The synthesis of child speech presents challenges both in the collection of data and in the building of a synthesiser from that data. Because only limited data can be collected, and the domain of that data is constrained, it is difficult to obtain the type of phonetically-balanced corpus usually used in speech synthesis. As a consequence, building a synthesiser from this data is difficult. Concatenative synthesisers are not robust to corpora with many missing units (as is likely when the corpus content is not carefully designed), so we chose to build a statistical parametric synthesiser using the HMM-based system HTS. This technique has previously been shown to perform well for limited amounts of data, and for data collected under imperfect conditions. We compared 6 different configurations of the synthesiser, using both speaker-dependent and speaker-adaptive modelling techniques, and using varying amounts of data. The output from these systems was evaluated alongside natural and vocoded speech, in a Blizzard-style listening test.


Vagrancy laws conjure up a distant past when authorities punished people without a home or permanent residence. Whether the objects of pity or scorn, vagrants could be cited or jailed under laws selectively enforced against anyone deemed undesirable. Although such laws have generally been struck down by courts as unconstitutionally vague, today's "vagrants" are homeless people, who face growing harassment and punishment for their presence in public.More than one in five homeless people in the country lives in California, and two-thirds are unsheltered. The state legislature has done little to respond to this widespread problem, forcing municipal governments to address homelessness with local laws and resources. Cities have responded by enacting and enforcing new vagrancy laws — a wide range of municipal codes that target or disproportionately impact homeless people.Through extensive archival research and case studies of several cities, the report presents detailed evidence of the growing enactment and enforcement of municipal anti-homeless laws in recent decades as cities engage in a race to the bottom to push out homeless people. It concludes with a call for a state-level solution to end the expensive and inhumane treatment of some of California's most vulnerable residents.


Abstract In recent decades fine art museums have experienced a boom in popularity. This surge is not only reflected by the proliferation of spectacular new museum buildings, but also through a considerable increase in visitors, and, as a result, the significant modification of 'visitor culture'. These developments require investigation as to how new social situations within the museum environment may influence the perception of artworks. Through the Swiss National Research Project entitled 'eMotion – mapping museum experience', we studied the aforementioned social aspects of museum visits in real field conditions, deploying novel methods such as: wireless physiological monitoring, position tracking, electronic surveys, and information cartography. The combination of diverse investigative methods provides insight into the effects of artworks, necessitating alternative strategies for future exhibitions and museum installations. We demonstrate that the social behavior of museum visitors, such as companionship and conversation, have a decisive influence on art reception, which entails consequences for the strategic orientation of museums as sites of experience.


System identi cation is the art and science of building mathematical models of dynamic systems from observed input-output data. It can be seen as the interface between the real world of applications and the mathematical world of control theory and model abstractions. As such, it is an ubiquitous necessity for successful applications. System identi cation is a very large topic, with di erent techniques that depend on the character of the models to be estimated: linear, nonlinear, hybrid, nonparametric etc. At the same time, the area can be characterized by a small number of leading principles, e.g. to look for sustainable descriptions by proper decisions in the triangle of model complexity, information contents in the data, and e ective validation. The area has many facets and there are many approaches and methods. A tutorial or a survey in a few pages is not quite possible. Instead, this presentation aims at giving an overview of the science side, i.e. basic principles and results and at pointing to open problem areas in the practical, art , side of how to approach and solve a real problem.


This paper introduces a new windowed Green function (WGF) method for the numerical integral-equation solution of problems of electromagnetic scattering by obstacles in the presence of dielectric or conducting half-planes. The WGF method, which is based on the use of smooth windowing functions and integral kernels that can be expressed directly in terms of the free-space Green function, does not require evaluation of expensive Sommerfeld integrals. The proposed approach is fast, accurate, flexible, and easy to implement. In particular, straightforward modifications of existing (accelerated or unaccelerated) integral-equation solvers suffice to incorporate the WGF capability. The method relies on a certain integral equation posed on the union of the boundary of the obstacle and a small flat section of the interface between the penetrable media. Our analysis and numerical experiments demonstrate that both the near- and far-field errors resulting from the proposed approach decrease faster than any negative power of the window size. In the examples considered in this paper the proposed method is up to thousands of times faster, for a given accuracy, than a corresponding method based on use of Sommerfeld integrals.


This research paper presents a new possibility for the connection of metal sheets and fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs) through a cold metal transfer welding process. Small metal projections (pins) are welded onto metal surfaces by introduction of additional filler wire. These provide the possibility for building up a fixation with composites through fibre-friendly form-closure and co-curing. Results of tensile loaded double-lap shear geometries are presented for three types of pin geometries. The hybrid joints will be characterized and compared in terms of maximum reaction force and failure history. Joints with cylindrical and spiky pins inside show a certain load transfer capability, where ultimate bearing load and post failure behaviour have a high dependence on the quality of the co-cured adhesive bonding and the bending characteristics of the pins. Joints with spherical ending pins show twice as high ultimate bearing loads at a much more distinctive joint expansion.


This paper discusses the spectral properties and spatial orientation of the absorbing molecular components in layers of polymethine dyes on a glass substrate. Depending on the thickness of the layers, from one to four components that differ in spectra and in orientation angles are observed. One type of angular distribution of the components (the first) is observed in submonolayers, while two types (the first and second) are observed in multilayer coatings. Optical excitation of the layers converts the angular distribution of the second type into that of the first type. The relative yield of this process increases with increasing energy density per radiation pulse. It can be assumed that the reorientation is associated with an increase of the vibrational-energy content in the radiation-absorbing components and its transport to the nonabsorbing components of the layer. © 2004 Optical Society of America


Centaurea maculosa Lam. (spotted knapweed) is an introduced perennial forb that invades disturbed and undisturbed semiarid grasslands in the western United States. It forms dense monocultures and reduces native and desirable vegetation. We xi hypothesized that C. maculosa may succeed through a superior ability to access soil water. This study had two objectives, to compare soil water uptake patterns under C. maculosa, perennial grass, and R. hirta monocultures in the field on semiarid rangeland, and to compare root characteristics of C. maculosa and R. hirta plants grown under two soil water regimes in the greenhouse. For the first objective, we used two field sites in western Montana. We created four blocks of adjacent monoculture plots of three species (perennial grasses, C. maculosa and R. hirta) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Soil water dynamics were monitored throughout the growing season at six hour intervals in the upper 0.3 m of the soil profile using TDR, and weekly to biweekly at greater depths using a neutron moisture meter. Centaurea maculosa used more water than resident grasses when averaged over the soil profile and had greater water use than grass at greater depths later in the growing season. R. hirta displayed similar soil water uptake to C. maculosa in the second year of our study. There was no "carry-over effect" of low soil water contents at deep soil depths from the end of the first growing season to the beginning of the next. To address our second objective, we grew 10 individuals of C. maculosa and R. hirta under either "dry" or "wet" soil water conditions for 3 months in the greenhouse, then extracted, cleaned, stained and scanned their roots to quantify several root characteristics. Centaurea maculosa had lower root mass, root length, specific length, root length density and greater average root diameter than R. hirta under both soil water regimes. Centaurea maculosa had higher root mass ratios than R. hirta, but this may have been due to phenological differences at time of harvest or differences in nitrogen utilization. Our results suggest that C. maculosa may invade and persist in western rangelands due to its ability to take up soil water unavailable to native grasses which allows it to continue growth and photosynthesis late in the growing season. However, similar water uptake patterns and greater total root system size and efficiency of the non-invasive R. hirta indicate that C. maculosa does not have unique characteristics indicating superior belowground competitive ability, but may in fact share traits common to other late season tap-rooted forb species.


We present our analyses of 15 months of Kepler data on KIC 10139564. We detected 57 periodicities with a variety of properties not previously observed all together in one pulsating subdwarf B (sdB) star. Ten of the periodicities were found in the low-frequency region, and we associate them with nonradial g modes. The other periodicities were found in the high-frequency region, which are likely p modes. We discovered that most of the periodicities are components of multiplets with a common spacing. Assuming that multiplets are caused by rotation, we derive a rotation period of 25.6 ± 1.8 d. The multiplets also allow us to identify the pulsations to an unprecedented extent for this class of pulsator. We also detect l ≥ 2 multiplets, which are sensitive to the pulsation inclination and can constrain limb darkening via geometric cancellation factors. While most periodicities are stable, we detected several regions that show complex patterns. Detailed analyses showed that these regions are complicated by several factors. Two are combination frequencies that originate in the super-Nyquist region and were found to be reflected below the Nyquist frequency. The Fourier peaks are clear in the super-Nyquist region, but the orbital motion of Kepler smears the Nyquist frequency in the barycentric reference frame and this effect is passed on to the sub-Nyquist reflections. Others are likely multiplets but unstable in amplitudes and/or frequencies. The density of periodicities also makes KIC 10139564 challenging to explain using published models. This menagerie of properties should provide tight constraints on structural models, making this sdB star the most promising for applying asteroseismology.

To support our photometric analysis, we have obtained spectroscopic radial-velocity measurements of KIC 10139564 using low-resolution spectra in the Balmer-line region. We did not find any radial-velocity variation. We used our high signal-to-noise average spectrum to improve the atmospheric parameters of the sdB star, deriving Teff = 31 859 K and log g = 5.673 dex.


Now that the Supreme Court has held that states must recognize same-sex marriages, a new issue looms on the horizon: Must states also protect against sexual-orientation discrimination in the private marketplace? This Article contends that the answer under the Equal Protection Clause is "yes" for the forty-five-plus states that protect against marketplace discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, and sex. In the course of reaching that conclusion, this Article offers much-needed clarification of the Court's unsettled "state inaction" doctrine. Under that doctrine, a state's failure to act may be immunized from challenge on the ground that the Constitution typically provides individuals with only "negative" rights to be free from adverse state action and not "positive" rights to demand favorable action by the state. But the state inaction doctrine, which was developed in the due process context, has no proper application in the equal protection context. Thus, it should not immunize from constitutional challenge either (1) proposed religious exemptions that are designed to allow business owners to refuse marriage-related services to same-sex couples or (2) state failures to protect against sexual-orientation discrimination in the first place. Instead, such exemptions and omissions from state antidiscrimination laws must be defended on the merits. Part I of this Article concludes that the proposed exemptions, which were already vulnerable under United States v. Windsor, are even more difficult to defend in light of Obergefell v. Hodges. Part II then makes the more far-reaching argument against omissions. In doing so, it explains how requiring states with otherwise broad civil rights laws to protect against sexual-orientation discrimination flows naturally from key observations about equal dignity in Justice Kennedy's recent equal protection opinions.


The potential control over monomer sequence in the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of functional norbornenes is explored based on the difference in reactivity of endo and exo isomers. This kinetic approach allows the rapid consumption of the exo-norbornene and insertion onto the growing poly(norbornene) chain within a narrow region of the overall polymer chain, whilst maintaining a homogeneous backbone. We herein demonstrate that this can be achieved using a range of functional monomers easily derived from commercially available precursors while their polymerization is carried out in a controlled manner.


Computer games are frustrating if they are too difficult, but boring if they are too easy. This thesis proposes a framework computer games that adjust to the skill level of the user on the fly. This way games are just challenging enough for that particular person. One of the most important factors in making computer games fun is making sure that they have the right difficulty for the player. Most games can be played at different difficulties, which you can chose before you start the game. This way you need to know how good you are at the game before you start playing the game. Different people also increase their skill level at different rates. If the increase in skill level is different than the game designer expected then the game will still become too difficult or too easy for the user. Games that are able to adjust to the player skills while he is playing already exist. However these games are only able to change small elements. For example, changing the aiming accuracy of the opponents in a shooting game or giving less damage to the player if he is hurt. The framework can be used for creating games that are able to keep track of the skill level of the player and adjust accordingly. They estimate the skill level of the player by dividing the game in small parts and measuring the performance of the player on every part that is finished. Really different tasks are chosen according to the skill level of the user. For example, a game level with lots of aiming tasks if the player needs to improve its aiming skill. Game designers usually create a nice story that the player experiences while he is playing the game. But if different players get different tasks according to their skill level then the ordering of the storyline might change and possibly ruin the experience for the player. The system developed in Utrecht allow games to adjust to the user while making sure that the storyline, created by the game designer, is preserved. For example a character with a broken leg cannot suddenly walk again to make the game easier. They also makes sure that parts of the game that should be more challenging remain more challenging for the player. The game is no fun if the extra difficult opponent at the end of the game is skipped or makes it so easy that the player could easily win in the first attempt. Eventually this research will result in games that are fun to play for everyone. The games will still have the nice stories that make them exciting . But with the big difference that you can just start the game and the game will automatically make sure that the game difficulty is perfect for you.


This paper is a discussion of the Supreme Court's decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft. In the paper, I argue that the ambiguity at issue in Eldred has little to do with the meaning of the words of the Copyright Clause, but rather raises questions of how aggressive the judiciary should be in policing Congress's exercise of the copyright power. After exploring the justifications offered for heightened judicial scrutiny in a variety of constitutional contexts, I conclude that exercise of the copyright power implicates none of them. Courts should correspondingly review intellectual property laws for consistency with the Copyright Clause using the most deferential standard of review conceivable, a standard that I distinguish in both form and context from the sort of heightened rational basis review we've grown accustomed to seeing in case like Lopez and Morrison. Among the most serious flaws in arguments for heightened judicial scrutiny of copyright laws is that they rest on the assertion that courts should impose upon congress a particular definition of progress as that term is used in the Copyright Clause. Such attempts are misguided for two reasons: First, they seek to replace political copyright policymaking with judicial policymaking. But such attempts are inconsistent with the Constitution's preference for representative policymaking, and the Supreme Court's decision to constitutionalize the exclusion of fact from copyrightable subject matter in Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Co. provides a more than adequate reminder that (in addition to its lack of democratic pedigree) the court's copyright policymaking is also substantively lacking. Second, they call upon eighteenth-century copyright policy as understood by the Framers to provide this frozen definition of progress. But the Framers never considered most of the copyright-related questions we face today, and even if they had, it's not clear that we would want to live with the policy choices they would have made. Political, not judicial, action is the solution for our copyright woes.


Machen's weird tales of the creepy and fantastic finally come to Penguin Classics. With an introduction from S.T. Joshi, editor of "American Supernatural Tales", "The White People" and "Other Weird Stories" is the perfect introduction to the father of weird fiction. The title story "The White People" is an exercise in the bizarre leaving the reader disoriented and on edge. From the first page, Machen turns even fundamental truths upside-down, as his character Ambrose explains, "there have been those who have sounded the very depths of sin, who all their lives have never done an 'ill deed'", setting the stage for a tale entirely without logic.


This paper uses the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) to examine pension coverage, estimate Social Security and pension wealth for U.S. households in 1989 and 1992, and estimate the effects of pension wealth on non-pension net worth. As expected, the SCF data show that including pensions and Social Security in net worth makes the distribution more even. The analysis of the effects of pension wealth on other types of savings indicates that there is a negative effect of defined benefit plan coverage on non-pension net worth. Surprisingly, the effect of defined contribution plans, such as 401(k) plans is insignificant.


Quantum field theory is the basic mathematical framework that is used to describe elementary particles. This textbook provides a complete and essential introduction to the subject. Assuming only an undergraduate knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity, this book is ideal for graduate students beginning the study of elementary particles. The step-by-step presentation begins with basic concepts illustrated by simple examples, and proceeds through historically important results to thorough treatments of modern topics such as the renormalization group, spinorhelicity methods for quark and gluon scattering, magnetic monopoles, instantons, supersymmetry, and the unification of forces. The book is written in a modular format, with each chapter as self-contained as possible, and with the necessary prerequisite material clearly identified. It is based on a year-long course given by the author and contains extensive problems, with password protected solutions available to lecturers at www.cambridge.org/9780521864497.


We have carried out an investigation of 40 years of solar radio burst data in a wide range of frequencies that have been reported by observing stations around the world during 1960–1999. The data were compiled by the National Geophysical Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This period covers three full and two partial solar cycles. We find that the number of bursts per day with amplitudes >103 solar flux units (SFU) falls as an approximate power law with increasing flux level for the frequency bands investigated(1–10 and 10–20 GHz). Also, the number of events with peak flux density >103 SFU varies, as expected, with the solar cycle in the bands investigated (1–2, 2–4, and 4–10 GHz). We discuss the rate of occurrence of events (>103 SFU) in the context of the noise levels in typical wireless communications systems. We find that statistically, depending upon wireless system parameters, several solar events per year are likely to occur that could cause severe interference in a given cell site during solar maximum periods.


Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects approximately 415 million people worldwide and this number is expected to rise to 642 million by the year 2040. 90% of cases of diabetes are type 2. Although some treatments are already available for type 2 diabetes, there are considerable side-effects associated with these drugs that include a risk of hypoglycaemia. Hence, there is an immediate need for new and more effective drugs. Naturally occurring flavonoids are known inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase, which is a validated target for controlling hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. By exploiting computational methods such as molecular docking with Glide and post-docking binding free energy calculations using advanced QM/MM-PBSA calculations, we have screened a large library of 1239 5,7-dihydroxyflavone analogues which have the potential to bind at the inhibitor site of glycogen phosphorylase. We compared these results to our benchmark ligand chrysin, which can inhibit glycogen phosphorylase with a Ki of 19.01 µm and identified thirteen ligands which are predicted to have better binding affinities exploiting a rigorous consensus scoring approach to reduce the chance of false positives. Favourable substituents on the predicted flavonoids included B ring hydroxyl and halogenated substituents in the ortho position and small hydrophobic groups on the meta/para positions directed towards the hydrophobic cavity of the binding site. Towards synthesis of these analogues, after many adjustments to the synthetic procedure it was identified that using methyl protection of the hydroxyls at the 5 and 7 position in parallel with the Baker-Venkataraman re-arrangement managed to achieve high purity initial compounds with a relatively good yield. The procedure is now ready to be employed to synthesize all other predicted 5,7-dihydroxyflavone derivatives. Kinetics experiments will validate their potency against glycogen phosphorylase and structure activity relationship analysis can help further guide lead optimization alongside pharmacokinetics and in vivo studies, until we can achieve a more potent and drug-like inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.


[1] A Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) has been used to explore the possible physical connection between a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) and the dynamics and electrodynamics of the lower thermosphere. WAM produces SSWs naturally without the need for external forcing. The classical signatures of an SSW appear in the model with a warming of the winter polar stratosphere, a reversal of the temperature gradient, and a breakdown of the stratospheric polar vortex. Substantial changes in the amplitude of stationary planetary wave numbers 1, 2, and 3 occur as the zonal mean zonal wind evolves. The simulations also show a cooling in the mesosphere and a warming in the lower thermosphere consistent with observations. The magnitude of this particular SSW is modest, belonging to the category of minor warming. In the lower thermosphere the amplitude of diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal, eastward and westward propagating tidal modes change substantially during the event. Since the magnitude of the warming is minor and the tidal interactions with the mean flow and planetary waves are complex, the one-to-one correspondence between tidal amplitudes in the lower thermosphere and the zonal mean and stationary waves in the stratosphere is not entirely obvious. The increase in the magnitude of the terdiurnal tide (TW3) in the lower thermosphere has the clearest correlation with the SSW, although the timing appears delayed by about three days. The fast group velocity of the long vertical wavelength TW3 tide would suggest a faster onset for the direct propagation of the tide from the lower atmosphere. It is possible that changes in the magnitude of the diurnal and semidiurnal tides, with their slower vertical propagation, may interact in the lower thermosphere to introduce a terdiurnal tide with a longer delay. An increase in TW3 in the lower thermosphere would be expected to alter the local time variation of the electrodynamic response. The day-to-day changes in the lower thermosphere winds from WAM are shown to introduce variability in the magnitude of dayside low latitude electric fields, with a tendency during the warming for the dayside vertical drift to be larger and occur earlier, and for the afternoon minimum to be smaller. The numerical simulations suggest that it is quite feasible that a major SSW, with a magnitude seen in January 2009, could cause large changes in lower thermosphere electrodynamics and hence in total electron content.


Contributors. Foreword ( Neil Vidmar). Introduction ( Margit E. Oswald, Steffen Bieneck and Jorg Hupfeld-Heinemann). PART I: Attitudes towards Punishment and Legal Sanctions in a Changing Society. 1 The diversity of nations and legal systems - contrasting the Dutch and the Americans ( Peter J. van Koppen). 2 New approaches to justice in the light of virtues and problems of the penal system ( Tom R. Tyler). 3 Psychological perspectives on the place of restorative justice in criminal justice systems ( Dena M. Gromet). 4 Punitive public attitudes: a threat to the legitimacy of the criminal justice system ( Jan W. de Keijser and Henk Elffers)? 5 Punishment attitudes: their social and psychological bases ( John Duckitt). 6 Criminal society and criminal immigrants: a social construction of reality by mass media ( Michael Windzio and Matthias Kleimann)? 7 Public opinion and the death penalty ( James D. Unnever and Francis T. Cullen). PART II: Moral Reasoning and Reactions to Crime. 8 Justice and revenge ( Mario Gollwitzer). 9 Emotions and legal judgements: normative issues and empirical findings ( Ute Gabriel). 10 A two-process model of punishment ( Margit E. Oswald and Ingrid Stucki). 11 Punitive damages: a vehicle for punishment in civil cases ( Brian H. Bornstein, Timothy R. Robicheaux and Sarah Thimsen). 12 Offenders' social categorization: ingroup bias or black sheep effect ( Jan-Willem van Prooijen)? 13 Measuring attitudes to sentencing and sentencing goals ( Loretta J. Stalans). 14 How adequate is the vignette technique as a research tool for psycho-legal research ( Steffen Bieneck)? PART III: Impact of Heuristics and Biases on Decision Making in the Context of Crime. 15 Models of decision making on guilt and sanctions ( Jorg Hupfeld-Heinemann and Bettina von Helversen). 16 Heuristic strategies and persistent biases in sentencing decisions ( Birte Englich). 17 Biased memory, biased verdicts: memory effects in juror judgments ( Kristi A. Costabile). 18 A social-cognitive perspective on attrition rates in sexual assault cases ( Barbara Krahe and Anja Berger). 19 How knowledge about the defendant's previous convictions influences judgments of guilt ( Margit E. Oswald). 20 Disparities in sentencing decisions ( Siegfried L. Sporer and Jane Goodman-Delahunty). PART IV: Consequences of Sentencing. 21 The consequences of legal punishment ( Stefan Suhling and Werner Greve). 22 The effects of legal involvement on crime victims' psychological adjustment ( Ulrich Orth). Index.


Over the last year, award-winning journalist and videographer Max Blumenthal has been behind some of the most sensational (and funniest) exposes of Republican machinations. Whether it was his revelation that Sarah Palin was "anointed" by a Kenyan priest famous for casting out witches, or his confronting Republican congressional leaders and John McCain's family at the GOP convention about the party's opposition to sex education (and hence, the rise in teen pregnancies like that of Palin's daughter), or his expose of the eccentric multimillionaire theocrat behind California's Prop 8 anti- gay marriage initiative, Blumenthal has become one of the most important and most constantly cited journalists on how fringe movements are becoming the Republican Party mainstream. Republican Gomorrah is a bestiary of dysfunction, scandal and sordidness from the dark heart of the forces that now have a leash on the party. It shows how those forces are the ones that establishment Republicans-like John McCain-have to bow to if they have any hope of running for President. It shows that Sarah Palin was the logical choice of a party in the control of theocrats. But more that just an expose, Republican Gomorrah shows that many of the movement's leading figures have more in common than just the power they command within conservative ranks. Their personal lives have been stained by crisis and scandal: depression, mental illness, extra-marital affairs, struggles with homosexual urges, heavy medication, addiction to pornography, serial domestic abuse, and even murder. Inspired by the work of psychologists Erich Fromm, who asserted that the fear of freedom propels anxiety-ridden people into authoritarian settings, Blumenthal explains in a compelling narrative how a culture of personal crisis has defined the radical right, transforming the nature of the Republican Party for the next generation and setting the stage for the future of American politics.


Chorionic plate (CPA) and stem villous (SVA) arteries located at the fetal and maternal interface of the placenta respond to stimuli including hypoxia and acidic pH which can be the result of an intermittent blood supply. Unlike other vascular tissue the placenta lacks nervous control so any response to such stimuli will be autoregulated by ion channels. Members of the two pore domain potassium channel family (K2P) the Tandem of P domains in a weak inward rectifying (TWIK) related potassium channel (TREK-1) and the TWIK Related acid sensitive K+ channel (TASK-1/3) have been shown to respond to both intracellular and extracellular pH. The hypothesis that there is differential expression and modulation of these candidate ion channels in normal pregnancy was tested. Placentae (N) were collected with written informed consent from healthy patients undergoing elective Caesarean section at term (≥37 weeks). The functional responses of resistance sized arteries (≤500µm) (n) taken from the SVA and the CPA were characterised using wire myography. Vessels were pre-contracted with U46619 and the effect of extracellular pH was studied using 1M lactic acid to produce falls of 0.2 pH units over a range of pH 7.4-6.4. The effects of a variety of ion channel modulators along with tissue oxygenation (20%, 5% and 2% O2) were also investigated on the vascular response of CPA and SVA. Western blot analysis was performed on crude CPA and SVA tissue homogenates with separation by 12% SDS-PAGE to quantify expression of TASK-1/3 and TREK-1. The subcellular localisation of each ion channel was also examined with smooth muscle cells (SMC) cultured from the CPA and SVA by confocal immunofluorescence. CPA and SVA were equally positive for TASK 1/3 (N=31) and TREK 1 (N=40) at the protein level. SMC from CPA and SVA showed expression for TASK 1/3 (N=8) with an increased fluorescence stain around the peri nuclear region. TREK-1 (N=12) expression showed a linear organisation that closely overlapped with α actin IF stain. The acidic pH stimulation triggered a biphasic relaxation that was repeated with each subsequent pH insult. A change from pH 7.4-7.2 produced a 29 ± 3% (n=9) relaxation of CPA which increased to 61 ± 4% at the lowest pH of 6.4 in 20% pO2. Similarly, altering the pH of pre-constricted SVA caused a 21 ± 2% (n=6) fall at pH 7.2 with a maximum relaxation of 69 ± 2% at pH 6.4 (p<0.01). Lowering pO2 from 20% to 5% inhibited the relaxation response seen with CPA (45 ± 3%, n=8) and SVA (34 ± 3%, n=6) at pH 6.4. CPA were also treated with the TREK-1 blocker L-methionine (1mM) which increased the relaxation to 67 ± 7% (n=6 p<0.001) at pH 6.4. Similarly the TASK 1/3 blocker ZnCl2 (1mM) gave a maximum relaxation of 72 ± 5% (n=8 p<0.01) in 20% pO2. The TREK-1 opener riluzole demonstrated a potent relaxation with both CPA (75 ± 5%, n=6) and SVA (78 ± 5%, n=6) in 20% pO2. Our data has shown that tissue oxygenation and extracellular pH within the physiological range has an important role in controlling vasodilatation in the placenta. Protons are readily transported across the cell membrane and can activate a range of targets including the K2P channels. The relaxation by riluzole has not been previously reported and implicates a direct role for TREK-1 in controlling placental vessel function. However, when TREK-1 and TASK-3 channels were blocked, the response by CPA to lower pH was exaggerated, and reflects the complex pharmacology of pH on vascular function. This also suggests that K2P channel activity can be compensated for by other pH sensitive channels and work is currently underway to identify the role of other potential ion channels that may be involved in this pathway.


Problem Statement: it seems that in current times, many of the urban designs and plans in Iran have totalitarian, centralized, and monopolistic essences. This condition is predictably originated from the absence of deliberative and collaborative democracies; in light of the foregoing, the inefficiencies of the stages of presentation and implementation have led to neglecting the citizenship rights and the public preferences. Hence, citizens have little social responsibilities for the negative consequences of inefficient urban practices. In addition, an appropriate context is not provided for them to affect the various steps of urban processes, claiming their rights to the city, and expressing their opinions. In this spirit, the urban projects lose their basic figures in providing stability and promoting the role of people in urban development and management. Hence, the impetus behind this study is to improve the urban democracy in the process of urban planning and design. Purpose: this study attempts to investigate the reasons for the lack of democratic involvement by the citizens in the process of urban development and management, as well as to find some solutions to remove this widespread deep-rooted social dilemma. Research hypothesis: the realization of democracy and actual participation of citizens in the process of developing the urban spaces can lead to more accurate and efficient decision makings, as well as more successful implementation of urban plans and projects. Research method: this article was conducted through content analysis and comparative methods. While studying the pillars of the democratic system, the methods of democratic participation of citizens in the processes of urban development and management in Iran was studied regarding the Principles of the Critical Theory. In fact, an effort was made to provide a platform for presenting the findings and suggested solutions through the process of criticizing and analysing the current situation of the Iranian urban plans and designs along with comparing them with the necessary elements for the realization of democratic and people-friendly urban processes. This should be stated that the data collection method was based on interviews with people, studying documents, and also field observations. Conclusion: results indicate that Dilemmas in the Iranian urban system have been originated from the nondemocratic factors, such as the lack of participation, the lack of all-inclusiveness, the violation of citizenship rights and urban justice, illegitimate urban laws, inflexibility, the downfall of pluralism, and etc. Hence, through scheming criteria such as the diversity of opinions, all-inclusiveness, flexibility, forming NGOs, the citizen education and discourse, diversity and respecting the citizen's rights, etc., these processes can be democratized and also a platform for the emergence of a comprehensive type of a democratic urban planning and design would be materialized; a process which strengthens the urban democracy and honors the position of people, not as the problem but as the solution, by creating equal opportunities in a disinterested fashion.


Background: The monitoring of the physiological activity related to mental workload (MW) on pilots will be useful to
improve aviation safety by anticipating human performance degradation. The electrocardiogram (ECG) can reveal MW
fluctuations due to either cognitive workload or/and emotional state since this measure exhibits autonomic nervous system modulations. Arguably, heart rate (HR) is one of its most intuitive and reliable parameters. It would be particularly interesting to analyze the interaction between cognitive requirements and emotion in ecologic sets such as a flight simulator. This study aims to explore by means of HR the relation between cognitive demands and emotional activation. Presumably, the effects of cognition and emotion overloads are not necessarily cumulative. Methodology: Eight healthy volunteers in possession of the Private Pilot License were recruited (male; 20.8±3.2 years). ECG signal was recorded along the whole experiment by placing two electrodes on the clavicle and left pectoral of the participants. The HR was computed within 4 minutes segments. NASA-TLX and Big Five inventories were used to assess subjective workload and to consider the influence of individual personality differences. The experiment consisted in completing two dual-tasks of approximately 30 minutes of duration into a flight simulator AL50. Each dual-task required the simultaneous accomplishment of both a pre-established flight plan and an additional task based on target stimulus discrimination inserted between Air Traffic Control instructions. This secondary task allowed us to vary the cognitive workload from low (LC) to high (HC) levels, by combining auditory and visual numerical stimuli to respond to meeting specific criteria. Regarding emotional condition, the two dual-tasks were designed to assure analogous difficulty in terms of solicited cognitive demands. The former was realized by the pilot alone, i.e. Low Arousal (LA) condition. In contrast, the latter generates a high arousal (HA), since the pilot was supervised by two evaluators, filmed and involved into a mock competition with the rest of the participants. Results: Performance for the secondary task showed significant faster reaction times (RT) for HA compared to LA condition (p=.003). Moreover, faster RT was found for LC compared to HC (p < .001) condition. No interaction was found. Concerning HR measure, despite the lack of main effects an interaction between emotion and cognition is evidenced (p=.028). Post hoc analysis showed smaller HR for HA compared to LA condition only for LC (p=.049). Conclusion. The control of an aircraft is a very complex task including strong cognitive demands and depends on the emotional state of pilots. According to the behavioral data, the experimental set has permitted to generate satisfactorily different emotional and cognitive levels. As suggested by the interaction found in HR measure, these two factors do not seem to have a cumulative impact on the sympathetic nervous system. Apparently, low cognitive workload makes pilots more sensitive to emotional variations. These results hint the independency between data processing and emotional regulation. Further physiological data are necessary to confirm and disentangle this relation. This procedure may be useful for monitoring objectively pilot's mental workload.


Get up-to-date on all of the techniques that are rapidly becoming today's standard of care with Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2nd Edition. With this extensively revised edition, you'll see how the increased use of ultrasound for diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain and other medical conditions can transform your patient care. Noted authorities discuss the techniques you need to know for upper and lower extremity blocks, truncal blocks, pain blocks, trauma and critical care, and more. Key Features: quickly grasp the salient features of each block, including indications, relevant anatomy, the transducer type, needle, local anesthetic, technique, tips, and references for further study. You can learn from global experts on topics such as recent ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal blocks and the uses of ultrasound in the treatment of shock and trauma. You can get up to speed on new techniques, thanks to 48 new chapters covering transforaminal cervical injections, cervical facet injections, insertion of peripheral nerve stimulators using ultrasound guidance, genital femoral nerve injections, suprascapular nerve injection, ultrasound guidance to fill implanted pain reservoir, sacroiliac injections, and much more. You can care for your young patients more effectively with a separate section devoted to pediatric regional anesthesia. You can see exactly how to perform the techniques with high-quality ultrasound images and depictions of relevant anatomy. Now with the print edition, enjoy the bundled interactive eBook edition, offering tablet, smartphone, or online access to: videos of selected procedures; complete content with enhanced navigation; powerful search tools and smart navigation cross-links that pull results from content in the book, your notes, and even the web; cross-linked pages, references, and more for easy navigation; highlighting tool for easier reference of key content throughout the text; ability to take and share notes with friends and colleagues; and quick reference tabbing to save your favorite content for future use.


Azure in Action is a fast-paced tutorial intended for architects and developers looking to develop cloud-based applications on the Windows Azure Platform. Written by two of Microsoft's leading Azure evangelists, it's designed both for readers new to cloud concepts and for those familiar with cloud development but new to Azure. Starting with core concepts, the book explores designing and scaling front-end and back-end services that run in the cloud, and more advanced scenarios in Windows Azure. Later chapters introduce the rest of the Azure Services Platform with a particular focus on SQL Azure Database.


The orient has been the cradle to great religions and civilizations; it is a noted belief in numerous historical, archeological and cultural sources. The geographical territory of the orient includes North Africa to Indus and Central Asia to the Indian Ocean, however the concept of orient does not have a single interpretation and the common issues between the inhabitants of these territories are not quite clear. In addition, the existence of a bipolar system and encountering the East and West and division of civilizations of the world into two groups, East and West does not have a vivid answer. Despite ethnic, religious, ritual and language diversities and independence of divisions, the orient has a unit concept emanating from a common origin of these communities. Discovering the identity elements of the orient and recognizing their relations requires a "holistic" review which explores beyond geographical boundaries. It seems that in oriental territories the Gods are elements of nature and existing religious beliefs demonstrate the metamorphosis of natural and divine beliefs. Therefore, the common roots of the people of orient may be the religious philosophy and their holy worldviews.


Policymakers are increasingly pondering or evaluating the use of software and its influence on societal concerns such as privacy, freedom of speech, and intellectual property protection. A necessary step in this process is deciding what the "settings" should be for the relevant software. In this paper, we build upon work in computer science, behavioral economics, and legal scholarship to establish a well-defined framework for how default settings in software should be determined. This normative approach towards software settings stands apart from most previous scholarship, which focuses on the effect of software settings. Our recommendations include several scenarios where policymakers should intervene and ensure that defaults settings are set to enhance societal welfare. These recommendations are illustrated with three examples. If policymakers change the default settings in our examples, they would enhance competition, security, and privacy. We believe that the manipulation of software to enhance social welfare is a powerful tool and a useful complement to traditional legal methods.


Objective: India is considered to be a diabetic capital as many Indians are diabetic. The common treatment for diabetes is medication. The purpose of this study is to bring out the other remedial measures for diabetic treatment and to create awareness among the people about the alternative measures. This study is about the effect of balancing exercise and tai chi exercises for early diabetic. It is, therefore, possible that an individual can experience a noticeable decreased in blood glucose following a balancing exercise and modified tai chi program. This study is to find out the effect of balancing exercise and tai chi program and to compare the effectiveness. Methods: Once the study is approved by the institutional review board, 50 samples from 65 volunteers with Type 2 diabetes between the age group of 25–35 years were selected from the ACS Medical College and Hospitals based on the inclusion criteria. After getting the consent, the samples were equally divided into two groups; Group A: Balancing exercise and Group B: Tai chi exercise. Both groups received intervention for 8 weeks 6 days/ week 2 sessions/day. Pre- and post-test was done using the outcome measures of blood glucose levels (glucometer), body mass index, and waist circumference (inch tape). Result: On comparing the mean values of waist circumference and blood glucose level between Group A and B, both the groups showed significant reduction in the post-test values. However, Group B tai chi for diabetes shows the mean (34.4) which is effective than the Group A (38.5) for waist circumference (in inches) and also Group B (156.70) is effective than the Group A (184.10) for blood glucose level (mg/dL) at p≤0.05. Conclusion: The study concluded that the balancing exercise and tai chi exercise are effective in the reduction of blood glucose level and waist circumference. However, tai chi is more effective than the balancing exercise.


OBJECTIVE
This study examined (1) the prevalence of misperceptions of college student drinking norms across campuses nationwide, (2) the importance of perceived norms in predicting high-risk drinking, (3) the association of exposure to alcohol education information with students' perceptions of campus drinking norms and (4) the differences in high-risk drinking rates between schools where exposure to alcohol information is associated with more accurately perceived norms and schools where exposure to information is unrelated to perceptions or is associated with greater misperceptions.

METHOD
Multivariate analyses were used to analyze an aggregate database of the National College Health Assessment survey administered to 76,145 students from 130 colleges and universities nationwide from spring 2000 through spring 2003.

RESULTS
Regardless of the actual campus drinking norm, a consistently large percentage of students nationwide overestimated the quantity of alcohol consumed by their peers. Students' perception of their campus drinking norm was the strongest predictor of the amount of alcohol personally consumed in comparison with the influence of all demographic variables. Perception of the norm was also a much stronger predictor when compared with the actual campus norm. Reduced levels of high-risk drinking and negative consequences were found among students attending the relatively few schools where exposure to prevention information was associated with less exaggerated perceptions of the drinking norm compared with students attending other schools.

CONCLUSIONS
Misperceived drinking norms are a pervasive problem. Schools that do not seek to reduce these misperceptions with their prevention information are neglecting a potentially powerful component of prevention.


Cosmetic products are a possible source of heavy metal exposure to human beings. This research investigated the content of heavy metals in various types of cosmetics: lipsticks, Kohl (eyeliner), henna (hair dye or temporary tattoo), eye shadows, cream; freckles, moisturizing and foundation, and face powders. Eighteen products of different brands or misbrands cosmetics (expensive and inexpensive) that are found in the Palestinian markets were analyzed to determine the concentrations of thirteen metals (Ba, Pb, Bi, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag and Cd) in these products using Inductive Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results showed that two brands of cosmetics have lead content higher than 10 ppm. 50% of the samples contained nickel by more than 5 ppm while one compact powder contained 214.54 ppm. Furthermore, results showed that the concentrations of Cr, Cd and Co are found to be higher than the allowed regulation limits in 69%, 81% and 12.5% of the analyzed samples, respectively. In general, eleven of examined metals were found in 100% of samples. Two heavy metals (Ba and Cd) were found in 94, and 81% of analyzed samples, respectively. Among the different cosmetics products studied, the highest heavy metal contaminations was found in a very cheap brand of lipstick and in a cheap brand of kohl which is used inside the eyes and also in a brand of compact face powder. Additionally, results revealed that 75% of the cosmetics contained more than five parts per million of at least one of lead, cobalt, nickel, and chromium, and that 100% of the products contained more than one part per million of at least one of those metals. Our findings call for an instant mandatory regular testing program to check lead, cadmium, cobalt and other toxic heavy metals in cosmetic products imported to Palestine in order to limit their overabundance and protect consumer health.


The medical application of electromagnetic resonances is a controversial area of knowledge. Numerous unproven statements and some medical quackeries were published and distributed in informal channels among suffering patients. The fake information is hazardous in such severe diseases as cancer. The optimal, high efficacy energy transport by resonances attracts the interest of the experts and the public. The focus of the attention is technical and concentrates on the careful selection and excitation of the target compounds or cells, expecting helpful modifications. The complication is the complexity of the living systems. The targets are interconnected with an extensive network in the tissues where homeostasis, a dynamic equilibrium, regulates and controls changes. The broad range of energy-transfer variants could cause resonant effects, but the necessary criteria for the selection and proper action have numerous limits. The modulated high-frequency carrier may solve a part of the problem. This mixed solution uses the carrier and modulation's particular properties to solve some of the obstacles of selection and excitation processes. One of the advantages of modulation is its adaptive ability to the living complexity. The modulated signal uses the homeostatic time-fractal pattern (1/f noise). The task involves finding and providing the best available mode to support the healthy state of the body. The body's reaction to the therapy remains natural; the modulation boosts the body's ability for the homeostatic regulation to reestablish the healthy state.


The Physics First movement—teaching a true physics course to ninth-grade students—is gaining popularity in high schools. There are several different rhetorical arguments for and against this movement, and it is quite controversial in physics education. However, there is no actual evidence to assess the success, or failure, of this substantial shift in the science teaching sequence. We have undertaken a comparison study of physics classes taught in ninth- and 12th-grade classes in Maine. Comparisons of student understanding and gains with respect to mechanics concepts were made with excerpts from well-known multiple-choice surveys and individual student interviews. Results indicate that both populations begin physics courses with similar content knowledge and specific difficulties, but when learning concepts, ninth-graders are more sensitive to the instructional method used.


The problem of radio resource scheduling subject to fairness satisfaction is very challenging even in future radio access networks. Standard fairness criteria aim to find the best trade-off between overall throughput maximization and user fairness satisfaction under various types of network conditions. However, at the Radio Resource Management (RRM) level, the existing schedulers are rather static being unable to react according to the momentary networking conditions so that the user fairness measure is maximized all time. This paper proposes a dynamic scheduler framework able to parameterize the proportional fair scheduling rule at each Transmission Time Interval (TTI) to improve the user fairness. To deal with the framework complexity, the parameterization decisions are approximated by using the neural networks as non-linear functions. The actor-critic Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm is used to learn the best set of non-linear functions that approximate the best fairness parameters to be applied in each momentary state. Simulations results reveal that the proposed framework outperforms the existing fairness adaptation techniques as well as other types of RL-based schedulers.


University internationalization involves a complex set of initiatives that provide students and faculty with opportunities to gain global perspectives and intercultural skills which can enhance human capital. Typically, these activities are evaluated in terms of participation numbers or financial costs. But little attention is paid to understanding the intangible benefits of internationalization activities. This study aims to understand the benefits of international educational experiences and determine whether they can be considered investments from a human capital perspective. This mixed methods study involved qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey of over 400 students and faculty at a university. The results demonstrated that some methods of internationalization, such as study abroad and international or intercultural coursework, had significant and positive relationships with benefits such as engagement and institutional commitment. However, other experiences such as having interactions with individuals from different cultural backgrounds, showed significant but negative relationships with expected benefits such as engagement and professional development. This study provides empirical evidence to help university leaders in determining the best ways to invest limited resources in internationalization activities. Further research is needed to more clearly understand why some methods of internationalization are better than others in developing student and faculty, from a human capital perspective.


This review is concerned with the motion of a point scalar charge, a point electric charge, and a point mass in a specified background spacetime. In each of the three cases the particle produces a field that behaves as outgoing radiation in the wave zone, and therefore removes energy from the particle. In the near zone the field acts on the particle and gives rise to a self-force that prevents the particle from moving on a geodesic of the background spacetime. The self-force contains both conservative and dissipative terms, and the latter are responsible for the radiation reaction. The work done by the self-force matches the energy radiated away by the particle.The field's action on the particle is difficult to calculate because of its singular nature: The field diverges at the position of the particle. But it is possible to isolate the field's singular part and show that it exerts no force on the particle — its only effect is to contribute to the particle's inertia. What remains after subtraction is a smooth field that is fully responsible for the self-force. Because this field satisfies a homogeneous wave equation, it can be thought of as a free (radiative) field that interacts with the particle; it is this interaction that gives rise to the self-force.The mathematical tools required to derive the equations of motion of a point scalar charge, a point electric charge, and a point mass in a specified background spacetime are developed here from scratch. The review begins with a discussion of the basic theory of bitensors (Section 2). It then applies the theory to the construction of convenient coordinate systems to chart a neighbourhood of the particle's word line (Section 3). It continues with a thorough discussion of Green's functions in curved spacetime (Section 4). The review concludes with a detailed derivation of each of the three equations of motion (Section 5).


ABSTRACT This article is an examination of two 'German' stars and the ways in which they were understood in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, after their departure from Nazi Germany. From an analysis of reviews and articles through which these two stars, Peter Lorre and Conrad Veidt, were presented to audiences in the United States, the article will not only demonstrate that they were predominantly understood as horror stars in the period but also that this was due to the ways in which the figures of the horror villain, gangster and spy were seen to be linked with one another at the time. If all three figures were usually presented as being motivated by psychological compulsions, particularly a despotic desire to dominate and control others, the violence that they inflicted upon their victims was presented as being predominantly psychological, not physical. These figures sought to psychologically dominate, control and even destroy others. It was for this reason that Siegfried Kracauer claimed that one of the central features of 1940s horror was its 'theme of psychological destruction'.


Organ transplantation is often held to epitomize the power and promise of biomedicine. Yet life after transplant does not so clearly mark an 'after' to illness, and instead requires close monitoring and treating for organ rejection, graft failure, or the side effects of medication regimens. Such medical domains are counterbalanced, in turn, by relations of kinship, friendship, home and work life. In this Position Piece, I call for attention to the interconnected tensions among these domains, focusing on one illustrative case example: that of Janet, a three-time kidney recipient. By detailing Janet's lifelong imbrication of daily life with vulnerability and biomedical intervention, I delineate the mismatch between popular imaginings of transplant as 'cure' and the realities of living a life that is never quite beyond illness.


In recent years several countries have augmented their national tax laws by transfer pricing legislations which intend to limit the leeway of multinational firms to exploit international corporate tax rate differences and relocate profit to low-tax affiliates by distorting intra-firm transfer prices. The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate whether these laws are instrumental in restricting shifting behaviour. To do so, we exploit unique information on the scope and evolution of national transfer pricing laws and link it with panel data on European multinationals. In line with previous studies, we find evidence for tax-motivated profit shifting. The analysis further suggests that transfer pricing rules significantly reduce shifting activities. The effect is economically relevant, suggesting that the legislations may be socially desirable despite the high administrative burden they impose on firms and tax authorities.


This thesis presents investigations into dynamic modelling and control of a flexible
manipulator system. The work on dynamic modelling involves finite element and symbolic
manipulation techniques. The control strategies investigated include feedforward control
using command shaping techniques and combined feedforward and feedback control
schemes. A constrained planar single-link flexible manipulator is used as test and verification
platform throughout this work.
Dynamic model of a single-link flexible manipulator incorporating structural
damping, hub inertia and payload is developed using the finite element method. Experiments
are performed on a laboratory-scale single-link flexible manipulator with and without
payload for verification of the developed dynamic model. Simulated and experimental system
responses to a single-switch bang-bang torque input are presented in the time and frequency
domains. Resonance frequencies of the system for the first three modes are identified. The
performance and accuracy of the simulation algorithm are studied in comparison to the
experimental results in both domains. The effects of damping and payload on the dynamic
behaviour of the manipulator are addressed. Moreover, the impact of using higher number of
elements is studied.
The application of a symbolic manipulation approach for modelling and performance
analysis of a flexible manipulator system is investigated. System transfer function can be
retained in symbolic form using this approach and good approximation of the system transfer
function can be obtained. Relationships between system characteristics and parameters such
as payload and hub inertia are accordingly explored. Simulation and experimental exercises
are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the symbolic approach in modelling and
simulation of the flexible manipulator system.
Simulation and experimental investigations into the development of feedforward
control strategies based on command shaping techniques for vibration control of flexible
manipulators are presented. The command shaping techniques using input shaping, low-pass
and band-stop filters are considered. The command shaping techniques are designed based on
the parameters of the system obtained using the unshaped bang-bang torque input.
ii
Abstract
Performances of the techniques are evaluated in terms of level of vibration reduction, time
response specifications, robustness to error in natural frequencies and processing times. The
effect of using higher number of impulses and filter orders on the system performance is also
investigated. Moreover, the effectiveness of the command shaping techniques in reducing
vibrations due to inclusion of payload into the system is examined. A comparative assessment
of the performance of the command shaping techniques in vibration reduction of the system
is presented.
The development of hybrid control schemes for input tracking and vibration
suppression of flexible manipulators is presented. The hybrid control schemes based on
collocated feedback controllers for rigid body motion control with non-collocated PID
control and feedforward control for vibration suppression of the system are examined. The
non-collocated PID control is designed utilising the end-point deflection (elastic deformation)
feedback whereas feedforward control is designed using the input shaping technique. The
developed hybrid schemes are tested within the simulation environment of the flexible
manipulator with and without payload. The performances of the control schemes are
evaluated in terms of input tracking capability and vibration suppression of the flexible
manipulator. Initially, a collocated PD utilising the hub-angle and hub-velocity feedback
signals is used as a feedback controller. Subsequently, to achieve uniform performance in the
presence of a payload, a collocated adaptive control is designed based on pole-assignment
self-tuning control scheme. Lastly, a comparative assessment of the performance of the
hybrid control schemes is presented.


The concept of resilience has gained much attention in recent academic and political discussion. However, its application to specific sectors, such as retail, is rather scarce. The aim of this paper is to present the concept of resilience and to analyse its applicability to the retail sector within the context of the town centre. The paper proposes a possible analytical framework for adaptively resilient retail centres that links the performance of retail centres to underlying development paths, the pre-shock position in the adaptive cycle, and other factors that drive their evolutionary reorganisation. The proposed framework has a practical application for spatial and urban planning and can be beneficial to various stakeholders and practitioners, including retailers, policy makers, and town centre managers.


Biofuel is one of the prime candidates to take over the role played by fossil fuel as the main
source of energy in the future. Numerous studies have been done on the potential of biofuel to
produce similar power output generated by the current petrol and diesel which are depleting
without any drawbacks. The objective of this particular study is to investigate 4 of the more
established vegetable oil in the energy industry namely jatropha, palm, coconut and canola oil in
terms of storage stability of biofuel at room temperature and 80oC. The biofuels were tested in
terms of density, kinematic viscosity, Total Acid Number (TAN), flash point and oxidation
stability every 2 weeks for 10-12 weeks or 3 months at 2 different temperatures to obtain a
conspicuous result. At the end of the experiment and test, it is found that palm oil is the biofuel
with the best storage stability. The next biofuel that followed is jatropha oil, canola oil and
finally coconut oil. Although palm oil showed poor kinematic viscosity, however it has good
stability in terms of density, Total Acid Number (TAN) and also relatively stable oxidation and
flash point in comparison with the 4 samples tested. The experiment result and data also showed
that effect of continuous heating at 80oC promotes oxidation process, higher Total Acid Number
(TAN), lower flash point as well as increase in density and kinematic viscosity.

Next, experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the storage stabilities of various
biodiesel fuels. The biodiesel fuels were palm methyl ester (PME), jatropha methyl ester (JME),
coconut methyl ester (COME), 20% blends of PME with diesel fuel and 20% blends of JME
with diesel fuel. The ordinary diesel fuel was used for comparison purposes. The biodiesel were
tested in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, Total Acid Number (TAN), flash point and
oxidation stability every week for 3 months. The results show that almost all fuel samples met
the standard specifications regarding oxidation stability. The trends for density, viscosity and
TAN increased due to oxidation. For the flash point, the trend also decreased, but the rate was
very low. In overall consideration, among the biodiesel, COME was found to be better with
respect to storage stabilities. The results of this investigation will be used for sustainable
development of biodiesel fuel from various feedstocks.


Yavneh II is the second and last excavation report on the dramatic favissa/genizah pit full of Philistine votive objects, discovered by Raz Kletter in the city of Yavneh, Israel, near the Mediterranean coast (south of Tel Aviv). The first volume, Yavneh I (OBO.SA 30, 2010) included studies on the history and archaeological exploration of Yavneh, the excavation, the stratigraphy and the interpretation of the pit as a favissae of votive objects that originate from a public temple; but especially on the mysterious cult stands, which number more than a hundred and include many stands with zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figures. In the present volume we publish many additional cultic finds, including fire pans or shovels that could be used for moving hot coals and for burning incense (comparable to the biblical maḥtāh); a rectangular shrine-model (naos) with detached pillars; zoomorphic vessels; a larger sample of pottery with statistical analysis; imported Cypriot pottery; dog bones (probably related to ritual); an inscription on a bowl; fragments of worked stones (perhaps from altars); and chemical residues from juglets and chalices, which seem to indicate presence of hallucinatory and incense materials. In addition, we offer an update on the iconography of the Yavneh cult stands and a study of the larger world of cult stands in the southern Levant; criteria for identifying favissae and their appearance from the Late Bronze Age to the Persian Period in Palestine; and a concluding discussion on Yavneh, incense, and Philistine ethnicity.


This study aims to determine the pattern of economic growth and employment potential in districts of Central Java Province the period 2005 - 2009, and the causality between economic growth and employment in the province of Central Java. The analysis used in this study is analysis of economic growth, typology, ILOR Klassen (Labour Incremental Output Ratio), and granger causality test. The results of this study indicate that the economic growth that occurred in 2005-2009 with an average value of the highest economic growth> 4.45 in eight districts, or 22.85% of the total districts / cities in Central Java province. Average value of the highest economic growth between 3.08 to 3.35 as much as 15 districts, or 42.85%. While the average value of the lowest economic growth <2.61 only one district or 2.85% of the entire district. Employment in the province of Central Java with a big potential categories found as many as five districts / cities, the category of potentially as many as 26 districts, while the categories are not potentially as many as four counties. From the Granger Causality test result yielded that the relationship between them is one way that employment cause/affect economic growth.


Although dysfunctional telomeres and oncogenic or stressful stimuli are known to trigger cellular senescence in normal human diploid cells, the molecules and signaling network involved in the cellular senescence program are not fully understood. We have been trying to identify cellular senescence-inducing factors by various means. First, we screened for an extrinsic signal that can induce cellular senescence in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, and identified transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as the cellular senescence-inducing factor. Cancer cells senesced by treatment with TGF-β impaired tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that cellular senescence functions as a tumor suppression mechanism. Next, we identified 86 independent senescence-associated genes by subtractive screening using A549-derived cell lines. Thirdly, we established novel cell lines (AST cells) from A549 cells exposed to mild oxidative stress. AST cells demonstrated functional impairment of telomerase due to perturbed subcellular localization of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, suggesting that mild oxidative stress might affect the cell fate of cancer cells. These results should provide insight into the molecular basis of the cellular senescence program.


| Pathways as one of the striking elements of landscape perceptions play an important role in promoting social and cultural activities in society. Such a role helps the audience perceives the landscape and then saves the collective and individual memories. This way is not merely a route from point 1 to point 2 to go, it goes beyond the elemental role of the origindestination. Pedestrian pathways present important images of the landscape. The goal of way isn't only having beginning and destination, but also perception happens on the path and the destination is meant by that.The location and development of the city of Tehran in the range of Alborz Mountains, the historical, natural and topographical potential of this establishment have made these landscape edges play an important role in the interactions of the people with this landscape and formation of its identity. for Tehran. Bam-e-Tehran's pedestrian pathway in the northern part of Tehran's area 1 is one of the most important pedestrian pathway outside the city in the mountainous pure nature that focuses on perception of the nature and the city. This path is a combination of natural and interactive features which has created a communal space that has inherited some parts of its identity from the city and the other parts from nature. in fact it made a connection among the audience's perception, nature and the city. The leading research first reviews the types of pedestrian pathways, its characteristics and perceptions of the users, and then analyzes the landscape layers of Bam-e-Tehran's walking way as a natural-


Recommended Citation Corned beef and cabbage, which is consumed in America in large quantities each Saint Patrick's Day (17th March), is considered by most Americans to be the ultimate Irish dish. However, corned beef and cabbage is seldom eaten in modern day Ireland. It is widely reported that Irish immigrants replaced their beloved bacon and cabbage with corned beef and cabbage when they arrived in America, drawing on the corned beef supplied by their neighbouring Jewish butchers, but not all commentators believe this simplistic explanation . This paper will trace the origins and history of corned beef in Irish cuisine and chart how this dish came to represent Irish cuisine in America. The name corned beef originates in seventeenth century England, derived from corns – or small crystals – of salt used to salt or cure the meat. The paper will discuss the anomaly that although corned beef was not widely eaten in Ireland, it was widely exported, becoming one of Ireland's leading food exports, mostly from the city of Cork. Irish corned beef provisioned the British navy fleets for over two centuries and was also shipped to the colonies. There is evidence of a strong trade in Irish corned beef as a staple for African slaves in the French West Indies and in other French colonies. Irish corned beef also became a staple in Pacific islands visited by the British navy, where it is called keg. These Pacific Islanders later corned their own beef, but sailors labelled it 'salt junk.'


The agar quality (gel strength, gelling and melting temperature) of laboratory-generated carposporelings of Gracilariopsis bailinae grown in the field for six weeks off Amunitan, Gonzaga, Cagayan was investigated. Cut sporelings grown at 1.0 m depth showed good quality agar (492 gm cm-2 gel strength, 43oC gelling temperature, 84oC melting temperature). This constitutes the first report on the agar quality of this species from this area.


BACKGROUND/AIM
The use of ion radiation therapy is growing due to the continuously increasing positive clinical experience obtained. Therefore, there is a high interest in radio-biological experiments comparing the relative efficiency in cell killing of ions and photons as photons are currently the main radiation modality used for cancer treatment. This comparison is particularly important since the treatment planning systems (TPSs) used at the main ion therapy Centers make use of parameters describing the cellular response to photons, respectively ions, determined in vitro. It was, therefore, the aim of this article to compare the effects of high linear energy transfer (LET) ion radiation with low LET photons and determine whether the cellular response to low LET could predict the response to high LET irradiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clonogenic cell survival data of five tumor cell lines irradiated with different ion beams of similar, clinically-relevant, LET were studied in relation to response to low LET photons. Two mathematical models were used to fit the data, the repairable-conditionally repairable damage (RCR) model and the linear quadratic (LQ) model.

RESULTS
The results indicate that the relative biological efficiency of the high LET radiation assessed with the RCR model could be predicted based only on the response to the low LET irradiation.

CONCLUSION
The particular features of the RCR model indicate that tumor cells showing a large capacity for repairing the damage will have the larger benefit from radiation therapy with ion beams.


The term "global village" has become almost infamous in the informa-tion age. Its originator, Marshall McLuhan, is regarded by some as the most important scholar in media studies and his work is widely known to be ahead of its time. Often his work is even thought of has prophetic, including his discussions of the global village. The internet has brought the ability to send and receive information instantaneously, and many people are quick to connect the internet to a misinterpretation of McLuhan's global village. Unfortunately this connection is often misguided and made without a true understanding of its theoretical origins. Although the internet serves as a vehicle that allows for the instant flow of information, there are important aspects of a global village that it does not address. However, online social networks have brought about some interesting trends in the uses of the internet.


The clinical signs and symptoms of infection in acute and chronic wounds are unreliable. Similarly, swab cultures are inaccurate in this population. Tissue biopsies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are more accurate but the results require several days to obtain. As a result, the clinician is forced to treat patients empirically. This has led to the overuse of antibiotics and the failure of advanced therapies due to unrecognized infection. To address this problem a point-ofcare diagnostic was developed to identify bacteria in acute and chronic wounds. The MolecuLight procedure (MiX) exposes the wound bed to violet light at 405 nm. Bacterial fluorophores absorb the light. In turn they fluoresce at specific wavelengths: porphyrins (red) and pyoverdines (cyan). The device detects bacteria in the wound bed at a level greater than 104 by measuring the amounts of red and or cyan fluorescence. A robust body of literature has demonstrated that elevated bacterial levels impede wound healing. The MiX can detect elevated bacteria burden in a wound allowing the clinician to address the infection. In addition, the device can guide advanced wound therapies such as antibiofilm agents, negative wound pressure therapy and preparation of the wound bed for grafting.


The SEAD initiative aims to transform the global market by increasing the penetration of highly efficient equipment and appliances. SEAD is a government initiative whose activities and projects engage the private sector to realize the large global energy savings potential from improved appliance and equipment efficiency. SEAD seeks to enable high-level global action by informing the Clean Energy Ministerial dialogue as one of the initiatives in the Global Energy Efficiency Challenge. In keeping with its goal of achieving global energy savings through efficiency, SEAD was approved as a task within the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) in January 2010. SEAD partners work together in voluntary activities to: (1) ?raise the efficiency ceiling? by pulling super-efficient appliances and equipment into the market through cooperation on measures like incentives, procurement, awards, and research and development (RD (2) ?raise the efficiency floor? by working together to bolster national or regional policies like minimum efficiency standards; and (3) ?strengthen the efficiency foundations? of programs by coordinating technical work to support these activities. Although not all SEAD partners may decide to participate in every SEAD activity, SEAD partners have agreed to engage actively in their particular areas of interest through commitment of financing, staff, consultant experts, and other resources. In addition, all SEAD partners are committed to share information, e.g., on implementation schedules for and the technical detail of minimum efficiency standards and other efficiency programs. Information collected and created through SEAD activities will be shared among all SEAD partners and, to the extent appropriate, with the global public. As of April 2011, the governments participating in SEAD are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. More information on SEAD is available from its website at http://www.superefficient.org/.


On May 16, 2016, in Teixeira v. County of Alameda, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that a zoning ordinance was not presumptively lawful under the Second Amendment. The court utilized the two-step analysis derived from the U.S. Supreme Court's 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller to examine the constitutionality of the ordinance. The court remanded the case and recommended that the district court apply a heighted level of scrutiny— potentially even strict scrutiny. On December 27, 2016, the Ninth Circuit ordered an en banc rehearing. This Comment argues that on rehearing, the Ninth Circuit should analyze, or recommend that the district court analyze, the zoning ordinance at an intermediate scrutiny level. Intermediate scrutiny has been utilized by a majority of courts in Second Amendment challenges, and should be used on rehearing because the ordinance does not present a substantial burden to the core of the Second Amendment right.


This article takes as a point of departure a well-known but rarely tested assumption in the literature on state-building and democratisation, namely that democratic regimes in newly established states are politically unstable. When states take their first steps as independent entities, the state-building process is often incomplete, the political institutions fragile and democratic routines yet to be established. However, with increasing years of independence, these democratic shortcomings are expected to be remedied. This makes it reasonable to assume that the likelihood of democratic failure decreases with increasing years as an independent state. Based on an extensive empirical data set, the conclusion was reached that there is indeed a negative relationship between the length of independence and democratic failure and that this association is insensitive to the period in time when the countries received their independence. Furthermore, the results suggest that the length of democratic rule has a positive impact on democratic stability. However, this pattern is detectable only in states created after 1946.


HIGHLIGHTS ‒ RNA-seq on each cell of the early C. elegans embryo complements the known lineage ‒ We measured the zygotic activation specific to each unique cell of the embryo ‒ We identified genes that are functionally redundant and critical for development ‒ We created an interactive online data visualization tool for exploring the data eTOC BLURB C. elegans is a powerful model for development, with an invariant and completely described cell lineage. To enrich this resource, we performed single-cell RNA-seq on each cell of the embryo through the 16-cell stage. Zygotic genome activation is differential between cell types. We identified hundreds of candidates for partially redundant genes, and verified one such set as critical for development. We created an interactive online data visualization tool to invite others to explore our dataset. SUMMARY During embryonic development, cells must establish fates, morphologies and behaviors in coordination with one another to form a functional body. A prevalent hypothesis for how this coordination is achieved is that each cell's fate and behavior is determined by a defined mixture of RNAs. Only recently has it become possible to measure the full suite of transcripts in a single cell. Here we quantify the abundance of every mRNA transcript in each cell of the C. elegans embryo up to the 16-cell stage. We describe spatially dynamic expression, quantify cell-specific differential activation of the zygotic genome, and identify critical developmental genes previously unappreciated because of their partial redundancy. We present an interactive data visualization tool that allows broad access to our dataset. This genome-wide single-cell map of mRNA abundance, alongside the well-studied life history and fates of each cell, describes at a cellular resolution the mRNA landscape that guides development.


This study develops multi-item scales of the financial wellbeing of customers of a major Australian bank using self-reported survey data that are matched with the customers' financial records. Using Item Response Theory (IRT) models, the study develops: First a Reported Financial Wellbeing Scale that is formed from responses to 10 questions about people's experiences and perceptions of financial outcomes, and second an Observed Financial Wellbeing Scale that is formed from five financial-record measures of customers' account balances, net spending, and payment problems. The IRT models show that each scale reliably differentiates between a wide range of outcomes and that the components within each scale have similar power to discriminate. We validate the scales by estimating Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator machine-learning models of how they correlate with other measurable characteristics. Savings habits, spending habits, credit card behavior, household income, education, difficulties with housing payments, and the use of and access to social or government support are each associated with both types of financial wellbeing.


Efficient and widely tunable terahertz (THz) -wave generation from MgO:LiNbO3 optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is reported. The MgO:LiNbO3 OPO exhibits almost four times higher conversion efficiency and tuning range is extended to 1-3 THz, by nearly 1 THz, compared to the conventional undoped LiNbO3 OPO. The properties of the MgO:LiNbO3 in the THz regime is also investigated experimentally. We have found that the mechanism originates from the enhanced cross section of the Raman scattering from the lowest A1-symmetry mode, and that the far infrared transmittances of these crystals are nearly the same.


In this second of a two-part series, carcinization in the Anomura has been reviewed from early juvenile, megalopal, and larval perspectives. Data from megalopal and early juvenile development in ten genera of the Lithodidae have provided unequivocal evidence that earlier hypotheses regarding evolution of the king crab pleon were erroneous. A pattern of sundering, and decalcification has been traced from the megalopal stage through several early crabs stages in species of Lithodes and Paralomis, with supplemental evidence from species in eight other genera. Of major significance has been the attention directed to the marginal plates of the second pleomere, which when separated in lithodids are not homologous with the adult so-called "marginal plates" of the following three tergites. Auxiliary megalopal and early juvenile lithodid data, as well as equivalent data from other paguroids, support the evolutionary direction indicated by lithodid pleonal plate development. Therefore, while carcinization, or development of a crab-like body form, has occurred in the Lithodidae, it has not proceeded from a hermit crab ancestor. Rather the data suggest the reverse, thus effectively refuting the "hermit to king" myth. Brief reviews of data available from the Lomisidae and Porcellanidae support the Proposition of independent anomuran carcinization events in these taxa as well. Results of cladistic analysis of megalopal and juvenile data, although somewhat unconventional, do not support the claim of a sister-group relation of the lithodid genera Lithodes and Paralithodes with the pagurid genus Pagurus. Attempts to subject larval phase data to similar analysis were thwarted by the tendency in paguroids, including lithodids, for lecithotrophic development. Additionally, presumed initial and terminal stage deletions disallow the ontogenetic stage homologies required for meaningful phylogenetic results.


ABSTRACT Exposures of an Oligocene small-volume dome field in central Arizona, USA, provide an excellent example of the interaction of volcanism and sedimentation in a proximal volcanic setting. Volcanism in the field began with eruption of a shoshonite cinder cone and lava flows, which were emplaced onto braided-stream gravels. Stream sediments aggraded to the top of the lava flows before eruption of an amphibole-trachyte dome and its derivative pyroclastic flows. Deposition from the pyroclastic flows was punctuated by fluvial sedimentation, which took the form of both sheetflow reworking and debris-flow and hyperconcentrated-flow deposition. The lack of pronounced channel formation may indicate that inter-eruptive periods were brief. Two principles of volcaniclastic sedimentation are well documented in this study: First, active aggradation may preserve proximal deposits that are normally eroded quickly from a volcano. This aggradation is seen in the interstratification of braided-stream gravels derived from outside the area of volcanism with dome-derived primary pyroclastic deposits. The growing dome apparently did not form a large topographic feature, and thus did not overwhelm the preservation caused by regional aggradation. The landscape response to volcanism was highly complex, and the response of the stream system to short-term volcanic processes merely accentuated the effects occurring due to longer-term tectonic subsidence. Second, because sediments in the proximal areas of the dome were preserved, the interaction of the regional dispersal system with the dome complex is clear. Pyroclastic deposits were in some cases localized in channels. Reworked pyroclastic deposits have structures indicative of sheetflow or mass flow, but are entirely pyroclastic in composition. Deposits strongly influenced by the regional system are also mass flows or sheetflows, but they contain appreciable concentrations of non-volcanogenic material, and were deposited by debris-choked braided streams.


Objectives
To estimate the usual energy and micronutrient intakes of children 9-24 mo of age and evaluate the probability of adequacy of the diet in 7 MAL-ED sites.

Methods
Breastfeeding was evaluated biweekly from enrolment (≤17 d old) through 24 mo; beginning at 9 mo, monthly 24-hour recalls (up to 17 recalls/child) were used to quantify intakes of complementary foods. Energy, macro- and micro-nutrient intakes were calculated using site-specific food composition tables. Based on the Morseth et al (2016) analysis of the Nepal MAL-ED site, we estimated energy and nutrient intakes from breast milk to derive total energy and nutrient intakes. For each site and 3 mo-age period, we estimated usual intakes of energy and 13 micronutrients for each child, considering age, sex, month and day of the week, then predicted the distribution of intakes by age period and site. We then compared each intake distribution to the recommended dietary allowance to derive the median probability of adequacy (MPA) and respective inter-quartile range (IQR). We evaluated iron and zinc considering bioavailability.

Results
Among 1669 children, median %energy (%E) from breast milk ranged from 23-71%E at 9-12 mo, and declined to 25-40%E at 21-24 mo. Iron bioavailability was low for all sites, but many diets were of moderate bioavailability for zinc. MPA were 1 (IQR = 0) in Brazil and South Africa, except for iron and vitamin E (both), calcium (South Africa) and zinc (low bioavailable diet in South Africa). MPA for zinc increased from 9-24 mo only for children consuming a diet with moderate bioavailability. MPA increased for many nutrients from 12-24 mo as the nutrient density of complementary foods increased; however, MPA for vitamin A remained low in Bangladesh and Tanzania. In Tanzania, calcium and B12 MPA declined and IQR increased as cow's milk remained in the diets of only some children. For most sites and age groups, MPA were 0 (IQR = 0) for Vitamins D, E and iron.

Conclusions
MPA increases from 12-24 mo as children consume more nutrient-dense complementary foods. Ways to increase consumption of foods containing vitamins D, E, and A, and calcium are needed, as are ways to increase bioavailability of iron and zinc.

Funding Sources
The MAL-ED study was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, through grants to the Foundation for the NIH and NIH/FIC.


The New York Program for restoration, rehabilitation and resurfacing (3R's) has relied on broad scoped projects and case-by-case consideration of exceptions to design standards (separate 3R standards have not been approved). This program has resulted in enhanced highway safety demonstrated by a 21 per cent reduction in total accidents on 79 projects evaluated. Injury accidents showed a 9 per cent reduction. These conclusions and other specific areas of accident reduction, such as 33 per cent reduction in wet weather accidents, are substantiated by a 'before' and 'after' accident analysis of non-freeway, predominantly rural, two-lane highway improvement projects completed in New York with the 3R Program over a 4 one-half year period between September 1977 and February 1982. The 79 projects reflect a substantial statistical sample of the estimated 400 to 600 similar projects undertaken during this period. The programwide accident reduction compares favorably with reductions experienced from safety category programs such as Hazard Elimination.


Background:  As organisational culture plays an important role in forming a sustained competitive advantage, numerous studies about organisational culture have been completed. However, few studies have been conducted by analysing the references of publications with a visual pattern. Moreover, this subject has reached a certain degree of maturity; hence, a review that analyses the trends of organisational culture is urgent. Aim:  The aim of this study was to provide broad information on organisational culture, including authors, journals, countries and references. In addition, the evolution of organisational culture is depicted and potential future research focuses are predicted. Setting:  Using the Web of Science as a data source, we captured 1479 publications in science citation index (SCI) and social science citation index (SSCI) from 2005 to 2016 with 63 682 corresponding references for analysis. Methods:  A bibliometric approach using CiteSpace software was applied to quantitatively and visually analyse organisational culture. Results:  (1) The USA is the most productive country followed by the UK and then Australia in terms of publication; (2) scholars are mainly focused on 'performance', 'innovation' and 'knowledge management' aspects; (3) most fundamental theories and frameworks were created from the 1980s to the 1990s; (4) the  Journal of Business Ethics  is the most appropriate journal for contributions, whereas the  Academy of Management Review  is suitable for scholars to do a literature review, construct a theoretical framework and develop a research design; and (5) future research on this field has been justified accordingly. Conclusion:  These findings not only provide basic background knowledge about organisational culture for new researchers but also provide a framework for visual and quantitative research to management scholars and fill the gap between organisational culture and bibliometric analysis.