Twentieth-century Jerusalem is doubly divided. As well as being a holy site for both Judaism and Islam, the city contains secular Israelis and Palestinians who ground their respective national identities within its borders. "To Rule Jerusalem" provides a historical and ethnographic account of how Jerusalem has become the battleground for conflicts both within and between the Israeli and Palestinian communities. Roger Friedland and Richard Hecht examine the relation between Zionism and Judaism and between Palestinian nationalism and Islam. Based on hundreds of interviews with powerful players and ordinary citizens over the course of a decade, this book evokes the ways in which these conflicts are experienced and managed in the life of the city. "To Rule Jerusalem" is a compelling study of the intertwining of religion and politics, exploring the city simultaneously as an ordinary place and an extraordinary symbol.


intervals which form temporal patterns are usually formulated through Allen's interval relations that originate in temporal reasoning. But this representation is not advantages for knowledge discovery. The Hierarchical Time series Knowledge Representation (HTKR) is the hierarchical language which expresses the temporal aspects of coincidence and partial order, for interval patterns. We present mining procedural steps which are more efficient, effective and based on item set techniques. Pruning of the search space minimizes the mining result size considerably, thereby speeding up the procedural steps and easing the interpretations. When applied on the real data set, HTKR can provide the explanation of underlying temporal phenomena, but whereas the numerous Allen's relation patterns only explains fragmented data.


How has wirelessnessbeing connected to objects and infrastructures without knowing exactly how or wherebecome a key form of contemporary experience? Stretching across routers, smart phones, netbooks, cities, towers, Guangzhou workshops, service agreements, toys, and states, wireless technologies have brought with them sensations of change, proximity, movement, and divergence. In Wirelessness, Adrian Mackenzie draws on philosophical techniques from a century ago to make sense of this most contemporary postnetwork condition. The radical empiricism associated with the pragmatist philosopher William James, Mackenzie argues, offers fresh ways for matching the disordered flow of wireless networks, meshes, patches, and connections with felt sensations. For Mackenzie, entanglements with things, gadgets, infrastructures, and servicestendencies, fleeting nuances, and peripheral shades of often barely registered feeling that cannot be easily codified, symbolized, or quantifiedmark the experience of wirelessness, and this links directly to James's expanded conception of experience. "Wirelessness" designates a tendency to make network connections in different times and places using these devices and services. Equally, it embodies a sensibility attuned to the proliferation of devices and services that carry information through radio signals. Above all, it means heightened awareness of ongoing change and movement associated with networks, infrastructures, location, and information. The experience of wirelessness spans several strands of media-technological change, and Mackenzie moves from wireless cities through signals, devices, networks, maps, and products, to the global belief in the expansion of wireless worlds.


Empirical studies have documented the dependence of corporate credit spreads on default risk, equity premiums, and taxes. However, taxes have previously not been incorporated into reduced-form credit risk models. Therefore, we first extend the existing literature by considering a default intensity that depends on taxes as well as the default-free short rate and a market index. Consequently, we establish a theoretical basis to explain previous empirical findings regarding the significant impact of taxation on defaultable bond prices. Unlike previous models, tax implications for defaultable debt cannot be constructed from a sum of tax effects on zero coupon bonds. Our empirical tests then illustrate the importance of taxation. In particular, the impact of taxation increases as a function of the debt's maturity and coupon rate.


Introduction Genome wide association studies have identified Tribbles-1 (TRIB1) to be significantly associated with all major plasma lipid traits and as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. Studies in mice using Trib1 full body KO and liver-specific over-expression and KO models have shown that hepatic expression of TRIB1 reduces circulating lipids. Additionally, Trib1 has been implicated as a regulator of alternatively activated macrophages. However the potential interplay between hepatocytes, macrophages and Trib1 remain unexplored. This study aimed to assess whether myeloid Trib1 regulates tissue macrophage polarisation and investigate its consequences on plasma lipid homeostasis. Methods We developed myeloid specific Trib1 conditional knockout (Trib1 fl/fl x Lyz2Cre; Trib1KO) and over-expressor mice (ROSA26Trib1.Tg x Lyz2Cre; Trib1Tg), thereby deleting or over-expressing Trib1 in myeloid cells. Plasma lipid levels were directly measured by ion mobility. Macrophage phenotype was characterised in the liver (Kupffer cells, KCs), adipose (ATMs) and BMDMs by qPCR and semi-quantitative immunofluorescence analysis. Western blotting was used to assess regulators of macrophage polarisation. Furthermore, microarray analysis of human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) was employed to identify potential TRIB1-regulated cytokines. Results Loss of myeloid Trib1 increased levels of plasma triglyceride, VLDL-C (p<0.05) and promoted pro-inflammatory polarisation in KCs (p<0.01), ATMs (p<0.01) and BMDMs (p<0.05), while Trib1Tg mice revealed opposing changes in all parameters assessed. Western blotting showed TRIB1 modulates protein levels of C/EBP-β2 and –β² (p<0.05), both key regulators of macrophage polarisation, via the control of COP1 activity and miR-155 expression. Microarray analysis of MDMs indicated TRIB1 may regulate production of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are implicated in fatty liver disease and adipocyte lipolysis. Reduced expression of these was confirmed in in Trib1Tg BMDMs (p<0.05). Conclusions Myeloid Trib1 is a potent regulator of lipid homeostasis, the loss of which promotes inflammation in metabolic tissues. Our observations uncover a novel mechanism of KC-hepatocyte cross talk mediated through Trib1.


Depending on effluent characteristics, irrigation with wastewater plant effluent can be either beneficial or harmful. To investigate the effects of nine years of irrigation with North Isfahan Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent on physical and chemical properties of soil, a study was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included: 1) raw wastewater; 2) effluent from primary settling basin; 3) final plant effluent and 4) well water. To investigate soil physical and chemical properties, samples were taken from depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm from each plot. The results showed that raw wastewater COD and SS were higher than the Iranian Standard limits for use in irrigation. So were BOD5 and turbidity of effluent from primary sedimentation tanks. From the results obtained, the raw wastewater may be considered to be of medium quality. However, regarding other parameters such as EC, SAR, Na and Pb, the quality of the raw wastewater was considerably higher than that of well water. All treatments showed medium infiltrability with respect to chloride concentration. The concentration of lead in well water was higher than in treated wastewater. It should be noted that lead concentration in all samples was less than the standard limits. The average soil bulk density and percentage of moisture in FC did not follow any specific trend. The results indicate that the soil irrigated with effluent over the nine years had a lower bulk density, a higher percentage of moisture, and a lower infiltration compared to adjacent soil not irrigated with wastewater. Analysis of variance for all results did not confirm any significant differences among treatments.


We have extended a random-walk theory that uses time-dependent contrast functions to quantify the cross section and the corrected scattering and absorption coefficients of abnormal nonlocalized targets from time-of-flight (TOF) data obtained in time-resolved transillumination experiments. Experimental TOF's are used to show that this newly developed random-walk method is able to quantify the size and the optical properties of embedded nonlocalized targets in with an error rate of </=25%.


Twenty-seven models participated in the Earth System Model–Snow Model Intercomparison Project (ESM-SnowMIP), the most data-rich MIP dedicated to snow modeling. Our findings do not support the hypothesis advanced by previous snow MIPs: evaluating models against more variables and providing evaluation datasets extended temporally and spatially does not facilitate identification of key new processes requiring improvement to model snow mass and energy budgets, even at point scales. In fact, the same modeling issues identified by previous snow MIPs arose: albedo is a major source of uncertainty, surface exchange parameterizations are problematic, and individual model performance is inconsistent. This lack of progress is attributed partly to the large number of human errors that led to anomalous model behavior and to numerous resubmissions. It is unclear how widespread such errors are in our field and others; dedicated time and resources will be needed to tackle this issue to prevent highly sophisticated models and their research outputs from being vulnerable because of avoidable human mistakes. The design of and the data available to successive snow MIPs were also questioned. Evaluation of models against bulk snow properties was found to be sufficient for some but inappropriate for more complex snow models whose skills at simulating internal snow properties remained untested. Discussions between the authors of this paper on the purpose of MIPs revealed varied, and sometimes contradictory, motivations behind their participation. These findings started a collaborative effort to adapt future snow MIPs to respond to the diverse needs of the community.


Sea urchin barrens are benthic communities on rocky subtidal reefs that are dominated by urchins and coralline algae; in the absence of intense herbivory by urchins, these barrens support luxuriant seaweed communities such as kelp beds (or forests). Barrens can extend over 1000s of km of coastline or occur in small patches (10s to 100s of m) within a kelp bed. They are characterized by low primary productivity and low food-web complexity relative to kelp communities and are generally considered a collapsed state of the kelp ecosystem. To assess the stability of sea urchin barrens and potential for return to a kelp-dominated state, we document temporal and spatial patterns of occurrence of barrens along temperate and polar coasts. We examine the various drivers of phase (or regime) shifts in these areas, the threshold levels of urchin abundance that trigger abrupt changes in ecosystem state, and the feedback mechanisms that stabilize each state. Although longitudinal (decadal) studies are limited, we find evidence in several regions that transitions between barrens and kelp beds are characterized by discontinuous phase shifts, with different thresholds for forward (to barrens) and reverse (to kelp beds) shifts, in accordance with alternative stable-state dynamics. In other areas, barrens may reflect regime shifts associated with large-scale oceanographic changes. Accelerating climate change and increasing anthropogenic impacts play important roles in altering alternative stable-state dynamics and triggering phase shifts. Recovery of the kelp state may be possible through management or remediation measures, but this necessitates a clear understanding of the thresholds and stabilizing factors for a given system.


Deciphering the mechanisms that allow the induction of strong immune responses is crucial to developing efficient vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Based on the discovery that the adenylate cyclase from Bordetella pertussis binds to the CD11b/CD18 integrin, we developed a highly efficient detoxified adenylate cyclase-based vector (CyaA) capable of delivering a large variety of Ags to the APC. This vector allows the induction of protective and therapeutic immunity against viral and tumoral challenges as well as against transplanted tumors in the absence of any added adjuvant. Two therapeutic vaccine candidates against human papilloma viruses and melanoma have been developed recently, based on the CyaA vector, and are currently in clinical trials. We took advantage of one of these highly purified vaccines, produced under good manufacturing practice–like conditions, to decipher the mechanisms by which CyaA induces immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that CyaA binds both human and mouse CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) and induces their maturation, as shown by the upregulation of costimulatory and MHC molecules and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, we show that DCs sense CyaA through the TLR4/Toll/IL-1R domain–containing adapter-inducing IFN-β pathway, independent of the presence of LPS. These findings show that CyaA possesses the intrinsic ability to not only target DCs but also to activate them, leading to the induction of strong immune responses. Overall, this study demonstrates that Ag delivery to CD11b+ DCs in association with TLR4/Toll/IL-1R domain–containing adapter-inducing IFN-β activation is an efficient strategy to promote strong specific CD8+ T cell responses.


ABSTRACT In recent years, a vibrant literature on urban informality has emerged in urban geography. A key claim of this literature is that informality is not only present in cities in the Global South, and that the concept can be usefully applied to understand important dimensions of urbanisation in cities in the Global North. In this paper, we apply insights from that literature to an examination of informality in Australian cities, as a means of deepening our understanding of changes currently underway in urban governance and politics. Drawing on that literature and our own research into informal practices in Australian cities, we examine the forces that help to produce informality, the diverse forms and agents of informality, the forms of authority that they enact, and their relationship to formal economies, regulations and politics. We use examples of informal housing, informal labour, do-it-yourself music venues, graffiti and its regulation, food foraging, and queer community building in Sydney to illustrate our arguments. We conclude by reflecting on the lessons learnt across these diverse cases for our understanding of urban governance and politics in Australia, and offer an agenda for further research on this issue.


Abstracts or summaries of online content are printed in every issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology in this section. The complete documents can be found on our web site, www.greenjournal.org. The specific URL for the content in this section is printed at the end of the abstract or summary.


The purpose of this research are: (1) to analyze marketing functions and marketing channels; (2) to analyze the marketing costs, margins, profit, farmer's share and marketing efficiency and (3) to identify the problems faced by each institution marketing. The research method used is survey method with a number of samples are 40 cocoa farmers, 6 collecting traders and 3 wholesalers. The results showed that marketing functions are carried out by institutions involved in the marketing of cocoa beans, namely the farmers, traders and wholesalers covering exchange function, physical function and function facilities. Cocoa marketing channels in South Payakumbuh District consists of three channels in which channel I farmers sell their cocoa beans to middlemen traders subsequently sell to wholesalers and wholesalers then sell to exporters, channel II cocoa farmers sell to wholesalers and subsequent wholesalers sell to exporters and channel III farmers sell their cocoa beans to plant Mini Chokato. Total costs and marketing the largest margin of cocoa beans contained in the I channel Rp. 9.446,53/kgand Rp. 3.670,83/kg /kg, while the efficiency of marketing and farmer's share of marketing channels III more efficient when compared to marketing channels I and II in the amount of 29,06% and 100%. The problems faced by the fluctuations in the price, the quality of cocoa beans, the limitations of traders in calculating the water content of the cocoa beans and the limited capacity of the plant in the district of South Payakumbuh. Keywords: Cocoa beans, functions of marketing, channel marketing


Significant opportunities are emerging for optical interconnections at the board, module, and chip level if compact, low loss, high data rate optical interconnections can be integrated into these electrical interconnection systems. This paper describes an integration process for creating optical interconnections which can be integrated in a postprocessing format onto standard boards, modules, and integrated circuits. These optical interconnections utilize active thin-film optoelectronic components embedded in waveguides, which are integrated onto or into the interconnection substrate, thus providing an electrical output on the substrate from an optical interconnection. These embedded optical interconnections are reported herein using BCB (Benzocyclobutene ) polymer optical waveguides in two different formats, as well as a third waveguide structure using a BCB cladding with an Ultem core. All of these waveguides were fabricated with InGaAs-based thin-film inverted metal-semiconductor-metal (I-MSM) photodetectors embedded in the waveguide layer, thus eliminating the need for beam turning elements at the output of the waveguide. These embedded interconnections have been fabricated and tested, and the coupling efficiency of the optical signals from the waveguides to the embedded photodetectors was estimated from these measurements. These measurement-based estimates are then compared to theoretical models of the coupling efficiency. Using the theoretical coupling efficiency model, variable coupling can be engineered into the interconnect design, thus enabling partial coupling for arrays of photodetectors embedded in waveguide interconnections.


Feminist news researchers have long argued that in the macho culture of most newsrooms, journalists' daily decisions about what is newsworthy remain firmly based on masculine news values. As such, issues and topics traditionally seen to be particularly relevant to women tend to be pushed to the margins of the news where the implicit assumption is that they are less important than those which interest men. In so doing, men's views and voices are privileged over women's, thereby contributing to the ongoing secondary status of women's participation as citizens. In this article, we draw upon data we collected from the UK and the Republic of Ireland as part of the larger, 108-country study, which comprised the 2010 Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP). We argue that while there have been some positive improvements in women's representation as news actors, sources and journalists in the British and Irish news media since the first GMMP day of monitoring in 1995, women's voices, experiences and expertise continue to be regarded by news industries as less important than those of men. Such a situation undermines and under-reports women's contribution to social, economic and cultural life and in so doing, diminishes democracy.


Parenting training (PT) can be implemented as a prevention program to effectively address children's behavioral and psychosocial problems. In the current feasibility study, we implemented the Incredible Years (IY) Attentive Parenting Program as universal/primary prevention in a community mental health setting with racially diverse families. We evaluated the attendance and treatment outcomes in a one-group pre–post design. A total of 152 parents (88% mothers; 81% non-White) participated in the IY Attentive Parenting Program. Parents who completed the program reported a significant decrease in conduct problems and an increase in prosocial behaviors in their children. Minimal differences among race and gender were found in parents' attendance, parenting stress, and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behaviors. However, pretreatment child externalizing behaviors predicted parents' attendance. The study provides preliminary support for the feasibility of the recently developed IY Attentive Parenting Program as a universal prevention program for behavioral and psychosocial problems in children.


This paper deals with the enumeration of $k$-colored Motzkin paths with a fixed number of (left and right) peaks and valleys. Further enumeration results are obtained when peaks and valleys are counted at low and high level. Many well-known results for Dyck paths are obtained as special cases.


E. coli single‐stranded DNA binding protein, SSB, is a protein that binds single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) present in the cell and prevents it from forming secondary structures. It is composed of four identical monomers each consisting of an OB domain and a C‐terminal tail. The OB domain is responsible for binding to ssDNA as it contains the tryptophan and phenylalanine residues that interact with the nucleotide bases of ssDNA through base‐stacking interactions. The C‐terminal tail is responsible for binding other proteins. To date, 15 proteins involved in replication, repair, and recombination have been shown to bind SSB. Most of these binding partners have been shown to interact with the C‐terminal tail of SSB. The binding sites of the remaining binding partners have not been determined. Recently our lab has determined that UmuD2, a protein involved in the cell's SOS response to DNA damage, also binds SSB. Furthermore, we have determined that unlike other proteins, UmuD2 does not bind the C‐terminal tail; instead, it binds the OB domain. We have determined that SSB inhibits cleavage of the UmuD N‐terminal arms, a process important for regulating SOS mutagenesis. Research supported by NSF MCB‐0845033.


ARMI is a communication library that provides a framework for expressing fine-grain parallelism and mapping it to a particular machine using shared-memory and message passing library calls. The library is an advanced implementation of the RMI protocol and handles low-level details such as scheduling incoming communication and aggregating outgoing communication to coarsen parallelism. These details can be tuned for different platforms to allow user codes to achieve the highest performance possible without manual modification. ARMI is used by STAPL, our generic parallel library, to provide a portable, user transparent communication layer. We present the basic design as well as the mechanisms used in the current Pthreads/OpenMP, MPI implementations and/or a combination thereof. Performance comparisons between ARMI and explicit use of Pthreads or MPI are given on a variety of machines, including an HP-V2200, Origin 3800, IBM Regatta and IBM RS/6000 SP cluster.


Androulakakis, Pavlos. M.S.E.E., Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, 2018. Analysis of Evolutionary Algorithms in the Control of Path Planning Problems. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the ability of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to develop near optimal solutions to three different path planning control problems. First, we begin by examining the evolution of an open-loop controller for the turn-circle intercept problem. We then extend the evolutionary methodology to develop a solution to the closedloop Dubins Vehicle problem. Finally, we attempt to evolve a closed-loop solution to the turn constrained pursuit evasion problem. For each of the presented problems, a custom controller representation is used. The goal of using custom controller representations (as opposed to more standard techniques such as neural networks) is to show that simple representations can be very effective if problem specific knowledge is used. All of the custom controller representations described in this thesis can be easily implemented in any modern programming language without any extra toolboxes or libraries. A standard EA is used to evolve populations of these custom controllers in an attempt to generate near optimal solutions. The evolutionary framework as well as the process of mixing and mutation is described in detail for each of the custom controller representations. In the problems where an analytically optimal solution exists, the resulting evolved controllers are compared to the known optimal solutions so that we can quantify the EA's performance. A breakdown of the evolution as well as plots of the resulting evolved trajectories are shown for each of the analyzed problems.


The Cambridge UK vs USA capital theory debates of the 1960s showed that the workhorse mainstream growth model relies on unsustainable assumptions. Its standard interpretation is not consistent with the last four decades of data. Part of an estimated increase in the ratio of personal wealth to income in recent years is due to higher asset prices. The other side of the accounts reveals that financialization and growing business debt partially offset the greater net worth of households. Attempts to interpret growth in wealth principally as a consequence of capitalization of rents are misleading. An alternative growth model based on Cambridge ideas can help correct these misinterpretations.


This paper relies on 'vulnerability and exploitability' framework to submit new insights into legitimacy theory and voluntary disclosure theory using specific empirical evidence from the Nigerian oil and gas industry. The study connects the voluntary and legitimizing disclosure behaviors, regarding carbon emission due to gas flaring, of dominant companies in the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector to the vulnerability and exploitability of Nigeria as a less developed country. The hypothesized relations between gas flaring-related environmental performance and two forms of its disclosure (volume and substance) are estimated and tested using Prais-Winsten regression with Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE). While the paper uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure gas flaring-related carbon performance, the two forms of gas flaring-related disclosures are measured using content analysis. We document significant positive and negative association between gas flaring-related carbon emission performance, on one hand, and the volumetric disclosure and disclosure substance on the other hand. These results imply that while the positive relation confirms the vulnerable nature of Nigeria as a less developed country, the negative relation is linked to the country's exploitability. It is also empirically established that environmental performance is one of the key factors responsible for the undulating trend in the volume of environmental disclosures by large corporations operating in less-developed countries


In order to meet the current environmental protection ultra-low pollutant emission requirements, one-step combustion is changed into two-step combustion by split-phase gasification combustion technology, and double furnace structure, graded air distribution, calcium injection desulfurization, and combined denitrification with selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) are adopted to reduce pollutant emissions. Ansys was used to establish a two-dimensional steady-state structure model of pulverized coal boiler with a double furnace. Finite element analysis was carried out on the combustion in 54 MW, 56 MW, and 58 MW working conditions under different Ca/S ratios. The results showed that the desulfurization efficiency increased gradually when the Ca/S ratio was between 1.0 and 2.6 under the three working conditions. The desulfurization efficiency has no noticeable change when it is between 2.6 and 2.8, and begins to decline when it is greater than 2.8. The optimal calcium-sulfur ratio is obtained when the calcium-sulfur ratio is 2.6, and the SO2 concentration at the outlet of the furnace is reduced to 0.0001 mg/m3. By controlling the highest temperature in the furnace and adjusting the amount of denitrification agent, the nitrogen oxide emission at the outlet of the furnace is reduced to 0.87 mg/m3. Keywords: Pulverized coal boiler; Gaseous combustion; Phase separation technique; Double furnace; Heat and mass transfer;


The present study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Cynara scolymus on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, proficient and deficient in antioxidant defenses, and by in vitro methods with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), inhibition of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, formation of nitric oxide, and removal of the hydroxyl radical. A simultaneous quantitative analysis to total phenolics, flavonoids and hydrolysable tannin was also performed, and according to the results obtained, phenolic compounds (661.15 ± 20.11 mg GAE/g of E), flavonoids (123.96 ± 11.47 mg R/g of E) and hydrolysable tannin (14.25 ± 3.18 mg GAE/g of E) were detected in the aqueous extract of C. scolymus. The aqueous extract at study showed high antioxidant capacity in all antioxidant methods in vitro and exhibited significant antioxidant capacity to protect strains of S. cerevisiae from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. The analysis of the correlation made between the content of phenolic compounds and the different antioxidants in vitro methods, indicated that these compounds are mainly responsible for the antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of C. scolymus. Therefore, this study suggests that the aqueous extract of leaves of C. scolymus is a great natural source of compounds with antioxidant capacity.

 Key words: Antioxidant capacity, Cynara scolymus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phenolic compounds.


Polycaprolactone (PCL) polymers which illustrate both biocompatibility and resorbability for replacement or bulking of damaged or diseased tissue are important in tissue engineering. Cytocompatibilty of these polymers was assessed on two-dimensional PCL disks and threedimensional PCL solid and PCL hollow microspheres using human uterine mixed leiomyosarcoma (SKUT-1) and hamster ductus deferens leiomyosarcoma (CRL-1701) cell lines. Possible PCL cytotoxicity and morphology were investigated in SKUT- and CRL-1701 cells. SKUT cells cultured in disk and microsphere extracts between 24 h and 5 day time periods displayed statistically increased metabolic activity, though activity decreased significantly on 1 month and 1 year extracts. However, the metabolic activity of CRL-1701 cells was similar to controls. Activity increased significantly on the 1 month extracts and decreased significantly on the 1 year extracts. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated increased cell density of cells attached to pre-conditioned disks. After 5 days, cells were spindle-shaped, following microspheres contours indicating high focal adhesion. Both cell lines migrated inside the hollow microspheres, indicating that they benefit from the sheltered environment. This in vitro study suggests that hollow microspheres allow for further cell expansion with a sheltered environment to protect cells from sheer stress experienced in vivo.


Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used in managing patients with potentially reversible cardio-respiratory failure refractory to conventional methods. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS), usually due to sepsis, remains the main cause of mortality in such patients. We report a series of six pediatric patients with sepsis-induced MODS where extracorporeal albumin dialysis (EAD) was used while the patients were on ECMO. The age of the patients ranged between 1 month and 17 years. The mean pediatric index of mortality (PIM) score at admission was 67.5%. All these patients further deteriorated with MODS and EAD was used as rescue therapy. At institution of EAD, 4 patients had dysfunction of 4 organs and 2 patients had dysfunction of 5 organs. The number of EAD cycles ranged between 1 and 3. Three out of the 6 patients (50%) survived to discharge from the intensive care unit and two of the six patients (33%) survived to hospital discharge. According to our previous experience and published results, all these patients would have been expected to die. The present results suggest that EAD may prove to have a role in the treatment of pediatric patients with sepsis-induced MODS. Further research is required to identify the group of patients who would benefit most by EAD as well as understand the clearance of inflammatory mediators and other mechanisms involved with the use of EAD.


On 4 September 2010, a magnitude Mw 7.1 earthquake struck the Canterbury region on the South Island of New Zealand. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in the Darfield area about 40 km west of the city of Christchurch. Extensive damage was inflicted to lifelines and residential houses due to widespread liquefaction and lateral spreading in areas close to major streams, rivers and wetlands throughout Christchurch and Kaiapoi. Unreinforced masonry buildings also suffered extensive damage throughout the region. Despite the severe damage to infrastructure and residential houses, fortunately, no deaths occurred and only two injuries were reported in this earthquake. From an engineering viewpoint, one may argue that the most significant aspects of the 2010 Darfield Earthquake were geotechnical in nature, with liquefaction and lateral spreading being the principal culprits for the inflicted damage. Following the earthquake, an intensive geotechnical reconnaissance was conducted to capture evidence and perishable data from this event. This paper summarizes the observations and preliminary findings from this early reconnaissance work.


It is now well recognised that sexual selection proceeds after copula via competition between the sperm of different males, and via female influences on sperm storage and usage. The existence of, and poten- tial for, these selection forces have led to the evolution of a wide range of behavioural, anatomical and physi- ological adaptations for successful reproduction. Males increase fertilization either by enhancing the success of their own sperm, or by negating or eliminating rival sperm. Ultimately, however, sperm are under the poten- tial control of the female. In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, the last male to mate gains fertilization precedence over previous males that have mated. This phenomenon may be due to the morphology of the female sperm storage organ, which could encourage the temporal stratification of sperm through its narrow tubular structure. In addition, males themselves enhance fertilization precedence by removing rival sperm from the female tract. This study examines the detailed external and internal genital morphology of T. castaneum using scanning electron microscopy, and relates form to potential function in intrasexual competition and selec- tion. We show that the aedeagus may articulate in a scoop-like manner to remove sperm, and we observe a retractable brush-like structure and discuss its function. In this beetle, a large and unexplained variation in reproductive success is observed between competing males and we suggest that some of this variance may result from mechanisms of selection and competition that are driven by the complex genitalic structure of T. castaneum males.


Type D, bacillus of rabbit septicemia, exhibits marked fixity of the character of virulence. This is true for cultures that are regularly transplanted on serum agar or in broth. It is also to be observed when organisms of this variety are subjected to unfavorable conditions; e.g ., remaining for 9½ days without transplant in plain broth. Under such conditions no decrease in virulence was observed. G forms which arose in the same culture during this time exhibited characteristic lack of invasibility.

Different individuals of a given culture of Type D do not vary to a noticeable extent in virulence. This was ascertained by test of virulence of cultures arising from six individuals fished from Type D cultures by Barber pipette.

A Type D culture subjected to passage in plain broth undergoes D → G mutation. Type D and G individuals can be demonstrated to be present in the same culture. The virulence of such a mixed culture is proportional to the relative member of Microbes D and G present. This throws light on certain mechanisms of attenuation.

The virulence of Type G can be raised to a considerable titer by animal passage. Such organisms do not, however, lose their characteristic of granular growth. This last, on the other hand, appears to intensify by animal passage. The acid agglutination zone of Type G strains which have been passed through animals shows a marked broadening.

Microbe D owes its superior invasive power at least in part to its antiphagocytic activity, a property apparently not possessed by Microbe G.


The question of Shakespeare's Catholic contexts has occupied many scholars in recent years, and their growing body of work has been enriched by revisionist accounts of the Reformation society and culture in which he lived and worked. This innovative book brings together sixteen original essays by leading scholars who examine Shakespeare's works in light of this new scholarship: their goal is to explore a possible interpretive consensus from Protestant, Catholic, and secular perspectives. Offering stimulating new approaches to traditional problems in Shakespeare studies, the essays provide a fully developed picture of Shakespeare's relation to the Reformation-in the light of newly unearthed religious contexts. From the monastic life in Measure for Measure to Puritanism in Hamlet , the essays offer fresh understandings of such themes as majority cultures, national self-definition, hidden trauma, and concealed identity. The contributors: Dennis Taylor, Richard Dutton, Katharine Goodland, Clare Asquith, Jean-Christophe Mayer, Timothy Rosendale, Gary D. Hamilton, Regina M. Buccola, John Klause, John Freeman, R. Chris Hassel Jr., Jennifer Rust, David Beauregard, Maurice Hunt, Lisa Hopkins, Richard Mallette, and Paula McQuade.


South-South Cooperation and Triangular Development Cooperation (SSC and TDC) in Asia- Pacific have grown in importance over the past decades with the rising complementarities and emergence of growth poles in the region and due to attention paid by the governments to regional economic cooperation. Asian emerging countries have been cooperating with their partner countries within and outside the region primarily through sharing of development experiences, cooperation projects, capacity building, technical assistance, but increasingly also including subsidized lines of credit and grants, preferential market access on unilateral and reciprocal basis. Against that background, this paper reviews the relevance of SSC and TDC and the emerging trends and patterns in Asian context. It then discusses the policy challenges and policy lessons for different stakeholders for exploiting the full potential of SSC and TDC and enhancing their effectiveness, especially in the context of Asia-Pacific Development Cooperation Forum (AP-DCF).


Buying land to conserve it is not a recent phenomenon. Buying Nature chronicles the evolution of land acquisition as a conservation strategy in the United States since the late 1700s. It goes beyond the usual focus on conservation successes to provide a critical assessment of both public and private land acquisition efforts.The book shows that for more than 200 years, both private purchasers -- such as the Nature Conservancy and the Trust for Public Land -- and governmental agencies have acquired land for conservation. It documents trends of growing complexity in transactions and a blurring of public and private roles. The preservation of Mount Vernon and its grounds, for example, began with a private group -- the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union -- and continues today with a mosaic of private, state, and federal actors. The current emphasis on private land trust acquisitions, the authors argue, may undercut other effective governmental efforts to preserve the environment and may not be the best way to meet conservation goals.Buying Nature emphasizes the accountability issues that arise when the line between public and private efforts is indistinct. The authors also pay unique attention to how federal land agencies' individual histories shape their participation in modern land acquisition transactions. An unusual mix of scholarship, the book combines political, legal and constitutional, and economic history with rich case studies of land conservation and quantitative analyses of acquisitions over time to provide a new and distinctive perspective on enduring questions of public policy and environmental protection.


Topologically ordered systems play a prominent role in current research in condensed matter physics; examples include systems that exhibit the quantum Hall effect, topological insulators, and topological superconductors. These systems possess properties that are characterized by topological invariants, exhibit phase transitions that cannot be characterized by spontaneous symmetry breaking, and exhibit order that cannot be characterized in terms of a local order parameter. They thus fall outside the scope of the Landau–Ginsburg theory of phase transitions, which, arguably, has informed much of the discussion, in both the physics and philosophy literature, of emergence in condensed matter systems. Nevertheless, some authors have claimed that topologically ordered systems exhibit emergence. This essay offers a critical assessment of this claim. In particular, it identifies two types of topological order and observes that, whereas the alleged mechanisms underwriting these types differ, they nevertheless share certain features; in particular, the lowenergy behavior of such systems can be described by effective topological quantum field theories. This suggests that a unified account of the emergence of topological order should look to a law-centric, as opposed to a mechanismcentric, view of emergence.


Results from Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC) indicate that there are schools that have had an upward trend in performance while others have continued to show a decline. This paper seeks to find out the principal components, in terms of subjects, that contribute to this performance. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a data reduction procedure was applied to assess the performance of the national examination at the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination (KCSE) level for the last three years. The schools were purposively selected from Nyanza, Nairobi, Rift Valley and Eastern provinces. Secondary data from KNEC was used and analyzed using SPSS software. The PCA brought out the component loadings and the correlation structure between the different subjects; as a result one component was extracted. The results provided evidence that all the subjects are highly correlated and the first component having the highest variance. This principal component emerged to be English language. Being the subject with the highest sum of the squared loadings, it was concluded that it played the greatest role in performance of the examinations.


Red Book, Middle Way offers a new interpretation of Jung's Red Book, in terms of the Middle Way, as a universal principle and embodied ethic, paralleled both in the Buddha's teachings and elsewhere. Jung's Red Book, finally published only in 2009, is a highly ambiguous text describing a succession of extraordinary visions, together with Jung's interpretation of them. Jung explicitly discusses the Middle Way in the Red Book (although this has been largely ignored by scholars so far) and offers lots of material that can be understood in its terms. This book interprets the Red Book in relation to the archetypes met in its visions — the hero, the feminine, the Shadow, God and Christ — and follows Jung's process of integrating these different internal figures. To do this Jung needs to find the Middle Way between absolutes at every point, in a way similar to the Buddha. Red Book, Middle Way will engage both those inspired by Jung and those interested in the Middle Way of the Buddha, offering a source of deep imaginative reflection on our practical human motives.


Prosecution of the retail gasoline price-fixing cartel in Québec was the largest and most successful criminal investigation in the history of the Competition Bureau of Canada. In June 2008 the first charges were brought against 38 individuals and 14 companies under Section 45 of the pre-2010 Competition Act. Pre-2010 means that the public prosecutor had to show that the cartel not only existed but also had the effect of "unduly lessening competition." As an expert witness and author of the crucial economic report in the case, I review here the main challenges I faced and how I dealt with them to credibly conclude that the cartel did successfully increase prices in markets under investigation. Price data, namely the dynamic standard deviation of prices across retailers, indicated that the cartel began in early 2001, while the accusation made it start in early 2004. The best estimate of damages the city-based cartels imposed on customers ranges from $18.5M to $42.0M for the period 2001–2006, and from $6.7M to $20.9M for the period 2004–2006. Following several stays of proceedings, out-of-court settlements, and trials in criminal court, individuals pleading or found guilty were fined and received conditional prison sentences, while companies pleading or found guilty were fined.


Conscious events interact with memory systems in learning, rehearsal and retrieval (Ebbinghaus 1885/1964; Tulving 1985). Here we present hypotheses that arise from the IDA computional model (Franklin, Kelemen and McCauley 1998; Franklin 2001b) of global workspace theory (Baars 1988, 2002). Our primary tool for this exploration is a flexible cognitive cycle employed by the IDA computational model and hypothesized to be a basic element of human cognitive processing. Since cognitive cycles are hypothesized to occur five to ten times a second and include interaction between conscious contents and several of the memory systems, they provide the means for an exceptionally fine-grained analysis of various cognitive tasks. We apply this tool to the small effect size of subliminal learning compared to supraliminal learning, to process dissociation, to implicit learning, to recognition vs. recall, and to the availability heuristic in recall. The IDA model elucidates the role of consciousness in the updating of perceptual memory, transient episodic memory, and procedural memory. In most cases, memory is hypothesized to interact with conscious events for its normal functioning. The methodology of the paper is unusual in that the hypotheses and explanations presented are derived from an empirically based, but broad and qualitative computational model of human cognition.


New forms of employment are not in line with the assumptions or terms of the labour-law rules that are in force today. In these cases, the employer has to employ different protection mechanisms in practice. If the necessary protection is to be guaranteed, there is still a need to follow work- and rest-time rules, occupational health and safety rules, etc., yet all those obligations are connected to the workplace. Because new forms of employment, however, are usually not connected to a concrete workplace, applying all of the necessary protection mechanisms is growing more complicated, particularly when the laws and regulation are out of step with technological and other development of society. In addition, difficulties arise in connection with assessment of the quality of the work done. The article examines these issues, the roles of the employer and employee in emergent forms of work, and mechanisms that represent possibilities for the future.


Buildings represent more than 40% of final global energy consumption, among which 50%-60% of energy consumption is attributed to Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The application of phase change material emulsions (PCMEs) in air conditioning systems is considered to be a potential way of saving energy because with their relatively higher energy storage capacity, they are able to reduce flow rate whilst delivering the same amount of cooling energy. PCMEs can also simultaneously act as cold energy storage to shift peak-load to off-peak time and improve coefficient of performance of systems. However, one of the main barriers affecting the application of PCME is the difficulty in maintaining stability in the emulsions without experiencing any temperature stratification during phase change process.

To this end, an innovative energy efficient phase change emulsion has been developed and evaluated. The emulsion (PCE-10) which consists of an organic PCM (RT10) and water has a phase change temperature range of 4-12°C with heat capacity of twice as much as that of water thus making it a good candidate for cooling applications. Particular attention was also paid to the selection of the surfactant blends of Tween60 and Brij52 since they are capable of minimizing the effect of sub-cooling as well as ensuring stability of the emulsion.

For the purpose of testing the performance of developed PCE-10 in fin-and-tube heat exchangers, series of theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to understand the rheological behaviour and heat transfer characteristics of the developed PCE-10 in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger. Both experimental and theoretical results were fairly close and showed that the PCE-10 did enhance the overall heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger.

In order to evaluate the potential of the integrated system, whole building energy simulation was carried out with a building simulation code TRNSYS. It was found out that the required volumetric flow rate of PCE-10 was 50% less than that of water which is equivalent to 7% reduction in total energy consumption when providing the same amount of cooling power.

Despite its potential in cooling systems, the viscosity of the developed sample was found to be much higher than water which could contribute to high pressure drop in a pumping system. Its thermal conductivity was also found to be about 30% lower than the value for water which could influence heat transfer process. There is therefore the need to enhance these thermophysical properties in any future investigations.


It is useful in systems that must support multiple applications with various temporal requirements to allow application-specific policies to manage resources accordingly. However, there is a tension between this goal and the desire to control and police possibly malicious programs. The Java-based Sensor Execution Environment (SXE) in snBench presents a situation where such considerations add value to the system. Multiple applications can be run by multiple users with varied temporal requirements, some Real-Time and others best effort. This paper outlines and documents an implementation of a hierarchical and configurable scheduling system with which different applications can be executed using application-specific scheduling policies. Concurrently the system administrator can define fairness policies between applications that are imposed upon the system. Additionally, to ensure forward progress of system execution in the face of malicious or malformed user programs, an infrastructure for execution using multiple threads is described.


We measured the oxygen consumption (aerobic energy cost) and lactic acid production (anaerobic energy cost) of scincid lizards, Chalcides ocellatus, eating domestic crickets. Aerobic metabolism accounted for 90% or more of the total energy cost of subduing and swallowing prey. The time required to subdue and swallow a cricket was linearly correlated with oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption increased as a power function of cricket mass, but the maximum size of crickets swallowed by the lizards was set by morphological rather than by energetic constraints. The energy cost of subduing and swallowing was 0.2—0.4% of the utilizable energy of the cricket eaten. Net energy gain per unit time spent subduing and swallowing prey (e/t) declined monotonically with increasing cricket mass. Because the energy cost of eating is trivial, the shape of the e/t curve is determined by the function relating prey mass to the time required for subduing and swallowing; the energy value of prey was proportional to prey mass, whereas the time required for subduing and swallowing increased faster than prey mass. The energy value of anthropods is so high, relative to the costs for a lizard of pursuring, subduing, and swallowing, that these costs can be ignored for most ecological purposes.


Our remarks are organized around the three major words in the
title, namely, preparedness, disasters, and relationships.
As a preface, we should note our comments are not based on the
results of any particular study, but instead are drawn from about
four decades of social science research starting in the late 1950s.
Thus, our knowledge data base includes literally at this point
thousands of studies. Our Center alone, the Disaster Research
Center, has examined in the field more than 515 different disaster
and crisis occasions. Also, while initially the work on disasters
was primarily undertaken in the United States, through the years it
spread around the world so that at the present time there are about
three dozen different societies where there is at least a core of
social science disaster researchers. Thus, the research results we
use are not exclusively rooted in American society. To be sure,
the studies done are somewhat slanted more towards developed than
developing societies and are more focused on sudden rather than
diffuse kinds of disaster situations, but many of the observations
made would appear to be rather generalizable.


In the design of material handling systems with complex and unpredictable dynamics, conventional search and optimization approaches that are based only on performance measures offer little guarantee of robustness. Using evidence from research into complex systems, the use of behavior-based optimization is proposed, which takes advantage of observed relationships between complexity and optimality with respect to both performance and robustness. Based on theoretical complexity measures, particularly algorithmic complexity, several simple complexity measures are created. The relationships between these measures and both performance and robustness are examined, using a model of a directly connected material handling system as a backdrop. The fundamental causes of the relationships and their applicability in the proposed behavior-based optimization approach are discussed.


This unusually innovative book treats reflexivity, not as a philosophical conundrum, but as a practical issue that arises in the course of scholarly research and argument. In order to demonstrate the concrete and consequential nature of reflexivity, Malcolm Ashmore concentrates on an area in which reflexive "problems" are acute: the sociology of scientific knowledge. At the forefront of recent radical changes in our understanding of science, this increasingly influential mode of analysis specializes in rigorous deconstructions of the research practices and textual products of the scientific enterprise. Through a series of detailed examinations of the practices and products of the sociology of scientific knowledge, Ashmore turns its own claims and findings back onto itself and opens up a whole new era of exploration beyond the common fear of reflexive self-destruction.


The National Transportation Safety Board has cited deficiencies in judgement and decision-making as contributing factors in numerous general aviation accidents. Several studies have also indicated that some pilots exhibit hazardous attitudes in their decision-making processes. Although decision-making and judgment training is mentioned by the Federal Aviation Administration as areas that should be taught to aspiring pilots, there are relatively few current guidelines to assist flight or ground school instructors. This study centers on the decision-making characteristics of expert and novice pilots. Four expert and four novice pilots were selected by the researcher. All of the subjects were interviewed about their decision-making processes as they related to four aeronautical decisionmaking scenarios. Experts exhibited characteristics and themes that differed noticeably from that of the novices. One of the more pertinent differences involved what some writers have referred to as cognitive maps. These mental guides appeared to be used effectively by experts in attempting to cope with problems associated with the scenarios. Novices also appeared to make use of cognitive maps in their decision-making processes. Their maps, however, were primitive in comparison to the experts and resulted in difficulties when attempting to address specific scenarios. The findings regarding the decision-making thought processes of experts were consistent with previous studies (e.g., decisions were based on pertinent mental cues from their experiences). The findings related to novices revealed five themes that included: a. the quantity and quality of information acquired to assess risk was often deficient; b. the interpretation of the risks associated with each scenario reflected a lack of attention to pertinent issues related to the scenarios; c. decision-making was often based on recognition of familiar conditions with which novice subjects could relate; d. decision-making often reflected an emphasis on rules and procedures that novices had been taught or acquired through independent research and e. novices exhibited hazardous attitudes in their decision-making processes. The researcher reviewed significant findings and areas in need of further research. A brief conclusion and recommendations conclude the study.


ABSTRACT The procedure to evaluate fire safety of alternative ship design solutions, described in MSC/Circ.1002, has been found insufficient for novel and large scopes. In this paper, it is analysed with regards to function and applicability as a risk-based assessment procedure. Deficiencies are addressed based on risk assessment research and involvement in over a dozen performed assessments. Clarified are inconsistencies in the fire safety regulations, which must be considered particularly during identification of hazards. It is also suggested that affected safety functions are evaluated separately if possible and that the assessment sophistication is adapted to the scope of introduced hazards; four levels to perform parts of or the whole assessment are proposed.


On a cold New York City night in mid-December, 1829, a twenty-two-year-old actor named Edwin Forrest revolutionized both the art of public speaking and the history of American drama. The audience who came to the Park Theatre that night not only witnessed a star being born, but also experienced a seismic change in the way words conveyed meaning. Appearing onstage in John Augustus Stone's Metamora, or, The Last of the Wampanoags, Forrest was costumed in Indian tunic, pants, and moccasins, accoutered with tomahawk, club, and knife, and colored with a burnt umber concoction called "Bollamenia." (1) When he bounded onto the scene at the beginning of the play, ejaculating the first of the many Indian sounds he would utter that night, few knew that American culture would be hearing the echoes of his voice for years to come. Forrest's singular performance as Metamora exists at the intersection between two distinct discourses: the discourse surrounding the voice, oratory, and elocution in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century America and the discourse of the frontier epitomized by the antebellum American fascination with Indian plays. Forrest's "loud mouthed ranting style," as Walt Whitman dubbed it, (2) coupled with the actor's embodiment of a wild "noble savage," does more than conveniently yoke together these two historically disparate discourses, however. Forrest's "redding up"--his merging of a "savage" voice with a "savage" performance--opens up a critical space between these two discourses that helps us read the discursive limitations of both, even as it reveals the critical traction Forrest got from both discourses to put pressure on the way American culture made, and continues to make, sense of the frontier. Critical discussions about the public sphere in the early republic have focused almost exclusively on those forms of written expression that articulated the nation. As Larzer Ziff states, "The establishment of the United States and the spread of print culture went hand in hand." (3) It was the written word--the "res publica of letters" as Michael Warner puts it (4)-that legitimated the nation and contributed to nation formation. "What was needed for legitimacy" summarizes Warner, "was the derivative afterward of writing rather than the speech of the people." (5) Warner's overt privileging of "writing" over "speech" has been challenged by Christopher Looby, who has recently asserted that "there is a distinct countercurrent in the literature of the period that valorizes the grain of the voice in addition to, or instead of, the silence of print." (6) In a pointed reversal of Ziff's proposition, in fact, Looby suggests that "vocal utterance has served, in telling instances, as a privileged figure for the making of the United States." (7) Looby's work has broken the stranglehold that textuality has had in critical discussions of early republican nationalism, revealing the risks that privileging the text can cause. Yet, Looby's attention to the "vox Americana" suffers from a kind of critical myopia surrounding not textuality, or orality, but rather performance. Revealingly, John Adams lamented to his friend, Benjamin Rush, that "scenery has often if not commonly in all the business of life, at least of public life, more effect than the characters of the dramatis personae or the ingenuity of the plot. Recollect within your own times. What but the scenery did thus? or that? or the other? Was there ever a coup de theatre that had so great an effect as Jefferson's penmanship of the Declaration of Independence?" (8) Adams's "antitheatrical prejudice"--his insistence that theater is merely scenery--dovetails nicely with the impatient jealousy he felt towards Jefferson's seemingly effortless creativity: both theater and Jefferson, Adams snipes, deserve our contempt. Adams continued his tirade about the Declaration of Independence, confessing that he always considered it a "theatrical show" and that "Jefferson ran away with all of the stage effect of that . …


We have devised an automated visual surveillance system for monitoring sleeping infants. The system architecture requires that low-level image processing is executed on camera by an embedded signal processing unit: thus in tegrating more functionality into a single chip and realising lower product cost. The processing unit quantifies the level of scene activity using a specially designed background subtraction algorithm. In this paper we begin by describing the overall structure of our system. We proceed by present ing our algorithms, and demonstrating their effectiveness in measuring scene activity. We conclude by describing the FPGA-based low-level processing functions, and show how we have optimised them for maximum efficiency on this platform.


Organic–inorganic hybrid lead-based perovskite solar cells have already achieved high performance efficiency (∼20%). A major challenge with these cells, however, is their stability and environmental safety concerns due to the presence of lead. This article reports an effort to develop a new class of tin-based and air-stable molecular semiconducting iodosalts, for potential solar cell applications. The compounds are Cs2SnI6−xBrx for a range of x that provides the desired bandgaps from ∼1.3 eV to ∼2.9 eV with x < 3 being suitable for solar cell design. The Sn in this compound is in the 4+ oxidation state, and thus it is much more stable with respect to oxidation and more resistant to hydrolysis during processing and device operation. The focus of this article is on the detailed synthesis challenges in the solution processing of these compounds. A two-step solution synthesis method has been developed whereby during Step-1 a well-defined CsI crystalline film was formed for the appropriate chemical reaction with a solution of SnI during Step-2. By careful tuning of each step of the process and with the use of detailed structural, electrical and optical characterization as feedback, a series of Cs2SnI6−xBrx films were produced. The importance of having a stoichiometric compound for optimal performance of the material was revealed during solar cell fabrication. For the purpose of demonstrating a solar cell device assembly, a sandwich-type photochemical cell with an all solid state ionic conductor blended with inorganic materials and succinonitrile was employed for easy processing to obtain stable results. The cells show a conversion efficiency of 2.1% for the case of the x = 2 compound.


Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) which is potent vasodilator neuropeptides play a counter-regulatory role in several models of experimental hypertension. Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts (n = 328) were used to compare coronary flow rates among wild type (WT), a-CGRP gene knockout (KO) and NK1-KO mice under various pressure loading conditions (20, 30, 40 and 50 mmHg). The aorta of each heart was cannulated and all hearts were perfused with PBS at 37°C. Coronary flow rate was measured by pressure difference of both sides of a capillary. Perfusion was stopped 15 min for ischemia. Deletion of a-CGRP gene resulted in a significant reduction in coronary flow rate for both genders at all pressures. Deletion of NK1 gene resulted in a significant reduction in coronary flow rate for male mice at all pressures, but not for female mice. Coronary flow rate for both WT and a-CGRP-KO mice was consistently lower in female than in male mice, but not for NK1-KO mice. Coronary flow rate ina-CGRP mice was 19.2 and 15.4% lower than that of female and male WT mice, respectively. This effect seems to be gender related with less coronary flow noted in female WT and a-CGRP-KO mice, but not in NK1-KO mice.

 Key words: Calcitonin gene-related peptide, flow rate, gene knockout, heart, mouse, neurokinin 1, substance P.


We open source an easy to assemble, spoof resistant, high resolution, optical fingerprint reader, called RaspiReader, using ubiquitous components. By using our open source STL files and software, RaspiReader can be built in under one hour for only US $175. As such, RaspiReader provides the fingerprint research community a seamless and simple method for quickly prototyping new ideas involving fingerprint reader hardware. In particular, we posit that this open source fingerprint reader will facilitate the exploration of novel fingerprint spoof detection techniques involving both hardware and software. We demonstrate one such spoof detection technique by specially customizing RaspiReader with two cameras for fingerprint image acquisition. One camera provides high contrast, frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) fingerprint images, and the other outputs direct images of the finger in contact with the platen. Using both of these image streams, we extract complementary information which, when fused together and used for spoof detection, results in marked performance improvement over previous methods relying only on grayscale FTIR images provided by COTS optical readers. Finally, fingerprint matching experiments between images acquired from the FTIR output of RaspiReader and images acquired from a COTS reader verify the interoperability of the RaspiReader with existing COTS optical readers.


Reldia (Gesneriaceae) includes terrestrial herbs with alternate leaves, inflorescences which often possess both primary and secondary pedicels but are epedunculate, small white, spurred flowers, a nectary usually reduced to a dorsal gland, and a bivalved capsule. The genus is distributed from Panama to northern Peru. In the present work five species are recognized: Reldia alternifolia from Panama; R. minutiflora, originally described from Peru, but distributed from this country north to Panama; two new species from eastern Ecuador, R. calcarata and R. multiflora, and one new species from Colombia, R. grandiflora. Two varieties of R. minutiflora are recognized, var. minutiflora and var. veraguensis. Reldia occurs in forested, deeply shaded and highly humid ravines usually along streams. The altitude ranges from sea level up to 2500 meters.


Much of the information available about the life history of the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis, is derived from captive studies or short-term field studies. The coat colour of male giraffes, especially the blotches, darkens with age, but no studies have systematically mapped the colour transition with chronological age based on long-term data. We examine the value of using darkening coat colour as a biomarker of male age. We analyzed 33 years of data from 36 male Thornicroft's giraffes, G. c. thornicroftii, living in Zambia in order to document key milestones in male development. We found that the change in male pelage colouration takes an average of 1.8 years and that males are completely covered with coal-black blotches at an average age of 9.4 years. Using lifetime data on male deaths and disappearances, combined with cross-sectional records on coat-colour transformation, we conclude that the average age of death among male giraffes is about 16 years old. The maximum lifespan of male giraffes is about 22 years compared with a maximum lifespan of about 28 years for female giraffes. We conclude that the possible proximate mechanisms and adaptive significance of male coat-colour changes should be studied in more detail.


This study compares litigation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in civil cases handled by Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs) during the period 1995 to 1998. The findings indicate that that use of ADR can be an efficient and effective procedural solution to the problems of time and cost in the justice system without sacrificing the quality of macrojustice. When ADR was used, 65% of cases settled (only 29% of cases settled when it was not used). Significantly more cases settled when ADR was voluntary than when it was mandatory (71% vs. 50%), and tort cases settled with more frequency than employment discrimination cases (73% vs. 60%). When using ADR, AUSAs subjectively estimated that the process saved significant time and money. AUSAs spent an average of $869 in neutral fees and estimated that the process saved $10,735 in litigation expenses per case. AUSAs spent an average of 12 hours preparing for ADR and 7 hours in the ADR process per case, which they estimated saved 88 hours of staff time and 6 months of litigation time per case. Analyses of various macrojustice outcomes show that ADR outcomes were not significantly different from litigated outcomes, indicating that the process was neutral, favoring neither private parties nor the government. While these statistics are descriptive, a final analysis shows that the earlier a case is referred to ADR, the shorter its time to disposition. In sum, the study provides a better picture of how ADR is used by the government in federal court cases, and suggests that ADR has the potential to improve dispute processing without sacrificing the quality of justice.


Zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine acrylamide) (pSBAA)-based nanocomposite hydrogels impregnated with germicidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized and implemented for the treatment of infected chronic wounds. The zwitterionic hydrogels exhibited excellent non-sticky properties and had reinforced mechanical properties by the addition of hectorite nanoclay and poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate as physical and chemical crosslinkers, respectively. In addition, AgNPs were grown within the intercalated clay/polymer structure by in situ free radical reduction, as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The silver-containing pSBAA nanocomposite hydrogels (pSBAA/Ag) exhibited germicidal properties against Gram-positive S. epidermidis and Gram-negative P. aeruginosa. The zwitterionic hydrogels show higher water content than 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) hydrogels, owing to the strong hydration via ionic solvation. The negligible cytotoxicity of pSBAA/Ag hydrogels was assessed with human fibroblasts by the MTT assay. Moreover, the zwitterionic hydrogels demonstrated excellent resistance to the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA). To evaluate the feasibility of the hydrogels for clinical application as wound dressings, we created infected diabetic rat models and compared with commercial wound dressings. The results show that pSBAA/Ag hydrogels did not adhere to the newly formed tissue, and were readily removed from the wounds after treatment for 3 days. Moreover, the healing recovery was evaluated by visual observation of infected dorsal wounds on rats with induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. The finding indicates complete healing with the pSBAA/Ag hydrogels after 15 days, faster than other dressings. A histological examination also proved that the zwitterionic hydrogels facilitated epithelialization and collagen distribution in the infected diabetic wounds. Consequently, these novel non-sticky and antimicrobial zwitterionic nanocomposite hydrogels can have high potential for the treatment of infected chronic wounds.


The Raja Ampat expedition in 2007 was organized by the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis in Leiden in cooperation with the Research Centre for Oceanography (RCO-LIPI, Jakarta) as part of Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (E-Win expedition) of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). The research team consisted of scientists from Indonesia, the Netherlands, Palau and the United States. The Raja Ampat islands are located northwest of Bird's Head' peninsula in Papua, Indonesia. This area has recently gained much media attention due to its high marine biodiversity and the recent discovery of several new species of corals and fish. The expedition was based at Kri Eco Resort of Papua Diving, on Kri Island.
The expedition aimed to study cryptic biota, which consist of species that lead hidden lives. They may be difficult to find because of their small size, their successful camouflage or mimicry, or because they live in habitats that are nearly inaccessible or easily overlooked. Some species resemble phylogenetically related species, called sibling species, which can be detected with the help of molecular (DNA) analyses. Use of camouflage is seen in many animals that live in close association with a host. In the case of such interspecific associations, the expedition members also studied the host organisms. Marine lakes, deep land inward bays, narrow channels, and deep sandy bottoms underneath reef slopes are examples of habitats that were studied despite their limited accessibility. All together, many different marine environments were studied.


Harmonic resonances in distribution systems are mainly between network inductances and shunt capacitances from capacitor banks and consumer loads. In this paper, particular attention is devoted to the evaluation of capacitances from domestic equipment, serving as a reference for resonance frequency studies. The assessment is performed by simulation and measurements of common low power electronic loads. From the analysis of EMI filters topologies used in AC/DC converters, a non-invasive capacitance measurement estimation method is presented. The method is verified after correlating capacitances with the resonance frequencies obtained from a frequency sweep method. From experimental measurements, the results show that the equivalent shunt capacitances for a set of 24 LED lamps are between 10 and 135 nF.


This thesis is concerned with the development and assessment of computer techniques for the formfinding and sizing of large modular building space structures suitable for urban development. The contents of the Chapters are summarised as follows: 1: An introduction to conceptual and computer aided design of large building space structures. 2: A review of topological computer design methods. 3: A comparison of a dynamic relaxation method, for the formfinding of modularly constrained structures subject to a dominant design loading case, with linear programming and fully stressed design methods. This comparison shows that the dynamic relaxation method is efficient and particularly suitable for interactive use. 4: A parametric study of the effects of the iteration parameters on the stability and rate of convergence is presented. No general rules appear to be possible regarding the effects of these parameters on stability. It is noted, however, that the number of structure modifications before the solution becomes apparent is independent of the parameters. The dynamic relaxation formfinding procedure is generalised to cater for different stress constraints in tension and compression members and, for the problem considered, derives a lighter form than the fully stressed design technique. The optimum form of the D.R. solution is verified by the linear programming technique. 5: An intuitive dynamic relaxation method for the sizing of structures of fixed topology subject to multiple loading cases ,and stress constraints is presented. The method also caters for maximum member area sizes and deflection constraints by the use of parallel elastic and elasto-plastic analyses. Solutions derived using this method are compared with solutions derived using the non-linear program algorithm. They are shown to be of similar weight and to require similar solution times. 6: Two dynamic relaxation methods are presented for the formfinding and sizing of multiply loaded space structures. The first or parallel method is suitable for deriving and sizing forms of optimum or near optimum weight by deleting members which are small in area size and reducing in size. The second or series method is particularly suitable for interactive use and consists of testing the efficiency of each member with respect to each loading case. The final topology is then sized considering all loading cases simultaneously. These methods are both applied to a bridging ground structure subject to multiple loads and compared with solutions derived using linear, nonlinear programming and topological design methods. The parallel dynamic relaxation method is then extended to cater for cable members allowing for on-off non-linearities and prestress effects. The bridging structure is subsequently redesigned using internal cable members and adjusting the prestress level to ensure that the bridge deck does not deflect vertically under the action of the primary loading case. 7: A summary of conclusions.


It is not often that I keep therapy manuals as bedtime reading and that I go through them cover to cover, but the Manual of Regulation-Focused Psychotherapy for Children (RFP-C) with Externalizing Behaviors (RFP-C; Hoffman, Rice, & Prout, 2015) was a real pleasure to read. This book, with its theoretical and empirical foundations and additional clinical resources, is much more than just a manual. The authors make clear theoretical links between dynamic theory, behavior therapy, and neuropsychological research and therefore potentially appeal to a wide range of clinicians and researchers alike. Although it is very text heavy, and some additional diagrams (e.g. 'triangles of conflict') would have made it even stronger, overall the layout of the book is very user friendly. It, for example, presents text boxes of little summary statements in each chapter as well as many clinical examples and transcripts of patient and therapist speaking turns. Also, the additional resources provided in the appendices, such as, the adherence and outcome measures, can easily be used by the child, parent and therapist.


Forest ecosystem productivity and functioning depend on soil and water resources. But the reverse is also true—forest and land-use management activities can significantly alter forest soils, water quality, and associated aquatic habitats (Ice and Stednick 2004, Reid 1993, Wigmosta and Burges 2001). Soil and water resources are protected through the allocation of land for that purpose or through appropriate management regimes and best management practices (Blinn and Kilgore 2001, Young 2000). Because the biophysical linkage between soils and hydrological functions is strong, conservation land-use designations and best practices for forest management usually combine soil and water conservation objectives (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 2014, Minnesota Forest Resources Council 2013). In the absence of widespread, long-term direct measures of water and soil condition, information on land use, management activity, and application of best practices can serve as useful indicators of efforts to conserve soil and water resources.


Poland is one of the largest net beneficiaries of European Union funds. Many investments were completed in the public and private sectors in Poland in 2005-2010 thanks to EU funds, which had a positive impact on the situation in the construction sector in Poland. We will investigate which sectors received the largest expenditure for fixed assets and to what extent these investments were related to EU funds. We will carry out a thorough analysis of the available statistical data on fixed asset investments in the private and public sectors in 2005-2010. The aim of the research is to assess the relationship between the available resources from EU funds and the economic situation in the construction sector. Some experts argue that the lack of EU funds will significantly worse conditions for the development of the construction sector and will increase unemployment. We decided to verify this thesis. The results of the research will also determine if the trends in capital expenditure on fixed assets in the public and the private sectors in Poland are similar to other European Union countries. Moreover, however, the results could be used to develop plans to reduce the negative effects of downturn in the construction sector in Poland. The research over Polish experience may also support other countries. The research results will depend on the completeness and quality of data collected.


High precision antihydrogen experiments allow tests of fundamental theoretical descriptions of nature. These experiments are performed with the ALPHA apparatus, where ultra-low energy antihydrogen is produced and confined in a magnetic trap. Antihydrogen spectroscopy is of primary interest for precision tests of CPT invariance one of the most important symmetries of the Standard Model. In particular, the 1S-2S transition frequency in hydrogen is the most precisely known quantity in Physics thus measuring the same quantity with antihydrogen provides the most stringent comparison between matter and antimatter. Antimatter gravity is an open experimental question that deserves to be directly addressed in order to test the foundation of the General Theory of Relativity. Methods to produce, trap, detect and identify antihydrogen are presented in this work, alongside the first high precision measurement of an antihydrogen property, i.e., the electric neutrality of an antiatom. This measurement also constitutes a three-fold improvement to the measured value of the positron charge. The focus is then shifted to the proposed experiment to measure the antihydrogen gravitational acceleration, with particular attention to the antihydrogen detector.


This article examines the interactional work in which two groups of secondary ESL students engaged to achieve and sustain participation in group oral assessment, which is designed to assess a student's interactive communication skills in a school-based assessment context. The in-depth observation of the ways in which participants co-constructed talk-in-interaction led to the discovery of the particular pattern of speech exchange within each group.Within the higher-scoring group, the students engaged constructively and contingently with one another's ideas, demonstrating a range of speech functions such as suggestions, agreement or disagreement, explanations, and challenges, which resulted in opportunities for substantive conversation and genuine communication to be engineered. Within the lower-scoring group, the resulting interactions appeared more structured, apparently as a result of the pre-set prompts that were originally set for the purpose of facilitating within-group discussion. However, a picture emerges of lower-scoring group members naturally engaging in negotiation of meaning over linguistic impasses, which turned out to serve as the stimulus to collaborative dialogue. There is also evidence of lower-scoring group members assisting each other through co-construction both to find the right linguistic forms and to express meaning. The nature of these interactions suggests that the group oral assessment format, as operationalized in this context, can authentically reflect students' interactional skills and their moment-by-moment construction of social and linguistic identity. However, the lack of contingent development of topical talk within the lower-scoring group implies that the assessor's good intentions in providing pre-set prompts may end up restricting students' performance. The risk of such task/topic-related effects on the quality of student discourse and interaction warrants further research.


Fruit tree genetic resources and disease resistance.Since 1975, the Plant Pathology Station bas been collecting fruit tree cultivars which were formerly grown in Belgium. The number of accessions is now over 2 500, mostly of apples, pears and plums, all of which are planted in the open on dwarfing or semi-dwarfing rootstocks. One third of the material was recovered from old, often endangered collections in horticultural schools and to a minor extent from collections abroad, and two thirds from old orchards on faims and in gardens. A preference was given to material originated in Belgium either as landraces or as cultivars produced by recognized breeders from the part two centuries. The initial aim, which is still a priority, was to evaluate a broad range of old cultivars for useful characters, with an emphasis on disease resistance. As the collection expanded, a conservation objective also developed. From 1985 on, the Station started to reintroduce in the nursery trade and to recommend for home-growing the better cultivars emerging from the evaluation. Fifteen cultivars were released up to now, among which ten apples, four plums and one peach cv. Corresponding technical leaflets were also edited. The project had a multiform social impact ever since the outset. Both the collecting work and reintroduction process were a Ovide success with the public, which led a number of commercial growers to experiment with some of the recommended apple cultivars. As a further step in the utilization of genetic resources, the Station bas been producing yearly since 1988 several thousands of hybrid seedlings from interesting old apple cultivars with the aim of creating new material of commercial value with low disease susceptibility.


Individuals learn from their interactions with others, especially those with expertise and seniority in their workplace. Mentoring is a relationship between a senior employee and junior employee which promotes such interactions for facilitating learning and support in the workplace. This study investigated whether formal mentoring received is related to learning i.e., job-related learning and personal skill development among the employees of new generation private sector banks in Kerala. The results indicated that mentoring has a strong positive correlation with personal skill development and there is no significant correlation with job-related learning. This paper is an account of a quantitative research study based on primary data derived from select commercial bank employees. The data derived through pretested structured questionnaire.  Keywords: Mentoring, Relational Job Learning, Personal Skill Development


In his 1971 short film, (nostalgia), American artist and writer Hollis Frampton oveturned the conventional narrative roles of words and images. In his account of an artists's transformation from photographer to filmmaker, Frampton burns photographs he had taken and selected from his past along with one found photograph. A calm voice tells a story about an image, but the story is about the following image, not the one shown. Confounding comprehension still further, the narration begins and ends during the photograph's combustion; smoke and ashes get in our eyes while we are trying to make sense of the image and the narration--trying to remember the story that fits the image, trying to remember the image that fits the story...Frampton's (nostalgia) is a formal masterpiece, long overlooked and understudied. It emerges from a body of film work that is rarely screened, the prints damaged and difficult to locate. Frampton's work is valued in artist filmmaking and film theory circles, but it has never taken its rightful place at the heart of modern art theory. This study will introduce a new generation to a critical moment in art history--when (nostalgia) confirmed both the essence and fragility of cinema itself.Afterall Books are distributed by The MIT Press.


The consumption of tea originated in ancient China over 4000 years ago and is currently the second most popular beverage in the world after water. Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. The link between tea intake, most notably green tea, and health has resulted in intense research on the components responsible for preventing the onset of several chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, obesity and diabetes. In particular, the high levels of chemically diverse phenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids) present in tea exhibit potent protective properties against many of these diseases. Although health related research on green tea and its predominant phenol (catechins) has been on-going for decades, major advances have occurred in the last 5–10 years. Therefore, this review focuses on seminal studies reported primarily within the last five years but not extending past ten years on the link between health and green tea with an emphasis on the catechins.


In the aftermath of the 1910 Mexican Revolution, Mexican and U.S. political leaders, business executives, and ordinary citizens shaped modern Mexico by making industrial capitalism the key to upward mobility into the middle class, material prosperity, and a new form of democracy--consumer democracy. Julio Moreno describes how Mexico's industrial capitalism between 1920 and 1950 shaped the country's national identity, contributed to Mexico's emergence as a modern nation-state, and transformed U.S.-Mexican relations. According to Moreno, government programs and incentives were central to legitimizing the postrevolutionary government as well as encouraging commercial growth. Moreover, Mexican nationalism and revolutionary rhetoric gave Mexicans the leverage to set the terms for U.S. businesses and diplomats anxious to court Mexico in the midst of the dual crises of the Great Depression and World War II. Diplomats like Nelson Rockefeller and corporations like Sears Roebuck achieved success by embracing Mexican culture in their marketing and diplomatic pitches, while those who disregarded Mexican traditions were slow to earn profits. Moreno also reveals how the rapid growth of industrial capitalism, urban economic displacement, and unease caused by World War II and its aftermath unleashed feelings of spiritual and moral decay among Mexicans that led to an antimodernist backlash by the end of the 1940s. |Moreno describes how Mexico's industrial capitalism between 1920 and 1950 shaped the country's national identity, contributed to Mexico's emergence as a modern nation-state, and transformed U.S.-Mexican relations. The study is as much of American diplomacy and U.S. corporate culture--and the encounter between American and Mexican values, beliefs, and practices--as it is of Mexican history.


Using atomic force microscopy (AFM/SFM), the strength of the adhesion between nanoparticles (NPs) and a flat gold surface was studied. By scanning in contact mode, a lateral force was applied to the NPs, depending on the cantilever stiffness and the setpoint value of the topography feedback. In this way, a threshold force for NP detachment was determined. The sample under investigation consisted of arrays of tungsten NPs deposited on top of a flat gold surface. The NPs were generated using electron beam deposition (EBD) and the precursor gas W(CO)6. Owing to the array‐wise arrangement of the NPs, any change in their position was comparatively easy to detect by deviation from the array points. The beam dwell time was employed as a parameter to control the NP size. The force threshold value for particle detachment was found to increase with the beam dwell time. Loose NPs moved by the scanning tip displayed increased lateral forces. These appeared in the lateral force images as continuous tracks. After expansion of the scan area such tracks were seen to mostly originate from the edges of the previous scans where the NPs had piled up. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


This panel was convened at 10:45 am, Friday, March 27 and included as panelists: Laurel Baig of the Appeals Unit of the Office of the Prosecutor at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; Christopher Greenwood of the International Court of Justice; Viren Mascarenhas of Freshfields, Bruckhaus, Deringer US LLP; and Laurel Terry of Penn State Dickinson School of Law. Catherine Rogers of Penn State Dickinson organized this panel. * INTRODUCTION When Oscar Schacter first wrote his seminal piece, The Invisible College of International Lawyers, (1) he could not have imagined that just thirty years later, that group would be so prominent that the American Society of International Law would dedicate a panel at its 102nd Annual Meeting to discuss the unique professional and ethical challenges they face. Even if the ranks of international lawyers are no longer as obscure as when Schacter wrote, however, as the following contributions reveal, their role and professional obligations often remain opaque, even as their specific functions before international tribunals have become more demanding. The essays that follow in these Proceedings summarize some of the panel presentations on these topics by international lawyers and a scholar of international legal ethics. (2) While each essay presents a unique viewpoint, they all converge in their call for greater clarity both to guide attorneys in making ethical decisions, and to ensure that regulation and discipline for violation of rules is fair and effective. Laurel Baig, a legal officer at the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ("ICTY"), illustrates through the example of "witness proofing" how national procedural practices and "gut instincts" are unreliable guides for lawyers in navigating their ethical obligations before international criminal tribunals. At a more fundamental level, she observes that shared cultural backgrounds of domestic lawyers, along with the relative stability of national legal systems, can be helpful background to lawyers in making ethical decisions. Meanwhile, international criminal tribunals are dynamic, and the lawyers who practice before them are culturally diverse. Adding to these complexities, international tribunals present unique ethical and practical challenges in dealing with mass atrocities and cultural differences in dealing with witnesses from culturally diverse backgrounds. Baig makes a strong case that national ethical rules are simply not capable of regulating attorneys in this complex context. Instead, she calls for specialized written rules to capture the shared ethical expectations of lawyers practicing before international criminal tribunals. A complimentary but nevertheless distinct view is presented by Viren Mascarenhas, who has served as a Legal Officer at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Like Baig, Mascarenhas also calls for clearer rules. In addition to the rules themselves, Mascarenhas demonstrates how some of these substantive ambiguities are exacerbated by related unresolved issues about how to allocate regulatory powers. For example, with regard to the issues regarding payments to witnesses, he contemplates whether the real solution is the creation of a special sub-unit to administer the payments, thus removing the ethical ambiguities. Meanwhile, with regard to the disciplinary powers of international criminal tribunals, he ponders whether the transmission of letters by national regulatory authorities are an effective means of discipline, and separately whether a tribunal has (or should have) the power to hold an attorney in contempt for disobeying a court order when it conflicts with specified ethical rules. Instead of a view from within practice before international criminal tribunals, Laurel Terry, a legal scholar specializing in comparative and international ethics, takes a step back to frame the issues raised by Baig and Mascarenhas in terms of how to improve guidance for, and regulation of, attorneys practicing before international tribunals. …