Escherichia coil 0157:1-17 is a virulent human pathogen responsible for severe bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Carriage of the organism through the food chain can result in contamination of raw meat, dairy products, crops and produce during production. Numerous outbreaks of the diseases have made it essential to produce detection methods that are rapid, sensitive and specific, especially as the number of Escherichia coil 0157:1-17 in a sample can be low and obscured by the presence of other organisms.
Molecular techniques such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays have been developed, which are specific, quick and reliable. The major drawback of the technique is prior DNA extraction, which can be time consuming and result in partial loss of target material, followed by small sample input into the qPCR assay.
The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive, quick and technically simple sample concentration and DNA extraction protocol which would allow maximum yield for detection of Escherichia coii 0157 by qPCR assays.
An improved automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) protocol was designed for the detection of Escherichia coil 0157:1-17 with specific, antibody coated, MyOneTm Dynabeads®. The new protocol was found to increase capture by
approximately 60 % in comparison to the standard AIMS protocol for Escherichia coil.
The improved protocol was used to test spiked food samples according to the BS EN ISO 16140:2003 'Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Protocol for the validation of alternate methods'. Briefly, four different food types were homogenised and spiked with Escherichia coil 0157:1-17 Vt negative (NCTC 12900) at a level between 10 and 104 CFU (colony forming units). The spiked samples were then enriched in TSB (Tryptic soy broth) for 4, 6 and 24 h at 37°C. On completion of the enrichment step, the samples were subjected to the improved AIMS protocol, followed by DNA extraction using a new CST® Nucleic acid extraction kit (Invitrogen Corp.). End point detection was provided by a qPCR assay based on recognition of the rJb gene, and standard plating onto sorbitol MacConkey medium containing cefixime and tellurite.
The use of MyOneTh' Dynabeads® helped to increase the available surface area allowing enhanced capture of target organisms with the new AIMS protocol. This was flirthered by the CST® Nucleic acid extraction kit to provide superior downstream performance in the qPCR assay, which demonstrated a higher degree of sensitivity than culture onto CT-SMAC (Cefixime and Tellurite-Sorbitol MacConkey Agar), after enrichment and AIMS. An evaluation of the three enrichment lengths suggested 6 h to be adequate for sufficient enumeration of target cells, even at low inoculum levels, without producing false positives. This helped to reduce the advised 24 h enrichment (BS EN ISO 16140:2003) down to oh.
The final results demonstrated detection down to approximately 10 CFU from a 25 mg sample when using the improved protocol, whilst the standard (EPEC/VTEC) protocol had a detection limit of 102 CFU.
This study provides an enhanced and reliable sample preparation procedure, which allows detection of Escherichia co/i 0157:1-17 within 10 h, even at significantly low contamination levels. It also reconfirms AIMS as an effective isolation procedure and qPCR as a quicker and more sensitive detection method, in comparison to culture methods. It also introduces the new CST® nucleic acid extraction kit, which provides maximum target concentration for improved detection.


A method is proposed to approximately calculate first-flight collision probabilities for use in resonance integral calculations with good accuracy and within a short computing time. In the proposed method, collision probabilities at three different energy points are rigorously calculated and stored beforehand. They are used to obtain approximate collision probabilities at an arbitrary energy point by Takahashi's zero-th approximation. Then, these approximate values are used to obtain more accurate values by quadratic interpolation with the neutron total cross section change as an interpolation parameter. The proposed method was applied to the calculation of collision probabilities in a two-region LWR fuel pin cell, and it was found that the collision probabilities can be calculated with an error of less than 1%, a great improvement in accuracy compared to the zero-th approximation, when the total cross section of the fuel region changes 30 times. The proposed method shortens computing time of lattice cell neutronic calculation codes based on the first-flight collision probability method.


Acetone and carbon monoxide (CO) are two important trace gases controlling the oxidation capacity of the troposphere; enhancement ratios (EnRs) are useful in assessing their sources and fate between emission and sampling, especially in pollution plumes. In this study, we focus on in situ data from the upper troposphere recorded by the passenger-aircraft-based IAGOS–CARIBIC (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System–Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) observatory over the periods 2006–2008 and 2012–2015. This dataset is used to investigate the seasonal and spatial variation of acetone–CO EnRs. Furthermore, we utilize a box model accounting for dilution, chemical degradation and secondary production of acetone from precursors. In former studies, increasing acetone–CO EnRs in a plume were associated with secondary production of acetone. Results of our box model question this common presumption and show increases of acetone–CO EnR over time without taking secondary production of acetone into account. The temporal evolution of EnRs in the upper troposphere, especially in summer, is not negligible and impedes the interpretation of EnRs as a means for partitioning of acetone and CO sources in the boundary layer. In order to ensure that CARIBIC EnRs represent signatures of source regions with only small influences by dilution and chemistry, we limit our analysis to temporal and spatial coherent events of high-CO enhancement. We mainly focus on North America and Southeast Asia because of their different mix of pollutant sources and the good data coverage. For both regions, we find the expected seasonal variation in acetone– CO EnRs with maxima in summer, but with higher amplitude over North America. We derive mean (± standard deviation) annual acetone fluxes of (53± 27) 10−13 kg m−2 s−1 and (185± 80) 10−13 kg m−2 s−1 for North America and Southeast Asia, respectively. The derived flux for North America is consistent with the inventories, whereas Southeast Asia acetone emissions appear to be underestimated by the inventories.


At the outset, this study is conducted with the aim to observe the significant of the operational research methodology application, in particular the queue theory model, in analyzing service time frame with a view to improving the service quality of JPNPJ. Hence, data pertaining to the service time duration, which include waiting and service time are being studied and tested to ascertain whether the application of the mentioned
scientific approach could produce encouraging results that would be able to solve queue problem facing JPNPJ . Information pertaining to customers' arrival during the research period, from 7.30 a.m. till 4.45 p.m. Monday to Friday, excluding time from 12.15 p.m. till 2.45 p.m. on Friday only, for five days period between August, 9 and August, 13 2004 in Phase I, and between September, 13 and September, 17 2004 in Phase II are being collated for the research purposes. Data are also retrieved from the JPNPJ database system pertaining to customers' arrival and service time in Phase I and Phase II (arrival time only). Details of service time in Phase II are recorded personally by the researcher. Next, the Statistical Package for Social Survey (SPSS) software with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov non-parametric test was applied to determine whether the arrival rate and service rate follow a Poisson and Exponential distribution respectively. Having done that, QM for Window software was applied to determine the operating characteristics for M/M/s (Multiple Servers with Exponential Service) in order to analyze the requirement of exact number of servers vis-a-vis JPNPJ queue problem. The above notwithstanding, this study was able to achieve the stated research objectives, as the data (arrival and service time) met the queue theory requirements. Nevertheless, a more precise analysis and significant
results could be achieved if a better lambda [I] and miu [p] was obtained from a much longer research time frame. Certainly, an improved service quality of JPNPJ and a fine-tuned Client's Charter would enhance public positive opinion of the said organization.


Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is known to have both adverse and beneficial consequences for human health. Sunburn and skin cancer are probably the most well-known acute and chronic adverse health impacts. These themes have recently been discussed in the media for the general public; consequently interest in sun protection is growing. The promotion of the use of practical personal strategies to reduce adverse health risks, such as healthy sun behaviour, sun protection mechanisms and solar ultraviolet radiation awareness tools, is increasing. One such tool is the personal UV index (UVI) monitor, promoted commercially as a viable tool for sun awareness; however, such instruments have not been scientifically evaluated in a South African context. Here, two different types of personal UVI monitors, commercially available in South Africa, were compared with a research-grade UVB biometer for a continuous 7-h period on 02 March 2012 in Pretoria. One of the two personal UVI monitors showed reasonable agreement with the UVB biometer, whereas the other monitor overestimated UVI by up to 4 UVI units. When comparing two identical products manufactured by the same company, one monitor overestimated UVI twofold, suggesting inter-instrument variability may be a concern. Commercially available, personal UVI monitors should be used with caution as a public health tool for sun awareness in South Africa.


Postage prices and other mailing conditions for the countries and localities listed below appear in the Individual Country Listings (ICLs). Localities that are not listed separately in the ICLs under their own heading are listed with the country identified in parentheses. Page numbers are provided for easy reference for countries that have an Individual Country Listing. For the conditions of mailing for U.S. Possessions and Trust Territories, see DMM 608.


We analysed the light propagation through alignment-patterned liquid crystal films where the alignment is planar and homeotropic for different domains, respectively. Using elastic theory the nematic director field can be analytically calculated with the method of conformal mapping in the one elastic constant approximation. A smooth change of the nematic director field is found with defect points at the substrate surfaces. In order to investigate the propagation of light passing through such a liquid crystalline thin film with spatially varying birefringence, we use a rigorous method. The use of rigorous methods allows the simulation of the time-dependent electric and magnetic fields for a region that is two-dimensional and possibly anisotropic. Simulations are made by the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD), which is a numerical approach for the rigorous solution of the Maxwell equations. This method, in contrast to methods of geometrical and matrix optics, delivers results which include diffraction and scattering.


Microscopic modeling of multi-lane traffic is usually done by applying heuristic lane changing rules, and often with unsatisfying results. Recently, a cellular automation model for two-lane traffic was able to overcome some of these problems and to produce a correct density inversion at densities somewhat below the maximum flow density. In this paper, the authors summarize different approaches to lane changing and their results, and propose a general scheme, according to which realistic lane changing rules can be developed. They test this scheme by applying it to several different lane changing rules, which, in spite of their differences, generate similar and realistic results. The authors thus conclude that, for producing realistic results, the logical structure of the lane changing rules, as proposed here, is at least as important as the microscopic details of the rules.


To evaluate the protective efficacy of Cistanoside A (C.A), a phenylethanol glycoside isolated from Cistanche deserticola, on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, 50 animals were divided into five different protocols, and hepatic functional index were detected by diagnostic kits. Histological changes were compared by H&E stain. Activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GST, SOD, and CAT) and respiratory marker enzymes (MDH, SDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidases) were measured. To confirm the effect of C.A on free radical, tests on the free radical scavenging activities were also carried out in vitro. We found treatment with C.A (10, 20 mg/kg o.p. for 7 days) could significantly ameliorated the levels of hepatic function indices (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) (P < 0.05). The biochemical results were also confirmed by histopathological examination. C.A treatment decreased the ballooning degeneration, moderated the hepatocytes apoptosis, and alleviated centrilobular and bridging necrosis which were observed in the CCl4 control group. Following experiments revealed that C.A could increase the activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (GST, SOD, and CAT) and respiratory marker enzymes (MDH, SDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidases) (P < 0.05). In vitro, C.A exhibited strong scavenging activities for DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical. Our results revealed that C.A possess protective activities on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which was involved with increasing free radicals clearing activities, alleviating lipid-overoxidation damage, and improving respiratory chain function in mitochondria.


The participation of the public in the decision-making and policy discussion is expected to allow the officials to re-valuate the proposed decisions, save money on their implementation and restore public trust in government. However, from the point of view of bureaucrats, direct participation is often unproductive: you are required to spend work time and energy on discussions with non-experts and have no means to predict the effectiveness and efficiency of these debates. The article considers theories and empirical studies that can explain a new fashion trend of openness and transparency in world's public policy and problems with its implementation. The article also evaluates the applicability of republican tradition to modern policy-making and analyzes alternative mode of public involvement.


Interest in seamount research has gathered momentum over the past five years in an effort to understand the physical, geochemical and biological characteristics as well as the interconnectedness of seamount ecosystems. The majority of biological seamount research has concentrated upon the rich and diverse suspension feeding organisms that dominate the megafauna, such as gorgonians and antipatharian corals; by comparison there have been few studies that have investigated the no less enigmatic, but possibly just as important infauna. To help fill this knowledge gap, the macrofaunal community was sampled from a total of five stations along a northerly transect (capturing water depths from ∼130 m to ∼3300 m), on Senghor Seamount (NE Atlantic). The focus of this study is on the polychaete communities. Polychaete abundance peaked at the summit and a mid-slope station (∼1500 m), a pattern mirrored by the biomass values. The polychaete community along the transect appeared to be particularly diverse, with 135 species nominally identified to putative species from a total of 954 individuals. A diversity maximum was identified on the upper slope at ∼800 m depth, with species diversity, richness and evenness also all peaking at this station. Depth is likely to be a significant factor in determining levels of similarity between stations.


This paper investigates how legal cannabis access affects student performance. Identification comes from an exceptional policy introduced in the city of Maastricht which discriminated legal access based on individuals' nationality. We apply a difference in-difference approach using administrative panel data on over 54,000 course grades of local students enrolled at Maastricht University before and during the partial cannabis prohibition. We find that the academic performance of students who are no longer legally permitted to buy cannabis increases substantially. Grade improvements are driven by younger students, and the effects are stronger for women and low performers. In line with how THC consumption affects cognitive functioning, we find that performance gains are larger for courses that require more numerical/mathematical skills. We investigate the underlying channels using students' course evaluations and present suggestive evidence that performance gains are driven by improved understanding of material rather than changes in students' study effort.


During earthquakes, slip is often localized on preexisting faults, but it is not well understood how the structure of crustal faults may contribute to slip localization and energetics. Growing evidence suggests that the crust along active faults undergoes anomalous strain and damage during large earthquakes. Seismic and geodetic data from the Calico fault in the eastern California shear zone reveal a wide zone of reduced seismic velocities and effective elastic moduli. Using seismic traveltimes, trapped waves, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations, we document seismic velocities reduced by 40%‐ 50% and shear moduli reduced by 65% compared to wall rock in a 1.5-km-wide zone along the Calico fault. Observed velocity reductions likely represent the cumulative mechanical damage from past earthquake ruptures. No large earthquake has broken the Calico fault in historic time, implying that fault damage persists for hundreds or perhaps thousands of years. These fi ndings indicate that faults can affect rock properties at substantial distances from primary fault slip surfaces, and throughout much of the seismogenic zone, a result with implications for the amount of energy expended during rupture to drive cracking and yielding of rock and development of fault systems.


Software testing is an expensive process, which is vital in the industry. Construction of the test-data in software testing requires the major cost and knowing which method to use in order to generate the test data is very important. This paper discusses the performance of search-based algorithms (preferably genetic algorithm) versus random testing, in software test-data generation. A factorial experiment is designed so that, we have more than one factor for each experiment we make. Although many researches have been done in the area of automated software testing, this research differs from all of them due to sample programs (SUTs) which are used. Since the program generation is automatic as well, Grammatical Evolution is used to guide the program generations. They are not goal based, but generated according to the grammar we provide, with different levels of complexity. Genetic algorithm is first applied to programs, then we apply random testing. Based on the results which come up, this paper recommends one method to use for software testing, if the SUT has the same conditions as we had in this study. SUTs are not like the sample programs, provided by other studies since they are generated using a grammar.


The purpose of this study was to examine factors that contribute to levels of independent activity functioning among a group of elder Navajos. Data were collected from a sample of Navajo elders from Tuba City, Arizona, and a health assessment survey was administered. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effects of social support and demographic factors on levels of independent activity functioning, such as bathing, toileting, dressing, eating, walking, and getting in and out of bed. The results indicated that assistive devices, marital status, the frequency of visits to Tuba City, and visits to the elders significantly affected independent activity functioning. Although other factors of social support were not significant, it appeared that visiting Tuba City and visits to the elders in their homes were important factors in maintaining higher levels of independent activity functioning among elder Navajos. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.


The 21st Century has seen unprecedented levels of corporate tax aggressiveness and avoidance. This Article continues our exploration of second-best international tax reforms that would protect the U.S. corporate tax base and have some likelihood of adoption. In this case, we consider how a U.S. minimum tax on foreign income earned by a controlled foreign corporation should be designed to protect the United States against erosion of its corporate income tax base and to combat tax competition by low-tax intermediary countries. In the authors' view, a minimum tax should be an interim levy that preserves the residual U.S. tax on foreign income, as distinguished from a final minimum tax that partially eliminates the U.S. residual tax. An interim minimum tax would be a significant improvement over current law and would more effectively limit incentives to seek low-taxed foreign income while ameliorating pressure to retain excess earnings abroad.To achieve the objectives of such a minimum tax, corresponding changes should be made to the U.S. corporate resident definition, the source taxation of foreign multinational corporations, and the residence taxation of U.S. portfolio investors in foreign corporations to reduce tax advantages under current law for investments in foreign corporations. These changes would reduce tax advantages for foreign parent corporate groups and thereby further protect the U.S. tax base, as well as reduce incentives for U.S. corporations to expatriate as a consequence of increased U.S. taxation of foreign income under an interim minimum tax.


In unit root testing, a piecewise locally stationary process is adopted to accommodate nonstationary errors that can have both smooth and abrupt changes in second- or higher-order properties. Under this framework, the limiting null distributions of the conventional unit root test statistics are derived and shown to contain a number of unknown parameters. To circumvent the difficulty of direct consistent estimation, we propose to use the dependent wild bootstrap to approximate the nonpivotal limiting null distributions and provide a rigorous theoretical justification for bootstrap consistency. The proposed method is compared through finite sample simulations with the recolored wild bootstrap procedure, which was developed for errors that follow a heteroscedastic linear process. Furthermore, a combination of autoregressive sieve recoloring with the dependent wild bootstrap is shown to perform well. The validity of the dependent wild bootstrap in a nonstationary setting is demonstrated for the first time, showing the possibility of extensions to other inference problems associated with locally stationary processes.


Since the advent of the Internet and the subsequent proliferation of online game worlds, millions of people across the physical world have spent vast amounts of time, money, and energy on virtual realms and their virtual lives. Taxation of transactions involving virtual goods may have been laughable at the outset of virtual reality, but the idea now bears serious consideration due to the growth of online video games into a multi-billion dollar industry. The IRS began efforts to address taxation of virtual economies in 2007, culminating in minor steps to effect compliance and a report by the Government Accountability Office released in May of 2013. This Article contends that the IRS is losing valuable tax revenue from sales of virtual goods for real money due to a lack of effective guidance in traversing this new frontier. And so, this Article establishes a spectrum of gamer profiles (social, vocational, casual, casual-hardcore, and hardcore) and uses that framework to craft tax compliance strategies in each virtual economy archetype. In addition, the Article provides brief overviews of popular multiplayer online games in the last decade (World of Warcraft, Second Life, League of Legends, etc.) and discusses the tax consequences of the most prevalent transactions relating to those virtual economies. It goes on to analyze the potential impact of current international taxation discourse on such transactions. The virtual universe and electronic commerce will only grow—and where income exists, taxation should follow.


While we try to avoid suggesting a hierarchy of human rights, it is necessary to acknowledge the exceptional significance of freedom of expression--at once a crucial right in itself and also necessary for the enjoyment of so many other rights, be they civil, political, economic, social, or cultural. It is truly a "meta-right." Given its importance, it is to be expected that freedom of expression is perennially subject to an impressive array of threats and challenges. The Human Rights Committee, in its supervision of the implementation of the relevant provision (Article 19) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, has engaged with many of these contexts for the violation of the right. The Committee, across its main functions--the review of state party reports and the consideration of individual communications--and with regard to countries worldwide--has sought to protect media space, political speech, and artistic and other expression. It has considered the legitimate scope of such restrictions as laws on defamation, sedition, treason, lese majeste, and blasphemy. It has also dealt with such intolerable extinction of expression as the harassment, torture, imprisonment, and killing of journalists and human rights defenders. In recent years the Committee has engaged with the new forms of expression, including those that employ the new Internet communication technologies. Given the prominence of freedom of expression in the work of the Human Rights Committee, it decided in 2009 that it was time to draft a new general comment on Article 19. There was already a general comment from 1983, but that is a brief text that says little to contemporary concerns and, of course, does not reflect the almost 30 years of subsequent Committee practice. The practice of the drafting of general comments is now widespread among the UN human rights treaty bodies, although they do not all share a common understanding of the purpose or status of these instruments. For the Human Rights Committee the position is clear. The adoption of the comments is specifically mandated by Article 40 of the Covenant, and the Committee intends that they constitute authoritative analysis of the provisions of the treaty. This analysis is based principally on the experience of the Committee in applying the particular provisions that are at issue. The Committee considers that general comments carry considerable legal authority, adopted as they are by the body that is mandated to supervise implementation by states of the Covenant. The general comment on Article 19 is the Committee's 34th. The development of the instrument took some two years. I was appointed as rapporteur or principle drafter and submitted a first draft in 2009 that was then subject to a one-year review, a "first-reading," by the Committee. The review took place in public, although external comments were not sought at that first stage of the process. The first-reading concluded in October 2010, and I was gratified that my original text had been left more or less intact, albeit with some adjustments. The text was then put for public comment. The Committee was startled to receive a very great number of recommendations--some 350 drafting proposals, contained in over 80 submissions. These came from states, civil society, academics, and UN Human Rights Council special rapporteurs. Curiously, no other treaty body made a submission. Notable among the state submissions was a detailed one from the United States. As far as I know, this is the first time that the U.S. has commented on a draft general comment of the Human Rights Committee--previous submissions having been made subsequent to the adoption of the text. The innovation suggests a new willingness by this state party to accept the utility of general comments. The second draft was considered by the Committee during 2011, with the final text being adopted in July 2011. The adopted text did reflect some, but by no means all, of the submitted proposals, although the second reading did strengthen the document in some regards. …


Tort liability often turns to a substantial degree on an actor's good or bad luck. For example, a driver may be lucky to be more skilled than average, or unlucky to be less. Alternatively, she may be lucky to avoid hitting a pedestrian, or unlucky to hit him, or very unlucky to hit a person with an 'eggshell skull.' Whether a person's conduct falls below the relevant standard of conduct, whether it causes injury, and how much liability results - these matters determine whether someone is a tortfeasor and, if so, how much she will have to pay in damages. And yet each of these factors lies outside of her control. Because tort liability is sensitive to luck in these ways, scholars such as Christopher Schroeder and Jeremy Waldron have condemned tort law as morally arbitrary. Others, such as Justice Holmes and Judge Posner, have seized on tort law's luck-sensitivity to argue that tort - which seems on its face to be a law of wrongs - really has nothing to do with wrongs. Assessments of conduct as right and wrong, they suppose, cannot possibly attribute so much significance to dumb luck. In this Article we are argue that the role of luck in torts does not undermine the case for understanding tort as a law of wrongs, nor does it make the case for dismissing tort law as morally arbitrary. Drawing upon the canonical articles on "moral luck" by Bernard Williams and Thomas Nagel, we argue that is false to suppose that an actor cannot be held responsible for having committed a wrong unless all the relevant features of the situation in which she acted were in principle subject to her control. The Article proceeds by distinguishing and explaining two aspects of tort law's luck-sensitivity: (1) luck regarding whether one's tortious conduct causes damage, and, if so, how much ("causal luck"); and (2) luck regarding whether one's efforts to comply with tort law's objective standards are successful ("compliance luck"). Causal luck, we argue, does not introduce objectionable arbitrariness into tort law. On the contrary, it is a natural and necessary feature of a body of law that is concerned to permit those who have been wronged to redress the wrongs done to them. As to the problem of compliance luck, we explain why it is sensible for courts and legislatures to fashion tort norms of conduct with external measures of compliance, and why such norms can properly count as norms that define "wrongs." We conclude by suggesting that careful attention to the particular senses in which torts are wrongs not only entails the rejection of familiar critiques of tort, but also sheds light on values that tort law can serve within in our legal system, as well as the content and operation of legal and extra-legal notions of wrongdoing and responsibility.


At 12:07 UT (8:07 pm China Standard Time) on 2017 Oct 4, a bright bolide was widely observed in the Shangri-La region in the Province of Yunnan, China (Figure 1). The event was well observed by the general public as it took place on the night of the Mid Autumn Festival which associates with moon gazing. Sonic booms and ground shaking were reported in an area about a thousand square kilometers wide to the northwest of the Shangri-La City. Data from the U.S. government sensor suggested that the impact energy of the event is approximately 0.54 kt TNT equivalent, with the terminus of the bolide positioned at $28.1^\circ$ N, $99.4^\circ$ E. This is the largest observed bolide event overland since the bolide event took place in Mauritania on 2016 Jun 27 (1.2 kt). In this Research Note we present a preliminary analysis of this event.


Foreword Preface Acknowledgements About the Author 1. Proverbs That Teach Self-Responsibility Proverb #1: If Everyone Loves You, You Will Not Know Who Poisoned You Proverb #2: If You Tell a Tree that You Will Kill It... Proverb #3: The Rat That Joins the Lizard to Get Wet in the Rain... Proverb #4: What You're Looking for Is What You Will Get Proverb #5: What a Person Does Is in His Heart Proverb #6: If You've Not Reached Where You're Going, You Should Keep Going Proverb #7: Eneke the Bird Noted That Since Men Have Learned to... Proverb #8: Your Intelligence Is Your Handbag, and You Carry It... Proverb #9: When a Young Man Washes His Hands Properly... Proverb #10: The Lizard That Fell From the Iroko Tree Said That If... Proverb #11:The Person Who Blows the Flute Must Sometimes Wipe His Mouth Proverb #12:The Dog Does Not Chew the Bone That Is Hanging Around Its Neck Proverb #13: If You Do Not Allow People to Know What Your Size... Proverb #14: If You Pull a Tree and It Pulls You Back, You Should Leave it Alone Proverb #15: If One Is Not Careful, What Destroyed His Father Might Destroy Him Proverb #16: As You Make Your Bed so Will You Lie on It Proverb #17: If You Try to Wrestle Down Your Father, His Wrapper Will Cover Your Eyes Proverb #18: When You Chew the Dried Meat, it Fills Up Your Mouth Proverb #19: You Can Cry All You Want, But You Cannot Cry Out Blood Proverb #20: Where You Live Is Where You Protect Proverb #21: Money Is the Beauty of a Man Proverb #22: It Is Not the Load That Breaks Us Down It Is the Way We Carry It Proverb #23: A Good Name Shines in the Dark Proverb #24: A Person Who Does Not Concede Defeat Is Not a Good Sport Proverb #25: A Person Who Praises the Rain Has Been Rained On 2. Proverbs That Teach Collaboration and Consultation Proverb #1: Life Is in the Ears Proverb #2: To Come and Eat Is Not to Come and Work! Proverb #3: A Tree Cannot Make a Forest Proverb #4: When Mother Cow Is Chewing Grass, the Younger Ones Look at Her Mouth Proverb #5: It Takes a Whole Village to Raise a Child Proverb #6: When You Wrestle Someone to the Ground, You Also... Proverb #7: A Fool Does Not Know That His Brother or Sister Is a Visitor Proverb #8: The Fly Without an Advisor Follows the Dead Body Into the Grave Proverb #9: A Gathering of Kinsmen and Kinswomen Is an... Proverb #10: When Two Elephants Fight, Grasses Suffer Proverb #11: Laughter Is Just a Matter of Moving Back the Cheek Proverb #12: A Good Friend Is Better Than a Bad Family Member Proverb #13: The Tiger's Cub Does Not Chew Grass Proverb #14: If You Give Your Mother a Counterfeit Money, You... Proverb #15: The Person Who Sits Next to Someone Can Easily Smell His Mouth Proverb #16: The Knife and the Axe Do Not Compete Proverb #17: You Cannot Climb a Tree Without Support Proverb #18: Let the Kite and the Eagle Perch and Whichever One... Proverb #19: The Crazy Person and His Mind Understand Proverb #20: In My Poverty, Let Not Poverty Befall the Person Who... Proverb #21: The Child's Home, Even If It Is Trashy, Is Always a Palace Away From Home Proverb #22: The Rooster Does Not Forget Who Plucked Its Feathers... Proverb #23: When the Moon Is Shining, a Person With a Physical... Proverb #24: When a Child Is Tired of Working, He Resorts to Fighting Proverb #25: When You Dig a Ditch for Others, You Might Fall in It 3: Proverbs That Teach Spirituality Proverb #1: If You're Eating With the Devil, You Must Use a Long Spoon Proverb #2: If You Fall Down and Do Not Stand Up, Evil Will Take Over Proverb #3: God Does Not Give You a Load That You Cannot Carry Proverb #4: Evildoers Are Usually Pursued By Their Own Shadows Proverb #5: Do Not Put Yourself Where Your Faith Will Fail You Proverb #6: I Am Holding My Staff and You Are Holding Your... Proverb #7: The Toughest Head Carries the Masquerade Proverb #8: Let's Continue to Sacrifice and Let the Blame Go to the Gods Proverb #9: God Gives and God Takes Proverb #10: If You Are Better Than Someone, You Might Be Better... Proverb #11: No Person Is God Proverb #12: God Knows the Heart of Everyone Proverb #13: The Same Mother Delivers the Children, but the Same... Proverb #14: When You Believe, Your God Will Believe Proverb #15: God's Time Is The Best Proverb #16: You Can Never Become Someone Else's God Proverb #17: The Opportunity That God Sends Does Not Wake Up... Proverb #18: Everyone Has His/Her Own God Proverb #19: There Is No Partnership Between Good and Evil Proverb #20: A Person Who Ridicules Good Will Become Overtaken by Evil Proverb #21: The Fear of God Is Not Based on What We Wear Proverb #22: A Person Who Trusts in God Lacks Nothing Proverb #23: A Witch Doctor Does Not Cure Himself Proverb #24: Where There Are Many People, There God Is Proverb #25: The Veil Spirit of a Person Is a Person 4. Proverbs That Teach Other Life Lessons Proverb #1: Nights Have Ears Proverb #2: As Much as You Love Your Husband, You Will Not Want to be Buried Alive With Him Proverb #3: When a Poor Person Is Told What It Takes to Be Rich... Proverb #4: The Frog Does Not Come Out in the Daytime for Nothing Proverb #5: A Traveler Is More Knowledgeable Than an Aged Person Proverb #6: The Dying Dog Does Not Smell the Bad Odor Proverb #7: We Never Go Back to Yesterday Proverb #8: Patience Is King Proverb #9: You Do Not Tell the Deaf Person That... Proverb #10: The Hot Soup Is Usually Licked Slowly Proverb #11: When the Wind Blows, You See the Chicken's Buttocks Proverb #12: Truth Is Life Proverb #13: Soiled Hands Lead to the Oily Mouth Proverb #14: The Patient Person Eats the Best Part of the Fish Proverb #15: All Lizards Are Lying on Their Stomachs, and... Proverb #16: When the Child's Sore Is Healed, He Tends to Forget the Pain Proverb #17: A Child Must Crawl Before Walking Proverb #18: The Look of a Child Determines If You Will Take Food From Him Proverb #19: It Does Not Matter How Bad the Yam Is It Is Still... Proverb #20: When Dried Bones Are Mentioned, Old People Feel Uneasy Proverb #21: A Person Who Is Already on the Floor Does Not... Proverb #22: Tomorrow Is Pregnant No One Knows What It Might Deliver Proverb #23: There Is No Use for a Dry Porridge Proverb #24: As the Cow Gets Older, Its Nostrils Get Bigger Proverb #25: Anything With a Beginning Must Have an End Afterword


Bronchiolitis is a disorder most commonly caused in infants by viral lower respiratory tract infection. It is the most common lower respiratory infection in this age group. It is characterized by acute inflammation, edema, and necrosis of epithelial cells lining small airways, increased mucus production, and bronchospasm. The American Academy of Pediatrics convened a committee composed of primary care physicians and specialists in the fields of pulmonology, infectious disease, emergency medicine, epidemiology, and medical informatics. The committee partnered with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the RTI International-University of North Carolina Evidence-Based Practice Center to develop a comprehensive review of the evidence-based literature related to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. The resulting evidence report and other sources of data were used to formulate clinical practice guideline recommendations. This guideline addresses the diagnosis of bronchiolitis as well as various therapeutic interventions including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antiviral and antibacterial agents, hydration, chest physiotherapy, and oxygen. Recommendations are made for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection with palivizumab and the control of nosocomial spread of infection. Decisions were made on the basis of a systematic grading of the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation. The clinical practice guideline underwent comprehensive peer review before it was approved by the American Academy of Pediatrics. This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the management of children with bronchiolitis. Rather, it is intended to assist clinicians in decision-making. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or establish a protocol for the care of all children with this condition. These recommendations may not provide the only appropriate approach to the management of children with bronchiolitis.


Laboratory Experiments on Colliding Nonresonant Internal Wave Beams Sean Smith Department of Mechanical Engineering, BYU Master of Science Internal waves are prominent fluid phenomena in both the atmosphere and ocean. Because internal waves have the ability to transfer a large amount of energy, they contribute to the global distribution of energy. This causes internal waves to influence global climate patterns and critical ocean mixing. Therefore, studying internal waves provides additional insight in how to model geophysical phenomena that directly impact our lives. There is a myriad of fluid phenomena with which internal waves can interact, including other internal waves. Equipment and processes are developed to perform laboratory experiments analyzing the interaction of two colliding nonresonant internal waves. Nonresonant interactions have not been a major focus in previous research. The goal of this study is to visualize the flow field, compare qualitative results to Tabaei et al., and determine the energy partition to the secondharmonic for eight unique interaction configurations. When two non-resonant internal waves collide, harmonics are formed at the sum and difference of multiples of the colliding waves' frequencies. In order to create the wave-wave interaction, two identical wave generators were designed and manufactured. The interaction flow field is visualized using synthetic schlieren and the energy entering and leaving the interaction region is analyzed. It is found that the energy partitioned to the harmonics is much more dependent on the general direction the colliding waves approach each other than on the angle. Depending on the configurations, between 0.5 and 7 percent of the energy within the colliding waves is partitioned to the second-harmonics. Interactions in which the colliding waves have opposite signed vertical wavenumber partition much more energy to the harmonics. Most of the energy entering the interaction is dissipated by viscous forces or leaves the interaction within the colliding waves. For all eight configurations studied, 5 to 8 percent of the energy entering the interaction has an unknown fate.


Two parietofrontal networks share the control of goal-directed movements: a dorsomedial circuit that includes the superior parieto-occipital sulcus (sPOS) and a dorsolateral circuit comprising the anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS). These circuits are thought to independently control either reach and grip components (a functional dissociation), or planning and execution phases of grasping movements (a temporal dissociation). However, recent evidence of functional and temporal overlap between these circuits has undermined those models. Here, we test an alternative model that subsumes previous accounts: the dorsolateral and dorsomedial circuits operate at different hierarchical levels, resulting in functional and temporal dependencies between their computations. We asked human participants to grasp a visually presented object, manipulating movement complexity by varying object slant. We used concurrent single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to probe and record neurophysiological activity in the two circuits. Changes in alpha-band oscillations (8–12 Hz) characterized the effects of task manipulations and TMS interferences over aIPS and sPOS. Increasing the complexity of the grasping movement was accompanied by alpha-suppression over dorsomedial parietofrontal regions, including sPOS, during both planning and execution stages. TMS interference over either aIPS or sPOS disrupted this index of dorsomedial computations; early when aIPS was perturbed, later when sPOS was perturbed, indicating that the dorsomedial circuit is temporally dependent on aIPS. TMS over sPOS enhanced alpha-suppression in inferior parietal cortex, indicating that the dorsolateral circuit can compensate for a transient sPOS perturbation. These findings suggest that both circuits specify the same grasping parameters, with dorsomedial computations depending on dorsolateral contributions.


To our detriment, attorneys have become accustomed to state-by-state disparities in the cut score for our national, multiple choice licensing test, the Multistate Bar Exam (MBE). MBE cut scores range from 129 in Wisconsin to 145 in Delaware. The states with the most licensed attorneys, New York and California, use MBE cut scores of 133 and 144, respectively, which land on different sides of the national MBE score bell curve bulge. No one pretends that these disparities are justified because practicing law as a new lawyer is more difficult in California than in New York. The MBE cut score is typically more an aspect of a state bar's culture and history than a purposeful decision.
These MBE cut score disparities constitute bad logic because every state is attempting to use the same test to predict exactly the same thing: minimum competence to practice law. They are bad science because setting a cut score is a "critical step" in assuring the validity of the use of the exam. MBE cut score disparities are also bad public policy, which explains why professions other than law have moved to uniform multiple choice test cut scores in their licensing tests.


The NATO led intervention in Libya has very often been described as consisting of navy and air forces and that they contributed to the winning of the campaign. Not fully recognised is the fact that many nations also sent contingents of special forces in support of operations. These special operations forces trained and advised many rebel groups that contributed to the outcome of the conflict.


Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the commonest bacterial infectious disease in worldwide (especially in developing countries) with a high rate of morbidity and financial cost. The management of UTI infections has been jeopardized by increase in immergence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Knowledge of the local bacterial etiology and susceptibility patterns is required to trace any change that might have occurred in time so that updated recommendation for optimal empirical therapy of UTI can be made. The aim of this investigation was distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of gram negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) and detection NDM-1 (new-delhi-metallo-betalactamase-1) producing isolates in Ahwaz. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done during a period of one year from April 2013 to March 2014. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected from suspected patients to UTI. The isolates were identified based on morphological and biochemical testes. Culture was performed on routine microbiological media. Susceptibility testing was performed according CLSI (2013) guidelines. Detection of carbapenemase producing isolates was performed by modified hodge test (MHT). Metallobeta-lactamase isolates were detected by imipenem-EDTA combined disc test (CDT). Results: In this study 708 gram negative organisms were isolated from urine samples. E.coli was the most common isolated bacteria (67%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (26.5%) and Enterobacter spp. (2.5%). In antibiotic susceptibility testing more than 90% of isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, ceftazidime, meropenem, amikacin, cefotaxime, imipenem, and cefepime. Isolates were more resistant to cephalothin (32%), co-trimoxazol (30.5%), and nalidixic acid (25%). Conclusion: In our results isolated organisms from outpatients showed very high sensitivity to common antibiotics. Continuous and regular monitoring of susceptibility pattern of community isolated strains is necessary. Antimicrobial susceptibility is important to guide effective antibiotic therapy.


BACKGROUND
Drug dosages utilized during controlled clinical trials are not always optimal for patients encountered in day-to-day practice. The original trials of risperidone, a novel antipsychotic, suggested that an initial target dose of 6 mg/day was appropriate, but these trials were necessarily conducted among patients who were chronically impaired, hospitalized, and often partly drug resistant.

DATA SOURCES
Relevant data relating to the dosage of risperidone identified through an online (MEDLINE) search using the keywords risperidone, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder dementia, bipolar disorder, and dose were supplemented by a review of international and U.S. Congress abstracts in which the dose of risperidone was specifically described.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of naturalistic studies, clinical audit, phase 4 trials, positron emission tomography data, and 5 years of clinical experience, the currently recommended target dose of risperidone is 4 mg/day for most patients, with less-rapid titration than previously recommended. Moreover, a lower dose than this and slower titration may be appropriate for elderly patients, young patients, and first-episode patients.


: We present a next-to-leading order calculation of Higgs boson production plus one and two jets via gluon fusion interfaced to shower Monte Carlo programs, implemented according to the POWHEG method. For this implementation we have used a new interface of the POWHEG BOX with MadGraph4, that generates the codes for generic Born and real processes automatically. The virtual corrections have been taken from the MCFM code. We carry out a simple phenomenological study of our generators, comparing them among each other and with fixed next-to-leading order results. Higgs boson production one and two jets using the POWHEG BOX, MadGraph4 Abstract: We present a next-to-leading order calculation of Higgs boson production plus one and two jets via gluon fusion interfaced to shower Monte Carlo programs, implemented according to the POWHEG method. For this implementation we have used a new interface of the POWHEG BOX with MadGraph4 , that generates the codes for generic Born and real processes automatically. The virtual corrections have been taken from the MCFM code. We carry out a simple phenomenological study of our generators, comparing them among each other and with fixed next-to-leading order results.


Objective: The aim of this study was to determine frequency of gastroesophegeal reflux disease (GERD) and influence of GERD treatment on respiratory findings in atopic and nonatopic children with asthma. Materials and Methods: Thirty two nonatopic, 24 atopic children with asthma were enrolled in this retrospective study. GERD related respiratory symptoms and asthma severity parameters six months prior to and after pH monitoring were recorded. 24 hour pH monitoring results were also recorded. Results: Frequency of proximal GERD was 71.9% in atopic and 70.8% in nonatopic group (p= 0.93). Distal GERD frequencies were similar (66.7% and 68.8% in atopic and nonatopic groups respectively, p= 0.87). All parameters improved in nonatopic children after GERD treatment (p≤ 0.01). However, only respiratory symptoms and hospitalization improved in atopic children (p= 0.002 and p= 0.007 respectively). Conclusion: Similar frequencies of GERD in atopic and nonatopic children may suggest role of asthma in development of GERD. However, improvement in all clinical parameters in nonatopic but not in atopic children might indicate that gastroesophageal reflux is the causal event in the association of asthma and GER in nonatopic children whereas it is the result in atopic ones. These findings need to be supported by further prospective cohort studies.


SCOTTISH LITERARY REVIEW is the leading international journal for Scottish literary studies, committed to approaching Scottish literature in an expansive way through exploration of its various social, cultural, historical and philosophical contexts, and of literary forms, both traditional and new. We are interested in comparative work with literatures from beyond Scotland, the interaction of literature with expressive media such as theatre and ¢lm, and in encouraging debate on issues of contemporary signi¢cance related to Scottish literary studies, so that SLR is both responsive to, and creative of, new readings and approaches. The journal is listed in the MLA International Bibliography and issues from 2013 onwards are accessible online as part of Project MUSE's Premium Collection.


Households "sort" across neighborhoods according to their wealth and their preferences for public goods, social characteristics, and commuting opportunities. The aggregation of these individual choices in markets and in other institutions influences the supply of amenities and local public goods. Pollution, congestion, and the quality of public education are examples. Over the past decade, advances in economic models of this sorting process have led to new framework that promises to alter the ways we conceptualize the policy evaluation process in the future. These "equilibrium sorting" models use the properties of market equilibria, together with information on household behavior, to infer structural parameters that characterize preference heterogeneity. The results can be used to develop theoretically consistent predictions for the welfare implications of future policy changes. Analysis is not confined to marginal effects or a partial equilibrium setting. Nor is it limited to prices and quantities. Sorting models can integrate descriptions of how non-market goods are generated, estimate how they affect decision making and, in turn, predict how they will be affected by future policies targeting prices or quantities. Conversely, sorting models can predict how equilibrium prices and quantities will be affected by policies which target product quality, information, or amenities generated by the sorting process. These capabilities are just beginning to be understood and used in applied research. This survey article aims to synthesize the state of knowledge on equilibrium sorting, the new possibilities for policy analysis, and the conceptual and empirical challenges that define the frontiers of the literature.


Graduate and undergraduate students involved in research projects that generate or analyze extensive datasets use several software applications for data input and processing subject to guidelines for ensuring data quality and availability. Data management guidelines are based on existing practices of the associated academic or funding institutions and may be automated to minimize human error and maintenance overhead. This paper presents a framework for automating data management processes, and it details the flow of data from generation/acquisition through processing to the output of final reports. It is designed to adapt to changing requirements and limit overhead costs. The paper also presents a representative case study applying the framework to the finite element characterization of the magnetically coupled linear variable reluctance motor. It utilizes modern widely available scripting tools particularly Windows PowerShell® to automate workflows. This task requires generating motor characteristics for several thousands of operating conditions using finite element analysis.


While silver is widely regarded as a potent antibacterial material, controlling the rate of release of the bactericidal agents (silver ions) remains a challenge. When silver nanoparticles are used as precursors, the release process involves oxidation and dissolution in the surrounding environment. Here we show that it is possible to tune the rate of silver release from polymer matrices containing silver precursors by a simple UV irradiation step. To demonstrate this, silver-containing polymer (PMMA) fibers have been produced by electrospinning, then subjected to different levels of exposure to UV radiation and fully characterized in terms of silver state, presence of nanoparticles, Ag+ release rates and bactericidal power. The as-spun fibers contained mainly silver as Ag+, while samples exposed to UV radiation displayed progressively higher proportions of Ag0 (XPS analysis). Nanoparticles consisting of metallic silver were present in UV-exposed samples, and their size increased with irradiation time. The Ag+ release rates (and the bactericidal action of the nanofibers) were found to directly depend on the degree of UV exposure: a fast Ag+ release was observed for non-irradiated samples, which during the release experiment delivered roughly three times as much silver than samples subjected to 24 h UV exposure.


Suggesting that the enhancement of e-commerce is one of the important policy issues in the European Union, this book argues that the laws of the EU Member States should be further harmonised. The European Union has adopted a number of Directives relating to different aspects of e-commerce which should be implemented in the laws of the Member States. This book provides article-by-article comments on four Directives central to the regulation of electronic commerce in the European Union (EU), viz. 97/7/EC on distance selling; 1999/93/EC on electronic signatures; 2000/31/EC on electronic commerce; and, 2001/29/EC on copyright in the information society. In addition, a separate chapter deals with e-commerce and privacy protection, while the opening chapter discusses all other EU initiatives relevant for the regulation of e-commerce. This volume is meant as a comprehensive legal source of e-commerce legislation for both academics (LLM-students and academic staff) and practitioners (attorneys, company lawyers, consultants).


Thermoacoustic instabilities are a problem in modern pre-mixed combustors causing reduced performance and leading in the extreme to combustor failure from excessive pressure cycles. Much work has been done using linear controllers to eliminate these instabilities. Many experimenters in the field have used pulsed and subharmonic fuel controllers to eliminate these instabilities, but very little investigative work has been done on these controllers. The goal of this work is to explain the mechanism of control behind pulsed controllers. It is shown that the combustion system can be treated as a linear system, thus meaning that frequency components of the control signal at the desired instability frequency are the dominant means of control, with nonlinear effects only serving to slightly reduce the gain necessary for control. Fourier analysis is thus performed on pulsed signals and the components analyzed, showing that there will indeed be a component of a pulsed signal at the frequency of the instability, aside from a few select cases. It is then proven that this frequency component is largely responsible for control of the thermoacoustic system using proportional height pulse train signals, which will change pulse height based on the amplitude of the instability. This analysis is then used to predict the height of instabilities resulting from the use of fixed height pulse control signals. Finally, numerical simulations and experimental observations support the analytical constructs. Acoustic control is mainly used for these experiments, although some preliminary work with liquid fuel controllers is also presented.


A laterally extensive, Neoproterozoic extensional detachment (the Betsileo shear zone) is recognized in central Madagascar separating the Itremo sheet (consisting of Palaeoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic sediments and underlying basement rocks) from the Antananarivo block (Archaean/Palaeoproterozoic crust re-metamorphosed in the Neoproterozoic). Non-coaxial deformation gradually increases to a maximum at a lithological contrast between the granitoids and gneisses of the footwall and the metasedimentary rocks of the hangingwall. Ultramylonites at this highest-strained zone show mineral-elongation lineations that plunge to the southwest. σ-, δ- and C/S-type fabrics imply top-to-the-southwest extensional shear sense. Contrasting metamorphic grades are found either side of the shear zone. In the north, where this contrast is greatest, amphibolite-grade footwall rocks are juxtaposed with lower-greenschist-grade hangingwall rocks. The metamorphic grade in the hangingwall increases to the south, suggesting that a crustal section is preserved. The Betsileo shear zone facilitated crustal-scale extensional collapse of the East African Orogeny, and thus represents a previously poorly recognized structural phase in the story of Gondwanan amalgamation. Granitic magmatism and granulite/amphibolite-grade metamorphism in the footwall are all associated with formation of the Betsileo shear zone, making recognition of this detachment important in any attempt to understand the tectonic evolution of central Gondwana.


Frederick C. Douglass an African American lawyer in late 19th century Eastern North Carolina kept meticulous records of his Union Soldier pension applicants' claims. These records included the personal testimonies of widows family members and surviving veterans. While at the time these testimonies were viewed as just one requirement in the process of attaining a pension Douglass was actually creating a collection of histories that a century and a half later would provide a window into the lives of the Unites States Colored Troops and the slave community in pre and post-war Eastern North Carolina.


The United States Government has published the NSA Commercial National
Security Algorithm (CNSA) Suite, which defines cryptographic algorithm
policy for national security applications. This document specifies the
conventions for using the United States National Security Agency's
CNSA Suite algorithms in Internet Protocol Security. It applies to the
capabilities, configuration, and operation of all components of US
National Security Systems that employ IPSec. US National Security
Systems are described in NIST Special Publication 800-59. It is also
appropriate for all other US Government systems that process high-
value information. It is made publicly available for use by developers
and operators of these and any other system deployments.


Western larch forests are iconic in the interior northwest, and here we document the preemptive steps that scientists and managers are taking to steward these forests into the future. Changing climate is forecast to have acute and chronic impacts on growth and disturbance in western larch forests. A group of scientists and managers in the northern Rocky Mountains have teamed up with the Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change Network in an experiment to proactively manage forests for climate adaptation. The collaborative group developed a gradient of adaptation treatments (i.e., resistance, resilience, and transition) focused on climate change at Coram Experimental Forest and the Flathead National Forest. Treatments are scheduled, and monitoring will follow to fuel future research and to help guide regional managers who seek to learn from our treatments. We conclude with predictions of future dynamics in these stands and emphasize the value of landscape heterogeneity and the necessity of long-term monitoring for silvicultural experiments.


This paper presents an evaluation of a deployed WiMAX system operating in the 4.9GHz Public Safety Band in the City of Tulsa. The study includes propagation analysis for the coverage and network performance tests to demonstrate the viability of a WiMAX system as a medium for public safety. We considered existing propagation models in the UHF band (300 MHz to 3 GHz) to be applied to 4.9 GHz and compared the characteristics predicted by the models with the measured data. The results show that of the three models presented, the Cost-231 Hata Model best predicts the characteristics of the deployed WiMAX system. Network performance tests were also conducted to measure the throughput of the system at various adaptive modulation rates.


The genetic control of neuronal differentiation has been studied by examining mutations that affect the development and function of the six touch receptor neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By screening for touch-insensitive mutants, it has been possible to identify 18 genes (represented by 417 mutations) that are required at various stages in the developmental program for touch cell differentiation. Two of the genes are needed for the generation of precursors in the touch cell lineages; without the precursors, touch cells are not made. A third gene, mec-3, specifies the differentiation of the touch cells, probably by acting as a transcription factor. The remaining 15 genes are likely targets of mec-3 action; mutants defective in these genes have nonfunctioning, yet differentiated, touch cells. Some of these latter genes are needed for the formation of cell-specific components of the touch cells, such as a set of microtubules that are only found in these cells. The study of the touch genes should help us understand how touch cell fate is determined, how microtubule form is specified, and, perhaps, how mechanical stimuli are transduced.


Economists traditionally argue that forward commodity markets allow more efficient risk-sharing and information aggregation. However, there is little empirical evidence that commodity markets provide economic benefits to producers and consumers of the commodity. This paper demonstrates that the introduction of financial trading to California's electricity market on February 1st, 2011 improved price discovery and lowered production costs. Specifically, we document that the average, standard deviation and maximum of the differences between day-ahead and real-time electricity prices across California fell after 2/1/2011. Moreover, variable input costs (input energy) per MWh fell by 3% (4%) in high demand hours after 2/1/2011. JEL Codes: G1, L94, Q48


In the recent years, overlay networks have been increasingly used to deploy network services. In order to build an efficient overlay network, the knowledge of underlay is important. In this thesis, we study the following issues: (1) How to efficiently infer the underlay topology among hosts by means of end-to-end measurement tools such as traceroute? We propose a centralized Max-Delta heuristic to infer a highly accurate topology among hosts with a few traceroutes. We investigate how to deal with the noise of anonymous routers in measurements. (2) As the above inference schemes are centralized, we further develop a distributed inference scheme based on them, and study how to reduce measurement cost. (3) Given an underlay topology, we theoretically study how to build a high-bandwidth overlay tree among hosts. We formulate the problem as building a Maximum Bandwidth Multicast Tree (MBMT) or a Minimum Stress Multicast Tree (MSMT), depending on whether link bandwidth is available or not. We prove that both of them are NP-hard and are not approximable within a factor of (2/3 + e), for any e > 0, unless P = NP. We then present centralized approximation algorithms as benchmark schemes, and analyze the algorithm performance.
We have evaluated the proposed schemes on Internet-like and real Internet topologies. Our results show that almost full measurement is needed to fully discover the underlay topology. However, substantial reduction in measurements can be achieved by Max-Delta if a little accuracy, say 5%, can be compromised. The results also show that the distributed scheme can build a low-diameter tree to facilitate quick data exchange between hosts, and that our merging algorithms in the presence of anonymous routers can efficiently infer an underlay topology with good accuracy. Furthermore, as compared to traditional tree-based protocols such as Narada, Overcast and TAG, our approximation algorithms achieve high tree bandwidth and low link stress with low penalty in end-to-end delay. Our study shows that indeed the knowledge of the underlay is important for constructing efficient overlay trees.


Accurate quantification of land use/cover change (LULCC) is important for efficient environmental management, especially in regions that are extremely affected by climate variability and continuous population growth such as West Africa. In this context, accurate LULC classification and statistically sound change area estimates are essential for a better understanding of LULCC processes. This study aimed at comparing mono-temporal and multi-temporal LULC classifications as well as their combination with ancillary data and to determine LULCC across the heterogeneous landscape of southwest Burkina Faso using accurate classification results. Landsat data (1999, 2006 and 2011) and ancillary data served as input features for the random forest classifier algorithm. Five LULC classes were identified: woodland, mixed vegetation, bare surface, water and agricultural area. A reference database was established using different sources including high-resolution images, aerial photo and field data. LULCC and LULC classification accuracies, area and area uncertainty were computed based on the method of adjusted error matrices. The results revealed that multi-temporal classification significantly outperformed those solely based on mono-temporal data in the study area. However, combining mono-temporal imagery and ancillary data for LULC classification had the same accuracy level as multi-temporal classification which is an indication that this combination is an efficient alternative to multi-temporal classification in the study region, where cloud free images are rare. The LULCC map obtained had an overall accuracy of 92%. Natural vegetation loss was estimated to be 17.9% ± 2.5% between 1999 and 2011. The study area experienced an increase in agricultural area and bare surface at the expense of woodland and mixed vegetation, which attests to the ongoing deforestation. These results can serve as means of regional and global land cover products validation, as they provide a new validated data set with uncertainty estimates in heterogeneous ecosystems prone to classification errors.


The initial portion of this book is a chronological narrative of theatre construction in Philadelphia, from the first known theatre in 1724 to the present day. Following it is the main annotated listing of over eight hundred theatres, arranged alphabetically by theatre name. Other names used by the theatre are indicated and cross references are provided as necessary. Standard data for each theatre includes, as available, the address of the building, the seating capacity, and the architect. For most theatres, an architectural description of the exterior and interior is given along with information on dates of construction, renovations, and openings. In addition, the theatre's policy, importance, and distinctions are explained. This is followed by a brief description of, and a map which graphically depicts, the concentration of theatres in the center of Philadelphia, the original city laid out by William Penn. This section also includes a list of the one hundred forty-seven theatres constructed there, with addresses and grid locations. Another section entitled Architects and Buildings provides information about the dates the theatres opened, when alterations were made, and when available, the life dates of the architects. A glossary of architectural and theatrical terms completes the volume.


Compact poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based (PDMS) multiple internal reflection systems which comprise self-alignment systems, lenses, microfluidic channels and mirrors have been developed for highly sensitive absorbance measurements. With the proper definition of air mirrors at both sides of the sensing region, the optical path of the light from the LED has been meaningfully lengthened without a dramatic increase of the mean flow cell volume. By recursive positioning of such air mirrors, propagating multiple internal reflection (PMIR) systems have been designed, simulated and characterized. Experimental results confirm the ray-tracing predictions and allow the determining that there are some regions of the mean flow cell volume that do not contribute to the increase of the sensitivity. The tailoring of the sensing region, following the optical path, results in a similar limit of detection (110 nM) for fluorescein diluted in phosphate buffer. Finally, a ring configuration, labelled RMIR, has also been developed. With the addition of a third air mirror, the LOD can be decreased to 41 nM with the additional advantage of a substantial decrease of the length of the sensing region. These results confirm the validity of the proposed systems for high sensitivity measurements.


This work presents a systematic study on the use of pseudo-phase and wall-coated
ion-exchange (IE) phases for the separation of anions by ion-exchange capillary
electrochromatography (IE-CEC).
The viability of using open tubular (OT) columns prepared by adsorbing small
cationic particles onto the capillary wall for the selectivity manipulation of inorganic
anions by IE-CEC was examined. The introduction of an IE component into the
separation mechanism allowed the separation selectivity to be varied by changing
the type and concentration of the electrolyte anion. This enabled the migration order
of a mixture of ions to be changed from a chromatographic selectivity to an
electrophoretic selectivity, via novel intermediate selectivities. When separating UV
transparent ions, the IE competing ion also acted as the indirect detection probe,
which restricted the range over which the concentration could be varied. Selectivity
manipulation in this case was achieved by varying the type of probe rather than its
concentration. Using a theoretical model equation derived from IC and CE theory,
the manner in which mobilities changed with varying electrolyte composition was
modelled, with excellent correlation being obtained between predicted and
experimental analyte mobilities (r2> 0.98). Values for analyte constants determined
from non-linear regression allowed a quantitative comparison of the strengths of
interaction of different ions with the ion-exchange phase.
The addition of the cationic polymer, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), to
the electrolyte as an alternative to OT columns provided superior flexibility due to
the ability to vary the IE capacity. The model derived for the migration of anions in
the OT system was extended to include the ability to vary the IE capacity and was
validated with a test set of 16 UV absorbing inorganic and organic anions. Excellent
agreement (r2> 0.98) was obtained between experimental and predicted mobilities
for all ions. The model was used to find the optimum separation conditions, with
the separation of 16 ions being achieved on the basis of only 5 initial experiments.
The system was then extended to the analysis of UV transparent ions where the
separation of 24 anions was optimised using the derived model equation. The
potential of using pseudo-phase IE-CEC for the separation of real samples was
demonstrated with the separation of anions in Bayer liquor.
The advantage of having a heterogeneous phase in an OT column was exploited to
enable the on-capillary preconcentration of inorganic anions via IE interactions. A
new elution method, namely the use of a transient isotachophoretic gradient, was
introduced and shown to be a very efficient method for analyte elution from the
preconcentration column. A fundamental study of the generation and
implementation of the gradient was undertaken and the optimum conditions enabled
nearly a 1000-fold increase in sensitivity over conventional CE without the use of
electrokinetic injection. The potential of the method was demonstrated by the
determination of nitrate in Antarctic ice cores.


Alluvial deposits often comprise the aquifer beneath irrigated lands in the southwestern U.S. The presence of buried stream channels in, and layering of, shallow alluvial deposits are highly significant in determining the direction and rate of groundwater flow. Once the physical part of the groundwater flow system is understood, an understanding of geochemical processes can be used to predict the mobility of various trace elements in deep percolation water. Some of these elements are nearly as mobile as the groundwater itself, whereas some others are relative immobile. Trace elements of greatest concern are mobile anions, which are derived from natural geologic deposits. These elements have been mobilized by irrigation practices, and are important with respect to potential uses of groundwater or surface water.


This report is a terminal evaluation of a UN Environment-GEF project implemented between 2012 and 2017.The project's overall development goal ["to strengthen and evolve the institutional and human capacity needed to meet the critical challenges in the operationalisation of the NBF and the obligations under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety"]. The evaluation sought to assess project performance (in terms of relevance, effectiveness and efficiency), and determine outcomes and impacts (actual and potential) stemming from the project, including their sustainability. The evaluation has two primary purposes: (i) to provide evidence of results to meet accountability requirements, and (ii) to promote learning, feedback, and knowledge sharing through results and lessons learned among UN Environment, the GEF and their executing partner Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MEST), and the relevant agencies of the project participating countries.


We propose a novel system TEXplorer that integrates keyword-based object ranking with the aggregation and exploration power of OLAP in a text database with rich structured attributes available, e.g., a product review database. TEXplorer can be implemented within a multi-dimensional text database, where each row is associated with structural dimensions (attributes) and text data (e.g., a document). The system utilizes the text cube data model, where a cell aggregates a set of documents with matching values in a subset of dimensions. Cells in a text cube capture different levels of summarization of the documents, and can represent objects at different conceptual levels.
 Users query the system by submitting a set of keywords. Instead of returning a ranked list of all the cells, we propose a keyword-based interactive exploration framework that could offer flexible OLAP navigational guides and help users identify the levels and objects they are interested in. A novel significance measure of dimensions is proposed based on the distribution of IR relevance of cells. During each interaction stage, dimensions are ranked according to their significance scores to guide drilling down; and cells in the same cuboids are ranked according to their relevance to guide exploration. We propose efficient algorithms and materialization strategies for ranking top-k dimensions and cells. Finally, extensive experiments on real datasets demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach.


haron Kim is a sociologist of religion who investigated the dynamics of secondgeneration Korean American churches in Los Angeles. She gathered a broad base of data from 22 churches over 10 years (1996-2006), using participant-observation, literature review, surveys and interviews. Two churches started in the 1980s, 15 in the 1990s and 5 after 2000. Ten are nondenominational and the others range from Southern Baptist to Presbyterian. Seven numbered less than 100 members, 9 had 100-200 members, 5 had 200-500 members and 1 had 3000+. The research is an insightful analysis of an innovative new grouping of churches that are mushrooming in number. Moreover, it has broader helpfulness with implications for culturally diverse ministry in other contexts.


Explanations are given and received in all areas of social life: in the home, at school, at work and in the courtroom. They are exchanged between friends and argued over by enemies. The analysis of these ordinary everyday explanations is regarded as a notoriously difficult area of study by social scientists. This book offers, for the first time, a clear and comprehensive guide to the most fruitful and interesting techniques for collecting, analysing and interpreting everyday explanation. The authors have been chosen to represent the most important work being done in a variety of disciplines: social psychology, linguistics, pragmatics, artificial intelligence, ethogenics, narratology, conversation analysis and discourse analysis. Each chapter follows a uniform format. The author introduces the general theoretical outlines of the technique and describes his or her own theoretical position. The heart of the chapter is then devoted to an extended description of the analysis of a particular piece of data: a conversation, a collection of documentary accounts, or a corpus of explanatory phrases. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of this particular analytical method are assessed. Usefully organized into four parts, the book deals with the nature of explanation in general; methods for analysing the structure and content of accounts; the social context in which accounts are exchanged; and the use of rhetorical and ideological approaches to everyday explanation. Analysing Everyday Explanation is a unique casebook of methods which will prove invaluable to all social scientists.


This thesis considers the impact of the major shift to telephone-only services that took place in social welfare legal aid in April 2013. It asks whether changing the method of delivery of social welfare advice from face-to-face to telephone transforms the nature and quality of that advice in ways that are detrimental to the client. The lawyer-client relationship has been a major concern of work carried out previously by law and society scholars. Significantly, none of these commentators considered the impact of the telephone as a sole method of delivery. This research aims to contribute towards filling the gap in the current literature by carrying out an in-depth qualitative study which compares telephone and face-to-face advice in social welfare legal aid.
On the basis of empirical data, gathered through interviews and observations involving lawyers, advisers and clients, the thesis identifies three main sets of problems associated with telephone advice. First, local knowledge, community networks and working relationships with opponents put face-to-face lawyers/advisers in a better position to take action on clients' behalf. Second, the absence of inperson interaction can have a negative impact on the interpersonal elements of the relationship, which can affect clients' willingness to give full instructions. Third, the practical aspects of taking instructions and giving advice are adversely affected by telephone-only delivery, particularly as a result of the absence of non-verbal communication, and the difficulties associated with dealing with documents. The overall conclusion of this research is that some clients are able to overcome the potential barriers of telephone advice, but less capable clients and those with more complex problems are put at a significant disadvantage. In the contemporary situation of scarce resources, this research directly challenges the government rhetoric that changes to the delivery of legal aid target services at those most in need.


Alloxylon flammeum is a rare and threatened Australian rainforest species that features spectacular red flowers and contrasting dark green foliage giving it potential as a cut flower crop. It also has potential as a rootstock for difficult to grow tree waratah species. There is, however, little published information on the propagation of Alloxylon spp. Here we show that A. flammeum can be propagated by vegetative cuttings and in vitro. The most commercially viable option is to propagate by cuttings using 8000 mg indole-3-butyric acid/L under intermittent mist with a root zone temperature of 24 ± 2˚C. Pre-treatment of A. flammeum stock plants with gibberellin (A4 and A7) spray before initiation into culture increased the success of initiation. The use of tip material resulted in minimal explant contamination and 1% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min was adequate for surface disinfection of material. Well elongated shoots were multiplied using 6-benzyladenine and 6-dimethylallyaminopurine (isopentyladenine), whilst thidiazuron-cultured shoots were numerous but short and unusable.


This study assessed the efficacy of a model predicting the host country identification of members of immigrant groups. The model proposed that host country identification is primarily determined by the positivity of the immigrants' acculturation attitude towards living according to the standards and values of the host country, followed by the degree of acceptance by members of the dominant cultural group, the success immigrants experience in the new country, and the extent to which they choose to live within their ethnic environment rather than the wider society. The study included 602 adult immigrants from a number of countries (Vietnam, People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and New Zealand), which varied in their cultural similarity to the host country, Australia. Results from a multiple regression analysis of participants' questionnaire responses revealed good support for the model. As expected, acculturation attitude towards Australia was the strongest predictor of host country identification, followed by acceptance by Australians, while extent of ethnic involvement was a significant negative predictor. The results also revealed ethnic identification as a significant positive predictor of host country identification. The importance of the relationship between acculturation attitudes and identification is discussed, together with immigrants' identification processes towards their ethnic group and the host country. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The study of concepts has advanced dramatically in recent years, with exciting new findings and theoretical developments. Core concepts have been investigated in greater depth and new lines of inquiry have blossomed, with researchers from an ever broader range of disciplines making important contributions. In this volume, leading philosophers and cognitive scientists offer original essays that present the state-of-the-art in the study of concepts. These essays, all commissioned for this book, do not merely present the usual surveys and overviews; rather, they offer the latest work on concepts by a diverse group of theorists as well as discussions of the ideas that should guide research over the next decade. The book is an essential companion volume to the earlier Concepts: Core Readings, the definitive source for classic texts on the nature of concepts. The essays cover concepts as they relate to animal cognition, the brain, evolution, perception, and language, concepts across cultures, concept acquisition and conceptual change, concepts and normativity, concepts in context, and conceptual individuation. The contributors include such prominent scholars as Susan Carey, Nicola Clayton, Jerry Fodor, Douglas Medin, Joshua Tenenbaum, and Anna Wierzbicka. ContributorsAurore Avargues-Weber, Eef Ameel, Megan Bang, H. Clark Barrett, Pascal Boyer, Elisabeth Camp, Susan Carey, Daniel Casasanto, Nicola S. Clayton, Dorothy L. Cheney, Vyvyan Evans, Jerry A. Fodor, Silvia Gennari, Tobias Gerstenberg, Martin Giurfa, Noah D. Goodman, J. Kiley Hamlin, James A. Hampton, Mutsumi Imai, Charles W. Kalish, Frank Keil, Jonathan Kominsky, Stephen Laurence, Gary Lupyan, Edouard Machery, Bradford Z. Mahon, Asifa Majid, Barbara C. Malt, Eric Margolis, Douglas Medin, Nancy J. Nersessian, bethany ojalehto, Anna Papafragou, Joshua M. Plotnik, Noburo Saji, Robert M. Seyfarth, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Sandra Waxman, Daniel A. Weiskopf, Anna Wierzbicka


Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present an optimization model for planning the distribution of materials in earthmoving operations, considering possible interferences between cut-and-fill sections such as rivers, vegetation, topographical features, or expropriations. The earth allocation problem incorporating interferences was modeled as a linear programming problem, aiming to minimize the total earthmoving cost while considering the constraints related to volume balance, construction project duration, and time for the release of traffic. The proposed linear programming model was run by an integrated system, using Excel for data analysis and IBM CPLEX as the optimizer. The mathematical model was evaluated by a sensitivity analysis and validated by a real-world project of a dam access road in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The unit costs and productivity rates used in the fictional example and in the real-world application followed the referential cost system created by Ceará's Secretariat of Infrastructure (SEINFRA-CE). The proposed optimization model achieved reasonable processing times for all tested applications, presenting itself as a viable and efficient option for planning earthmoving operations. Furthermore, the linear programming approach provided a 2.12% cost reduction for the real-world case study, when comparing the optimized solution and original budget. This study explored the problem of earth allocation with interferences using a linear programming approach, while avoiding complex modeling issues found in recent literature. As a result, this paper proposes a user-friendly optimization system that can be easily utilized by construction companies and departments.


A map is a description of an environment allowing an agent—a human, or in our case a mobile robot—to plan and perform effective actions. From a single location, an agent's sensors can not observe the whole structure of a complex, large environment. For this reason, the agent must build a map from observations gathered over time and space. We distinguish between large-scale space, with spatial structure larger than the agent's sensory horizon, and small-scale space, with structure within the sensory horizon.
We propose a factored approach to mobile robot map-building that handles qualitatively different types of uncertainty by combining the strengths of topological and metrical approaches. Our framework is based on a computational model of the human cognitive map; thus it allows robust navigation and communication within several different spatial ontologies. Our approach factors the mapping problem into natural sub-goals: building a metrical representation for local small-scale spaces; finding a topological map that represents the qualitative structure of large-scale space; and (when necessary) constructing a metrical representation for large-scale space using the skeleton provided by the topological map.
The core contributions of this thesis are a formal description of the Hybrid Spatial Semantic Hierarchy (HSSH), a framework for both small-scale and large-scale representations of space, and an implementation of the HSSH that allows a robot to ground the large-scale concepts of place and path in a metrical model of the local surround. Given metrical models of the robot's local surround, we argue that places at decision points in the world can be grounded by the use of a primitive called a gateway. Gateways separate different regions in space and have a natural description at intersections and in doorways. We provide an algorithmic definition of gateways, a theory of how they contribute to the description of paths and places, and practical uses of gateways in spatial mapping and learning.


Medieval philosophers clearly recognized that emotions are not simply "raw feelings" but complex mental states that include cognitive components. They analyzed these components both on the sensory and on the intellectual level, paying particular attention to the different types of cognition that are involved. This paper focuses on William Ockham and Adam Wodeham, two fourteenth-century authors who presented a detailed account of "sensory passions" and "volitional passions". It intends to show that these two philosophers provided both a structural and a functional analysis of emotions, i.e., they explained the various elements constituting emotions and delineated the causal relations between these elements. Ockham as well as Wodeham emphasized that "sensory passions" are not only based upon cognitions but include a cognitive component and are therefore intentional. In addition, they pointed out that "volitional passions" are based upon a conceptualization and an evaluation of given objects. This cognitivist approach to emotions enabled them to explain the complex phenomenon of emotional conflict, a phenomenon that has its origin in the co-presence of various emotions that involve conflicting evaluations.


Semi-supervised learning, which uses unlabeled data to help learn a discriminative model, is especially important for structured output problems, as considerably more effort is needed to label its multi-dimensional outputs versus standard single output problems. We propose a new max-margin framework for semi-supervised structured output learning, that allows the use of powerful discrete optimization algorithms and high order regularizers defined directly on model predictions for the unlabeled examples. We show that our framework is closely related to Posterior Regularization, and the two frameworks optimize special cases of the same objective. The new framework is instantiated on two image segmentation tasks, using both a graph regularizer and a cardinality regularizer. Experiments also demonstrate that this framework can utilize unlabeled data from a different source than the labeled data to significantly improve performance while saving labeling effort.


Metaphors have been increasingly associated with cognitive functions, which means that metaphors structure how we think and express ourselves. Metaphors are embodied in our basic physical experience, which is one reason why certain abstract concepts are expressed in more concrete terms, such as visible entities, journeys, and other types of movement, spaces etc. This communicative relevance also applies to specialised, institutionalised settings and genres, such as those produced in or related to higher education institutions, among which is spoken academic discourse. A significant research gap has been identified regarding spoken academic discourse and metaphors therein, but also given the fact that with increasing numbers of students in higher education and international research and cooperation e.g. in the form of invited lectures, spoken academic discourse can be seen as nearly omnipresent. In this context, research talks are a key research genre. A mixed methods study has been conducted, which investigates metaphors in a corpus of eight fully transcribed German and English L1 speaker conference talks and invited lectures, totalling to 440 minutes. A wide range of categories and functions were identified in the corpus. Abstract research concepts, such as results or theories are expressed in terms of concrete visual entities that can be seen or shown, but also in terms of journeys or other forms of movement. The functions of these metaphors are simplification, rhetorical emphasis, theory-construction, or pedagogic illustration. For both the speaker and the audience or discussants, anthropomorphism causes abstract and complex ideas to become concretely imaginable and at the same time more interesting because the contents of the talk appear to be livelier and hence closer to their own experience, which ensures the audience's attention. These metaphor categories are present in both the English and the German sub corpus of this study with similar functions.


The structure and electrical properties of the oxide ion conductor Bi7WO13.5 have been examined as a function of temperature using neutron diffraction, differential thermal analysis and a.c. impedance spectroscopy. At room temperature, Bi7WO13.5 exhibits the type Ib tetragonally ordered fluorite structure, with tungsten distributed over two of the six cation sites. Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) analysis of total neutron scattering data reveals a more realistic picture of the tungsten coordination environment than obtained by the average crystallographic analysis, with tungsten in predominantly tetrahedral coordination and an average bismuth coordination number of around 5. At 893 °C on heating Bi7WO13.5 undergoes a phase transition to a cubic δ-Bi2O3 type phase. The total scattering analysis of this phase reveals significant detail of the local environments of the cations. In particular, a bimodal distribution is found for Bi–O correlations, which has been used to guide the crystallographic analysis. Even in the type Ib phase Bi7WO13.5 shows relatively high conductivity in the intermediate temperature range and measurements of the oxide ion transference number confirm this to be virtually pure ionic in nature. Analysis of the oxide ion vacancy distributions shows a preference for 〈100〉 vacancy pair alignment in both phases. Evidence for a second order phase transition at around 400 °C is discussed.


The collapse of the Ming dynasty and the Manchu conquest of China were traumatic experiences for Chinese intellectuals, not only because of the many decades of destructive warfare but also because of the adjustments necessary to life under a foreign regime. History became a defining subject in their writings, and it went on shaping literary production in succeeding generations as the Ming continued to be remembered, re-imagined, and refigured on new terms. The twelve chapters in this volume and the introductory essays on early Qing poetry, prose, and drama understand the writings of this era wholly or in part as attempts to recover from or transcend the trauma of the transition years. By the end of the seventeenth century, the sense of trauma had diminished, and a mood of accommodation had taken hold. Varying shades of lament or reconciliation, critical or nostalgic retrospection on the Ming, and rejection or acceptance of the new order distinguish the many voices in these writings.


Connecting Art Markets proposes that vertically-integrated art dealers operating on a large scale acted as cultural mediators, and offers an aggregate view that connects artistic and market developments at both sides of the Atlantic.