodern Drama have narrowly focused only on textually based dramaturgies and 'have stopped short of questioning whether the terms 'drama' and 'dramatic' with their implications of a teleological narrative and closed off fictional universe are still apposite descriptions for the works she describes' (p.3). Arguing further that the heterogeneity of postdramatic forms also leads to multifarious ways in which the postdramatic relates to the posttraumatic, my readings performances seek to begin to map a continuum of these many ways in which postdramatic performances may engage with the nature of traumatic memory. Drawing on Freudian and post-Freudian psychoanalytic theory (Lacan, Caruth, Zizek), I explore a range of performances with a focus on three main case studies: Goat Island's When will the September roses bloom? Last night was only a comedy (2005) is analysed in terms of how the 'real' of trauma is intimated here and how it is formally negotiated by this innovative performance. After Dubrovka (2007), an installation performance by Neil MacKenzie and Mole Wetherell is critically explored in terms of a blindspot I perceived in this act of remembrance that could lead to a 'mis-remembering' or 'forgetting'. This insight leads me to consider the ways in which trauma is mediated by contemporary theatre and how the latter addresses the increasing experience of mediatised trauma in contemporary life. Mediatised trauma as 'remediated' on stage is more explicitly addressed in my reading of Forced Entertainment's Void Story (2009) which argues that traumatisation can also reside in the very form of global mediatisation itself. The article concludes that by defamiliarizing perception postdramatic productions seek to actively involve the spectator and rehone our responsibility for trauma and traumatic damage in the twenty-first century


This is the imagined life of a woman who really lived in the late Eighteenth Century - Catherine Sophia Boucher, called Kate - wife of the English poet and artist, William Blake. If you read between the lines of his poetry and letters, this is a story you might find. "Other Sorrows, Other Joys" weaves fact and fiction to tell the story of Kate's search for identity in the shadow of a man who can "see a World in a Grain of Sand and Heaven in a Wild Flower." Conventional, innocent Kate struggles to understand the world around her in the midst of her visionary husband's free-thinking crusades for freedom in religion, in politics, in love. Janet Warner's original novel dramatically recreates the story of a poet and his spiritual companion and the mystic visions that haunt them both throughout their lives. As Kate works as Blake's assistant, printing and coloring his designs, she witnesses the psychic powers that distract William from earning a living. She endures the loss of a long-awaited child, Blake's fascination for gifted women, and his frightening trial for treason. Through Kate's eyes, we meet a parade of people prominent in 18th Century artistic circles during the time of the French Revolution, such as the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, Swiss painter Henry Fuseli, and the publisher Joseph Johnson - people whose intertwined lives were as unconventional as any Bohemians of a later time. Amidst these turbulent personal and political events, Warner reveals the compelling drama of Kate and William's marriage that survived it all.


Human resource development is an important function contributing to a country's growth potential. During periods of transformation, organizations are in particular need of an adequate supply of leaders and managers. In order to ensure the constant supply of qualified and experienced individuals with leadership and management skills, organizations design their own development interventions to suit their needs. Creating a sustainable pool of qualified and experienced managers will facilitate the achievement of equitable representation of designated groups in middle and senior management echelons.
The creation of a sustainable pool of managers has to be guided by an objective assessment of current available management and leadership skills versus future requirements. This assessment should be based on a competency framework, ensuring the effective determination of real needs.
The paper suggests that formalized assessment not only contributes to a more objective evaluation of development programmes, but also will ensure appropriate placement of employees in critical managerial and leadership positions. Creating a pool of sustainable managers would enable the public service to fill their key senior positions with internal employees instead of having to buy external skills. Specific realities will impact of the research including :
legislative reality impacting on employee composition and profile
ability of public service to retain qualified employees
integration of a 'sustainable pools policy' with the human resource function
The paper will investigate the applicability of the proposed policy framework for management development, while focusing on the applicability of formal assessment methodologies to ensure sustainable pools of managers.


There is a group of inherited cystic nephropathies that are characterized by juvenile onset recessive inheritance (familial juvenile nephronophthisis, FJN) or by adult onset dominant inheritance (medullary cystic disease, MCD) and share similar clinico-pathological presentation to the extent that they are usually grouped together under the term FJN/MCD complex. The main symptoms consist of renal cyst formation in the medulla or the corticomedullary junction and salt wasting. Although earlier reports had suggested that one single gene may be responsible for this pathology, recent reports have shown that the FJN complex itself comprises a genetically heterogeneous group. Here we are presenting two large Cypriot families that segregate autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease (ADMCKD) with hyperuricemia and gout and with very late age of onset (mean 62.2 and 51.5 years). We performed DNA linkage mapping using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers and found linkage to marker locus D1S1595 at 1q21 with a two-point lod score of 6.45 at Theta = 0.00. Analysis of haplotypes and of critical recombinants enabled confinement of the disease locus within an approximately 8 cM region between marker loci D1S498 and D1S2125. FISH mapping with a large P1 clone confirmed the physical localization within 1q21. The two families share the same disease haplotype, thus suggesting their relationship through a common ancestor and the possible existence of a single ADMCKD-causing mutation within these families. To our knowledge this is the first genetic locus identified to cause FJN/MCD pathology of the dominant adult type.


Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, and other drug targets have been linked to interindividual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of many medications. Pharmacogenomic studies are rapidly elucidating the inherited nature of these differences in drug disposition and effects, thereby enhancing drug discovery and providing a stronger scientific basis for optimizing drug therapy on the basis of each patient's genetic constitution.


A hybrid amplifier consisting of one stage of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier and two stages of Raman amplifiers is constructed. Two Raman fibers are cascaded in series to suppress the intensity noise due to double Rayleigh scattering. Backward pumping is applied at all stages in order to increase the gain of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier and to decrease the polarization dependent gain of Raman fiber amplifier. In our previous experiment a 16 channel Wavelength Division Multiplexed system with channel spacing of 5 nm was considered. In this experiment a Density Wavelength Division Multiplexed system having 80 channels and a channel spacing of 0.8 nm was taken in to account. Gain Flattening is achieved for the entire C-band and L-bands. Experimental results showed that the hybrid amplifier has the average Gain of more than 19 dB in the wavelength range between 1530 and 1600 nm, with the Noise Figure of less than 6 decibels. The Gain of the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier and Raman was optimized to minimize the ripple value as low as 0.045 decibels with an output power of 15.265 decibel-milli.


AIM: Our aim is to use elevational gradients to quantify the relationship between temperature and ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem functions such as decomposition, nutrient cycling and carbon storage are linked with the amount of microbial biomass in the soil. Previous studies have shown variable relationships between elevation and soil microbial biomass (SMB). Understanding the biological mechanisms linking SMB with elevational gradients will shed light on the environmental impacts of global warming. LOCATION: Global. TIME PERIOD: 2002–2018. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: Soil microbes. METHOD: We performed a global meta‐analysis of the relationships between SMB and elevation. Data were collected from 59 studies of 73 elevational transects from around the world. RESULTS: We found no consistent global relationship between SMB and elevation. SMB increased significantly with elevation in the tropics and subtropics, but not in other climate zones. However, we found consistent positive relationships between SMB, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that global warming will impact tropical and subtropical ecosystems more severely than colder regions. Tropical ecosystems, already at risk from species extinctions, will likely experience declines in SMB as the climate warms, resulting in losses of fundamental ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and carbon storage.


List of Main Headings (Those headings for which there are entries in the present volume are printed in italics. For a guide to the Digest, see the Editorial Note at p. xiii.) Air Aliens Arbitration Canals Claims Comity Conciliation Consular Relations Damages Diplomatic Relations Economics, Trade and Finance Environment Expropriation Extradition Governments Human Rights International Court of Justice International Criminal Law International Organizations International Tribunals Jurisdiction Lakes and Landlocked Seas Nationality Recognition Relationship of International Law and Municipal Law Reprisals and Countermeasures Rivers Sea Sources of International Law Space State Immunity State Responsibility State Succession States Territory Terrorism Treaties War and Armed Conflict


This study aims to provide a comprehensive account of the segmental and prosodic phonology and the morphology of Wadi Mousa Arabic, a rural Jordanian dialect spoken in the south of Jordan that has not yet been investigated. The data of the study come from twenty native-speaker participants whose ages ranged from 45 years to 88 years.
WM Arabic has a cluster of linguistic features that distinguish it from its fellow Jordanian dialects. These include the merger of *ḍ and *ḏ into /ḏ /; the realisation of the uvular stop *q as /g/; and the retention of the voiceless velar stop /k/ in all contexts. The phonology is divided into melodic and prosodic phonology. Under melodic phonology, I examine assimilation processes (definite article assimilation, assimilation of t- to coronal obstruents, sonorant assimilation, non-coronal assimilation, and emphasis spread) and umlaut. Unlike some Jordanian dialects where emphasis is never blocked, rightward emphasis in WM Arabic is blocked by high front segments, /i/, /y/ and /s/. Under prosodic phonology, I examine syllable structure, word stress, and major prosodic processes, including epenthesis, syncope, V-V resolution, degemination, glottal stop prosthesis, shortening of long vowels, and pre-suffix vowel lengthening.
The study then examines the morphological aspects of verbs and nouns in WM Arabic. Twelve verb forms are utilised in the dialect, including the first ten verb forms (I-X) plus the first two quadriliteral forms (Q1 and Q2). Under nominal morphology, the study examines substantives, their templatic patterns, and morphological features; adjectives, their templatic patterns, agreement with the head noun in terms of gender, number and definiteness; demonstratives; verbal derivatives; pronouns; quantifiers; numerals and diminutives.
The study provides a short lexicon which aims to document some of the basic terms in the dialect, following Behnstedt and Woidich's Word Atlas of Arabic Dialects (2011). These classes are: man, professions, animals, nature, violence, feelings and states, money, function words, plants, agriculture, verbs, adverbs of time, construction, household, adverbs of time, human qualities and deficits, body parts, cooking, belongings and weddings.


The instability caused by the conical (or profiled) shape of a solid-axle railway wheelset can be overcome by proper design of the vehicle's primary suspension system but is generally difficult as some of the wheelset parameters, namely the conicity and creep coefficients, are time-varying. To maintain the wheelset stability at high speeds and satisfactory curving performance simultaneously over the whole range of the parameters' variations, the self-tuning linear-quadratic regulator (S-T LQR) for the primary suspension system of a high-speed two-axle railway vehicle has been developed. The objective of the controller was to minimize the lateral displacement of the wheelset relative to track centerline and its yaw angle, on straight and curved tracks. The Continuous-time Least-Absolute Error with Variable Forgetting Factor (C-T LAE+VFF) estimation algorithm has been used to estimate the wheelset parameters before being used in the calculation of the linear quadratic feedback control gain matrix. The simulation results show that the S-T LQR performed better than the fixed-gain LQR for both the conical and profiled wheelset, suggesting that the ability to estimate the time-varying wheelset parameters and use them in the feedback controller design is necessary to produce better primary suspension control performance.


This presentation was given at the 2016 Northeast Dairy Producers Conference, organized by the PRO-DAIRY Program in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University. Additional copies of the conference proceedings may be ordered at http://ansci.cals.cornell.edu/extension-outreach/adult-extension/dairy-management/order-proceedings-resources.


OBJECTIVES
We examined associations between youth and caregiver moderate/ vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary (SED) time, using accelerometery, in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (HCHS/ SOL) Youth.

METHODS
Participants were 623 caregivers and 877 youth 8-16 years old, enrolled in 2012-2014. Associations of youth and caregiver MVPA time, SED time, and meeting MVPA recommendations ( 150 min/week, adults; 420 min/week, youth) were examined in regression models that controlled for sample weights, design effects, and demographic and health covariates.

RESULTS
Youth whose caregivers met MVPA recommendations were nearly twice as likely to meet these recommendations themselves when compared to youth whose caregivers did not meet MVPA recommendations (OR = 1.9, 95 CI 1.1, 3.3). Youth and caregiver SED time also were significantly related (p .05). A similar pattern of findings was observed in analyses limited to relationships in which the caregiver was a biological parent of the youth (N = 485 caregivers; N = 795 youth).

CONCLUSIONS
MVPA and SED are correlated within Latino families as observed by statistically significant relationships of youth and caregiver activity. Additional research is needed to understand underlying genetic and environmental factors that explain these findings.


One of the biggest problems plaguing modern patent law is its inability to provide predictable and clear exclusive rights. We would improve clarity by simply following the patent statute and extending exclusion only to "the patented invention." That suggestion, as reasonable as it may sound, is actually quite radical to the dominant patent law orthodoxy. It is not even clear under the dominant patent law orthodoxy what it would mean to limit patent scope to the invention, but it is generally presumed that it must lead to unacceptably narrow patents. Thus, even if it provides clarity, the invention is thought to be just too narrow a concept to provide enough protection for inventors. This Article takes up that worry and shows that the invention is actually broader than many think. While still providing predictable and clear patent boundaries, it can provide much of the protection that many incorrectly fear would be lacking in an invention-based patent system. Interestingly, this Article does not need to create this theory of the invention anew. It already exists; we just need to find it. For the first 100 years of U.S. patent law, the invention was the focal point of most cases. Those early cases provide a much-needed seed stock from which to redevelop an understanding of the invention. What emerges from that historical exploration is a concept with deep precedential support and surprisingly sophisticated internal structure that can tackle our current challenge of providing both clear and adequate protection to inventors. Surprisingly, the invention tethers patent scope to the patent disclosure while still explaining the wide range of patent scope decisions and even allowing scope to extend to after-arising technology in predictable ways.


This study introduces a novel feature selection approach CMICOT, which is a further evolution of filter methods with sequential forward selection (SFS) whose scoring functions are based on conditional mutual information (MI). We state and study a novel saddle point (max-min) optimization problem to build a scoring function that is able to identify joint interactions between several features. This method fills the gap of MI-based SFS techniques with high-order dependencies. In this high-dimensional case, the estimation of MI has prohibitively high sample complexity. We mitigate this cost using a greedy approximation and binary representatives what makes our technique able to be effectively used. The superiority of our approach is demonstrated by comparison with recently proposed interaction-aware filters and several interaction-agnostic state-of-the-art ones on ten publicly available benchmark datasets.


OBJECTIVES
It has been suggested that patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) may share a common pathway with atherosclerosis. Furthermore, patients with GCA and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), in addition to advanced age, are treated for prolonged periods of time with corticosteroids, a factor that can also accelerate atherosclerosis. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is considered an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, and might play a role in ischaemic manifestations that occur with a variable frequency during the course of GCA. The purposes of the present study were: (i). to analyse the plasma levels of homocysteine in patients with GCA and PMR, (ii). to determine the influence of corticosteroid therapy on the homocysteine levels and (iii). to analyse if the levels of homocysteine may predict the development of ischaemic complications in patients with GCA.

METHODS
Plasma homocysteine concentration was measured in 56 patients with active PMR/GCA (17 GCA and 39 isolated PMR) before steroid treatment and 23 healthy age-matched volunteers were used as controls. The total plasma homocysteine level was quantified using a fluorescent polarization immunoassay.

RESULTS
Homocysteine concentrations were higher in PMR and GCA patients than age-matched controls (P < 0.05). Patients with GCA had slightly higher levels of plasma homocysteine than those with isolated PMR (13.6+/-4.3 vs 12.7+/-3.1 micromol/l, P=0.6). In 30 of these patients (12 GCA and 18 PMR) a second measurement of homocysteine concentration was done when they were in clinical remission with steroid treatment. The post-treatment levels of homocysteine were significantly increased in GCA rather than in PMR patients. In 13 patients with homocysteine levels above the normal upper limit of our laboratory, therapy with folic acid and/or vitamin B12 was started. After 3 months of vitamin supplements, the homocysteine concentration significantly decreased from 19.2+/-3.1 to 13.6+/-3.2 micromol/l (P=0.001). Such decrease was less marked in the PMR than in GCA patients. Ten out of the 17 patients with GCA had ischaemic manifestations of the disease. The levels of homocysteine were slightly higher in GCA patients with ischaemia than in those without ischaemic manifestations, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (15+/-4.9 vs 11.6+/-1.9 micromol/l, P=0.46).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with active PMR and GCA had elevated plasma concentrations of homocysteine. Corticosteroid therapy significantly increased such levels, especially in GCA patients. Treatment with supplements of folic acid and/or vitamin B12 reduced the homocysteine concentrations. These data support the hypothesis that patients with GCA (and to a lesser extend PMR patients) may share a common pathway with atherosclerosis and suggest a new atherogenic mechanism of corticosteroids.


France's involvement in the American Civil War was critical to its unfolding, but the details of the European power's role remain little understood. Here, Stève Sainlaude offers the first comprehensive history of French diplomatic engagement with the Union and the Confederate States of America during the conflict. Drawing on archival sources that have been neglected by scholars up to this point, Sainlaude overturns many commonly held assumptions about French relations with the Union and the Confederacy. As Sainlaude demonstrates, no major European power had a deeper stake in the outcome of the conflict than France.
Reaching beyond the standard narratives of this history, Sainlaude delves deeply into questions of geopolitical strategy and diplomacy during this critical period in world affairs. The resulting study will help shift the way Americans look at the Civil War and extend their understanding of the conflict in global context.


This study investigated the extent to which adjunct language instruction (ALI)
was effective and identified the factors that influenced the effectiveness.
In exploring the effectiveness, this study attempted a study on engineering
students in UiTM using customized lab report writing instructional materials.
A needs analysis was conducted and it showed that engineering students
preferred learning report writing to personal essay writing. The students'
preference for learning report writing set the stage for further exploration.
Sixty students were instructed lab report writing in content-based writing
using genre-based materials based on the students' actual Physics lab
experiments, called Physics Adjunct Language Instruction (PALI). The
results showed that the students' grades of lab report writing improved.
Another test was carried out to find whether teaching writing in an ALI
approach was able to meet the writing needs of engineering students. This
test used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as an analytical tool. As SEM
requires a sample size of 200 to 300 respondents, another instruction using
similar materials, PALI, was carried out on 260 engineering students. The
structural model showed that there were two factors that influence the
improvement of the students' lab report writing in PALI. The factors were the
teaching conduct and the preference for materials.
In summary, the research revealed three main findings. First, the type of
writing needed by engineering students in UiTM was report writing. Second,
the PAL1 led to an improvement in the engineering students' lab report
writing (t = -8.01, p = .000). Third, PAL1 provided two factors or conditions
necessary for its success: the way the lab report writing was taught (/3=
0.451) and the preference of materials which are related to the learners'
content subject (/3= 0.419). These two necessary conditions contribute 69.9
% (R* .699) to meeting the success in lab report writing of these engineering
students