The worst enemy of sustainable use of reservoirs is sedimentation. Often the main silting process is the result of settling down of suspended sediments. In shallow reservoirs the flow pattern and the sediment deposition processes are strongly influenced by the reservoir geometry. The trap efficiency of a shallow reservoir depends on the characteristics of the inflowing sediments and the retention time of the water in the reservoir, which in turn are controlled by the reservoir geometry. With the purpose of controlling the sedimentation in shallow reservoirs, the effects of the geometry on flow pattern and deposition processes were investigated with systematic physical experiments and numerical simulations. This allowed identifying ideal off-stream reservoir geometries, which can minimize or maximize the settlement of suspended sediments. The objective was also to gain deeper insight into the physical processes of sedimentation in shallow reservoirs governed by suspended sediments. The systematic experimental investigations were carried out in a 6m long, and 4m wide and 0.3m deep shallow basin. The influence of the shallow reservoir geometry was studied for the first time by varying the width, the length, and the expansion angle of the basin in the experiments for clear water and with suspended sediment. In total 11 different reservoirs geometries and 4 water depths were analyzed. During the tests several parameters were measured, as 2D surface velocities, 3D velocity profiles, thickness of deposited sediments, and sediment concentration at the inflow and outflow. Crushed walnut shells with a median grain size, d50, of 50 µm, and a density of 1500 kg/m3 were used to simulate the suspended sediments. After having reached a stable flow pattern with the clear water, velocity measurements were performed. In a second phase, the evolution of the flow and deposition patterns under suspended sediment inflow were investigated. Tests were carried out with durations from 1.5 hours up to 18 hours, in order to follow the morphological evolution. In order to investigate the efficiency of flushing, flushing operations at normal water level as well as with drawdown were examined after the sedimentation tests. Numerical simulations of the laboratory basin were performed and compared with experimental results. The purpose was to assess the sensitivity of the results on different flow and sediment parameters and different turbulence closure schemes. The experimental investigation of the flow and sediment behavior in axi-symmetric geometries with different shapes provides further information on the evolution of the flow pattern and the sediment deposition. Beside the expansion ratio and form ratio of the basin the flow regime was classified by the geometry shape factor SK and inlet Froude number Frin. The geometry shape factor, defined as a function of wetted perimeter, total reservoir surface area, aspect ratio and expansion density ratio, was used to compare and analyze the experimental results obtained from the different investigated basin geometries. The clear water experiments investigations revealed under what geometrical conditions the flow changes from symmetrical to asymmetrical behavior. The length of the basin has a strong influence on the change of the flow field. The water depth also significantly affects on the type of jet and vortex structure forming in the basin. On the other, hand the sediment deposition pattern was strongly influenced by the jet type and the flow behavior changed with increasing deposits. The prediction of sediment deposition is linked to the prediction of flow behavior. Furthermore it is very sensitive to the basin geometry and the boundary conditions of inflow and outflow. Some tests were performed until the sediment released at the outlet was equal to the sediments entering at inlet into the basin that means a quasi equilibrium was reached. Flushing at normal water level allows only a relatively small part of the deposited sediment to be evacuated. As expected, drawdown flushing is much more effective and a significant amount of sediment deposits could be flushed out of the basin. Regarding the flow pattern in shallow basins empirical relationships for the estimation of the reattachment length of gyres and the normalized residence time as a function of the geometry shape factor, SK, were established. Also empirical equations for the prediction of the jet flow type and velocity magnitude depending on the basin geometry could be formed. Finally empirical equations for the prediction of sedimentation index, silting ratio, trap efficiency and relative deposition thickness, as well as normalized residence time and flushing efficiency could be found. The numerical simulations revealed that the observed asymmetry in flow and deposition patterns can be explained by the sensitivity of the flow regarding geometry and boundary conditions. The influence of the length and width of the basin on the flow pattern can be predicted in good agreement with experiments by these simulations. Some recommendations are given for the design procedure of a new shallow reservoir in view of minimizing the sedimentation due to suspended sediment. The deposited sediment volume can be efficiently minimized by an optimal designed reservoir geometry.


Background and Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the national Eye Institute refractive error correction quality of life questionnaire (NEI-RQL-42) among Iranian patients with refractive errors. Materials and Methods: Two samples of patients (n1 = 296, n2 = 95) were consecutively selected from the eye clinic of the Boo-Ali Hospital, Qazvin. A forward-backward procedure was conducted to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Iranian version of the NEI-RQL-42. A homogeneity, stability, and reliability test was conducted for the first sample after a two-week interval. Convergent validity was computed using the correlation between the NEI-RQL-42 subscale scores, National Eye Institute-Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25), and the Short Form-36 (SF-36). Furthermore, Known-group analysis was performed, to determine the discriminant validity between the subgroups of patients with hyperopia, emmetropia, and myopia. Responsiveness to clinical change was tested by administering NEI-RQL-42 on the second sample that was scheduled for surgery. Results: Homogeneity was satisfactory with the Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging between 0.70 and 0.92. The 13 subscales of the NEI-RQL-42 showed a considerable stability in intra-class-correlation (ICC) ranging between 0.70 and 0.89. Positive correlation coefficients were found among all subscales of the NEI-RQL-42 and the other quality-of-life instruments (NEI-VFQ-25 and SF-36). The NEI-VFQ-25 displayed excellent discriminant validity to differentiate the subgroups of patients, and was found to be responsive to change after the surgical correction at three months. Conclusions: The Iranian version of the NEI-RQL-42 is a valid and reliable instrument to assess refractive error correction quality-of-life in Iranian patients. Moreover this questionnaire can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in patients with refractive errors.


Abstract : Touretzky and Hinton's DCPS (Distributed Connectionist Production System) is a neural network with complex dynamical properties. Visualization of the energy landscapes of some of its component modules leads to a better intuitive understanding of the model. Three visualization techniques are used in this paper. Analysis of the way energy landscapes change as modules interact during an annealing search suggests ways in which the search dynamics can be controlled, thereby improving the model's performance on difficult match cases. (jes)


This paper examines transferable development rights (TDRs) policies as a way to preserve farmland and change the density of development. Characteristics of TDR markets are described, including why they might promote efficiency, and the difficulties that arise in implementing them. Evidence from an established TDR program in Calvert County, Maryland, is used to assess the potential for TDRs to influence subdivision density, and to achieve local land preservation goals. The Calvert program has succeeded in creating an active and stable TDR market, and has therefore preserved a large amount of farmland in the region. But we find that the demand for additional density permitted with TDRs occurs mostly in rural areas and not in the higher density town centers and residential areas.


Estimating the spread of wildland fire is growing concern in the Netherlands, where fire events at the wildland urban interface is a growing concern with a changing climate. A multi-year project was initiated in 2012 to obtain field-based fuel measurements to be used to estimate wildland fire spread for surface fire. The overall objective was to develop either custom fuel models or utilize existing Northern American fuel models to fuel conditions in some of the hazardous vegetation in the Netherlands. Over a four-year period, 96 plots were established, a wide variety of fuel parameters measured, and ANOVA (p ≤ 0.1) and Duncan's MRT used to place these into 56 different vegetation communities. Following multiple permutations in Behaveplus, the 56 communities were consolidated into 28 different fuel models. It was then attempted to use these fuel models as input variables in a Dutch-developed wildland fire spread model. Some fuel models produced similar fire spread, and since they were within relatively similar communities, were combined, resulting in 21 working fuel models. The results of this project will provide land managers, fire brigades and landowners more accurate wildland fire spread estimations, improving safety of the public in this densely populated country. The results of this project will contribute to more accurate and detailed calculations of the NBVM (Dutch wildfire spreadmodel). The NBVM will provide necessary information, to be able to reduce the risk on uncontrollable wildfires, via wildfire prevention measurements and during an incident, to support decision making.


The paper deals with the formulation of advice delivered by the doctor in routine gynecological consultations with pregnant patients. We analyze episodes in which the patients solicit advice for a number of concerns related to their health and overall life habits during their pregnancy. We show how the doctor's formulation of the advice is sequentially elaborated through rounds and how it changes from its initial delivery to the final formulation. In these rounds, we show that the doctor's advice may progressively lose certainty and coherence, encountering changes from its initial delivery to the final formulation. This is sequentially dealt as a strategic resource to adjust to the patient's expression of resistance and to solicit her to choose the preferred course of action.


Male sterility in a petunia cytoplasmic male sterile line has been attributed to the early appearance of active callase, a beta-1,3-glucanase, in the anther locule. This leads to premature dissolution of the callose walls surrounding the microsporogenous cells. We have mimicked this aspect of the petunia line in transgenic tobacco by engineering the secretion of a modified pathogenesis-related vacuolar beta-1,3-glucanase from the tapetum prior to the appearance of callase activity in the locule. Plants expressing the modified glucanase from tapetum-specific promoters exhibited reduced male fertility, ranging from complete to partial male sterility. Callose appearance and distribution are normal in the male sterile transgenic plants up to prophase I, whereupon callose is prematurely degraded. Meiosis and cell division occur normally. The resultant microspores have an abnormally thin cell wall that lacks sculpturing. The tapetum shows hypertrophy. Male sterility is probably caused by bursting of the aberrant microspores at a time corresponding to microspore release. These results demonstrate that premature callose degradation is sufficient to cause male sterility and suggest that callose is essential for the formation of a normal microspore cell wall.


The classical modeling of spatial extremes relies on asymptotic models (i.e., max‐stable or r‐Pareto processes) for block maxima or peaks over high thresholds, respectively. However, at finite levels, empirical evidence often suggests that such asymptotic models are too rigidly constrained, and that they do not adequately capture the frequent situation where more severe events tend to be spatially more localized. In other words, these asymptotic models have a strong tail dependence that persists at increasingly high levels, while data usually suggest that it should weaken instead. Another well‐known limitation of classical spatial extremes models is that they are either computationally prohibitive to fit in high dimensions, or they need to be fitted using less efficient techniques. In this review paper, we describe recent progress in the modeling and inference for spatial extremes, focusing on new models that have more flexible tail structures that can bridge asymptotic dependence classes, and that are more easily amenable to likelihood‐based inference for large datasets. In particular, we discuss various types of random scale constructions, as well as the conditional spatial extremes model, which have recently been getting increasing attention within the statistics of extremes community. We illustrate some of these new spatial models on two different environmental applications.


In order to combat the climate change caused by increasing emissions of CO2 from industrial processes, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have been accepted worldwide to address these pressing global warming concerns. So as to efficiently manage material and financial losses across the entire stream, accurate accounting and monitoring through fiscal metering of CO2 in CCS transportation pipelines are core and required features for the deployment of CCS technologies. Moreover, these technical requirements are part of the legal compliance schemes and guidelines from various regulatory bodies. This thesis reports experimental studies of two different metering technologies, an Averaging Pitot Tube (APT) and a Coriolis mass flowmeter (CMF), for CO2 flow measurement, together with the design and implementation of a CO2 flow calibration facility. A prototype system for the leak detection of the gas phase of CO2 is also developed.

A review of the methodologies and technologies for the flow measurement and leak detection of CO2 gas is firstly given, followed by the discussion of the main challenges and technical requirements in their applications. Based on this review, two flow metering technologies, APT and CMF, are selected for experimental studies and a calibration platform using both volumetric and direct mass measurement methods for the gas phase of CO2 is also developed. The APT and CMF were calibrated and evaluated in the test facility. Experimental results obtained in this test facility demonstrate that the instruments are capable of accurately metering gaseous CO2 within a measurement uncertainty of ±1.5%. Flow characterization of the fluid under wet and mixed components conditions were further assessed with both meters. Under wet CO2 flow, results obtained show that both flow instruments are subject to significant measurement errors. The APT gave an error of up to ±25%, for a liquid fraction of 20%, while the error of the CMF was up ±6%, for a liquid fraction of 10%. Further investigations show that these errors can, however, be corrected through simple and straightforward algorithms that can be easily incorporated into computing processes in the flowmeters. In binary gaseous mixture tests, the CMF proved to be very reliable in the gas combination processes and likewise in the metering of the CO2 mixture (? ±1%), while a higher degree of uncertainty was registered for the APT (? ±4%). Overall analyses from investigations confirmed the APT and CMF instruments as promising technologies for CO2 flow measurement and can be further improved for application in actual CCS conditions. In addition, this thesis describes experimental investigations of the leak detection of CO2 gas from a pipeline, with emphasis on full controllability and flexibility of the operational process. An imaging system using passive temperature change detection techniques is designed, implemented and evaluated. The effectiveness of the developed technique is examined on a laboratory-scale flow rig system. Results obtained from tests confirmed the operability of the system configuration and validation of the thermal imaging approach. Suggestions for future development and enhancement of the proposed techniques are finally given.


To understand the determinants of membrane protein interactions, we have developed an in vivo genetic assay system for detecting homodimerization of transmembrane (TM) segments from integral membrane proteins. Our approach is to generate gene fusions between potentially dimerizing TM segments and a cytoplasmic DNA-binding protein that lacks its intrinsic dimerization domain. This genetic approach allows us to screen and distinguish among known dimerizing domains and weakly dimerizing mutants, as well as non-dimerizing TM segments. We replaced the bacteriophage lambda cI repressor C-terminal dimerization domain with the human erythrocyte glycophorin A transmembrane segment (GpA TM). GpA TM forms SDS-resistant homodimers in vitro. Expression of this membrane-associated fusion in Escherichia coli conferred the same degree of immunity to lambda cI phages as the wild-type, intact lambda repressor. Single amino acid substitutions that disrupt the GpA TM dimer interface were introduced into the lambda-GpA TM fusion proteins. These mutations dramatically reduced immunity of E. coli to lambda cI, such that the efficiency of plating these phages increased by greater than 10,000-fold over that conferred by the wild-type lambda-GpA TM fusion. Introduction of the putatively non-dimerizing first TM from E. coli MalF into the lambda-TM fusion vector resulted in no immunity to lambda cI phages. Fusion of the homodimeric, periplasmically localized, mature alkaline phosphatase domain to the C terminus of the lambda-TM fusion proteins containing weakly to non-dimerizing TM segments restored immunity to lambda cI phages. Results from this in vivo genetic assay system demonstrate that (1) dimerization of the lambda cI DNA-binding domain can be promoted by dimerizing TM segments, (2) strongly, weakly, and non-dimerizing TM segments can be distinguished on the basis of their ability to confer immunity to lambda cI phages, and (3) introduction of a dimerizing periplasmic domain can provide functionality to lambda-TM fusions containing weakly to non-dimerizing TM segments.


To this day, the so-called Arrow–Debreu model represents a trademark of rigorous economic research—be it as a benchmark for extending the model, for weakening its assumptions, for structuring data sets, or for providing alternative models. But who should earn the credit? Arrow or Debreu? This essay presents "the making of" Arrow's and Debreu's joint article of 1954 as documented in their extensive letter exchange between their first contact in February 1952 and submission in May 1953. I show, pivotally, that Arrow and Debreu did not share the same interest in their work, that they played different roles, and drew different lessons from it. Moreover, neither Arrow nor Debreu can be identified with the way the profession would later refer to the Arrow–Debreu model. To the contrary, both, in their own ways, sought to counter what others perceived as limitations when placing their hopes in the model.


Objective: To explore the perceived causes of presenteeism in nurses on geriatric wards. Background: Presenteeism, defined as working when unwell, is associated with lost productivity and increased absenteeism. It is more commonly reported by employees in the healthcare sector than other sectors. Methods: An exploratory, qualitative study using semi-structured interviews, thematically analysed. Data collected via 18 recorded interviews with nurses working with patients on geriatric medical wards in Malta. Results: Four major themes emerged that related to nurses' decisions to engage in presenteeism: illness perceptions, which included participants' views and experiences of their own health complaints; attitudes to their employing organisation, co-workers and patients; organisational aspects such as culture and administrative arrangements; and personal reasons including illness behaviour preference and personal circumstances. Conclusions: Nurses' decisions to attend work when unwell were reported as dependent upon four themes. Further studies are warranted to determine if findings are applicable to nurse populations other than those represented in this study. Implications: Workplace health promotion initiatives should target nurses' management of their own health, particularly if they have chronic illnesses. Workplace policies and arrangements should be examined with a view to controlling presenteeism.


A numerical method has been developed to study the effects of structural mistuning on the aeroelastic behaviour of turbomachinery cascades. The specific objectives of the work presented here were the following: A method was to be developed that can assess the major effects of structural mistuning in a cascade in sub- and transonic flow situations. The influence of mechanical and aerodynamic coupling between the blades as well as coupling between multiple modes for each blade was to be included. Accurate representations of the aerodynamic forces, taken from a modern three-dimensional unsteady aerodynamic solver were to be used. The method should be applicable for design use, meaning that it has to supply results quickly for a large number of configurations. The applicability and accuracy of the method was to be demonstrated by comparison of numerical results to available data from recent experiments. The influence of major parameters on the aeroelastic stability and on the resonant amplitude of representative test cases should be assessed. The approach used to achieve these goals is the combination of a linearised Euler method for the aerodynamic calculations with a modal reduction technique, where the structural properties of each blade are represented by only a few eigenmodes. The method is validated and applied to two test cases, comprising of a transonic compressor rotor and a high pressure turbine rotor. Both are representative of modern turbomachinery designs. The final conclusions of this work are: The newly developed method is capable to assess the dominant effects of structural mistuning in turbomachinery cascades, including the mechanical and aerodynamic coupling of adjacent blades and the aerodynamic coupling of multiple modes with arbitrarily complex modeshapes. In this method, the aerodynamic characteristics of the cascade are accurately represented using the generalised unsteady aerodynamic coefficients derived from a modern three-dimensional flow solver, applicable to and validated for both sub- and transonic configurations. The simplifications employed significantly contribute to the computational efficiency of the method, making it applicable for design purposes as well as for the assessment of large parametric variations or for statistical studies of stochastically mistuned configurations. The current method is successfully validated by a comparison of numerical to experimental data. The applicability and accuracy is demonstrated by the favourable agreement between measured and computed results. Based on these validations, the method is applied to study the influence of major parameters on the aeroelastic behaviour of the selected test cases. The results show a wide range of phenomena, dependent on the type and strength of mistuning, frequency, modeshape and interblade phase angle. The results highlight the close inter-dependence of the aeroelastic stability derived from the eigenvalue analysis and the resonant amplitudes derived from the forced response analysis.


This paper presents theory and evidence on the determinants of the size of the informal sector. We propose a simple theoretical model in which the informal sector's size is negatively related to institutional quality and positively related to income inequality. These predictions are then empirically validated using different proxies of the size of the informal sector, income inequality, and institutional quality. The results are shown to be robust with respect to a variety of econometric specifications.


Depth-first search is effective at solving hard combinatorial problems, but if the problem space has a graph structure the same nodes may be searched many times. This can increase the size of the search exponentially. We explore two techniques that prevent this: duplicate detection and duplicate avoidance. We illustrate these techniques on the treewidth problem, a combinatorial optimization problem with applications to a variety of research areas. The bottleneck for previous treewidth algorithms is a large memory requirement. We develop a duplicate avoidance technique for treewidth and demonstrate that it significantly outperforms other algorithms when memory is limited. Additionally, we are able to find, for the first time, the treewidth of several hard benchmark graphs.


The ability to analyze teaching is deemed to be crucial to successful adaptive classroom teaching. It requires teachers to use their professional knowledge for identifying significant teaching situations, for interpreting these situations in terms of student learning processes, and for considering possibilities for improvements. In our intervention study "Video Analysis in Teacher Education" (VideA), we applied a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest control-group design (N = 128 student teachers) for pursuing the question of whether teaching-related analytical skills can be fostered through analyzing one's own or other teachers' classroom videos. The intervention focused on three basic features of effective teaching (goal clarity, learning support, learning climate). For measuring the participants' analytical skills, we used open questions and standardized rating items, all of which related to video clips. Content analyses of the comments on the open questions showed a significant increase in the ability to identify classroom situations that are relevant to student learning in both video groups whereas there was no change as regards the ability to suggest improvements in teaching and the ability to give reasons for why the identified situations were thought to be relevant. Moreover, our results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the ability to identify significant classroom situations and the ability to interpret them by referring to pertinent knowledge.


In this Rapid Communication we report on the autoionization dynamics of the $5d7d$ doubly excited state in barium in a static electric field. The different experiments and theory show Stark beatings in the autoionization process. Also it appears that the total spin of the two valence electrons plays a major role in the ionization dynamics. Absorption spectroscopy revealed the ionization dynamics near the core, while an atomic streak camera was used to record the time-dependent electron emission, probing the wave function when it is far from the core. Calculations based on multichannel quantum defect theory are compared to experimental data and we are able to predict the singlet-triplet mixing.


Gender and governance or management are topics that have been inadequately addressed by researchers, with resulting very slow progress towards gender equity globally. A collaborative landscape management project in South and Southeast Sulawesi (Indonesia) has been trying to strengthen women's voices in local management and governance and to encourage more equitable benefit distribution throughout the landscape. The need for a simple assessment of the project's success presented an opportunity for us to develop a set of indicators that we believe can be adapted and used more widely. Our indicators, presented below, differ from other indicator sets available, most fundamentally in their foci on (1) gender and governance/forest management, (2) a combination of production and other more sensitive issues central to women's lives, and (3) intra-household decision-making.


This paper presents group discussions taking place within multidisciplinary topical network 33 of the CNRS Information and Communication Science and Technology (STIC) Department. It attempts to clarify the concept of document in its transtion to electronic form, based on research which tends to privilege form (as a material or immaterial object), sign (as meaningful object) or medium (as communication vector). Each of these terms reflects the radical transformations that are taking place. Their superposition stresses the importance of multidisciplinarity for a lucid and complete analysis of the concept and how it is changing.


In the present work, the total magnetization in superconducting state is separated into critical state and paramagnetic components in terms of an H(x)-dependent magnetic flux density. Utilizing this model, we reproduce successfully M-H curves measured by Sandu et al. [Phys. Rev. B 74 (2006) 184511] and Sandu et al. [J. Supercond. Incorp. Novel Magn. 17 (2004) 701] for different forms of Jc.


Seyyed Hossein Nasr, an Iranian philosopher and an exponent of traditional Islam, is considered one of the most important scholars of Islamic and religious studies in the world today. His conception of science is interesting in the sense that he strives to rejuvenate the notion of traditional science and scientia sacra (sacred knowledge), which lie at the heart of traditional civilization. He considers these two notions (traditional science and scientia sacra) as antithesis to modern science. Nasr's elaboration of traditional science and scientia sacra serves as an alternative to discourses of Islamization of science which have been put forward by some scholars. This paper tries to examine the core ideas of Nasr's construct of science, to highlight their ontological, epistemological, and axiological bases, and to trace the root of Nasr's conception of science to living Islamic philosophical tradition.


Soil acidification has been a threat to sustainable agricultural development as a global environmental problem. The bioelectrochemistry system (BES) is an eco-friendly and low-cost technique for ameliorating acidic soil when compared with traditional technologies. Here, operational parameters from soil load and external resistance were investigated through mapping the pH changes of the soil. The result showed that approximately a quarter of the soil load in the operating unit was an optimized choice based on the performance at the unit and overall levels. The lower external resistance was more conducive to enhance the electric force for the increase of the soil pH. This study not only proved the feasibility of BES for ameliorating acidic soil, but also comprehensively described the feedback network of soil acidity, Al3+ removal and microbial community. After BES-amelioration, the exchangeable Al3+ obviously reduced and the microbial community structure shifted. The exploration of operational parameters and a feedback network provided theoretical support for the application of BES-based technologies in reclaiming soil acidity.


The contemporary focus on quality in higher education (Ramsden, 1998; Hoecht, 2006) arguably reflects an increasingly managerialist approach to education (Ramsden, 1998; Marginson & Considine, 2000) and, perhaps, a shift towards a more instrumental view of the educated citizen (Crowley-Cyr, 2008; Hoecht, 2006). Indeed, a critique of this paradigm reveals the potential for a transactional approach to the role of an academic, with a growing focus on reporting against KPIs as the primary means of academic accountability (Neyland, 2007). The managerialist epistemologies privileged in this dynamic do not sit comfortably with the worldview or professional identity of many discipline-based academics.

Such an approach to higher education also has inevitable consequences for approaches to teaching and learning and the relationship of discipline-based academics to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). Where institutional teaching and learning activities become identified with managerialist discourse, rather than adopt such transactional approaches, academic staff may simply become disengaged from teaching and learning insofar as it challenges their discipline identity. It has, however, become clear that an academic's immersion in their discipline – its culture and epistemology - is insufficient to demonstrate quality teaching and to provide a foundation for contemporary standards of student learning outcomes (Boyer, 1990). In addition, contemporary global concerns with education for sustainability (Talloires Declaration, 1990) and the internationalisation of curricula (Martin, 1999; Qiang, 2003; Altbach & Knight, 2007) require academics to engage in thinking that may be outside their traditional discipline fields (Shephard & Furnari, 2012). In this context, such concepts represent an interface of discipline knowledge and the SoTL – yet also bringing their own discourse.

These unfolding dynamics challenge us to do a number of things. As academics we must avoid capture by managerialism, but also move beyond an identity that is focused solely on discipline scholarship. We must strive to become discipline-informed scholars in learning and teaching (Boyer, 1990; Ramsden, 2003), adopting what the authors call a 'fusion' epistemology: a blend of discipline and educational discourses.

This paper builds on Boyer's proposal for a diverse academic role incorporating 'the scholarship of discovery…of integration…of application and… of teaching' (Boyer, 1990) to describe the process of development of an academic identity reflecting engagement in such a fusion epistemology. It does so by identifying stages in the evolution of academic identity from discipline professional to scholar in discipline learning and teaching based on observation and reflection on the authors' own journeys as academics. In doing so, the authors develop an understanding of the transformative pathways to a more comprehensive professional identity as a discipline scholars of teaching and learning, informed by the quite disparate epistemologies of discipline and education. They conclude with observations about the means by which to build capacity to improve engagement in the SoTL in the academy – with a focus always on supporting student learning.


Parallel Programming with OpenACC is a modern, practical guide to implementing dependable computing systems. The book explains how anyone can use OpenACC to quickly ramp-up application performance using high-level code directives called pragmas. The OpenACC directive-based programming model is designed to provide a simple, yet powerful, approach to accelerators without significant programming effort. Author Rob Farber, working with a team of expert contributors, demonstrates how to turn existing applications into portable GPU accelerated programs that demonstrate immediate speedups. The book also helps users get the most from the latest NVIDIA and AMD GPU plus multicore CPU architectures (and soon for Intel Xeon Phi as well). Downloadable example codes provide hands-on OpenACC experience for common problems in scientific, commercial, big-data, and real-time systems. Topics include writing reusable code, asynchronous capabilities, using libraries, multicore clusters, and much more. Each chapter explains how a specific aspect of OpenACC technology fits, how it works, and the pitfalls to avoid. Throughout, the book demonstrates how the use of simple working examples that can be adapted to solve application needs. Presents the simplest way to leverage GPUs to achieve application speedups Shows how OpenACC works, including working examples that can be adapted for application needs Allows readers to download source code and slides from the book's companion web page


Two harvests of ocean-growing red tide, comprised mainly of Gonyaulax polyedra, were evaluated in limited trials of rat feeding. The protein of red tide (25 to 30 percent, dry basis) supported growth satisfactorily. The essential amino acid composition of the protein closely resembles that of casein, the major protein of milk. As a marine resource, plankton represents a challenge for research.


To increase energy security and reduce emissions of air pollutants and CO2 from coal use, China is attempting to duplicate the rapid development of shale gas that has taken place in the United States. This work builds a framework to estimate the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from China's shale gas system and compares them with GHG emissions from coal used in the power, residential, and industrial sectors. We find the mean lifecycle carbon footprint of shale gas is about 30-50% lower than that of coal in all sectors under both 20 year and 100 year global warming potentials (GWP20 and GWP100). However, primarily due to large uncertainties in methane leakage, the upper bound estimate of the lifecycle carbon footprint of shale gas in China could be approximately 15-60% higher than that of coal across sectors under GWP20. To ensure net GHG emission reductions when switching from coal to shale gas, we estimate the breakeven methane leakage rates to be approximately 6.0%, 7.7%, and 4.2% in the power, residential, and industrial sectors, respectively, under GWP20. We find shale gas in China has a good chance of delivering air quality and climate cobenefits, particularly when used in the residential sector, with proper methane leakage control.


To explore the intersections between the threats posed by new public health challenges and new theories of governance, in March 2004 Temple Law School's Institute for International Law and Public Policy hosted a meeting on SARS, Public Health and Global Governance. The meeting involved leading public health scholars; international legal experts; students of global governance; current and former government officials; and activists from the U.S. and abroad to engage in a sustained dialogue on these issues. This Symposium issue of the Temple Law Review includes articles based on the papers, and comments on the papers, presented at the meeting: China's Response to SARS Professor Ruotao Wang SARS and International Legal Preparedness Jason W. Sapsin et al. Are Traditional Public Health Strategies Consistent With Contemporary American Values? Mark A. Rothstein Atypical Pneumonia and Ambivalent Law and Politics: SARS and the Response to SARS in China Jacques deLisle Constitutional Outlines of Public Health's New World Order Professor David P. Fidler Politics, Power, and Public Health: A Comment on Public Health's New World Order Professor Laurence R. Helfer Between Isolationalism and Mutual Vulnerability: A South-North Perspective on Global Governance of Epidemics in an Age of Globalization Professor Obijiofor Aginam Is There a Government in the Cockpit: A Passenger's Perspective or Global Public Health: The Role of Human Rights Professor Sofia Gruskin Governance, Microgovernance and Health Professor Scott Burris The Quest for Global Governance in Intellectual Property and Public Health: Structural, Discursive, and Institutional Dimensions Professor Susan K. Sell Intellectual Property and Pharmaceutical Markets: A Nodal Governance Approach Peter Drahos


Classical (quasinormal) and quantum (Hawking) radiations are investigated for test fields in the background of a four dimensional, spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat black hole in the Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet (EdGB) theory. The geometry of the EdGB black hole deviates from the Schwarzschild geometry only slightly. Therefore, here we observe that the quasinormal spectrum also deviates from its Schwarzschild limit at most moderately, allowing for a 9% decrease in the damping rate and up to a 6% decrease in the real oscillation frequency. However, the intensity of Hawking radiation of an electromagnetic and Dirac fields turned out to be much more sensitive characteristic than its quasinormal spectrum, allowing for a 57% and 48% increase of the energy emission rate respectively. The analytical formula for the eikonal regime of quasinormal modes is derived for test fields and it is shown that the correspondence between the eikonal quasinormal modes and null geodesics is indeed fulfilled for test fields, but is not expected for the gravitational one.


Research problem: Games with civic themes such as Get Water! are intended to raise awareness and promote participation in social movements. Evidence linking the features of such games to specific player outcomes, including affective, cognitive and behavioral indicators of learning, is limited. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the literature on game-based civic education by conducting an in-depth investigation of the experiences of adult players of a social change game for mobile devices, Get Water!.
Research questions: (1) How do players experience Get Water!? (2) How do players evaluate Get Water!? (3) Does playing Get Water! influence players' attitudes, thoughts or actions related to the social issues it addresses?
Literature review: Previous research suggests that prior experience may influence how players interpret video games. Though some games with civic themes have been found to positively affect player attitudes and promote learning, the mechanisms are unclear. Design features of such games, especially content-mechanic integration, are likely to influence attitudinal, cognitive and behavioral learning outcomes of play by structuring the player experience.
Methodology: A qualitative case study approach is used to characterize the experiences and evaluations of 22 adults who played the game in a laboratory setting. Participant data was collected using a think-aloud procedure, post-play questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and a one-month follow-up questionnaire. External data, including game design documents, were also examined. Descriptive and interpretive analyses were conducted to develop a detailed description of player-game interactions and player perceptions.
Findings and Conclusions: The data suggest that the participants' evaluations of the game were informed by their personal experiences of the social issue depicted, and values with regards to teaching and learning. As such, their interpretations of the game's content and perceived effectiveness varied greatly. Notably, the interpretations of players who had personally lived in regions where water scarcity exists interpreted the social messaging in unexpected ways. While the players largely enjoyed the game and viewed it positively, some indicated that the in-game activities were not sufficiently representative of the real-world scenario to afford a transformative educational experience. Misalignment between in-game objectives and real-world motives, and limited character and narrative development may account for the players' experiences of low affective identification with the player character. Some players engaged in discussion and sought information about the subject matter in the month after the laboratory session. The findings and implications contribute to a conceptual understanding of how differences at the player level can influence how a social change game is experienced and evaluated. This suggests that social change game designers and education practitioners should prioritize representational verification efforts to better accommodate diversity in players' prior knowledge.


Founded in the spring of 2009, the British chamber group Ensemble f2 'play[s] music we love and want to do … on the instruments which seem to suit the repertoire best'. Since beginning their Discover Danzi project in 2013, to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the birth of Franz Danzi (1763–1826), Ensemble f2 has recorded two CDs of wind chamber music on period instruments.
The recordings were made at the world-famous Finchcocks Musical Museum in Kent, England, for the label established by keyboard player Steven Devine, who was the museum's last assistant curator. Historical performance in the UK owes much to the insight of keyboard player and collector Richard Burnett and his wife Katrina. From the early 1970s until their retirement in 2015, the Burnetts amassed a collection of over 100 historic keyboard instruments at Finchcocks, their eighteenth-century Georgian manor house. Through concert-giving and recordings, Finchcocks was an important catalyst during the formative years of post-war historical performance in Britain. The Museum hosted many of the leading British exponents of historical performance, including Sue Addison, Alan Hacker, Christopher Hogwood, Colin Lawson, Trevor Pinnock, Stephen Preston, Lesley Schatzberger, Simon Standage and Jennifer Ward Clarke. Ensemble f2's Danzi recordings, made at Finchcocks between April 2013 and June 2015, are a fitting tribute to its musical legacy.


The most hazardous work environments share one feature in common: constant change. Many different, but constantly changing hazards are found in agriculture, construction, mining, and transport. This dynamic feature of workplace hazards varies by: (1) degree of control, (2) predictability, (3) visibility, (4) movement, and (5) degree of speed and force. In some cases the actions of the dynamic hazards are required for production to take place, and in many cases, several different hazards may overlap and interact. Finally, whether intentional or unintentional, some dynamic hazards are human generated. These are some of the features that distinguish dynamic and hazardous work environments across a variety of industries. The authors propose a preliminary typology of dynamic and hazardous work environments, along with a schema to systematically observe the dynamic characteristics of these hazards. The implications of this typology are considered with respect to worker training, hazard awareness, and safe work practices. For example, the implementation of the Hierarchy of Control is shown to require active worker involvement at every level in the hierarchy, except where an environmental hazard has been completely eliminated.


. We determine the modal logic of fixed-point models of truth and their axiomatizations by Solomon Feferman via Solovay-style completeness re-sults. Given a fixed-point model M , or an axiomatization S thereof, we find a modal logic M such that a modal sentence ϕ is a theorem of M if and only if the sentence ϕ ∗ obtained by translating the modal operator with the truth predicate is true in M or a theorem of S under all such translations. To this end, we introduce a novel version of possible worlds semantics featuring both classical and nonclassical worlds and establish the completeness of a family of non-congruent modal logics whose internal logic is nonclassical with respect to this semantics.


The semiconducting behaviour and optoelectronic response of gallium nitride is governed by point defect processes, which, despite many years of research, remain poorly understood. The key difficulty in the description of the dominant charged defects is determining a consistent position of the corresponding defect levels, which is difficult to derive using standard supercell calculations. In a complementary approach, we take advantage of the embedded cluster methodology that provides direct access to a common zero of the electrostatic potential for all point defects in all charge states. Charged defects polarise a host dielectric material with long-range forces that strongly affect the outcome of defect simulations; to account for the polarisation, we couple embedding with the hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical approach and investigate the structure, formation and ionisation energies, and equilibrium concentrations of native point defects in wurtzite GaN at a chemically accurate hybrid-density-functional-theory level. N vacancies are the most thermodynamically favourable native defects in GaN, which contribute to the n-type character of as-grown GaN but are not the main source, a result that is consistent with experiment. Our calculations show no native point defects can form thermodynamically stable acceptor states. GaN can be easily doped n-type, but, in equilibrium conditions at moderate temperatures acceptor dopants will be compensated by N vacancies and no significant hole concentrations will be observed, indicating non-equilibrium processes must dominate in p-type GaN. We identify spectroscopic signatures of native defects in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet luminescence ranges and complementary spectroscopies. Crucially, we calculate the effective-mass-like-state levels associated with electrons and holes bound in diffuse orbitals. These levels may be accessible in competition with more strongly-localised states in luminescence processes and allow the attribution of the observed 3.46 and 3.27 eV UV peaks in a broad range of GaN samples to the presence of N vacancies.


Error correction codes are a means of including redundancy in a stream of information bits to allow the detection and correction of symbol errors during transmission. The birth of error correction coding showed that Shannon's channel capacity could be achieved when transmitting information through a noisy channel. Turbo codes are a very powerful form of error correction codes that bring the performance of practical coding even closer to Shannon's theoretical specifications. Bit-error-rate (BER) performance and power dissipation are two important measures of performance used to characterize communication systems. Subject to the law of diminishing returns, as the resolution of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in the decoder increases, BER improves, but power dissipation increases. The number of decoding iterations has a similar effect on the BER performance and power dissipation of turbo coded systems. This is significant since turbo decoding is typically practiced in a fixed iterative manner, where all transmitted frames go through the same number of iterations. This is not always necessary since certain "good" frames would converge to their final bits within a few iterations, and other "bad" frames never do converge. In this thesis, we investigate the technical feasibility of adapting the resolution of the ADC in the decoder, and the number of decoding iterations, in order to obtain the best trade-off possible between BER performance and power dissipation in a communication system. With the aid of computer-aided simulations, this thesis investigates the performance and practical implementation issues associated with incorporating a variable resolution ADC into the decoder structure of turbo codes. The possibility of further power conservation resulting from reduced decoding computation is also investigated with the use of a recently developed iterative stopping criterion.


A patient's guide to panic disorder, panic attacks, and other stress-related maladies Download Plain Text version Twenty years ago panic disorder was often misunderstood and misdiagnosed. Its symptoms frequently mimicked non-psychiatric diseases, making it a mystery to both doctors and patients. Sufferers filled emergency rooms and doctors' offices and endured countless general examinations that revealed nothing. In Understanding Panic and Other Anxiety Disorders, Benjamin Root, a practicing psychiatrist since 1986, gathers the very latest research and news on the newest pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments for panic disorder and many other related afflictions, such as social phobia and generalized anxiety disorders. Much of what Root brings to the book are new findings and tested therapeutic techniques. The symptoms of panic disorder were long underreported and doctors faced a diagnostic puzzle in working with the disease. The term "panic disorder" was not even in common discussion among psychiatrists until recently. Now a great number of medications have come to market to benefit those suffering from this debilitating condition. Studies have revealed that panic disorder alone will affect up to 3.5 percent of the American population. This book is designed for people struggling to understand this highly prevalent disorder as well as other related syndromes. Chapters cover the symptoms of panic disorder and related problems. Other chapters detail the behavior and effects of panic disorder and outline the latest treatments. The final chapters of the book explore the ongoing search for a more complete understanding and more consistent cures for anxiety syndromes. For both the afflicted and family members helping a patient recover and attain peace of mind, Understanding Panic and Other Anxiety Disorders provides a valuable sourcebook. Benjamin Root is in private practice at Mississippi Neuropsychiatric Clinic in Ridgeland, Mississippi, and is a clinical assistant professor in the department of psychiatry and human behavior at the University of Mississippi School of Medicine.


Version 0.6.1 Description A set of functions to help clinical trial researchers calculate power and sample size for two-arm Bayesian randomized clinical trials that do or do not incorporate historical control data. At some point during the design process, a clinical trial researcher who is designing a basic two-arm Bayesian randomized clinical trial needs to make decisions about power and sample size within the context of hypothesized treatment effects. Through simulation, the simple_sim() function will estimate power and other user specified clinical trial characteristics at user specified sample sizes given user defined scenarios about treatment effect,control group characteristics, and outcome. If the clinical trial researcher has access to historical control data, then the researcher can design a twoarm Bayesian randomized clinical trial that incorporates the historical data. In such a case, the researcher needs to work through the potential consequences of historical and randomized control differences on trial characteristics, in addition to working through issues regarding power in the context of sample size, treatment effect size, and outcome. If a researcher designs a clinical trial that will incorporate historical control data, the researcher needs the randomized controls to be from the same population as the historical controls. What if this is not the case when the designed trial is implemented? During the design phase, the researcher needs to investigate the negative effects of possible historic/randomized control differences on power, type one error, and other trial characteristics. Using this information, the researcher should design the trial to mitigate these negative effects. Through simulation, the historic_sim() function will estimate power and other user specified clinical trial characteristics at user specified sample sizes given user defined scenarios about historical and randomized control differences as well as treatment effects and outcomes. The results from historic_sim() and simple_sim() can be printed with print_table() and graphed with plot_table() methods. Outcomes considered are Gaussian, Poisson, Bernoulli, Lognormal, Weibull, and Piecewise Exponential. The methods are described in Eggleston et al. (2021) <doi:10.18637/jss.v100.i21>.


New and interesting records of Phalacridae from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Coleoptera). Phalacrus brisouti Rye, 1872, Stilbus atomarius (Linnaeus, 1767) and Stilbus pannonicus Franz, 1968 are recorded for the first time from the Iberian Peninsula, and Olibrus stierlini Flach, 1888 from Balearic Islands. The occurrence of 16 other species and new data on their distribution and biology are also given. A key for the identification of Iberian genera and subgenera of Phalacridae is included.


The American criminal justice system is based on the bedrock principles of fairness and justice for all. In striving to ensure that all criminal defendants are treated equally under the law, it endeavors to handle like-cases in like-fashion, adhering to the proposition that the same rules and procedures should be employed regardless of a defendant's wealth or poverty, social status, race, ethnicity, or gender. Yet, exceptions have been recognized when special circumstances are perceived to have driven a defendant's behavior or are likely to skew the defendant's trial. Examples include the right to act in self-defense and to be appointed an attorney if you cannot afford one. Another set of exceptions, but ones that are much more controversial, poorly articulated, and inconsistently applied, involves criminal defendants with a mental disorder. Some of these individuals are perceived to be less culpable, as well as less capable of exercising the rights all defendants retain within the justice system, more in need of mental health services than criminal prosecution, and warranting enhanced protections at trial. As a result, special rules and procedures have evolved over the centuries, often without fanfare and even today with little systematic examination, to be applied to cases involving defendants with a mental disorder. This book offers that systematic examination. It identifies the various stages of criminal justice proceedings when the mental status of a criminal defendant may be relevant, associated legal and policy issues, the history and evolution of these issues, how they are currently resolved, and how forensic mental health assessments are conducted and employed during criminal proceedings.


BACKGROUND
Increased estrogen levels during pregnancy can exacerbate hereditary angioedema (HAE), yet disease and treatment ramifications remain poorly studied in pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE
Data from the international Berinert Patient Registry were used to evaluate outcomes of pregnancies exposed to plasma-derived, pasteurized, nanofiltered C1-inhibitor concentrate (pnfC1-INH) during routine HAE management.

METHODS
This observational registry, conducted between 2010 and 2014 at 30 U.S. and 7 European sites, gathered data on 318 subjects and 15,000 pnfC1-INH infusions. Whenever possible, the subjects who used pnfC1-INH during pregnancy were followed up to term to assess neonatal outcomes and to collect maternal adverse events (AE) that occurred up to 1 month after pnfC1-INH administration.

RESULTS
The registry data base included 11 pregnancies in 10 subjects who used pnfC1-INH for HAE attack treatment and/or prophylaxis (>261 doses during pregnancy). Eight pregnancies concluded in the birth of a healthy baby. Of the remaining three pregnancies: one was voluntarily terminated at 9 weeks of gestation; a second ended as a first-trimester spontaneous abortion 1 week after the subject's most recent pnfC1-INH infusion and was considered unrelated to pnf-C1INH treatment; and the third occurred in a subject who exited the registry approximately 2 months before her due date, with no further follow up. As assessed for 30 days after each pnfC1-INH infusion, there were no AEs that were considered related to pnfC1-INH therapy.

CONCLUSION
Administration of pnfC1-INH during pregnancy was generally safe and not associated with any treatment-related AEs. In all registry pregnancies followed up to term, the birth of a healthy baby was reported.


Brain Fingerprinting is a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen (1-4). Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy and tests on real-life situations including felony crimes. Why Brain Fingerprinting: Brain Fingerprinting is based on the principle that the brain is central to all human acts. In a criminal act, there may or may not be many kinds of peripheral evidence, but the brain is always there, planning, executing and recording the crime (5). The fundamental difference between a perpetrator and a falsely accused, innocent person is that the perpetrator, having committed the crime, has the details of the crime stored in his brain and the innocent suspect does not. This is what Brain Fingerprinting detects scientifically.


Jerome Frank occupies an odd place in the intellectual history of American law. He and Karl Llewellyn were long considered the two thought-leaders of probably the most important movement in legal thought of the twentieth century, legal realism. And his most famous contribution to legal theory, Law & the Modern Mind, is still regarded as a legal classic. But at a time of renewed scholarly attention to legal realism, Frank is typically characterized these days as an "extreme" realist, who was a peripheral figure within that movement. He tends to be treated as an erratic, if perhaps brilliant, thinker who made some insightful critiques but who never even attempted to develop anything like a coherent theory of adjudication or a constructive vision for legal reform. This view of Frank seems to me deeply mistaken, and the aim of this essay is to correct it. I do so by offering a close reading of his most famous and controversial work, Law & the Modern Mind. My argument, in short, is that generations of scholars have misinterpreted this book because they have misunderstood Frank's philosophical worldview and, therefore, his intellectual ambitions. If one takes Law and the Modern Mind on its own terms and if one reads its argument as a whole, rather than simply as a series of one-off critiques, one can see that Frank did not deny the possibility of rational legal decisionmaking, but rather sought to articulate the habits of mind and character on which he believed the sound administration of justice depended. Understanding Frank's true concerns matters today because the questions he raised remain unanswered, and many of today's proponents of a "new legal realism" deem them hardly worth asking.


[1] Photon recollision probability, or the probability by which a photon scattered from a phytoelement in the canopy will interact within the canopy again, has previously been shown to approximate well the fractions of radiation scattered and absorbed by homogeneous plant covers. To test the applicability of the recollision probability theory to more complicated canopy structures, a set of modeled stands was generated using allometric relations for Scots pine trees growing in central Finland. A hybrid geometric-optical model (FRT, or the Kuusk-Nilson model) was used to simulate the reflectance and transmittance of the modeled forests consisting of ellipsoidal tree crowns and, on the basis of the simulations, the recollision probability (p) was calculated for the canopies. As the recollision probability theory assumes energy conservation, a method to check and ensure energy conservation in the model was first developed. The method enabled matching the geometric-optical and two-stream submodels of the hybrid FRT model, and more importantly, allowed calculation of the recollision probability from model output. Next, to assess the effect of canopy structure on the recollision probability, the obtained p-values were compared to those calculated for structureless (homogeneous) canopies with similar effective LAI using a simple two-stream radiation transfer model. Canopy structure was shown to increase the recollision probability, implying that structured canopies absorb more efficiently the radiation interacting with the canopy, and it also changed the escape probabilities for different scattering orders. Most importantly, the study demonstrated that the concept of recollision probability is coherent with physically based canopy reflectance models which use the classical radiative transfer theory. Furthermore, it was shown that as a first approximation, the recollision probability can be considered to be independent of wavelength. Finally, different algorithms for calculation of the recollision probability from measured or modeled radiation fluxes are presented and discussed in the article.


[4.3.0]- and [5.3.0]Bicyclic ring systems containing a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead position were prepared by a [3+2] addition of acetylenic dipolarophiles to the conformationally locked cyclic α-alkoxycarbonylnitrones 1a–c and 18. Reaction proceeded with a high degree of diastereofacial selectivity with cycloaddition taking place to the face of the dipole opposite the C-5 methyl group. Reaction with the C-phenyl nitrones, 1b and 1c, was straightforward and the structure of 12b, arising from reaction of 1b with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The identity of the product(s) from reaction of C-methyl nitrones, 1a or 18, with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate varies with reaction duration; 12a and 20 are the primary cycloaddition products and the pyrrolooxazinones 14 and 22 appear after prolonged reaction duration. A similar pattern of reactivity is observed when the same dipoles react with methyl propiolate. The structure of 14 has been confirmed following X-ray crystallographic analysis. The primary cycloadducts, 12a, 20, 24a and 30, bearing a C3a-methyl group had poor thermal stability and rearranged to the pyrrolooxazinones 13, 21, 25 and 31 respectively. A mechanistic proposal for the origin of the fused pyrroles is included. A C-6 methyl substituent on the dipole 18 had no determining influence on the stereochemical course or the rate of the cycloaddition reaction established by its unsubstituted analogues 1a and 1b. In addition to its mechanistic findings, this paper reports two significant synthetic advances: access to a range of unusually substituted hetero-fused pyrroles and to isoxazolooxazepinones, a rare bicyclic ring system.


This work consists of four seemingly independent research tasks, using the British Household Panel Survey. Firstly, we endeavour to ascertain the impact of personal characteristics on the concept of Job Mobility with respect to Hour Constraints. Descriptive evidence suggests that almost 40% of British employees are not happy with their working hours. Whether this fact can stimulate job mobility is of our primary interest. We then focus on job satisfaction in attempt to isolate those parameters that can have a decisive effect on it. We exploit a series of subjectively measured covariates in order to tackle unobserved heterogeneity and handle the issue of interpersonal judgements in a more consistent way. Additionally, we estimate job satisfaction profiles to see if the pattern of job satisfaction is different between those employees who changed job and those who did not. The third empirical chapter examines the issues of earnings profiles between the private and the public sector. We argue that the motivational basis for choosing either sector is fundamentally different and this fact should have an impact on the relevant earnings profiles. Public sector workers are expected to exchange a flatter earnings profile for non-pecuniary aspects of their job, including the satisfaction with the work it self. Finally, we look at the probability of becoming self-employed, conditional upon the receipt of a windfall and the consideration of social capital variables. We want to see if the inclusion of the latter can have any impact on the predicting power of windfalls, given that recent research highlighted the relationship between social capital variables and the probability of receiving a windfall.


People may be more or less vulnerable to changes in self-control across the day, depending on whether they believe willpower is more or less limited. Limited willpower beliefs might be associated with steeper decreases in self-control across the day, which may result in less goal-consistent behaviour by the evening. Community members with health goals (Sample 1; N = 160; 1814 observations) and students (Sample 2; N = 162; 10,581 observations) completed five surveys per day for one to three weeks, reporting on their recent physical activity, snacking, subjective state, and health intentions. In both samples, more limited willpower beliefs were associated with less low- and moderate-intensity physical activity, particularly later in the day. Limited willpower beliefs were also associated with more snacking in the evenings (Sample 1) or overall (Sample 2). These behavioural patterns were mediated by differential changes in self-efficacy and intentions across the course of the day (in Sample 1), and the above patterns of low- and moderate-physical intensity held after controlling for related individual differences, including trait self-control and chronotype (in Sample 2). Overall, more limited willpower theories were associated with decreasing goal-consistent behaviour as the day progressed, alongside decreasing self-efficacy and weakening health-goal intentions.


Example-based super-resolution (SR) is an attractive option to Bayesian approaches to enhance image resolution. We use a multiresolution approach to example-based SR and discuss codebook construction for video sequences. We match a block to be super-resolved to a low-resolution version of the reference high-resolution image blocks. Once the match is found, we carefully apply the high-frequency contents of the chosen reference block to the one to be super-resolved. In essence, the method relies on "betting" that if the low-frequency contents of two blocks are very similar, their high-frequency contents also might match. In particular, we are interested in scenarios where examples can be picked up from readily available high-resolution images that are strongly related to the frame to be super-resolved. Hence, they constitute an excellent source of material to construct a dynamic codebook. Here, we propose a method to super-resolve a video using multiple overlapped variable-block-size codebooks. We implemented a mixed-resolution video coding scenario, where some frames are encoded at a higher resolution and can be used to enhance the other lower-resolution ones. In another scenario, we consider the framework where the camera captures a video at a lower resolution and also takes periodic snapshots at a higher resolution. Results indicate substantial gains over interpolation and fixed-codebook SR, and significant gains over previous works as well.


Many people are perplexed, even troubled, by the fact that God (if such there be) has not made His existence sufficiently clear. This fact – the fact of divine hiddenness – is a source of existential concern for many people. That is, it raises problems about their very existence, particularly its value and purpose. The fact of divine hiddenness is also, according to some people, a source of good evidence against the existence of God. That is, it allegedly poses a cognitive problem for theism, in the form of evidence challenging the assumption that God exists. (Here and throughout we speak of "God" as broadly represented in the historic Jewish and Christian theistic traditions.)


In this paper we present the design of a temperature compensated low-tune-voltage-sensitive CMOS ring oscillator in 40nm standard CMOS technology. The oscillator has an overall frequency range from 3.1 GHz to 3.6 GHz. The effect of temperature variations on the frequency span has been tuned out by an IPTAT (inversely proportional to absolute temperature) current reference. In this work, using a coarse-fine tuning mechanism lowers the tune range sensitivity of the oscillator, which is usually represented as KVCO. The achieved KVCO is around 490 MHz/V with 400 mV tune voltage sweep. The area and the power consumption of the ring oscillator are 0.0056 mm2 and 0.9 mW.


Based on research on how volunteering contributes to people's subjective well‐being, this study uses the case of the Peace & Love festival in Borlange, Sweden, the largest music and societal cohesion city festival in Sweden, to suggest an individual, organizational, and societal cost-benefit model, including intangible values such as subjective well-being and social capital. Previous studies on the festival's audience correlated an individual's subjective well‐being and their voluntary engagements. Does this relationship hold for the volunteers? The festival calls for about 6,000 volunteers. Their contribution, in traditional economic terms, is about SEK 18 million (€2.1 million), corresponding to about 20 percent of the festival's net turnover. Volunteers seem to be necessary to make ends meet financially. Volunteer motives, ranging from rational choice to pure altruism, are addressed. For a teenager, the weekly pass is quite expensive: as a result, some people only volunteer to get festival access. Such participants usually require more supervision than altruistic volunteers. However, the societal return may be large for this group considering the amount of young, first-time volunteers introduced to civil engagement. The festival volunteers report an average subjective well-being of 8.2 compared to the festival visitors averaging 7.6 on a scale 0–10, where 10 is the maximum, implying positive effects on the intangible values.


In this dissertation a study of numerical simulations of turbulent diffusion flames and pool fires is presented. In order to account for the physical coupling of turbulent mixing and combustion, the large eddy simulation (LES) technique is used. The subgrid-scale (SGS) modelling for both turbulence and combustion are examined in details and a modified version of SGS combustion model has been proposed. For SGS turbulence modelling, the dynamic approach is used. This approach allows the model coefficient to be updated temporally and spatially and it can be used to account for the energy back-scattering. For SGS combustion modelling, a conserved scalar approach, namely the laminar flamelet model is used. Due to the tiny scale of combustion, it could be infeasible for modern computers to execute a direct calculation of an industrial combustion application. By treating the fire flame as an assembly of thin flames (flamelets), the laminar flamelet model has managed to separate the chemical reaction from the turbulence mixing. The calculation of laminar flamelet approach is relatively independent of LES. The calculations of turbulence and combustion are interacted by a conserved scalar called mixture fraction.

Contribution has been made by the candidate to the application and optimisations of the SGS models. Those optimisations are based on the applications to pool fires and bluff body flows. In SGS combustion modelling, the variance of mixture fraction and the scalar dissipation rate are modelled from the mixture fraction rather than solving the governing equations. This simplification has dramatically cut the computational expense and has virtually turned the 3-D look-up table to a 1-D format. During the calculation of the heat release rate, the contribution of both reactants and products are considered. For pool fires, the constant thermodynamics pressure is used to effectively establish the relation between the temperature and density fields.

Pool fires with different burner diameters and various types of fuels have been simulated using LES with the above SGS modelling. All cases are studied under 3-D mode. In addition to the analysis of the distribution of mean flow quantities (temperature, density, velocities, etc), considerable effort has been directed towards the sudy of the time development and the dynamic behaviours. Different characteristics have been identified for medium and small pool fires. The dynamic approach of SGS turbulence modelling has also been applied to the simulation of bluff body flows.

The simulations were carried out using the LES package called Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), which is developed by the researchers in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S.A. During the period of the Ph.D study, the FDS codes were updated several times by both the researchers in NIST and the candidate. The update covers the combustion modelling, radiation modelling, meshing and some other aspects. The simulations were carried out on a single processor Pentium IV PC with 2G-RAM. The number of cells in each simulation was generally between 1 and 2 million with the finest grid resolution being in the order of millimetre.

The predictions are compared with the experimental measurement and other established simulation data. The ability of capturing the instantaneous flow movement and dealing with the realistic geometries has made LES with appropriate SGS modelling an effective and promising tool for the numerical study of turbulence and combustion. The laminar flamelet approach of SGS combustion modelling has established progressive relationship between the modelling of turbulence and the modelling of combustion.

As a recommendation, the extending use of the dynamic approach has been proposed. With more accurate determination of the model coefficient in SGS modelling, LES is expected to cope with even higher Reynolds number flows in more complicated geometries.


Carbon capture and storage technology has become a possible solution to address the problem of global warming due to the increasing use of fossil fuels. The application of this technology by many carbon dioxide emitting industrial units is still hindered by the process and equipment cost associated with the capture of carbon dioxide. Zeolites have become a major player in this field due to their high adsorption capacity for carbon dioxide. Traditional use of zeolites in the form of pellets or beads has issues relating to high mass transfer resistance and increased energy consumption required to overcome high pressure drop for such systems. Novel structured adsorbents have been developed to manage these problems but they require high precision and cost for their manufacture. Although they are superior to beads/pellets in terms of breakthrough characteristics, they have very low loading of adsorbent.
To overcome the limitations of high cost and low loading of non-particulate structures and the disadvantages of the conventional adsorbent structures, new preparatory techniques for adsorbent structures are being researched. For more practical applications, a zeolite structured adsorbent needs to be created that has high adsorption capacity, low pressure drop, high mass transfer and provides overall high system efficiency. In addition, the very large scale of the flue gas capture application demands that the adsorbent structure should be made using low cost materials and processes. Motivated by the low cost of papermaking technology, we have studied and adapted this technique to create a highly loaded, large surface area sheet structure. Zeolites have already found use in the paper industry as fillers and retention aids and can therefore be easily adapted to current paper mills to create structured laminate adsorbents.
This project looks towards creating zeolite laminate structured adsorbent using papermaking techniques for carbon dioxide capture. The selection of materials for the preparation of laminate structures is initially done to create structures that are strong and have high porosity with high loading of zeolite. An easy method of preparing laminate zeolite sheet structures is also outlined. This leads to the next part of the project which is characterisation of the zeolite laminate sheet structures. Although few materials were used in preparation of the sheets, the many variables involved in sheet forming would make it very time consuming to create each unique sheet structure and characterise the properties. Hence, to speed up the process, a partial factorial design method was used to characterise the laminate sheets. 16 experiments were completed.
SEM and mercury porosity methods were used to characterise the porosity of the sheet structures. These results show that porosity of the structure is mainly affected by the amount of silica present in the structure. Nitrogen adsorption and carbon dioxide adsorption measurements were studied to determine the loading in the laminate sheet structures, since the adsorption capacity is completely dependent on the zeolite. The strength of the laminate structures were measured using a novel testing method as it was difficult to apply the routine strength measurement methods to some of the weak laminate samples. Considering the application of the laminate structures, a vibratory sieve was used to determine the comparative strength of the different structures from the partial factorial design. It was found that laminate structures with either 40-55wt% micron zeolite or 30wt% nano zeolite had adequate strength for breakthrough testing. Structures with higher loading of zeolite fell apart very easily. The kinetics of the laminate samples were also measured using the Rate of Adsorption software in ASAP 2010. These results show that the presence of nano zeolite increases the adsorption kinetics of the laminate structures and on the whole the laminate structure had higher kinetics when compared to powder or beads due to overcoming macropore diffusion resistance.

The structures which had the best characteristics from the partial factorial design were used for breakthrough testing. Testing for different porosities, it was found that structures with high porosity i.e. samples having 40wt% zeolite had higher effective diffusivities and lower pressure drop when compared to structure with low porosity i.e. samples having 20wt% zeolite. Other methods of increasing spacing between the folds of the laminate structures were also tested and using a wire to create spacing was found to be the best method to lower pressure drop. In some instances, the effective diffusivities were reduced while in other instances they were the same. But the method of winding to produce laminate structures for breakthrough testing produced highly variable results.
An idea of printing hydrophobic channels on the paper samples was considered to improve breakthrough characteristics of the laminate structures. Since printing is easy, cheap and can be adapted to a large industrial setting, this method of creating channels for gas flow in the laminate structures has many advantages. An initial assessment of this method showed that using AKD to create hydrophobic patterns on the sheet was successful as different levels of depth were observed between the AKD treated and untreated sections in the final laminate structure. To create distinguishable regions of AKD treated and untreated sections, the amount of the zeolite loading and ceramic loading were also fixed at 8g zeolite and 6.5g ceramic fibres. A method of printing parallel hydrophobic channels was established and the sheets were coated with two different weight % of colloidal silica (40wt% and 20wt%). These differing amounts of colloidal silica create laminate structures with different depths of channels as seen from SEM imaging. Breakthrough assessment of the printed laminate structures show that the structures with 20wt% silica have higher effective diffusivities and lower pressure drop when compared to structures with 40wt% silica or structures without hydrophobic printing, showing that laminate structures with printed channels is a very attractive adsorbent structure for CO2 capture.


The choice of method for allocating royalties among intellectual property ("IP") owning members of a standards setting organization ("SSO") has substantive implications for investment in technological innovation, the allocation of resources between technology firms and consumer welfare. A small but vocal minority of participants in the industry for wireless communications have proposed, and various industry analysts have reported, that determining the pro rata share of "essential" patents to a given technology standard held by each different patent owner and multiplying such share by some arbitrarily determined maximum royalty is the appropriate method for determining the appropriate level of royalties that each such patent owner should be able to obtain. These same proponents have argued that, based on their theory of "numerical proportionality", QUALCOMM's IP rights underlying WCDMA, a 3rd generation ("3G") wireless communications standard, do not justify the level of royalties that dozens of companies, including most major wireless equipment manufacturers, have voluntarily agreed to pay it in the course of arms-length bilateral negotiations. We show that this view is fundamentally flawed as: (i) it is based on an erroneous interpretation of a questionable paper entitled "3G Cellular Standards and Patents" ("the Nokia GM and (ii) patent counting or indeed any other known quantitative approach is not a realistic (or accurate) method for determining the value of a patent portfolio, as confirmed by the absence of support for such methods in legal or economic literature.


Introduction:Head and neck wounds can present a reconstructive challenge for the plastic surgeon. Whether from skin cancer, trauma, or burns, there are many different treatment modalities used to dress and manage complex head and neck wounds. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy has been used on wounds of nearly every aspect of the body but not routinely in the head and neck area. This study was conducted to demonstrate our results using the VAC in the treatment of complex head and neck wounds. Methods:This is an IRB-approved, retrospective review of 69 patients with 73 head and neck wounds that were managed using the VAC between 1999 and 2008. The wound mechanism, location, and size, length of VAC therapy, patient comorbidities, use of radiation, complications, and ultimate outcome were assessed. In this patient population, the VAC was utilized because the standard reconstructive ladder was not a good option or had previously failed. Results:Sixty-nine patients with complex head and neck wounds were treated with the wound VAC. The mean age of the patients was 66 years, with a range of 5–96 years. Males outnumbered females in this study nearly 2:1. Eighty-six percent of patients had wounds secondary to cancer, 8% secondary to trauma, 3% secondary to infection, and 3% secondary to burns. The VAC was used as a dressing over skin grafts in 50%, over Integra in 21%, and over open debrided wounds in 29%. Wounds healed without complication in 44% of the skin grafts, 67% of Integra-covered wounds, and 71% of debrided wounds. Minor complications included failure of complete graft take, failure of granulation tissue formation in open debrided wounds, infection, and hematoma formation under skin grafts. Major complications included positive cancer margins requiring reexcision and death secondary to pulmonary embolism, sepsis, and metastatic cancer. Most complications resolved with dressing changes, repeat grafting, or the administration of antibiotics. Conclusions:Our results demonstrate that the wound VAC provides a reliable, effective, and durable dressing for a multitude of complex head and neck wounds. Additionally, it is a valuable tool when traditional surgical procedures are not a viable option.


In this paper we point out the benefits of using structured content in Web-Based Training (WBT) scenarios. Using an XML compliant subset of the DocBook document type definition – enriched with semantics for interactive hypermedia and educational elements – we present a complete publishing workflow for educational online material. Original content is authored in an SGML/XML editor, then processed into a set of XML files containing course structure and contents. Finally a web server extension written in Java (servlet) renders this XML content on-the-fly into HTML pages according to learner preferences, desired target media or current educational situation. An XML content base also makes way for a fine-grained annotation facility. Finally, all user requests and their parameters are logged into a relational database. This allows the collection and sharing of comparable data on applicability and effectiveness of the content and helps to improve the quality of future online courses.


The number of individuals living longer after a diagnosis of advanced cancer (AC) is increasing. To provide effective care for this population, a sound understanding of the psychological impact of AC is necessary. Cancer has been shown to have a traumatic impact and can precipitate both post-traumatic stress (PTS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). In individuals with cancer, PTS is manifested through intrusive thoughts and images related to the experience of cancer, avoidance of thoughts and feelings connected with this experience, hyper arousal, and negative changes to one's mood and thinking. PTG describes the positive changes that can occur in response to managing a challenging life event, such as cancer. While PTS and PTG have been explored extensively in response to primary cancer, the traumatic impact of AC has received less attention. A review of the literature on PTS in response to AC identified 11 studies, which were collated and critiqued. Across studies, individuals reported high rates of PTS, which were influenced by numerous factors. In completing this review, the researcher noted that studies on PTG in response to AC were lacking. There was also a paucity of qualitative research in this area, and few studies with the partners of those with AC, despite evidence of high rates of traumatisation in this group. To remedy these limitations in the evidence base, a Q-methodology study (n=11) was conducted. This study explored patients' and partners' responses to living with AC, to determine whether the constructs of PTS and PTG resonated with their subjective experiences. This analysis interpreted four differing accounts of the impact of AC, three of which could be understood as stories involving PTG and PTS. The final paper in this thesis provides a reflective account of the research experience.


BACKGROUND
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis involving primarily the sacroiliac joints and the axial skeleton that can lead to bone resorption and bone formation, ultimately resulting in ankylosis. However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of AS are far from being clear.

AIM
In this study, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AS samples compared with healthy control, and mapped these DEGs to the protein-protein interaction network.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We applied a statistical approach of MCODE to cluster proteins in the network. Six functional modules were identified in our network.

CONCLUSIONS
Functional studies of these 6 modules suggest that the DEGs may play roles in both the inflammatory environment and bone and cartilage effects. We anticipate the results from this study will provide the groundwork for the understanding of AS pathogenesis.


Transcriptional control of gene expression requires interactions between the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) controlling gene promoters. We developed a sensitive computational method to identify CRE combinations with conserved spacing that does not require genome alignments. When applied to seven sensu stricto and sensu lato Saccharomyces species, 80% of the predicted interactions displayed some evidence of combinatorial transcriptional behavior in several existing datasets including: (1) chromatin immunoprecipitation data for colocalization of transcription factors, (2) gene expression data for coexpression of predicted regulatory targets, and (3) gene ontology databases for common pathway membership of predicted regulatory targets. We tested several predicted CRE interactions with chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments in a wild-type strain and strains in which a predicted cofactor was deleted. Our experiments confirmed that transcription factor (TF) occupancy at the promoters of the CRE combination target genes depends on the predicted cofactor while occupancy of other promoters is independent of the predicted cofactor. Our method has the additional advantage of identifying regulatory differences between species. By analyzing the S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus genomes, we identified differences in combinatorial cis-regulation between the species and showed that the predicted changes in gene regulation explain several of the species-specific differences seen in gene expression datasets. In some instances, the same CRE combinations appear to regulate genes involved in distinct biological processes in the two different species. The results of this research demonstrate that (1) combinatorial cis-regulation can be inferred by multi-genome analysis and (2) combinatorial cis-regulation can explain differences in gene expression between species.


In this work we evaluate the impact of interference caused by concurrent transmissions of neighboring stations on the performance of quickest detection schemes for detection of back-off misbehavior in the IEEE 802.11 MAC. We evaluate the trade-offs that both the adversary and the detector face under such conditions using a game theoretic framework. Furthermore, we evaluate the worst-case scenarios under which the given detector can efficiently operate under the predetermined conditions and show by both mathematical analysis and simulation how the presence of uncertainty affects the performance of the detector. Finally, we conclude that in the presence of (i) adaptive intelligent adversaries and (ii) variable environment conditions, the adoption of a static detection system is not advisable and propose employment of an adaptive detection system in order to maintain satisfying performance under a wide range of conditions.


Interdisciplinary understanding requires integration of insights from different perspectives, yet it appears questionable whether disciplinary experts are well prepared for this. Indeed, psychological and cognitive scientific studies suggest that expertise can be disadvantageous because experts are often more biased than non-experts, for example, or fixed on certain approaches, and less flexible in novel situations or situations outside their domain of expertise. An explanation is that experts' conscious and unconscious cognition and behavior depend upon their learning and acquisition of a set of mental representations or knowledge structures. Compared to beginners in a field, experts have assembled a much larger set of representations that are also more complex, facilitating fast and adequate perception in responding to relevant situations. This article argues how metacognition should be employed in order to mitigate such disadvantages of expertise: By metacognitively monitoring and regulating their own cognitive processes and representations, experts can prepare themselves for interdisciplinary understanding. Interdisciplinary collaboration is further facilitated by team metacognition about the team, tasks, process, goals, and representations developed in the team. Drawing attention to the need for metacognition, the article explains how philosophical reflection on the assumptions involved in different disciplinary perspectives must also be considered in a process complementary to metacognition and not completely overlapping with it. (Disciplinary assumptions are here understood as determining and constraining how the complex mental representations of experts are chunked and structured.) The article concludes with a brief reflection on how the process of Reflective Equilibrium should be added to the processes of metacognition and philosophical reflection in order for experts involved in interdisciplinary collaboration to reach a justifiable and coherent form of interdisciplinary integration. An Appendix of "Prompts or Questions for Metacognition" that can elicit metacognitive knowledge, monitoring, or regulation in individuals or teams is included at the end of the article.


This thesis, conducted as part of a project which aims to investigate sociality and rhetoric culture theory, does so by considering the rhetorics of personhood among the self-employed in Halle an der Saale, eastern Germany, based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork among businesspersons, advisors and officials. Sociality and rhetoric culture theory suggests that it is the persuasive action of humans which effects the continuous and inventive cultural change which our evolved interactive and intersubjective abilities permits. In a region which has seen particularly intense and often negative social, political and economic change towards late capitalism as it moved from a state socialism – where the egalitarian 'socialist personality' was fostered alongside a vehement criticism of capitalist individualism – I investigate the rhetorical strategies the self-employed use to describe themselves, their lives and businesses as they take up this most 'individualistic' practice as well as those employed by government and parts of the media who encourage it. Based on participant observation, interview data and media analyses, I argue that despite tacit approval of capitalism by the self-employed, the necessity to engage in it brought about by current circumstances is rhetorically tempered by the evocation of the increased sense of solidarity and consociality eastern Germans have been long noted to claim they possess in comparison to their western co-citizens. I also suggest that highlighting these aspects, and indeed being so, offers a distinct advantage to eastern businesspersons in an increasingly competitive and precarious world of encroaching neoliberal work practices.

After a thorough introduction to sociality and rhetorical culture theory, and a consideration of research methods and ethical and reflective issues, in Chapter 3 I introduce my fieldsite and its particular context. I show how aspects of GDR rhetoric regarding work and society still abound in Halle, both in the built landscape and in publications. Chapter 4 features a media analysis of how Germans are encouraged to change to become 'mini-corporations' and in it, and in Chapter 5, through participation at courses, and interviews, how acceptance of this is tempered by eastern German focus on consociality, and on the importance of the person. In Chapter 6, based on participation in product promotion I show how success follows focussing on these aspects by these precarious 'new self-employed'. In Chapter 7, I detail how through the use of promotional 'mass-gifts', they create sociality by evoking GDR-era social networks of sharing and consumption. Before a final conclusion, Chapter 8 shows how Halle itself uses people to market itself. I demonstrate how the city authorities, as well as the self-employed, use 'famous son' G. F. Handel, but also the self-employed themselves, in order to combat Halle's negative personification as the post-industrial, socio-economically deprived 'Grey Diva'.