This paper analyzes the performance of hybrid control-access schemes for small cells (such as femtocells) in the context of two-tier overlaid cellular networks. The proposed hybrid access schemes allow for sharing the same downlink resources between the small-cell network and the original macrocell network, and their mode of operations are characterized considering post-processed signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) or preprocessed interference-aware operation. This paper presents a detailed treatment of achieved performance of a desired user that benefits from MIMO arrays configuration through the use of transmit antenna selection (TAS) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) in the presence of Poisson field interference processes on spatial links. Furthermore, based on the interference awareness at the desired user, two TAS approaches are treated, which are the signal-to-noise-based selection and SINR-based selection. The analysis is generalized to address the cases of highly-correlated and un-correlated aggregated interference on different transmit channels. In addition, the effect of delayed TAS due to imperfect feedback and the impact of arbitrary TAS processing are investigated. The analytical results are validated by simulations, to clarify some of the main outcomes herein.


Pertinence level of the information in the unattended channel is supposed to play an important role in the process of selective attention in normal subjects (Norman, 1968). The developmental disorder of autism has been found to affect different measures of attention, but the attributes of the information to be ignored have not been investigated. This study examines the effect of information pertinence in the distracting auditory channel on primary task performance in young autistic subjects as compared to normal controls. A dichotic listening procedure and a bimodal selective attention task were implemented. It was found that, although the autistic group performed as fast as control groups, it made more errors on the dichotic listening task even when matched on receptive language abilities. Post-hoc comparisons showed that the autism group had increased error rates with all verbal distractors. All groups were slowest and made the most errors when the irrelevant channel presentation was the participants' name or a negatively, emotionally charged word. The first one or two presentations of these stimuli seemed to attract the most attention. It was concluded that even though children with autism appear to orient to the same types of stimuli as control groups, they are at a disadvantage when processing verbal stimuli in general.


Background: Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) exhibit a difference in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, independently of basal septal thickness (BST). Some patients with HCM have a steeper left ventricle to aortic root angle than controls. Objective: To test the predictors of the LV-aortic root angle and the association between LV-aortic root angle and LVOT obstruction using three-dimensional imaging. Patients: 153 consecutive patients with HCM (mean (SD) age 46 (14) years, 68% men) and 62 patients with hypertensive heart disease of the elderly (all >65 years of age, 73 (6) years, 34% men) who underwent whole-heart three-dimensional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) angiography (1.5 T) and Doppler echocardiography. Forty-two controls (age 43 (11) years, 38% men) who underwent contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography and were free of cardiovascular pathology were also studied. Main outcomes: LV-aortic root angle, BST and maximal non-exercise LVOT gradient were measured in patients with HCM and in hypertensive-elderly patients. Additionally, LV-aortic root angle and BST were measured in controls. Results: The mean (SD) LV-aortic root angle was significantly different (p<0.001) in the three groups: HCM (134 (10)°), hypertensive-elderly (128 (10)°), control (140 (7)°). There was an inverse correlation between age and LV-aortic root angle in the three groups (all p<0.001): HCM (r = −0.56), hypertensive-elderly (r = −0.35), control (r = −0.48). On univariate analysis, in the HCM group, LV-aortic root angle (β = −0.34, p<0.001), age (β = 0.23, p = 0.01) and end-systolic volume index (β = −0.20, p = 0.02), but not BST (β = 0.02, p = 0.8), were associated with LVOT gradient. On multivariate analysis, only LV-aortic root angle was associated with LVOT gradient. Conclusions: Patients with HCM have a steeper LV-aortic root angle than controls. In patients with HCM, a steeper LV-aortic root angle predicts dynamic LVOT obstruction, independently of BST.


Recent debates about "Britishness" have drawn increasing attention to the inculcation of national values within the school history curriculum. To date, however, few studies have explored young people's attitudes towards history or how these are related to their sources of national pride and shame. This paper draws on a survey of over 400 undergraduates' experiences of secondary education, investigating their attitudes towards the history curriculum and how these relate to their feelings of national pride. Using principal components analysis we found that students' attitudes towards history loaded on to two distinct factors: traditional/conservative and multicultural/liberal. Bivariate correlations then revealed that pride in national sporting and economic achievements and a sense of shame about immigration were positively associated with a traditional attitude towards history. Pride in British civil liberties and social diversity and a sense of shame about racism and UK foreign policy were associated with a multicultural attitude. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.


OBJECTIVE
To present an overview of the association between depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence and subsequent overweight in later life.

DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for all indexed journals from January 1, 1997, to May 30, 2007.

STUDY SELECTION
Abstracts of 513 articles were reviewed manually. Studies were excluded if unrelated to depressive symptoms and overweight (n = 460), if they were conducted in an adult population (n = 10) or in a population of all age groups (n = 2), or if they were performed in clinic-based populations of overweight participants. In total, 32 articles were reviewed including 21 cross-sectional and 11 longitudinal reports. Main Exposure Depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Main Outcome Measure Overweight.

RESULTS
Four cross-sectional studies that satisfied our quality criteria revealed an association between depressive symptoms and overweight in girls aged 8 to 15 years, reporting different effect sizes including a correlation coefficient of 0.14 and a regression coefficient of 0.27. Four longitudinal studies in accord with our quality criteria suggest that depressive symptoms in childhood or adolescence are associated with a 1.90- to 3.50-fold increased risk of subsequent overweight (95% confidence intervals varying from 1.02 to 5.80, respectively).

CONCLUSION
These results support a positive association between depressive symptoms at age 6 to 19 years and overweight in later life, assessed after a period of 1 to 15 years.


Over the past couple of years, our knowledge about diffusion processes has increased greatly. So far, the focus has been on public policies, political institutions, and civil society repertories. Our paper breaks new ground by exploring value diffusion at the societal level. Using the World Values Survey data, we are interested in the diffusion of emancipative values in different regime types, building a bridge between research on the micro foundations and macro political expressions of democratization and political regimes. In particular, we wish to understand whether the psychological bedrock of a pro-democratic mass culture – emancipative values – is diffusing between countries and, if yes, to what extent this diffusion is limited to democracies or also makes inroads into autocratically governed societies.


Infrasound is a low frequency acoustic phenomenon typically in the frequency range 0.01 to 20 Hz. Data collected from infrasound microphones are presented online by the infrasound monitoring system operating in Northern Europe,Swedish-Finnish Infrasound Network (SFIN). Processing the continuous flow of data to extract optimal feature information is important. Using wavelet decomposition as a tool for removing noise from the real-time signals is an alternative. The purpose of this paper is to present the design and FPGA implementation of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for real-time infrasound data processing, in which only two FIR filters, a high-pass and a low-pass filter, are used. With the filter reuse method and techniques such as pipeline, basic operations, by the language VHDL on the platform QUARTUS II,FPGA simulation and implementation are fulfilled. This implementation takes advantage from the low sampling rate used by the infrasound monitoring system that is only 18 Hz.


Problem solving is a complex cognitive activity that involves the construction of sequences of actions to reach a given goal. One powerful strategy is to identify analogies between the problem at hand and previously encountered ones. Relevant similarities between problems can be detected more easily if there is a high resemblance on the surface or with respect to structure. Earlier theoretical observations and performance data have pointed to two distinct kinds of analogical reasoning, direct solution transfer (transformational analogy) and the creation of a new solution based on adapted past reasoning processes (derivational analogy). In order to gain insights about the cognitive processes involved, we extend this work by an analysis of different kinds of verbal data. Planning protocols were collected prior to problem solving, and retrospective reports, evaluations, and instructions were elicited after the task was completed. Results show that the different kinds of analogical reasoning involved different degrees of analogy awareness, as reflected by the verbalizations. Derivational analogy involved problem solving on a more detailed and structured step-by-step basis than the more superficial transformational strategy, in which a simple matching procedure was employed.


This book surveys the social history of New France. For more than a century, until the British conquest of 1759-60, France held sway over a major portion of the North American continent. In this vast territory several unique colonial societies emerged, societies which in many respects mirrored ancien regime France, but which also incorporated a major Aboriginal component. Whereas earlier works in this field presented pre-conquest Canada as completely white and Catholic, The People of New France looks closely at other members of society as well: black slaves, English captives and Christian Iroquois of the mission villages near Montreal. The artisans and soldiers, the merchants, nobles, and priests who congregated in the towns of Montreal and Quebec are the subject of one chapter. Another chapter examines the special situation of French regime women under a legal system that recognized wives as equal owners of all family property. The author extends his analysis to French settlements around the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi Valley, and to Acadia and Ile Royale. Greer's book, addressed to undergraduate students and general readers, provides a deeper understanding of how people lived their lives in these vanished Old-Regime societies.


The foreign tax credit is a cornerstone of the United States' international tax regime and enjoys broad bipartisan support. Yet despite its enduring popularity, careful analysis reveals that the foreign tax credit is surprisingly arbitrary. Taxes are creditable in their entirety or not at all, and only "pure" income taxes receive a credit. Even a slight deviation from the law's narrow definition of an income tax renders a foreign tax completely uncreditable.

The current approach is clearly problematic. It is a fundamental tenet of tax policy that the law should treat items based on their economic substance, but the credit's all-or-nothing approach does not. Nor do the policy rationales underlying the foreign tax credit support starkly different treatment for pure income taxes compared to all other taxes.

We identify principles to reform the foreign tax credit in accordance with economic substance and the policy goals underlying the credit. We then use those principles to evaluate various possible reforms. Depending on which goals policymakers choose to prioritize, plausible options range from eliminating the credit to greatly expanding its scope. But in any event, the way forward involves abandoning the credit's sharp, arbitrary distinction between pure income taxes and all other taxes.


Over the past decade, surveillance has become a regular feature of life in North America. In the wake of 9/11, governments in Canada and the United States passed laws such as the Patriot Act and the Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act, giving both states broad and unprecedented authority to monitor citizens. North Americans are at once critical of surveillance practices and accustomed to the fact that digital background checks, closed circuit television, and drug testing have become standard obstacles to moving between countries, purchasing goods, and even taking out library books. At the same time, the rise of elaborate social networking infrastructures has made informal instances of surveillance both routine and seemingly innocuous. Facebook users habitually censor themselves in case their friends photograph and post their embarrassing moments, and employers uncover information on prospective employees through simple internet searches. This heightened tension surrounding surveillance has emerged in several ways in contemporary popular culture; television shows such as The Wire, Big Brother, and CSI dramatize the surveillance society's potential ethical and philosophical concerns and tap into the often exhilarating appeal of voyeurism. Michael Winter's This All Happened (2000) engages these anxieties and addresses the question of how innovative forms of surveillance and technology create and manage the body and personal identity. The narrator of This All Happened, Gabe English, both embraces and rejects surveillance: he watches over St John's with binoculars and writes about the city's goings-on in his diary but also expresses discomfort with the state or his neighbours monitoring him. Gabe's contradictory approach to surveillance and apprehensions about the changing community of St John's sheds light on Winter's role in shifts taking place in contemporary Newfoundland literature. In his 2004 essay "Report from the Country of No Country," Lawrence Mathews notes that contemporary Newfoundland authors make use of the "strategic deployment of irony" (10) to move past the two dominant preoccupations found in twentieth century literature from the province: the attempt to come to terms with the island's forbidding landscape and the almost equally mythical struggle to understand Newfoundland's troubled political history. He argues that writers such as Lisa Moore, Michael Crummey, Edward Riche, and Winter are instead interested in working out Newfoundland's relationship with the globalized world and exploring the increasingly cosmopolitan and urbanized space of St John's. While critics commonly cite Winter's work and that of fellow members of the Burning Rock Collective as evidence that Newfoundland literature has moved beyond romanticized portrayals of the family and place, his protagonist in This All Happened finds in surveillance a strategy for preserving traditional forms of community and sealing off Newfoundland to outsiders. The text offers on the one hand a critique of the impersonal nature of contemporary forms of surveillance and an uneasy analysis of Newfoundland's "ironic" urban culture on the other. Contemporary Surveillance Studies: The Postpanopticon Scholars in literary and cultural studies have responded to the rise of complex digital forms of surveillance by examining the societal effects of North America's intrusive and ever-present security apparatus. Virtually every study on this subject cites Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. In it, Foucault observes that the state employs highly organized and efficient forms of policing and surveillance to secure what he calls "social discipline" (213). Foucault argues that by breaking space into easily manageable geometric units, ensuring that the gaze of authority is not only everywhere but also impossible to detect, separating people from one another and organizing power hierarchically, modern forms of surveillance impose social control by forcing individuals to police themselves. …


In this paper, we describe a facility to study laser damage in plastics and present single- and multiple-shot bulk damage results obtained in commercial polymethylmethacrylate with 1.06-μm wavelength, 8-nsec FWHM, 45-μm spot diameter pulses. The measured single-shot peak fluence damage threshold is 41 J/cm2. Multiple-shot damage was studied at fluence levels as low as 6% of the single-shot damage threshold. Scattered collinear He–Ne laser light was found to be a very reliable indicator of damage, especially at the lower fluence levels. Histograms of damage statistics and 100× microscopy of the material after illumination with fewer than the critical numbers of pulses required for damage illustrate the cumulative nature of the damage process.


The four major telecommunications local networks and network services—fixed wire line, wireless, cable television, and the Internet—are undergoing transformations propelled by network digitalization, service competition, and corporate consolidations. Using data from surveys conducted in 1998 and 2003, together with field interviews, site visits at major telecommunications firms, and discussions with industry experts, regulators, and analysts, the author examines how these forces reshaped technician employment systems across these formerly specialized telecommunications networks and services. The principal finding is that despite rising inter-network competition and common digital technologies, most of these networks' fundamental employment systems continued with little change. Consistent with predictions from an evolutionary perspective on institutional change, the three facilities-based networks—wireless, cable television distribution, and wire line—maintained distinctive employment systems "imprinted" by their respective institutional histories, while the Internet Service Providers exhibited fragmentation reflecting their meteoric rise and the industry's current business difficulties and uncertain future.


The objective of this paper is to be able to separate a video into its natural layers, and to control which of the separated layers to attend to. For example, to be able to separate reflections, transparency or object motion. We make the following three contributions: (i) we introduce a new structured neural network architecture that explicitly incorporates layers (as spatial masks) into its design. This improves separation performance over previous general purpose networks for this task; (ii) we demonstrate that we can augment the architecture to leverage external cues such as audio for controllability and to help disambiguation; and (iii) we experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and training procedure with controlled experiments while also showing that the proposed model can be successfully applied to real-word applications such as reflection removal and action recognition in cluttered scenes.


Database security has become a vital issue in modern Web applications. Ensuring the confidentiality, privacy and integrity of data is a major issue for the security of database systems. Recent high profile data thefts have shown that perimeter defenses are insufficient to secure sensitive data. Securing organizations systems and data cannot be effective without the development of a written security policy. In this paper security policies and procedures for protection of databases, security features and classical threats are described.


The expansion of smallholder farms into larger farm sizes is a key strategy for growing agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy could simultaneously expand farm incomes while addressing poverty since the majority of farms in sub-Saharan Africa are smallholder farms. There is limited existing research on the possible role of conflicts in stymying the ability of smallholder farmers to transition into larger-scale farming and on the impacts of conflicts in areas that are not directly within active conflict zones. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of conflict on the ability of smallholder farmers to transition to larger scales in two regions that are not in a traditional conflict zone, by developing a household utility maximisation model to explain choices made by farm households in response to conflict.


An emerging theory of social capital formation and its implications for local governance are discussed in this article. The theory argues that social capital formation through peace and development initiatives in a local government area that has experienced or is experiencing conflict, characterized by extremely low incomes, lack of access to productive resources and services, and low level of education, is facilitated by a mediating organization that builds trust, enhances collective responsibility and action, and helps increase a group's network or linkages. By consciously incorporating what this article considers as "social capital formation strategies" in peace and development initiatives, implementation of these and new initiatives is facilitated and sustained. The social capital formed has a potential to enable local government units to transform the original vulnerable situation of the LGU so that it achieves desired local governance goals. It is possible that in a conflict area, the resulting outcomes of social capital are more lasting peace, higher incomes, a sense of prosperity and meaningful participation by actors in the local government area.


For many researchers, particularly in academia, publishing in peer-reviewed journals is a necessity, with major implications for their career progression. Yet, it is increasingly recognised that the current scientific publishing model is not fair and equitable, which can have severe consequences for the way science is accessed and used in nature conservation. We evaluated the publishing model of 426 conservation science journals against the Fair Open Access (FOA) principles. Two-thirds of journals, together publishing nearly half of all articles, complied with only two or fewer FOA principles. Only twenty journals (5%), publishing 485 articles per year (<1%), complied with all five principles. We uncovered a weak negative correlation between journal impact factor and the number of FOA principles fulfilled. Lastly, we found that Elsevier, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, and Springer represented 48% of all journals, but 80% of the 25 journals with the highest impact factor. Our results show that conservation science journals largely fail to meet the FOA standards. Conservation researchers are likely to face obstacles such as limited access to published literature, high publishing charges, and lack of ownership of their research outputs.


This paper presents an empirical analysis of significance of different process and product metrics in defect prediction models. 48 releases of 15 open-source and 38 releases of 7 proprietary projects were investigated. Pearson correlation coefficients with the number of defects were calculated for each of the metrics respectively. Subsequently defect prediction models were built using linear stepwise regression and a discriminant analysis was conducted. Since the stepwise regression was used, the obtained models always consisted of a subset of the investigated metrics. Therefore, it was possible to check whether the selection of metrics corresponds with the correlations with number of defects and the discriminant power of the metrics. Moreover, according to the obtained results some of the metrics were recommended with regard to defect prediction.


This study aims to describe use fairytale as a movie to enhance learners' writing skill and this study was conducted by experimental method. The observation was conducted to find out students' response towards the use of fairytale as a movie in teaching writing narrative text. The post-test result indicates that there was significant different with pre-test result. It was statistically supported by t-test calculation in which the result shows that the null hypothesis was rejected. The results indicate that there were positive responses that fairytale as a movie in writing class was effective both in arousing students' motivation and in improving their writing ability. From the results, using fairytale as a movie in writing classroom was expected to be a new contribution for helping teacher to conduct an effective and interesting learning in the classroom.


Information lies at the core of freedom of expression since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to access and critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Information and related technologies have become increasingly essential to education, employment, social interaction, and civic participation. Resultantly, greater focus has been placed on the idea that information is a necessary human right. While physical access to technology is now imperative to survive and contribute in today's Information Society, intellectual access is also required, particularly with the Internet's interactive socially collaborative mode. In addition, organizations need to provide the infrastructure and other preconditions to insure equitable access and use of information.


We explore the issue of fault reactivation induced in enhanced geothermal systems by fluid injection. Specifically, we investigate the role of late stage activation by thermal drawdown. A Thermal‐Hydrological‐Mechanical simulator incorporating a ubiquitous joint constitutive model is used to systematically simulate the seismic slip of an embedded critically stressed strike‐slip fault. We examine the effects of both pore pressure perturbation and thermal shrinkage stress on the magnitude of the resulting events and timing. We analyze the sensitivity of event magnitude and timing to changes in the permeability of the fault and fractured host, fracture spacing, injection temperature, and fault stress obliquity. From this we determine that (1) the fault permeability does not affect the timing of the events nor their size, since fluid transmission and cooling rate are controlled by the permeability of the host formation. (2) When the fractured medium permeability is reduced (from 10−13 to 10−16 m2), the timing of the event is proportionately delayed (by a corresponding 3 orders of magnitude). (3) Injection temperature only influences the magnitude but not the timing of the secondary thermal event. The larger the temperature differences between that of the injected fluid and the ambient rock, the larger the magnitude of the secondary slip event. (4) For equivalent permeabilities, changing the fracture spacing (10 m‐50 m‐100 m) primarily influences the rate of heat energy transfer and thermal drawdown within the reservoir. Smaller spacing between fractures results in more rapid thermal recovery but does not significantly influence the timing of the secondary thermal rupture.


The little-appreciated literature of the 1950s offers, in its 'reflexive' parts, a polarized discussion of Education. Two groups of contributors hold implicit philosophical positions, clarified by the slogan-terms 'rigour' and 'relevance'. In the first half-decade, each of the conventional 'fields' of educational study - historical, psychological, philosophical, social and pedagogical - witnessed growing disagreement between specialists and generalists in teacher training. The former aimed at establishing their subjects as academically respectable branches of 'pure' descriptive disciplines taught in non-vocational university departments. The latter emphasized the prescriptive nature of educational theory, which relates many kinds of knowledge to various levels of eductional activity - particularly as curriculum theory and theory of teaching. The motives for specialization were partly non-intellectual or 'political', whereas the 'logic' of generalism was intellectually warranted in philosophy, traditionally conceived as not excluding normative and speculative elements in favour of analysis. In each 'field'-context this 'hidden' philosophical controversy presented a variation on the fundamental issue of thought-in-relation-to-action. During the second half-decade, the differentiated 'four disciplines' approach gathered the momentum which led to its institutional success in the 1960s - particularly through the activities of self-confident analytical philosophers and empirical sociologists of education. Nevertheless, generalists continued to defend 'integrated' theorizing. An awareness of the powerful American philosophical literature would have strengthened their 'intuitive' position against charges of amateurism by showing that 'rigour' takes many forms. In 'pure' psychology, behaviourism emphasized technology, humanism focussed on the 'person' and technical philosophers maintained their claim on 'mind'. A demand then emerged for an autonomous educational psychology, based on classroom learning rather than extrapolations from orthodox research. In history, there was much conventional substantive writing, but little reflexive comment. The logic concealed in the works of this significant decade is not inferior to that in the vast literature produced since 1961, much of which is derivative and so obscures the basic philosophical problem of relating knowing to doing in education.


This article describes the use of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in a series of 5,000 consecutive echocardiograms in a mid-sized UK district general hospital. The report highlights the basic demographics, reasons for the requests, yield of abnormal results and sources of the requests. The authors comment on the percentage of abnormal results for the different request categories and on how TTE can be best utilised as a cardiac investigation.


The natural radioactivity level of phosphate rock, P 2 O 5 (29 - 30 %), TSP, MAP, phosphoric acid, NPK, cryolite, zeolite samples obtained from Al-Qaim Complex Plant in Iraq, as well as organic bitmuse fertilizers were recorded by using solid state nuclear track detector, (SSNTD) CR-39. Three positions were selected for detectors exposure; the upper position that can record the radon originated from uranium; the middle (sample surface), and inside the sample to estimate the total alpha emitter isotopes. The measured values of the radioactivity level were found to be within the range of 113.52 - 1034.29 Bq/m 3 and these values belong to Cold (organic bitmuse fertilizers) and MAP-3 (Monoammonium phosphate) samples, respectively. The later was obtained from the treatment process of ~ 60 % phosphoric acid (WPA) with phosphate rock in the Wet process. Generally, the value of the total of radon and thoron radioactivity C a , roughly indicated by the surface detectors, throughout the chemical process was generally twice the measurement related to uranium at the upper detector. Zeolite sample showed higher radioactivity level than phosphate rock, and this can be considered, as unexpected result for it is not famous ore for uranium scavenging.


The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) holds a cherished position in English literary culture. The story behind the creation of what is indisputably the greatest dictionary in the language has become a popular fascination. This book looks at the history of the great first edition of 1928, and at the men (and occasionally women) who distilled words and usages from centuries of English writing and "through an act of intellectual alchemy captured the spirit of a civilization." The task of the dictionary was to bear full and impartial witness to the language it recorded. But behind the immaculate typography of the finished text, the proofs tell a very different story. This vast archive, unexamined until now, reveals the arguments and controversies over meanings, definitions, and pronunciation, and which words and senses were acceptable--and which were not. Lost for Words examines the hidden history by which the great dictionary came into being, tracing--through letters and archives--the personal battles involved in charting a constantly changing language. Then as now, lexicographers reveal themselves vulnerable to the prejudices of their own linguistic preferences and to the influence of contemporary social history.


Three lines of evidence suggest that tail formation in Xenopus is a direct continuation of events initiated during gastrulation. First, the expression of two gene markers, Xbra and Xnot2, can be followed from the blastopore lip into distinct cell populations of the developing tailbud. Second, the tip of the tail retains Spemann's tail organizer activity until late stages of development. Third, lineage studies with the tracer DiI indicate that the cells of the late blastopore are fated to form specific tissues of the tailbud, and that intercalation of dorsal cells continues during tail elongation. In particular, the fate map shows that the tip of the tail is a direct descendant of the late dorsal blastopore lip. Thus, the tailbud is not an undifferentiated blastema as previously thought, but rather consists of distinct cell populations which arise during gastrulation.


Alcohol use is prevalent among college students in the US and is the leading cause of many alcohol-related consequences such as injury, driving under influence, and sexual assault. The problem of college drinking involves complex individual, social, and cultural factors. By viewing college drinking as a complex system problem, this paper describes two components necessary for the full development of a simulation-based dynamic agent model for alcohol use in college. The first component is a basic agent-based model that explores the dynamic of college drinking. The second component discusses the use of system dynamic modeling to explore the causal relationship between various personal/environmental factors and alcohol consumption. The paper also discusses important leverage points for intervention strategies, especially in the context of targeting both high-risk and lowto medium-risk drinkers in college.


Over the years, the purpose of the traditional wilsternetting technique of the northern Netherlands for trapping Eurasian Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria has changed from a hunting practice to bird ringing. In a companion paper, the ringing data and recoveries for demographic trends from 1949 onwards were examined. This paper examines the possibility of using the same data source for future monitoring of the population. Schemes monitoring the vital rates (survival rate, recapture probability, and recruitment) of migrant birds are rare. For two reasons, it is not immediately clear that effective monitoring is possible. First, hunting returns from outside The Netherlands have ceased so the data available for analysis are much reduced. Secondly, the very low probability of recapturing a ringed bird (c. 0.25%) leads to large standard errors of estimates of demographic parameters. For practical reasons, only triennial monitoring was considered for survival and recapture rates. Program MARK was used to estimate vital rates. A Monte Carlo simulation showed that a change in survival rate of 5% or more should be detected within six years if more than 3000 birds were ringed per annum. The proposed monitoring methodology was applied to the historical data, using only the data available at the end of each three-year period. This test detected the changes in survival rate and recapture probability. Reasonable consistency with earlier recruitment estimates was achieved despite the need to monitor this aspect on an annual basis. The parallel monitoring of recruitment through the juvenile proportion of catches is regarded as desirable, both to validate the methodology and for mutual checking between methods.


Introduction: Most pregnant smokers report abruptly reducing their cigarettes per day (CPD) by ~50% shortly after learning of pregnancy and of making further smaller reductions over the remainder of their pregnancy. Laboratory and naturalistic studies with non-pregnant smokers have found that these types of reductions often lead to changes in smoking topography (i.e., changes in smoking intensity to maintain a desired bloodnicotine level). 19, 20 If pregnant women engage in compensatory smoking, they may expose themselves and their offspring to the same level of toxicants despite reporting reductions in CPD. Methods: Pregnant and non-pregnant female smokers (n = 17 and 91, respectively) participated. At the experimental session, after biochemical confirmation of acute abstinence, all participants smoked one of their usual brand cigarettes ad lib through a Borgwaldt CReSS Desktop Smoking Topography device. Carbon monoxide (CO) and measures of nicotine withdrawal, craving, and reinforcement derived from smoking were also collected. Results: The two groups did not differ on any demographic or smoking characteristics at screening, except nicotine metabolism rate, which as expected, was faster in pregnant smokers. Analyses suggest that none of the smoking topography parameters differed between pregnant and non-pregnant smokers, although pregnant smokers had a significantly smaller CO boost. Both groups reported similar levels of relief of withdrawal and craving after smoking, but other self-report data suggest that pregnant smoker find smoking less reinforcing than non-pregnant smokers. Conclusions: Pregnant smokers do not smoke cigarettes differently as compared to nonpregnant female smokers, but appear to find smoking less reinforcing.


The Department of Family Medicine in the George Complex shares in the healthcare of about 600 000 people in the Eden and Central-Karoo districts.

One of the roles of the department is to provide clinical backup to our colleagues working in the community. To this end, we regularly join the home-based carers on a weekly morning round. A recent visit provided a fascinating insight into the challenges facing home-based carers, and community care more broadly, but also highlighted the excellent opportunities for intervention when providing care to people in their own homes. Based on these insights and interviews with homebased carers and the group partly funding their work, we lay out some suggestions on how these challenges could be met.


The DNA four-way junction (4WJ) is a non-canonical structure of DNA that is involved in homologous replication and recombination. There are essentially two forms of 4WJ in solution, an open form (OPN) characterized in a square plane configuration by a mobile center and four duplex arms, and a stacked-X form (STX), with two pseudo-duplex strands stacked on top of one another and intersecting at the positions of strand exchange. The prokaryotic architectural protein HU is known to bind damaged or nicked duplex DNA as well as the STX form of the 4WJ with nanomolar affinity. Recent spectroscopic studies demonstrated that the stoichiometric ratio of HU:4WJ in the complex is 2:1, but the molecular structure of the complex has not been determined. A set of distances within the complex have been obtained using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) but the results are insufficient to provide details of the location and orientation of the proteins with respect to the DNA. In this project, we have constructed a series of possible models for the 2HU-4WJ complex using computer graphics, docking, energy minimization, and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation including explicit solvent. Three models with the proteins situated in various orientations were investigated in detail. A structure with the two HU proteins docked in a face-to-face orientation across the junction provided the closest overall agreement between calculated and observed FRET results. This structure was dynamically stable over the course of 30ns of MD simulation.


IEEE-USA's first eBook puts 65 pages of content for consultants right at your fingertips. Access information on how to start a local consultants network; how to make sure you get paid for your work; how to make the transition from marketing to paid consulting; IEEE-USA's 2004 Profile of Consultants; and a sample consulting contract. Read it online, or print it to keep with your reference books.


To identify what influences the attitudes and behavior of customers, most companies rely on surveys, focus groups, and ethnographic research. The trouble is, surveys and focus groups tap customers' memories, which are unreliable, and the presence of observers can cause customers to alter their behavior. The authors, three academics, believe they have found a new research tool without those flaws: real-time experience tracking. Conducted over mobile phones, RET allows companies to inexpensively collect instant, unbiased feedback from customers 24 hours a day. In RET, participants supply the answers to a four-question survey every time they encounter a brand, be it through a direct interaction, such as a purchase or ad, or an indirect one, such as a conversation with another customer. The process is incredibly simple: They need only text a four-character message. One major benefit is that RET allows firms to track campaigns as they unfold and readjust them toward the most effective tactics. [insert ref="callout-01"] This article describes how a growing number of companies, such as Schweppes, Energizer, and Fox, are using RET to inform their marketing decisions, increase sales, and help customers improve their own experiences.


The Great Basin Province of the western United States is generally characterized by mountain blocks that trend northerly and are bounded by normal faults. The mountain blocks may be characterized according to whether they tilt to the east or west. Three structural zones that separate domains of east- or west-tilted blocks trend easterly across much of the Great Basin Province (Stewart, 1980a). These structural zones must accommodate contrasts in the direction, magnitude, or rate of strain due to the differences in regional structural vergence across the zones. For that reason, we define the structural zones as "extensional accommodation zones." We interpret the distribution of Quaternary faults to show that the accommodation zones may play a controlling role in limiting the lengths of belts of range-bounding Quaternary faulting. We infer further that the accommodation zones are not singular structural features in themselves but, rather, are a series of rupture barriers generally aligned with the regional extension direction. The structural development of a barrier through repeated earthquake rupture requires decreased tectonic throw on ruptures within the barrier relative to tectonic throw on strike-contiguous faults bounding mountain blocks. This concept is consistent with patterns of Quaternary scarp heights in the Central Nevada Seismic Zone and requires that the barriers have persisted throughout a long period of geologic time. Parts of the accommodation zones generally coincide with boundaries between fault domains that exhibit homogeneous faulting histories within the coarse temporal resolution of the Quaternary fault data base. Along other parts of the zones, the accommodation of contrasts in extensional strain may occur on times scales beyond the temporal resolution of the regional fault data base.

In the western part of the Province, future earthquake rupture in a 40-km-long gap bounded on the south by the Tobin Range scarps of the 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake and on the north by the northernmost of the three Great Basin accommodation zones would complete a belt of historical fault rupture between the central and northern accommodation zones. We define this area as the Sonoma Range Seismic Gap.


Code entry and editing by manually disabled computer programmers is difficult in conventional GUI-based development environments, since these rely heavily on mouse and keyboard use. The advent of accurate and responsive speech recognition technologies has made the speech user interface (SUI) a viable option for input. While high level programming constructs can be entered in a fairly natural way us / ing voice, expressions may be very complex in structure, and may use a wide variety of variables, literals, punctuation marks and operator symbols. A SUI-based syntax-directed editor was previously presented, but its interface model did not include expression editing in its model and implementation. This paper fills this gap by presenting a SUI-based model for entering and editing programming language expressions. A Java implementation was evaluated by a group of programmers to verify the functionality and to test the ease of use of the model. The results of this evaluation are presented and discussed.


BACKGROUND
Scoliosis due to progressive muscle weakness occurs in almost all males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and it progresses relentlessly. Previous studies have shown that corticosteroid treatment slows the decline in muscle strength and stabilizes muscle strength in patients with this disease. We hypothesized that steroids may also attenuate the development of scoliosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of scoliosis in male patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who received steroids with a control group of such patients who did not.

METHODS
A group of seven to ten-year-old boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who were able to walk were enrolled in a nonrandomized comparative study to determine the effect of deflazacort (a derivative of prednisone) on muscle strength and pulmonary function. Thirty patients were treated with deflazacort (treatment group), and twenty-four were not (control group). The patients were matched for age and pulmonary function at baseline. To assess the development of scoliosis, the patients in each group were followed for at least five years. Survival curves were plotted to determine the chance of scoliosis of >/==" BORDER="0">20 degrees developing. The difference between the groups with respect to the chance of scoliosis developing was determined with Kaplan-Meier analysis.

RESULTS
A curve of >/==" BORDER="0">20 degrees developed during the follow-up period in sixteen (67%) of the twenty-four patients in the control group but in only five (17%) of the thirty patients in the treatment group. Fifteen of the twenty-four patients in the control group underwent spine surgery, at a mean age of thirteen years, whereas only five of the thirty patients in the treatment group underwent spine surgery, at a mean age of fifteen years. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups with regard to development of scoliosis of >/==" BORDER="0">20 degrees (p < 0.001). Cataracts developed in ten patients in the treatment group, and stress fractures developed in three patients in the treatment group. Patients in the treatment group weighed a mean of 3.7 kg more than did those in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS
Steroid treatment slows the progression of scoliosis in males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy; however, longer-term evaluation will be necessary to determine if the treatment prevents the development of scoliosis or just delays its onset. At the very least, steroid treatment delays the need for spinal surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic study, Level II-1 (prospective cohort study). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


Skilled migration has gained significance over the past number of years, with increasing studies addressing the flows of scientists, skilled professionals and students within the migration and development nexus, from the perspective of their potential contributions to the countries of origin either through diaspora interventions or by their eventual return. India represents a good example because of the high quality of its human resources and the fact that it is a significant source of skilled personnel for many countries around the world. While a number of European countries have upsurged as new destinations in the search for Indian talent, little is known about Indian skilled professionals and students there, their commitment to home country development and return intentions. Also, skilled return migration to India has not been fully understood. The objective of this research project was to explore the development impact of skilled return migration in India and to examine the perceptions of Indian skilled professionals and students in Europe with regard to their potential role in home country development. Drawing on first-hand data collected simultaneously in India and Europe, and using the framework of diaspora contributions and the return channels, the study illustrates the influence overseas exposure has on the professional and social position of skilled migrants upon their return to India, and the problems they face when transferring the specialized knowledge and technical skills they have gained abroad. While skilled Indian migrants consider physical return as a necessary condition for knowledge transfer, linking their development aspirations to their return plans, they face a number of obstacles within the local system that hinder the transfer of knowledge once they return to India. This report is an outcome of the international research project entitled "Migration, Scientific Diasporas and Development: Impact of Skilled Return Migration on Development in India". It provides an overview of the main data, methods, research findings and their policy implications.


Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926) is universally recognized as among the most important twentieth-century German-language poets. Here, for the first time, are all the surviving translations of his poetry made by Ruth Speirs (1916-2000), a Latvian exile who joined the British literary community in Cairo during World War Two, becoming a close friend of Lawrence Durrell and Bernard Spencer. Though described as 'excellent' and 'the best' by J. M. Cohen on the basis of magazine and anthology appearances, copyright restrictions meant that during her lifetime, with the exception of a Cairo-published Selected Poems (1942), Speirs was never to see her work gathered between covers and in print.

This volume, edited by John Pilling and Peter Robinson, brings Speirs' translations the belated recognition they deserve. Her much-revised and considered versions are a key document in the history of Rilke's Anglophone dissemination. Rhythmically alive and carefully faithful, they give a uniquely mid-century English accent to the poet's extraordinary German, and continue to bear comparison with current efforts to render his tenderly taxing voice.


The study of jealousy is typically restricted to the examination of a third‐party threat to one's romantic relationship. In contrast to this rather narrow view, two studies were undertaken to examine the possibility (a) that individuals experience jealousy over a variety of issues, and (b) that jealousy‐of any type—occurs and is expressed in non‐romantic relationships such as cross‐sex friendship. The goal of Study I was to assess the realism of hypothetical situations representing six different types of jealousy suggested within the literature. These included: friend jealousy, arising from an individual's relationships with friends; family jealousy, arising from a partner's relationships with family members; activity jealousy, occurring when a partner is involved in activities such as school, work, or hobbies; power jealousy, arising from influence over a partner being lost to others; intimacy jealousy, arising when one feels that more advice is sought from or disclosed to others; and romantic jealousy, involving a (perceived) third‐party threat to a relationship's exclusive nature. In Study II, participants were presented with the finalized versions of these jealousy‐evoking scenarios and asked to imagine their cross‐sex friends engaging in such behavior. Respondents then rated the degree of jealousy‐related emotions they would experience in response to each situation and reported how they would express such jealousy. Results indicated that individuals' emotional reactions and response modes differed according to the type of jealousy encountered. In particular, participants reported the most intense reactions to intimacy jealousy and felt that it was best dealt with by direct modes of communication. Implications of these findings for the study of jealousy in close relationships are discussed.


Abstract : The authors examine the challenges of the 21st century international security environment to which future strategic leaders and policy practitioners will need to respond. More specifically, they offer the reader insights into security studies and leadership development at their respective levels (military undergraduate, civilian undergraduate, traditional and nontraditional graduate, and senior military officer) and institutions (including research centers and professional outreach programs). The goal is to inform a broader audience about what is currently being done in the way of educating strategic practitioners at these various institutions, and what might need to be done differently or better.


This paper investigates the concurrent operation of a commercially available, modulated impedance synthesis and measurement system with digital pre-distortion (DPD) for industry standard modulated signals. The system was used to characterize a 10W GaN HEMT device, and provide impedance control over signal and distortion bandwidths, in response to a 10 MHz LTE signal centred at 2 GHz, and was able to rapidly achieve target reflection coefficients with an error less than −40dB (1%). A National Instruments (NI) PXi based characterisation system was used to apply a commercially available memory-based DPD algorithm. The transistor was biased in class-AB and was successfully linearised to better than −47.95 dBc ACPR when delivering at 2.5W average output power into an optimum load. Interestingly, the analysis showed that the DPD corrected ACPR contours aligned closely with the P1dB contours, confirming the relevance of targeting peak-power for DPD, rather than raw ACPR. Also, and importantly, a level of linearity performance was achieved that meets for example, the 3GPP linearity specifications (45dBc) for commercial deployment, and demonstrates how this modulated load-pull system and DPD can be combined to de-risk an amplifier design at a very early stage in the design process.


On 9 October 2006 the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) conducted an underground nuclear explosion at a test site near Kimchaek. The explosion was detected by several seismic stations in the International Monitoring System (IMS) and was also reported by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The event magnitude was reported as 4.1 by the International Data Centre (IDC) in Vienna and 4.2 by the USGS. In this study we analyze the recorded waveforms at selected seismic stations in order to investigate the capability of the global seismic network to monitor the DPRK test site for possible future explosions. Our analysis is based upon the so-called site-specific threshold monitoring (SSTM) approach. Using actual seismic data recorded by a given network, SSTM calculates a continuous "threshold trace," which provides, at any instance in time, an upper magnitude bound on any seismic event that could have occurred at the target site at that time.

Let us first emphasize that a large number of seismic stations worldwide recorded this event, and that many of these stations were not analyzed as part of this study. For example, Ammon and Lay (2007) demonstrate that a number of stations in the North American USArray network, which is not part of the IMS, have excellent recordings, some of them with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Likewise, several IMS stations, e.g. in Russia and Mongolia, detected the event but the recordings were not analyzed in this study. Our main reason for not including these stations is that in a site-specific capability study of the type discussed here, the resulting threshold is dominated by a few stations of exceptionally high detection capability. We have focused our analysis on these exceptional stations. In fact, as will be shown later in this study, the monitoring capability of our selected network (nine stations) …


Biomedical knowledge bases are crucial in modern data-driven biomedical sciences, but auto-mated biomedical knowledge base construction remains challenging. In this paper, we consider the problem of disease entity normalization, an essential task in constructing a biomedical knowledge base. We present NormCo, a deep coherence model which considers the semantics of an entity mention, as well as the topical coherence of the mentions within a single document. NormCo mod-els entity mentions using a simple semantic model which composes phrase representations from word embeddings, and treats coherence as a disease concept co-mention sequence using an RNN rather than modeling the joint probability of all concepts in a document, which requires NP-hard inference. To overcome the issue of data sparsity, we used distantly supervised data and synthetic data generated from priors derived from the BioASQ dataset. Our experimental results show thatNormCo outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods on two disease normalization corpora in terms of (1) prediction quality and (2) efficiency, and is at least as performant in terms of accuracy and F1 score on tagged documents.


Family physicians frequently encounter patients with knee pain. Accurate diagnosis requires a knowledge of knee anatomy, common pain patterns in knee injuries, and features of frequently encountered causes of knee pain, as well as specific physical examination skills. The history should include characteristics of the patient's pain, mechanical symptoms (locking, popping, giving way), joint effusion (timing, amount, recurrence), and mechanism of injury. The physical examination should include careful inspection of the knee, palpation for point tenderness, assessment of joint effusion, range-of-motion testing, evaluation of ligaments for injury or laxity, and assessment of the menisci. Radiographs should be obtained in patients with isolated patellar tenderness or tenderness at the head of the fibula, inability to bear weight or flex the knee to 90 degrees, or age greater than 55 years.


This thesis presents a simulation model of sliding process of friction, which combines Newtonian particle dynamics and finite element method to study friction mechanisms that bridging micro and macro scales. In the thesis, it first reviews the importance of studying pavement friction that is associated to safety of drivers, society economics and environmental impact. Then, the hybrid numerical methods of Newtonian particle dynamics and finite element method have been introduced, and the rules to bridge these two methods also have been discussed for solid material that assumes the forces and displacements are continuous at the interface of these two methods. The fundamental theories of friction mechanisms are built upon the surface roughness, adhesion and deformation at the contact between two surfaces. At last, the simulation model of sliding process is presented with the hybrid method, and its visualization and result analysis has been given. At the same time, this thesis also includes the procedures of establishing the simulation of the hybrid methods with C++ programming like the program framework, structure and the major pieces of the program.


Many corpus-based methods for natural language processing are based on supervised training, requiring expensive manual annotation of training corpora. This paper investigates reducing annotation cost by selective sampling. In this approach, the learner examines many unlabeled examples and selects for labeling only those that are most informative at each stage of training. In this way it is possible to avoid redundantly annotating examples that contribute little new information. The paper first analyzes the issues that need to be addressed when constructing a selective sampling algorithm, arguing for the attractiveness of committee-based sampling methods. We then focus on selective sampling for training probabilistic classifiers, which are commonly applied to problems in statistical natural language processing. We report experimental results of applying a specific type of committee-based sampling during training of a stochastic part-of-speech tagger, and demonstrate substantially improved learning rates over sequential training using all of the text. We are currently implementing and evaluating other variants of committee-based sampling, as discussed in the paper, in order to obtain further insight on optimal design of selective sampling methods.


Innovation has wreaked creative destruction on traditional content platforms. During the decade following Napster's rise and fall, industry organizations launched litigation campaigns to combat the dramatic downward pricing pressure created by the advent of zero-price, copyright-infringing content. These campaigns attracted a torrent of debate, still ongoing, among scholars and stakeholders — but this debate has missed the forest for the trees. Industry organizations have abandoned litigation efforts, and many copyright owners now compete directly with infringing products by offering licit content at a price of $0. This sea change has ushered in an era of "copyright freeconomics." Drawing on an emerging body of behavioral economics and consumer psychology literature, this Article demonstrates that, when faced with the "magic" of zero prices, the neoclassical economic model underpinning modern U.S. copyright law collapses. As a result, the shift to a freeconomic model threatens entrenched tenets that lie at the very heart of copyright law and theory. This Article argues that the traditional dichotomies separating "use" from "ownership" and "utilitarian" from "moral" rights have been seriously eroded, if not outright destroyed. If copyright law does not evolve to face these changes, it will run the risk of extinction through irrelevance. Accordingly, this Article both identifies responsive policy prescriptions and, perhaps more importantly, establishes a set of structured, coherent, and efficient analytical frameworks to aid in their implementation.


The integral circulant graph $X_n (D)$ has the vertex set $Z_n = \{0, 1,\ldots$, $n{-}1\}$ and vertices $a$ and $b$ are adjacent, if and only if $\gcd(a{-}b$, $n)\in D$, where $D = \{d_1,d_2, \ldots, d_k\}$ is a set of divisors of $n$. These graphs play an important role in modeling quantum spin networks supporting the perfect state transfer and also have applications in chemical graph theory. In this paper, we deal with the automorphism group of integral circulant graphs and investigate a problem proposed in [W. Klotz, T. Sander, Some properties of unitary Cayley graphs , Electr. J. Comb. 14 (2007), #R45]. We determine the size and the structure of the automorphism group of the unitary Cayley graph $X_n (1)$ and the disconnected graph $X_n (d)$. In addition, based on the generalized formula for the number of common neighbors and the wreath product, we completely characterize the automorphism groups $Aut (X_n (1, p))$ for $n$ being a square-free number and $p$ a prime dividing $n$, and $Aut (X_n (1, p^k))$ for $n$ being a prime power.


This summary critically analyses the legal regime that protects the ancestral lands and natural resources traditionally used, the so-called traditional communal property, of indigenous and tribal peoples in the Americas. It also analyses the legal regime's connection with indigenous and tribal people's right to cultural identity and the right to a dignified life.The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (I-ACtHR, or the Court) has developed safeguards to establish a fair balance between potentially conflicting interests over these lands.Three specific safeguards are highlighted in this summary:• the effective participation and consultation of the affected communities• the obligation to share reasonable benefits with them• the elaboration of a prior environmental and social impact assessment of any development investment, exploration or extraction plans that could directly affect their landsThe author goes beyond this innovative jurisprudence on indigenous peoples' lands andargues that what is really at stake in these cases is the protection and preservation of cultural diversity as an essential value in pluralistic societies. (Less)


Purpose To evaluate the clinical outcomes after cataract surgery with implantation of a new diffractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) with a lower near addition (+2.75 D.). Methods 143 eyes of 85 patients aged between 40 years and 83 years that underwent cataract surgery with implantation of the multifocal IOL (MIOL) Tecnis ZKB00 (Abbott Medical Optics,Santa Ana, California, USA) were evaluated. Changes in uncorrected (uncorrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected intermediate visual acuity, uncorrected near visual acuity) and corrected (corrected distance visual acuity, corrected near visual acuity) logMAR distance, intermediate visual acuity and near visual acuity, as well as manifest refraction were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up. Additionally, patients were asked about photic phenomena and spectacle dependence. Results Postoperative spherical equivalent was within ±0.50 D and ±1.00 D of emmetropia in 78.1% and 98.4% of eyes, respectively. Postoperative mean monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected near visual acuity and uncorrected intermediate visual acuity was 0.20 LogMAR or better in 73.7%, 81.1% and 83.9% of eyes, respectively. All eyes achieved monocular corrected distance visual acuity of 0.30 LogMAR or better. A total of 100% of patients referred to be at least moderately happy with the outcomes of the surgery. Only 15.3% of patients required the use of spectacles for some daily activities postoperatively. Conclusions The introduction of low add MIOLs follows a trend to increase intermediate visual acuity. In this study a near add of +2.75 D still reaches satisfying near results and leads to high patient satisfaction for intermediate visual acuity.


The design of steel framed buildings must take into consideration the lateral drift of the structure due to wind loading and any serviceability issues that may arise from this lateral movement. This thesis focuses on one of these issues, damage to nonstructural components. Although there are no specific requirements in the United States governing the effects of wind drift, it is an important issue which may significantly impact the buildings structural performance and economy. Furthermore, because these serviceability issues are not codified, there is a wide variation among design firms in how they are dealt with, leading to a greater economic disparity. This thesis begins with a comprehensive review of the literature that covers all pertinent aspects of wind drift in steel framed buildings. Next an analytical study of the variations in modeling parameters is performed to demonstrate how simple assumptions can affect the overall buildings stiffness and lateral displacements. A study is then carried out to illustrate the different sources of elastic deformation in a variety of laterally loaded steel frames. The different modeling variables demonstrate how deformation sources vary with bay width, the number of bays and the number of stories, providing a useful set of comparisons. To ascertain how serviceability issues are dealt with from firm to firm, a survey of the practice is developed to update the one conducted in 1988 (ASCE). In effect, the thesis is presented with the intention of suggesting and establishing a comprehensive, performance based approach to the wind drift design of steel framed buildings.


The design of earth structures and foundations in arctic marine environments requires the assessment of soil properties. A study is presented which investigates the change in mechanical properties due to movement of solutes within a partially frozen saline saturated soil. The solute movement is assumed to be primarily gravity driven (convection) downward when temperature increases downward. As solutes move downward by convection, the ice content and the soil strength increases. The increase in ice content decreases the net porosity of the soil causing a decrease in the rate of convective solute movement and eventually the solute movement ceases. The experimental work which demonstrates convective solute movement and a methodology to determine the rate of solute movement as a function of solute concentration gradients is described. The effect of solute redistribution on soil strength for a granular soil is discussed.


In recent years, considerable progress has been made in studying algebraic cycles using infinitesimal methods. These methods have usually been applied to Hodge-theoretic constructions such as the cycle class and the Abel-Jacobi map. Substantial advances have also occurred in the infinitesimal theory for subvarieties of a given smooth variety, centered around the normal bundle and the obstructions coming from the normal bundle's first cohomology group. Here, Mark Green and Phillip Griffiths set forth the initial stages of an infinitesimal theory for algebraic cycles. The book aims in part to understand the geometric basis and the limitations of Spencer Bloch's beautiful formula for the tangent space to Chow groups. Bloch's formula is motivated by algebraic K-theory and involves differentials over Q. The theory developed here is characterized by the appearance of arithmetic considerations even in the local infinitesimal theory of algebraic cycles. The map from the tangent space to the Hilbert scheme to the tangent space to algebraic cycles passes through a variant of an interesting construction in commutative algebra due to Angeniol and Lejeune-Jalabert. The link between the theory given here and Bloch's formula arises from an interpretation of the Cousin flasque resolution of differentials over Q as the tangent sequence to the Gersten resolution in algebraic K-theory. The case of 0-cycles on a surface is used for illustrative purposes to avoid undue technical complications.


Rotaviruses are the single most important etiological agent of
severe diarrhoea in infants and young children in both developed and
developing countries. The World Health Organisation has identified the
development of a rotavirus vaccine as a priority area for routine
childhood immunisation to control rotavirus infections. However, the
candidate vaccine strains have not been very successful. The main aim of
this project was to map rotavirus virulence to its gene segments. Such
studies can help in developing better vaccines for the control of rotavirus
induced diarrhoea.
A three step approach was undertaken (i) development of an
animal model, (ii) construction and characterisation of reassortants
between rotavirus strains of different virulence, (iii) mapping virulence to
rotavirus gene segments.
The mouse model developed revealed that the outcome of rotavirus
infection was influenced by viral dose and viral strain as well as by host
age and host strain. Homologous murine rotavirus strain was found to be
most virulent. Among the heterologous strains studied, the OSU strain
was found to be most virulent and UKtc strain the least virulent. The CD-
1 strain of mouse was found to be the most susceptible to virus infection
and C57/BL the least susceptible.
A very simple and rapid nucleic acid extraction method has been
developed that requires only one centrifugation step and circumvents the
use of any hazardous organic chemicals, which can be applied to very
large numbers of samples saving time and labour.
Rotavirus reassortants were constructed in a variety of ways and
their genotype determined from relative mobility of their gene segments
on polyacrylamide gels and restriction enzyme digestion of PCR
amplified products. Twenty two reassortants (2%) were identified out of
more than 1100 progeny clones examined and these reassortants belonged
to 15 different genotypes. Possible reasons for obtaining this low number
of reassortants are discussed. No reassortant could be identified between
a murine rotavirus and other heterologous rotavirus strains. Preliminary
sequence of VP7 gene of murine rotavirus strains, EDIM and EBR, was
found to be different to the published rotavirus sequences including the
recently published five murine rotavirus strains.
The virulence mapping studies conducted in mice with some of the
22 reassortants obtained in the present study showed that gene 4 of the
OSU and UKtc strains was involved in virulence. Segment 5 of OSU
strain and segments 5, and 8 of UKtc strain may also be involved in
virulence.


Current portrayals of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) over the past 5,000 years are dominated by discussion of the Austronesian "farming/language dispersal," with associated linguistic replacement, genetic clines, Neolithic "packages," and social transformations. The alternative framework that we present improves our understanding of the nature of the Austronesian language dispersal from Taiwan and better accords with the population genetics, archaeological evidence, and crop domestication histories for ISEA. Genetic studies do not demonstrate that the dispersal of Austronesian languages through ISEA was associated with large‐scale displacement, replacement, or absorption of preexisting populations. Linguistic phylogenies for Austronesian languages do not support staged movement from Taiwan through the Philippines into Indo‐Malaysia; in addition, the lexical and grammatical structure of many Austronesian languages suggests significant interaction with pre‐Austronesian languages and cultures of the region. Archaeological evidence, including domestication histories for major food plants, indicates that ISEA was a zone of considerable maritime interaction before the appearance of Austronesian languages. Material culture dispersed through ISEA from multiple sources along a mosaic of regional networks. The archaeological evidence helps us to shape a new interpretative framework of the social and historical processes that more parsimoniously accounts for apparent discrepancies between genetic phylogenies and linguistic distributions and allows for more nuanced models of the dispersal of technologies and societies without reference to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis.


The present study aims to determine whether parental attachment influenced the self-esteem and school functioning of Malaysian adolescents. A total of 2062 secondary school students across Malaysia were identified using the Proportional Probability Sampling technique. The
participants completed a self-report questionnaire measuring maternal and paternal attachment, self-esteem, school connectedness and trouble in school. A model is presented in which maternal and paternal attachment directly influences self-esteem, school connectedness and
trouble in school. Using structural equation modeling, the model was evaluated and minor modifications were done in order to achieve model fit. The model revealed that both parental attachments had direct links with self-esteem and school connectedness of the adolescents. These findings suggest that secure attachment relationships promotes
adolescents' positive school functioning behavior by increasing selfesteem and feelings of school connectedness, and decreasing levels of problematic behavior at school. Implication for research elucidating the important role of parental attachment on adolescents' school functioning
are further discussed.


Using data from the nationally representative China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we describe Chinese adults' attitudes towards three specific aspects of social environments: local government performance, severity of major social issues, and social trust. We further explore how county level contextual factors and personal experiences relate to subjective social environments, while controlling for individual demographics. On average, Chinese adults in the CFPS endorsed moderately positive ratings for their local governments, but perceived high severities in various social issues, ranking economic inequality as the most severe. A moderate level of generalized trust (54%) was found, together with very high trust in parents and very low trust in Americans and strangers. Further analyses revealed that variations in subjective social environments at the prefectural level were relatively small compared with individual level variations. At the individual level, personal experiences such as perceived unfair treatment showed consistently negative effects on how people evaluated their social environments. At the contextual level, employment rates appeared more influential than other studied factors. Regional economic inequality, as indicated by prefectural Gini, was not associated with most studied outcomes.


We investigate the evolutionary status of four stars: V348 Sgr, DY Cen, and MV Sgr in the Galaxy and HV 2671 in the LMC. These stars have in common random deep declines in visual brightness, which are characteristic of R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars. RCB stars are typically cool hydrogen-deficient supergiants. The four stars studied in this paper are hotter (Teff = 15–20 kK) than the majority of RCB stars (Teff = 5000–7000 K). Although these are commonly grouped together as the hot RCB stars they do not necessarily share a common evolutionary history. We present new observational data and an extensive collection of archival and previously published data that is reassessed to ensure internal consistency. We find temporal variations of various properties on different timescales that will eventually help us to uncover the evolutionary history of these objects. DY Cen and MV Sgr have typical RCB helium abundances, which exclude any currently known post–asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) evolutionary models. Moreover, their carbon and nitrogen abundances present us with further problems for their interpretation. V348 Sgr and HV 2671 are in general agreement with a born-again post-AGB evolution, and their abundances are similar to Wolf-Rayet central stars of planetary nebulae (PNs). The three Galactic stars in the sample have circumstellar nebulae, which produce forbidden line radiation (for HV 2671 we have no information). V348 Sgr and DY Cen have low-density, low-expansion velocity nebulae (resolved in the case of V348 Sgr), while MV Sgr has a higher density, higher expansion velocity nebula. All three stars, on the other hand, have split emission lines, which indicate the presence of an equatorial bulge but not of a Keplerian disk. In addition, the historical light curves for the three Galactic hot RCB stars show evidence for a significant fading in their maximum-light brightnesses of ∼1 mag over the last 70 yr. From this we deduce that their effective temperatures increased by a few thousand degrees. If V348 Sgr is a born-again star, as we presume, this means that the star is returning from the born-again AGB phase to the phase of a central star of PN. Spectroscopically, no dramatic change is observed over the last 50 years for V348 Sgr and MV Sgr. However, there is some evidence that the winds of V348 Sgr and DY Cen have increased in strength in the last decade. HV 2671, located in the LMC, has not been analyzed in detail but at 5 Å resolution is almost identical to V348 Sgr. Through the bolometric correction derived for V348 Sgr and the known distance, we can estimate the absolute V magnitude of HV 2671 (MV = -3.0 mag) and its bolometric luminosity (∼6000 L⊙).


The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess current developments in scholarly publishing in Europe. Current models for disseminating content have limitations and Open Access models of publishing have been endorsed by the European Universities Association. The Harvard mandate for the deposit of materials in Open Access repositories is a bold new development, and the community is watching it with interest. It is possible that e-books may be the next large form of content to be made available to the user. Users certainly express interest in using this form of material. However, current library systems need to be developed in order to cope with this mass of new content. E-theses, available in Open Access from institutional repositories, are a form of content that is made much more visible than the paper equivalents. The DART-Europe portal, supported by LIBER (Association of European Research Libraries) currently provides access to 100,000 research theses in 150 European Universities. At an institutional and academic level, however, much remains to be done to embed Open Access into the landscape: the current situation is described in a new report for UCL (University College London), produced by RAND Europe.


Cost and schedule overruns are endemic features of transport infrastructure projects. Despite the considerable amount of research within the field of transport and planning in the past thirty years, limited progress has been made to improving the performance of projects. We contend that this will continue to be an issue as long as research efforts focus on the 'outside view' with emphasis being placed upon strategic misrepresentation and optimism bias. Understanding 'why' and 'how' projects overrun, particularly from both 'outside' and 'inside' perspectives, is pivotal to reducing their impact and occurrence. Thus, in conjunction with the transport and planning literature, references to cost-overrun studies undertaken within the field of construction and engineering are examined. Our objective is to provide policy makers, industry, voluntary organizations, and the public at large with an ameliorated understanding about time-overrun and cost-overrun phenomena. Suggestions to mitigate overruns based upon recent process and technological innovations are identified and discussed.


Lithogeochemical approaches to the identification of ore-related alteration can be obscured by closure effects and/or pre-existing lithological variations. Two mass balance approaches that can address these problems are Pearce Element Ratio analysis (PER) and Isocon analysis (IA). Both approaches have been applied to sedimentary rocks hosting the Elura ore-body, north of Cobar, in central-west New South Wales, Australia. Elura is an epigenetic, zinc–lead–silver deposit, (45 Mt with 8.5% Zn, 5.3% Pb, and 69 ppm Ag), hosted within Devonian siltstone–sandstone turbidites of the Cobar Basin. The ability of PER and IA to identify alteration at Elura and to navigate towards ore within altered zones is evaluated. PER identified mineralogical controls on calcium, carbonate, potassium and aluminium. Molar Ca/Ti v. C/Ti plots segregate calcite-bearing background samples from iron–magnesium–carbonate altered rocks closer to ore. Molar K/Ti v. Al/Ti and K/Ti v. (Al–Na)/Ti diagrams show altered rock bulk compositions to be consistent with the development of muscovite, while background samples have an illite ± albite precursor. The precursor lithotype has a major influence on the intensity of alteration and resultant mineralogy of altered samples. IA shows that carbonate carbon, Ag, As, K, Pb, Rb, Sb, Tl and Zn are strongly added to host rocks, while Na is strongly leached. Other elements show variable trends towards ore, with lithotype strongly affecting the patterns. Samples have greater mass gains closer to ore. Selection of an appropriate parent rock is critical in gaining meaningful results in IA.


Energy-based economic development (EBED) can provide economic, social and environmental benefits related to national economic development and sustainable growth activities. As both policy and research interests in responsible mechanisms for economic development grow, EBED benefits are becoming increasingly attractive to planners in both developed and developing countries. The incentives, trade-offs, and payoffs for developing countries, however, are not well documented. To help address that gap, this paper identifies the general scope and role of EBED in a developing economy context, and outlines opportunities and challenges for decision-makers.


In this work, for the first time, reactive radical-cation species present in hole-transporting materials were shown to react with tert-butylpyridine additive, routinely used in hole transporting layer composition. As a result, new pyridinated products were isolated and characterized by NMR and MS analysis. Additionally, their optical and photophysical properties (i.e., solid-state ionization potentials (Ip), cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV/vis characteristics, and conductivities) were determined. Formation of the pyridinated products was confirmed in the aged perovskite solar cells by means of mass spectrometry, and shown to have negative influence on the overall device performance. We believe that these findings will help improve the stability of perovskite devices by either molecular engineering of hole-transporting materials or utilization of less-reactive or sterically hindered pyridine derivatives.


Hybrid A-B type block copolymers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polystyrene (PS) were synthesised. Three different synthetic routes, which allowed control over polymer structure, were chosen to synthesise these block copolymers. The first technique, coupling of functional prepolymers, involved using anionic polymerisation to produce PDMS and PS functional prepolymers of controlled structure. These prepolymers were functionalised with either silane or allyl functionality and then coupled using a hydrosilylation reaction with Karstetds platinum catalyst. This technique was the least efficient in block synthesis due to the incompatibility of the disparate prepolymers. The second technique under study, sequential anionic polymerisation, gave excellent block copolymer formation with good control over the chain architecture. The final technique employed atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) of styrene using a bromoisobutyrate functionalised PDMS macroinitiator. Silane functional PDMS molecules underwent a hydrosilylation reaction with allyl-2-bromo-2-methyl-propionate to produce the bromoisobutyrate functionalised polymer in excellent yields. Subsequent ATRP with styrene allowed the successful synthesis of block copolymers of controlled structure. Chromatographic systems that allowed liquid chromatography at the critical conditions (LC-CC) of PS and gradient elution chromatography (GEC) of the products were developed. GEC was used successfully in the monitoring of the presence and removal of PDMS homopolymer present in the block copolymer products. LCCC at the critical point of PS allowed successful chromatographic separation of PS homopolymer from the block material, as well as, the molecular weight distribution of the block material according to the segmental length of the PDMS component. LC-CC coupled to FT-IR using a LC-transform device allowed successful characterisation of the block copolymer chemical composition. Corona treatment was used to modify the surface structure of the block copolymer films. Optical microscopy and slow positron beam studies highlighted the formation of a thin silica like layer on the surface of the films after corona. The positron studies enabled determination of the silica like layer's thickness. Contact angle studies provided the first evidence of hydrophobic loss and recovery for these PDMS containing hybrid polymer materials after corona treatment. A novel offline coupling technique was developed between LC-CC separation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. This allowed easy sample preparation without the difficult bulk extraction procedures needed to remove homo-PS contaminants from the block copolymer. This technique also provided morphological information as a function of PDMS segmental length.


The recent federal Supreme Court opinions in Bush v. Gore cast in stark light the manner in which constitutional interpretation is preparing the way for constitutional transformation: a federalization based on devolution of authority from the central government to the states, a shift in interpretive authority from the state to federal courts, and a narrowing of what it means for a court to say what the law is, with a resulting transfer of interpretive authority from the courts (and ultimately even the federal Supreme Court) to the political branches of the central government. These transformations are tinged with irony. The changes are being made possible by jurists who - though paragons of the strictest traditional interpretation of Constitutional norms - now embrace the philosophy of judging they have spent a lifetime fighting. Yet, in their hands, the activist and evolutive jurisprudential philosophy utilized by the Supreme Court since the mid-20th Century is used to unmake the substantive results for which it was crafted. It seems, then, that the authentic heirs of the activist mantle of the Warren Court are those jurists who, though professing a desire to destroy the Warren Court's legacy, have actually taken the work of the Warren Court to new heights, opening the way for another mutation of the Republic. Thus the ultimate irony: per curiam, concurrence and dissents have made it possible for others, at their leisure, to find, within the arcana and lacunae of the Constitution, other places from which it can be divined that states and their governments, that courts and their judging, can be limited or controlled.


Abstract. Rapid change of Adama wereda during the last three decades has posed a serious threat to the existence of ecological systems, specifically water bodies which play a crucial part in supporting life. Role of Satellite images in Remote Sensing could be more important in investigation, monitoring dynamically and planning of natural surface water resources. Landsat-5(TM) & Landsat 8 (OLI) has high spatial, temporal and multispectral resolution and therefore provides consistent and perfect data to detect changes in surface changes of water bodies. In this paper, a study was conducted to detect the changes in water body extent during the period of 1984, 2000 and 2017 using various water indices such as namely Water Ratio Index (WRI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), supervised classification and wetness component of K-T transformation and the results are Presented. NDWI has been adopted for this study as compared with other indices through ground survey. The results showed an intense decreasing trend in the lakes of chelekleka, kiroftu, lake 1 and lake 3 of surface area in the period 1984–2017, especially between 2000 and 2017 when the lake lost about 1.309 km2 (one third) of its surface area compared to the year 2000, which is equivalent to 76%, 18%, 0.03% and 96%. Interestingly koka lake has shown very erratic changes in its area coverage by losing almost 3.5 km2 between 1984 and 2000 and then climbing back up by 14.8 km2 in 2017. Percentage of increment was observed that 10.6% as compared with previous year.


The aggressive and agile nature of weasels makes the use of inhalant anesthetics preferable to injectable agents because inhalant anesthetics generally reduce handling time, cause less stress and present no risk of delivering the drug into an unintended area. Here we report on the use of the inhalant anesthetic isoflurane in free ranging least weasels. We used a battery powered portable anesthesia unit (Uninventor 400 Anesthesia Unit, AgnTho's AB, Sweden) to immobilize the animals in the field. The isoflurane liquid was filled in a syringe connected to a vaporizer where it mixed with air coming from an air pump. The animals inhaled the anesthetic first in a wooden chamber and then through a modified facial mask. Mean induction time in the anesthetic chamber was 4.8 minutes (± 0.3 SE) with a setting of 4% isoflurane. The anesthesia was maintained with the facial mask and a setting of 2% isoflurane. Mean recovery time was 16.4 minutes (± 2.1 SE) and mean recumbency time 40.7 minutes (± 2.9 SE). We anesthesized 9 animals, had no fatalities during anesthesia and all animals recovered quickly. One animal was found dead 11 days post-capture of undetermined cause. Isoflurane is safe and easy to use with the tested setting. However we were unsuccessful in monitoring the animals following their release and we therefore recommend further evaluation of the anesthetic. In addition, we recommend the use of a wooden anesthetic chamber with bedding to avoid the risk of hypothermia.