This paper presents an advanced numerical methodology which aims to improve virtually any metal forming processes. It is based on elastoplastic constitutive equations accounting for non-linear mixed isotropic and kinematic hardening "strongly" coupled with isotropic ductile damage. During simulation of metal forming processes, where large plastic deformations with ductile damage occur, severe mesh distorsion takes place after a finite number of incremental steps. Hence an automatic mesh generation with remeshing capabilities is essential to carry out the finite element analysis. Besides, when damage is taken into account a kill element procedure is needed to eliminate the fully damaged elements in order to simulate the growth of macroscopic cracks. The necessary steps to remesh a damaged structure in finite element simulation of forming processes including damage occurrence (initiation and growth) are given. An important part of this procedure is constituted by geometrical and physical error estimates. The meshing and remeshing procedures are automatic and are implemented in a computational finite element analysis package (ABAQUS/Explicit solver using the Vumat user subroutine). Some numerical results are presented to show the capability of the proposed procedure to predict the damage initiation and growth during the metal forming processes.


'Respectable people...What bastards!' Unjustly deported to Devil's Island following Louis-Napoleon's coup-d'etat in December 1851, Florent Quenu escapes and returns to Paris. He finds the city changed beyond recognition. The old Marche des Innocents has been knocked down as part of Haussmann's grand programme of urban reconstruction to make way for Les Halles, the spectacular new food markets. Disgusted by a bourgeois society whose devotion to food is inseparable from its devotion to the Government, Florent attempts an insurrection. Les Halles, apocalyptic and destructive, play an active role in Zola's picture of a world in which food and the injustice of society are inextricably linked. The Belly of Paris (Le Ventre de Paris) is the third volume in Zola's famous cycle of twenty novels, Les Rougon-Macquart. It introduces the painter Claude Lantier and in its satirical representation of the bourgeoisie and capitalism complements Zola's other great novels of social conflict and urban poverty. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


One of the most obvious reasons why historians — both professional and academic — find it difficult to challenge hegemonic narratives is psychological. No one wants to be a pariah in their own society by running against the mainstream and finding themselves in an isolated position. But I think there's a deeper level to why historians have found it so difficult (maybe unlike some of their colleagues in the social sciences) to provide narratives which challenge the one which dominates their society's media, culture and academia. And that reason, I think, is that challenging historiographical mythology is not just about facts, it's also about rethinking the role of the historian. It is about being able to update oneself on developments in historiography and even (which is perhaps more difficult I think for historians) in philosophy. This focuses the question on what is reality, what is fiction, what is myth, and what is a fact. I found that one of the most challenging tasks in dealing with the history of my own country, both for Jewish and Palestinian historians, was not just to provide a different narrative to the one that prevails, but also to be able to tie in the concrete discussion with a more epistemological understanding of what history is and how history is received by the public at large.


Abstract Evolutionary radiations of colonists on archipelagos provide valuable insight into mechanisms and modes of speciation. The apparent diversification of Galapagos mockingbirds (Nesomimus) provoked Darwin's initial conception of adaptive radiation, but the monophyly of this historically important exemplar has not been evaluated with molecular data. Additionally, as with most Galapagos organisms, we have a poor understanding of the temporal pattern of diversification of the mockingbirds following colonization(s) from source populations. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of Galapagos and other mockingbird populations based on mitochondrial sequence data. Monophyly of Galapagos mockingbirds was supported, suggesting a single colonization of the archipelago followed by diversification. Our analyses also indicate that Nesomimus is nested within the traditional genus Mimus, making the latter paraphyletic, and that the closest living relatives of Galapagos mockingbirds appear to be those currently found in North America, northern South America, and the Caribbean, rather than the geographically nearest species in continental Ecuador. Thus, propensity for over-water dispersal may have played a more important role than geographic proximity in the colonization of Galapagos by mockingbirds. Within Galapagos, four distinct mitochondrial DNA clades were identified. These four clades differ from current taxonomy in several important respects. In particular, mockingbirds in the eastern islands of the archipelago (Española, San Cristóbal, and Genovesa) have very similar mitochondrial DNA sequences, despite belonging to three different nominal species, and mockingbirds from Isabela, in the west of the archipelago, are more phylogenetically divergent than previously recognized. Consistent with current taxonomy is the phylogenetic distinctiveness of the Floreana mockingbird (N. trifasciatus) and close relationships among most mockingbirds from the central and northern region of the archipelago (currently considered conspecific populations of N. parvulus). Overall, phylogeographic patterns are consistent with a model of wind-based dispersal within Galapagos, with colonization of more northerly islands by birds from more southern populations, but not the reverse. Further radiation in Galapagos would require coexistence of multiple species on individual islands, but this may be prevented by relatively limited morphological divergence among mockingbirds and by lack of sufficient habitat diversity in the archipelago to support more than one omnivorous mimid.


For a distributed database system to function efficiently, the fragments of the database need to be located, judiciously at various sites across the relevant communications network. The problem of allocating these fragments to the most appropriate sites is a difficult one to solve, however, with most approaches available relying on heuristic techniques. Optimal approaches are usually based on mathematical programming, and formulations available for this problem are based on the linearization of nonlinear binary integer programs and have been observed to be ineffective except on very small problems. This paper presents new integer programming formulations for the nonredundant version of the fragment allocation problem. This formulation is extended to address problems which have both storage and processing capacity constraints; the approach is observed to be particularly effective in the presence of capacity restrictions. Extensive computational tests conducted over a variety of parameter values indicate that the reformulations are very effective even on relatively large problems, thereby reducing the need for heuristic approaches.


This paper proposes new pathological element-based active device models which can be used in analysis tasks of linear(ized) analog circuits. Nullators and norators along with the voltage mirror-current mirror (VM-CM) pair (collectively known as pathological elements) are used to model the behavior of active devices in voltage-, current-, and mixed-mode, also considering parasitic elements. Since analog circuits are transformed to nullor-based equivalent circuits or VM-CM pairs or as a combination of both, standard nodal analysis can be used to formulate the admittance matrix. We present a formulation method in order to build the nodal admittance (NA) matrix of nullor-equivalent circuits, where the order of the matrix is given by the number of nodes minus the number of nullors. Since pathological elements are used to model the behavior of active devices, we introduce a more efficient formulation method in order to compute small-signal characteristics of pathological element-based equivalent circuits, where the order of the NA matrix is given by the number of nodes minus the number of pathological elements. Examples are discussed in order to illustrate the potential of the proposed pathological element-based active device models and the new formulation method in performing symbolic analysis of analog circuits. The improved formulation method is compared with traditional formulation methods, showing that the NA matrix is more compact and the generation of nonzero coefficients is reduced. As a consequence, the proposed formulation method is the most efficient one reported so far, since the CPU time and memory consumption is reduced when recursive determinant-expansion techniques are used to solve the NA matrix.


This document describes the conventions for using the Boneh-Franklin
(BF) and Boneh-Boyen (BB1) identity-based encryption algorithms in the
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to encrypt content-encryption keys.
Object identifiers and the convention for encoding a recipient's
identity are also defined. This memo provides information for the
Internet community.


Abstract. Focusing mainly on the case of (near-)planar building facades, a methodology for their automatic projective rectification is described and evaluated. It relies on a suitably configured, calibrated stereo pair of an object expected to contain a minimum of vertical and/or horizontal lines for the purposes of levelling. The SURF operator has been used for extracting and matching interest points. The coplanar points have been separated with two alternative methods. First, the fundamental matrix of the stereo pair, computed using robust estimation, allows estimating the relative orientation of the calibrated pair; initial parameter values, if needed, may be estimated via the essential matrix. Intersection of valid points creates a 3D point set in model space, to which a plane is robustly fitted. Second, all initial point matches are directly used for robustly estimating the inter-image homography of the pair, thus directly selecting all image matches referring to coplanar points; initial values for the relative orientation parameters, if needed, may be estimated from a decomposition of the inter-image homography. Finally, all intersected coplanar model points yield the object-to-image homography to allow image rectification. The in-plane rotation required to finalize the transformation is found by assuming that rectified images contain sufficient straight linear segments to form a dominant pair of orthogonal directions which correspond to horizontality/verticality in 3D space. In our implementation, image edges from Canny detector are used in linear Hough Transform (HT) resulting in a 2D array (ρ, θ) with values equal to the sum of pixels belonging to the particular line. Quantization parameter values aim at absorbing possible slight deviations from collinearity due to thinning or uncorrected lens distortions. By first imposing a threshold expressing the minimum acceptable number of edge-characterized pixels, the resulting HT is accumulated along the ρ-dimension to give a single vector, whose values represent the number of lines of the particular direction. Since here the dominant pair of orthogonal directions has to be found, all vector values are added with their π/2-shifted counterpart. This function is then convolved with a 1D Gaussian function; the optimal angle of in-plane rotation is at the maximum value of the result. The described approach has been successfully evaluated with several building facades of varying morphology by assessing remaining line convergence (projectivity), skewness and deviations from horizontality/verticality. Mean estimated deviation from a metric result was 0°.2. Open questions are also discussed.


A great technological and scientific innovation of the last half of the twentieth century, the computer has revolutionized how we organize information, how we communicate with each other, and even the way we think about the human mind. Computers have eased the drudgery of such tasks as calculating sums and clerical work, making them both more bearable and more efficient, whatever the occasional frustration they carry with them. The computer has become a standard fixture in our culture, a necessity for many aspects of business, recreation, and everyday life. In this book, Eric G. Swedin and David L. Ferro offer an accessible short history of this dynamic technology, covering its central themes from ancient times to the present day.


Jatropha curcas has received great attention and national support by Mexican authorities interested in promoting cash crops to alleviate poverty and rural crises. Thus, several states have implemented programs to sponsor its cultivation and research. This paper analyzes the policies generated by the Mexican government to promote the establishment of Jatropha plantations for biofuel purposes. The supporting schemes, the state-of-the-art national research and the environmental implications of establishing this new crop were reviewed to assess their impact on small-scale producers that participated in these programs. Scientific research on native germplasm indicates the existence of great diversity in Mexico, including non-toxic ecotypes, from which highly productive varieties are being developed. However, when the plantation programs started, producers were not technically or economically prepared to face the risks associated with this new crop, nor was there a good internal supply-chain. Consequently, some programs have been abandoned and the low productivity and income generated by the plantations have not satisfied producer expectations. Thus, there is a need to review the national strategy to support this crop and to develop a well-structured biofuel market in the country for the success of Jatropha plantations in Mexico.


Objective. To determine the characteristics of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) who have hyperuricemia (HUC) and their outcomes, especially cardiovascular (CVD) and kidney diseases. Methods. Patients have been followed prospectively at the PsA clinic according to a standard protocol at 6- to 12-month intervals. We defined HUC in men > 450 µmol/l or women > 360 µmol/l. We matched patients with HUC based on sex and age ± 5 years with normal uric acid patients. Demographics information and disease characteristics were reviewed. Outcomes of patients with HUC, especially CVD and kidney diseases, were recorded. Conditional logistic regression was performed to determine factors independently associated with HUC in patients with PsA. Results. There were 325 (31.9%) out of 1019 patients with PsA who had HUC. Of these, 318 cases were matched to 318 controls. There were 11 (3.4%) out of 325 patients with HUC who had gout. Patients with HUC had longer disease duration and a higher Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. They had more concurrent comorbidities, including CVD and metabolic diseases, as well as higher prevalence of kidney stones and higher creatinine. Only 1 patient with HUC was treated with allopurinol at first evaluation visit and 7 patients during followup. Over the followup, 163 of the 318 patients had persistent HUC (pHUC) for more than 2 visits. Patients with pHUC developed more myocardial infarction, heart failure, and renal impairment. Multivariate analysis showed an association between pHUC, PsA disease duration, and obesity. Conclusion. HUC is common in patients with PsA, especially in those with longer disease duration and obesity. Proper control of HUC and metabolic diseases may play a preventive role in improving PsA outcomes.


In this paper the hypothesis that partnerships between immigrants and natives are less specialized – in the sense that spouses provide similar working hours per weekday – than those between immigrants is tested. The empirical analysis relies on panel data using a two-limit random effects tobit framework to identify determinants of a gender-neutral specialization index. Results indicate that for immigrants intermarriage is indeed related to less specialization as is better education and smaller diversion in education between spouses. In contrast, children living in the household, as well as being Muslim or Islamic, lead to greater specialization. Intermarried immigrants specialize less presumably due to smaller comparative advantages resulting from positive assortative mating by education and different bargaining positions within the household. Natives, on the other hand, show different patterns: for them the likelihood to specialize increases with intermarriage. This might also results from differences in bargaining strength or be due to adaptation to immigrants' expected behavior.


This book provides ten case studies in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), a typologically-oriented theory of the organization of natural languages that has risen to prominence in recent years. The authors, all committed practitioners of FDG, include Kees Hengeveld, the intellectual father of the theory, who shows how it offers a radically new approach to constituent ordering. Other themes covered are evidentiality, modality, adpositions, verb morphology, possession, raising, sequence of tenses, semi-fixed constructions and prelinguistic conceptualization. The volume contains an introduction that explains the rudiments of FDG and summarizes the ten remaining chapters. The Casebook moves on from Hengeveld & Mackenzie's (2008) Functional Discourse Grammar to show how the theory is applied to linguistic problems new and old. The languages treated are Blackfoot, Dutch, English, Spanish, Welsh, indigenous languages of Brazil, and many others.


Recommender systems have become a crucial tool for electronic commerce. These systems help in improving customer satisfaction by providing personalized services. Much of the research in recommender systems is done in solving the top--N recommendation problem where the objective is to identify a set of N items the user will most likely prefer. In this paper, we propose a weighted class based hybrid algorithm to solve this problem. Our algorithm combines the strength of both content based and collaborative filtering approaches. In this method, firstly, classes are defined by applying content based and collaborative filtering techniques on ratings data. Subsequently, user's existing profile of items is examined to determine the weightage of each class. Items are then recommended to the user on the basis of weightage attached to each class. We show through experimental results that our algorithm consistently outperforms existing algorithms when applied on MovieLens data set.


Introduction: Orphans are at high risk for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and other comorbidities such as malnutrition. We investigated how many orphans suffered from scabies, other NTDs and malnutrition. Methodology: A descriptive study using medical records of orphans referred to a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from December 2014 to December 2018 was done. Files documenting NTDs were reviewed in detail for age, referral diagnosis, and nutritional status. Nutritional assessment was done using the WHO Standard growth curve, classifying children as stunted (height for age Z score < -2SD or wasted (weight for length Z score < -2SD). Results: Of the 852 orphans referred, 23.1% (196/852) was diagnosed with scabies, amongst which 28.1% (55/196) had multiple episodes. The median age (interquartile range) of the children with scabies was 3 (2-5) months. 85.2% (169/196) of the orphans with scabies were stunted and /or wasted. No other NTDs were reported. All of the scabies cases identified were not documented in the referral letter of the orphanage. Conclusions: There is ongoing transmission of scabies among children in the orphanage. Amongst orphans with scabies, an alarmingly high percentage was malnourished. Referrals from orphanages may provide an opportunity to detect NTDs and this is being missed.


In this paper we ask whether ethnic segregation in schools and in neighbourhoods has a causal effect on differential school attainment. We ask two related but different questions. First, we look at the test score gap between White and minority ethnic students, separately for Black Caribbean, Indian and Pakistani ethnic groups. Second, we consider the absolute performance of students in each of these minority ethnic groups across cities with varying levels of segregation. We show that, in strong contrast to similar studies in the US, the test score gap is largely unaffected by segregation for any of the three groups we study, and we find no evidence of a negative impact of ethnic segregation on absolute attainment levels.


The major aim was to examine the effect of the perpetrator's tone of voice and time delay on voice recognition. In addition, the effect of two types of voice description interviews intended to strengthen voice encoding was tested. Both 11- to 13-year-olds (n = 160) and adults (n = 148) heard an unfamiliar voice for 40 s. The perpetrator either spoke in a normal tone at encoding and in the lineup (congruent), or in an angry tone at encoding and a normal tone in the lineup (incongruent). Witnesses were then interviewed about the voice with global questions or by rating voice characteristics. Half of the witnesses were presented with a lineup shortly after the interview (immediate) and the others after 2 weeks (delayed). Children tested immediately made significantly more correct identifications. This was not the case for adults. (In)congruency between tone of voice and interview type did not significantly affect voice recognition. Witnesses in the congruent–immediate condition performed the best. However, only 25% of the children and 19% of the adults made correct identifications. Poor identification accuracy and the fact that the majority of witnesses believed they would recognise the voice later are reasons for treating voice identification evidence with great caution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


1. The agamid lizard Stellio ( = Agama) stellio L. accelerated quickly on a level track. Lizards reached 95 % of maximum speed in an average of only 0-31 m and 0-19s. 2. Large lizards had higher initial accelerations (~M') and accelerated over longer distances and times than did small lizards. As a result, larger lizards achieved higher maximum speeds. Lizards of a given size that accelerated quickly also achieved high maximum speeds. 3. Acceleration was also measured on slopes ranging from —15° to +60°. Steep inclines did not differentially reduce the initial acceleration of large versus small lizards, a result which contrasts with a previous demonstration that such inclines significantly reduce the maximum speed of only large lizards. 4. Simulations of simple predatory-prey chases suggest that large lizards will be more successful if they attack distant prey on level or downhill slopes and that small lizards will be more likely to escape larger quadrupedal predators by fleeing uphill, unless the predators are near.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of the intervention of low-dose, high-frequency cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training with feedback for firefighters for one month.

Design/methodology/approach
The study had a quantitative approach. Data were collected through an intervention by means of simulation. The data collection consisted of a pre- and post-assessment of 38 firefighter's CPR performance.

Findings
There was a statistically significant improvement from pre- to post-assessment regarding participants' compression rates. Compression depth increased statistically significantly to average 2 mm too deep in the group. Recoil decreased in the group with an average of 1 mm for the better. There was a statistically significant improvement in participants' ventilation volume from pre- to post-assessment.

Originality/value
Prehospital staff such as firefighters, police, and ambulance perform CPR under less than optimal circumstances. It is therefore of the utmost importance that these professionals are trained in the best possible way. The result of this study shows that low-dose, high-frequency CPR training with an average of six training sessions per month improves ventilation volume, compression depth, rate, and recoil. This study concludes that objective feedback during training enhances the firefighters' CPR skills which in turn also could be applied to police and ambulance CPR training.


Colon cancer is the third most lethal cancer worldwide, and is estimated to cause 49,190 cancer-related deaths in the U.S. in 2016 alone. Current treatments for colon cancer are limited in their capacity to target tumor cells employing adaptive mechanisms necessary for survival and proliferation, often resulting in poor prognosis. Therefore, it is critical to develop novel target-specific therapeutic approaches with minimal cytotoxicity to normal cells, in order to mitigate potential side effects. Proanthocyanidins represent a subclass of flavonoids, which have been widely investigated for their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential. Cinnamtannin B-1 (CTB-1) is a proanthocyanidin shown to have anti-cancer effects in several cancers, but its anti-cancer potential in colon cancer has not been tested. Hence, the focus of this study was to determine the anticancer effects of CTB-1 in colon cancer. Our results show that CTB-1 treatment significantly decreases the cell viability and proliferation of DLD-1 and COLO 201 human colon cancer cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. In addition, CTB-1 treatment modulated the cell cycle progression of colon cancer cells via G2/M arrest, coupled with a reduction of cells in the S phase. The expression and/or phosphorylation of key molecules involved in apoptosis and cell cycle progression were also modulated in response to CTB-1 treatment. Collectively, these findings, for the first time, shed light on the anti-proliferative effects of CTB-1 in colon cancer, and further demonstrate its potential as a novel therapeutic/preventive agent. Citation Format: Patrick P. Carriere, Hina Mir, Neeraj Kapur, Clarence E. Clark, Shailesh Singh. Anti-proliferative effects of cinnamon extract in colon cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 312. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-312


This article examines what is arguably a paradox: given the unique position held by the events of the 1947 Partition in the collective consciousness of the Indian subcontinent, why is there no national partition museum anywhere in India? The article analyses the possible reasons for this absence, evaluates the arguments for establishing such a museum, and considers what shape it might take. In doing so, it looks at possible models of museums from within the subcontinent and at how the Indian Partition is represented in Britain by the Imperial War Museum in London, in its project Through My Eyes: Stories of Conflict, Belonging and Identity. The article argues that while it is important not to assume that the space of a museum can unproblematically transcend cultural differences (remembering that the institution of a museum is a necessarily western invention), it is equally important to examine the ways in which museums in both India and in Britain reflect the concerns of the contemporary state and its various vested interests in constructing and reinforcing particular narratives of history and memory.


It is proved that there exist metrics with holonomy G2 and Spin(7), thus settling the remaining cases in Berger's list of possible holonomy groups. We first reformulate the "holonomy H" condition as a set of differential equations for an associated H-structure on a given manifold. We collect the needed algebraic facts about G2 and Spin(7). We then apply the machinery of over-determined partial differential equations (in the form of the Cartan-Kahler theorem) to prove the existence of solutions whose holonomy is G2 or Spin(7). We also provide explicit examples and some information about the "generality" of the space of


A study is made of a steady, two‐dimensional groundwater flow with a horizontal well (drain), which pumps out freshwater from an aquifer sandwiched between a horizontal bedrock and ponded soil surface, and containing a lens‐shaped static volume of a heavier saline water (DNAPL‐dense nonaqueous phase liquid) as a free surface. For flow toward a line sink, an explicit analytical solution is obtained by a conformal mapping of the hexagon in the complex potential plane onto a reference plane and the Keldysh‐Sedov integral representation of a mixed boundary‐value problem for a complex physical coordinate. The interface is found as a function of the pumping rate, the well locus, the ratio of liquid densities, and the hydraulic heads at the soil surface and in the well. The shape with two inflexion points and fronts varies from a small‐thickness bedrock‐spread pancake to a critical curvilinear triangle, which cusps toward the sink. The problem is mathematically solvable in a relatively narrow band of geometric and hydraulic parameters. A similar analytic solution for a static heavy bubble confined by a closed‐curve interface (no contact with the bedrock) is outlined as an illustration of the method to solve a mixed boundary‐value problem.


Web services have been developed as an attractive paradigm for publishing, discovering and consuming services. They are loosely-coupled applications that can be run alone or be composed to create new value-added services. They can be consumed as individual services which provide a unique interface to receive inputs and return outputs; or they can be consumed as components to be integrated into business processes. We call the first consumption case individual use and the second case business process use. The requirement of specific tools to assist consumers in the two service consumption cases involves many researches in both academics and industry. On the one hand, many service portals and service crawlers have been developed as specific tools to assist users to search and invoke Web services for individual use. However, current approaches take mainly into account explicit knowledge presented by service descriptions. They make recommendations without considering data that reflect user interest and may require additional information from users. On the other hand, some business process mechanisms to search for similar business process models or to use reference models have been developed. These mechanisms are used to assist process analysts to facilitate business process design. However, they are labor-intense, error-prone, time-consuming, and may make business analyst confused. In our work, we aim at facilitating the service consumption for individual use and business process use using recommendation techniques. We target to recommend users services that are close to their interest and to recommend business analysts services that are relevant to an ongoing designed business process. To recommend services for individual use, we take into account the user's usage data which reflect the user's interest. We apply well-known collaborative filtering techniques which are developed for making recommendations. We propose five algorithms and develop a web-based application that allows users to use services. To recommend services for business process use, we take into account the relations between services in business processes. We target to recommend relevant services to selected positions in a business process. We define the neighborhood context of a service. We make recommendations based on the neighborhood context matching. Besides, we develop a query language to allow business analysts to formally express constraints to filter services. We also propose an approach to extract the service's neighborhood context from business process logs. Finally, we develop three applications to validate our approach. We perform experiments on the data collected by our applications and on two large public datasets. Experimental results show that our approach is feasible, accurate and has good performance in real use-cases


With the concretisation and expansion of international criminal justice, intergovernmental bodies other than the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) are increasingly becoming important role players. While African countries have been active at various times in the decisions to establish the International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia (ICTY), Rwanda (ICTR), the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and more recently the proposed Special Court for Central African Republic, the African Union, as a grouping of African states is assuming greater and broader roles in the functioning of international criminal justice system. With the adoption of the Malabo Protocol on the African Court of Justice and Human Right has waded into previously unexplored territory. In the same vein, the AU's role in the creation of the Extra-Ordinary African Chambers for the trial of former Chadian dictator Hissene Habre for alleged torture and crimes against humanity committed in Chad is another example of the AU's expanding forays into the unfolding system of international criminal justice. The voices of various AU organs, in particular the Assembly, Pan African Parliament and the Peace and Security Council in debates around universal jurisdiction and the International Criminal Court (ICC) and its work in Africa add to the stack of new forms of engagement.This contribution locates international criminal prosecutions – at the national and international levels – within a broader context of responses to conflict and associated atrocities. It discusses the evolving roles of the African Union and its various organs – political, deliberative and judicial. The contribution argues that regional and sub-regional bodies have a role to play in international criminal justice: directly in respect of prosecutions at the international and national levels; and indirectly in a number of other ways that has a bearing on international criminal justice. Noting that this involvement by regional and sub-regional bodies in international criminal justice is for the most part novel, it argues that this heralds a new and exciting era of engagement that should contribute to the fight against impunity and by extension to peace and security on the continent. However, the approach adopted (ad hoc, reactive and in some measure antagonistic) and certain measures taken by some of these bodies have the potential of undermining or rolling back gains made so far in the fight against impunity.The contribution integrates the more traditional mandates of regional bodies – in maintenance of peace and security – into the debate, arguing that some of these functions have relevance for international criminal justice. The contribution argues that while the potential contribution of the regional and sub-regional bodies under discussion cannot be underrated, various factors dictate a reasoned and politically prudent approach that recognises the important – yet in some crucial respects limited – ability of these bodies to respond effectively and speedily to international crimes. While suggesting that judicial mechanisms at this level fit within a broadly conceived notion of complementarity in international criminal justice and respond to the imperative of burden sharing with the permanent International Criminal Court in responding to atrocities and international crimes, it argues that it is critical to recognise the legal and practical limitations attendant to their variety of mandates.


A 2 x 2 factorial experimental design was used to evaluate effects of ovariectomy and implantation (200 mg trenbolone acetate and 28 mg estradiol benzoate; Synovex-Plus) on the performance, serum urea nitrogen, serum insulin like growth factor -1 (IGF-1), and mRNA expression of hepatic IGF-1, growth hormone (GH) receptor and estrogen receptor-α as well as pituitary GH, estrogen receptor-α and GH releasing hormone receptor in feedlot heifers. Thirty-two British x Continental heifers were randomly assigned to either an ovariectomized (OVX) or intact group and then to either a control group or a Synovex-Plus implant group. Heifers were fed a 900 g/kg concentrate steam-flaked maize based diet for 42 d. Liver biopsies were taken before OVX for baseline expression of IGF-1, GH receptor and hepatic estrogen receptor-α, which did not differ between treatment groups. Blood and body weight (BW) were taken on d 0, 28, and 42 and one heifer/pen was slaughtered on d 42 for liver and pituitary tissue samples. Initial and final BW did not differ due to OVX or implant. No gender x treatment interaction was observed for average daily gain (ADG) or final BW. Neither OVX nor implant affected ADG for the final 14 d of the feeding period, but 28 and 42 d ADG were greater in implanted than in control heifers. No 2- or 3-way interactions with day were observed for serum urea nitrogen. Serum urea nitrogen was greater in control heifers than in implanted heifers, but gender had no effect. Both implant and OVX increased serum IGF-1 and a gender x treatment interaction was observed. Neither gender nor implant treatment affected hepatic estrogen receptor-α, hepatic IGF-1, hepatic GH receptor, GH releasing hormone receptor, GH, or pituitary estrogen receptor-α. Data indicate that implanting heifers with Synovex-plus increases serum IGF-1, but the reason for this increase cannot be explained by mRNA expression of key somatotropic genes in the present study.A 2 x 2 factorial experimental design was used to evaluate effects of ovariectomy and implantation (200 mg trenbolone acetate and 28 mg estradiol benzoate; Synovex-Plus) on the performance, serum urea nitrogen, serum insulin like growth factor -1 (IGF-1), and mRNA expression of hepatic IGF-1, growth hormone (GH) receptor and estrogen receptor-α as well as pituitary GH, estrogen receptor-α and GH releasing hormone receptor in feedlot heifers. Thirty-two British x Continental heifers were randomly assigned to either an ovariectomized (OVX) or intact group and then to either a control group or a Synovex-Plus implant group. Heifers were fed a 900 g/kg concentrate steam-flaked maize based diet for 42 d. Liver biopsies were taken before OVX for baseline expression of IGF-1, GH receptor and hepatic estrogen receptor-α, which did not differ between treatment groups. Blood and body weight (BW) were taken on d 0, 28, and 42 and one heifer/pen was slaughtered on d 42 for liver and pituitary tissue samples. Initial and final BW did not differ due to OVX or implant. No gender x treatment interaction was observed for average daily gain (ADG) or final BW. Neither OVX nor implant affected ADG for the final 14 d of the feeding period, but 28 and 42 d ADG were greater in implanted than in control heifers. No 2- or 3-way interactions with day were observed for serum urea nitrogen. Serum urea nitrogen was greater in control heifers than in implanted heifers, but gender had no effect. Both implant and OVX increased serum IGF-1 and a gender x treatment interaction was observed. Neither gender nor implant treatment affected hepatic estrogen receptor-α, hepatic IGF-1, hepatic GH receptor, GH releasing hormone receptor, GH, or pituitary estrogen receptor-α. Data indicate that implanting heifers with Synovex-plus increases serum IGF-1, but the reason for this increase cannot be explained by mRNA expression of key somatotropic genes in the present study. Keywords : Synovex-plus, mRNA, gender South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 38 (3) 2008: pp. 207-216


Journalism in the UK straddles the divide between high- and middle-skilled employment. Since the 1970s those determined to be middle-skilled have been vulnerable to increasing difficulty in finding employment, deepening insecurity of employment and limited opportunities for advancement as work has been routinized and off-shored. This is especially so for young people. Moreover, journalism is also a short-term career. However, at the same time, journalism has significantly upskilled through graduatisation, and currently the most favoured route into journalism is through a postgraduate taught (PGT) qualification, such as a Master's degree. This study examines the career experiences of 889 alumni of a PGT newspaper journalism course and maps them to employment trends. It is argued that the socially responsible approach is to prepare alumni for life during and after journalism through the development of their employability, rather than focusing on their immediate employment prospects.


INTRODUCTION
Family members are important supports for veterans with Posttrauamtic Stress Disroder (PTSD), but they often struggle with their own distress and challenges. The Veterans Affairs-Community Reinforcement and Family Training (VA-CRAFT) website was designed to teach family members of veterans with PTSD effective ways to interact with their veterans to encourage initiation of mental health services as well as to care for themselves and improve their relationships. This article presents a pilot investigation of VA-CRAFT.

MATERIALS AND METHOD
Spouse/partners of veterans who had screened positive for PTSD but were not in mental health treatment were randomized to either use the VA-CRAFT website (n = 22) or to a waitlist control condition (n = 19) for 3 months. Veteran mental health service initiation was assessed posttreatment. Spouse/partner distress, caregiver burden, quality of life, and relationship quality were assessed pre and posttreatment. The study was approved by the Minneapolis VA Health Care System Institutional Review Board (IRB).

RESULTS
Differences between groups on veteran treatment initiation were small (Phi = 0.17) and not statistically significant. VA-CRAFT participants reported large and statistically significantly greater decreases in overall caregiver burden (η2 = 0.10) and objective caregiver burden (η2 = 0.14) than control participants. Effects were larger for those with greater initial distress. Effects sizes for other partner outcomes were negligible (η2 = 0.01) to medium (η2 = 0.09) and not statistically significant. Postintervention interviews suggested that only 33% of the VA-CRAFT participants talked with their veterans about starting treatment for PTSD during the trial.

CONCLUSION
Results from this pilot trial suggest that VA-CRAFT holds initial promise in reducing caregiver burden and as such it could be a useful resource for family members of veterans with PTSD. However, VA-CRAFT does not enhance veteran treatment initiation. It may benefit from enhancements to increase effectiveness and caregiver engagement.


Puerto Rico has about $72.6 billion in outstanding debt, and its public corporations have about $24.8 billion of that debt. But Puerto Rico's public corporation are not permitted to file for municipal bankruptcy under chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code. To solve this problem, Puerto Rico recently enacted an insolvency statute, commonly called the "Recovery Act," which is a practical blend of chapters 9 and 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The new law provides a framework to restructure the public corporations' debts. Immediately after the Recovery Act was signed into law, bondholders filed two lawsuits against it. The suits contend that the Recovery Act violates the Bankruptcy Clause, which the plaintiffs argue gives the federal government the exclusive right to legislate on bankruptcy. Indeed, the plaintiffs even call for the court to recognize the existence of a "Dormant Bankruptcy Clause," like its better-known relative in the Commerce Clause. The plaintiffs also make a companion argument that the federal Bankruptcy Code supersedes the new Puerto Rican law, despite the exclusion of the Commonwealth's municipal entities from the Code's chapter 9. In short, the bondholders argue that Congress intended to preclude Puerto Rico and its divisions from any bankruptcy process whatsoever, and the Act interferes with that purpose. None of these arguments stands up to much scrutiny. This paper explains why.


This report provides an understanding of the Australian community's awareness, concern and participation regarding climate change and the Great Barrier Reef. It was designed to be used as a tool for developing effective engagement strategies and future climate change human dimensions research.
A telephone survey was used to collect information about Australian residents' climate change perceptions, beliefs and behaviours and motivations to reduce the impact of climate change on the Great Barrier Reef. In total, 1,609 interviews were completed in communities adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef ('Reef area') and in the capital cities of Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney ('City area') in November 2008.
The results presented in this report are primarily descriptive in nature, with the aim of providing a broad overview of the social characteristics of climate change and the Great Barrier Reef. Further work using the data collected here could explore managerially useful ways of segmenting the population with the aim of gaining a better understanding of how to communicate and manage climate change impacts on the Great Barrier Reef.


The northern portion of the Pacific coastal temperate rainforest (PCTR) is one of the least anthropogenically modified regions on earth and remains in many respects a frontier area to science. Rivers crossing the northern PCTR, which is also an international boundary region between British Columbia, Canada and Alaska, USA, deliver large freshwater and biogeochemical fluxes to the Gulf of Alaska and establish linkages between coastal and continental ecosystems. We evaluate interannual flow variability in three transboundary PCTR watersheds in response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). Historical hydroclimatic datasets from both Canada and the USA are analyzed using an up-to-date methodological suite accommodating both seasonally transient and highly nonlinear teleconnections. We find that streamflow teleconnections occur over particular seasonal windows reflecting the intersection of specific atmospheric and terrestrial hydrologic processes. The strongest signal is a snowmelt-driven flow timing shift resulting from ENSOand PDO-associated temperature anomalies. Autumn rainfall runoff is also modulated by these climate modes, and a glacier-mediated teleconnection contributes to a late-summer ENSO-flow association. Teleconnections between AO and freshet flows reflect corresponding temperature and precipitation anomalies. A coherent NPGO signal is not clearly evident in streamflow. Linear and monotonically nonlinear teleconnections were widely identified, with less evidence for the parabolic effects that can play an important role elsewhere. The streamflow teleconnections did not vary greatly between hydrometric stations, presumably reflecting broad similarities in watershed characteristics. These results establish a regional foundation for both transboundary water management and studies of long-term hydroclimatic and environmental change. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


Because of his passion for privacy, Faulkner often thwarted the attempts made by admirers and journalists to inquire about the psychological genesis of his works. In 1930, for example, he staved off one such request by telling his agent: "Don't tell the bastards anything. It can't matter to them. Tell them I was born of an alligator and a nigger slave at the Geneva peace conference two years ago." In addition, he believed that a book is the "writer's secret life, the dark twin of a man; you can't reconcile them." In a February, 1949 letter to Malcolm Cowley, Faulkner wrote that he would protest to the last that he did not want any photographs or recorded documents of a personal nature left behind after his death: "It is my ambition to be, as a private individual, abolished and voided from history, leaving it markless, no refuse save the printed books." By then, he had already his epitaph in mind: "He made the books and he died." Yet Faulkner knew deep down that a writer cannot help but be autobiographical in his works; they often contain his "violent despairs and rages and frustrations ..." Thus, it is quite natural and appropriate that after the 1974 publication of Joseph Blotner's impressive biography of Faulkner there should arise an interest and legitimate desire to explore the psychological patterns hidden within Faulkner's creative imagination, especially those patterns woven, as far as informed and prudent discernment can tell, from the fabric of Faulkner's daily life. In Faulkner: The Transfiguration of Biography, Judith Wittenberg sets out to demonstrate that one measure of Faulkner's art was his ability "to recognize his contradictory urges, to embody them in separate characters, and to show them functioning comparatively in a hierarchy of morality of psychic health or conflicting overtly for dominion and even survival." Her primary concern is to trace the events and situations in Faulkner's life in order to ferret out Faulkner's "dark twins," and then to explain the modalities and analogues of these events and situations in his fiction. Until Carvel Collins publishes the Faulkner material he has gathered over the years, Faulkner scholars will have to rely primarily on the biographical material that Blotner has written and edited as they search to discovery the man who was an author and the author who was a man. In all, Professor Wittenberg has made judicious use of the available biographical material and I feel that her work, incomplete though it is since she does not deal extensively either with Faulkner's short stories or the revisions of his manuscripts and typescripts, will be considered a pioneering effort in an area of Faulkner scholarship that is bound to grow and develop. How much one can uncover convincingly the imaginative patterns emerging from the often unexpressed recesses of Faulkner's personal life depends on a congeries of factors: personal knowledge of Faulkner, background in psychology and psychological theory, an awareness of the breadth and depth of his works, and an ability to investigate those events in Faulkner's life that were important in determining his character, to name but a few. Yet in spite of the obstacles that Faulkner placed in front of his biographers, the psychobiographical quest needs to be undertaken, in my opinion, since an appreciation of the creative imagination of any author, given the parameters of new criticism and the caveats of Michel Foucault, depends on an in-depth analysis both of the author's life and works in order to discover literary relationships that might never have been obvious, even to the author's friends and family. By telling the "same story over and over, which is myself and the world," Faulkner encouraged his psychobiographers to begin the process; though he dealt with extremely complicated family relationships in Yoknapatawpha and beyond, there were patterns of repetition that he himself felt. Faulkner initially saw his own family as a model for the Sartorises, and once they were established, he could go on to create the McCaslins, the Beauchamps, the Stevenses, the Sutpens, the Snopeses, the Compsons, and others. …


We satellite-tracked the foraging trips of males and females of the 2 sibling species of giant petrels, Macronectes halli and M. giganteus, breeding sympatrically at Bird Island (South Georgia, Antarctica), during the incubation period (November-December). Size of the activity range in addition to speed and distance covered on foraging trips were similar between the species, but were lower for males than for females in both species. Sex-specific differences agree with previous observations on diets and on attendance at seal carcasses, suggesting that females mainly forage at sea, whereas males mainly scavenge on the coast. Overall, however, the foraging ecology of both species seems very similar. Interspecific and intersexual competition may be reduced by the limited overlap in the at-sea range, with southern giant petrels foraging further south than did northern giant petrels, and females further west than males, suggesting some spatial partitioning in foraging areas. Male northern giant petrels foraged almost exclusively on the South Georgia coast; their strong dependence during the brooding and chick-rearing period on Antarctic fur seals, whose population has increased exponentially in recent years, may be reflected in the recent population increase of northern giant petrels at South Georgia. Foraging areas of giant petrels overlapped extensively with longline fishery distribution, highlighting their susceptibility to being caught on longline hooks. Females were at higher risk during the study period since they made longer trips and foraged further west than males, into areas where local longline fisheries are more active.


This paper aims at developing a tentative guideline for managers of biotech firms on how to form and design network ties in biotechnology industries by integrating the findings from the analysis of the networking characteristics of the five leading biotechnology firms (Amgen, Biogen, Chiron, Genentech, Genzyme) with extant scholarly research on biotech networks, We derive a set of recommendations on salient process issues such as the timing, duration and design characteristics of both vertical (upstream, downstream) and horizontal network ties. Further, we generate insights into how biotech firms may develop their own organizational networking capability ("networkability") by making networking part of their business strategy, by creating networking-enhancing organizational structures and processes and by instilling network values in the organizational DNA. In doing so, we extend prior contributions on biotech networks and hope to create actionable knowledge for managers on how to build innovation networks.


How close do 3d computer graphics systems come to representing real visual scenes? Often graphics represnetations appear to lack the fine detail which is a common feature of the visual environment. In addition, the luminance adn dynamic range of a VDU screen are typically lower than those of natural scenes. Does this matter? Existing measures of the fidelity of photorealistic graphics take account of the Fourier content of the image, but this may not reveal specific errors in the portrayal of lighting and shadows; furthermore, it could be argued that one needs a measure which involves assessment of performance on a specific visual task - performance on that task in a real scene is compared with performance in the graphics scene to give an index of fidelity. Perception of the lightness of patches varying in reflectance may be a suitable candidate for the choice of visual task. It is simple to perform, and it is known that lightness contancy depends on the successful perception of lighting and the 3D structure of a scene. We have compared lightness perception in a real scene with similar perception in a ray-traced graphics representation. Fifteen subjects wer required to match reflectance of various gray patches to a reference set. For simple scenes, there was a high degree of correlation between the real and graphics results, suggesting that the graphics scenes were perceptually equivalent to the real scene. For scenes of greater complexity, this correlation may be lowered, suggesting imperfections in the graphics procedure.


The first three mode shapes of a cantilevered NACA0009 hydrofoil were experimentally investigated in air and under different flow conditions in a cavitation tunnel. First and second bending modes and first torsion mode were determined in resonance conditions with the hydrofoil vibrating in air, in still water, in flowing water, or with leading edge sheet cavitation. The hydrofoil was excited with embedded piezoelectric ceramic patches, and the response was measured along the surface at selected positions by means of a laser Doppler vibrometer. The modes of vibration obtained from a cross correlation analysis of the signals were compared for the different conditions, and the most significant differences were identified. In particular, it was found that the mode shape deformation and the location of the nodal lines are dependent on the fluid conditions.


The most difficult thing to understand may be income tax, this paper explores the concept of value added tax (VAT) with respect to the most controversial treatment of basic food items. This paper does not pretend to cover everything about VAT, but some specifics that addresses the imperatives which are; Nigerian Value Added Tax system and its position on basic food items, constitution and taxing powers, VAT and Sales Tax, Legal framework VAT Act 2007 (as amended), VAT revenue sharing formula in Nigeria, VAT Rate in Nigeria, taxable person and Registration for VAT, VAT and its exceptions, food and basic food items, major controversies on basic food items, rendering of account, determination of chargeable value added tax, offences and penalties. Methodology used in arriving at the conclusion was content analysis, which employs the review of relevant books and articles on the subject of VAT, reader would learn basic concepts in VAT and fully understand those factors determine basic food items and how these factors do influences VAT returns.


Scholars are increasingly concerned about the rising level of negativity in social media sites. This negativity has found its way into sites that are supposedly intended for prosocial civic engagement. To examine how hostility impacts behavior in a user-generated, prosocial context, an experimental study was conducted using an online petition modeled after those posted to the website Change.org. This study examines whether negativity causes a contagion effect leading to more negativity and the different types of negativity that may occur. Results suggest that when users read negative-toned petitions, a contagion effect increases both anger and anxiety. However, our findings are not consistent with previous literature that argues anger leads to increased proactive behavior. Instead, we find that while anxiety leads to an increase in petition-related action, anger does not. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications for scholars and those looking to participate in social justice via online platforms.


BACKGROUND
Surveys are an important tool for gaining information about physicians' beliefs, practice patterns and knowledge. However, the validity of surveys among physicians is often threatened by low response rates. We investigated whether response rates to an international survey could be increased using a more personalized cover letter.

METHODS
We conducted an international survey of the 442 surgeon-members of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association on the treatment of femoral-neck fractures. We used previous literature, key informants and focus groups in developing the self-administered 8-page questionnaire. Half of the participants received the survey by mail, and half received an e-mail invitation to participate on the Internet. We alternately allocated participants to receive a "standard" or "test" cover letter.

RESULTS
We found a higher primary response rate to the test cover letter (47%) than to the standard cover letter (30%) among those who received the questionnaire by mail. There was no difference between the response rates to the test and to the standard cover letters in the Internet group (22% v. 23%). Overall, there was a higher primary response rate for the test cover letter (34%) when both the mail and Internet groups were combined, compared with the standard cover letter (27%).

CONCLUSIONS
Our test cover letter to surgeons in our survey resulted in a significantly higher primary response rate than a standard cover letter when the survey was sent by mail. Researchers should consider using a more personalized cover letter with a postal survey to increase response rates.


Mice exposed to irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni develop a partial resistance to subsequent parasite challenge. In this study we utilized histopathologic methods to investigate the fate of both the immunizing and challenge cercariae in C57BL/6J mice. After immunization by percutaneous infection, a large number of the 50 Kr irradiated organisms could be detected in tissue sections of lung. However, as early as 2 weeks after immunization, the majority of these schistosomula apparently had died, leaving residual inflammatory foci. The numbers of these foci then gradually declined during the next 4 weeks of examination. Cercarial challenge of mice vaccinated 4 weeks previously provoked an intense eosinophil-enriched inflammatory response in percutaneously exposed ear pinnae. Despite these pronounced tissue reactions, no evidence of significant parasite damage or attrition was detected in this migration site. In contrast, schistosomula arriving in the lungs of vaccinated mice produced a greater number of residual inflammatory foci than did larvae appearing in the lungs of normal mice. In addition, challenge schistosomula were cleared from the lungs of vaccinated mice at a slower rate than they were from the lungs of control mice. These observations suggest that the lung is a major site of parasite attrition for both immunizing and challenge infections in the mouse irradiated vaccine model.


This paper focuses on unsupervised modeling of morphological families, collectively comprising a forest over the language vocabulary. This formulation enables us to capture edge-wise properties reflecting single-step morphological derivations, along with global distributional properties of the entire forest. These global properties constrain the size of the affix set and encourage formation of tight morphological families. The resulting objective is solved using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) paired with contrastive estimation. We train the model by alternating between optimizing the local log-linear model and the global ILP objective. We evaluate our system on three tasks: root detection, clustering of morphological families, and segmentation. Our experiments demonstrate that our model yields consistent gains in all three tasks compared with the best published results.


In 1956, Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan published a paper in which they suggested that the number of human chromosomes was 46 and not 48. The story of the recount has been the subject of numerous studies and debates. In this essay I propose to revisit the 1956 paper and the questions surrounding it by considering the chromosome images it contained. Paying attention to the images, including especially the photomicrograph that has come to represent the new chromosome count, offers the opportunity to study the history of an iconic image of genetics. In the course of this history the image moved from proving the quality of Tjio and Levan's preparations to becoming an object of contention, proof of authorship, example to emulate, manipulable object, recognizable icon, and historical object in its own right. More generally, the essay highlights the role of visual techniques and materials in shaping knowledge and staking claims in human heredity in the mid-twentieth century. The history of postwar cytogenetics has long been overshadowed by dominant accounts of molecular approaches in biology that developed rapidly at the same time. Yet the recognition that, well into the 1970s, chromosome pictures were the most recognizable images of genetics points to the need for new approaches to the historiography.


The authors measure the inflation experienced by demographic groups that likely received benefits from major government transfer programs during the period 1980–2010. They then compare the group-specific inflation measures with the transfer programs' benefit adjustments, which are typically based on aggregate inflation. The extent to which the program benefits keep up with group inflation differs across the programs and their targeted groups, depending on both the ways in which the benefits are adjusted for price changes and the spending patterns of the various groups.


We build on Decker et al. (2016) who show that business dynamism and entrepreneurship in the U.S. have declined over recent decades and that the characteristics of this decline changed around 2000. Since 2000 the U.S. decline in dynamism has been accompanied by a decline in high-growth, young firms. Using 30 years of data from all for-profit firms incorporated in Belgium, we now offer evidence that Belgium, a far more rigid economy than the U.S., experienced a similar decline in dynamism. Furthermore, the decline set in around 2000 as well. We attribute this not only to the declining share of young firms that become high-growth firms, but more importantly also to the declining propensity for small (not necessarily young) firms to experience fast growth. We do not yet know what caused this decline. Since there are remarkable similarities between Belgium and the U.S. with respect to the secular decline in business dynamism, global trends rather than country specific changes are most likely to be at the basis of this evolution. A possible global trend causing dynamism to decline, is the ICT revolution that started the second half of the '90s. We find preliminary indications that industries with higher ICT intensity have experienced a dynamism trend change during that same period and show a steeper dynamism decline.


The exact evolutionary history of any set of biological taxa is unknown, and all phylogenetic reconstructions are approximations. The problem becomes harder when one must consider a mix of vertical and lateral phylogenetic signals. In this paper we propose a game theoretic approach to constructing biological networks. The key hypothesis is that evolution is driven by distinct mechanisms that seek to maximize two competing objectives, taxonomic conservation and diversity. One branch of the mathematical theory of games is brought to bear. It translates this evolutionary game hypothesis into a mathematical model in two-player zero-sum games, with the zero-sum assumption conforming to one of the fundamental constraints in nature in mass and energy conservation. We demonstrate why and how a mechanistic and localized adaptation to seek out greater information for conservation and diversity may always lead to a global Nash equilibrium in phylogenetic affinity. Our game theoretic method, referred to as bioinformatic game theory, is used to construct network clusters. As an example, we applied this method to clustering of a multidomain protein family. The protein clusters identified were consistent with known protein subfamilies, indicating that this game-theoretic approach provides a new framework in biological sequence analysis, especially in studying gene-genome and domain-protein relationships.


Vitamin D insufficiency is more prevalent among African Americans (blacks) than other Americans and, in North America, most young, healthy blacks do not achieve optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations at any time of year. This is primarily due to the fact that pigmentation reduces vitamin D production in the skin. Also, from about puberty and onward, median vitamin D intakes of American blacks are below recommended intakes in every age group, with or without the inclusion of vitamin D from supplements. Despite their low 25(OH)D levels, blacks have lower rates of osteoporotic fractures. This may result in part from bone-protective adaptations that include an intestinal resistance to the actions of 1,25(OH)2D and a skeletal resistance to the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, these mechanisms may not fully mitigate the harmful skeletal effects of low 25(OH)D and elevated PTH in blacks, at least among older individuals. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly apparent that vitamin D protects against other chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some cancers, all of which are as prevalent or more prevalent among blacks than whites. Clinicians and educators should be encouraged to promote improved vitamin D status among blacks (and others) because of the low risk and low cost of vitamin D supplementation and its potentially broad health benefits. J. Nutr. 136: 1126–1129, 2006.


The Nordic Africa Institute started on a modest scale back in 1962by awarding three travel grants to young Nordic scholars with an interest in Africa. Fifty years later, the institute has become an internationally renowned centre of research, documentation, publishing and net-working. By coordinating coherent programmes spanning multiple researchers and several sub-topics NAI has helped to strengthen capacity among young academics in Nordic countries by providing travel grants for field research and an academic platform for communicating and discussing research findings. NAI has thus been a key catalyst in social science research on Africa. In this publication, Michael Stahl contextualises, reviews and reflects on five innovative research programmes undertaken at NAI from the late 1980s into the 1990s. Through these thematic, collaborative programmes, NAI complemented its already established support for individual academic projects. In order to place the five programmes in larger context, brief accounts of the earlier research support provided by NAI are given as is an overview of the subsequent research profile and administration of NAI up to 2012.Michael Stahl has had a lifelong academic and professional career in development issues. His research experience has been in rural development in Africa. He has held senior positions at universities and in the Swedish development cooperation community. From 2002 to 2010, he was the director of the International Foundation for Science.


Facebook's corpus of photos, videos, and other Binary Large OBjects (BLOBs) that need to be reliably stored and quickly accessible is massive and continues to grow. As the footprint of BLOBs increases, storing them in our traditional storage system, Haystack, is becoming increasingly inefficient. To increase our storage efficiency, measured in the effective-replication-factor of BLOBs, we examine the underlying access patterns of BLOBs and identify temperature zones that include hot BLOBs that are accessed frequently and warm BLOBs that are accessed far less often. Our overall BLOB storage system is designed to isolate warm BLOBs and enable us to use a specialized warm BLOB storage system, f4. f4 is a new system that lowers the effective-replication-factor of warm BLOBs while remaining fault tolerant and able to support the lower throughput demands.

f4 currently stores over 65PBs of logical BLOBs and reduces their effective-replication-factor from 3.6 to either 2.8 or 2.1. f4 provides low latency; is resilient to disk, host, rack, and datacenter failures; and provides sufficient throughput for warm BLOBs.


We present an integrated framework for using Convolutional Networks for classification, localization and detection. We show how a multiscale and sliding window approach can be efficiently implemented within a ConvNet. We also introduce a novel deep learning approach to localization by learning to predict object boundaries. Bounding boxes are then accumulated rather than suppressed in order to increase detection confidence. We show that different tasks can be learned simultaneously using a single shared network. This integrated framework is the winner of the localization task of the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2013 (ILSVRC2013) and obtained very competitive results for the detection and classifications tasks. In post-competition work, we establish a new state of the art for the detection task. Finally, we release a feature extractor from our best model called OverFeat.


Civil societies have historically tried to distinguish the crime of murder from other offenses. Typically, murder has been subject to the most severe punishment and most intense public outcry. Countries with vastly different forms of government and systems of punishment find common ground on the seriousness of the crime committed by a person who causes another human being's death. The twentieth century, though, witnessed yet another kind of convergence around murder: nations of every political persuasion ended their use of death as a punishment for murder and other crimes.1 They declared the death penalty to be unconstitutional, unacceptably cruel, or a violation of human rights (or all of them). To take but one example, in a major decision by the new democratic court of the Republic of South Africa, the justices, citing various theories to support their conclusion to end capital punishment, abolished the penalty, despite growing concern about crime. Justice Arthur Chaskalson, writing for the court, stated:


Despite Vladimir Nabokov's hostility toward literary labels, he clearly recognized his own place in cultural history. In a fresh approach stressing Nabokov's European context, John Foster shows how this writer's art of memory intersects with early twentieth-century modernism. Tracing his interests in temporal perspective and the mnemonic image, in intertextual "reminiscences, " and in individuality amid cultural multiplicity, the book begins with such early Russian novels as Mary, then treats his emerging art of memory from Laughter in the Dark to The Gift. After discussing the author's cultural repositioning in his first English novels, Foster turns to Nabokov's masterpiece as an artist of memory, the autobiography Speak, Memory, and ends with an epilogue on Pale Fire. As a cross-cultural overview of modernism, this book examines how Nabokov navigated among Proust and Bergson, Freud and Mann, and Joyce and Eliot. It also explores his response to Baudelaire and Nietzsche as theorists of modernity, and his sense of Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and Pushkin as modernist precursors. As an approach to Nabokov, the book reflects the heightened importance of autobiography in current literary study. Other critical issues addressed include Bakhtin's theory of intertextuality, deconstructive views of memory, Benjamin's modernism of memory, and Nabokov's assumptions about modernism as a concept.


The word embedding vectors obtained from neural word embedding methods, such as vLBL models and SkipGram, have become an important fundamental resource for tackling a wide variety of tasks in the artificial intelligence field. This paper focuses on the fact that the model size of high-quality embedding vectors is relatively large, i.e., more than 1GB. We propose a learning framework that can provide a set of 'compact' embedding vectors for the purpose of enhancing 'usability' in actual applications. Our proposed method incorporates parameter sharing constraints into the optimization problem. These additional constraints force the embedding vectors to share parameter values, which significantly shrinks model size. We investigate the trade-off between quality and model size of embedding vectors for several linguistic benchmark datasets, and show that our method can significantly reduce the model size while maintaining the task performance of conventional methods.


A Lagrangian photochemical trajectory model has been used to assess the factors affecting O-3 production during transport of polluted air masses across the North Atlantic Ocean. Sensitivity studies have been performed along idealized trajectories, and it is found that the potential impact of North American emission sources is maximized by transport of air at high altitudes, in drier conditions and in conditions where mixing of the air with background air masses is relatively limited. Measurements taken from the NCAR King Air aircraft as part of the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) August 1993 intensive have been used to initialize forward trajectories, calculated using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting analyzed wind fields, from eastern North America to assess O-3 production over the Atlantic during this period. The effects of dilution of a polluted air parcel with air from the upper troposphere have also been studied, and the contribution of photochemical O-3 production to the air mass composition is found to be smaller than that of dilution, particularly for long trajectories and for conditions where dilution is relatively rapid or involves air from the stratosphere. Measurements taken from the Meteorological Research Flight Hercules aircraft over the eastern Atlantic as part of the Oxidizing Capacity of the Tropospheric Atmosphere campaign have been examined in the light of these studies. A backward trajectory analysis has been performed from one of the vertical profiles taken off the coast of Portugal on August 31, 1993, to assess the origin of the different air masses intercepted. While the lower levels are characteristic of air from the European boundary layer advected over the ocean, the upper levels show strong evidence for anthropogenic influence from North American sources, with elevated levels of O-3, NOy, CO, and aerosol. Although it cannot be concluded that this air mass definitely originated from over North America, the measured concentrations are shown to be consistent with those for an air mass from this source region experiencing some mixing with air masses in the upper troposphere.


Postpartum depression is a well‐recognized psychiatric condition that has gained increased attention over the past decade due to several nationally publicized tragedies. Medical management of this condition in women who are breastfeeding provides a unique challenge to health care professionals who may seek to maintain a fine balance between limiting the infant's exposure to hormone‐altering drugs and maintaining the benefits of breastfeeding. No controlled trials have examined antidepressant therapy in nursing women; however, numerous case reports and case series have been published. Relatively few serious adverse effects have been reported. Although tricyclic antidepressants have been the treatment of choice in the past, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are gaining popularity due to their superior safety profiles. Of all the agents reviewed in the literature, sertraline was the most prescribed, and no adverse effects were reported. Therefore, this agent would be a good first choice for treatment‐naïve women. For treatment of postpartum depression in women with a history of successfully treated depression, the most practical approach may be to continue therapy with the previously effective agent. Treatment should be maintained at the lowest effective dosage to minimize infant exposure. Both mother and child should be closely monitored; in addition, collaboration between the prescribing physician and the child's pediatrician is essential.


The Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability was established in April 2019 in response to years of calls for action and mounting evidence that people with disability experience high and sustained levels of violence and abuse.To understand the extent and magnitude of this problem in order to begin addressing these widespread issues requires high-quality, representative longitudinal data on the extent, nature, causes, impacts, prevalence and incidence of violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation of people with disability. However, there is currently no comprehensive strategy or framework that would allow sufficient, reliable and enduring capture of these data in Australia. The first step is to identify existing data assets that can be used for immediate research to inform policy and to reveal data gaps to inform future data collection or augmentation strategies.The Australian Disability and Violence Data Compendium was produced as part of a Disability and Health Unit project titled Violence against people with disabilities: maximising the use of data to inform the Royal Commission. It aims to: comprehensively describe and compare national and state/territory datasets that include both disability and violence data; - identify data that is readily available for research and other potentially valuable sources of data that are currently not accessible but may help fill knowledge gaps through future research; - demonstrate how these datasets have (if at all) been used for research in this area;- indicate the strengths and weaknesses of each dataset, including limitations in the data due to how it is collected;- examine whether there is potential to improve datasets using data linkage. Improving access to these data for research will enable up-to-date estimates of the prevalences of violence and abuse among people with disability, a better understanding of these issues with respect to various forms of violence and types and severity of disability, and identification of key factors (e.g. socio-demographic and spatial differences) that influence these patterns. Improving knowledge in these areas is critical for reducing violence and abuse directed at people with disability.The compendium is aimed at two audiences For academics and researchers investigating disability and violence, this compendium describes currently accessible data sources and who to contact for access, outlines key dataset characteristics that will help determine their suitability to address particular research questions, identifies examples of their use for research in violence and disability, and highlights key findings. For government and policy makers, this compendium provides a map of key Australian data resources and could be used to allocate investments to improve their accessibility for research.


Objective:Acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury is a serious complication of burn patients with concomitant smoke inhalation injury. Nitric oxide has been shown to play a major role in pulmonary dysfunction from thermal damage. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase could ameliorate the severity of acute lung injury using our well-established ovine model of cutaneous burn and smoke inhalation. Design:Prospective, randomized, controlled, experimental animals study. Setting:Investigational intensive care unit at university hospital. Subjects:Adult female sheep. Interventions:Female sheep (n = 16) were surgically prepared for the study. Seven days after surgery, all sheep were randomly allocated into three study groups: sham (noninjured, nontreated, n = 6); control (injured, treated with saline, n = 6); and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (injured, treated with specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, ZK 234238 (n = 4). Control and neuronal nitric oxide synthase groups were given a cutaneous burn (40% of total body surface, third degree) and insufflated with cotton smoke (48 breaths, <40°C) under halothane anesthesia. Animals in sham group received fake injury also under halothane anesthesia. After injury or fake injury procedure, all sheep were placed on ventilators and resuscitated with lactated Ringer's solution. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase group was administered with continuous infusion of ZK 234238 started 1 hr postinjury with a dose of 100 &mgr;g/kg/hr. Sham and control groups received same amount of saline. Measurements and Main Results:Cardiopulmonary hemodynamics monitored during the 24-hr experimental time period was stable in the sham group. Control sheep developed multiple signs of acute lung injury. This pathophysiology included decreased pulmonary gas exchange and lung compliance, increased pulmonary edema, and inflammatory indices, such as interleukin-8. Treatment of injured sheep with neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor attenuated all the observed pulmonary pathophysiology. Conclusions:The results provide definitive evidence that inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-derived excessive nitric oxide may be a novel and beneficial treatment strategy for pulmonary pathology in burn victims with smoke inhalation injury.


This is an interdisciplinary text. Its philosophical intent is pursued largely via the interpretation and analysis of material that is literary-theoretical and historical-political in character. The book sets out to analyse the thought of several leading figures in contemporary philosophy, literary theory and postcolonial literature in terms of the way they individuate the terms that populate the philosophical or literary universes they invent. The philosophical argument of the book is that contrary to its usual characterisation in terms of plurality, particularity and resistance, the 'postcolonial' is best understood as an ultimately singular, absolute or non-relational category, i.e. one that generates the medium of its own existence (roughly in keeping with Spinoza's conception of substance or Deleuze's conception of difference). Drawing on the philosophies of Gilles Deleuze and Alain Badiou and guided by comparisons with Buddhism and Islam, Absolutely Postcolonial defends this approach through both a detailed critique of postcolonial theory and comparative readings of four very different contemporary writers: Edouard Glissant (Martinique), Charles Johnson (USA), Mohammed Dib (Algeria), and Severo Sarduy (Cuba).


In response to climate change, sustainability has become the keyword for exploring alternative ways of cultivation in different parts of the world. However, local farmers still understand these sustainable alternatives in terms of soil nutrients and their absorption by crops. I examine how sugar beet farmers in western Poland read the condition of crops and field conditions, and accordingly try to cope with agricultural droughts in spring and early summer. While they maintain a practical position that is extremely inductivist, they simultaneously allow for symbolic, indexical meanings. These meanings of farming practices are multilayered and evoke relationships, local histories, and traditions. The farmers accept the reality of climate change only hesitantly, and their aspiration of gaining recognition in Europe has only started to penetrate the multilayered indexical meanings of farming practices.


Comparative effectiveness research (CER) stands out as the intriguing wild card of health care reform. CER compares competing treatments against each other to determine which interventions work best, supplying critical information for medical decision-making and health policy. If CER works as planned, it may be one of the few reform measures to survive into the final health care legislation that has a chance of flattening the cost curve while also improving quality. Unfortunately, health care reform so far has failed to bet smart and play the CER wild card effectively. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 invests in CER at record levels and creates an entirely new regulatory framework for oversight of the research. Yet, this Article contends, the new law does very little to advance the difficult work of translating CER into actual medical practice. First, CER is costly to conduct and the data often raises more questions than answers. Second, the government's CER agenda seems vague and ill-defined, not consistently focusing on generating research that will help clinicians resolve immediate treatment questions. Third, and most important, physicians likely will remain indifferent to and "tune out" CER. Health law and policy are not setting the right incentives for physicians to adapt their practice patterns to CER and, in some respects, exacerbate the physician engagement difficulties. The reasons for physician indifference to CER include: lack of financial incentives; suspicions of industry bias in the public/private oversight of the research; threats to clinical autonomy; a commitment to individualized medicine, encouraged by health law, professional ethics, and medical norms, that remains in tension with CER; concerns that CER is a vehicle for crude cost-cutting; and malpractice liability fears. To be truly effective, the new national CER program requires targeted reforms designed to engage physicians more directly with the research. The principal suggestions include greater linkage of CER with reimbursement and liability incentives, enhanced use of academic detailing, and more support for comparative implementation studies that evaluate different strategies for fostering physician uptake of CER.


Exemptions from copyright infringement play a pivotal role in the new digital economy. Tech companies rely heavily on fair use, fair dealing and other statutory exceptions, as well as on safeharbour limitations of liability. For many businesses, the availability of a copyright exemption represents an asset that is as valuable as other intellectual property rights in their portfolio. This trend is also reflected at policy level worldwide, where so-called 'fair use industries' push for stronger exemptions by use of strategies and arguments that are very similar (albeit specular) to those applied by traditional copyright industries to lobby for stronger copyright protection. This changing role of copyright exemptions carries important policy and doctrinal implications, which form the subject of this chapter. The key point of discussion is that beneficiaries of exemptions are often in a position to create proprietary or quasi-proprietary entitlements around their copyrightexempted uses, thereby turning exemptions into de facto exclusive rights in reverse. I call this phenomenon 'fair use exclusivity.' The chapter considers some paradigmatic examples of fair use exclusivity. It then discusses, from a normative perspective, possible approaches that legislators can adopt to ensure a fair, unbiased functioning of copyright exemptions in the new digital environment.


The article investigates the injury rates and patterns reported in a peri-urban setting located in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Peri-urban South African settings are often marked by poverty, unemployment and crime. While there has been some injury research in metropolitan South Africa, there is a paucity of injury data for settlements on the periphery of the city centres. This article reports on a household study conducted in a cluster of peri-urban communities in the Western Cape. Over a one-year period up to June 1998,4.8 percent of the study population (95 percent confidence interval 3.9 percent to 5.8 percent) reported an injury. The majority of injuries were due to traffic crashes (23 percent), falls (18 percent), violence (17 percent), and burns (7 percent), with a further 17 percent due to other injuries such as poisoning and sports activities. Injuries were mostly sustained in the neighbourhoods themselves, and in or around the respondents' homes. High-risk times for injury were in the afternoons, over weekends, and over the months of April, October, June and December. Most injuries were sustained by males (69.79 percent) and in the 30 to 39 year and the birth to 4-year age groups. These neighbourhood injury risk profiles and indicators provide an information base for the development of injury and trauma prevention and containment initiatives, and may assist in the implementation of similar projects in other peri-urban settings.


Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person's ability to function at work and at home.4


The study examines the income redistribution effects of the Hungarian flat-tax and the recently introduced family allowance scheme. They were done on the basis of people's individual data for 2007, 2011 and 2020, which yields more accurate estimates than the previous studies based on aggregate or survey data. Between 2011 and 2013, progressive taxation was abolished, and a flat income tax was introduced, along with a substantial widening of pre-existing family tax allowances. We find that the tax reform has favoured high-income earners and taxpayers with children, while the main losers were low-income and/or childless workers. While the share of family tax allowances is somewhat lower for the high-income deciles, this effect is in practice negligible, therefore the income tax system can still be considered flat. The family tax allowance scheme favours wealthy families with many children over low-income families with fewer or no children. The biggest winners of the scheme are the taxpayers in the top income decile with three or more children: these 22,000 taxpayers (that is, 2% of all recipients) receive 10% of the total amount of the family tax allowance, and almost a third of the credit allocated to families with three or more children.


This paper summarizes changes in housing prices during the recent U.S. boom and bust from various geographic perspectives. Nationally, the Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller house price index more than doubled in nominal terms during the boom and has fallen by roughly a third subsequently. During the boom, housing prices tended to rise much faster in metropolitan areas in the East and West Coast regions than in the country's interior. After adjusting for inflation, 7 of 19 metropolitan areas have experienced real declines in housing prices from the start of the boom to the present. Although lower-priced houses showed a larger percentage increase during the boom, higher-priced houses fared relatively better over the boom and bust. Changes in land prices, which are not easily measured, appear to have driven housing prices to a greater extent than changes in the prices of housing structures. Internationally, seven countries experienced housing booms and busts; however, these countries tended to have larger booms and smaller absolute busts than the United States.


The trajectories of solar energetic particles in an interplanetary magnetic field exhibiting large-scale fluctuations due to footpoint motions originating in the photosphere are simulated using a full-orbit test-particle code. The cross-field transport experienced by the particles in three propagation conditions (scatter-free, with scattering mean free path λ = 0.3 AU and λ = 2 AU) is characterized in the Parker spiral geometry. The role of expansion of the magnetic field with radial distance from the Sun is taken into consideration in the calculation of particle displacements and diffusion coefficients from the output of the simulations. It is found that transport across the magnetic field is enhanced in the λ = 0.3 AU and λ = 2 AU cases, compared to the scatter-free case. Values of the ratios of perpendicular to parallel diffusion coefficients vary between 0.01 and 0.08. The ratio of latitudinal to longitudinal diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the magnetic field is typically 0.2, suggesting that transport in latitude may be less efficient.


Who Was Jacques Derrida? is the first intellectual biography of Derrida, the first full-scale appraisal of his career, his influence, and his philosophical roots. It is also the first attempt to define his crucial importance as the ambassador of "theory," the phenomenon that has had a profound influence on academic life in the humanities. Mikics lucidly and sensitively describes for the general reader Derrida's deep connection to his Jewish roots. He succinctly defines his vision of philosophy as a discipline that resists psychology. While pointing out the flaws of that vision and Derrida's betrayal of his most adamantly expounded beliefs, Mikics ultimately concludes that "Derrida was neither so brilliantly right nor so badly wrong as his enthusiasts and critics, respectively, claimed."


The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS) is the catalogue of sources detected in the first 15 months of Planck operations, the "nominal" mission. It consists of nine single-frequency catalogues of compact sources, both Galactic and extragalactic, detected over the entire sky. The PCCS covers the frequency range 30–857GHz with higher sensitivity (it is 90% complete at 180mJy in the best channel) and better angular resolution (from 32 . 88 (cid:48) to 4 . 33 (cid:48) ) than previous all-sky surveys in this frequency band. By construction its reliability is > 80% and more than 65% of the sources have been detected in at least two contiguous Planck channels. In this paper we present the construction and validation of the PCCS, its contents and its statistical characterization.


Abstract Kronborg Castle in the Danish town of Elsinore is a location strongly associated with Shakespeare thanks to the setting of Hamlet. It is a place where fiction currently eclipses history, at least in the context of a cultural tourist industry where Shakespeare's name is worth a great deal more than Danish national heritage sites. Indeed, Kronborg is now widely marketed as 'Hamlet's Castle' and the town of Elsinore has acquired the suffix 'Home of Hamlet'. This article examines the signifiers implied in the naming and renaming of Kronborg as a Shakespearean location, while also looking at its unique international Shakespearean performance tradition, which spans two centuries. It describes how the identity of the castle has been shaped by its Shakespearean connection against the backdrop of changing ideologies in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and poses questions as to how this identity may continue to develop within the current contexts of renewed nationalism in Europe and the world.