We have developed a new gravity gradient inversion method for estimating a 3D density-contrast distribution defined on a grid of rectangular prisms. Our method consists of an iterative algorithm that does not require the solution of an equation system. Instead, the solution grows systematically around userspecified prismatic elements, called "seeds," with given density contrasts. Each seed can be assigned a different density-contrast value, allowing the interpretation of multiple sources with different density contrasts and that produce interfering signals. In real world scenarios, some sources might not be targeted for the interpretation. Thus, we developed a robust procedure that neither requires the isolation of the signal of the targeted sources prior to the inversion nor requires substantial prior information about the nontargeted sources. In our iterative algorithm, the estimated sources grow by the accretion of prisms in the periphery of the current estimate. In addition, only the columns of the sensitivity matrix corresponding to the prisms in the periphery of the current estimate are needed for the computations. Therefore, the individual columns of the sensitivity matrix can be calculated on demand and deleted after an accretion takes place, greatly reducing the demand for computer memory and processing time. Tests on synthetic data show the ability of our method to correctly recover the geometry of the targeted sources, even when interfering signals produced by nontargeted sources are present. Inverting the data from an airborne gravity gradiometry survey flown over the iron ore province of Quadrilatero Ferrifero, southeastern Brazil, we estimated a compact iron ore body that is in agreement with geologic information and previous interpretations.


In this first in-depth historical study of homosexuality in Fascist Italy, Lorenzo Benadusi brings to light immensely important archival documents regarding the sexual politics of the Italian Fascist regime; he adds new insights to the study of the complex relationships of masculinity, sexuality, and Fascism; he explores the connections between new Fascist values and preexisting Italian traditional and Roman Catholic views on morality; he documents both the Fascist regime's denial of the existence of homosexuality in Italy and its clandestine strategies and motivations for repressing and imprisoning homosexuals; he uncovers the ways that accusations of homosexuality (whether true or false) were used against political and personal enemies; and above all, he shows how homosexuality was deemed the enemy of the Fascist "New Man," an ideal of a virile warrior and dominating husband vigorously devoted to the "political" function of producing children for the Fascist state. Benadusi investigates the regulation and regimentation of gender in Fascist Italy, and the extent to which, in uneasy concert with the Catholic Church, the regime engaged in the cultural and legal engineering of masculinity and femininity. He cites a wealth of un-published documents, official speeches, letters, coerced confessions, private letters and diaries, legal documents, and government memos to reveal and analyze how the orders issued by the regime attempted to protect the "integrity of the Italian race." For the first time, documents from the Vatican archives illuminate how the Catholic Church dealt with issues related to homosexuality during the Fascist period in Italy.


The purpose of this study is to examine if Hong Kong residents' social identity affects their attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists. Thus, understanding how the role of social identity amongst residents is vital for sustainable tourism development. Mainland Chinese tourists are vital to Hong Kong's tourism industry as they are the largest source of visitors. However, due to the growing political influence of Mainland China and the influx of Mainland Chinese tourists, the city of Hong Kong is losing its identity and uniqueness. From this, many Hong Kong residents have little sense of social/national identity as they are sceptical of belonging to a nation.

The literature review presents three key areas of study: sustainable tourism development, resident's attitude towards tourism development, and social identity. The literature finds that the dimensions of environmental integrity, economic prosperity, and sociocultural impacts are all vital to the success of Hong Kong's sustainable tourism development. Also, the intrinsic, extrinsic and sociodemographic factors could influence Hong Kong resident's attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists. Furthermore, the role of social identity delves into in-group and out-group identities between Hong Kong residents and Mainland Chinese tourists. As well as how perceived cultural distance affects Hong Kong resident's attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists.

The study adopts a qualitative research approach alongside a phenomenological methodology to understand and interpret individual experiences as a source of qualitative evidence. To gather the qualitative data, the study used semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Furthermore, a qualitative coding strategy was implemented within the study's interviews to highlight key themes of study including: sustainable tourism development, resident's attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists, social identity and perceived cultural distance. Overall, a total of 12 in-depth interviews were gathered for qualitative analysis using the snowball sampling technique.

Overall, the study sheds light on whether Hong Kong resident's social identity affects their attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists. Many Hong Kong resident's recognised the economic prosperity of Mainland Chinese tourists. However, there exist growing concerns of sustainable tourism development in Hong Kong, with aspects of sociocultural interaction as well as the urban and rural environments. Also, it was found that Hong Kong residents who identified themselves as 'Hong Kongese' were more likely to have a negative attitude towards Mainland Chinese tourists compared to those who identified themselves as Chinese. With perceived cultural distance being an actual source of social identity depending on Hong Kong residents' acceptance of Chinese culture.


Micro-blog has been increasingly used for the public to express their opinions, and for organisations to detect public sentiment about social events. In contrast to the effort and progress made in English-based micro-blog analysis, research on Chinese micro-blog received relatively little attention. In this paper we examine and identify the key problems of this field, focusing particularly on the characteristics of innovative words, emoticon elements and hierarchical structure of Chinese "Weibo". Based on the analysis we propose and develop associated theoretical and technological methods to address these problems. These include the development of new sentiment word mining method based on three wording standards and point-wise metrics, a rule set model for analyzing sentiment features of different linguistic components, and the corresponding methodology for calculating sentiment on multi-granularity considering emoticon elements. We use original Chinese tweets from a dataset of Sina Weibo to test and evaluate our new word discovery and sentiment detection methods. Initial results show that our new diction can improve sentiment detection, and demonstrate that our multi-level rule set method is more effective by giving 10.2% and 1.5% higher average accuracy than two existing methods for Chinese micro-blog sentiment analysis. In addition, we exploit visualisation techniques to study the relationships between online sentiment and real life, which can help depict the correlation between public emotions and events.


This paper presents a model to assess the socioeconomic resilience to natural disasters of an economy, defined as its capacity to mitigate the impact of disaster-related asset losses on welfare, and a tool to help decision makers identify the most promising policy options to reduce welfare losses due to floods. Calibrated with household surveys, the model suggests that welfare losses from the July 2005 floods in Mumbai were almost double the asset losses, because losses were concentrated on poor and vulnerable populations. Applied to river floods in 90 countries, the model provides estimates of country-level socioeconomic resilience. Because floods disproportionally affect poor people, each $1 of global flood asset loss is equivalent to a $1.6 reduction in the affected country's national income, on average. The model also assesses and ranks policy levers to reduce flood losses in each country. It shows that considering asset losses is insufficient to assess disaster risk management policies. The same reduction in asset losses results in different welfare gains depending on who benefits. And some policies, such as adaptive social protection, do not reduce asset losses, but still reduce welfare losses. Asset and welfare losses can even move in opposite directions: increasing by one percentage point the share of income of the bottom 20 percent in the 90 countries would increase asset losses by 0.6 percent, since more wealth would be at risk. But it would also reduce the impact of income losses on wellbeing, and ultimately reduce welfare losses by 3.4 percent.


Direct manipulation user interfaces have proven their worth over two decades, but they are still in their youth. Dramatic opportunities exist to develop direct manipulation programming to create end-user programming tools, dynamic queries to perform information search in large databases, and information visualization to support network database browsing. Direct manipulation depends on visual representation of the objects and actions of interest, physical . actions or pointing instead of complex syntax, and rapid incremental reversible operations whose effect on the object of interest is immediately visible. This strategy can lead to user interfaces that are comprehensible, predictable and controllable. Direct manipulation interfaces are seen as more likely candidates to influence advanced user interfaces than adaptive, autonomous, intelligent agents. User control and responsibility are highly desirable. Note: This paper is adapted, with permission of the publisher, from the forthcoming book: Designing the User Znte~ace: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (3rd Edition), Addison Wesley, Reading, MA (1997).


Forty-nine fourth grade students were tested with the Carbo Learning Styles Inventory test, as well as being screened with fifteen standard optometric vision tests. The purpose of the project was to determine if there is any correlation between a child's visual profile and his/her learning style. It was anticipated that the research would show that poor visual learners had more vision anomalies than good or excellent visual learners and that the learning styles test might be used as an effective screening device for children with visually-related learning problems. The results, however, did not demonstrate any significant relationship between learning styles and the optometric tests.


BECAUSE of the relatively large sediment concentrations sometimes found on upland regions, adsorption of fluorescent dye onto sediment may be of concern. A laboratory study was conducted to identify the effects of sediment and dye concentration on adsorption. Sediment and dye concentration were both found to significantly affect adsorptive dye loss of rhodamine WT and sulpho rhodamine B. Regression equations were developed which related dye adsorption to sediment and dye concentration. For a particular soil and dye material, regression equations may be used to correct for adsorptive dye loss. Sulpho rhodamine B is recommended as the dye of choice for the given experimental conditions.


We explore and demonstrate the capabilities of the upcoming Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) to study Type I superluminous supernovae (SLSNe). We fit the light curves of 58 known SLSNe at z ≈ 0.1–1.6, using a magnetar spin-down model. We use the posterior distributions of the magnetar and ejecta parameters to generate synthetic SLSN light curves, and we inject those into the LSST Operations Simulator to generate ugrizy light curves. We define metrics to quantify the detectability and utility of the light curve. We combine the metric efficiencies with the SLSN volumetric rate to estimate the discovery rate of LSST and find that ≈104 SLSNe per year with >10 data points will be discovered in the Wide-Fast-Deep (WFD) survey at z ≲ 3.0, while only ≈15 SLSNe per year will be discovered in each Deep Drilling Field at z ≲ 4.0. To evaluate the information content in the LSST data, we refit representative output light curves. We find that we can recover physical parameters to within 30% of their true values from ≈18% of WFD light curves. Light curves with measurements of both the rise and decline in gri-bands, and those with at least 50 observations in all bands combined, are most information rich. WFD survey strategies, which increase cadence in these bands and minimize seasonal gaps, will maximize the number of scientifically useful SLSNe. Finally, although the Deep Drilling Fields will provide more densely sampled light curves, we expect only ≈50 SLSNe with recoverable parameters in each field in the decade-long survey.


The article posits that, over time, the sense of the World Trade Organization's so-called Single Undertaking has been perverted, and that the current interpretation requiring every WTO member to be obligated by all new Doha Round agreements is a major problem in the stalled negotiations. The authors' preliminary research supports the idea of conducting international trade negotiations in agriculture on the basis of a critical mass framework, where only those WTO members accounting for some nominated major percentage of trade would take on new obligations. The article recounts how this approach has worked before in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO, and suggests areas of further research in order to test the proposition with respect to agricultural trade. KEYWORDS: international negotiations, trade. World Trade Organization, agriculture, political economy. ********** The outcome of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations contributed significantly to strengthening and unifying the international trading system. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the so-called Single Undertaking of its members, wherein all are party to all WTO agreements, participate equally in decisionmaking, and safeguard their rights under a strong central dispute settlement system, is a unique and invaluable institution that is essential to the effective governance of the global economy. The continuing success of the system depends on the WTO being able to show that it can effectively discharge its three principal roles of overseeing the implementation of the trading rules (via multilateral surveillance of the committees and councils overseeing the agreements, the various transparency obligations embedded in those agreements, and the Trade Policy Review Mechanism, or TPRM), settling disputes among members, and serving as a forum for negotiation of new and improved rules and increased trade liberalization. At the time of this writing, the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations is in serious trouble. (1) The negotiators are years late in achieving the targets set out for themselves in the November 2001 declaration. In our view, a large part of the problem relates to the process and to the fact that a decision made in November 2001 to treat ''the conduct, conclusion and entry into force of the outcome of the negotiations as parts of a single undertaking" (2) has been accepted by participants as meaning that all WTO members must be involved in and obligated by the outcomes in all areas of the negotiations. Given the economic diversity of the WTO's membership and the history of the organization, it makes little sense to expect the Single Undertaking approach to negotiations as it is currently understood to produce good outcomes. Even more important, such an approach does not need to be pursued in order to achieve an outcome with meaningful benefits for the global economy. In fact, insistence on the Single Undertaking approach will likely produce an inferior result in the Doha Round--if a result can ever be achieved on this basis. The problems with the current approach to the negotiations are particularly acute in the case of trade in agriculture--the sector universally regarded as the most significant element of the Doha Round. In this article, we outline a hypothesis that an alternative framework for international trade negotiations for agricultural products may be likely to produce better outcomes for agriculture and for future trade negotiations more generally. The argument of this article is as follows: 1. The WTO's Single Undertaking is valuable to the extent that it improves the adherence of developing and (especially) developed country members to all of the agreements. 2. But the Single Undertaking did not eliminate the contradictory treatment of reciprocal trade liberalization by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). …


In this paper, we discuss the utility of AI techniques in the construction of computer-based systems that support the specification and use of procedures in office work. We begin by arguing that the real work of carrying out office procedures is different in kind from the standard computer science notions of procedure "execution". Specifically, office work often requires planning and problem solving in particular situations to determine what is to be done. This planning is based on the goals of the tasks with which the procedures are associated and takes place in the context of an inherently open-ended body of world knowledge. We explore some of the ways in which a system can provide support for such work and discuss the requirements that the nature of the work places on such support systems. We argue that the AI research fields of planning and knowledge representation provide useful paradigms and techniques for meeting those requirements, and that the requirements, in turn, present new research problems in those fields. Finally, we advocate an approach to designing such office systems that emphasizes a symbiotic relationship between system and office worker.


Currently, alternative fuels are being investigated in detail for application in compression ignition (CI) engines resulting in exciting potential opportunities to increase energy security and reduce gas emissions. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels which is renewable and environmentally friendly and can be used in diesel engines with little or no modifications. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of biodiesel types and biodiesel fraction on the emission characteristics of a CI engine. The experimental work was carried out on a four-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection (DI) and turbocharged diesel engine by using biodiesel made from waste oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil and comparing them to normal diesel. The fuels used in the analyses are B10, B20, B50, B100 and neat diesel. The engine was operated over a range of engine speeds. Based on the measured parameters, detailed analyses were carried out on major regulated emissions such as NOx, CO, CO2, and THC. It has been seen that the biodiesel types (sources) do not result in any significant differences in emissions. The results also clearly indicate that the engine running with biodiesel and blends have higher NOx emission by up to 20%. However, the emissions of the CI engine running on neat biodiesel (B100) were reduced by up to 15%, 40% and 30% for CO, CO2 and THC emissions respectively, as compared to diesel fuel at various operating conditions.


""The DNA Mystique" is a wake-up call to all who would dismiss America's love affair with 'the gene' as a merely eccentric obsession."--"In These Times" "Nelkin and Lindee are to be warmly congratulated for opening up this intriguing field [of genetics in popular culture] to further study."--"Nature" "The DNA Mystique" suggests that the gene in popular culture draws on scientific ideas but is not constrained by the technical definition of the gene as a section of DNA that codes for a protein. In highlighting DNA as it appears in soap operas, comic books, advertising, and other expressions of mass culture, the authors propose that these domains provide critical insights into science itself. With a new introduction and conclusion, this edition will continue to be an engaging, accessible, and provocative text for the sociology, anthropology, and bioethics classroom, as well as stimulating reading for those generally interested in science and culture.


Sally Potter's film The Gold Diggers (1983) occupies an important place in the cultural politics of feminism. It poses the question of female subjectivity through a critical exploration of the structuring linearity of classic narrative film.

Casting Julie Christie and Colette Laffont as co-stars, the film explores the relationship between the female spectator and two cinematic portraits: the over-exposed white female star and the under-represented black woman. Mobilised by their mutual desire for change, the white star escapes her pre-given status of screen goddess and the black woman adopts the role of investigative agent. Bringing together two women who have been divided by constructs of race, class and culture, Sally Potter is disrupting a prohibited story and making it possible within the parameters of
feminist intervention in the cinema.

Based on a detailed survey of the text, interviews and preproduction/production material located in hitherto unexamined archives, the thesis reconstructs for the first time an analytical script for The Gold Diggers. This enables the spectator to identify the film's episodic structure, montage system and camerawork and explore the innovative possibilities generated in response to the cinematic orchestration of voice, music, ambient sound and image.

Although, at the level of content, The Gold Diggers draws on an Irigarayan critique of woman as commodity in patriarchal society, the film can be analysed using Julia Kristeva's models of revolutionary poetics and the analytic relation. With reference to Kristeva's theoretical precepts the thesis focuses on the new meanings generated by two women who are exploring the economic, political, psychic and cultural sources of their oppression.

In Part I of the thesis, I examine the film's context within
feminist cultural politics of the 1970s and address its strategic reworking of the conditions and conventions of twentieth century filmmaking; I give an introduction to and overview of the script; and I present an account of Kristeva's theories of subjectivity, signification and change. Part II consists of a succession of sharply focused segmental analyses of the text which demonstrate how the film contributes to and gives voice to the political
revolution in female subjectivity and its representation through cultural practices.


A low-complexity, low-power digital correlator for wakeup receivers is presented. With the proposed algorithm, unnecessary computational cycles are dynamically pruned from the correlation using an early threshold check. For the algorithm, we provide a rigorous mathematical analysis for the associated complexity/performance trade-offs. Furthermore, a low overhead hardware architecture with early-termination capability is developed and implemented in a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The post layout power analysis shows that the presented architecture can reduce power by up to 32% when compared to the conventional architecture with negligible degradation in detection probability and without degradation in false-alarm probability.


The young population is a demographic component with multiple qualitative and quantitative valences. In 2006, the young population counted 5031.3 thousand people, representing 23.3 percent of the total Romanian population, with nearly 200 thousand less than in 1990. The decreasing trend of the cohort of young people is according to the downward trend of the total population of the country. Also, the statistics reveal the reduction of the fertility from 56.2 ‰ in 1990 to 39.5 ‰ in 2006. Between the analyzed limit, the number of the new born children was with 30 percent lower. The nuptial rates by age group and by sex registered the highest values in 20-24 year age group at the female population along the analyzed interval; at men, the same age group had a maximum value in the ninth decade of the last century. The economic difficulties have a negative impact on certain demographic phenomena.


Microfibers (MF) are one of the major classes of microplastic found in the marine environment on a global scale. Very little is known about how they move and distribute from point sources such as wastewater effluents into the ocean. We chose Adventfjorden near the settlement of Longyearbyen on the Arctic Svalbard archipelago as a case study to investigate how microfibers emitted with untreated wastewater will distribute in the fjord, both on a spatial and temporal scale. Fiber abundance in the effluent was estimated from wastewater samples taken during two one-week periods in June and September 2017. Large emissions of MFs were detected, similar in scale to a modern WWTP serving 1.3 million people and providing evidence of the importance of untreated wastewater from small settlements as major local sources for MF emissions in the Arctic. Fiber movement and distribution in the fjord mapped using an online-coupled hydrodynamic-drift model (FVCOM-FABM). For parameterizing a wider spectrum of fibers from synthetic to wool, four different density classes of MFs, i.e., buoyant, neutral, sinking, and fast sinking fibers are introduced to the modeling framework. The results clearly show that fiber class has a large impact on the fiber distributions. Light fibers remained in the surface layers and left the fjord quickly with outgoing currents, while heavy fibers mostly sank to the bottom and deposited in the inner parts of the fjord and along the northern shore. A number of accumulation sites were identified within the fjord. The southern shore, in contrast, was much less affected, with low fiber concentrations throughout the modeling period. Fiber distributions were then compared with published pelagic and benthic fauna distributions in different seasons at selected stations around the fjord. The ratios of fibers to organisms showed a very wide range, indicating hot spots of encounter risk for pelagic and benthic biota. This approach, in combination with in-situ ground-truthing, can be instrumental in understanding microplastic pathways and fate in fjord systems and coastal areas and help authorities develop monitoring and mitigation strategies for microfiber and microplastic pollution in their local waters.


A flexible, lightweight and minimally intrusive monitoring system has been developed to assess animals' behavioral responses. The system consists of wearable composite magnets and magnetic sensors integrated into a miniaturized wireless communication module with a flexible battery. The shape and size of the NdFeB-PDMS composite magnets are highly versatile, while the magnetic and mechanical properties can be tailored within a wide range by the powder concentration. The magnetic field of the composite magnet is sensed by a 3-axial magnetic sensor, and the measured data is wirelessly transmitted using Bluetooth low energy communication standard to a smartphone and dashboard. To withstand corrosive environments and enhance the durability the composite magnets are coated with 2 µm of Parylene C, while surface passivation of the wireless module is achieved with 5 µm of Parylene C. The system has been implemented for real-time monitoring of crabs, giant turtles, and giant clams, indicating its potential for novel and affordable animal monitoring applications.


Agricultural expansion and resource exploitation are reconfiguring the Southeast Asian Massif in important ways, with related in-migration to these uplands increasing rapidly. Within this region, the northern Vietnam frontier has an unusual migration history, including state-sponsored resettlement and spontaneous migration. While analyzing the reflections of 90 migrants, we investigate the patterns and processes by which Vietnam's northern uplands have been peopled with lowland migrants from World War II until today, revealing three key waves or temporal groups. Focusing on these groups, we compare migrants' everyday lived experiences during and soon after their journeys, with a range of unmet expectations, concerns, and tensions becoming apparent. This combination means that while the taming and territorialization of this upland frontier can be considered structurally complete, for migrant settlers their new home remains an ambiguous social space.


In this chapter I investigate the question of whether there is evidence for crosslinguistic influence in German/French bilingual first language acquisition, using data from two children of the DuFDE-corpus (see Koppe 1994), Annika and Pierre. The theoretical framework on which my analysis is based is the Principles and Parameters approach as in Chomsky (1986).Recently Platzack (2001) has proposed that, in contrast to the IP, the CP, i.e., the left periphery of the clause, is vulnerable. He states that the structure of the left periphery of one language might influence the structure of the other language. Since German and French differ clearly as far as the left periphery is concerned, a German/French bilingual L1 corpus offers an excellent opportunity to verify the "vulnerability of the left periphery" hypothesis. German is analyzed as a verb-second (V2) language (den Besten 1977, Platzack 1983) which means that the finite verb always occupies the second position in main clauses via movement to C0, whereas in French, a fronted object or an adverb is adjoined to the IP and therefore results in a V3-structure. I will show that the children nearly always use target-like V2-constructions in German and that the general I-to-C-movement rule of German is not transferred to French. Nevertheless, in Annika's data, several V2-constructions are attested in French with the adverbs 'la' and 'ici' and the object pronoun 'ca' in the left periphery. But this kind of lexically–driven V2-structure in French does not support the "vulnerability of the left periphery" hypothesis. In contrast, I will argue that only some lexical items can trigger V2-constructions.


Since the mid-1800s pinyon-juniper (PJ) woodlands have been encroaching into sagebrush-steppe shrublands and grasslands such that they now comprise 40% of the total forest and woodland area of the Intermountain West of the United States. More recently, PJ ecosystems in select areas have experienced dramatic reductions in area and biomass due to extreme drought, wildfire, and management. Due to the vast area of PJ ecosystems, tracking these changes in woodland tree cover is essential for understanding their consequences for carbon accounting efforts, as well as ecosystem structure and functioning. Here we present a carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system for characterizing total aboveground biomass stocks and flux of PJ ecosystems across the Great Basin. This is achieved through a two-stage remote sensing approach by first using spatial wavelet analysis to rapidly sample tree cover from very high-resolution imagery (1 m), and then training a Random Forest model which maps tree cover across the region from 2000 to 2016 using temporally-segmented Landsat spectral indices obtained from the LandTrendr algorithm in Google Earth Engine. Estimates of cover were validated against field data from the SageSTEP project (R2 = 0.67, RMSE = 10% cover). Biomass estimated from cover-based allometry was higher than estimates from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA) at the plot-level (bias = 5 Mg ha−1 and RMSE = 15.5 Mg ha−1) due in part to differences in tree-level biomass allometrics. County-level aggregation of biomass closely matched estimates from the FIA (R2 = 0.97) after correcting for bias at the plot level. Even after many previous decades of encroachment, we find forest area (i.e. areas with ≥10% cover) increasing at a steady rate of 0.46% per year, but 80% of the 9.86 Tg increase in biomass is attributable to infilling of existing forest. This suggests that the known consequences of encroachment such as reduced water availability, impacts to biodiversity, and risk of severe wildfire may have been increasing across the region in recent years despite the actions of sagebrush steppe restoration initiatives.


The purpose with this c-level thesis is to investigate Young's modulus of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The force measurements as well as the imaging are done by an atomic force microscope (AFM). This has been done before by Eric W. Wong et al in 19971. These earlier experiments report techniques using clean-room facilities not available at Karlstad University. Our task is to investigate probabilities in which to perform the experiment by using the available instruments at Karlstad University.The force measurements are done by using the AFM tip to push the CNTs. A force curve is obtained from where it is possible to determine the spring constant of the CNT. By knowing some essential characteristics of the cantilever and the tip, Young's modulus can be calculated. The CNT needs to be fixed in one end and able to push to the sides in the other end. Our main focuses in this thesis is how to fix the CNTs and what surface to use. Essentially two methods of fixing the tubes have been tried out. Partly we have been looking for large particles on the surface lying on top of a CNT fixing one end, partly we have evaporated gold to achieve an edge under which the CNTs can be attached.In conclusion we can say that it is hard and time-consuming looking for CNTs randomly fixed by particles on the surface. Further we can say that the choice of surface is important. A surface with a low friction was desired but the low friction causes trouble during imaging. The force between the tip and the cantilever during imaging seems to be enough to disturb the CNT and the surface, making measurements hard.


Toxoplasma gondii causes fatal and debilitating brain and eye diseases. Medicines that are currently used to treat toxoplasmosis commonly have toxic side effects and require prolonged courses that range from weeks to more than a year. The need for long treatment durations and the risk of relapsing disease are in part due to the lack of efficacy against T. gondii tissue cysts. The challenges for developing a more effective treatment for toxoplasmosis include decreasing toxicity, achieving therapeutic concentrations in the brain and eye, shortening duration, eliminating tissue cysts from the host, safety in pregnancy, and creating a formulation that is inexpensive and practical for use in resource-poor areas of the world. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in identifying and developing new compounds for the treatment of toxoplasmosis. Unlike clinically used medicines that were repurposed for toxoplasmosis, these compounds have been optimized for efficacy against toxoplasmosis during preclinical development. Medicines with enhanced efficacy as well as features that address the unique aspects of toxoplasmosis have the potential to greatly improve toxoplasmosis therapy. This review discusses the facets of toxoplasmosis that are pertinent to drug design and the advances, challenges, and current status of preclinical drug research for toxoplasmosis.


Objectives:Employment status is a major predictor of health status and living conditions, especially among HIV-infected people, a predominantly working-aged population. We aimed to quantify the risk of work cessation following HIV diagnosis in France in 2004–2010 and to measure the respective burden of HIV-related characteristics and of associated comorbidities on this risk. Design:We used data from a multicenter cohort made of a diversified sample of recently diagnosed HIV-1-infected adults, antiretroviral treatment-naive at baseline in 2004–2008 (ANRS-COPANA cohort). Detailed information on living conditions and clinical and biological characteristics were collected prospectively. Methods:The risk of work cessation among the 376 working-aged participants employed at baseline was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Characteristics associated with the risk of work cessation were identified using multivariate Cox models. Results:The cumulative probability of work cessation reached 14.1% after 2 years and 34.7% after 5 years. Diabetes, hypertension and, to a lesser extent, signs of depression were associated with increased risks of work cessation after accounting for socio-occupational characteristics [adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval): 5.7 (1.7–18.8), 3.1 (1.5–6.4) and 1.6 (0.9–2.9), respectively]. In contrast, HIV disease severity and treatment and experience of HIV-related discrimination were not statistically associated with the risk of work cessation. Conclusion:The risk of work cessation during the course of HIV disease has remained substantial in the most recent period in France. Comorbidities, but not characteristics of HIV disease itself, substantially affect chances of maintaining employment. This provides insights into strategies for limiting the burden of HIV disease for individuals and society.


Even before the nuclear core meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors in Japan re-stoked public anxiety about nuclear energy, Vermont's Senate, under the auspices of Vermont Act No. 160, voted to block continued operation of Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant after the expiration of its forty-year operating license. This article examines whether a state can legislatively override a permit issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission extending the license of a power plant. The author places this question within a broader federalism context, in which states assert their sovereign rights to regulate the environment in the shadow of federal mandates. She finds persuasive the absence of an express preemption provision in the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) or language mandating the use of nuclear power, the AEA's reservation of state authority over the generation, sale, and transmission of energy produced by nuclear power plants, and the passage of environmental laws giving states regulatory authority over some aspects of nuclear power plant operation. Additionally, the author argues that policy arguments favoring preemption, such as the need for uniformity and coordination of shared resources, superior federal resources and technical knowledge, and prevention of spillover effects do not apply in this situation; while arguments against preemption, such as preserving states as robust centers of governance and regulatory experimentation and as checks on federal government excesses and errors, and avoidance of regulatory gaps and regulatory capture, do. Even collective action problems, which arise when a state thinks solely of its own interests to the detriment of other states or the nation as a whole and often favor preemption, are weak. An argument that Vermont's initiative may derail recent national efforts to "restart" the nuclear power industry as a way to reduce the nation's dependence on foreign oil and its global carbon footprint also gains little traction. For these and other reasons, the author concludes that Vermont Act No. 160 should withstand a preemption challenge.


In this paper, a multi-sensors, multifunction system is presented that is designed to automatically detect and track ground threats in a complex background. The system uses a linear-array CCD with TDI tech, a un-cooled IR camera, a visible camera and an eye-safe laser rangefinder housed in a two-axis gyro stabilization platform. The system scans the battle-space with high-speed, capable of providing operator with real-time, 360 degrees imagery and targets cue. Operator bases on the imagery and information from auto image processor to gain situation awareness without over-burden. As a engineering prototype, many state-of-the-art commercial-off-the-shelf(COTS) products are used in order to decrease the cost of it. Following an introduction reviewing the problems incurred in design and usage of the system are described.


The internal state of an organism affects its choices. Previous studies in various non-human animals have demonstrated a complex, and in some cases non-monotonic, interaction between internal state and risk preferences. Our aim was to examine the systematic effects of deprivation on human decision-making across various reward types. Using both a non-parametric approach and a classical economic analysis, we asked whether the risk attitudes of human subjects towards money, food and water rewards would change as a function of their internal metabolic state. Our findings replicate some previous work suggesting that, on average, humans become more risk tolerant in their monetary decisions, as they get hungry. However, our specific approach allowed us to make two novel observations about the complex interaction between internal state and risk preferences. First, we found that the change in risk attitude induced by food deprivation is a general phenomenon, affecting attitudes towards both monetary and consumable rewards. But much more importantly, our data indicate that rather than each subject becoming more risk tolerant as previously hypothesized based on averaging across subjects, we found that as a population of human subjects becomes food deprived the heterogeneity of their risk attitudes collapses towards a fixed point. Thus subjects who show high-risk aversion while satiated shift towards moderate risk aversion when deprived but subjects who are risk tolerant become more risk averse. These findings demonstrate a more complicated interaction between internal state and risk preferences and raise some interesting implications for both day-to-day decisions and financial market structures.


Drawing on survey and ethnographic data, this article presents empirical evidence regarding the impact of work participation on poor women's lives in urban Bangladesh. Working for pay is common among poor, married women in Dhaka and working women commonly make an important contribution to household income. There is evidence that working women are more likely to manage money, shop for household provisions and move about outside the home than non-working women. Working women also appear better able to accumulate personal assets and take steps to secure their own well-being. Despite such signs of challenge to 'traditional' gender identity, social and economic structures continue to be heavily weighted against women, limiting the impact of employment on other dimensions of their lives. In the acutely insecure urban setting, women (and men) are found to pursue multiple strategies aimed at both securing 'centrality' within their families, as well as protecting personal interests should familial entitlements prove unreliable.


This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of relative tax burden of taxpayers (natural persons) with income from employment in the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2009. Single, childless taxpayers with tax residency in the Czech Republic were chosen to represent this category of taxpayers. The amount of the tax burden was conceived as the sum of natural person income tax and the social and health insurance premiums paid by the taxpayer (employee), constituting in its nature and character a tax equivalent. The amount of these legally imposed payments was set with respect to the state valid and effective as of December 31st of the relevant year, in the case of the year 2009 with respect to the state as of June 30th. The results of the performed analysis prove gradual decrease in relative tax burden in the period of 1993–2009 for taxpayers of all income groups. However, the decrease cannot be characterized as uniform. The most marked decrease was identified with taxpayers in the upper income groups. The most significant change in the relative tax burden took effect in association with changes introduced in the Act on Income Taxes as of January 1st, 2008 when the progressive income tax of natural persons was replaced with a flat-rate tax and when changes were introduced to the concept of the partial income tax base calculations applicable to natural persons. The main contribution of this paper can be seen in the fact that the comparison encompasses the time interval covering the entire effective life of the Act on Income Taxes. It is also important that in view of the specified solution conditions, the relative tax burden values presented in the graphs can be understood as maximum values of the tax burden of taxpayers having income from employment.


This Article will show that antitrust violations do not actually give rise to "treble" damages. When viewed correctly, antitrust damages awards are approximately equal to, or are in fact less than, the actual damages caused by antitrust violations.The article demonstrates this by analyzing the relatively quantifiable harms from antitrust violations, modeling the issues under both deterrence and compensation frameworks. It calculates rough estimates of those factors that affect the magnitude of the antitrust damages multiplier actually awarded. These adjustments to the "treble" damages multiplier arise from: (1) the lack of prejudgment interest; (2) the effects of the statute of limitations; (3) plaintiffs' attorneys' fees and costs; (4) other costs to plaintiffs pursuing cases; (5) costs to the judicial system in handling antitrust cases; (6) "umbrella" effects of market power; (7) allocative inefficiency effects of market power; and (8) tax effects.The article then combines these adjustments using both deterrence and compensation frameworks. It compares the sum of the damages caused by antitrust violations to the typical amounts awarded to successful plaintiffs to determine, on average, the true effective ratio of recovery to damages. This analysis show that when all the appropriate adjustments are considered together, awarded damages are, at most, probably at the single level. From either a deterrence or compensation perspective, the Article concludes by discussing some implications of this finding in light of the consensus that antitrust damages should be substantially higher than singlefold to account for detection problems, proof problems, and risk aversion. For these reasons the Article urges that antitrust damages levels be raised by, for example, awarding prejudgment interest.


Aberrant tyrosine protein kinase activity has been implicated in the formation and maintenance of malignancy and so presents a potential target for cancer chemotherapy. Quercetin, a naturally occuring flavonoid, inhibits the tyrosine protein kinase encoded by the Rous sarcoma virus but also exhibits many other effects. Analogues of this compound were synthesised by the acylation of suitable 2-hydroxyacetophenones with appropriately substituted aromatic (or alicyclic) acid chlorides, followed by base catalysed rearrangement to the 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropan-1,3-diones. Acid catalysed ring closure furnished flavones. The majority of the 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropan-1,3-diones were shown by NMR to exist in the enol form. This was supported by the crystal structure of 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropan-1,3-dione. In contrast, 1.(4,6-dimethoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropan-1,3-dione did not exhibit keto-enol tautomerism in the NMR spectrum and was shown in its crystal structure to assume a twisted conformation. Assessment of the biological activity of the analogues of quercetin was carried out using whole cells and the kinase domain of the tyrosine protein kinase encoded by the Abelson murine leukaemia virus, ptab150 kinase. Single cell suspension cultures and clonogenic potential of murine fibroblasts transformed by the Abelson Murine leukaemia virus (ANN-1 cells) did not indicate the existence of any structure activity relationship required for cytotoxicity or cytostasis. No selective toxicity was apparent when the `normal' parent cell line, (3T3), was used to assess the cytotoxic potential of quercetin. The ICS50 for these compounds were generally in the region of 1-100M. The potential for these compounds to inhibit ptab150 kinase was determined. A definite substitution requirement emerged from these experiments indicating a necessity for substituents in the A ring or in the 3-position of the flavone nucleus. Kinetic data showed these inhibitors to be competitive for ATP.


The Gulf coast hurricanes of a few years ago vividly highlighted important questions concerning the fair distribution of resources that are of continual concern in the more mundane distributive policies of the modern state. We present an experimental study of allocation decisions across two allocation contexts—nonemergency and emergency (flood) conditions—and with regard to qualitatively different goods—money, prescription medicine, and food. Distributive behavior is likely to vary across context and good depending on how individuals weigh distinct and competing allocation principles—merit, need, and equality here—in different circumstances. We find that allocation behavior is complex but structured, with context and good having predictable effects on the allocation strategies individuals employ. Although we find that individuals overall tend to weigh certain allocation principles more heavily in certain contexts and with regard to certain goods (e.g., emphasizing need in an emergency context or with regard to prescription medicine), we also find that they do not behave in a lockstep fashion and that they still employ a variety of allocation strategies, even in nonobvious ways, in every condition. Our study makes both a theoretical and an empirical contribution to our understanding of allocation behavior and distributive justice with implications for understanding the distributive decisions of policy makers as well as citizens' views of the fairness and legitimacy of policies.


Coulson's bond order is a chemically intuitive quantity that measures the difference in the occupation of bonding and anti-bonding orbitals. Both empirical and rigorously derived bond order expressions have evolved in the course of time and proven very useful for atomistic modeling of materials. The latest generation of empirical formulations has recently been augmented by screening-function approaches. Using friction and wear of diamond and diamond-like carbon as examples, we demonstrate that such a screened bond order scheme allows for a faithful description of dynamical bond-breaking processes in materials far from equilibrium. The rigorous bond order expansions are obtained by systematic coarse-graining of the tight binding approximation and form a bridge between the electronic structure and the atomistic modeling hierarchies. They have enabled bottom-up derivations of bond order potentials for covalently bonded semiconductors, transition metals, and multicomponent intermetallics. The recently developed magnetic bond order potential gives a correct description of both directional covalent bonds and magnetic interactions in iron and is able to correctly predict the stability of bulk Fe polymorphs as well as the intricate properties of dislocation cores. The bond order schemes hence represent a family of reliable and powerful models that can be applied in large-scale simulations of complex processes involving fracture, wear, and plasticity.


Problem statement: Soil actinomycetes particularly Streptomyces
spp. have showed antagonistic activity against wide range of plant pathogens. In the
recent decades they have attracted high interests as biocontrol agents. Onion
neck rot or gray mold caused by Botrytis allii have imposed economic post harvest
damages to onion bulbs and decreased its storage durability and market value.
Approach: To investigate for biocontrol means against the pathogen,
antagonistic activity of 50 isolates of soil Actinomycetes were assayed through
agar disk method and dual culture bioassays. Active isolates were exposed to chloroform
for detection of antibiotic. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value and
solubility of active crude extract in organic solvents were determined for Streptomyces
isolate No. 347 which showed a unique and stable property of inhibiting Botrytis
allii. To investigate the antagonistic effect of Streptomyces isolate No 347
on control of onion gray mold, four different treatments were tested by means of
Tukey HSD test. Results: From the tested isolates, 13 showed
anti gray mold activities. Exposure of active isolates to chloroform revealed
that Streptomyces isolates No 347, 263 and 350 retained their antifungal activities.
The active metabolite(s) of Streptomyces isolate No 347 was polar, soluble in
H2O but insoluble in chloroform and methanol. MIC of the crude was determined
as 0.05 mg mL-1 against B. allii. Stability of the active crude in distilled water
at room temperature (12-30°C) was about 6 months. Statistical studies indicated
that Streptomyces isolates No 347 can decrease losses of neck rot with significant
level (p<0.05). Conclusion: The future goals include investigation
of the antifungal genes in active isolates as candidates for genetic engineering
of onion for increased tolerance against B. allii.


The jury is still out on the systematic welfare impact and value-addition from the expansion of targeted microfinance market interventions for the poor. We present the following four key insights from a study of 64 low- and middle-income households in rural and urban southern India today on how they use various financial products, services, and instruments (including microfinance) to manage their money: (1) respondents borrow for several reasons other than 'small enterprise development' (only 30% share) – it is important to unmarry 'microfinance' from 'small enterprise development' to objectively assess its welfare impact along multiple dimensions; (2) microfinance remains one (30-35% share) among many formal, semi-formal and informal savings and credit channels used by poor households to manage their income and consumption streams, and negotiate risk; (3) there appears to be some link between being marginally 'better-off' in our sample and being affiliated with microfinance in some form – however, interpreting this will involve solving the causal inference quandary; (4) microfinance loans at 24-36% interest rates are considered 'cheap' (not exploitative) in our respondents' environment – attractive terms of finance involve much more than just the stated interest rate. We present these findings to contradict popular rhetoric on the subject, and provide food for thought to any person/ institution interested in using market mechanisms to alleviate poverty.


In this chapter, a novel feature extraction and data fusion approach for structural damage detection and localisation is presented. This approach combines adaptive network-based fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) and two-dimensional wavelet transform (2D-WT) tech- nologies. Simultaneous multi-sensor feature extraction and data fusion based on 2D-WT is carried out by forming a 2D multivariate signal, which is used to analyse the structure vibration response by measuring all sensors jointly. Energy values obtained from two-level db3 wavelet decomposition are arranged in a so-called energy percentage matrix (EPM), which is taken as an input for the ANFIS. The system is further trained by defining its output as the structural condition represented by a condition index. A set of output index patterns are defined depending on the level of damage assessment performed. The proposed method was tested through experiments using a cantilever beam structure. The testing results showed that the method is successful in detecting and localising damage by vibration analysis in structural health monitoring.


Hepatitis B is a major health hazard around the globe because of its highly infectious nature. No alarming sign and symptoms in early stage of chronic infection are exhibited but lethal damage to the liver takes place in advance stage. The worst part is the nonavailability of curative treatment in any system of medicine. The above fact makes a common belief in society that Hepatitis B is an incurable disease. There are certain claims by homoeopathic physicians having treated cases of Hepatitis B. These are, however, neither documented on scientific parameters nor published in journals. To explore the possibility of efficacy of Homoeopathic medicines, a few patients suffering from Hepatitis B have been enrolled in Gaurang Clinic & Centre for Homoeopathic research, Lucknow for treatment and assessment on modern parameters. The initial results are encouraging as the patients are not only clinically benefitted but have also shown reduction in Viral load. Some have even become seronegative. Introduction Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by a double stranded DNA virus, [1]called Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). It may appear as an acute or chronic infection of liver. Acute infection is marked by jaundice, nausea, vomiting, diminished appetite, weakness, joint pain and skin rashes etc. associated with marked elevation of liver enzymes in blood. Acute Liver failure occur in less than 1% of cases. [2] Chronic infection is often asymptomatic. Its late complications are Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension. It may also lead to Hepato-cellular Carcinoma. Background Hepatitis B virus was discovered by Dr. Brauch Samuel Blumberg in 1965[3]. He was awarded noble prize for this discovery in 1976.Hepatitis B is highly infectious disease. About one third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 350 million who have chronic infections. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. About 80% of all liver cancer are the complication of Hepatitis B &C [4]. Its prevalence is high in North America, Africa and East Asia where about 5 to 10% of adults have chronic infection [5].


This research project will test the hypothesis that glycat ion of fibrinogen
can affect the propert ies of the fibrin clot , its formation, and degradat ion.
Studying those changes in vitro could provide a molecular explanation for some of the observed complications of diabetes such as vascular disease and impai red wound healing. The first part of the research
project includes the study of the kinetics of fibrinogen glycation reaction using fluorescence and optical absorption spectroscopy. The extent of reaction will be quantified by determining the number of amine groups per fibrinogen molecule before and after glycation. In the second part of
the project fibrinogen with different extents of glycation will be reacted
with thrombin in order to form fibrin clots. The kinetics of fibrin clot formation will be studied by measuring the turbidity of the sample as the fibrin clot forms. The effect of glycation on fibrin clot formation will be
determined from differences in the kinetics of this process. In addition to this, the structure of the fibrin clot will be examined using microscopy in order to observe potential differences in fiber´s structure. Enzymatic degradation of fibrin clots prepared with glycated fibrinogen will also be determined in order to fully understand the effects of glycation on
fibrinogen.
Using absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence emission is possible to
confirm the formation of Amadori complex, and therefore, prove that the glycation reaction of fibrinogen occurred. Results were not as the expected results due to fibrinogen precipitation and/or experimental
errors that are uncontrollable. Even so, the conclusion was that fibrin clots formed with plasma from diabetic patients or non-diabetic patients differ. Thus, fibrin clots from diabetic patients are denser and less porous compared with fibrin clots formed from non-diabetic plasma. So, an increase of glucose concentration in plasma implies a significant increase in fiber density and branch points. Also, the concentration of glucose implies a resistance in its fibrinolysis. However, despite of all the obtained results by many researchers, further investigation is
necessary in this field.


In today's competitive environment, in order for a company to exist, it must continually improve its performance by reducing cost, improving quality and productivity, and easy access to market. Therefore, businesses have to know the factors which affect their performance and manage these factors effectively in order to survive and face an ever increasing competitive pressure. The purpose of this article is to explore the effects of the human resource management, marketing and manufacturing performance on financial performance by considering marketing performance and manufacturing performance as mediating variables in the relationships between human resource management and financial performance. For this purpose, data were obtained from 110 firms within and around the Kocaeli Industrial Region. In order to test the hypotheses of this study, correlation and regression analyses were performed. Results of correlation analysis revealed that all variables are positively related to both financial performance and to each other. The findings from regression analysis reveal that both marketing and manufacturing performance have statistically significant positive effect on a firm's financial performance. Human resource management does not have any statistically significant effect on a firm's financial performance. The effect of human resource management on financial performance is overshadowed. The results of regression analysis shows that manufacturing performance fully mediates and marketing performance partially mediates the relationship between the human resource management and financial performance


Nintendo has continually set the standard for video-game innovation in America, starting in 1981 with a plucky hero who jumped over barrels to save a girl from an ape. The saga of Mario, the portly plumber who became the most successful franchise in the history of gaming, has plot twists worthy of a video game. Jeff Ryan shares the story of how this quintessentially Japanese company found success in the American market. Lawsuits, Hollywood, die- hard fans, and face-offs with Sony and Microsoft are all part of the drama. It helps you find out about: Mario's eccentric yet brilliant creator, Shigeru Miyamoto, who was tapped for the job because was considered expendable; Minoru Arakawa, the son-in-law of Nintendo's imperious president, who bumbled his way to success; and, the unexpected approach that allowed Nintendo to reinvent itself as the gaming system for the non-gamer, especially now with the Wii. Even those who can't tell a Koopa from a Goomba will find this a fascinating story of striving, comeuppance, and redemption.


Populism has been vastly present in Croatian media discourse as a common point of reference but it has been almost completely left out from scientific inquiry. Building on the premise that populism is reflected in communication practices of politicians, parties and movements, this paper uses content analysis to examine interviews of the four presidential candidates during election campaign in Croatia in 2014 (first round) and 2015 (second round). We apply a two-level approach to measure populism on two distinct but related levels - as a thin-centered political ideology and as a political communication style. Populism as ideology is examined through the presence of positive references to the people, relationship to political elites and references to 'dangerous others'. The analysis of populism as political communication style is primarily set to determine efforts of the candidates to use populist cues to resonate with the voters. The presence of populist style is here examined through three categories: politicians' explicit referencing to the people, their attempts of displaying proximity to the people by using language that typically belongs to the private sphere and their use of 'empty signifiers'. The results of this study indicate that populism was present in 2014/2015 Croatian presidential election on both examined levels - as an ideology and as a communication style.


Abstract MIMO-based systems have great potential to improve network capacity for wireless mesh networks (WMNs). Due to unique physical layer characteristics associated with MIMO systems, network performance is tightly coupled with mechanisms at physical layer and link layer. So far, research on MIMO-based WMNs is still in its infancy and little results are available in this important area. In this paper, we consider the problem of jointly optimizing power and bandwidth allocation at each node and multi-hop/multi-path routing in a MIMO-based WMN where links operate in orthogonal channels. To solve this problem, we develop a mathematical solution procedure, which combines Lagrangian dual decomposition, gradient projection, cutting-plane methods, and subgradient methods. We provide theoretical insights in deriving gradient projection and cutting plane methods. We also use simulations to verify the efficacy of our algorithm.


The paper discusses various syntactic properties of different constructions featuring a dependent clause associated with a pro-form. The paper adopts the thesis of Putz (1986 2 ) and Sudhoff (2003) that the pro-form construction with verbs of the class to which bedauern ('to regret') belongs and the pro-form construction with verbs of the class which contains behaupten ('to claim') have to be differentiated. With regard to the former it is argued that contrary to standard assumptions, the presence of the pro-form makes a syntactic and a semantic difference. Regarding the construction in which the pro-form has the function of a prepositional object the argumentation is different in that the very same syntax is present independent of whether the pro-form is lexically realised or not, whether the pro-form is unstressed or stressed, or whether it is reduced or not. However, a special interpretation – narrow focus on the dependent clause – arises when the prepositional part of the pro-form is stressed. For the construction with a dependent adverbial clause the presence or absence of a lexically realised pro-form is again crucial. Finally and most importantly, it is demonstrated that a further construction has to be distinguished. It features a psych-verb with an experiencer-object, es and a clausal argument. In this construction, es is not a pro-form for the clausal argument as such but an independent argument which is co-referential with the clause and encodes the causer of the emotion.


INTRODUCTION We look to rights for protection. The hope of advocates of "human rights" has been that certain protections might be accorded to allof humanity. Even in a world only a minority of whose inhabitants live under liberal democratic regimes, the hope is, certain standards accepted in the liberal democracies will gain universal recognition and respect. These include liberty of persons as opposed to enslavement, freedom from cruelty, freedom from arbitrary execution, from arbitrary imprisonment, and from arbitrary deprivation of property or livelihood, freedom of religion, and freedom of inquiry and expression. Philosophers, of course, concern themselves with the theory of rights, and that is partly because of the ways questions of rights bear on fundamental normative theory. By far the most highly developed general normative theory has been utilitarianism. Now many opponents of utilitarianism argue that considerations of rights discredit utilitarianism, that utilitarianism yields conclusions about rights that we would normally regard as faulty, and that moreover, the reasons for regarding those conclusions as faulty turn out, upon examination, to be stronger than the reasons forregarding utilitarianism as valid. A valid theory cannot have faulty conclusions, and so thinkingabout rights shows utilitarianism not to be a valid normative theory. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of the utilitarian movement in nineteenth century England, accepted the incompatibility of utilitarianism and "the rights of man, " and rejected talkof the latter as "anarchical fallacies". His great successor John Stuart Mill, however, argued that a perceptive and far–sighted utilitarianism supports strong rights both of democratic participation and of individual freedom of action.


For policymakers, activists, academics, and citizens around the world the conceptualization and measurement of democracy matters. The needs of democracy promoters and social scientists are convergent. We all need better ways to measure democracy. In the first section of this document we critically review the field of democracy indices. It is important to emphasize that problems identified with extant indices are not easily solved, and some of the issues we raise vis-a-vis other projects might also be raised in the context of the V-Dem project. Measuring an abstract and contested concept such as democracy is hard and some problems of conceptualization and measurement may never be solved definitively. In the second section we discuss in general terms how the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project differs from extant indices and how the novel approach taken by V-Dem might assist the work of activists, professionals, and scholars.


When we are faced with challenging image classification tasks, we often explain our reasoning by dissecting the image, and pointing out prototypical aspects of one class or another. The mounting evidence for each of the classes helps us make our final decision. In this work, we introduce a deep network architecture -- prototypical part network (ProtoPNet), that reasons in a similar way: the network dissects the image by finding prototypical parts, and combines evidence from the prototypes to make a final classification. The model thus reasons in a way that is qualitatively similar to the way ornithologists, physicians, and others would explain to people on how to solve challenging image classification tasks. The network uses only image-level labels for training without any annotations for parts of images. We demonstrate our method on the CUB-200-2011 dataset and the Stanford Cars dataset. Our experiments show that ProtoPNet can achieve comparable accuracy with its analogous non-interpretable counterpart, and when several ProtoPNets are combined into a larger network, it can achieve an accuracy that is on par with some of the best-performing deep models. Moreover, ProtoPNet provides a level of interpretability that is absent in other interpretable deep models.


Low resonator losses are hard to achieve in all classes of materials that have been considered for plasmonics applications. In this framework, we are investigating the dielectric function of heavily-doped germanium films epitaxially grown on silicon wafers, a material suitable for fabricating plasmonic resonators up to mid-infrared frequencies hence useful for molecular sensing. We determine the frequency-dependent scattering rate from infrared spectroscopy data. We derive the free carrier concentration from the Hall coefficient and the donor density by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. We are also working on the calculation of first-principle scattering cross-sections.


The method utilizes equipment designed to determine variables, which influence bruising mechanics in living human subjects. The device allows weights to be dropped in a controlled manner onto an impactor lying on the skin surface to measure and analyze bruise mechanics. Measured impact characteristics included peak force, peak pressure, impact displacement, tissue stiffness, impact velocity, pressure impulse, force impulse, kinetic energy and the energy transmitted through the limb. Using kinetic energy, transmitted energy and area in contact with the skin we estimated energy absorbed by the limb and energy density (J/m2). Only energy absorbed by the limb varied significantly according to logistic regression in the subject that was tested and could therefore be used to determine contusion tolerance in that specific case. Hence, the method may be used to determine mechanical parameters required by a striking implement to induce contusions in a particular individual during crime scene reconstructions.


The paper deals with underage "third-country" nationals or stateless persons without parents or a legal representative, referred to as unaccompanied minors (UAMs). In Slovenia UAMs may hold varied types of status, and each of these implies different legal provisions and practical determination of the best interest of the child. According to the UNHCR Convention on the Rights of the Child, the best interest of the child should be the primary consideration in all actions concerning children. This paper focuses on how the principle of the best interest of the child is included in the sectoral national legislation and in other formal regulations which determine procedures regarding and treatment of UAMs. In addition, the article examines how experts understand this principle and put it into practice in various formal procedures. To that end, the views of experts who adopt or implement legal provisions, as well as the views of the experts who support UAMs during the international protection application process and in their everyday lives will be examined.


Drawing on the method developed by Just and Pope (1978, 1979), this paper separately analyzes the marginal contributions of both regular input factors and climate factors to mean output and to production risk in Chinese inland aquaculture. Furthermore, the net change in output following a 1°C increase in annual average temperature will be determined. According to the results obtained, the impending changes in global climate will have both positive and negative impacts. While an increment in annual average temperatures will increase mean output and decrease production risk, an increase in temperature variability will reduce mean output and cause a higher level of production risk. The corresponding measures of precipitation however have no significant impact on mean output and production risk. Finally, a 1°C increase in annual average temperature is, ceteris paribus, likely to increase national mean output by 1.47 million tons.


In Crawford v Washington, the Supreme Court substantially changed its understanding of how the Confrontation Clause applies to hearsay evidence. Since then, the Court has issued three bitterly contested expert-evidence-related Confrontation Clause decisions, and each one has generated at least as many questions as answers. This article analyzes this trilogy of cases, especially the most recent, Williams v Illinois. In Williams, the Court issued a bewildering array of opinions in which majority support for admitting the opinion of a DNA analyst about tests that she did not perform was awkwardly knitted together out of several incompatible doctrinal bases. The most prominent and fully developed argument for admission was that the references to the work of the analysts who actually did the testing but who never testified were admitted for a purpose other than their truth. Although we maintain that this argument is, on the facts of Williams, implausible, we also recognize that in other, relatively limited instances, expert basis evidence might legitimately be introduced for a purpose other than its truth. After striving for precision on this doctrinal point, we step back and suggest that the ongoing anxiety about how to think about expert evidence and the Confrontation Clause exists in large part because the Court has yet to face directly a set of larger, background concerns. There is significant uncertainty about how, and to what extent, scientific evidence should be treated as special or distinct from other kinds of evidence for confrontation purposes. We suggest that scientific and expert evidence might warrant some limited special treatment, based on what we see as one of the most critical dimensions of scientific knowledge production — that it is a collective, rather than an individual enterprise. Recognizing that scientists inevitably rely and build on facts, data, opinions, and test results of others, we suggest that courts should engage in a modest form of scientific exceptionalism within Confrontation Clause jurisprudence, through efforts to create procedures that respect the fundamental values of the Confrontation Clause, but also adapt when necessary, to the epistemic structures and processes of science.


Mainstream economists are currently under fire because they did not foresee the financial meltdown of 2007. This article suggests that many of the shortcomings of neoclassical economics come from its overly narrow understanding of the human person. Economists could turn to the higher discipline of theology, specifically the Catholic social thought tradition, for a richer and more realistic understanding of the nature of the human person. With a more secure foundation, economists will perhaps be able to develop more relevant theories and policies.


The soft mode dynamics and related properties of order-disorder type crystals have been studied. The phonon width and shift have been calculated, which lead to the renormalization of the relaxation soft-mode. The dielectric properties are directly related to the relaxational soft mode behavior of stochastic motion of H2PO4 groups in order-disorder (KDP-system) crystals. The analysis of the temperature dependence of microwave loss tangent and dielectric constant explain the experimental results.


Abstract The fourth installment of the evolutionary system of mineralogy considers two stages of planetesimal mineralogy that occurred early in the history of the solar nebula, commencing by 4.566 Ga and lasting for at least 5 million years: (1) primary igneous minerals derived from planetesimal melting and differentiation into core, mantle, and basaltic components and (2) impact mineralization resulting in shock-induced deformation, brecciation, melting, and high-pressure phase transformations. We tabulate 90 igneous differentiated asteroidal minerals, including the earliest known occurrences of minerals with Ba, Cl, Cu, F, and V as essential elements, as well as the first appearances of numerous phosphates, quartz, zircon, and amphibole group minerals. We also record 40 minerals formed through high-pressure impact alteration, commencing with the period of asteroid accretion and differentiation. These stages of mineral evolution thus mark the first time that high pressures, both static and dynamic, played a significant role in mineral paragenesis.


Due to the growing need for large quantities of human animation data in the entertainment industry, it has become a necessity to compress motion capture sequences in order to ease their storage and transmission. We present a novel, lossy compression method for human motion data that exploits both temporal and spatial coherence. Given one motion, we first approximate the poses manifold using Principal Geodesics Analysis (PGA) in the configuration space of the skeleton. We then search this approximate manifold for poses matching end‐effectors constraints using an iterative minimization algorithm that allows for real‐time, data‐driven inverse kinematics. The compression is achieved by only storing the approximate manifold parametrization along with the end‐effectors and root joint trajectories, also compressed, in the output data. We recover poses using the IK algorithm given the end‐effectors trajectories. Our experimental results show that considerable compression rates can be obtained using our method, with few reconstruction and perceptual errors.


Background and Objectives Celiac plexus blockade has known risks including bleeding and neurologic injury because of the close proximity of vascular and neuraxial structures. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of bleeding complications in patients undergoing celiac plexus block (CPB), with an emphasis on preprocedural antiplatelet medication use and coagulation status. Methods This is a retrospective study from 2005 to 2014 of adult patients undergoing CPB by the pain medicine division at a tertiary care center. The primary outcome was red blood cell (RBC) transfusion within 72 hours of needle placement, with a secondary outcome of bleeding complications requiring emergency medicine, neurology, or neurosurgical evaluation within 31 days. Results A total of 402 procedures were performed on 298 unique patients, with 58 patients (14.4%) receiving aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) preoperatively. Five patients (1.2%) received RBC transfusion within 72 hours, of which one had received preprocedure NSAIDs. A platelet count measured within 30 days was available for 268 patients, with 7 patients (2.6%) having platelet counts of 100 × 109/L or less at the time of needle placement. A total of 187 patients had a valid preoperative international normalized ratio (INR), with 9 (4.8%) having an INR of 1.5 or higher (range, 1.5–2.6). One patient (11.1%) required RBC transfusion compared with an RBC transfusion rate of 2.3% (4 of 178) in those with normal INR (P = 0.221). We identified no bleeding complications requiring emergency medicine, neurology, or neurosurgical evaluation. Conclusions This study suggests that CPBs may be safely performed in patients receiving aspirin and/or NSAID therapy.


We report the discovery of SDSS J115517.35+634622.0, a previously unknown gravitationally lensed quasar. The lens system exhibits two images of a z = 2.89 quasar, with an image separation of 1.″832 ± 0.″007. Near-IR imaging of the system reveals the presence of the lensing galaxy between the two quasar images. Based on absorption features seen in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectrum, we determine a lens galaxy redshift of z = 0.1756. The lens is rather unusual in that one of the quasar images is only 0.″22 ± 0.″07 (∼0.1 Reff) from the center of the lens galaxy, and photometric modeling indicates that this image is significantly brighter than predicted by a SIS model. This system was discovered in the course of an ongoing search for strongly lensed quasars in the data set from the SDSS.


Chiropractic is a regulated health profession currently serving approximately 10% of the Canadian population annually1 with the aim to improve the health and well-being of Canadians, primarily with musculoskeletal disorders. Despite available evidence for optimal management of these disorders,2–4 poor adherence to guidelines and wide variations in service delivery by clinicians have been noted across health care disciplines,3,5 including chiropractic.6,7

Efforts to embrace and enhance evidence-based practice among chiropractors and develop opportunities for multi-disciplinary research collaboration have been hampered by a number of issues. Issues include: 1) limited research capacity in chiropractic with less than 1% of the chiropractic profession conducting research;8 2) fragmented integration of chiropractic into the health care system that has been hampered by discrepancies among practising chiropractors, chiropractic researchers, and regulatory bodies over scope and paradigm of practice (alternative or empiricist/experiential-based vs. evidence-based practice);9,10 3) over half of chiropractors are in solo practice11 with solo providers having greater variation in accepted clinical practices;12 and 4) perceived suboptimal coordination of efforts from professional associations, regulatory boards and chiropractic teaching institutions to successfully implement evidence into practice.

One strategy to address these issues is the creation of practice-based research networks (PBRNs). Primary care PBRNs bring together researchers and groups of clinicians and practices with the goal of improving health services delivery and closing the gap between research and practice.13–16 The general aim is to stimulate the development of appropriate research that reflects the context of healthcare practice in a primary care setting.


Objectives We sought to assess the prevalence and correlates of seroadaptive behaviours (ie, sexual history incorporating some unprotected anal intercourse (UAI)) and conventional risk reduction behaviours (ie, consistent condom use or no anal intercourse) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco in 2011. We compared the prevalence of seroadaptive behaviours between serial cross-sectional surveys from 2004, 2008 and 2011. Methods We analysed data from the 2011 wave of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system in San Francisco. We categorised men's self-reported sexual behaviour history in the past 6 months into a schema of seroadaptive behaviours and conventional risk reduction behaviours. We compared the prevalence of behaviour categories by self-reported HIV serostatus, HIV testing history, awareness of pre-exposure HIV prophylaxis (PrEP) and diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Results Seroadaptive behaviours remained common in San Francisco MSM, with a 2011 prevalence of 46.6%, up from 35.9% in 2004. Consistent condom use or no anal intercourse was more common than seroadaptive behaviours in HIV-negative MSM, men who had not heard of PrEP and men without an STI diagnosis. Seroadaptive behaviours increased from 2004 to 2011. Conclusions HIV seroadaptive behaviours remain common in San Francisco MSM, have increased in the last decade and are practiced differently by MSM with different sexual health knowledge and outcomes. Public health researchers and officials should continue to document the prevalence, intentionality, efficacy and safety of seroadaptive behaviours among diverse communities of MSM.


Abstract Does neoliberalism matter for cities, urbanization processes, urban governance and policies? How and to what extent? What does this even mean? These questions are important as neoliberalism is a contentious and powerful political project and paradigm. This paper argues that: (1) it may be fruitful to be clearer about the meaning of neoliberalism rather than adopting an encompassing constructivist framework; and (2) that neoliberalism may not explain that much about the current transformation of urbanization processes and cities. Instead, these mechanisms need to be better specified and their limits defined: urban worlds and the urbanization processes of cities do not change all the time, in all ways. Rather than embracing the multiple, ever-changing forms of neoliberalism and the contructivist framework underpinning this position, this paper identifies a set of central points to define neoliberalism by contrast to liberalism, as one possible working definition of neoliberalism. Secondly, it discusses the neoliberalization of cities and urban policies, recognizing that cities change for many reasons, of which neoliberalism is just one.


Deep generative neural networks have proven effective at both conditional and unconditional modeling of complex data distributions. Conditional generation enables interactive control, but creating new controls often requires expensive retraining. In this paper, we develop a method to condition generation without retraining the model. By post-hoc learning latent constraints, value functions that identify regions in latent space that generate outputs with desired attributes, we can conditionally sample from these regions with gradient-based optimization or amortized actor functions. Combining attribute constraints with a universal "realism" constraint, which enforces similarity to the data distribution, we generate realistic conditional images from an unconditional variational autoencoder. Further, using gradient-based optimization, we demonstrate identity-preserving transformations that make the minimal adjustment in latent space to modify the attributes of an image. Finally, with discrete sequences of musical notes, we demonstrate zero-shot conditional generation, learning latent constraints in the absence of labeled data or a differentiable reward function. Code with dedicated cloud instance has been made publicly available (this https URL).


This thesis provides a critical study of African Americans in punk rock. It highlights the music and culture as forms of consciousness and liberation, providing an analysis of selected lyrics as a reflection of such awareness. The discussion of black punk music importantly delves into areas that traditionally have been examined in relation to black experiences in the United States, as well as ideas specific to punk rock experiences. Some of the pertinent inquiries are: How does black punk rock express a reaction to prevalent stereotypes of black people? Why and how might this music/culture be seen as "white"? Does the movement reflect a self-hatred, or does it contribute to liberation from prescribed roles for African Americans? What factors led to the rejection of rock and more specifically, punk rock, in the black community? What does this suggest for the future of black identification with punk and rock music? As the above questions are foundational ones, they serve as a guide for a thesis that investigates the notion of black identity with regard to music. This work examines the idea of punk rock not only as a form of self-love, but more importantly as an instrument for breaking the barriers of race-based generalization. Discussing the contributions of bands such as Bad Brains, The Objex, Whole Wheat Bread, and singer Tamar-kali, it analyzes the ways in which a non-mainstream music and culture both work to provide an environment that (re)defines blackness. Furthermore, it counters common surface-level assumptions that black punk rockers and audiences aspire to whiteness. By providing an explanation of the context in which punk rock was created, this thesis identifies African American influences and participants in the origins of punk rock. In addition, it conveys the messages of the genre through its own music, and addresses outside influences on its popularity.


Prior theoretical work predicts an underprovision of advance-notice contracts stemming from their enforcement costs. In the present model, it is rather the fundamental inability of workers to alienate their right to quit taken in conjunction with parameters central to job separation decisions that jointly determine the mix of notice and no-notice contracts observed in equilibrium. Not all equilibrium contracts are efficient, but there is no underprovision of notice. Mandating notice cannot improve on joint value and indeed may reduce it. Furthermore, although a mandate can be merely redistributive, there are cases in which it harms all parties.


The Euphrates and Tigris rivers serve as the most important water resources in the Middle East. Precipitation in this region falls mostly in the form of snow over the higher elevations of the Euphrates Basin and remains on the ground for nearly half of the year. This snow‐covered area (SCA) is a key element of the hydrological cycle, and monitoring the SCA is crucial for making accurate forecasts of snowmelt discharge, especially for energy production, flood control, irrigation, and reservoir‐operation optimization in the Upper Euphrates (Karasu) Basin. Remote sensing allows the detection of the spatio‐temporal patterns of snow cover across large areas in inaccessible terrain, such as the eastern part of Turkey, which is highly mountainous. In this study, a seasonal evaluation of the snow cover from 2000 to 2009 was performed using 8‐day snow‐cover products (MOD10C2) and the daily snow‐water equivalent (SWE) product. The values of SWE products were obtained using an assimilation process based on the Helsinki University of Technology model using equal area Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Earth‐gridded advanced microwave scanning radiometer—EOS daily brightness‐temperature values. In the Karasu Basin, the SCA percentage for the winter period is 80–90%. The relationship between the SCA and the runoff during the spring period is analysed for the period from 2004 to 2009. An inverse linear relationship between the normalized SCA and the normalized runoff values was obtained (r = 0·74). On the basis of the monthly mean temperature, total precipitation and snow depth observed at meteorological stations in the basin, the decrease in the peak discharges, and early occurrences of the peak discharges in 2008 and 2009 are due to the increase in the mean temperature and the decrease in the precipitation in April. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


BACKGROUND
Prader-Willi syndrome is a severely disabling genetic condition. Treatments are available, but there is no cure. Children aged up to 18 years may benefit from growth hormone treatment, which normalises height and assists in preventing obesity by decreasing fat mass and increasing muscle mass and physical ability. Adults, however, are treated predominantly for the many disabling secondary complications of the morbid obesity characteristic of this syndrome, and therefore require frequent care from their general practitioner.

OBJECTIVE
Despite improvements in the genetic diagnosis of infants with Prader-Willi syndrome, diagnosis in adults appears to be lacking or is based on uncertain clinical characteristics. This article provides information and advice that may assist in the diagnosis and management of Prader-Willi syndrome in adults.

DISCUSSION
The GP can play an important role in identifying Prader-Willi syndrome among adult patients who may have remained undiagnosed. Specific care and treatments can then be provided in the general practice setting.


I. INTRODUCTION Rule 60(b)1 is an attempt to codify the equitable, common law practice of reforming judgments under special circumstances.2 The rule, inter alia, authorizes a court to relieve a party from a default judgment for "excusable neglect."3 This standard, however, is not defined in the rules, and courts have struggled with its meaning. Some circuits define the term liberally and often grant requests to vacate default judgments.4 Others adopt a strict interpretation and consistently refuse to vacate default judgments resulting from mere carelessness or negligence.5 Recently, in Pioneer Investment Services Co. v. Brunswick Associates Ltd. Partnership,6 the Supreme Court clarified the term "excusable neglect" under one of the Bankruptcy Rules. Given the differing goals and policies of default judgments and bankruptcies, as well as the internal problems of the decision itself, however, the decision should not be extended to determinations of excusable neglect under Rule 60(b)(1). Part II of this Note examines the history of Rule 60(b), analyzing the background and source of original Rule 60(b), as well as the subsequent amendments to the rule. In addition, Part II describes the construction and application of Rule 60(b), outlining the remedial nature of the rule and the competing policy concerns of finality of judgments versus the preference for deciding cases on the merits. Part III discusses the inconsistent interpretations of "excusable neglect" under Rule 60(b)(1) in cases concerning mere carelessness or negligence. This section explores why some circuits consistently vacate default judgments except upon a showing of culpable conduct or bad faith, while other circuits refuse to vacate default judgments occurring as a result of mere carelessness or negligence. Part IV examines both the majority approach in the Pioneer decision and the dissent's concerns, paying particular attention to internal inconsistencies in the majority opinion. Finally, Part V addresses the inapplicability of Pioneer to the determination of excusable neglect under Rule 60(b)(1). The Note concludes that courts should adopt a strict interpretation of "excusable neglect" and refuse to condone mere carelessness or negligence under Rule 60(b)(1). II. HISTORY AND CONSTRUCTION OF RULE 60(b) A. Source and Background of Rule 60(b) Prior to the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court had the power to grant relief from a final judgment primarily during the term in which the judgment was entered.7 Otherwise, relief was available only in limited circumstances,8 through a process admittedly "shrouded in ancient lore and mystery."9 The procedures were so inflexible that many courts established local rules extending the term of court for a specified time from the entry of final judgment, to allow sufficient time for requests for relief.10 In response to this inflexible situation, the Supreme Court's Advisory Committee formulated Rule 60(b).11 In the rule's original form, the committee stated that the only basis for relief was "mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect."12 The rule also contained a provision that it "[did] not limit the power of a court . . . to entertain an action to relieve a party from a judgment, order, or proceeding."13 This provision preserved the old ancillary and equitable remedies and allowed a court to grant relief on grounds other than those specifically listed in the rule.14 Since 1937, Rule 60(b) has been amended three separate times.15 The primary changes abolished the old ancillary and equitable remedies,16 enlarged the stated grounds for relief,17 and eliminated the qualifying pronoun "his" from the rule so as to include the mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect of others as a basis for relief.18 The rule, as it now reads, contains six clauses and lists fourteen grounds on which a party may base a motion for relief.19 B. Construction and Application of Rule 60(b) When formulating Rule 60(b), the drafters took into account such factors as the desirability of this type of remedy, the need for finality, the preference for deciding cases on the merits, and the desire that justice be accomplished. …