Ultrastructural studies of oogenesis in oocytes, oocyte degeneration associated with the follicle cells in female Coecella chinensis were investigated for clams collected from Namhae, Geongsangnam-do, Korea. In this study, vitellogenesis during oogenesis in the oocytes occured by way of endogenous autosynthesis and exogenous heterosynthesis. Of two processes of vitellogenesis during oogenesis, the process of endogenous autosynthesis involved the combined activity of the Golgi complex, mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. whereas the process of exogenous heterosynthesis involved endocytotic incorporation of extraovarian precursors at the basal region of the oolema of the early vitellogenic oocytes prior to the formation of the vitelline coat. It is assumed that the follicle cells were involved in the development of previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes and appear to play an integral role in vitellogenesis in the early and late vitellogenic oocytes by endocytosis of yolk precursors, and also they were involved in oocyte degeneration by assimilating products originating from the degenerated oocytes, thus allowed the transfer of york precursors needed for vitellogenesis (through phagocytosis by phagolysosomes after spawning). Follicle cells presumably have a lysosomal system for breakdown products of oocyte degeneration. and for reabsorption of various phagosomes (phagolysosomes) in the cytoplasm for nutrient storage during the period of oocyte degeneration.


This paper introduces a new method to estimate the power transmitted by multiple signal sources, when the number of sensing devices and the available samples are sufficiently large compared to the number of sources. This work makes use of recent advances in the field of random matrix theory that prove more efficient than previous "moment-based" approaches to the problem of multi-source power detection. Simulations are performed which corroborate the theoretical claims.


In the past, the process of developing a new robot application has had more of the design of a piece of artwork or of an act of ingenious engineering than of a structured and formalized process. The prime objective of BRICS is to structure and formalize the robot development process itself and to provide tools, models, and functional libraries, which allow reducing the development time by a magnitude. BRICS is working together with academic as well as industrial providers of robotics "components" (hardware and software), to identify and document best practices in the development of complex robotics systems, to refactor (together) the existing components in order to achieve a much higher level of reusability and robustness, and to support the robot development process with a structured tool chain and code repository. BRICS is a joint research project funded by the European Commission ICT Challenge 2 under grant number 231940. First results include the analysis of existing robot development processes, the first steps towards harmonizing robot con-
trol interfaces and component models and the set-up of robot systems for best practice analyses.


Photonic active devices exploit the interaction of light with other physical effects such as carrier, fields, power density, stress, temperature, or sound. The Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical waveguide is an important nonlinear effect results from the coherent interactions between optical and acoustic modes. The SBS can be considered as a primary obstacle effect in limiting the power scaling in many high power photonic devices because it normally has a lower threshold than other nonlinear effects.

However, it is also well known that the interaction of light and sound can be exploited in several key applications. The guiding of acoustic wave in of optical waveguides allow interactions of light wave with the related phenomena of Brillouin Scattering (BS), Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) and Guided Acoustic Wave Brillouin Scattering (GAWBS).

This thesis describes and studies the characteristics of different acoustic modes in optical waveguides by using the finite element method (FEM). A numerical approach based on the versatile FEM has been developed and employed for the analysis of acoustic modes in optical waveguides and also their interactions with optical modes. The high and low index contrast waveguides which can be designed, fabricated and optimized for different applications. The detailed spatial variations of the transverse and longitudinal displacement vectors are shown for longitudinal, bending, torsional, radial and torsional-radial modes in these waveguides.

The vectorial acoustic modes in optical waveguides are shown for both the high and low index contrast silica waveguide along with their dispersion curves, the displacement vectors for transverse and longitudinal movements and the modal hybridness have been determined and shown.

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) frequencies are also reported here for sub-wavelength size silica, Ge-doped rectangular and silicon slot optical waveguides. Variation of the displacement vectors, modal hybridness, and modal dispersion are also shown. A finite element based computer code is developed using a full vectorial acoustic model and combining this with another full vectorial optical model, the interaction between acoustic and optical modes are presented here and their overlap integrals have also been calculated.


A reliability model is proposed for recovery block structures based on error events which can be observed and distinguished during testing. Strategies are then described for the collection of failure histories needed to estimate the model parameters and obtain dependability predictions. Given that the software goes through different testing stages, the model can be employed at different points of the development cycle to assess or forecast the quality of project choices and the resulting product. >


Laser hair removal, previously contraindicated in patients with ethnically dark (phototypes IV-VI) or sun-tanned skin, is now recognized as a safe and effective method of permanent hair reduction in all patients. Longer wavelengths, conservative fluences, longer pulse durations and appropriate cooling methods are necessary to minimize untoward side effects and maximize efficacy. The longer wavelength Nd:YAG laser is considered safest in treating darker skin of color. An added benefit of laser epilation is that side effects of conventional hair removal such as pseudo-folliculitis barbae and post inflammatory dyspigmentation, more commonly seen in skin of color, may also respond favorably to the laser, thus increasing the potential for patient satisfaction.


This thesis presents a novel high-performance approach to time-division-multiplexing (TDM) fibre Bragg grating (FBG) optical sensors, known as the resonant cavity architecture. A background theory of FBG optical sensing includes several techniques for multiplexing sensors. The limitations of current wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) schemes are contrasted against the technological and commercial advantage of TDM. The author's hypothesis that 'it should be possible to achieve TDM FBG sensor interrogation using an electrically switched semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)' is then explained. Research and development of a commercially viable optical sensor interrogator based on the resonant cavity architecture forms the remainder of this thesis. A fully programmable SOA drive system allows interrogation of sensor arrays 10km long with a spatial resolution of 8cm and a variable gain system provides dynamic compensation for fluctuating system losses. Ratiometric filter- and diffractive-element spectrometer-based wavelength measurement systems are developed and analysed for different commercial applications. The ratiometric design provides a low-cost solution that has picometre resolution and low noise using 4% reflective sensors, but is less tolerant to variation in system loss. The spectrometer design is more expensive, but delivers exceptional performance with picometre resolution, low noise and tolerance to 13dB system loss variation. Finally, this thesis details the interrogator's peripheral components, its compliance for operation in harsh industrial environments and several examples of commercial applications where it has been deployed. Applications include laboratory instruments, temperature monitoring systems for oil production, dynamic control for wind-energy and battery powered, self-contained sub-sea strain monitoring.


Precise dating of alteration minerals and host rocks to Au and base metal deposits in the Tasman fold belt system, eastern Australia, has established a number of distinct metallogenic epochs which correspond to episodes of magmatism or to deformation events. Base and precious metal mineralization was emplaced in the Mount Read Volcanics, Tasmania, at about 500 Ma, and other hydrothermal or deformational events may have occurred in the Hellyer deposit between approximately 480 and 440 Ma. Copper and Au mineralization was emplaced in the Lachlan fold belt, New South Wales, at about 440 Ma, and appears to be related to the end stages of Ordovician magmatism that spans a period from approximately 480 through to 440 Ma. Gold deposits (+ or - base metals), which formed in New South Wales and Tasmania at about 420 to 380 Ma, are essentially coeval with deformation and/or are broadly related to Siluro-Devonian magmatism that largely occurred from about 420 to 390 Ma. Gold mineralization in the Anakie inlier, northeast Drummond basin, North Queensland, was essentially coeval with the emplacement of the host Drummond sequence at about 350 Ma.


Target production and its delivery into the reaction chamber of high repetition rate facilities are the most challenging issues in inertial fusion energy (IFE) research. At the Lebedev Physical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI), efforts are underway on creation of the mechanical mockup of IFE reactor (MM-IFE) for developing the reactor-scale technologies applicable to mass production of IFE targets and their delivery with a repeatable rate into the chamber of IFE reactor. In this chapter, we discuss the current status and further trends of developments in the area of advanced target technologies underlying the research and development program on MM-IFE.


In music genre classification the decision time is typically of the order of several seconds, however, most automatic music genre classification systems focus on short time features derived from 10 50ms. This work investigates two models, the multivariate Gaussian modeland the multivariate autoregressive modelfor modelling short time features. Furthermore, it was investigated how these models can be integrated over a segment of short time features into a kernel such that a support vector machine can be applied. Two kernels with this property were considered, the convolution kernel and product probability kernel. In order to examine the different methods an 11 genre music setup was utilized. In this setup the Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients were used as short time features. The accuracy of the best performing model on this data set was � 44% compared to a human performance of � 52% on the same data set.


Dogs know when we are feeling down. They love it when we are happy and seeking friendship and fun, and they understand when we are feeling sad and desperate. This book presents a series of real-life tales of the positive effects dogs have had on people at the end of their lives, chronicling the visits by two therapy dogs, Woody and Katie, to patients in a south Florida hospice facility. Through twenty-one stories, infused with humour amidst the sadness, Michelle Rivera, an experienced animal therapist, explores the many ways in which animals can ease human suffering. Her book begins with the deeply personal story of her own mother Katherine's illness and dying appeal to have the company of a dog and proceeds to tell the stories of patients young and old who the author was inspired to visit with her 'hospice hounds'. As well as demonstrating many of the techniques of animal therapy, Rivera argues powerfully that not allowing pets in health care facilities is a counterproductive policy that deprives patients of comfort at the time they need it most. Some of the stories were previously published in "Hospice Hounds" (2001), but the author has substantially expanded her introduction and added an invaluable final section that gives practical tips on training and certifying your dog to be a therapy animal.


The Second Edition of this successful text, An Introduction to the American Legal System, continues to offer an accessible, practical overview of the American Legal System. It introduces students to legal concepts, procedures, and principles while giving them a solid grounding in important areas of substantive law as well as in legal history. Among the features that make this text such an excellent teaching tool: organization into four parts progresses logically from the origins of the law through legislation and procedure Part I, Foundation of the Legal System, sets forth the fundamental concepts of the law and examines the historical development of the legal system Part II, Substance of the Law, provides an overview of constitutional law, criminal law, torts, property, contracts, business, and family law Part III, The Legal Process, surveys civil and criminal procedure Part IV, Legislative and Administrative Developments in the Law, covers legislation and administrative law concise "Cases in Point" illustrate the applicability of the law to real world issues capture student interest questions in every chapter stimulate thought and classroom discussion a strong pedagogy includes learning objectives, chapter outlines, and a glossary New to the Second Edition: expanded coverage of torts and property law increased focus on crimes and criminal procedure new and expanded discussion of the PATRIOT Act, including new amendments and results of recent litigation, as well as material on terrorism and immigration offenses updated cases include new, hot-button cases, such as "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, Crawford v. Washington" on the admissibility of hearsay evidence in criminal cases an expanded section on battered woman syndrome and battered child syndrome Appendices on how to find the law and how to brief a case


The relationship between secondary pollutants and their formation during long-range transport (LRT) and its contribution to air quality in East Asia were investigated through field observations and numerical simulations. At first, it was found that the tropospheric ozone level in this area was highest in the world with maximum values occurring in the spring. This was suggested to have been caused by two mechanisms: the stratospheric ozone intrusion into the troposphere, and the regional-scale LRT of anthropogenic pollutants and the tropospheric ozone formation caused by them. This was found to be associated with yellow sand events and to cause a simultaneous increase in spm and ozone concentrations. The elevated ozone concentration was predicted well by an Eulerian transport / chemistry / deposition model (STEM-Il model, Carmichael et al., 1986), which quantitatively suggested the important role of the latter mechanism. In addition, a clear insight into chemical processes during LRT was presented, based upon the concentration changes of secondary pollutants and radicals (OH and RO2) along the route of LRT in central Japan.


Multiterminal (MT) video coding is a practical application of the MT source coding theory. For MT source coding theory, two problems associated with achievable rate regions are well investigated into in this thesis: a new sufficient condition for BT sum-rate tightness, and the sum-rate loss for quadratic Gaussian MT source coding. Practical code design for ideal Gaussian sources with quadratic distortion measure is also achieved for cases more than two sources with minor rate loss compared to theoretical limits. However, when the theory is applied to practical applications, the performance of MT video coding has been unsatisfactory due to the difficulty to explore the correlation between different camera views. In this dissertation, we present an MT video coding scheme under the H.264/AVC framework. In this scheme, depth camera information can be optionally sent to the decoder separately as another source sequence. With the help of depth information at the decoder end, inter-view correlation can be largely improved and thus so is the compression performance. With the depth information, joint estimation from decoded frames and side information at the decoder also becomes available to improve the quality of reconstructed video frames. Experimental result shows that compared to separate encoding, up to 9.53% of the bit rate can be saved by the proposed MT scheme using decoder depth information, while up to 5.65% can be saved by the scheme without depth camera information. Comparisons to joint video coding schemes are also provided.


The concept of a time-relative interest is introduced by Jeff McMahan to solve certain puzzles about the badness of death. Some people (e.g. McMahan and David DeGrazia) believe that this concept can also be used to show that abortion is permissible. In this paper, I first argue that if the Time-Relative Interest Account permits abortion, then it would also permit infanticide. I next reject the suggestion that the Time-Relative Interest Account can at least explain the permissibility of early abortion, even if it cannot explain the permissibility of late abortion. Given this, early and late abortions have to be justified on other grounds.


We provide molecular systematics of a microporidian species, Nosema fumiferanae, one of the most common natural enemies of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. The uncharacterized flanking region upstream of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA and the complete rRNA cistron of N. fumiferanae was 4,769 bp long. The organization of the rRNA gene was 5′‐LSU rRNA‐ITS‐SSU rRNA‐IGS‐5S‐3′ and corresponded primarily to most insect (i.e. lepidopteran) Nosema species identified and classified to date. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete rRNA cistron indicated that N. fumiferanae is closely related to Nosema plutellae and is correctly assigned to the "true" Nosema group. Suggestions were provided on a criterion to delineate the "true" Nosema from other microsporidian species.


Combining high specific strength with good corrosion resistance, metal matrix composites (MMCs) are materials that are attractive for a large range of engineering applications. There are several fabrication methods available in manufacturing the MMC materials. According to the type of reinforcement, the fabrication methods can vary considerably. In this review, the relatively low cost stir casting technique is evaluated for use in the production of silicon carbide/Aluminum alloy MMCs. This paper presents the effect of various factors effecting the stir casting process, challenges associated with it and techniques adopted to overcome these challenges.


Pervasive digitalization is challenging established organizational modes of operating and practices in strategy formation. Both theoretical and empirical accounts detail how such processes involve moving from perceived views of information technologies as important but functional resources used to achieve business goals, towards digital strategy grounded in a synthesized perspective where strategies for organizational goals are both formed and executed by leveraging digital resources. While multiple studies detail the underlying rationales for this shift, and what a digital strategy is how such strategies are formed has received less attention. We draw on the notion of planned and emergent strategy formation to analyze how the distributed agency and blurred boundaries induced by digitization are harmonized with organizational governance requirements. We contribute an empirical account of strategizing across three phases identified in an interpretative case study of a digital strategy formation process at the Swedish Transport Administration (STA), marked by distinct approaches to balance and integrate business and digital competencies. Second, we identify distinct work practices aimed at creating new institutional arrangements in the three phases. Third, the analysis demonstrates the cumulative nature of digital strategy formation and how organizations may develop capacity for strategizing over time.


One of the main goals of these notes is to explain how rotations in reals^n are induced by the action of a certain group, Spin(n), on reals^n, in a way that generalizes the action of the unit complex numbers, U(1), on reals^2, and the action of the unit quaternions, SU(2), on reals^3 (i.e., the action is defined in terms of multiplication in a larger algebra containing both the group Spin(n) and reals^n). The group Spin(n), called a spinor group, is defined as a certain subgroup of units of an algebra, Cl_n, the Clifford algebra associated with reals^n.
Since the spinor groups are certain well chosen subgroups of units of Clifford algebras, it is necessary to investigate Clifford algebras to get a firm understanding of spinor groups. These notes provide a tutorial on Clifford algebra and the groups Spin and Pin, including a study of the structure of the Clifford algebra Cl_{p, q} associated with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form of signature (p, q) and culminating in the beautiful "8-periodicity theorem" of Elie Cartan and Raoul Bott (with proofs).


Multi-spacecraft observations of widespread solar energetic particle (SEP) events indicate that perpendicular (to the mean field) diffusion is an important SEP transport mechanism. However, this is in direct contrast to so-called spike and drop-out events, which indicate very little lateral transport. To better understand these seemingly incongruous observations, we discuss the recent progress made towards understanding and implementing perpendicular diffusion in transport models of SEP electrons. This includes a re-derivation of the relevant focused transport equation, a discussion surrounding the correct form of the pitch-angle dependent perpendicular diffusion coefficient and what turbulence quantities are needed as input, and how models lead to degenerate solutions of the particle intensity. Lastly, we evaluate the validity of a diffusion approach to SEP transport and conclude that it is valid when examining a large number of (an ensemble of) events, but that individual SEP events may exhibit coherent structures related to the magnetic field turbulence at short timescales that cannot be accounted for in this modelling approach.


Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently considered the most common liver disease in industrialized countries, and it is estimated that it will become the most frequent indication for liver transplantation in the next decade. NAFLD may be associated with moderate (i.e. steatosis) to severe (i.e. steatohepatitis and fibrosis) liver damage and affects all age groups. Furthermore, subjects with NAFLD may be at a greater risk of other obesity-related complications later in life, and people with obesity and obesity-related complications (e.g. metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease) are at increased risk of developing NAFLD. To date, there is no licensed treatment for NAFLD and therapy has been mainly centered on weight loss and increased physical activity. Unfortunately, it is often difficult for patients to adhere to the advised lifestyle changes. Therefore, based on the known pathogenesis of NAFLD, several clinical trials with different nutritional supplementation and prescribed drugs have been undertaken or are currently underway. Experimental evidence has emerged about the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are important for a number of health-related functions. Omega-3 fatty acids are present in some foods (oils, nuts and seeds) that also contain omega-6 fatty acids, and the best sources of exclusively omega-3 fatty acids are oily fish, krill oil and algae. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and we also discuss the molecular and clinical evidence for the benefits of different omega-3 fatty acid preparations in NAFLD.


Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) is a new computational super-resolution approach, which can obtain not only the correct object function, but also the pupil aberration, the LED misalignment, and beyond. Although many state-mixed FPM techniques have been proposed to achieve higher data acquisition efficiency and recovery accuracy in the past few years, little is known that their reconstruction performance highly depends on the data redundancy in both object and frequency domains. Generally, at least 35% aperture overlapping percentage in the Fourier domain is needed for a successful reconstruction using ordinary FPM method. However, the data redundancy requirements for those state-mixed FPM schemes are largely remained unexplored until now. In this paper, we explore the spatial and spectrum data redundancy requirements for the FPM recovery process to introduce sampling criteria for the conventional and state-mixed FPM techniques in both object and frequency space. Moreover, an upsampled FPM method is proposed to solve the pixel aliasing problem, and an alternative illumination-angle subsampled FPM scheme is introduced to get rid of the complexity of decoherence and achieve the expected recovery quality with reduced data quantity. All the proposed methods and sampling criteria are validated with both simulations and experiments, and our results show that state-mixed techniques cannot provide a significant performance advantage since they are much more sensitive to data redundancy. This paper provides both the guidelines for designing the most suitable FPM platform and the insights for the capabilities and limitations of the FPM approach.


Background: A multicomponent psychological intervention designed to alleviate neuropsychiatric symptoms and to improve communication in mild to moderate dementia was evaluated in a controlled trial. Components were (1) TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped Children)-based cognitive-behavioral and environmental interventions adapted for dementia and (2) music therapy. Methods: In a Pre-post design, the treatment group (n = 26) received the program for 6 months, whereas controls (n = 23) participated in nonspecific occupational therapy. Statistical analyses included t-tests, effect sizes, and two-way ANOVAs. Results: Relative to controls, the treatment group showed partly significant reductions of agitation, aggression, apathy, and anxiety, and improvement of communication, emotional expression, and activity. Conclusion: The intervention can help to increase psychological well-being in patients with dementia.


Outcrop analogs are routinely used to constrain models of subsurface fluvial sedimentary architecture built through stochastic modeling or interwell sand-body correlations. Correlability models are analog-based quantitative templates for guiding the well-to-well correlation of sand bodies, whereas indicator variograms used as input to reservoir models can be parameterized from data collected from analogs, using existing empirical relationships. This study tests the value and limitations of adopting analog-informed correlability models and indicator variogram models and assesses the effect and significance of analog choice in subsurface workflows for characterizing fluvial reservoirs. A 3.2-km (2-mi)-long architectural panel based on a virtual outcrop from the Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation (Wasatch Plateau, Utah) has been used to test the methodologies. Vertical dummy wells have been constructed across the panel, and the intervening fluvial architecture has been predicted using correlability models and sequential indicator simulations. The correlability and indicator variogram models employed to predict the outcrop architecture have been compiled using information drawn from an architectural database. These models relate to (1) analogs that partially match with the Blackhawk Formation in terms of depositional setting and (2) empirical relationships relating statistics on depositional element geometries and spatial relations to net-to-gross ratio, based on data from multiple fluvial systems of a variety of forms. The forecasting methods are assessed by quantifying the mismatch between predicted architecture and outcrop observations in terms of the correlability of channel complexes and static connectivity of channel deposits. Results highlight the effectiveness of correlability models as a check for the geologic realism of correlation panels and the value of analog-informed indicator variograms as a valid alternative to variogram model parameterization through geostatistical analysis of well data. This work has application in the definition of best-practice use of analogs in subsurface workflows; it provides insight into the typical degree of realism of analog-based predictions of reservoir architecture, as well as the effect of analog choice, and draws attention to associated pitfalls.


ABSTRACT One of the essential steps for satellite albedo validation is upscaling in situ measurements to corresponding pixel scale over relatively heterogeneous land surfaces. Although the multi-scale validation strategy is applicable for heterogeneous surfaces, the calibration of the high-resolution imagery during upscaling process is never perfect, and thus the upscaling results suffer from errors. The regression-kriging (RK) technique can compensate the calibration part by applying kriging to upscale residuals and produce more accurate upscaling results. In this paper, in situ measurements and high spatial resolution albedo imagery combined with RK technique was proposed. This method is illustrated by upscaling surface albedo from in situ measurements scale to the coarse pixel scale in the core experimental area of HiWATER, where 17 WSN nodes were deployed at heterogeneous area. The upscaling results of this method were compared with the upscaling results from multi-scale strategy. The results show that the upscaling method based on in situ measurements and high-resolution imagery combined with RK technique can capture the spatial characteristics of surface albedo better. Further, an attempt was made to expand this method in time series. Finally, a preliminary validation of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer albedo product was performed as the tentative application.


Flood attributes such as the water level may depend on multiple forcing variables that arise from common meteorological conditions. To correctly estimate flood risk in these situations, it is necessary to account for the joint probability distribution of all the relevant forcing variables. An example of a joint probability approach is the design variable method, which focuses on the extremes of the forcing variables, and approximates the hydraulic response to forcing variables with a water level table. In practice, however, application of the design variable method is limited, even for the bivariate case, partly because of the high computational cost of the hydrologic/hydraulic simulations. We develop methods to minimise the computational cost and assess the appropriate extent and resolution of the water level table in a bivariate context. Flood risk is then evaluated as a bivariate integral, which we implement as an equivalent line integral. The line integral is two orders of magnitude quicker and therefore beneficial to settings that require multiple evaluations of the flood risk (e.g., optimisation studies or uncertainty analyses). The proposed method is illustrated using a coastal case study in which floods are caused by extreme rainfall and storm tide. An open-source R package has been developed to facilitate the uptake of joint probability methods among researchers and practitioners.


A special kind of horror is reserved for mothers who kill their children. Cases such as those of Susan Smith, who drowned her two young sons by driving her car into a lake, and Melissa Drexler, who disposed of her newborn baby in a restroom at her prom, become media sensations. Unfortunately, in addition to these high-profile cases, hundreds of mothers kill their children in the United States each year. The question most often asked is, why? What would drive a mother to kill her own child? Those who work with such cases, whether in clinical psychology, social services, law enforcement or academia, often lack basic understandings about the types of circumstances and patterns which might lead to these tragic deaths, and the social constructions of motherhood which may affect women's actions. These mothers oftentimes defy the myths and media exploitation of them as evil, insane, or lacking moral principles, and they are not a homogenous group. In obvious ways, intervention strategies should differ for a teenager who denies her pregnancy and then kills her newborn and a mother who kills her two toddlers out of mental illness or to further a relationship. A typology is needed to help us to understand the different cases that commonly occur and the patterns they follow in order to make possible more effective prevention plans. Mothers Who Kill Their Children draws on extensive research to identify clear patterns among the cases of women who kill their children, shedding light on why some women commit these acts. The characteristics the authors establish will be helpful in creating more meaningful policies, more targeted intervention strategies, and more knowledgeable evaluations of these cases when they arise.


Since its creation in 1995, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has gradually constructed a consistent approach to completing panels' analysis where the circumstances permit. The need for this practice stems from the limitation of WTO appeals to issues of law and the absence of remand in WTO disputes. The Appellate Body can be seen to complete a panel's analysis in two different scenarios: to deal with a claim that the panel failed to address; or to apply a different legal interpretation to the facts of the case, where the Appellate Body has reversed or modified the panel's legal interpretation. In deciding whether to complete a panel's analysis, the Appellate Body appears to consider three criteria: the existence of uncontested facts to resolve the matter, the connection between the legal issues to be addressed in completing the analysis and those considered by the panel, and the due process rights of the parties to the dispute. Where these criteria are not satisfied, the Appellate Body is unable to complete the analysis, and the dispute may go unresolved. This is an increasing problem, highlighting the need for WTO Members to agree on a suitable remand mechanism. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.


Since the early 1980s, laboratory managers in the field of forensic science were introduced to the first international standards for testing and calibration laboratories. Now almost three decades later every laboratory should have some level of quality management system implemented to assure the quality of results. With all the quality standards and requirements in the global arena, proper assessment is necessary to ensure that quality standards are harmonised across laboratories. The aim of this study was first to establish the extent of quality standards and recommendations within the forensic drug environment and secondly, the level to which they were implemented in forensic drug laboratories globally. A questionnaire was developed to measure quality variables according to five categories in forensic drug laboratories, namely equipment, personnel, quality assurance and quality control, customer relationship as well as productivity. A total of seventy international drug laboratories participated in the study which consisted of laboratories from the United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Finland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Taiwan and Israel. To make statistical inferences on the greater population of forensic drug laboratories, all data was converted to proportions. These proportions were compared to international quality standards such as ISO 17025 and ASCLO/LAB. International forensic drug laboratories use similar analytical methodology when analysing drug samples. These techniques comply with ISO standards and can be accepted within any jurisdiction, if operated and maintained correctly. Laboratory managers should however pay more attention to maintenance and procurement plans. All the laboratories appoint qualified scientists and have internal training programs to ensure that technical staff are qualified and competent when performing specialised tasks. More attention should however, be given to mentorship programs to assess and coach new technical staff. The majority of laboratories complied with the technical and managerial ISO requirements on quality control and quality assurance, in spite of a non-standardised sampling scheme. Although laboratories have a good relationship with their customers, staff shortages will lead to extended turn around times which will influence customer satisfaction over time. Furthermore, small drug laboratories, translating to a small staff quotient, were determined to be more productive than larger laboratories. This study ultimately, underscores the fact that an established quality system and an effective laboratory information management system will contribute to higher productivity in a forensic laboratory environment.


This study was conducted primarily to formulate a model
for padi-based Integrated Village Development (TVD) in Malaysia
by assessing the institutionalization, performance and elements
that enhance or limit success of Asam Jawa and Mulong-Lating
Integrated Development Projects. Institutionalization means
the procedures, processes and participants' acceptance of the
project. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered
through informant technique, interview schedule, observation
methods and review of relevant documents. Two hundred
resfXX1dents, 59 informants, and 23 project planners and
implementers were interviewed. Respondents were selected for
structured interviews by random sampling.


The 2014 elections were dubbed the first "social media election" in India, when more than 56 million election-related tweets were posted during the campaign. Despite his landslide victory, Prime Minister Narendra Modi seems to be in incessant political campaign mode on social media, launching the "Clean India" mission in late 2014 among other development-oriented initiatives. This research examines the effectiveness of social media as a platform for continuous dialogue with citizens in modern politics and its implications for the mainstream news media in India. The article uses the theoretical framework of agenda building in the digital age to outline the results of an empirical study that includes a social network analysis to profile Modi's Twitter followers and the key influencers in the Clean India campaign. The study analyzes year-long Twitter data in relation to the Clean India mission to identify common terms and trends, relationships between supporters of this campaign on Twitter, crossover between social media and the Indian mainstream news media, and the news media's response to the changed political landscape.


Patents are monopolies granted to inventors in order to promote innovation, but they have a limited term because they also impose social costs. There is little empirical research on what constitutes an optimal patent term, or whether patent term should vary across industry categories. We take a first step in studying these issues by examining cross-industry differences in patent term sensitivity. We take advantage of a change in law - the passage of the TRIPS agreement in 1994 - that caused patent term to be measured from the date a patent application was filed rather than the date the patent was granted, thereby reducing patent term by the amount of time an application was pending before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Using a new dataset, we determine what portion of this delay is attributable to the applicant for 307,597 issued patents filed in 1994-1996. This shows, for the first time, how patent applicants in different industries sped up their prosecution behavior in response to the change in law, which gives us a measure of industry sensitivity to patent term change. We predict, via a formal model, that patent applicants in industries with higher profits toward the end of patent term are the applicants most likely to speed up patent prosecution after TRIPS. Our results show that pharmaceuticals patentees sped up patent prosecution significantly, which accords with prior theory on the primacy of patents in this industry. We find, however, that software patentees also significantly sped up prosecution, which is unexpected given prior theory suggesting patents are less important in spurring software development. Additionally, our paper exploits another, separate aspect of the legal change that gave some firms longer patent term extensions vis a vis others. We perform an event study and find that firms receiving longer extensions tended to have higher market returns. We obtain similar results using a new empirical technique known as regression kink design, which addresses potential selection issues. Finally, we test for and find a high degree of correlation between our two new measures of patent term sensitivity. This high correlation helps validate our formal model, suggesting that patentees in industries most likely to receive higher profits toward the end of patent term were the ones most sensitive to the change in patent term rules.


New research orientations are emerging in behavioral science approaches to agricultural development. These new orientations are the product of both experience gained during the era that followed the Green Revolution and a response to changing goals in agricultural development that now place a greater emphasis on considerations of participation and equity. They also reflect a more general concern with the relation of technology and society growing out of efforts to understand energy and environmental problems. These orientations are characterized by a shift away from a conceptual perspective emphasizing communication to one in which technology and social organization are deemed essential in understanding and promoting agricultural development. This changing conceptual perspective is being manifested in the research process from which technology develops. Use of ecological systems approaches to the study of farming systems is increasing. The importance of understanding traditional agriculture is becoming evident and technology development methodologies are beginning to simulate farm conditions at the research center and to conduct experimental research on the farm. The appreciation of technology as a variable is leading to the development of alternative technologies adapted to different socionatural situations. As these emerging orientations become elaborated, they enhance the contributions which behavioral scientists can make to agricultural development.


Klapper and Love (2003) argue that firm-level corporate governance matters more in countries with weak legal systems. On the contrary, Bianco, Ghosh and Sirmans (2007) state that the strict legal rules on payout, ownership and asset structure make REITs more attractive within global perspectives on corporate governance. This paper investigates whether the quality of corporate governance has significant impacts on the stock and operating performance of the Turkish REITs, which operate in a weak legal environment country. The Turkish REIT industry differs substantially from the global REIT market. First, Turkish REITs do not have to pay out dividends, yet enjoy the exemption from paying corporate taxes. The lack of payout requirement creates the free cash-flow problem (Jensen, 1986) and increases the agency costs. Second, Turkish REITs have a concentrated ownership structure. The legal requirement that a leader entrepreneur be present with a minimum equity position of 25% introduces the agency problem between the majority and minority owners. The leader entrepreneurs, as non-taxable institutional investors, appear to dictate Turkish REITsi dividend and debt policies and deplete REITsi dividends, causing them to go to the long-term debt market (Erol and Tirtiroglu, 2010). Hence, the need for corporate governance is more of concern for the Turkish REITs. This paper uses an unbalanced panel data of 23 REITs between 2003 and 2011 in an attempt to examine the impact of corporate governance quality on the performance of REITs in Turkey. In particular, we regress both the periodical returns and operating performance (ROE, ROA, Tobinis Q) of REITs on governance-auditing measures and ownership structure characteristics.


In this article the author assesses whether a fundamental transformation is underway in public sector (state and local government) labor relations in the United States by revisiting the arguments made by the author and Kochan and McKersie (1986) regarding the transformation of labor relations in the private sector. The author argues that the economic pressures that led to a transformation of private sector labor relations starting in the 1980s have not played a comparable role in recent developments in the public sector because of the political nature of labor relations in that sector. Other insights are drawn from a comparison of recent developments with events that occurred during the mid-1970s, an earlier taxpayer revolt era. The author concludes that a fundamental transformation in public sector labor relations has not occurred, attributable to some degree to the limited decline in public employee union membership and the fact that a majority of the public has favorable attitudes toward public sector employees and union collective bargaining rights. Factors that might lead to such a transformation in the future are highlighted.


Based on the concepts of justice by Hayek, Rawls and Buchanan we argue that the growing political dissatisfaction in industrialized countries is rooted in the asymmetric pattern in monetary policies since the 1980s for two reasons. First, the structurally declining interest rates and the unconventional monetary policy measures have granted privileges to specific groups. Second, the increasingly expansionary monetary policies have negative growth effects, which reduce the scope for compensation of the ones excluded from the privileges. The result is the fading acceptance of the economic order and growing political instability.


The reactions of a volunteer mental health team which convened in the aftermath of the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires are reported. A questionnaire designed to explore psychological and physical responses was completed by the 19 staff who made up the team. Using both open-ended and closed questions, the questionnaire tapped such areas as motivation, goals, expectations and observations, initial and later emotional and physical reactions, fantasies and evoked memories; an evaluation of the service and the experience was also included. Analysis of responses indicated that team members experienced considerable stress during their postdisaster work but also gained a great deal at both professional and personal levels. Sources of stress are discussed as are recommendations for their alleviation.


Over the past decade, a lot of research has been done to develop efficient routing protocols for Delay- and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs). In the course of this work, many comparative evaluation studies have been done to determine which of two proposed protocols is the better one (for a given situation). The majority of these evaluations are based on results gained from simulated network environments. In order to conduct a relevant evaluation of routing schemes, numerous conditions, policies and data need to be specified and fed into the simulation environment. The aim of our work in this paper is to discuss current DTN evaluation practices through a thorough and critical literature study. Based on the surveyed material, we show some weaknesses and lack of argumentation used in the evaluations. Through this, we hope to aid in bridging the gap between simulated and real-world DTN environments. In addition, and as a call for further research, we propose a model for evaluation of DTN routing schemes that outlines the most crucial inputs that needs to be considered in the evaluation process. This model is then projected onto evaluation practices used for evaluations of DTN routing protocols in a set of sixteen papers roughly covering a decade of DTN research.


Elemental accumulation in seeds is the product of a combination of environment and a wide variety of genetically controlled physiological processes. We measured the kernel elemental composition of the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in 4 different environments. Analysis of variance revealed strong effects of genotype, environment and genotype by environment interactions. Using Joint-linkage mapping on a set of 7000 markers we identified 354 quantitative trait loci (QTL) across 20 elements, four environments and a combination of the environments. Leveraging 20 M SNPs derived from genome resequencing on the parents of the population, genome-wide association mapping studies (GWAS) detected 8573 loci. While most of the GWAS SNPs were located near genes not previously implicated in elemental regulation, several SNPs were located next to orthologs of well-characterized elemental regulation genes.


Globally, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) accounts for more than half the annual flux of carbon exported from terrestrial ecosystems via rivers. Here, we assess the relative influences of biogeochemical and hydrological processes on DIC fluxes exported from a tropical river catchment characterized by distinct land cover, climate and geology transition from the wet tropical mountains to the low‐lying savanna plains. Processes controlling changes in river DIC were investigated using dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and DIC concentrations and stable isotope ratios of DIC (δ13CDIC) at two time scales: seasonal and diel. The recently developed Isotopic Continuous Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyser was used to measure diel DIC concentration and δ13CDIC changes at a 15‐min temporal resolution. Results highlight the predominance of biologically mediated processes (photosynthesis and respiration) controlling diel changes in DIC. These resulted in DIC concentrations varying between 3.55 and 3.82 mg/l and δ13CDIC values ranging from −19.7 ± 0.31‰ to −17.1 ± 0.08‰. In contrast, at the seasonal scale, we observed wet season DIC variations predominantly from mixing processes and dry season DIC variations due to both mixing processes and biological processes. The observed wet season increases in DIC concentrations (by 6.81 mg/l) and δ13CDIC values of river water (by 5.4‰) largely result from proportional increases in subsurface inflows from the savanna plains (C4 vegetation) region relative to inflows from the rainforest (C3 vegetation) highlands. The high DIC river load during the wet season resulted in the transfer of 97% of the annual river carbon load. Therefore, in this gaining river, there are significant seasonal variations in both the hydrological and carbon cycles, and there is evidence of substantial coupling between the carbon cycles of the terrestrial and the fluvial environments. Recent identification of a substantial carbon sink in the savannas of northern Australia during wetter years in the recent past does not take into account the possibility of a substantial, rapid, lateral flux of carbon to rivers and back to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This paper focuses on nominal classification in Bantu, Romance and
Chinese.
The relation between numeral classifiers, noun classes and grammatical gender has often been noted in the typological literature (e.g. Craig 1986,
Senft 2000), based, on the one hand, on the (perceived) comparable semantic
parameters involved in the classification underlying all three types of system
(shape, size, animacy, and others), and, on the other hand, on the frequent relation between classification and agreement, both within the nominal phrase and with constituents outside it.
However, despite these apparent similarities, the establishment of a
common core of these three systems (if there is one) (represented here by
Cantonese classifiers, Italian gender and Swahili noun classes) remains problematic, as well as the question why we have classification at all.
In this paper, we give a fine-grained description of the three systems,
showing that Bantu and Romance are very similar, not only for the common
pervasive agreement facts, but also because both families allow for derivational uses of noun classes and gender seem to involve similar semantic domains. These two characteristics set Chinese apart.
We propose that a common rationale underlying these classification systems can still be discerned, and is suggested by the fact that the expression of
classification and number often, though not always, go hand in hand: in our
view, class and number are both part of the individuating process that turns a
descriptive "predicate" NP into a referential expression.


A universal probabilistic programming language [4–6] consists of a general-purpose language extended with two probabilistic features: the ability to make random (probabilistic) choices and the ability to make observations. For expressiveness and efficiency, it is useful to consider observations that have nonnegative real likelihoods rather than simple boolean truth values. A program in such a language represents a probabilistic process; the chance of producing a particular answer is determined by the random choices made along the way and the likelihoods of the observations. Existing probabilistic programming languages typically support a constrained form of observation—such as requiring the distribution in explicit form—or a general weighting operation, like factor. This work explores the interaction between observation and the other computational features of the language. We present a big-step semantics of importance sampling with likelihood weighting for a core universal probabilistic programming language with observation propagation.


We formulate a private learning model to study an intrinsic tradeoff between privacy and query complexity in sequential learning. Our model involves a learner who aims to determine a scalar value, v∗, by sequentially querying an external database and receiving binary responses. In the meantime, an adversary observes the learner's queries, though not the responses, and tries to infer from them the value of v∗. The objective of the learner is to obtain an accurate estimate of v∗ using only a small number of queries, while simultaneously protecting her privacy by making v∗ provably difficult to learn for the adversary. Our main results provide tight upper and lower bounds on the learner's query complexity as a function of desired levels of privacy and estimation accuracy. We also construct explicit query strategies whose complexity is optimal up to an additive constant.1


Poly(acryloyl hydrazide) is a versatile polymer scaffold readily functionalised through post-polymerisation modification with aldehydes to yield polymers for biological applications. However, its polymerisation is affected by nucleophilic degradation of the RAFT agent that leads to early termination, an issue often overlooked in the polymerisation of primary acrylamides. Here we report the effect of temperature on the RAFT polymerisation of N'-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)acryloyl hydrazide (1) and demonstrate that by carefully selecting this polymerisation temperature, a balance between rate of polymerisation and rate of degradation of the RAFT agent can be achieved. This way a greater control over the polymerisation process is achieved, allowing the synthesis of Boc-protected poly(acryloyl hydrazide) with higher degrees of polymerisation than those achieved previously, while still maintaining low dispersities. We believe our results should be of importance to those working on the RAFT polymerization of primary and secondary (meth)acrylamides and monomers with nucleophilic moieties.


Six boreholes were drilled during the course of a year to a depth of 2 m beneath the water table, located at a depth of about 28 m, under agricultural land sprinkler irrigated with treated sewage effluents in the Coastal Plain aquifer of Israel to determine the extent of penetration of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into the unsaturated zone. The fields were planted to turf and had different histories of effluent irrigation. From each borehole, 7 to 21 samples were taken for analysis of PPCPs, as was the underlying groundwater. Nine PPCPs (carbamazepine and its metabolite 10‐hydroxy‐10,11‐dihydrocarbamazepine, acridone and acridine, venlafaxine, sulfamethoxazole, oxcarbazepine, O‐desmethylvenlafaxine, and caffeine) were detected in the vadose zone of the study area to a depth of 27 m. For example, the detected concentrations of carbamazepine were up to 109 ng/kg, of caffeine up to 36,700 ng/kg, and of venlafaxine up to 50 ng/kg. Only five of the compounds (carbamazepine, acridone, venlafaxine, sulfamethoxazole, and caffeine) were found in the underlying groundwater with concentrations in the nanogram per liter range. The results of this work show that significant amounts of PPCPs can penetrate even a thick vadose zone of 27 m with sections containing up to 50% clay and up to 0.40% soil organic C. Venlafaxine, for example, penetrated the vadose zone at an average velocity of 2.8 to 4 m/yr. Irrigation with treated sewage effluents or contaminated water should be carefully considered if the penetration of PPCPs into groundwater is undesirable.


The aircraft arrival sequencing and scheduling (ASS) problem is a salient problem in air traffic control (ATC), which proves to be nondeterministic polynomial (NP) hard. This paper formulates the ASS problem in the form of a permutation problem and proposes a new solution framework that makes the first attempt at using an ant colony system (ACS) algorithm based on the receding horizon control (RHC) to solve it. The resultant RHC-improved ACS algorithm for the ASS problem (termed the RHC-ACS-ASS algorithm) is robust, effective, and efficient, not only due to that the ACS algorithm has a strong global search ability and has been proven to be suitable for these kinds of NP-hard problems but also due to that the RHC technique can divide the problem with receding time windows to reduce the computational burden and enhance the solution's quality. The RHC-ACS-ASS algorithm is extensively tested on the cases from the literatures and the cases randomly generated. Comprehensive investigations are also made for the evaluation of the influences of ACS and RHC parameters on the performance of the algorithm. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is further enhanced by using a two-opt exchange heuristic local search. Experimental results verify that the proposed RHC-ACS-ASS algorithm generally outperforms ordinary ACS without using the RHC technique and genetic algorithms (GAs) in solving the ASS problems and offers high robustness, effectiveness, and efficiency.


In recent years there has been growing concern over the pervasive disparities in academic achievement that are highly influenced by ethnicity, class and gender. Specifically, within the neoliberal policy rhetoric, there has been concern over underachievement of working-class young males, specifically white working-class boys. The historic persistence of this pattern, and the ominous implication of these trends on the long-term life chances of white working-class boys, has led to a growing chorus that something must be done to intervene. This book provides an in-depth sociological study exploring the subjectivities within the neoliberal ideology of the school environment, in order to expand our understanding of white working-class disengagement with education. The chapters discuss how white working-class boys in three educational sites enact social and learner identities, focusing on the practices of 'meaning-making' and 'identity work' that the boys experienced, and the disjunctures and commonalities between them. The book presents an analysis of the varying tensions influencing the identity of each boy and the consequences of these pressures on their engagement with education. Drawing on Bourdieu's theoretical tools and a model of egalitarian habitus, Identity, Neoliberalism and Aspiration: Educating white working-class boys will be of interest to academics, researchers and postgraduate students in the field of sociology of education, and those from related disciplines studying class and gender.


French politics have been undergoing a process of restructuring since the coming of the Fifth Republic in 1958. This process, like any process of political change, has been a complex one involving many factors and variables. The most obvious of these factors has been the one most commented upon by journalists and contemporary historians – the influence of General de Gaulle and his policies (the new constitution, foreign policy, etc.). What is only beginning to emerge from the academic debate is the relationship between Gaullist politics and the other variables.


When studying a time series of implied Risk Neutral Densities (RNDs) or other implied statistics, one is faced with the problem of maturity dependence, given that option contracts have a fixed expiry date. Therefore, estimates from consecutive days are not directly comparable. Further, we can only obtain implied RNDs for a limited set of expiration dates. In this paper we introduce two new methods to overcome the time to maturity problem. First, we propose an alternative method for calculating constant time horizon Economic Value at Risk (EVaR), which is much simpler than the method currently being used at the Bank of England. Our method is based on an empirical scaling law for the quantiles in a log-log plot, and thus, we are able to interpolate and extrapolate the EVaR for any time horizon. The second method is based on an RND surface constructed across strikes and maturities, which enables us to obtain RNDs for any time horizon. Removing the maturity dependence of implied RNDs and related statistics is useful in many applications, such as in (i) the construction of implied volatility indices like the VIX, (ii) the assessment of market uncertainty by central banks (iii) time series analysis of EVaR, or (iv) event studies.


������������ �;������������ This paper explores how citizen-users think and communicate about public opinion polling through an analysis of tweets published during and just after the 2010 UK General Election leaders' debate broadcast on Sky News on 22 April 2010, the second of three debates. For those who comment on events in real time through social media such as Twitter, a category we call the 'viewertariat', this event was notable for Sky News's immediate coverage of a YouGov poll that seemed discrepant. Indeed, within an hour of the end of the debate, various mainstream media published a number of polls apparently at odds with each other. Such discrepancies opened a space for lay theories to emerge about relationships between political parties, media, polling firms, and the wider public itself. Individuals were pushed to find explanations and quick to publish them in a public assembly of views. Analysis of these data illuminates not just what people think, but how they think about long-term concerns of scholars and practitioners of politics and political communication, such as credibility, trust and power, and how citizens manage expectations during events where the outcome is uncertain. Accounting for viewertariat behaviour develops recent research on mediatized politics in important ways. First, we find some viewertariat members performing a lay tutelage role, providing information and explanations about polling and elections to fellow citizens who express confusion. This indicates the continued importance of informed public discussion to some citizens. Second, we find a blurring of elite/non-elite interactions alongside persistent theories about elite conspiracies.


'This is a welcome book. The issues of public understanding of science open many questions. What does "understanding" mean? How does understanding translate into attitudes towards science and trust in scientists? What is the role of the mass media? The essays in this book shed light on such questions bringing insights from several disciplines. They help to define a meaningful research agenda for the future. - Professor Dorothy Nelkin, New York University


Abstract Well-resolved streamwise velocity spectra are reported for smooth- and rough-wall turbulent pipe flow over a large range of Reynolds numbers. The turbulence structure far from the wall is seen to be unaffected by the roughness, in accordance with Townsend's Reynolds number similarity hypothesis. Moreover, the energy spectra within the turbulent wall region follow the classical inner and outer scaling behaviour. While an overlap region between the two scalings and the associated ${ k}_{x}^{- 1} $ law are observed near ${R}^{+ } \approx 3000$ , the ${ k}_{x}^{- 1} $ behaviour is obfuscated at higher Reynolds numbers due to the evolving energy content of the large scales (the very-large-scale motions, or VLSMs). We apply a semi-empirical correction (del Álamo & Jiménez, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 640, 2009, pp. 5–26) to the experimental data to estimate how Taylor's frozen field hypothesis distorts the pseudo-spatial spectra inferred from time-resolved measurements. While the correction tends to suppress the long wavelength peak in the logarithmic layer spectrum, the peak nonetheless appears to be a robust feature of pipe flow at high Reynolds number. The inertial subrange develops around ${R}^{+ } \gt 2000$ where the characteristic ${ k}_{x}^{- 5/ 3} $ region is evident, which, for high Reynolds numbers, persists in the wake and logarithmic regions. In the logarithmic region, the streamwise wavelength of the VLSM peak scales with distance from the wall, which is in contrast to boundary layers, where the superstructures have been shown to scale with boundary layer thickness throughout the entire shear layer. Moreover, the similarity in the streamwise wavelength scaling of the large- and very-large-scale motions supports the notion that the two are physically interdependent.


AITEB-2 is a project where aerothermal challenges of modern high pressure turbine designs are analysed. One of the scopes of the project is to allow for new gas turbine designs with less parts and lighter jet engines by increasing the blade pitch and therefore the aerodynamic blade loading. For transonic profiles this leads to very high velocities on the suction side and shock induced separation is likely to occur. The total pressure loss increase due to flow separation and strong shocks as well as the under-turning of the flow limits the increase of the blade pitch. In this paper experiments using a linear turbine blade cascade with high aerodynamic loading are presented. The blade pitch is increased such that at design conditions a strong separation occurs on the suction side. The experiments were run at high subsonic exit Mach numbers and at Reynolds numbers of 390,000 and 800,000. In order to reduce the flow separation and the aerodynamic losses, air jet vortex generators are used which create streamwise vortices prior to the separation start. Since in high pressure turbine blades film cooling is widely used, also the influence of film cooling both with and without using vortex generators is analysed. Film cooling is provided on the suction side by two rows of cylindrical holes. The paper provides an analysis of the influence of different main flow conditions, film cooling and vortex generators on total pressure loss, heat transfer and film cooling effectiveness. The experiments show that the vortex generators as well as the film cooling reduce flow separation and total pressure losses. Effects are also seen in the local heat transfer, especially with enhanced heat transport in the region with flow separation. The cases presented in this paper deal with complex flow phenomena which are challenging to be predicted with modern numerical tools correctly. Therefore the experimental data serve as a comprehensive data base for CFD validation in the AITEB-2 project.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Many representative graph neural networks, e.g., GPR-GNN and ChebNet, approximate graph convolutions with graph spectral filters. However, existing work either applies predefined filter weights or learns them without necessary constraints, which may lead to oversimplified or ill-posed filters. To overcome these issues, we propose BernNet, a novel graph neural network with theoretical support that provides a simple but effective scheme for designing and learning arbitrary graph spectral filters. In particular, for any filter over the normalized Laplacian spectrum of a graph, our BernNet estimates it by an order-$K$ Bernstein polynomial approximation and designs its spectral property by setting the coefficients of the Bernstein basis. Moreover, we can learn the coefficients (and the corresponding filter weights) based on observed graphs and their associated signals and thus achieve the BernNet specialized for the data. Our experiments demonstrate that BernNet can learn arbitrary spectral filters, including complicated band-rejection and comb filters, and it achieves superior performance in real-world graph modeling tasks. Code is available at https://github.com/ivam-he/BernNet.


Abstract Let $M$ be a symplectic 4-dimensional manifold equipped with a Hamiltonian circle action with isolated fixed points. We describe a method for computing its integral equivariant cohomology in terms of fixed point data. We give some examples of these computations.


This paper proposes a method to transform e-Learning context of Japanese natural language description into a RDF formal description with use of a case frame. With use of the case frame, more precise representation of meaning and relationship between words of the given sentence is available, rather than a collection of keyword. Also the authors adopt the RDF for formal description, because it provides machine-readable and interpretable representation of the given sentences. An author or editor just writes some key sentences for each e-Learning contents. The proposing system processes them and generates the RDF description automatically. It will benefit to search suitable e-Learning content.


In this thesis, adaptive power control method is proposed to improve the performance of
dynamic frequency hopping-optical code division multiple access (DFH-OCDMA)
communication system. This method is based on solving the near-far problem of power
misdistribution among simultaneous users. The DFH-OCDMA has an advantage of
supporting more users compared to other OCDMA techniques such as Hadamard code,
modified quadratic congruence code, modified frequency hopping code, and fast
frequency hopping system. Nevertheless, the bit error rate (BER) was found to
deteriorate rapidly with a slight change of received power compared to the other
techniques. With the change of the received power (i.e. from -10 dBm to -12 dBm), the
BER could be degraded from 10-9 to 10-6. This phenomenon is strongly related to nearfar
problem, where users at longer path lengths will suffer higher BER compared to
users at shorter path lengths. The unequal power distribution among users leads to
unequal performance for them. This may cause to not all users can be supported in the transmission system. Therefore, this study is aimed to search for a solution to increase
the number of users under the DFH-OCDMA system with near-far problem.
A distributed power control algorithm was proposed to enhance the performance of the
system and this was done by considering all possible noises such as the multiple access
interference, phase induced intensity noise, and shot noise. The performance of the
system was also observed at different issues of fibre impairments, including fibre
attenuation, and optical components. The results gathered from the simulations showed
that BER and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for each user were significantly improved after
using the power control. In specific, it is observed that the best capacity increased was
51% when the random path lengths for 110 users was between 1 to 40 km. Thus, the
power control method is proven as an important enhancement to DFH-OCDMA
performance. Moreover, the number of users increased in the DFH-OCDMA system
with power control was 56 users while at prime code OCDMA and time hopping, only
20 users increment with power control. This result therefore shows better improvement
of capacity in DFH-ODCMA compared to other Power Controlled-OCDMA.


The research is to verify the theory of determining the shrinkage limit of soil (SL) by using a graphical method using plasticity soil parameters, such as: liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL) and plasticity index (PI), and the shrinkage limit laboratory test. This study aims to estimate and compare shrinkage limit value of two methods of some soils site. From the results of the research that looks at the cohesive soil (clay) shows that the laboratory test method and the determination of the graphical results show that the same approach, with a relatively small difference (0-4%). This indicates that the decrease of determining the boundary through a graphical way using the test value of liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) can be done on the cohesive soils. While in the inorganic and organic silty or clayey fine sands (cohesiveless) shows the results of the laboratory test and a graphical method have quite large value difference (12-14%).


Awards are widespread in all countries and are prevalent both in the public sphere and in the private sector. This paper argues, and empirically supports, that awards serve public functions and economists should take them seriously. Using a unique cross-country data set, we suggest that awards serve as signals. Awards are more prevalent the more difficult the position and status of an individual is to observe due to an anonymous and globalized setting.


Purpose of review Adrenocortical tumors are divided into benign adenomas and malignant carcinomas. The former is relatively common and carries a favorable prognosis, whereas the latter is rare and frequently presents at an advanced stage, with poor outcomes. Advances in next-generation sequencing, genome analysis, and bioinformatics have allowed for high-throughput molecular characterization of adrenal tumorigenesis. Recent findings Although recent genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic studies in large tumor cohorts have confirmed the central roles of aberrant Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, constitutive protein kinase A pathway activation, cell cycle dysregulation, and ion channelopathies in adrenal tumorigenesis, these studies also revealed novel signature events underlying malignant differentiation of adrenocortical carcinomas. Summary Recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying adrenocortical tumorigenesis provide new molecular diagnostic and prognostic tools and opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches. These findings are particularly important in adrenocortical carcinoma, for which current treatment options are limited.


INTRODUCTION
Treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is considered a severe psychiatric disorder that causes severe functional decline. In the past, these patients were treated by selective ablation of neuronal pathways related to the pathophysiology of OCD. Deep brain stimulation is an effective and safe treatment alternative that enables reversible changes in neural circuits and reduces OCD symptoms. In this paper we present the outcome of a treatment-resistant OCD patient who underwent deep brain stimulation procedure for the first time in Israel. The patient has achieved a significant decline in OCD symptoms as well as improvement in personal and social functioning. The discussion focuses on methods to implement deep brain stimulation for OCD patients in Israel.


A comparative study was conducted to highlight key differences in the required amounts of prestressing and passive reinforcement for externally and internally prestressed box-girder bridges. The reinforcement is designed on the basis of combined serviceability and structural safety criteria for varying span length and girder slenderness. Under the assumptions of the study, the externally prestressed box-girder is shown to require up to 25 % more prestressing force for girder heights around 2 m. At girder heights above 3.5 m however, internal prestressing becomes the more favorable type of prestressing. The study also shows that the externally prestressed girder tends to require more longitudinal and shear passive reinforcement in key design sections.


We investigate stock returns, market quality, and options market activity around the flash crash of May 6, 2010. Abnormal returns are negative on the day of and the day after the flash crash for stocks that had trades that executed during the crash subsequently cancelled by either Nasdaq or NYSE Arca. Consistent with studies that suggest that other sources of liquidity withdrew from the markets during the flash crash, we find that the fraction of trades executed by the NYSE increases during this volatile period. Market quality deteriorates following the flash crash as bid-ask spreads increase and quote depths decrease. Evidence from the options markets indicates that investor uncertainty increased around the time of the crash and remained elevated for several days.


We investigated the accuracy of surface seismic attributes in predicting fracture density variations within the Nordegg Formation in west central Alberta. We know from core, drill samples, well-log, and drilling data that the Nordegg zone is fractured to some degree. These fractures are of interest because the reservoir has very low permeability, and therefore natural fractures may materially affect well performance. 3D surface seismic techniques such as amplitude variation with azimuth or azimuthal AVO (AVAz), variation of velocity with azimuth (VVAz), curvature, and coherence techniques are all tools that have been used to predict fractures in a qualitative fashion. In this study, we wanted to understand how well these attributes predicted the reservoir quality in a quantitative fashion. Previous quantitative studies have used image log orientation data or estimated ultimate recoveries (EUR) in vertical wells as validation data. The conclusiveness of these studies has been subject to several problems: f...


There is considerable uncertainty about the effect of household debt on the macroeconomy and its role in the monetary transmission mechanism. This article summarises conclusions from recent Bank of England research aimed at shedding light on this issue. It argues that the extent to which levels of household debt affect the outlook for the economy and the way in which the economy responds to unexpected developments, depends on the circumstances of individual borrowers and lenders, as well as wider economic conditions. Recent evidence suggests that there has been little difference in the amount by which the spending of high and low debt households has responded to changes in those households' financial position. This is likely to be because the benign economic environment and favourable lending conditions have made it easier for households to smooth over adverse shocks. Nevertheless, adverse interactions between debt, house prices and consumption could arise in other circumstances. As such, there is a need to keep this situation under review by continued monitoring of household and lender balance sheets.


As part of an on-going design science project, we are developing "Theory Garden," a tool that enables individuals to easily generate visual causal models, thus making their perspectives explicit. Theory Garden aids in the drawing of personal theories of a situation as users indicate their assumptions with qualitative statements and simulate the resulting models. The intuitive interface is intended to minimize the barrier to use, and thus be accessible to a wide audience. The simulation engine enables users to better understand theoretical implications of their theories, and to engage in scenario-based simulation. This paper represents the first step in our effort to scientifically validate our use expectations for the software. In this step we identify a range of use patterns of untrained users. We address strategies for dealing with the unexpected variation that we found in personal modeling strategies, as well as a next step in our study.


This report summarises the presentations made and discussions held at the Second of the ESRC/JISC Workshops Planning for the 2001 Census. The report presents views of expert census users and summarises the recommendations to ESRC and JISC about what kinds of data from the 2001 Census should be requested from the UK Census Offices. The Workshops are supported by ESRC Award H507265031. The Census of Population is a very large exercise in data collection and processing. In 2001 some 25 million households in the United Kingdom will be contacted and asked to provide answers to a simple questionnaire of 25 to 30 questions. Such a task is likely to cost £125-150 millions to the Census Offices. Purchase of the data for academic research purposes is likely to cost ESRC and JISC some £1.5 to £2 millions directly and an equivalent amount indirectly on support over the following decade. It is therefore essential that the Population Census is very carefully planned beforehand and that the greatest possible value is extracted from the data collected. This edited collection of papers reports on presentations and discussions in the Fourth and Final Workshop in the series Workshops Planning for the 2001 Census - Determining Academic Community Needs and Strategy. The Fourth Workshop was entitled The 2001 Census: What do we really really want?. The aim was to gather together and summarise the principal recommendations of the First (Geography), Second (Interfaces) and Third (Special Data Sets) Workshops. The Workshop was twinned with another on The One Number Census: A Research Workshop, organised by Ludi Simpson. The One Number Census project is a major undertaking by the Census Offices to deal with anticipated underenumeration by estimating how many households and people are missed by the standard enumeration.
Part 1 of the report on Look Up Tables and Area Statistics contains chapters by David Martin on the output geography proposals for 2001, by Seraphim Alvanides and Stan Openshaw on further developments to the methods being used to define output areas and by Bob Barr on what the Look Up Tables associated with the 2001 Census should be like. These chapters contain key recommendations on census output geography. Part 2 of the report puts forward recommendations for the preparation of Microdata - Samples of Anonymised Records and Longitudinal Data from the 2001 Census. Angela Dale summarises the conclusions of the SARs Sub-Group of the Census Offices' Output Working Group. Brian Dodgeon and Heather Joshi document the essential features of the 2001 Census Link to the Longitudinal Study and make a final plea for some new questions. Part 3 of the report reviews proposals for the improvement of Interaction Statistics from the 2001 UK Census. Paul Boyle and Phil Rees make radical proposals for revamping the provision of Migration Statistics. Martin Frost concentrates on ways of improving the accuracy of the Workplace Statistics. The fourth part of the report gathers together recommendations about information technology interfaces to census data, arguing that the tools and infrastructure are now in place to make networked and standalone access to the different types of data so much easier for the new user. Donald Morse and Alistair Towers review what interfaces to boundary data should look like. James Harris argues for the development of interfaces based on general data standards and the Web to access census statistics. Oliver Duke-Williams outlines how complex migration statistics can be presented for access in a simpler and easier to use interface. Ian Turton identifies how current software developments in Java programming will make possible delivering easy to use interfaces to microdata very simple. Finally, Paul Williamson describes a design of a data dictionary for all census data sets. In Part 5, recommendations are summarised. Phil Rees reports on the views of 140 respondents drawn from the different corners of the academic community. The final pages try to draw out some general points from the very large number of recommendations made in the Fourth Workshop.


Collaborative spectrum sensing among secondary users (SUs) in cognitive networks is shown to yield a significant performance improvement. However, there exists an inherent trade off between the gains in terms of probability of detection of the primary user (PU) and the costs in terms of false alarm probability. In this paper, we study the impact of this trade off on the topology and the dynamics of a network of SUs seeking to reduce the interference on the PU through collaborative sensing. Moreover, while existing literature mainly focused on centralized solutions for collaborative sensing, we propose distributed collaboration strategies through game theory. We model the problem as a non-transferable coalitional game, and propose a distributed algorithm for coalition formation through simple merge and split rules. Through the proposed algorithm, SUs can autonomously collaborate and self-organize into disjoint independent coalitions, while maximizing their detection probability taking into account the cooperation costs (in terms of false alarm). We study the stability of the resulting network structure, and show that a maximum number of SUs per formed coalition exists for the proposed utility model. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm allows a reduction of up to 86.6% of the average missing probability per SU (probability of missing the detection of the PU) relative to the non-cooperative case, while maintaining a certain false alarm level. In addition, through simulations, we compare the performance of the proposed distributed solution with respect to an optimal centralized solution that minimizes the average missing probability per SU. Finally, the results also show how the proposed algorithm autonomously adapts the network topology to environmental changes such as mobility.


As a strong part of government monitoring measures, the role of government auditing and its effectiveness is an important research topic. This paper uses the difference-in-difference model to study the external governance effect of government auditing from a perspective of stock price crash risk based on the setting of audits of CSOEs by the National Audit Office of China (CNAO) from 2009 to 2015. It shows that after the implementation of government auditing, the CSOEs' stock price crash risk reduces significantly, and this finding is robust to a series of robustness tests. Further study indicates government auditing promotes CSOEs' more timely disclosure of bad news, thus reducing their stock price crash risk. In addition, more frequent government auditing leads to stronger role in the alleviation of stock price crash risk and there is the spillover effect of government auditing, namely stock price crash risk of CSOEs that are not audited also reduces after the occurrence of audit events. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to the evaluation and perfection of government monitoring in China.


The particle size distribution (PSD) of submicron exhaust engine-out soot, is typically determined using a method based on the electrical mobility is used. This measurement procedure is subjected to uncertainty mainly due to inaccurate dilution of the sampled aerosol, unknown flow conditions at the probe inlet and the limited measurement accuracy of the device itself. In order to determine the measurement uncertainty, two different aerosol spectrometers, a TSI EEPS 3090 and a Cambustion DMS500 were installed and operated simultaneously at a single-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).The engine was operated at various operating points to evaluate the ability of the spectrometers to correctly determine the PSD and the total particle number concentration (TPNC) at different boundary conditions. Variations of the position and geometry of the probe systems were performed, to evaluate the influence of the flow conditions at the probe inlet. The dilution systems of both measuring devices were verified by varying the dilution factor in three steps. Both particle sizers show good agreement in the TPNC. It could be confirmed that the probe geometry and its positioning had a negligible effect on the properties of the exhaust gas sample. A slight shift in PSD between the EEPS and the DMS was observed at the engine test bed. For a detailed evaluation, a device comparison with monodisperse polystyrene (PSL) particles with a SMPS as reference was performed at the Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (KIT).


The promotion is one os aspects of marketing mix. More people consider that promotion as common aspect. But the promotion have role that importance in determine succesful of product planning, price and company continuing because promotion is primary aspect to meet the consumer. In this meaning, the consumer usually interested to a product after interested to the discount, giving bonus, etc. Fot this need, that the promotion strategymust be relevant by market segment and by dealing with the competitors, so that selling target can be obtained, also consumer's need and wants such as facilities with estate management can be achieved. By taken case study at Modernland real estate at Tangerang the writer will be known how is relation between their promotion strategy that apply in composition of media promotions (advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling and Publicity) toward rate of selling. The promotion is diffrent from other marketing mix. Product is made and price determined relevant by market segment characteristis. But the promotion, besides is made for market segment also for the audience that influence in decision making to buy. In order to the promotion strategy can be effective, so that needs : * Indentification to target audiences. * Indentification the feed back from target audiences. * Then the company can be choose the efficient and    effective media of promotion toward selling based on    market segment that obtained. The fact that promotion is very supporting to product selling of company, tested by writer through multiple regression and corelation analysis for past 3 years (1993-1995). So that can be known the contributions amount of each promotion media toward selling. Finally, based on annual regression data (1989-1995) can be known selling prediction for nect years (1996) and also the promotion budget (1996) in composition form of promotion media by look at the past performance composition of promotion media (1993-1995).


The use of heritage assets in regeneration projects has been considered a key urban regeneration initiative in the United Kingdom promoted by central government. This is due to their potential to regenerate inner-city sites and thus stimulate economic activity in the immediate locality. Recent changes to governance have resulted in a lack of funding for such heritage led projects creating a plateau in public and private sector investment into heritage led regeneration projects. The research is concerned with heritage-led regeneration projects in the North West of England between 2008 and the present day. This thesis develops a theoretical framework to encourage private sector development companies to become involved in urban heritage regeneration projects. It provides an examination of successful regeneration projects and evaluates the value of urban heritage regeneration. A critical analysis of current governance of urban heritage regeneration is presented along with the identification of key opportunities and constraints, affecting participation in these projects by private sector development companies. Adopting a pragmatic ontological stance and using the research approach of mixed methods research; a single embedded case study is provided. This is pursued by semi structured interviews with senior practicing professionals based in the north-west of England, triangulated with documentary reviews and a fixed online survey, as methods of data collection. The data has been analysed using qualitative content analysis and findings presented as a theoretical framework. The framework has been verified by completing a review of existing theory to corroborate the findings and place the thesis within the existing body of knowledge. The thesis identifies that undertaking heritage regeneration may generate financial and economic value to both public and private sector participants. However the current governance of regeneration is affecting engagement, namely a lack of funding and assistance from the public sector to bridge the conservation deficit. The implementation of effective post project evaluation and measurement would provide a basis to establish the existence of a potential urban regeneration heritage dividend.


In 2019, several state legislatures adopted aggressive clean energy laws and other states are poised to do the same. These policies require electric utilities to secure all of the electricity they sell to customers from carbon-free energy resources by a specified date and many also require the state to drastically reduce carbon emissions from the transportation sector, increase energy efficiency in buildings, and otherwise decarbonize their economies. In order to meet these mandates, states must transform the physical infrastructure used to create and transport energy. This will require building new power plants that run on carbon-free energy resources like wind, solar, hydropower, or nuclear energy; constructing the electric transmission lines and other infrastructure needed to deliver these energy resources to consumers; setting standards and mandates for new buildings, vehicles, and transportation infrastructure that will reduce carbon emissions; and providing direct funding, tax incentives, new permitting processes, and staff to support the public and private actors that will implement these changes. These needs are becoming well documented. What remains completely unexplored, however, is the potential for state property law reform — most notably eminent domain law — to limit the development of fossil fuels and promote the growth of alternative energy to support these new clean energy policies. This Article contends that states should consider eliminating existing eminent domain rights for fossil fuel projects and extending eminent domain rights for clean energy projects as part of their state climate policies. Moreover, each state's approach to eminent domain reform may differ based on the current energy mix in the state as well as the potential for technological development. These policy conversations regarding the use of eminent domain for energy projects are critical to developing robust state clean energy laws. They also can provide a useful template for Congress if, in the future, it decides to enact federal climate policy.


This Library Skills Tutorial will introduce you to some basic research concepts that will help you perform research more effectively.


A series of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or their aza derivatives were reacted as dipolarophiles with ring-fused cyclobutene epoxides (CEs) in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition protocol to form 1:1 cycloadducts. The dihydroforms of the PAH chromophores contained in the rigid alicyclic scaffold were dehydrogenated to regenerate the original PAH chromophore and constituted a new route to rigid chromophore-nσ-PAH dyads separated by an alicyclic scaffold. The anthracene 1:1 adduct derived from the reaction with the 5,8-dimethoxynaphthalene-containing CE was reacted a second time to produce stereoisomeric three-armed triads in which naphthalene chromophores were attached rigidly onto scaffold. Two approaches were used to generate the incipient cyclic 1,3-dipolar intermediates involved in cycloaddition process. The first method employed ring-opening of functionalised CEs, the other method produced the dipolar reagent in situ by loss of dinitrogen from the initially formed adduct resulting from treatment of fused norbornenes with 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole.