Abstract : This paper describes the design concept of a new robot based on the direct-drive method using rare-earth DC torque motors. Because these motors have high torque, light weight and compact size, we can construct robots with far better performance than those presently available. For example, we can eliminate all the transmission mechanism between the motors and their loads, such as reducers and chain belts, and construct a simple mechanism (direct-drive) where the arm links are directly coupled to the motor rotors. This elimination can lead to excellent performance: no backlash, low friction, low inertia, low compliance and high reliability, all of which are suited for high-speed high-precision robots. First we propose a basic configuration of direct-drive robots. Second a general procedure for designing direct-drive robots is shown, and the feasibility of direct drive for robot actuation is discussed in terms of weights and torques of joints. One of the difficulties in designing direct-drive robots is that motors to drive wrist joints are loads for motors to drive elbow joints and they are loads for motors at shoulders. To reduce this increasing series of loads is an essential issue for designing practical robots. We analyze the series of joint mass for a simplified kinematic model of the direct-drive robots, and show how the loads are reduced significantly by using rare-earth motors with light weight and high torque. We also discuss optimum kinematic structures with minimum arm weight. Finally, we describe the direct-drive robotic manipulator (CMU arm) developed at Carnegie-Mellon University, and verify the design theory. (Author)


This paper formulates a bioeconomic model to analyze community incentives for wildlife management under benefit-sharing programs like the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe. Two agents influence the wildlife stock: a parks agency determines hunting quotas, and a local community chooses to either aid or discourage outside poachers. Wildlife generates revenues from hunting licenses and tourism; it also intrudes on local agriculture. We consider two benefit-sharing regimes: shares of wildlife tourism rents and shares of hunting licenses. Resource sharing does not necessarily improve community welfare or incentives for wildlife conservation. Results depend on the exact design of the benefit shares, the size of the benefits compared with agricultural losses, and the way in which the parks agency sets hunting licenses.


ABSTRACT This article explores an innovative approach to deliver information about new agricultural technology that combines a versatile and potentially lower cost method of developing animated videos with another low-cost method of sharing it on mobile devices (i.e. mobile phone). It describes a randomized controlled field experiment conducted in Burkina Faso to evaluate the effectiveness of animated videos shown on mobile phone compared with the traditional extension method (live demonstration) in inducing learning and adoption of two post-harvest technologies among low-literate farmers. Results suggest that video-based training was as effective as the traditional method in inducing learning and understanding. For technologies that farmers were already aware of animated video shown on the mobile phone was also as effective as live demonstration in inducing adoption. However, in transferring new technologies, the traditional method was more effective in inducing adoption at p < .10, but not at p < .05. Potential role of mobile phone-based videos as part of the agricultural extension system is discussed.


Image inpainting involves filling in part of an image or video using information from the surrounding area. Applications include the restoration of damaged photographs and movies and the removal of selected objects. We introduce a class of automated methods for digital inpainting. The approach uses ideas from classical fluid dynamics to propagate isophote lines continuously from the exterior into the region to be inpainted. The main idea is to think of the image intensity as a 'stream function for a two-dimensional incompressible flow. The Laplacian of the image intensity plays the role of the vorticity of the fluid; it is transported into the region to be inpainted by a vector field defined by the stream function. The resulting algorithm is designed to continue isophotes while matching gradient vectors at the boundary of the inpainting region. The method is directly based on the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid dynamics, which has the immediate advantage of well-developed theoretical and numerical results. This is a new approach for introducing ideas from computational fluid dynamics into problems in computer vision and image analysis.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Cognitive dysfunction occurs in 9% to 23% of patients during the first month after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). A 4-basepair (AAAT) tandem repeat polymorphism (either 3 or 4 repeats) has been described in the promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a gene with complex roles in ischemic injury and preconditioning against ischemic injury. We investigated whether the 4-repeat variant (iNOS(+)) affects the incidence of cognitive dysfunction after CEA.

METHODS
One-hundred eighty-five CEA and 60 spine surgery (control) subjects were included in this nested cohort analysis. Subjects underwent a battery of 7 neuropsychometric tests before and 1 day and 1 month after surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if the iNOS promoter variant was independently associated with the incidence of cognitive dysfunction at 1 day and 1 month. Further, all right-hand-dominant CEA subjects were grouped by operative side and performance on each test was compared between iNOS(+) and iNOS(-) groups.

RESULTS
Forty-four of 185 CEA subjects had at least 1 iNOS promoter allele containing 4 copies of the tandem repeat (iNOS(+)). iNOS(+) status was significantly protective against moderate/severe cognitive dysfunction 1 month after CEA. Right-hand-dominant iNOS(+) CEA subjects undergoing left-side CEA performed significantly better than iNOS(-) subjects on a verbal learning test and those undergoing right-side CEA performed significantly better on a test of visuospatial function.

CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate an iNOS promoter polymorphism variant provides protection against moderate/severe cognitive dysfunction 1 month after CEA. Further, this protection appears to involve cognitive domains localized ipsilateral to the operative carotid artery.


Culture has taught us to consume the mother's body--natural and spiritual--without being indebted. --Luce Irigiray The relation between the mother's body and language, between maternity and theory, has been a vexing subject for feminist readers. If, as some propose, language and culture rely on the loss of the mother, how do we make sense of the mother as subject in literature? On the other hand, if mothering practices construct a maternal subjectivity, how do we recognize authentic forms of her written expression? And what is the relation between feminist desires to reconstruct mothering and the actual perspectives of mothers that may or may not have been textualized? As currently posed, these questions beg a restructuring, one that does not reinscribe the gap between "mothers" and "theory," "body" and "text." Indeed, much feminist theorizing appears compelled by an implied necessity to continue distancing "ourselves" from maternity.(1) Such a move is analogous to intellectual distancing from the subject of racism. As bell hooks points out, liberal applications to plurality and multiplicity as evidence that racism is "over" elide the living memory of those for whom it is not.(2) Thus, I begin this essay by asking if there is a feminist way to read with the mother, to read "on her side."(3) Is there, for example, a medial space between reader and textualized mother, between interpretive desire and the scenes of mothering, a space that requires feminist critics to move in closer to the maternal subject while honoring a partial separateness, some "view" the reader cannot entirely replace or reproduce? The two novels I read here, Tillie Olsen's Yonnondio: From the Thirties (1936) and Henry Roth's Call It Sleep (1934) explicitly enact textual viewings of the mother. Composed in historical and political proximity, both texts amplify the problematic issue of interpretive appropriation vis-a-vis the maternal body. Foregrounding pre-adolescent sexuality (in Olsen's novel, a daughter's; in Roth's, a son's), each novel emphatically links a mother's physical exposure with narrative insinuations of the reader's positionality. As I will show, only in Olsen's novel are readers obliged to stay with the mother, reviewing her less and reading with her more. What I find intriguing about the juxtaposition of Olsen and Roth are their otherwise several commonalities. Writing in the Depression, Roth and Olsen revivify shared spaces of marginality--urban working class landscapes, violently modeled juvenile interactions, memories of painful migration and "naturalization." Both novels give witness to the double alienation of working class men whose lives are experienced as a succession of displacements. In this interest, both novels offer intimate portrayals of a Depression-era masculinism urging work for every able-bodied man. Indeed, in its remythologizing of male agency, the Depression became an exaggerated instance of American gendering. Within this scene of male desire, a woman's inscription is best summarized as sexual mother: physical companion to her husband and mother to her family.(4) But what if we were able to reread texts of the thirties not as an exercise in reviewing maternal representations but in order to look with her at textual and cultural appropriations of a mother's identity? Nineteen and pregnant, Olsen began Yonnondio in 1932, worked on the manuscript intermittently for several years but never completed it.(5) Though not published until 1974, most of Yonnondio was thus written in the same years that Roth was composing his novel,(6) and Olsen read Roth's book when it came out in 1934, admiring its domestic preoccupations.(7) At the same time, as Deborah Rosenfelt writes, in the thirties Olsen was consciously writing class literature from a woman's point of view, incorporating a dimension . . . ignored and neglected in the works of most contemporary male leftists. …


This paper describes three modes of pluralist global governance. Mode One refers to the creation and proliferation of comprehensive, integrated international regimes on a variety of issues. Mode Two describes the emergence of diverse forms and sites of cross-national decision making by multiple actors, public and private as well as local, regional and global, forming governance networks and "regime complexes," including the orchestration of new forms of authority by international actors and organizations. Mode Three, which is the main focus of the paper, describes the gradual institutionalization of practices involving continual updating and revision, open participation, an agreed understanding of goals and practices, and monitoring, including peer review. We call this third mode Global Experimentalist Governance.Experimentalist Governance arises in situations of complex interdependence and pervasive uncertainty about causal relationships. Its practice is illustrated in the paper by three examples: the arrangements devised to protect dolphins from being killed by tuna fishing practices; the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; and the Montreal Protocol on the Ozone Layer. Experimentalist Governance tends to appear on issues for which governments cannot formulate and enforce comprehensive sets of rules, but which do not involve fundamental disagreements or high politics, and in which civil society is active. The paper shows that instances of Experimentalist Governance are already evident in various global arenas and issue areas, and argues that their significance seems likely to grow.


Sea trout are known for seeking out sources of freshwater to rid themselves of salmon lice. However, the effect of natural haloclines in fjords on parasite dynamics is not well understood. We tagged 48 naturally infested wild sea trout with acoustic depth sensors. The fish were kept inside a small net-pen (4 × 4 × 5 m), 12 at a time, in western Norway during 4 separate time periods in spring 2017. The sea trout were relatively highly infested with sea lice (prevalence: 100%, mean ± SD: 68 ± 58 lice fish-1), and a relatively large proportion of the individuals did not survive the trials (25% mortality). The results show that temperature and light were the 2 most important factors explaining the vertical behaviour of the surviving trout. Mobile lice also had a significant effect on depth distribution, where fish with higher abundances of lice were observed at shallower depths. During the 7 d periods in the net-pen, total sea louse abundance decreased from a mean of 68 to 35 fish-1. Surface salinity explained this reduction better than the experienced salinity of the individual fish, suggesting that short-time exposure to very low salinities, rather than long-term exposure to moderate salinities, is the driving force behind the effect of haloclines on reduction in sea lice numbers.


The primary parasitic relations between the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei (L.) and man are confirmed indirectly by the presence in the family Sarcoptidae of close genera, members of which parasitize primates. Judging from the composition of domestic and wild animals-hosts, the source of their infection with S. scabiei was man that gave rise to numerous forms of mites specific to individual species of hosts or their related groups belonging to different taxonomic ranks. Three types of host relations and, accordingly, forms of sarcoptosis are suggested at the infection from an alien host: pseudosarcoptosis, temporary self-curable and typical lingering sarcoptosis. The ways of reinfection, invasiveness of stages of the mite and clinical picture for each form of the disease are analyzed.


Volume 4: Number 1. 2011 | Page 97 Background Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common form of intractable seizure disorder in adults. It is associated with an asymmetrical pattern of neuron loss within the hilus and CA1 hippocampal subfields, with relative sparing of the dentate granule neurons and the CA2 subfields. The amygdalar nuclei and the cortical neurons are other areas that are rarely involved in MTLE.1 The neuropathological changes that bring about focally evoked seizures in the adult are thought to begin in the early stages of neonatal life. A wide range of factors have been implicated in the causation of MTLE, such as febrile seizures and traumatic brain injury.2 Some studies indicate that up to 74% of those who experience early life status epilepticus develop epilepsy at a later stage.2 The objective of this study is to investigate the neuropathological changes induced by intra-amygdalar kainic acid (KA) microinjection in a postnatal day 10 (P10) rat model of MTLE.3


The Internet has been widely deployed as an infrastructure to provide various ICT (Information and Communication Technology) services today. Some typical services such as e-mail, SNS (Social Network Service) and WWW rely considerably on the Internet in terms of reliability and effectiveness. In this paper, we focus on the IPv6 site multihoming technology and its collaboration with route selection mechanism, which have been reported as one solution to accomplish these goals. Even if a host can easily obtain multiple IP addresses in IPv6 multihomed site, it has to select a proper site-exit router when sending out a packet in order to avoid ingress filtering. Especially, when an inside host initializes an outbound connection it can barely select a proper site-exit router based on its source IP address. To solve this problem, we propose an optimal route selection method for IPv6 multihomed site. With this method, a middleware will be deployed within each inside host so as to connect to the destination host through multiple site-exit router during the initialization phase simultaneously, and then use the first established one for data communication. We also embedded a kind of Network Address Translation (NAT) feature into the middleware to avoid the ingress filtering. By analyzing the results of our experiments on the prototype system we confirmed that the proposed method worked as well as we expected and the collaboration of the site multihoming technology and the proper route selection method can be one possible solution for IPv6 site multihoming in a real network environment.


Born in 1901, Louise Thompson Patterson was a leading and transformative figure in radical African American politics. Throughout most of the twentieth century she embodied a dedicated resistance to racial, economic, and gender exploitation. In this, the first biography of Patterson, Keith Gilyard tells her compelling story, from her childhood on the West Coast, where she suffered isolation and persecution, to her participation in the Harlem Renaissance and beyond. In the 1930s and 1940s she became central, along with Paul Robeson, to the labor movement, and later, in the 1950s, she steered proto-black-feminist activities. Patterson was also crucial to the efforts in the 1970s to free political prisoners, most notably Angela Davis. In the 1980s and 1990s she continued to work as a progressive activist and public intellectual. To read her story is to witness the courage, sacrifice, vision, and discipline of someone who spent decades working to achieve justice and liberation for all.


Although the traditional society in China was not necessarily a society of equality, and the classical Confucianism did not speak much about the principle of universal equality, in modern times, in the midst of a transformation of value systems, people still find correlating sources within the Confucian tradition that is connected to the modern idea of equality. This essay makes a detailed study on this correlation and points out that ancient Chinese society and the western feudal society are different in terms of social systems and education systems. For example, China has the imperial examination but no patrimonial aristocracy. Confucianism opposed the huge gap between the poor and the rich, and this idea has become a modern tradition in the ideal of "great harmony under the sky," especially in Kang Youwei's 康有为 Datong Shu 大同书 (Book of Great Harmony). There were also some elements of agricultural socialism and equalitarianism in traditional Confucianism. The potential idea of equality (or reciprocity) in "friendship," embodied in the principle of Confucian ethics of the Three Bonds and the Five Relations, is explored and explained in a modern way. The theory that the sages are equal with the masses, which originated from the theory of human being's intrinsic goodness, may be directly connected with modern principle of equality. The modern transformation of equality is both political and ethical. The former is to struggle for individual rights; the latter is to establish moral subjectivity. Therefore, equality between sages and the masses manifests modernity. Like the epistemic subjectivity, which could not be discussed without referring to group-individual relationship, the moral subjectivity also contains a consciousness of equality.


In many jurisdictions, adolescents acquire the right to consent to treatment; but in some cases their refusals - e.g. of life-saving treatment - may not be respected. This asymmetry of adolescent consent and refusal seems puzzling, even incoherent. The aim here is to offer an original explanation, and a justification, of this asymmetry. Rather than trying to explain the asymmetry in terms of a variable standard of competence - where the adolescent is competent to consent to, but not refuse, certain interventions - the account offered here focuses more closely on the normative power to render actions permissible. Where normative powers are shared they can readily give rise to an asymmetry between consent and refusal. We then turn to why it is justifiable that normative powers be shared in adolescence. Transitional paternalism holds that the acquisition of normative powers by competent adolescents should not be an instant one, achieved in a single step, but that there should be a transitional period where paternalistic protection is rolled back, but not entirely withdrawn until a later date. Transitional paternalism could be implemented without generating the asymmetry between consent and refusal but, it is argued, the asymmetric version of transitional paternalism is to be preferred insofar as it offers a greater respect for the adolescent's decisions than the symmetrical alternative.


Alzheimer's Disease (AD) currently affects more than 5 million Americans, with numbers expected to grow dramatically as the population ages. The pathophysiological changes in AD patients begin decades before the onset of dementia, highlighting the urgent need for the development of early diagnostic methods. Compelling data demonstrate that increased levels of amyloid-beta compromise multiple cellular pathways; thus, the investigation of changes in various cellular networks is essential to advance our understanding of early disease mechanisms and to identify novel therapeutic targets. We applied a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics approach to determine global metabolic changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the same individuals with different AD severity. Metabolic profiling detected a total of significantly altered 342 plasma and 351 CSF metabolites, of which 22% were identified. Based on the changes of >150 metabolites, we found 23 altered canonical pathways in plasma and 20 in CSF in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) vs. cognitively normal (CN) individuals with a false discovery rate <0.05. The number of affected pathways increased with disease severity in both fluids. Lysine metabolism in plasma and the Krebs cycle in CSF were significantly affected in MCI vs. CN. Cholesterol and sphingolipids transport was altered in both CSF and plasma of AD vs. CN. Other 30 canonical pathways significantly disturbed in MCI and AD patients included energy metabolism, Krebs cycle, mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter and amino acid metabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Pathways in plasma that discriminated between all groups included polyamine, lysine, tryptophan metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and in CSF involved cortisone and prostaglandin 2 biosynthesis and metabolism. Our data suggest metabolomics could advance our understanding of the early disease mechanisms shared in progression from CN to MCI and to AD.


Truth seeking in postwar Guatemala is a political battleground in which perpetrators intent on guarding against accountability confront victims' associations equally intent on exposing abuses enduredduring the country's 36-year armed conflict. Having stage-managed the peace negotiations that established the restrictive parameters of Guatemala's Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH), army officers and guerilla leaders ceded control of truth seeking to Commission staff and their civil society partners, even as the latter mobilized to push the CEH to its investigative limits. The CEH final report's finding that the army had committed genocide galvanized both sides. Victims' associations insist on more truth alongside justice and reparations, while army perpetrators reject incriminating Commission findings. The Guatemalan case reveals how truth initiatives are at once politicized and polarizing and how politics interfere with a truth commission's effort to produce a consensus history, end violence or afford reconciliation. While it confirms that confronting the past risks undermining the labor of transition architects, it also suggests that these may be necessary evils that could eventually contribute to transforming and strengthening democracy.


Abstract Ion probe data for zircons from tuffs within the Llfynant flags (Arenig) and the Serw Formation (lower Llanvirn) of north Wales have been revised using better statistical methods for separating detrital ages, making allowance for recently-found variability in radiogenic 206Pb/238U in the reference zircon SL13, and testing the sensitivity of the ages to the secondary ion discrimination slope. The revised ages are options of 469.2 ± 2.1 (σ) or 472.9 ± 2.9 Ma for the Llfynant flags dependent on mixture modelling, and 465.3 ± 1.4 Ma for the Serw Formation. All ages are within error of previous SHRIMP results and the Serw age now has the same numerical value as a previous MSID age for the same sample. It is shown that an MSID age of 483 ± 0.5 Ma with interpreted Pb loss for a late Tremadoc bentonite is dependent on the correction for common Pb, and that a slightly more radiogenic choice for the common Pb composition places nearly all data on Concordia. The latter would indicate that the bentonite might contain two zircon populations: inherited grains at 482 Ma and tuff magmatic grains at 473 Ma, which is more compatible with the SHRIMP Arenig result. Interpretations of other MSID zircon ages from the Ordovician are also sensitive to choice of common Pb, and raise the likelihood that many multigrain ages might be too old owing to admixture with slightly older inherited zircon. A supposed 1-2% technical bias of SHRIMP 206Pb/238U ages relative to MSID is refuted.


A cylindrical friction drive was developed for electric oil pump applications. It was comprised of an outer ring a sun roller, a loading planet two supporting planets, and a stationary carrier. The sun roller was set eccentric to the outer ring to generate a wedge gap that facilitates a torque actuated loading mechanism for the friction drive. The loading planet was properly assembled in the wedge gap and elastically supported to the carrier. By altering the stiffness ratio of the elastic support to contact, the actual operating friction coefficient of the friction drive can be changed regardless of the wedge angle to suit for performance requirement. This provided a greater freedom for design and performance optimization. Design analysis was presented and a FE model was developed to quantify design parameters. Prototypes of the friction drive were fabricated and extensive testing was conducted to evaluate its performance. Results indicated the performance of the friction drive for exceeded the design specifications in speed, torque. and power ratings. The friction drive offered a consistent smooth and quiet performance over a wide range of operating conditions. It was capable of operating at an elevated speed of up to 12 000 rpm with adequate thermal characteristics. The friction drive demonstrated a peak efficiency above 97%. Results confirmed that the stiffness of the elastic support has an important impact on performance. The elastic support stiffness, in conjunction with the contact stiffness, determines the actual operating friction coefficient at the frictional contacts.


ABSTRACT Over the last decade, policy-makers have pushed faith-based organizations (FBOs) to increase their role in providing services to welfare-reliant and low-income families. Using data from qualitative research, I detail how poor women and nonprofit directors serving poor individuals in Philadelphia have conflicting understandings of FBOs. A substantial proportion of secular nonprofit directors question whether FBOs have the capacity to provide the range of services poor women need. Furthermore, nonprofit directors largely focused on how FBOs differ from other types of social service providers in four main areas: (1) individualized, caring treatment of clients, (2) religiosity in service delivery, (3) connections to the community, and (4) professionalization. Interviews with the poor women, however, counter many of the nonprofit directors' assumptions and reveal that these women experience FBOs and secular nonprofits in similar ways. These findings not only suggest discontinuity among nonprofit directors and their potential clientele but also raise important questions for the current policy thrust to increase FBOs' role in service provision to the poor.


Originally published separately, Weber's Science as a Vocation and Politics as a Vocation stand as the classic formulations of his positions on two related subjects that go to the heart of his thought: the nature and status of science and its claims to authority; and the nature and status of political claims and the ultimate justification for such claims. Together in this volume, these newly translated lectures offer an ideal point of entry into Weber's central project: understanding how, as Weber put it, "in the West alone there have appeared cultural manifestations [that seem to] go in the direction of universal significance and validity.


The chemical composition of water and milk based ice pops produced by a microindustry in Hidalgo, Mexico were determined. Fifteen samples of several flavors were analyzed. The proximate composition was carried out according AOAC techniques. The identification and quantification of fatty acids in the milk based ice pops was performed by Gas Chromatography provided with a flame ionization detector. Water based ice pops did not present a significant nutritional value. Regarding milk based ice pops all samples contained from 6.83 to 12.7% of fat and some samples showed interesting contents of protein (3.55 and 4.21%). The fatty acid profile revealed higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids compared with saturated fatty acids. Trans fatty acids were detected in five of seven milk based samples, representing 20-60% of total fatty acids. Analysis showed that the mixes used to prepare ice pops are different according to their flavor, kind, and amount of fruit which alters their nutritional value and the levels of trans-fatty acids.


The notion of bisimulation plays a very important role in theoretical computer science where it provides several notions of equivalence between models of computation. These equivalences are in turn used to simplify analysis and synthesis for these models. In system theory, a similar notion is also of interest in order to develop modular analysis and design tools for purely continuous or hybrid control systems. In this paper, we introduce two notions of bisimulation for nonlinear systems. We present a differential-algebraic characterization of these notions and show that bisimilar systems of different dimensions are obtained by factoring out certain invariant distributions. Furthermore, we also show that all bisimilar systems of different dimension are of this form. Comments Copyright 2002 IEEE. Reprinted from Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control 2002, Volume 3, pages 2373-2378. This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to firstname.lastname@example.com. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. This conference paper is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/ese_papers/115


Football (soccer) provides a useful prism for analysis of the long transition of the Serbian state and society since 1991. To a striking extent, the world of professional football and the attendant phenomena of financial corruption and football hooliganism have informed both the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia and the current concerted attempt to create a "European Serbia." During the 1990s, football in Serbia to a significant extent became synonymous with organized crime and the criminalization of the Serbian state. Since 2000, the persistent phenomena of crime, violent hooliganism and lethargic reforms have mirrored the difficult and halting transition of the post-Milošević state. Although recent events highlight the reluctance of the Serbian authorities to confront these problems, both government and sports officials are coming to see reform of Serbian football as a key element of the establishment of the rule of law.


This study was conducted to determine the effects of emulsifierand multi-enzyme in different energy density diet on growth performance, blood profiles, and relative organ weight in broiler chickens. A total of five hundred and forty2-d-oldmale Ross broilers (BW of 42.4 ±1.3 g) wereused in a 35-d experiment and randomly divided into 5 treatment groups: 1) NC [low energy diet, 3% tallow, ME = 3000 (1 to 21 d) and 3100 kcal/kg (22 to 35 d)], 2) PC [high energy diet, 5.5% soybean oil, ME = 3150 (1 to 21 d) and 3250 kcal/kg (22 to 35 d))], 3) P1 (NC+0.1% multi-enzyme), 4) P2 (NC + 0.05% emulsifier), 5) P3 (NC + 0.1% multi-enzyme + 0.05% emulsifier). Multi-enzymecontained ?-galactosidase, galactomannase, xylanase, and beta-glucanase. Emulsifier was a commercial product named Prosol ® which wassodium stearoyl-2-lactylate.There were 9 replications per treatment with 12 birds per pen. From d 0 to 21, body weight gain (BWG) in PC and P1 treatments increased (P < 0.05) compared with NC treatment. From d 22 to 35, feed intake (FI) was greater (P < 0.05) in P3 treatment than PC treatment. On d 35, triglyceride concentration in PC, P1 and P3 treatments was greater (P < 0.05) compared with NC treatment. No differences were observed on white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and glucose concentration. The relative weight of the spleen was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in P3 treatment compared with PC treatment. Furthermore, the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius in P3 treatment was higher (P < 0.05) than PC, P1 and P2 treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that emulsifier andmulti-enzymein low-density diets can partially improve growth performance, triglyceride, and relative organ weight in broiler chickens, which can counterpart the negative effects caused by the decreased nutrient concentration.


Extracted from text ... The South African Gastroenterology Review ? November 2006 93
I and 3 other South Africans were lucky enough to receive an
invitation to attend a 2 week Post-Graduate Course in
Gastroenterology in the Netherlands. The sponsorship was kindly
provided by the Dutch Gastroenterology Foundation for our
accommodation and sustenance, as well as SAGES, who funded our
air tickets.
The anticipation of it all was more than I could bear, and finally
on the 8th September, we set out of Cape Town International Airport,
on Boeing 777. It was as though the pilot could read my mind
because we arrived ..


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To explore perspectives on music therapy as a nursing intervention in adult cancer care and to expand and integrate knowledge and understanding about music therapy as an adjunctive intervention in adult cancer nursing care.

DATA SOURCES
Published nursing articles.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Medical and nursing journals have reported on research related to music and its effect as a nursing intervention. However, this research often lacks a musical context (i.e., knowledge and understanding from a musical perspective).

CONCLUSIONS
Music therapy is not a consistent concept. Perspectives on the meanings of music therapy vary according to knowledge and scientific orientation. The perspective may influence the character and methodology of the music therapy intervention as well as the understanding of its results.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
To fully develop music therapy as an adjunct intervention in adult cancer care, interdisciplinary cooperation between nurses and music therapists should be supported on clinical and educational levels.


Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study, this study assessed the relevance of shadow education to the high academic performance of East Asian American students by examining how East Asian American students differed from other racial/ethnic students in the prevalence, purpose, and effects of using the two forms—commercial test preparation service and private one-to-one tutoring—of SAT coaching, defined as the American style of shadow education. East Asian American students were most likely to take a commercial SAT test preparation course for the enrichment purpose and benefited most from taking this particular form of SAT coaching. However, this was not the case for private SAT one-to-one tutoring. While black students were most likely to utilize private tutoring for the remedial purpose, the impact of private tutoring was trivial for all racial/ethnic groups, including East Asian American students. The authors discuss broader implications of the findings on racial/ethnic inequalities in educational achievement beyond the relevance of shadow education for the academic success of East Asian American students.


Predicted droughts and anthropogenic water use will increase groundwater lowering rates and intensify groundwater limitation, particularly for Mediterranean semi‐arid ecosystems. These hydrological changes may be expected to elicit differential functional responses of vegetation either belowground or aboveground. Yet, our ability to predict the impacts of groundwater changes on these ecosystems is still poor. Thus, we sought to better understand the impact of falling water table on the physiology of woody vegetation. We specifically ask (a) how is woody vegetation ecophysiological performance affected by water table depth during the dry season? and (b) does the vegetation response to increasing depth to groundwater differ among water‐use functional types? We examined a suite of physiological parameters and water‐uptake depths of the dominant, functionally distinct woody vegetation along a water‐table depth gradient in a Mediterranean semi‐arid coastal ecosystem that is currently experiencing anthropogenic groundwater extraction pressure. We found that groundwater drawdown did negatively affect the ecophysiological performance of the woody vegetation. Across all studied environmental factors, depth to groundwater was the most important driver of ecophysiological adjustments. Plant functional types, independent of groundwater dependence, showed consistent declines in water content and generally reduced C and N acquisition with increasing depths to groundwater. Functional types showed distinct operating physiological ranges, but common physiological sensitivity to greater water table depth. Thus, although differences in water‐source use exist, a physiological convergence appeared to happen among different functional types. These results strongly suggest that hydrological drought has an important impact on fundamental physiological processes, constraining the performance of woody vegetation under semi‐arid conditions. By disentangling the functional responses and vulnerability of woody vegetation to groundwater limitation, our study establishes the basis for predicting the physiological responses of woody vegetation in semi‐arid coastal ecosystems to groundwater drawdown.


Transport telematic systems, also known as intelligent transportation systems, can be expensive to implement but the services they provide may offer substantial benefits. However, what services the system can provide depends on the architectural choices made, which also affects the cost of the system. We propose an optimization model to support a more informed decision before investing in a multiple service transport telematic system. The model evaluates the possible choices of services and architectures, and aims to maximize the total net societal benefit. We argue that the optimization model can provide support for strategic decisions by highlighting the consequences of adopting different system architectures, including both societal value and cost. This can be useful for decision makers, such as governments, road transport telematic service providers, and commercial road freight transport operators.


This article seeks to examine N.T. Wright's theological contribution to the Reformed doctrine of Justification, with a view toward arguing that he is an important interpreter for and from the Reformed Tradition. An underlying question to be explored will concern what it means to stand faithfully and critically within the Reformed Theological Tradition. Given the Tradition's emphases upon "sola scriptura," and "semper reformanda," can we welcome the contributions and insights that Wright offers on the doctrine of justification? Or, must he be marginalized, at best, or anathematized, at worst, for failing to conform to the standard Reformed formulations found in our Confessions of faith? These questions are not easily answered because much controversy has surrounded Wright's statements concerning Justification – especially his denial, or re-defining, of the necessity of "Imputation," as historically understood within the Tradition. As we will see below, many Reformed thinkers have written against Wright's views of Justification, often viewing him as the latest manifestation of what is sometimes called the "New Perspective on Paul." This recent criticism has questioned Wright's theological orthodoxy and compelled him to clarify his position in the light of the Reformed Tradition. However, Wright claims to be a Reformed theologian in the sense that he has adopted the Reformers' method, even if not all of their conclusions. As we will see below, there are points of discontinuity with parts of the Reformed tradition in Wright's work. Yet, a close reading of his work also reveals many points of continuity, and thus may warrant the claim that Wright is working within the basic methodologies of the Reformed Tradition. If this is so, then Wright may be viewed as one who stands both faithfully (or, at least reliably) and critically within the Tradition – even as he proposes new interpretations of the New Testament and fresh articulations of Justification.


Education is a significant portfolio in any provincial or territorial cabinet. The Education Minister
makes decisions and works with others to accomplish specific functions that affect individual
students and society as a whole. They are widely seen to have a key role in shaping the future, and
as such the pressure on them to perform well and succeed is immense. Surprisingly, for such an
important position, new appointees often find they are unprepared for all that is expected of them.
In this article, the author, a former territorial Education Minister, summarizes his doctoral research
into education leadership. Employing interviews with other former education ministers from across
the country and the political spectrum, he endeavoured to develop an interpretive understanding of
the position through the lens of identity. Four common themes were developed from the stories of
the former ministers: changing identity, voicing identity, educating identity, and trusting identity.
He concludes by expressing hope that his analysis and research will help us do a better job of
preparing people who assume these positions to understand their roles and responsibilities.


SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY Barry Hallen. The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: Discourse about Values in Yoruba Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 20001. xiv + 219 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.95. Cloth. $17.95. Paper. Barry Hallen. A Short History of African Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. ix + 130 pp. Bibliography. $29.95. Cloth. $14.95. Paper. "What is important in a study such as this is to be careful-to try not to misrepresent Afican meanings and attitudes" (9). The emphasis is Hallen's, yet it appears to be shared by all the participants in his project. Hallen's own presence in the opening chapter of The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful is that of a poised host of an estate of thought who meets us at the gate and, as we walk, companionably narrates how he himself-by a combination of concern, design, and good luck-happened upon the path to what follows. When Hallen arrived in Nigeria in 1970 to teach, philosophy syllabi, "articulated in the British analytic tradition," included no indigenous materials; by implication these were deemed "philosophically insignificant." So he set up an eager, not-for-credit study group. This eventually led him, via his prize student and subsequent research assistant, 'Femi Osatuyi, to the onisegun ("masters of medicine") of a small Yoruba town, Ijan, in the Ekiti region. Their professional association, in turn, selected an appropriate subgroup with whom Hallen engaged in tape-recorded conversations, held mainly on weekends over a span of thirteen years, during which the onisegun painstakingly taught the university teacher. As he explains it retrospectively, his goal was to have his collegial interlocutors "make explicit the criteria governing the correct use of select vocabulary" providing epistemological foundations for ethical assessments. Honored and stimulated by his interest, many onisegun, as Hallen later learned, hoped to increase their own children's respect for a cultural heritage which "modern" schooling in English had led them to disdain. For some readers, the path to Ijan and the prospect of engrossing, nononsense colloquy with the onisegun will already be familiar from Hallen's first book, Knowledge, Belief and Witchcraft (Stanford, 1986), written in collaboration with Professor J. O. Sodipo. But the earlier approach, congested as it was by a massive topiary tribute to W. V. O. Quine's indeterminacy thesis of radical translation, succeeded by an espaliered diatribe against old-fashioned Evans-Pritchard, has now been cleared to permit carefully mediated access to the cognitive vistas we come as loyal visitors to perceive. Entering the terrain, we at once encounter two indispensible sign posts: imo and igbabo; the first is equivalent to "knowledge" in English and the second, "belief." Here one must shed one's Western hobnailed boots and humbly recognize legitimate conceptual variance. Most of our so-called knowledge is derived from books (including this one!) and from salvaging trustworthy reports from a deluge of media, whereas what the oniegun mean by imo must be empirically validated by first-hand experience. All the rest, from gossip to gospel, remains conjectural-unproved belief. Goodbye ethnocentrism, greetings to the common world we diversely live in and attempt to make sense of. From here on follow lessons in assessing character, after which we are given a fascinating tour of instances of pragmatic application of imo and igbabo to real human problems faced by the onisegun as healers and counselors, whose reputations depend on subjective validation by satisfied clients. My favorite diagnostic conundrum faced by these wise doctors has to do with the type of person who shows up complaining of failure on many fronts: economic, domestic, and so on. There is a possibility that such a person has "missed road" (sina). Since one's destiny is chosen prenatally, how is this possible? Casuistically, it could be that one's destiny included bad choices at the crossroads for many years. …


As with all science, our continually developing concepts of lunar evolution are firmly tied to both new types of observations and the integration of these observations to the known pool of data. This process invigorates the intellectual foundation on which old models are tested and new concepts are built. Just as the application of new observational tools to lunar science in 1610 (Galileo's telescope) and 1840 (photography) yielded breakthroughs concerning the true nature of the lunar surface, the computational and technological advances highlighted by the Apollo and post-Apollo missions and associated scientific investigations provided a new view of the thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon.

### 1.1. Pre-Apollo view of the thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon

Many of the early views of the Moon manifested in mythology and art throughout the world were primarily tied to lunar and terrestrial cycles and the relationships between the Sun and the Moon. Prophetically, myths involving the lunar deities Mwuetsi from Zimbabwe and Coyolxauhqui from Mexico told of rather violent or catastrophic events in which the Moon was expunged from the Earth. Numerous ancient scientific observations were made about the nature of the Moon ranging from those uncovered in early Neolithic sites that correctly identified mare Crisium and mare Humorum to the insights made by Greek philosophers such as Anaxagoras (ca. 500-428 B.C.) and Democritus (ca. 460-370 B.C.), who attached terrestrial analogues to its character (stone, mountains).

With the advent of the telescope (1610) and photography (1840) as scientific tools for lunar exploration, semiquantitative data could be collected that would provide an intellectual foundation for scientific interpretation. Initially, modern terrestrial geological analogs were extended to the Moon (lunar highlands, volcanic craters, seas). Combined with the rigors of computational modeling, these observational data were extended to predict the original thermal state of the Moon and its thermal and magmatic history. Its proximity to the Earth …


BACKGROUND
In 2008, The University of Queensland (UQ) in Australia and the Ochsner Health System (OHS) in Louisiana entered into a partnership that will allow a cohort of United States (US) citizens to enroll in an Australian medical degree program in which students will study for their first 2 years of medical school in Brisbane, Australia, and then complete the final 2 years of clinical education at OHS in New Orleans. The program's goal is to create graduates eligible to practice in Australia, New Zealand, and/or the US.

METHODS
We reviewed the UQ School of Medicine-established Ochsner Clinical School (OCS) and the translation of the UQ clinical curriculum to the US.

RESULTS
The curriculum presented both challenges and opportunities, revealing the similarities and differences in the practice of medicine between Australia and the US. This paper highlights some of them, in terms of the healthcare systems, the health professional workforce, and medical education. For example, the healthcare system and medical school curriculum in Australia have a strong focus on primary care.

CONCLUSIONS
This new model in education may help train more primary care physicians for the US, providing physicians with a unique global perspective to face the future challenges of medical practice.


Nanocomposite materials consisting of polyaniline (PANI) and exfoliated WS 2 were synthesized. The WS 2 was prepared by reacting tungstic acid with thiourea at 500°C under nitrogen flow. Samples were prepared with a WS 2 content of 1, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 37, and 64% by mass. An improvement in the electronic conductivity value of the PANI was observed through the incorporation of exfoliated WS 2 . The electronic conductivity of PANI-15%WS 2 was 24.5 S/cm, an eightfold increase when compared to pure PANI. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) provided evidence that the nanocomposites are in an exfoliated state. XRD and TEM showed that the nanocomposites were completely amorphous, suggesting lack of structural order in these materials, while their EPR signals were considerably narrower compared to pure PANI, indicating the formation of genuine exfoliated systems. Furthermore, our research showed that WS 2 can be used as a filler to improve activation energy of decomposition of the polymer. By using the Ozawa method, we studied the decomposition kinetics for the nanocomposites, as well as for the pure polymer. The activation energy for the decomposition of pure PANI was found to be 131.2 kJ/mol. Increasing the amount of WS 2 to 12.5% in the PANI increases the activation energy of decomposition to 165.4 kJ/mol, an enhancement of 34.2 kJ/mol over the pure polymer. in the nanocomposite are not simply a physical mixture, but are actually mixed at the molecular level. Other compositions showed similar behaviour.


The ability to represent time is an essential component of cognition but its neural basis is unknown. Although extensively studied both behaviorally and electrophysiologically, a general theoretical framework describing the elementary neural mechanisms used by the brain to learn temporal representations is lacking. It is commonly believed that the underlying cellular mechanisms reside in high order cortical regions but recent studies show sustained neural activity in primary sensory cortices that can represent the timing of expected reward. Here, we show that local cortical networks can learn temporal representations through a simple framework predicated on reward dependent expression of synaptic plasticity. We assert that temporal representations are stored in the lateral synaptic connections between neurons and demonstrate that reward-modulated plasticity is sufficient to learn these representations. We implement our model numerically to explain reward-time learning in the primary visual cortex (V1), demonstrate experimental support, and suggest additional experimentally verifiable predictions.


Abstract The objective of this work was to study the insecticidal effect of labramin, a protein that shows lectin—like properties. Labramin was isolated from seeds of the Beach Apricot tree, Labramia bojeri A. DC ex Dubard (Ericales: Sapotaceae), and assessed against the development of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an important pest of stored products such as corn, wheat, rice, and flour. Results showed that labramin caused 90% larval mortality when incorporated in an artificial diet at a level of 1% (w/w). The presence of 0.25% labramin in the diet affected the larval and pupal developmental periods and the percentage of emerging adults. Treatments resulted in elevated levels of trypsin activity in midgut and fecal materials, indicating that labramin may have affected enzyme—regulatory mechanisms by perturbing peritrophic membranes in the midgut of is. kuehniella larvae. The results of dietary experiments with E. kuehniella larvae showed a reduced efficiency for the conversion of ingested and digested food, and an increase in approximate digestibility and metabolic cost. These findings suggest that labramin may hold promise as a control agent to engineer crop plants for insect resistance.


Optical Contrast Agents to Distinguish Benign Inflammation from Neoplasia in Epithelial Tissues by Anne Hellebust A minimally-invasive, optical strategy to detect and discriminate between inflammation and neoplasia could improve early cancer detection by reducing the number of false positive exams due to benign inflammation. This thesis describes research to optimize optical molecular contrast agents to observe architectural, metabolic, and biomolecular changes from inflammation and cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. My goal was to: 1) understand the limitations of autofluorescence imaging for cancer detection, 2) image exogenous fluorescent contrast agents specific to inflammation and neoplasia in rodent models, and 3) topically deliver a contrast agent cocktail in vivo in a mouse model. Wide field autofluorescence imaging of oral tissue utilizes endogenous tissue contrast to discriminate neoplastic from normal tissue; clinical studies of this technique show good sensitivity but poor specificity. I conducted a confocal microscopy study of 47 biopsies from 20 patients; results showed a similar decrease in autofluorescence in the stroma of inflamed and neoplastic tissue. This finding helps explain the low specificity of wide field autofluorescence imaging. Topically applied exogenous contrast agents could be used to improve discrimination between neoplasia and inflammation. I tested individual fluorescent contrast agents and contrast agent cocktails in chemically induced rodent models of inflammation and neoplasia. The first model used autofluorescence imaging with fluorescence imaging of proflavine to highlight cell nuclei and 2-NBDG to assess metabolic activity for oral cancer detection. A classification algorithm based on proflavine and 2-NBDG staining separated neoplastic from non-neoplastic areas on the tongue with 91% sensitivity and specificity. In the second model, a contrast agent cocktail composed of proflavine, a fluorescently labelled CD45-targeted antibody to identify inflammatory cells, and permeation enhancers was evaluated for topical in vivo delivery to image ulcerative colitis. The antibody identified the presence of inflammation and established topical delivery of antibody sized agents in vivo. These results provide evidence that topically applied contrast agent cocktails could improve discrimination between inflammation and neoplasia when endogenous contrast is insufficient. An optical-based strategy utilizing contrast agent cocktails to observe architectural, metabolic, and biomolecular changes associated with inflammation and cancer could improve early cancer detection by reducing the number of false positives from inflammation.


Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is both an underdiagnosed and a misdiagnosed problem on college campuses, leading to pronounced academic and psychosocial difficulties. Counselors encounter diagnostic criteria that are child oriented, long lists of differential diagnoses, high rates of coexisting disorders, and no definitive tests for ADHD. This article reviews research findings concerning adults with ADHD, outlines empirical solutions for meeting diagnostic challenges, and provides new effect size data for selecting screening instruments. ********** Attention problems are frequent complaints of college students presenting for counseling. Isolating the magnitude, range, and basis of student inattention is critical for effective therapeutic intervention but is frequently complicated. College maladjustment may result in transient attention problems that are specific to the classroom. Longer lasting and more pervasive attention difficulties may emerge as secondary features of psychiatric or medical conditions, or these difficulties may reflect a chronic attention syndrome, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Undiagnosed ADHD is a significant problem on college campuses and, paradoxically, is one that is compounded by erroneous self-diagnoses by students seeking treatment (Roy-Byrne et al., 1997; Searight, Burke, & Rottneck, 2000). In the pages to follow, a primer on adult ADHD evaluation is presented as a resource for college counselors. Counselors, like other helping professionals, frequently lack advanced training in adult ADHD. A variety of factors, including paperwork and case management demands, frequently preclude extensive reading in this area. The primary aim of this primer is to enhance counselors' awareness of the types of difficulties encountered when evaluating college students for possible ADHD. A secondary aim is to offer empirically based suggestions drawn from ADHD studies of community and college adults to enhance the evaluation process, including selection of ADHD rating scales and behavioral measures. An Overview of Adult ADHD and the DSM-IV-TR Criteria ADHD is a neuropsychological disorder with sets of hyperactive-impulsive and/ or inattentive symptoms. This disorder is one of the most common mental health illnesses among children, with a 3% to 5% prevalence rate (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). Of children with ADHD, 60% to 70% continue to have significant attention problems as adults, and 30% to 50% continue to meet criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, text revision (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) for ADHD (Searight et al., 2000; Wender, 1995). Many practitioners believe the vast majority of adults with ADHD are undiagnosed (Adler & Cohen, 2003). At a college level, epidemiological data are lacking. Retrospective, clinic-based chart reviews and surveys of ADHD symptoms yield prevalence estimates ranging from 2% to 11% of the college population (DuPaul et al., 2001; Heiligenstein, Conyers, Berns, Miller, & Smith, 1998; Weyandt, Linterman, & Rice, 1995). The exact prevalence number is difficult to calculate given methodological differences in identification of ADHD in these studies. In addition, Roy-Byrne et al. (1997) indicated that approximately one half to two thirds of adults with self-diagnosed ADHD failed to meet DSM-IV-TR criteria. Therefore, counselors contend with significant rates of erroneous self-diagnoses as well as high rates of undiagnosed ADHD in a college population. As a consequence, counselors' mastery of the DSM-IV-TR criteria is essential for successfully navigating an ADHD evaluation (Attention Deficit Disorder Association, 2000; Dulcan & Workgroup on Quality Issues, 1997). Within the DSM-IV-TR typology, an ADHD diagnosis is tenable if developmentally inappropriate attention problems meet the following criteria: (a) had onset before age 7, (b) have persisted in a maladaptive form in at least two settings for 6 months, and (c) are not better accounted for by another disorder. …


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The development of sensitive screening methods to identify at-risk individuals before emergence of clinical disease would permit early intervention that could decrease this mortality. Our previous studies have shown that cells with trisomy 7 can be detected in bronchial epithelium from cancer-free smokers and former uranium miners. However, the use of more than one molecular marker could increase the chance of identifying at-risk individuals. Trisomy 20, which is found in 43-57% of non-small cell lung cancers, is a candidate marker. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine the percentage of cells with trisomy 20 in persons with a high risk for lung cancer. Bronchial epithelial cells that had been assayed for trisomy 7 were assayed for trisomy 20 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Trisomy 20 was detected in bronchial epithelial cells from lung cancer patients and from smokers and ex-uranium miners without lung cancer. In some cases, patients who were negative for trisomy 7 exhibited trisomy 20. Consequently, more people with field cancerization were identified using both markers. However, the two markers combined did not appear to stratify the risk for lung cancer.


AIM
This paper is a report of a study to examine what opportunities night nurses have to learn in terms of being able to distinguish variations in the patients' conditions.

BACKGROUND
Night nurses often lack access to the formalized in-service training offered to day nurses. As every clinical experience can be seen as an opportunity for learning, learning takes place even at night. However, the learning of night nurses has not been studied previously.

METHOD
This study is based on interviews with a convenience sample of 10 night nurses at a medium-sized Swedish hospital in 2001. These interviews were reanalysed in 2006 concerning learning situations. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded and examined using latent content analysis.

FINDINGS
There are certain opportunities for learning during the night shift, and three learning situations come to the fore: (1) the report situation, (2) the personal assessment round, where the nurses form their own picture of the patient, (3) in assessment prior to contact with the doctor on duty. Nurses learn from variations in patients' conditions and when they have to report their experience verbally. Learning does take place at night and gestalt psychology is a helpful tool for understanding how former knowledge and experience affect night nurses' learning.

CONCLUSION
Knowledge developed during the night shift is a neglected field. There is a need for further investigations of what night nurses learn, and this knowledge ought to be integrated in the body of nursing knowledge.


THE CROSSETT METHODIST CHURCH REPRESENTS a unique combination of the Tudor Revival and Gothic Revival styles. The building's irregular plan features five separate building masses connected by hyphens and laid out in a linear fashion. The church occupies the entire western half of the 500 block of Main Street in Crossett. The original building, designed by noted Arkansas architect John Parks Almand, consists of a central sanctuary connected to a wing on both its north and south elevations via loggias pierced by pointed arch openings with cast-stone tracery. A fellowship hall and daycare wing added in 1959 blend flawlessly with Almand's design. This eclectic church, one of the most architecturally significant buildings in Crossett, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 17, 2010. Crossett, located in Ashley County in southeast Arkansas, was founded in the late 1890s as a sawmill town owned and operated by the Crossett Lumber Company. The company, organized in 1899 by Edward Savage Crossett, Charles Warner Gates, and Dr. John Wenzel Watzek, purchased 47,000 acres of virgin timberland in Ashley County, Arkansas, and Morehouse Parish, Louisiana. The Crossett Company sent the ambitious young Edgar Woodward "Cap" Gates to the region to secure a site for a new sawmill. Gates initially chose Hamburg because it was the county seat and already had a railroad and established businesses. However, Hamburg leaders refused to sell a location for the mill because they wanted to protect their hometown mill and prevent an influx of undesirable "foreign sawmill people." This enraged Cap Gates, so he selected a site in the middle of the forest two miles from the nearest post office and thirteen miles from Hamburg. Gates immediately started building the sawmill and a town for its employees, which was to be named in honor of company vice president E. S. Crossett. 1 A small mill was operating by May 17, 1899, to cut lumber for tent houses and, later, for the first substantial wood-frame houses. The first houses were built on the 100 and 200 blocks of Main and Pine Streets. In addition to building houses, the company cleared streets and constructed water and sewer systems. As in many lumber towns at the turn of the twentieth century, the Crossett Company owned the land, houses, businesses, schools, and hospitals. Workers were issued scrip to purchase necessary items from the company commissary. The company kept workers happy by providing higher wages than nearby mills, reliable utilities, and occasional entertainment.2 Cap Gates became the first manager of the Crossett Lumber Company, and residents quickly realized that "Crossett was a one-man town and that Cap Gates was the man."3 Gates insisted that employees be of good moral character, and, as a result, liquor, gambling, and prostitution were never tolerated in Crossett. Any troublemakers were given their last paycheck and asked to leave town.4 The Crossett Company had a hardwood mill in its early years, which produced oak, pecan, and gum flooring. However, most of the company's business relied on the harvesting of pine. A box factory was established as early as 1916 and used low-grade materials for the construction of wooden crates. Mop handles were also manufactured from leftover materials and sold in Monticello, Arkansas, and in Mississippi. The company established a Kraftpaper mill in Crossett in the mid-1930s, which further diversified the types of products it produced. Chemical and charcoal plants opened shortly after the paper mill, enabling the company to profit from low-grade lumber by-products as well.5 When it became apparent in the early 1920s that the Crossett Company would soon run out of timberland, company officials turned to the academically trained foresters of Yale University for help. The company hired Yale professor Ralph Bryant as its first forestry consultant and kept trained foresters on staffafter 1923. In 1946, the Crossett Lumber Company offered Yale University a permanent site for its training program (students had previously stayed in sawmill dormitories). …


American art critic Clement Greenberg wrote the following about modern art:
A modernist work of art must try, in principle to avoid dependence upon any order of experience not given in the most essentially construed nature of its medium.
In other words an artist should strive to use the mediums inherent characteristic to create essential expressions that you could only present in that particular medium. Many art critics and scholars used this medium- specificity discourse as a measure of quality and even to dismiss artworks that did not follow this tradition. In this article I will re-visit these theories, scrutinize them and turn the perspective upside down. Instead of critiquing or analyzing artwork, I will investigate how these medium-specificity thesis can help the artist's creative processes. Through a practice- led research about our own work I hope to shed light on some important processes and knowledge that can be helpful for the artistic community.
The project "offshore ID"
The bases of the research will be an exhibition we did in cooperation with the Oil museum in Norway  about the offshore workers and their identity. The exhibition consisted of three designated parts with three different medium: Still photography, 180-degree multiscreen film, and a Virtual reality experience.


This comprehensive survey of religion and its profound effects on history provides a historical context for in-depth analysis of theological, social, and political themes in which religion plays a major role. George Walsh first traces the rise and impact of primitive religions. He looks at Indian traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism and analyzes the Semitic tradition of Judaism and Christianity and the evolving conception of a personal God. He discusses the history and chief doctrines of Islam as well, with its fundamental respect for desert tribal values and its emphasis on both the authority of God and the brotherhood of believers. Walsh then compares Judaism and Christianity. He sees Judaism as marked by a profound ambivalence between the values of tribal, nomadic desert life and the values of urban civilization, individualism, and collectivism. Judaism is "this-worldly," but the Christian worldview is "other-wordly." Walsh closes with a timely discussion of the ethical, political, and economic teachings of the Judeo-Christian tradition, focusing specifically on their differing attitudes toward sex, reproduction, and marriage; their basic views of mind and body; and man's relation to God.


This paper reports on the intonation analysis of yes-no questions in 15 regional varieties of Italian. The study has been carried out on a section of the CLIPS corpus consisting of a collection of Map Task dialogues of Northern, Central, and Southern accents estimated as representative of Italian regional variation. Results show that, contrary to what generally assumed in the literature, the most widespread intonation pattern for questions is rising-falling (not falling-rising), and the distribution of the rising-falling and falling-rising contour types across varieties is not regionally conditioned. Interestingly, for some varieties a different yes-no question intonation was found than in previous studies based on laboratory speech only. These findings confirm the fundamental importance of speaking style when analysing Italian intonation (especially where questions are involved), and make it clear that attention needs to be paid to elicitation methodology when acquiring/building corpora of spoken Italian with the aim of investigating intonation.


In this essay, I address the question of whether the indisputable progress being made by the neurosciences poses a genuine threat to the language game of responsible agency. I begin by situating free will as an ineliminable component of our practices of attributing responsibility and holding one another accountable, illustrating this via a discussion of legal discourse regarding the attribution of responsibility for criminal acts. I then turn to the practical limits on agents' scientific self-objectivation, limits that turn out to be mirrored philosophically in the conceptual problems that plague reductionist strategies. Having shown that free will is rooted in unavoidable performative presuppositions belonging to agents' participant perspective, I then take up the difficult issue of how to reconcile an epistemic dualism of participant and observer perspectives with the assumption of ontological monism. I critically review a range of proposed physicalist solutions, including non-reductionist and (standard) compatibilist approaches. An underlying problem with scientistic, physicalist approaches is the methodological fiction of an exclusive 'view from nowhere' which relies on the problematic move of disengaging the objectivating perspective of the scientific observer from the investigators' participant perspective of those engaged in scientific practice. Since there is no way of getting around the requisite complementarity of both the observer's encounter with the objective world and the participant's involvement in shared lifeworld practices, the remaining option is to take an epistemological turn. But even the recognition that science is ultimately constituted from within the lifeworld still leaves us with the question as to how the human mind can understand itself as the product of natural evolution. I conclude with some tentative suggestions as to how this difficult question might be addressed.


We present FLIC, a distributed software data caching framework for fogs that reduces network traffic and latency. FLIC is targeted toward city-scale deployments of cooperative IoT devices in which each node gathers and shares data with surrounding devices. As machine learning and other data processing techniques that require large volumes of training data are ported to low-cost and low-power IoT systems, we expect that data analysis will be moved away from the cloud. Separation from the cloud will reduce reliance on power-hungry centralized cloud-based infrastructure. However, city-scale deployments of cooperative IoT devices often connect to the Internet with cellular service, in which service charges are proportional to network usage. IoT system architects must be clever in order to keep costs down in these scenarios. To reduce the network bandwidth required to operate city-scale deployments of cooperative IoT systems, FLIC implements a distributed cache on the IoT nodes in the fog. FLIC allows the IoT network to share its data without repetitively interacting with a simple cloud storage service, reducing calls out to a backing store. Our results displayed a less than 2% miss rate on reads. Thus, allowing for only 5% of requests needing the backing store. We were also able to achieve more than 50% reduction in bytes transmitted per second.


Background: Anaesthesia for caesarean section poses challenges unique to the obstetric patient due to changes in the airway and respiratory system. The choice of anaesthesia for caesarean section depends on various factors; however, general anaesthesia (GA) is necessary in certain situations. Supraglottic airway devices are an emerging method to secure the airway, especially in difficult situations. Of these devices, ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) is designed to provide better protection of the airway. Use of PLMA has been reported to be successful as a rescue device in difficult intubation situations and in patients undergoing elective caesarean section without any complications. Hence, this prospective randomized study was designed to compare the use of PLMA with endotracheal tube (ETT) in patients undergoing elective lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). Material and Methods: Patients undergoing LSCS under GA belonging to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grades 1 and 2 were included. Patients with history of less than 6 h of fasting, known/predicted difficult airway, obesity, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and hypertensive disorder were excluded. A standard anaesthesia protocol was followed. All patients received aspiration prophylaxis. The airway was maintained with either PLMA or ETT. The parameters including ease of insertion, adequacy of ventilation, hemodynamic changes at insertion and removal of device, and incidence of regurgitation and aspiration were noted. Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed by unpaired t-test, chi-square/Fisher′s test. Results: Findings of the study indicated that PLMA was easy to insert (20.67 ± 6.835 s) with comparable insertion time to ETT (18.33 ± 4.971, P = 0.136) and adequate ventilation was achieved with very minimal hemodynamic changes seen with PLMA as compared to ETT at the insertion and removal of devices (P = 0.01). There was no incidence of regurgitation with the use of PLMA. The incidence of postoperative sore throat was minimal (6.7%) with PLMA (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PLMA appears to be a safe alternative to ETT for selected obstetric patients undergoing elective LSCS. A further study with a large group of patients is required to establish the safety of PLMA in obstetric patients.


Four cases of radiation cystitis that caused diagnostic difficulty because of an epithelial proliferation with architectural complexity and reactive cytologic atypia are described. The patients, 2 male, 2 female, were from 43 to 77 years of age. Two presented with hematuria. Cystoscopy disclosed abnormalities in 3 patients. Microscopic examination showed irregularly shaped and arranged aggregates of epithelial cells in the upper and mid zones of the lamina propria. The cells, which typically showed at least mild, and sometimes severe, pleomorphism, were usually transitional, but squamous differentiation was seen focally in 3 cases. Ulceration of the overlying epithelium was present in all cases and was prominent and associated with conspicuous fibrin and hemorrhage in one of them. Edema of the lamina propria was present in 3 cases, whereas lamina propria fibrosis and chronic inflammation were present in all cases. The presence in all 4 cases of vascular ectasia and other changes characteristic of radiation injury, such as atypical fibroblasts, prompted investigation of the clinical history in 2 cases in which the pathologist was unaware that the patient had received radiation. Pseudocarcinomatous proliferations in the bladder caused by radiation injury have received limited attention in the literature. Our cases illustrate the potential diagnostic errors with which these lesions may be associated.


This study examines the factor structure and invariance of the instruments measuring burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey / MBI-GS) and work engagement (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale / UWES) in a sample of Dutch (N = 162) and Greek (N = 206) employees. Confirmatory factor analyses in both samples supported the superiority of the proposed three-factor structure of both the MBI-GS (exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy) and the UWES (vigor, dedication, and absorption). Alternative two-factor and one-factor models did not show a better fit to the data. In addition, results of multigroup analyses partly supported the invariance of the three-factor model of the MBI-GS, and fully supported the invariance of the three-factor model of the UWES across the two national samples. These results suggest that the MBI-GS and the UWES are not only valid instruments for testing burnout and engagement but also allow comparisons across countries.


Empathy is derived from Greek. Empathy can be generally defined as the ability of a person to know and feel the feelings of others. The ability of someone in delving into the feelings of others is capable of strengthening the relationship between the person with someone else. Empathy is seen as the way a person understands something problems experienced by others and strives to show that he's hard to understand the feelings of the person. Early Islam language is clear that picture liver beam represented through the behavior and use of language politeness that do not offend either to read or listen. As such, this paper will examine the practice of writing early speaking class of managers through management documents issued to the public based on a sense of empathy are shown. The review approach is to use analytical methods of document management documents obtained from selected government departments. Early writing speaking will be classified based on four key principles, namely, the most delicate, subtle, less fine and gross. The result saw the class Manager highly on related matters expressed impati. This is evident when there is a use of words in the form of empathy that is used in accordance with the context of the document was issued.


Background Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) shares several risk factors with atrial fibrillation (AF), and persons with PAD have an increased risk of stroke. It is unclear if PAD is associated with an increased risk for AF and whether this potential association explains the increased risk of stroke observed in those with PAD. Methods and Results We examined the association between PAD, measured by ankle‐brachial index (ABI), and incident AF and incident stroke, separately, in 6568 participants (mean age 62±10 years, 53% women, 62% nonwhite) from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). ABI values <1.0 or >1.4 defined PAD. AF was ascertained through review of hospital discharge records and from Medicare claims data until December 31, 2010. An independent adjudication committee ascertained stroke events. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the association between PAD and AF and stroke. Over a median follow‐up of 8.5 years, 301 (4.6%) participants developed AF and 140 (2.1%) developed stroke. In a model adjusted for sociodemographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and potential confounders, PAD was associated with an increased risk of AF (hazard ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0). In a similar model, PAD was associated with incident stroke (hazard ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.5), and the magnitude of risk was not different after inclusion of AF as a time‐dependent covariate (hazard ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.5). Conclusions PAD is associated with an increased risk of AF and stroke in MESA. Potentially, the relationship between PAD and stroke is not mediated by AF.


The Potsdam Sandstone of Cambrian age forms a transboundary aquifer that extends across northern New York and into southern Quebec. The Potsdam Sandstone is a gently dipping sequence of arkose, subarkose, and orthoquartzite that unconformably overlies Precambrian metamorphic bedrock. The Potsdam irregularly grades upward over a thickness of 450 m from a heterogeneous feldspathic and argillaceous rock to a homogeneous, quartz-rich and matrix-poor rock. The hydrogeological framework of the Potsdam Sandstone was investigated through an analysis of records from 1,500 wells and geophysical logs from 40 wells, and through compilation of GIS coverages of bedrock and surficial geology, examination of bedrock cores, and construction of hydrogeological sections. The upper several metres of the sandstone typically is weathered and fractured and, where saturated, readily transmits groundwater. Bedding-related fractures in the sandstone commonly form sub-horizontal flow zones of relatively high transmissivity. The vertical distribution of sub-horizontal flow zones is variable; spacings of less than 10 m are common. Transmissivity of individual flow zones may be more than 100 m2/d but typically is less than 10 m2/d. High angle fractures, including joints and faults, locally provide vertical hydraulic connection between flow zones. Hydraulic head gradients in the aquifer commonly are downward; a laterally extensive series of sub-horizontal flow zones serve as drains for the groundwater flow system. Vertical hydraulic head differences between shallow and deep flow zones range from 1 m to more than 20 m. The maximum head differences are in recharge areas upgradient from the area where the Chateauguay and Chazy Rivers, and their tributaries, have cut into till and bedrock. Till overlies the sandstone in much of the study area; its thickness is generally greatest in the western part, where it may exceed 50 m. A discontinuous belt of bedrock pavements stripped of glacial drift extends across the eastern part of the study area; the largest of these is Altona Flat Rock. Most recharge to the sandstone aquifer occurs in areas of thin, discontinuous till and exposed bedrock; little recharge occurs in areas where this unit is overlain by thick till and clay. Discharge from the sandstone aquifer provides stream and river baseflow and is the source of many springs. A series of springs that are used for municipal bottled water and fish-hatchery supply discharge from 1,000 to 5,000 L/min adjacent to several tributaries east of the Chateauguay River. The major recharge areas for the Chateauguay springs are probably upgradient to the southeast, where the till cover is thin or absent.


The Charleston, South Carolina, region is considered to have the highest seismic hazard on the east coast of the United States and has been chosen as a location for an Urban Strong Motion Array of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS). This paper will report on subsurface investigations of the shallow shear wave velocity beneath the first four ANSS strong motion stations in Charleston. Both borehole (seismic cone penetration test or SCPT) and surficial seismic (refraction microtremor or ReMi) methods were used to determine shear wave velocities to a depth of 30 m beneath each site. All sites are National Eearthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Class D ( V S30 < 360 m/s), with V S30 ranging from 215 to 344 m/sec. Three sites have low-velocity zones within the shallow sedimentary section. The V S30 derived from the SCPT and ReMi techniques agree within 10% at three sites and within 15% at all four sites.


Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Bert. et Curt) Rost. is the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM). It is the most damaging cucumber pathogen on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and eastern parts of the United States. Pseudoperonospora cubensis is an obligate oomycete pathogen, infecting crops within the Cucurbitaceae family. The disease is characterized by angular chlorotic lesions and a downy or feltlike appearance on the abaxial side of the leaf. Control of this pathogen includes use of resistant cucumber cultivars and costly fungicide programs. Continuous use has led to resistance to commonly used fungicides. This has become a major concern and in response, seed companies have developed cucumber cultivars which claim downy mildew resistance. This study evaluates different cucumber cultivars and assesses their level of resistance to CDM. The results indicate that an integrated management approach of reduced fungicide application and the use of resistant cultivars can suppress levels of CDM and yield a cucumber crop. Additionally, a molecular study was conducted, comparing the relative expression of genes encoding a basic PR-1 protein, a cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase protein and three resistance (R) gene proteins, in nineteen cultivars. All of the selected genes were analyzed using real-time PCR. The relative expression levels of the R-genes varied between cultivars. The basic PR-1 protein decreased expression in the majority of the cultivars, suggesting no involvement in the first twenty-four hours. Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase relative expression levels suggest an increase in susceptible cultivars and a decrease in tolerant cultivars.


6-bromo-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (P2) as a new corrosion inhibitor was synthesized in the present work. The corrosion inhibition of P2 in hydrochloric acid for mild steel was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, weight loss measurements, and DFT. The results indicate that the P2 is mixed type inhibitor, and the adsorption of P2 on mild steel surface obeys Langmuir isotherm. In addition, the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of inhibitor. Correlation between quantum chemical calculations and inhibition efficiency of the investigated compound is discussed using the Density Functional Theory method (DFT).


A miniaturized fluorescence detection system based on total internal reflection (TIR) configuration, which is applicable to detecting the presence of biological materials labeled with fluorescence dye in micro total analysis systems (μTAS), is proposed. In conventional fluorescence testing and analysis devices, interference between the excitation light beam and the emitted light from dyes is unavoidable. This paper presents a fluorescence detection system based on TIR configuration that allows the excitation light beam and the emitted light to be spatially perpendicular to each other so as to minimize the interference where fluorescence emission is detected at the orthogonal angle to the excitation beam. We achieved the limit of detection of about 5 nmol/L with a high linearity of 0.994 over a wide range of 6-FAM mol concentration, being comparable to that in earlier studies.


Abstract Objective To assess the association between learning disability and risk of hospital admission and death from covid-19 in England among adults and children. Design Population based cohort study on behalf of NHS England using the OpenSAFELY platform. Setting Patient level data were obtained for more than 17 million people registered with a general practice in England that uses TPP software. Electronic health records were linked with death data from the Office for National Statistics and hospital admission data from NHS Secondary Uses Service. Participants Adults (aged 16-105 years) and children (<16 years) from two cohorts: wave 1 (registered with a TPP practice as of 1 March 2020 and followed until 31 August 2020); and wave 2 (registered 1 September 2020 and followed until 8 February 2021). The main exposure group consisted of people on a general practice learning disability register; a subgroup was defined as those having profound or severe learning disability. People with Down's syndrome and cerebral palsy were identified (whether or not they were on the learning disability register). Main outcome measure Covid-19 related hospital admission and covid-19 related death. Non-covid-19 deaths were also explored. Results For wave 1, 14 312 023 adults aged ≥16 years were included, and 90 307 (0.63%) were on the learning disability register. Among adults on the register, 538 (0.6%) had a covid-19 related hospital admission; there were 222 (0.25%) covid-19 related deaths and 602 (0.7%) non-covid deaths. Among adults not on the register, 29 781 (0.2%) had a covid-19 related hospital admission; there were 13 737 (0.1%) covid-19 related deaths and 69 837 (0.5%) non-covid deaths. Wave 1 hazard ratios for adults on the learning disability register (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and geographical location) were 5.3 (95% confidence interval 4.9 to 5.8) for covid-19 related hospital admission and 8.2 (7.2 to 9.4) for covid-19 related death. Wave 2 produced similar estimates. Associations were stronger among those classified as having severe to profound learning disability, and among those in residential care. For both waves, Down's syndrome and cerebral palsy were associated with increased hazards for both events; Down's syndrome to a greater extent. Hazard ratios for non-covid deaths followed similar patterns with weaker associations. Similar patterns of increased relative risk were seen for children, but covid-19 related deaths and hospital admissions were rare, reflecting low event rates among children. Conclusions People with learning disability have markedly increased risks of hospital admission and death from covid-19, over and above the risks observed for non-covid causes of death. Prompt access to covid-19 testing and healthcare is warranted for this vulnerable group, and prioritisation for covid-19 vaccination and other targeted preventive measures should be considered.


Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing has many logistic and ethical challenges. The UNAIDS/WHO policy statement states that the testing of individuals must be confidential, be accompanied by counselling, and be conducted with informed consent. HIV testing is integral to the management of the epidemic, and since KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) has the highest prevalence of AIDS in South Africa, it is vital that doctors in this province are knowledgeable about HIV testing practices. This study was undertaken in view of the lack of data on private sector doctors' HIV testing practices in KwaZulu-Natal. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among private sector doctors who manage HIV and AIDS patients in the eThekwini Metro of KZN. One hundred private practitioners were randomly selected from a sample of 175 consenting private sector doctors. These doctors were asked to fill in an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaires were collected and analysed using SPSS® version 15. Results: A response rate of 60% was obtained, with 57 (95%) indicating that they do HIV testing after obtaining patients' consent. Over 96% of the doctors carried out pre-test counselling, while over 98% did post-test counselling. Eighty-one per cent did a confirmatory test if the patient tested positive, while 49% performed a confirmatory test if the patient tested negative; over 50% did the test after three months. Forty-seven per cent did not know or failed to indicate what confirmatory test they used. The majority did not disclose patient status or do counselling in the presence of others. However, if it was done, it was done with the consent of the patient or the parents in cases where the patient was a minor. The majority stated that they follow the guidelines when testing. Conclusion: The HIV testing practices of private sector doctors who participated in the study are compliant with the UNAIDS/WHO policy statement regarding confidentiality, informed consent and counselling. However, doctors' knowledge of confirmatory test appears to be inadequate.


The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most geologically dynamic systems and the highest plateau in the world with ongoing three-dimensional crustal deformation. The Plateau is uplifting and deforming horizontally as observed by present-day global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and repeated leveling measurements. Crustal mass is conservative and less dense than the mantle, thus the horizontal shortening must be accompanied by crustal thickening and horizontal extrusion. According to the level of isostatic compensation, the thickening is partitioned into topographic uplift and Moho deepening. Here, we investigate the mass change induced gravity signal observed at or near the crust, and discuss whether this signal could be detected using terrestrial or satellite gravity observations. We set up a model for the Tibetan Plateau crustal thickening and calculate the expected gravity signal. The predictions are then compared with the present-day gravity changes observed by GRACE and with published in situ absolute gravity rates. We conclude that the crustal thickening signal cannot be neglected and that it contributes significantly to the observed signal. Those studies with focus on the mountain glacier and hydrologic mass fluxes should be aware that, if neglected, the crustal signal could introduce a significant bias. The observations give a positive gravity rate over central Tibetan Plateau, unexplained by the hydrologic or cryospheric signals, and a negative rate over the Himalayas and at its foothill, which is attributable to terrestrial hydrologic signals including human depletion of groundwater. Our model shows that the positive gravity rate could be explained by elevation uplift, and a stable or upwelling Moho. The negative gravity change signal is due primarily to the strong elevation-gradient at the foothill of the Himalayas, and to an uplift accompanied by crustal thickening and Moho lowering. The estimated gravity rates can be used when defining the requirements on future gravity missions, as the tectonic signal should be resolved in order to improve its separation from hydrologic and/or cryospheric processes generating a gravity change.


This article argues that courts should use the doctrine of good faith in contract law to prohibit improper considerations of race in contract formation and performance, and should recognize good faith as a device for eliminating racial subordination that can function beyond the scope of conventional civil rights discourse. Although civil rights laws provide important remedies to victims of discrimination, the elimination of racial subordination cannot remain the exclusive domain of civil rights law. Rather, other substantive areas of law can and should incorporate expansive equality principles to achieve that end. For example, this article demonstrates how the implied obligation of good faith in contract law, applied in the at-will employment context, can employ expansive equality principles to provide alternate remedies to at-will employees who may not be able to obtain civil rights remedies because of the onerous burdens they must satisfy in order to prevail on their civil rights claims. Although courts have used the good faith doctrine largely to achieve economically efficient outcomes, this article further argues that courts need not limit the doctrine's use in that way. By screening the doctrine of good faith through the lenses of critical race and law and market economy theories, this article argues that using the doctrine of good faith to prohibit improper considerations of race in contracting is consistent not only with the equitable principles embodied by the doctrine, but also with the contractual goals of protecting parties' bargains, wealth formation, and the facilitation of exchange transactions.