To further develop three-dimensional (3D) applications, it is important to elucidate the negative effects of 3D applications on the human body and mind. Thus, this study investigated differences in the effects of visual fatigue on cognition and brain activity using visual and auditory tasks induced by watching a 1-h movie in two dimensions (2D) and 3D. Eighteen young men participated in this study. Two conditions were randomly performed for each participant on different days, namely, watching the 1-h movie on television in 2D (control condition) and 3D (3D condition). Before and after watching the 1-h movie on television, critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF: an index of visual fatigue), and response accuracy and reaction time for the cognitive tasks were determined. Brain activity during the cognitive tasks was evaluated using a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy system. In contrast to the control condition, the decreased CFF, and the lengthened reaction time and the decreased activity around the right primary somatosensory cortex during Go/NoGo blocks in the visual task at post-viewing in the 3D condition were significant, with significant repeated measures correlations among them. Meanwhile, in the auditory task, the changes in cognitive performance and brain activity during the Go/NoGo blocks were not significant in the 3D condition. These results suggest that the failure or delay in the transmission of visual information to the primary somatosensory cortex due to visual fatigue induced by watching a 3D movie reduced the brain activity around the primary somatosensory cortex, resulting in poor cognitive performance for the visual task. This suggests that performing tasks that require visual information, such as running in the dark or driving a car, immediately after using a 3D application, may create unexpected risks in our lives. Thus, the findings of this study will help outlining precautions for the use of 3D applications.


This study contributes to the literature on the social impacts of Special Economic Zones by analyzing the dynamics of poverty and inequality in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, where the Free Trade Zone of Manaus (FTZM) is located. Using census data, micro-decompositions and counterfactual simulations, we show that if labor income was a major driver of poverty and inequality declines for the municipality of Manaus in the 2000-2010 decade, non-labor income was far more important in the rest of the state of Amazonas. Our contrasting results illustrate both the benefits and limitations of the influence of the FTZM. A better targeting of both social policies and training programs could improve distributional outcomes in the whole area.


The bonding-temperature-dependent lasing characteristics of 1.5 a µm GaInAsP laser diode (LD) grown on a directly bonded InP/Si substrate were successfully obtained. We have fabricated the InP/Si substrate using a direct hydrophilic wafer bonding technique at bonding temperatures of 350, 400, and 450 °C, and deposited GaInAsP/InP double heterostructure layers on this InP/Si substrate. The surface conditions, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and electrical characteristics after the growth were compared at these bonding temperatures. No significant differences were confirmed in X-ray diffraction analysis and PL spectra at these bonding temperatures. We realized the room-temperature lasing of the GaInAsP LD on the InP/Si substrate bonded at 350 and 400 °C. The threshold current densities were 4.65 kA/cm2 at 350 °C and 4.38 kA/cm2 at 400 °C. The electrical resistance was found to increase with annealing temperature.


Abstract Inceptisols are the major forest soils in northern Taiwan. Some chemical, physical and morphological properties have been documented for these soils, yet there is little information on the mineralogy and the charge characteristics of their constituent 2:1 clay minerals. In this study we conducted a detailed characterization of the clay mineralogy of two Inceptisols. Two pedons were sampled at diagnostic horizons and the clay mineralogy was examined by X-ray diffraction. The magnitude of the layer charge of the 2:1 phyllosilicates was estimated using the alkylammonium exchange method (nC = 12). The clay mineralogy of both soils was dominated by vermiculite and mica with small amounts of kaolinite. The surface horizon contained more mica and kaolinite than the lower horizons. The mean layer charge of vermiculite ranged between 0.60 and 0.86 cmolc/(O10(OH)2). The distribution of clay layer charge decreased with increasing soil depth in two pedons. Differences in layer charge between samples are due to differences in weathering processes. The difference in the extent of clay mineral weathering in the A and Bsm horizons could be partly because the mineral surfaces in the Bsm horizon were coated with organo-Fe complexes which protected them from weathering.


Though scholars debate whether Foucault offers a viable theory of resistance, his analysis of parrhesia(fearless speech) poses and problematizes an oppositional rhetoric of truth-telling. Fearless speech challenges regimes of power/truth; spiritual narratives of Early Modern women challenge cultural norms to justify their right to speak. The rhetorical strategies that women use to authorize their writing—performing a struggle between God and Satan, recording revelation, and reinterpreting scripture—make them vulnerable to stereotypical criticisms of madness and witchcraft. Nonetheless, female spiritual narratives courageously critique religious and social culture, playing Foucault's "parrhesiastic game": these texts break silence to tell truth. A notion of a contemporary rhetor-as-parrhesiastes reflects the historical evolution of parrhesia towards critique and self-questioning. A contemporary parrhesiastes interrogates guises of generalized Truth to give voice to experiential, localized, multiple truths.


A framework is proposed for a quantitative approach to studying habitability. Considerations of environmental supply and organismal demand of energy lead to the conclusions that power units are most appropriate and that the units for habitability become watts per organism. Extreme and plush environments are revealed to be on a habitability continuum, and extreme environments can be quantified as those where power supply only barely exceeds demand. Strategies for laboratory and field experiments are outlined that would quantify power supplies, power demands, and habitability. An example involving a comparison of various metabolisms pursued by halophiles is shown to be well on the way to a quantitative habitability analysis.


Title: The moderating relationship of comorbid psychopathology and treatment outcome for young adult offenders in drug court.
Background: The drug court system is an alternative to incarceration that provides offenders with non-violent, substance motivated crimes with an opportunity to dismiss their charges and undergo a rigorous substance abuse treatment program. It is unknown whether drug court is effective for young adult clients and the role of co-occurring psychopathology within this context.
Methods: This study evaluated the overall effectiveness of a drug court system applied to young adult offenders ages 18-26, and additionally explored the moderating relationship of psychiatric symptoms on treatment outcome. Seventy-four clients were assessed at baseline and at 6-month follow-up.
Findings: Participants reported reductions in substance use (M=35.51, SD=29.92; M=7.79, SD=17.83; t(71)=7.00, p<0.001) and mental health symptoms (M=48.26, SD=36.49; M=36.40, SD=37.99; t(71)=2.05, p<0.05) at follow-up. Additionally, moderators of outcome were found based on internalizing and externalizing mental health symptoms.
Conclusions: Drug court may be an effective alternative to incarceration for young adults and may benefit higher severity clients in particular.


Abstract C. G. Jung's involvement in the professional politics of psychotherapy in Nazi Germany was not a matter only of sympathy for and collaboration with Nazism. Jung's participation in the affairs of professionally endangered and ambitious psychotherapists under the advantageous leadership of a relative of the powerful Hermann Göring was both significant and limited in time and space. While Jungians found a place at the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy in Berlin between 1936 and 1945, psychoanalysts and other psychotherapists— purged of practitioners who were Jewish—advanced their interests and practice in ways that indirectly and directly supported the mobilization of German society for Nazi purposes of conquest and war.


Aim: To evaluate previously developed classification models to make implementation in primary care possible and aid early identification of persons at risk for dementia. Methods: Data were drawn from the OCTO-Twin study. At baseline, 521 persons ≧80 years of age were nondemented, and for 387 a blood sample was available. Predictors of dementia were collected and analyzed in initially nondemented persons using generalized estimating equations and Cox survival analyses. Results: In the basic model using predictors already known or easily obtained (basic set), the mean 2-year predictive value increased from 6.9 to 28.8% in persons with memory complaints and an MMSE score ≤25. In the extended model, using both the basic set and an extended set of predictors requiring further assessment, the 8-year predictive value increased from 15.0 to 45.8% in persons with low cholesterol and an MMSE score ≤24. Conclusion: Both models can contribute to an improved early identification of persons at risk for dementia in primary care.


Tree crops are representing one of most widespread agricultural systems in Mediterranean regions, thus contributing in a substantial way to the economy and productivity of primary sectors of the countries interested. Besides the aspects concerning their economical relevance, tree crops like vineyards, olive and orange orchards are also typical elements of the Mediterranean landscape, and their ecological role has been recently revitalised in consideration of their function as carbon sinks for the Kyoto agreement. The environmental and economical sustainability of these agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid zones has to cope with the availability and management of water resources for irrigation. During recent years there has been a substantial progress in understanding the evolution of evapotranspiration processes in cropping systems, and detailed models and measurement techniques have been set-up for describing the mass and energy exchanges in the soil-plantatmosphere continuum. However, due to the complexity of rooting systems and aerial parts further steps are needed for a full comprehension of hydrological processes in tree crop systems, with special regard to water stress conditions. Within the research project P.R.I.N. 2008 "Assessment of mass and energy fluxes for the irrigation management of Mediterranean tree crops" different techniques for measuring evapotranspiration fluxes in tree crops will be developed and tested, from innovative methodologies based on remote sensing observations to in-situ observations (xylem-flow measurements and micro-meteorology). These data-sets have be interpreted by means of physical approaches, with a modelling perspective of the observed processes.


Water vapor observations by chilled-mirror hygrometers were conducted at Bandung, Indonesia (6.90° S, 107.60° E) and Tarawa, Kiribati (1.35° N, 172.91° E) in December 2003 to examine the efficiency of dehydration during horizontal advection in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Trajectory analyses based on bundles of isentropic trajectories suggest that the modification of air parcels' identity due to irreversible mixing by the branching-out and merging-in of nearby trajectories is found to be an important factor, in addition to the routes air parcels follow, for interpreting the water vapor concentrations observed by chilled-mirror frostpoint hygrometers in the TTL. Clear correspondence between the observed water vapor concentration and the estimated temperature history of air parcels is found showing that drier air parcels were exposed to lower temperatures than were more humid ones during advection. Although the number of observations is quite limited, the water content in the observed air parcels on many occasions was more than that expected from the minimum saturation mixing ratio during horizontal advection prior to sonde observations.


Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in plasma and presents the particularity, with IgG, to have an extraordinary long serum half‐life conferred by its interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). If the impact of IgG post‐translational modifications (PTMs) on FcRn binding is well documented, it is far less reported for HSA despite numerous PTMs occurring on the protein in plasma. HSA is susceptible to numerous degradation reactions in plasma, because of aging, oxidative stress or liver and pancreas related pathologies. In the present study, we combined FcRn affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry to investigate the impact of HSA PTMs upon FcRn binding. This methodology presents the advantage to distinguish the effect of a single modification from a plasma HSA preparation made of a mixture of different isoforms. Cys34 oxidation, Lys525 glycation, and Leu585 C‐terminal truncation, which are modifications related to several pathological conditions, were demonstrated to act negatively on HSA‐FcRn interaction. The HSA‐FcRn binding alteration generated by these modifications is consistent with their vicinity with the interaction interface of the two proteins. Results were discussed regarding altered half‐life of HSA observed in several disease states and pave the way toward new understandings of the hypoalbuminemia pathogenesis.


This article focuses on venture capital investments and the innovative power of a state defined by its public infrastructure. The economic implications are evaluated by estimating several panel regression models. The novelty is twofold: on the one hand the research approach and on the other hand the new data set. The data ranges from 1995 to 2014 and consists of 10 European countries plus the US and Canada. For the first time we include Google search data on Venture Capital. The results show a significant increase in Venture Capital is mainly determined by economic conditions such as real GDP growth. The impact of the innovative power of a state is not significant. We find that Google data is positively related and significant in respect to Venture Capital investments too. Consequently, we confirm that private business investments cannot be created by government policy alone rather via solid macroeconomic conditions.


Fault systems with stepovers and gaps along strike are ubiquitous in nature, and many modern earthquakes (e.g., 1992 Landers, 1999 Hector Mine, 2016 Kaikōura, and 2019 Ridgecrest) have shown that ruptures can readily propagate across some disconnections, while being halted by others. It is quite possible, however, that many faults that appear discontinuous at the surface are in fact connected at depth, facilitating throughgoing rupture, and potentially increasing earthquake size. The present work explores whether the mapped surface slip in an earthquake is indicative of the connectivity of the fault system at depth. If there is a signal of subsurface connectivity in the surface-slip pattern, then the connectivity of the system could potentially be inferred. Through 3D dynamic rupture modeling of faults with along-strike gaps of various depths, I explore whether the amplitude or the spatial distribution of slip after an earthquake could be used to diagnose fault connectivity at depth. I find that, in general, fault segments that are connected up to shallow depths of 1–2 km and are relatively long along strike compared to the seismogenic depth tend to have higher slip gradients at their edges than faults that are connected at greater depth, or that are disconnected to the bottom of the seismogenic zone. Systematic slip gradient differences at fault segment edges have been recorded in past earthquakes, giving hope that the modeled effect can be detected in many cases, even though mapped surface slip is affected by a number of different sources of heterogeneity. The results provide an alternative explanation for observations that stepovers that allow throughgoing rupture tend to have higher slip gradients than those at which rupture terminates: perhaps many such stepovers are connected at depth, which could persistently favor throughgoing rupture. There may be implications for interpretation of apparent fault discontinuities worldwide.


We address the challenge of efficiently rendering massive assemblies of grains within a forward path-tracing framework. Previous approaches exist for accelerating high-order scattering for a limited, and static, set of granular materials, often requiring scene-dependent precomputation. We significantly expand the admissible regime of granular materials by considering heterogeneous and dynamic granular mixtures with spatially varying grain concentrations, pack rates, and sizes. Our method supports both procedurally generated grain assemblies and dynamic assemblies authored in off-the-shelf particle simulation tools. The key to our speedup lies in two complementary aggregate scattering approximations which we introduced to jointly accelerate construction of short and long light paths. For low-order scattering, we accelerate path construction using novel grain scattering distribution functions (GSDF) which aggregate intra-grain light transport while retaining important grain-level structure. For high-order scattering, we extend prior work on shell transport functions (STF) to support dynamic, heterogeneous mixtures of grains with varying sizes. We do this without a scene-dependent precomputation and show how this can also be used to accelerate light transport in arbitrary continuous heterogeneous media. Our multi-scale rendering automatically minimizes the usage of explicit path tracing to only the first grain along a light path, or can avoid it completely, when appropriate, by switching to our aggregate transport approximations. We demonstrate our technique on animated scenes containing heterogeneous mixtures of various types of grains that could not previously be rendered efficiently. We also compare to previous work on a simpler class of granular assemblies, reporting significant computation savings, often yielding higher accuracy results.


The Harran region, located in the South-eastern part of Turkey, is facing an increasing salinity problem due to excessive and inefficient irrigation practices. In this paper, we survey 619 cotton producers in the region and analyse their perceptions and practices towards soil salinity. The survey results indicate that formal education and training are the central factors that determine the farmers' awareness of the relationship between excessive irrigation and salinity. The recognition of the negative externalities resulting from the unsustainable use of irrigation by neighbouring farms positively affects farmers' willingness to participate in collective action to deal with the salinity problem. Yet, the current institutional setting in the Harran region discourages collective action and farmer initiatives. Policymakers need to support the empowerment of the local farmers through better and locally-relevant education and training and provide adequate incentives for farmers to adopt more sustainable practices and technologies.


In developing the sample design for a survey we usually attempt to produce a good design for the funds available. Information on costs can be used to develop sample designs that minimise the sampling variance of an estimator of total for fixed costs. Improvements in survey management systems mean that it is now possible to estimate the cost of including each unit in the sample. This paper develops relatively simple approaches to determine whether the potential gains arising from using this unit level cost information are likely to be of practical use. It is shown that the key factor is coefficient of variation of the costs relative to the coefficient of variation of the relative error on the estimated cost coefficients.


This study employs an online survey to examine U.S. politically-interested Internet users' perceptions of the credibility of blogs. The article focuses on the influence of blog reliance compared to motivations for visiting blogs in determining blog credibility. The study found that blogs were judged as moderately credible, but as more credible than any mainstream media or online source. Both reliance and motivations predicted blog credibility after controlling for demographics and political variables. Reliance proved a consistently stronger predictor than blog motivations. Also, information-seeking motives predicted credibility better than entertainment ones.


Teaching large classes at any given level is indeed a challenge but one that is certainly not beyond the skillful, creative, and imaginative practitioner. This paper sets to suggest ways in which teaching and learning an intellectual skill can be enhanced through increased participation by the learner. This is in keeping with the thinking that the object of any learning event, in any class size is involvement and actual practice which should lead to the learner owning the skill that he/she gains through experience and not through telling.


Questions of race and abortion have shaped current legal debates about defunding Planned Parenthood and banning race-selection abortion. In these discussions, abortion opponents draw a close connection between the eugenic or population control movements of the twentieth century and the contemporary abortion-rights movement. In challenging legal restrictions on abortion, abortion-rights activists generally insist that their movement and its predecessors have primarily privileged reproductive choice. Notwithstanding the centrality of race to abortion politics, there has been no meaningful history of the racial politics of abortion that produced or followed Roe v. Wade. This article closes this gap in the abortion discussion by focusing on the racial politics of abortion in the 1970s. In the 1970s, some population controllers did have ties to the eugenic legal reform movement or a particular interest in limiting the growth of poor, non-white populations. Those groups most closely involved with the abortion-rights movement, however, primarily focused on family planning for white, middle-class families, emphasizing the importance of environmental stewardship and sexual liberation. Arguments treating the abortion-rights, population control, and eugenics movements as indistinguishable from one another are flawed. At the same time, by reinterpreting Roe, feminists created new opportunities to reshape the racial politics of abortion. By defending their own understanding of the opinion against antiabortion attack, feminists were able to redefine abortion as a right that belonged to women irrespective of its political consequences. The article shows that, by grounding the discussion in proper historical context, discussion of race and abortion will be more principled and productive. Abortion opponents can fairly discuss the history of the family planning movement, but blurring any distinction between the abortion-rights movement and its predecessors is problematic and misleading. In turn, abortion-rights activists should address the past relevance of population-based claims, acknowledging the contributions of those who worked to redefine abortion as a woman's right.


The purpose of this study was to determine the primary effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on cerebral oxidative metabolism and energy balance. Rhesus monkeys were prepared so that cerebral metabolic consumption rates of oxygen, glucose and the lactate/pyruvate ratios of CSF were estimated after isobarically and hyperbarically induced SAH. A regional analysis was performed on brain sections after similarly induced SAH in the rat, for levels of tissue, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP, PCr and the partition of hexokinase between soluble and mitochondrial bound forms. The presence of intracranial hypertension was associated with an immediate ischemia, and increased cerebral glucose extraction was initially noted. Specific tissue substrate concentrations in rat brain indicated that fresh intracisternal hemorrhage is associated with decreased glycosis at a time when high energy phosphate levels are normal. It is concluded that intracranial hypertension hastens the onset of ischemia after SAH. SAH alone produces a decrease in cerebral energy requirements which secondarily depresses the rates of consumption of energy yielding substrates. The depression in metabolic rates may be mediated through a brain stem mechanism.


Divine Deviants is a comparative study of the Persian Sufi poet, Jalā l al-Dī n Rū mī (1212-1273), and the English Metaphysical poet, John Donne (1572-1631). By focusing on the two schools of thought to which these poets belongs as well as their individual poetic world-views and styles, this book elucidates the different dimensions of the shared philosophy governing their poetry. Bridging linguistic, cultural, religious, and philosophical barriers, Divine Deviants carefully illustrates that in the works of both Rū mī and Donne love symbolizes Beatific Vision and Truth. More generally, this book highlights the bonds between religion, mysticism, and literature and thus examines not only the interdependent issues in these disciplines, but also the invisible and yet profound closeness that exists in the representative works of the two literary and religious traditions.


This report analyzes the current state of R&D in agricultural biotechnology in Latin America and the Caribbean in the context of development of the sector. The objectives of this report where first to estimate biofuel production potential based on current land use, productivity patterns and available technologies, examine the determinants of energy and biofuel supply and demand, and finally, develop a forward looking analysis of the long term impact of biofuel expansion in Latin America and its effects on prices, trade, food security, malnutrition and other indicators. The analysis of the current feedstock production possibilities show that most countries in Latin America continue to lag behind in terms of productivity, with a few exceptions. This conclusion leads to the need to further support strengthening the agricultural sector by improving input and output markets and value added chains.


The present study is interested in watching the impact of the skills of phonological treatment (processing) of the phonological consciousness and the memory of phonological work (phonological buckle (loop)) on the development of the mechanisms of the reader and its difficulties. The study was led on a total sample of 280 males and feminine pupils of the third and the fourth levels of the primary phase, their rate of age between 8 11 years, including 50 children suffering from phonological dyslexia estimated by a test of reader aloud has lists of the words, the so called words and non-words. For that purpose, the researcher builds tools to measure the variables of the study to reach his goals, in particular both main objectives: the first one is to identify the relation between the phonological consciousness and the memory of phonological work with the reading on one hand and the dyslexia On the other hand, to determine the cause of the dyslexia and their contributions (taxes), the second is assured (insured) the efficiency of the program of treatment (processing) pedagogies for the dyslexia. In general, children with dyslexia have a great and persistent difficulty in phonological representations, explicit language units in conjunction with speech recognition skills. Resulted in our results supports the evolutionary hypothesis of the public deficit in the phonological processing skills, and concluded that awareness rhymes appear before tomography phonemic awareness and that of the child at this level of difficulty answering phoneme (vowel and consonants). In addition, multiple regression analysis shows that the decline in the phonological memory is the best indicator of dyslexia Arabic language weak phonological awareness. The studies also reached focus on the effectiveness of the proposed program for the treatment of specific phonological dyslexia and generally improve.


This book is the essential new introduction to modern string theory, by one of the world's authorities on the subject. Concise, clearly presented, and up-to-date, 'String Theory in a Nutshell' brings together the best understood and most important aspects of a theory that has been evolving since the early 1980s. A core model of physics that substitutes one-dimensional extended "strings" for zero-dimensional point-like particles (as in quantum field theory), string theory has been the leading candidate for a theory that would successfully unify all fundamental forces of nature, including gravity. Starting with the basic definitions of the theory, Elias Kiritsis guides readers through classic and modern topics. In particular, he treats perturbative string theory and its Conformal Field Theory (CFT) tools in detail while also developing nonperturbative aspects and exploring the unity of string interactions. He presents recent topics including black holes, their microscopic entropy, and the AdS/CFT correspondence. He also describes matrix model tools for string theory. In all, the book contains nearly five hundred exercises for the graduate-level student, and works as a self-contained and detailed guide to the literature. 'String Theory in a Nutshell' is the staple one-volume reference on the subject not only for students and researchers of theoretical high-energy physics, but also for mathematicians and physicists specializing in theoretical cosmology and QCD.


Carter Hugh Manny was not an architectural historian, critic, or curator, but in his long career as a prominent Chicago architect, director of the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, and active participant in Chicago's architectural world, he had an impact on the direction of architectural history that reached far beyond Chicago. His outsize influence on our field was due in great part to the fact that he was also a gentleman of the old school, a man of considerable tact and charm, with a sense of duty and a personal modesty that allowed him to take a careful, measured, and wide embrace of architectural history.

Carter H. Manny Jr. (photo courtesy of the Graham Foundation).

Carter was born in 1918 to a middle-class family in Michigan City, Indiana, a town at the southern tip of Lake Michigan about fifty miles east of Chicago. His family had deep ties in Michigan City, and Carter, like his businessman father, continued to call that city home throughout his career in Chicago. He attended public schools in Michigan City, graduating from high school in 1937. When he entered Harvard that fall, he started with courses useful for a business career, but a survey course in fine arts taught by Wilhelm Kohler changed his mind, and he turned to architecture. At the time, the Harvard School of Design was headed by Walter Gropius, whom Carter got to know well because of the small student body, but there were still many faculty members who had come up through the Beaux-Arts system. By the end of his undergraduate days, Carter had become a convinced modernist whose heroes were European avant-gardists like Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, yet he was also interested in the work of many other architects, especially Frank …


Estate planning is a field in which attorneys often represent members of the same family of different generations. This frequently leads to situations in which the family members have conflicting, or at least potentially conflicting, financial interests. Unfortunately, attorneys sometimes do not recognize the difficulties that such conflicting interests may cause until a full-blown fight develops between members of the family. At that point, the attorney may find himself open to a disciplinary complaint or a malpractice action, or, at the very least, a group of unhappy former clients. Special concerns arise when one or more of the family members is in a declining physical or mental state as a result of aging. In that instance, an attorney must be even more sensitive to representing all of his clients zealously and avoiding conflicts of interest between his clients. In a related vein, an attorney is often faced with a situation where an older person is brought to talk with the lawyer by a younger family member. Perhaps because of declining abilities, older clients are more likely than younger clients to be accompanied to the lawyer's office by family members. These visits can raise issues of joint representation and loyalty to the client. Even when the situation is not technically a "multi-generation" representation, the issue of "multi-generation consultation" can also raise professional responsibility concerns. This last concept has not been the subject of much discussion in the extant literature, perhaps because it is only partly addressed by the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. This article will first examine the rules of professional conduct that govern multi-generation representation and representation of clients who may be impaired. It will then examine some of the case law dealing with situations in which multi-generation representation caused problems for both the attorney and the clients. Next, this article will explore the data about the aging process and loss of capacity with a focus on representing older clients. Finally, it will analyze several hypothetical situations with the goal of adequately representing clients' interests while avoiding potential difficulties.


There have been a number of studies on study skills in the past few decades but have been limited to developed countries. Concerns have also been raised by various researchers about the latent constructs of existing western scales to assess study skills. The objective of this study was to develop, standardize and validate a culturally sensitive study skills questionnaire (SSQ). Methods: a stratified random sample of secondary school students (n = 649) between age 12 and 21 completed SSQ, developed through a three stage procedure. Psychometric properties of the instrument including reliability (internal consistencies and test-retest reliability), validity (content, convergent and criterion), item correlation and latent constructs were assessed. Result: The internal consistencies of the eight subscales were acceptable (r = 0.85 to 0.86; p < 0.001) and the intra-class coefficient was good (r = 0.871, p < 0.001). SSQ subscales had an acceptable three-week test-retest reliability (r = 0.598 to 0.878; p < 0.001) and good convergent and criterion validity. Using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal cut-off score was 114.5 (sensitivity = 0.780; specificity = 0.735). SSQ had two latent constructs (will and skill) accounting for 56.98% of the total variance. These constructs were interrelated and were both significant predictors of academic performance. Conclusion: SSQ has good psychometric properties among secondary schools students in Nigeria. Because of its validity, reliability, and ease of administration, the SSQ is a valuable tool in diagnosis and prescriptive purposes. More studies are needed to ascertain the potentials of this instrument.


Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been widely used for knowledge extraction from biomedical datasets and constitute an important role in bio-data exploration and analysis. In this work, we proposed a new curvilinear algorithm for training large neural networks which is based on the analysis of the eigenstructure of the memoryless BFGS matrices. The proposed method preserves the strong convergence properties provided by the quasi-Newton direction while simultaneously it exploits the nonconvexity of the error surface through the computation of the negative curvature direction without using any storage and matrix factorization.
Moreover, for improving the generalization capability of trained ANNs, we explore the incorporation of several dimensionality reduction techniques as a pre-processing step.


PURPOSE
To quantify S-antigen-specific (S-Ag) T cells in the retina after adoptive transfer, and to evaluate their role in the initiation and progress of destructive ocular inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU).

METHODS
Lewis rats were administered 10 x 10(6) S-Ag-specific T cells from the SP35 cell line or 10 x 10(6) concanavalin A-stimulated syngeneic spleen cell lymphoblasts labeled with lipophilic PKH26 fluorescent dye immediately before intravenous inoculation. Labeled cells in each retina were counted at various times from 4 to 120 hours after cell transfer by fluorescence microscopic analysis of each dissociated retina. Recipient eyes were examined within the same period by light and confocal microscope.

RESULTS
SP35 T cells showed a biphasic distribution in the retina. The first peak of 160 cells/retina was noted at 24 hours. A steady decline of labeled cells at 48 and 72 hours was followed by a rapid increase at 96 and 120 hours. Concanavalin A-stimulated, control-labeled cell populations showed an identical peak at 24 hours but a persistent decline thereafter; only two or three T cells were present in each retina at 120 hours. Concurrent inoculation of SP35 cells and nonspecific T cell blasts did not produce more SP35 cells than control cells in the retina at any time. Microscopic analysis showed mononuclear cell infiltration of the iris, ciliary body, and aqueous humor at 48 hours, which intensified rapidly and persisted through 120 hours. Retinal inflammation did not begin until 80 hours. Mononuclear cell adherence to vascular endothelium and perivascular macrophage infiltration of the innermost layers progressed to edema, and profound destructive inflammation and loss of retinal stratification were observed at 120 hours.

CONCLUSIONS
There is no evidence of a blood-ocular or blood-retinal barrier to activated T cell blasts. Autologous S-Ag does not provoke a more rapid entry of specific T cells at that site. The data confirm that anterior segment inflammation precedes retinal inflammation, even though S-Ag-specific T cells were present in the retina within a few hours after cell transfer. Because S-Ag is clearly present in the retina, delay in antigen presentation at that site may account for the temporal difference between retinal and anterior segment inflammation.


This paper uses the Minimum Description Length paradigm to model the complexity of CxGs (operationalized as the encoding size of a grammar) alongside their descriptive adequacy (operationalized as the encoding size of a corpus given a grammar). These two quantities are combined to measure the quality of potential CxGs against unannotated corpora, supporting discovery-device CxGs for English, Spanish, French, German, and Italian. The results show (i) that these grammars provide significant generalizations as measured using compression and (ii) that more complex CxGs with access to multiple levels of representation provide greater generalizations than single-representation CxGs.


A large number of vision applications rely on matching keypoints across images. The last decade featured an arms-race towards faster and more robust keypoints and association algorithms: Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)[17], Speed-up Robust Feature (SURF)[4], and more recently Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints (BRISK)[I6] to name a few. These days, the deployment of vision algorithms on smart phones and embedded devices with low memory and computation complexity has even upped the ante: the goal is to make descriptors faster to compute, more compact while remaining robust to scale, rotation and noise. To best address the current requirements, we propose a novel keypoint descriptor inspired by the human visual system and more precisely the retina, coined Fast Retina Keypoint (FREAK). A cascade of binary strings is computed by efficiently comparing image intensities over a retinal sampling pattern. Our experiments show that FREAKs are in general faster to compute with lower memory load and also more robust than SIFT, SURF or BRISK. They are thus competitive alternatives to existing keypoints in particular for embedded applications.


As time passes, the AIDS pandemic continues to spike, affecting an estimated 38.6 million people worldwide. In response, a satellite health clinic is being d esigned by two Cal Poly students to serve the Maasai people living in the Kajiado district in Southern Kenya. The Maasai have traditionally lived as pastoralists, surviving off of their cattle with which they share their water, increasing the risk for contamination. However, as the population of Kenya increases, the land the Maasai have traditionally used for grazing is shrink ing. For this reason, some have turned to farming to maintain their liveli hood. These factors have contributed to the desertification and deforestation of their region. As the lifestyle of the Maasai evolves, they rely more on maize than meat and dairy products for their nutrients. All of these changes have contributed to the evolution of the Maasai culture. We will address these changes in order to better understand the Maasai, as well as highlight pos sible further aid needed to support their survival.


An experimental study was conducted to examine crude oil degradation in different soil (clay, sandy loamy and swampy soil) of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml × 10 kg-1 pollution. The polluted crude oil and soil samples were obtained from Niger Delta area of Nigeria and microbial analysis were conducted on the samples for the purpose of identification, isolation and characterization of possible microbes with a view to determine the kinetics of the reaction (microbial growth rate). Model equations were developed to simulate the degradation and microbial growth rate kinetics of different soil polluted with crude oil as a function of volume, time, substrate concentration and specific rate. The increase in volume of crude oil applied in the soil samples also induced the microbial activities and the two microbial species discussed in this paper is applicable to the study of the kinetics of biodegradation and the characterization of the product, heat generated and new biomass produced in the system.

 Key words:  Investigation, kinetics, biodegradation, crude oil, different soil.


In this paper, we have proposed a novel approach using Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) for the potential management of the spectrum access. We have used four descriptors such as spectrum utilization efficiency of the secondary user, mobility, distance of the primary user, and signal strengths of the secondary users. On the basis of these descriptors, there are 81 fuzzy rules have been setup, which are based on the linguistic knowledge. The output of the FLS provide the possibility of accessing spectrum band for secondary users and the user with the greatest possibility has to assigned the available spectrum band.


A mode solver based on the spectral element method with mesh adaptation is proposed to calculate the modal characteristics of a semivectorial field in open varying-index optical waveguides. General optical waveguides with varying refractive indices are studied for the transverse electric and transverse magnetic cases, where perfectly matched layers (PMLs) are used to truncate the unbounded waveguides. The optical field expanded by a suitable set of orthogonal basis points (Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre or Gauss–Chebyshev collocation points) through the spectral element method are all represented by processing of characterization of composite material through mesh adaptation. By this combined solver, a large number of accurate PML modes can be easily calculated. Our results are still found to be in good agreement with those produced by other numerical methods, but with more efficiency. Additionally, the relations of the PML modes' distribution to the parameters of PMLs are analyzed through the pitchfork phenomenon in the spectrum.


"Some people seem to be able to talk anybody into anything! Do they simply possess a natural talent that the rest of us can never hope to imitate? This refreshing books says ""No!"" and provides readers with a unique, proven, step-by-step analytical thinking process that anyone can use to analyze, organize, and present information in a persuasive way. The Anatomy of Persuasion literally dissects each step in the persuasion process. Readers will turn their great ideas into tangible realities as they learn how to: * apply the two major principles of communication * perceive the needs of others * present the features and benefits of their idea * understand the subconscious decisions people often make * create a logical, error-free proposal (oral or written) that will win the day."


Abstract In general, using simulations to solve problems of human behaviour, as is done in engineering, is particularly difficult. Making use of research into motor vehicle manoeuvrability, this article studies, from the engineering perspective, a computer simulation of working memory processing disabilities of automobile drivers. Firstly, utilizing theories drawn from cognitive psychology, motor vehicle manoeuvrability dynamics, and fuzzy control theory, a driver working memory simulation model is advanced. The model integrates working memory, which is a critical factor in predicting complex cognitive manipulation activities. Secondly, the driver's working memory processing is simulated using the model, and its effects on motor vehicle manoeuvrability and stability are assessed. The test result shows that there is an optimal range of processing time for driving. The lower limit of the range is limited by human physiological limits. The upper limit is defined by the task's complexity. The task could not be finished if the information processing time for finishing the complex task is greater than the upper limit.


This clear and accessible book for beginning graduate students offers a practical and detailed approach to the field of statistical inference, providing complete derivations of results, discussions, and MATLAB programs for computation. It emphasizes details of the relevance of the material, intuition, and discussions with a view towards very modern statistical inference. In addition to classic subjects associated with mathematical statistics, topics include an intuitive presentation of the (single and double) bootstrap for confidence interval calculations, shrinkage estimation, tail (maximal moment) estimation, and a variety of methods of point estimation besides maximum likelihood, including use of characteristic functions, and indirect inference. Practical examples of all methods are given. Estimation issues associated with the discrete mixtures of normal distribution, and their solutions, are developed in detail. Much emphasis throughout is on non-Gaussian distributions, including details on working with the stable Paretian distribution and fast calculation of the noncentral Student's t. An entire chapter is dedicated to optimization, including development of Hessian-based methods, as well as heuristic/genetic algorithms that do not require continuity, with MATLAB codes provided.


A nonlinear optical effect in which a linearly polarized wave propagating in a single quadratic medium is converted into a wave that is cross polarized to the input wave is investigated theoretically and observed experimentally in β-barium borate crystal. It is proved that this effect is a result of cascading of two different second-order processes. It starts with the generation of an extraordinary second-harmonic wave by type I interaction and is followed by type II difference-frequency mixing between the second-harmonic wave and the ordinary fundamental wave. The experiment was performed (a) for phase-matched type I interaction and non-phase-matched type II interaction and (b) for non-phase-matched type I interaction and phase-matched type II interaction. The observed generation of a cross-polarized wave is to our knowledge the only cubic effect whose first manifestation has been observed in quadratic crystal.


The income tax systems of most countries entail a favourable treatment of homeownership, compared to rental-occupied housing. Such 'homeownership bias' and its consequences for a wide range of economic outcomes have long been recognised in the economic literature. Although a removal of the homeownership bias is generally advocated on efficiency grounds, its distributional implications are often neglected, especially in a cross-country perspective. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by investigating the first-order effects, in terms of distribution of income and work incentives, of removing the income tax provisions favouring homeownership. We consider six European countries – Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK – that exhibit important variation in terms of income tax treatment of homeowners. Using the multi-country tax benefit model EUROMOD, we analyse the distributional consequences of including net imputed rent in the taxable income definition that applies in each country, together with the removal of existing special tax treatments of incomes or expenses related to the main residence; thus, we provide a measure of the homeownership bias. We implement three tax policy scenarios. In the first, imputed rent is included in the taxable income of homeowners, while at the same time existing mortgage interest tax relief schemes and taxation of cadastral incomes are abolished. In the two further revenue-neutral scenarios, the additional tax revenue raised through the taxation of imputed rent is redistributed to taxpayers, through either a tax rate reduction or a tax exemption increase. The results show how including net imputed rent in the tax base might affect inequality in each of the countries considered. Housing taxation appears to be a promising avenue for raising additional revenues, or lightening taxation of labour, with no inequality-increasing side effects.


Dear Colleagues,   It gives us immense pleasure to inform you that Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (IVMA) is organizing the 20th Federation of Asian Veterinary Associations Congress (FAVA Congress) & the 18th Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association Congress (IVMA Congress) an International Congress, Seminar and Workshop. The event will be held in the Nusa Dua, Bali, the very famous paradise island and international tourist destination from October 30th to November 3rd, 2018.   The current congress will be enriched and compose of several satellite meeting of international and national veterinary organizations such as The 40th FAVA Council Meeting, 15th IVMA International Veterinary Scientific Conference and Animal Health Expo, The 2nd JSPS Core-to-Core Program Tripartite Meeting, The 1st FAVA-AVA Joint Meeting, ASEAN Veterinary Statutory Body Network (AVSBN) Meeting, Meeting of IVMA's Organizations of Veterinary Specialty and Scientific Interest Groups, Indonesian Animal Hospital Association (ARSHI) Meeting and the 16th PIDHI Meeting. It is expected to be a big event in veterinary field in 2018 with expected more than 1,000 participants coming around the country as well as foreign participants from Asian countries and other continents.   In this opportunity, a very basic Veterinary Role as an important profession was chosen as the theme of the present event "To Serve Mankind through Animal Kingdom". The Organizing Committee cordially invites all the Veterinarian, Veterinary and Biomedical Scientists, Animal Husbandry practitioners, Human Medical, Academicians, Scholars and other related professions in Asia and other continents to take part in this event.   The Congress and Scientific seminar will focus on the improvement of the role of veterinary professions in Asian countries as well as recent developments, trends and technologies available for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatments as well as productivity and quality of animals and animal products. The main objective of this event is to bridging government-academicians–business sector and public participation to achieve the goal for better serve and better quality of life. Thank you.Sincerely, Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto, Chairman of the Organizing Committee


Since 2007, Ireland has suffered a circa 80% reduction in construction output. This has resulted in bankruptcy, unemployment and bad debt. Contractors have attached greater emphasis to production efficiency and cost reduction as a means of survival. An action research (AR) strategy was used to improve processes adopted by a small/medium enterprise (SME) contractor for the control of defects in its supply chain. It is conservatively estimated that rework, typically, accounts for circa 5% of total project costs. Rework is wasteful and presents an obvious target for improvement. The research reported here concerns the (first) diagnosing stage of the AR cycle only, involving: observation of fieldwork, analysis of contract documents, and semi-structured interviews with supply chain members. The results indicate potential for supply chain participants to identify root causes of defects and propose solutions, having regard to best practice to avoid reoccurrence. A lack of collaborative forums to contribute to production improvement was identified. Additionally the processes used to collect, manage and disseminate data were unstructured and uncoordinated, indicating scope for developing more efficient methods. The findings indicate a good understanding of the potential benefits for supply chain collaboration but suggest that the tools and knowledge to collaborate are currently lacking in the SME sector.


This paper presents results of an architectural research regarding public Brazilian social housing production. Its goal was to evaluate the design, technological-constructive, economic and management feasibility of producing, as well as the financial feasibility for dwellers to access a more adequate dwelling, in light of the Open Building approach. The investigation arises from two issues: [1] spatial rigidity of units and buildings and [2] the absence of dwellers in the decision-making process once currently this producton is the result of the exclusive partnership between State and Market. Besides the inadequacy when meeting families' housing needs, the current rate of housing production is low compared to the predominant housing provision performed by the Autoconstruction. This paper demonstrates that Habraken's Supports Theory is, as a counterpoint, an effective way of reconciling the contradictions mentioned and replacing the obsolete paradigm with a new interweaving of Autoconstruction and State/Market production traditions and possibilities. Based on the distinction between the levels of decision-making, collective decisions (manifested in a Support or Base Building) and decisions respecting the autonomy of individual dwellings (Infill or Fit-out), the Open Building approach solves simultaneously, and interdependently, the physical, but also social and political problems identified in the research.


Deep generative models, particularly those that aim to factorize the observations into discrete entities (such as objects), must often use iterative inference procedures that break symmetries among equally plausible explanations for the data. Such inference procedures include variants of the expectation-maximization algorithm and structurally resemble clustering algorithms in a latent space. However, combining such methods with deep neural networks necessitates differentiating through the inference process, which can make optimization exceptionally challenging. In this work, we observe that such iterative inference methods can be made differentiable by means of the implicit function theorem, and develop an implicit differentiation approach that improves the stability and tractability of training such models by decoupling the forward and backward passes. This connection enables us to apply recent advances in optimizing implicit layers to not only improve the stability and optimization of the slot attention module in SLATE, a state-of-the-art method for learning entity representations, but do so with constant space and time complexity in backpropagation and only one additional line of code.


Chemotherapy is the preferred choice for treatment of advance breast cancer (BrCa). In most cases, cytotoxic drugs are used at or near a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) to achieve maximum response and eradicate the neoplastic cells, at the same time MTD doses are often toxic and have severe side effects. Lower dose i.e. "optimal biological response modifier dose" (OBRMD) provides potentially beneficial responses, but is not capable of achieving optimal clinical response. Hence, the focus of this study was to achieve the optimal therapeutic outcome of Docetaxel (DTX) at a lower dose by using it in combination with Apigenin (API), a dietary flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables. Effect of DTX and API, either alone or in combination on BrCa cells viability and apoptosis was determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. We further investigated the mechanism of enhanced efficacy of DTX using western blot analysis and real time qPCR. Significant decrease in cell viability was observed when cells were treated with low dose DTX in combination with API as compared to either of the agent used individually in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MCF 10A cells. Real time analysis showed that API up regulates pro-apoptotic molecules and down regulates anti-apoptotic molecules when using in combination with DTX. These findings suggest that Apigenin is capable of reducing the effective dose of docetaxel. Hence, this new modality may have better therapeutic outcome with minimal or no toxicity. Citation Format: Jeronay King, Hina Mir, Neeraj Kapur, Shailesh Singh. Improving therapeutic efficacy of Docetaxel in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3499. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3499


This paper employs regression discontinuity methods to identify the effect of formality on Brazilian micro-firm performance. The SIMPLES program introduced in November 1996 consolidated multiple taxes and social security contributions into a single payment and reduced taxes for eligible small firms. This provides a quasi-natural experiment that allows us to eliminate many of the endogeneity issues surrounding the impact of formality, measured across several dimensions, on firm performance. We find that SIMPLES had a significant effect on the proportion of firms that have a license to operate, are registered as a legal entity, pay taxes and make social security contributions. Moreover, newly created firms that opt for operating formally achieve higher levels of revenue and profits, employ more workers and are more capital intensive (only for those firms that have employees). The channel through which this occurs is not access to credit or contracts with larger firms. Rather, it appears that the lower cost of contracting labor leads to adopting production techniques that involve greater permanence and a larger paid labor force.


A finite impulse response (FIR) filter for microwave signal processing implemented based on an optical delay-line structure with uniformly spaced taps has been extensively investigated, but the realization of such a filter with negative or complex tap coefficients to provide an arbitrary frequency response is still a challenge. In this paper, an overview of photonic microwave delay-line filters with nonuniformly spaced taps, by which an arbitrary bandpass frequency response can be achieved with all-positive tap coefficients, is presented. We show that the nonuniform time delays provide equivalent phase shifts to the tap coefficients, while the all-positive-coefficient nature simplifies greatly the filter realization. Based on the theory, a 50-tap flat-top bandpass filter with a quadratic phase response is designed and analyzed. A seven-tap nonuniformly spaced photonic microwave filter with a flat-top and chirp-free bandpass response is then demonstrated. The use of the proposed technique for advanced microwave signal processing is then discussed. The generation of a chirped microwave signal and a phase-coded microwave signal are discussed and demonstrated. The use of the proposed technique to design a FIR filter for microwave matched filtering is also discussed and experimentally demonstrated.


Migraine is a chronic neurovascular disease with a complex, not fully understood pathophysiology with multiple causes. People with migraine suffer from recurrent moderate to severe headache attacks varying from 4 to 72 h. The prevalence of migraine is two to three times higher in women compared with men. Importantly, it is the most disabling disease in women <50 years of age due to a high number of years lived with disability, resulting in a very high global socioeconomic burden. Robust evidence exists on the association between migraine with aura and increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in particular ischaemic stroke. People with migraine with aura have an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death compared with those without migraine. Ongoing studies investigate the relation between migraine and angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries and migraine patients with patent foramen ovale. Medication for the treatment of migraine can be preventative medication, such as beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, antiepileptics, antidepressants, some of the long-acting calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists, or monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptor, or acute medication, such as triptans and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists. However, these medications might raise concerns when migraine patients also have CVD due to possible (coronary) side effects. Specifically, knowledge gaps remain for the contraindication to newer treatments for migraine. All cardiologists will encounter patients with CVD and migraine. This state-of-the-art review will outline the basic pathophysiology of migraine and the associations between migraine and CVD, discuss current therapies, and propose future directions for research.


We provide here a user-friendly guide to find the optimum i-line (365 nm) photolithographic exposure dose of an arbitrary thickness of SU-8 on various substrate materials and thin film coatings used in MEMS, microsystems and microelectronics technologies: semiconductors, 2D materials (graphene and MoS2) plastics, glass, metals and ceramics. By considering the variation of the absorption coefficient of SU-8 to ultraviolet light and the effect of partial reflections during the photolithography, we develop an analytical model for the exposure of SU-8. The critical exposure dose of the SU-8 enables a calculation of the exact greyscale photolithographic exposure time of the photoresist which optimizes the fabrication of microsystems structures (microcantilevers, microbridges, microchannels…) of a desired thickness. The optimum exposure doses are presented in both graphical and tabular format to enable user-friendly information based on the desired SU-8 thickness, the desired greyscale thickness and the specific wafer or coating used for the deposition. Interestingly, in the context of grey-scale lithography the model predicts that the surface reflectivity has a major impact on the resulting membrane thickness for a fixed dose and reducing the SU-8 thickness – on a highly reflecting surface a thicker membrane is obtained, on a low reflecting surface a thinner membrane in obtained when reducing the SU-8 thickness. The result is a useful guide for designers working with SU-8 in the context of many fabrication processes, e.g. MEMS, laboratory on a chip, microfluidics, microsystems, microengineering, micromoulding, and flexible electronics etc. – where a myriad of coatings and wafers are now used.


The assistance of the dairy farmers community in implementing the use of herbal probiotics as an innovation program requires communication. This program is a behavior change program in dairy farming by farmers. The communication needed is intensive between companion and community. This is an interaction between the two because of cooperation. Collaboration because of the same interest, so it must be communicated. It also requires communication that can lead to collective action, because there is participation in the process of change / development. Communication is a feature of development communication. Therefore, the aim of the study is to explain development communication in the assistance of the community of dairy farmers. The method used is qualitative research methods. The study was conducted in the village of Nogosaren, Getasan sub-district, Semarang Regency. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The population is 932 breeders, which are used to attract informants as research samples. The technique of collecting data using in-depth interviews. The results of the study indicate that the interaction between companion and community requires a centralized model of communication to collaborate. There are three main elements in centralized communication, which are contained in mentoring activities. Mentoring activities about program socialization are elements of physical reality. Mentoring activities on identifying community problems, awareness of farmers to improve livestock cultivation, application of herbal probiotic innovations including supporting elements of use and how to procure supporting elements, are elements of psychological reality. Mentoring activities on community agreements in the implementation of procurement of support for the use and use of herbal probiotics are an element of social reality. In social reality, there is a community's interest in engaging in activities that are not separated from their basic needs, namely, increasing milk yields to increase income. Discussion of research results; development communication, which is communication for change, is needed in every assistance. All realities which are the main elements are used to convey information needed by the community, educational efforts for the community, increasing knowledge and increasing skills to be able to implement the program. The four stages carried out by the companion contained communication. The conclusion of the study is development communication or communication for change using a centralized communication model. This model colors the entire farmer community assistance activities, because in the mentoring steps there are elements of a centralized communication model, namely physical, psychological and social reality.


In this essay I address the question posed by Bill Klein that formed the basis for the symposium in which this piece appears: What are the criteria for good corporate law? I begin with the presumption that has dominated American thinking about corporations almost from the inception - corporate law should seek to promote efficiency. But there is a second dimension of equal importance that helps to legitimate this first goal. Corporate law should seek to protect those who are vulnerable to the corporation. Efficiency is almost always taken to mean efficiency to the end of wealth maximization. I question this assumption and argue that it is both an undesirable goal from the corporation's perspective as well as an incoherent goal. The proper metric for efficiency is, instead, efficiency in the production of goods and the provision of services. Production of goods and the provision of services is why, after all, we permit corporations to exist. Once the undesirability and incoherence of wealth maximization and the virtues of this new metric become clear, the protection of those vulnerable to the corporation becomes easier to conceptualize and make operational. In the end, however, to be good corporate law, as to be good law generally, we must be honest both about what law is doing and what it is capable of accomplishing. I conclude that law has little if any role to play in creating rules or incentives for corporations to maximize the efficiency of their production of goods and services. The best law can do in this regard is to get out of the way. I further conclude that we have been dishonest in our assertions that corporate law protects shareholders.


: Myocardial necrosis triggers an inflammatory reaction that clears the wound from dead cells and matrix debris, while activating reparative pathways necessary for scar formation. A growing body of evidence suggests that accentuation, prolongation, or expansion of the postinfarction inflammatory response results in worse remodeling and dysfunction following myocardial infarction. This review manuscript discusses the cellular effectors and endogenous molecular signals implicated in suppression and containment of the inflammatory response in the infarcted heart. Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, recruitment of inhibitory monocyte subsets and regulatory T cells, macrophage differentiation and pericyte/endothelial interactions may play an active role in restraining postinfarction inflammation. Multiple molecular signals may be involved in suppressing the inflammatory cascade. Negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling, downmodulation of cytokine responses, and termination of chemokine signals may be mediated through the concerted action of multiple suppressive pathways that prevent extension of injury and protect from adverse remodeling. Expression of soluble endogenous antagonists, decoy receptors, and posttranslational processing of bioactive molecules may limit cytokine and chemokine actions. Interleukin-10, members of the transforming growth factor- (cid:1) family, and proresolving lipid mediators (such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins) may suppress proinflammatory signaling. In human patients with myocardial infarction, defective suppression, and impaired resolution of inflammation may be important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of remodeling and in progression to heart failure. Understanding of inhibitory and proresolving signals in the infarcted heart and identification of patients with uncontrolled postinfarction inflammation and defective cardiac repair is needed to design novel therapeutic strategies. ( Circ Res . 2012;110:159-173.) and proresolving mediators including interleukin-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)- (cid:2) , and lipoxins. Third, expression of decoy cytokine receptors by neu- trophils may promote cytokine scavenging. Increased expression of chemokine receptors (such as CCR5) in apoptotic neu- trophils may serve as a molecular trap for chemokines terminating their action.


From phase boundary mapping, we find that the thermoelectric TiNiSn half-Heusler phase shows a narrow solubility range on the Ti–Ni–Sn phase diagram primarily in the range of excess Ni that can be approximated as TiNi1+xSn, where x is temperature dependent with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.06 at 1223 K. Four phase boundary compositions with different Ni contents associated with four three-phase regions are identified. We characterize the thermoelectric properties of these stable compositions and find significant difference between Ni-rich and Ni-poor phase boundary compositions of TiNiSn, which amounts up to 41%, 58%, and 25% difference in the Seebeck coefficient, lattice thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric figure of merit respectively. This explains the large discrepancy of literature data on the thermoelectric properties of TiNiSn within a unified phase diagram framework. We demonstrate that Ni-rich TiNiSn results in a narrower band gap using the Goldsmid formula, which we interpret to be due to the formation of an impurity band from interstitial Ni in the forbidden gap as previously suggested. Interstitial Ni atoms scatter both electrons and phonons, with the latter effect being much stronger, thus a lower lattice thermal conductivity compensates for the decrease in electron mobility leading to a high zT value of 0.6 at 850 K for intrinsic Ni-rich TiNiSn. With Sb doping, the carrier concentration in these stable boundary compositions can be tuned but the distinct features in their transport properties remain unchanged. A maximum zT value of 0.6 was also achieved at 850 K for intrinsic Ni-poor TiNiSn upon Sb doping.


The optimization of hydrolysis conditions in terms of pH, temperature, enzymesubstrate
(ES) ratio and hydrolysis time for the production of threadfin bream
(Nemipterus japonicus) hydrolysate was studied. Alcalase showed a higher
percent nitrogen recovery (% NR) than Flavourzyme: Protamex mixture. By
using Alcalase, the optimum hydrolysis conditions were pH 8.5, 60°C, ES2%
and 120 min hydrolysis time. At least twenty percent degree of hydrolysis (% DH) and 70% NR was achieved. The yield of spray-dried hydrolysate
hydrolysed under these conditions was 4%. The hydrolysate was white in
color, highly soluble over a wide pH range, high in protein and essential amino
acids but low in fat. The hydrolysate also exhibited an improvement in foam
ability in comparison to the threadfin bream muscle but the foam was unstable.
Hydrolysis with Alcalase also produced hydrolysate with poor emulsifying
properties. The major free amino acids in the hydrolysate were glutamic acid,aspartic acid, lysine, leucine and arginine in which glutamic acid was the
dominant amino acid. Bitter amino acids methionine, valine, isoleucine,
phenylalanine, leucine, arginine and tyrosine comprised of 42.34% of the total
free amino acids. The inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) content was higher in
the hydrolysate than that in the muscle. SDS-PAGE showed the presence of
twenty peptide bands in the muscle having molecular weight between 7.2 to
87.6 kD and thirteen in the hydrolysate with molecular weight between 7.2 to
64 kD. For Sephadex G-75 fractions (FR), no peptide bands were seen in FR
I, III, IV, VI, VII and VIII. FR II and V showed the presence of respectively five
and seven peptide bands with molecular weight between 11.4 to 54 kD and
10.5 to 51.3 kD. Histamine content in the muscle was found to be 14.45 mgkg
1 but no histamine was detected in the hydrolysate. Sensory evaluation of the
hydrolysate indicated that it was fishy in flavor and constitutes three basic
tastes namely bitter, umami and salty with umami and bitterness as the
dominating tastes.


Roundabouts are renowned to be one of the safest treatments at intersections. However, a common criticism of roundabouts is that they do not cater well for pedestrians. The City of Port Phillip in Melbourne, Victoria, constructed an innovative treatment at a busy suburban roundabout designed to provide greater safety and convenience for pedestrians. The design provides right-of-way for pedestrians directly at the intersection as opposed to standard roundabout design. A before-and-after study was undertaken to evaluate the success of this design in terms of pedestrian safety and convenience. Vehicle speed was measured at locations indicative of pedestrian crash and injury risk, and pedestrian convenience was measured through changes in total crossing time. Pedestrian compliance was also measured as an indicator of both safety and convenience. Video footage of the site was captured to further establish treatment effects. Finally, surveys were conducted to assess change in pedestrian perceptions of the roundabout. The results indicated a general decrease in mean vehicle speed, greater pedestrian compliance with the crossings, and reduced waiting time for pedestrians, suggesting greater convenience and safety with the new treatment. The surveys of pedestrians reflected these findings, responses being generally positive towards the treatment. Effects on all roadusers need to be determined for future work.


"Wow, what can I say? Chapter 4, 'The Build Lab and Personnel,' by itself is enough justification to purchase the book! Vince is obviously a 'Dirty Finger Nails' build meister and there is a lot we can all learn from how he got them dirty! There are so many gems of wisdom throughout this book it's hard to know where to start describing them! It starts where SCM should start, at the end, and works its way forward. This book is a perfect complement to the 'Follow the Files' approach to SCM that I espouse. I will recommend that every software lead and software configuration management person I work with be required to read this book!"-Bob Ventimiglia, autonomic logistics software configuration manager, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics"The Build Master contains some truly new information; most of the chapters discuss points that many people in the industry don't have a full understanding of and need to know. It's written in a way that is easy to read and will help a reader fill holes in their vision regarding software build management. I especially liked Vince's use of Microsoft stories to make his points throughout the book. I will purchase the book and make certain chapters mandatory reading for my build manager consultants."-Steve Konieczka, SCM consultant"Vince does a great job of providing the details of an actual working build process. It can be very useful for those who must tackle this task within their own organization. Also the 'Microsoft Notes' found throughout the book provide a very keen insight into the workings of Microsoft. This alone is worth purchasing this book."-Mario E. Moreira, author of Software Configuration Management Implementation Roadmap and columnist at CM Crossroads"Software configuration management professionals will find this book presents practical ideas for managing code throughout the software development and deployment lifecycles. Drawing on lessons learned, the author provides real-world examples and solutions to help you avoid the traps and pitfalls common in today's environments that require advanced and elegant software controls."-Sean W. Sides, senior technical configuration manager, Great-West Healthcare Information Systems"If you think compiling your application is a build process, then this book is for you. Vince gives us a real look at the build process. With his extensive experience in the area at Microsoft, a reader will get a look in at the Microsoft machine and also how a mature build process should work. This is a must read for anyone doing serious software development."-Jon Box, Microsoft regional director, ProTech Systems Group"Did you ever wonder how Microsoft manages to ship increasingly complex software? In The Build Master, specialist Vince Maraia provides an insider's look."-Bernard Vander Beken, software developer, jawn.net"This book offers an interesting look into how Microsoft manages internal development of large projects and provides excellent insight into the kinds of build/SCM things you can do for your large-scale projects."-Lance Johnston, vice president of Software Development, SCM Labs, Inc."The Build Master provides an interesting insight into how large software systems are built at Microsoft covering the set up of their build labs and the current and future tools used. The sections on security, globalization, and versioning were quite helpful as these areas tend to be overlooked."-Chris Brown, ThoughtWorks, consultant"The Build Master is a great read. Managing builds is crucial to the profitable delivery of high-quality software. Until now, the build process has been one of the least-understood stages of the entire development lifecycle. This book helps you implement a smoother, faster, more effective build process and use it to deliver better software."-Robert J. Shimonski, Networking and Security Expert, http://www.rsnetworks.netThe first best-practice, start-to-finish guide for the software build processManaging builds is crucial to the profitable delivery of high-quality software; however, the build process has been one of the least-understood stages of the entire development lifecycle. Now, one of Microsoft's leading software build experts introduces step-by-step best practices for maximizing the reliability, effectiveness, timeliness, quality, and security of every build you create.Drawing on his extensive experience working with Microsoft's enterprise and development customers, Vincent Maraia covers all facets of the build process-introducing techniques that will work on any platform, on projects of any size. Maraia places software builds in context, showing how they integrate with configuration management, setup, and even customer support. Coverage includes How Microsoft manages builds: process flows, check-in windows, reporting status, and more Understanding developer and project builds, pre- and post-build steps, clean builds, incremental builds, continuous integration builds, and more Choosing the right build tools for your projects Configuring source trees and establishing your build environment-introducing Virtual Build Labs (VBLs) Planning builds for multiple-site development projects or teams Determining what should (and shouldn't) be kept under source control Managing versioning, including build, file, and .NET assembly versions Using automation as effectively as possible Securing builds: a four layer approach-physical, tracking sources, binary/release bits assurance, and beyondBuilds powerfully impact every software professional: developers, architects, managers, project leaders, configuration specialists, testers, and release managers. Whatever your role, this book will help you implement a smoother, faster, more effective build process-and use it to deliver better software.© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.


Creating technology that is relevant and accessible
to developing communities is an emerging area of
scholarly and practical importance. Diversity in
both the creators and consumers of advanced technology
is required to develop sustained and useful
applications of robotics, AI, and other technical
fields in developing regions. Increased diversity
will result in a wider array of technological innovations
that are of benefit to both developed and developing
regions. However, due to restricted access
to technical resources, infrastructure, and expertise,
technology education in developing communities
is non-trivial. Thus, international partnerships
and creative course designs are required. In
response to this need, we developed a partnership
between Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,
USA and Ashesi University in Accra, Ghana to design
and implement an undergraduate introductory
Robotics course targeted towards the Ghanaian
context. This hands-on course, which to our
knowledge is the first of its kind in Ghana, introduced
students to the fields of Robotics and Artificial
Intelligence and guided them to develop technical
creativity by designing, building, and programming
small robotic systems. This paper presents
an overview of the course, its outcomes, lessons
learned through its implementation, plans for
its sustainability, and projected future directions.


Tissue culture techniques are applied for micropropagation and production of pathogen-free plants. Successful in vitro propagation requires an understanding of specific requirements and precise manipulation of various factors. Direct plant production from cultured explants is important to minimize somaclonal variation in regenerated plants. In this study, an efficient protocol for micropropagation of Matthiola incana using shoot tips is presented. Seeds from mother plants were germinated on MS medium without growth regulators. Shoot tips from in vitro germinated seedlings were subcultured on solid MS medium supplemented with kinetin (KIN)(0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)(0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L). Four-week-old in vitro plants, obtained from micro-cuttings, showed successful shooting and rooting. MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L KIN without NAA resulted in the best shoot length (1.166 cm) and largest number of node (4.64). When the shoot tips were inoculated in the medium containing 2 mg/L NAA without KIN and medium containing the combination of 1 mg/L NAA + 2 mg/L KIN, the best result was observed for root number (1.85) and root length (5.2 cm). Moreover, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll content of plants were calculated.


This paper considers time exchanges via a common platform (e.g., markets for exchanging time units, positions at education institutions, and tuition waivers). There are several problems associated with such markets, e.g., imbalanced outcomes, coordination problems, and inefficiencies. We model time exchanges as matching markets and construct a non-manipulable mechanism that selects an individually rational and balanced allocation that maximizes exchanges among the participating agents (and those allocations are efficient). This mechanism works on a preference domain whereby agents classify the goods provided by other participating agents as either unacceptable or acceptable, and for goods classified as acceptable, agents have specific upper quotas representing their maximum needs. (JEL C78, D47, D82)


Malignant melanoma is an aggressive cutaneous cancer originating in melanocytes, the cells which produce skin pigmentation. When treating malignant melanoma prompt diagnosis is paramount, as the depth of vertical invasion (Breslow thickness) is inversely correlated with survival rates. The development of computerised systems for assisted recognition of malignant melanoma can aid enhanced early diagnosis of this disease and help reduce the subjectivity associated with clinical diagnostic procedures. We describe and evaluate key elements of a prototype system for classifying benign pigmented skin lesions and cutaneous malignant melanoma, with emphasis placed on the extraction of existing clinical criteria. The system utilises image processing methods to enable specific features to be defined. Statistical- and intelligence- based classification techniques are then employed to automate identification of significant features, with the aim of reducing feature analysis variability. After lesion boundary determination, a total of 77 parameters for describing the visual appearance (shape asymmetry, border irregularity, colour and differential distribution, and dimension) of pigmented skin lesions are extracted from digital epiluminescence microscopy images and assessed using a double-blind study. A variety of classification methodologies (specifically C5.0 induction, classification and regression induction, and a neural network model) are applied to assess the diagnostic capability of these parameters and to compare system performance against the diagnostic accuracy achieved by two experts using clinical visual inspection methodologies. It is concluded that the parameters generated may have high discriminative value when differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. When using our full feature set on a data set comprising 30 lesions, diagnostic accuracy achieved via the automated classifiers constituted a significant improvement when compared with clinical diagnostic accuracy achieved by our experts.


This case study explored the short-term international co-teaching experience of pre-service general education teachers who were paired up with intern special education teachers (N = 8) to provide English language instruction to students in South Korea. Pre-, during-, and post-data were collected to investigate how the participants experienced their co-teaching. The narratives of two participants were chosen for phenomenological analysis, reflecting an overwhelmingly positive and a rather negative co-teaching experience. The key ingredients to a successful partnership were identified as open communication, the willingness to accept both positive and negative feedback, the willingness to learn from or get inspired by someone who may have less teaching experience, mutual respect and trust, compatibility of personal characteristics, and frequent check-ins. The potential threats to a positive relationship were identified as mismatched personalities, incompatible teaching goals, the lack of co-planning, conflicting approaches to lesson planning, unequal roles, infrequent check-ins, and lack of trust and respect. Despite these challenges, the findings indicate that immersing teacher candidates in co-teaching experiences resulted in positive perceptions of co-teaching and increased the participants' skills related to collaborative teaching for all but one candidate. The findings have led to recommendations for the successful set-up of co-teaching experiences.


As China's urbanization and economic growth continue, rising energy use in the building sector poses significant challenges to national energy and carbon goals. While China is ripe for efficiency savings as the government seeks to change incentives and boost energy productivity, many questions about energy efficiency potential and impacts remain unanswered. This study is part of a collaborative project to quantify China's energy efficiency opportunity today and until 2050. The very few previous studies that have explored the subject lack credible baselines as well as transparency in data and methodology. For this specific study, we developed an updated bottom-up end-use model of China's building sector by accounting for differences in building type, climate zones, new versus existing buildings, and efficiency retrofits versus new efficient designs. This paper introduces the methodology and key assumptions for a baseline scenario of efficiency development in the building sector from 2010 to 2050. The baseline scenario assumes that policies in place by 2010 will continue to have impact with autonomous technological improvement over time, and can serve as a baseline for evaluating the potential of a more transformative and cost-effective pathway of development. We find that residential building energy consumption will continue to grow rapidly through 2050, with space heating, appliances, and cooking as the major energy consumers. Commercial energy consumption will slow after 2020, with office, hotel and retail as the largest building consumers and space heating, cooling and lighting as the three largest end-users.


Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has many uses in medicine and engineering biology. It is a non-invasive technique for looking at the layered structures of tissues, such as skin, retina, teeth, and heart. Scanning of the retinal image reveals defects in the underlying layers. OCT performs in situ high resolution cross sectional imaging on a micron scale in real time. An application of OCT is in the imaging of diseases such as central serous retinopathy (CSR), which is the result of fluid accumulation under the macula. In the acquired OCT image, an inherent characteristic of coherent imaging is the presence of speckle noise. Reduction of speckle noise is one of the most important considerations for increasing the quality of coherent images. To enhance the quality, different filtering techniques are applied to analyze spectral noise in a CSR-OCT image. To analyze the effectiveness of the applied filtering techniques, various statistical parameters are applied and studied, such as the mean square error, peak signal to noise ratio, normalized crosscorrelation, and normalized absolute error. In this study, the resultant statistical information from the applied statistical parameters is subjected to multidimensional analysis to determine the best filtering technique to reduce speckle noise in CSR-OCT images.


Research has emphasized the importance of organizational identity for strategic moves. Using dynamic simulation, we therefore investigate mechanisms of strategizing practices in identity transitions. We identify dynamic processes of how strategic capabilities and organizational identity interact to affect strategic framing of organizational context. Results suggest that identity matures if organizations have available corresponding capabilities and that these capabilities accumulate based on organizational actions, experiments, or projections, i.e. based on actions as well as physical and mental experiments. We find that both identity shift and capability development, and the interaction between them, can constrain or provide opportunities for organizational change.


The multilayer surface integral equations (SIEs) for electromagnetic scattering by infinitely long magnetodielectric cylinders with an arbitrary number of layers are derived and solved by the spectral integral method (SIM). Singularity subtraction for the 2-D Green's function is used to enhance the computation accuracy and achieve exponential convergence. The final matrix equation after discretization is formed in the Fourier spectral domain rather than the spatial domain, which greatly expedites the SIM solution by accelerating the convolution via the fast fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. A recursive method is proposed to solve the spectral integral equations instead of using an iterative method to lower the computation complexity. Numerical examples for ordinary multilayer cylinders and invisibility cloak cylinders are presented to validate the SIM results by comparing the total fields, scattered fields, and radar cross section (RCS) to analytical solutions or finite-element simulations. They verify that the recursive solution has a complexity of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(MN\log N)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-layer cylinder with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> discrete points on each interface. Meanwhile, the SIM outperforms the analytical method because only the 0th-order and 1st-order special functions (Bessel functions and Hankel functions) are used in the SIM but higher-order functions are necessary for the analytical method to maintain the accuracy.


We present a comparative study, at 300 K and at low longitudinal field, of the DC characteristics and the low-frequency noise in the drain current of GaAs/AlGaAs MODFETs which, ideally, differ only by the doping mode of the AlGaAs layer. The higher 1/f-like noise in the δ-doped structure is consistent with our previous suggestion that charge fluctuations under the gate contribute significantly to the 1/f-like noise. This work further indicates that the charge centers are related to the Si dopants under the gate.


This contribution serves as an introduction to the 'Coastal Margins as Sediment Traps' thematic set. One of the most basic questions which faces those concerned with sediment transport in the marine environment is whether the coastal margin is a net source or sink for sediment. The coastal margin is taken to mean the coast itself with its cliffs, bays and estuaries, and the immediate coastal zone stretching a few hundred metres to a few kilometres off shore. It is not clear to what extent the coasts of NW Europe have recovered from the last period of depressed sea level. Uncertainty exists as to whether sediment lost from the coastal margin is deposited in offshore sinks, whether sediment originally laid down on the continental shelves is returning to depositional sites located principally in bays and estuaries, or more particularly whether all coastal margins are subject to the same balance of processes. The reason for this lack of knowledge is clear. The calculation of the sediment budget of an estuary is difficult. The calculation of the budget for a whole coastal sector, including the continental shelf fronting it, is even more problematical. For entire seas our capacity for reliable quantification at the present time is negligible. A perspective on this issue can be obtained by considering the situation in a parallel discipline. Oceanographers have been studying the circulation of our shallow seas for 70–80 years, latterly with co-operative experiments using tens of simultaneously deployed, self-recording, current meters and the mathematical models


Whereas Congress has increasingly turned to administrative agencies to regulate complex technical areas, the patent system has remarkably remained an outlier. In the patent arena, the judiciary — not a federal agency — is perceived to be the most important expositor of substantive patent law standards. Yet, as the criticism toward the patent system has grown, so too have the challenges to this unusual power dynamic. The calls for institutional reform culminated in late 2011 with the enactment of the historic Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA). Although scholars have recognized that the AIA bestows a glut of new powers upon the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), this Article contends that commentators have failed to recognize the extent to which the AIA alters the fundamental power dynamics between the judiciary and the PTO. This Article contends that the AIA rejects over two hundred years of court dominance in patent policy by anointing the PTO the primary interpreter of the core patentability standards through its new formal adjudicatory authority. Although the patent system has traditionally suffered from a lack of serious engagement with administrative law, applying administrative law principles to the AIA has tremendous implications for the roles of patent institutions and, as this Article argues, results in a normatively desirable outcome. The AIA, by making the PTO the primary expositor of its core provisions of the Patent Act, ushers the patent system into the modern administrative era — which has long recognized the deficiencies associated with judge-driven policy. Moreover, the incorporation of administrative law principles into the patent system has substantial implications for administrative law itself. As this Article attempts to reconcile the distinctive features of patent administration with existing administrative law jurisprudence, it provides insight into a prolonged circuit split on the proper approach to determining the triggering provisions for formal adjudication, as well as when a grant of formal adjudicatory authority carries with it the ability to speak with the force of law.