Endorsed by the Society of Light and Lighting, this practical book offers comprehensive guidance on how colour, light and contrast can be incorporated within buildings to enhance their usability. The book provides state-of-the-art, clear guidance as well as a valuable information source for busy professionals involved in the design or management of new and existing environments.
The ways colour, light and contrast are used within built environments are critical in determining how people interact with the space, and how confident, safe, and secure they will feel when doing so. They also have a major influence on a person's sense of well-being and their ability to use the environment independently and without undue effort.

Understanding how to use colour and contrast and how they are influenced by both natural and artificial lighting is vital for all those involved in the design and management of the environments and spaces we all use.

In recent years there has been a considerable amount of work undertaken to further our understanding of how colour, light and contrast affect emotion and sensory abilities, and how they can assist or hinder people in their everyday lives.

Other publications consider these issues individually but The Colour, Light and Contrast Manual: designing and managing inclusive built environments draws knowledge and information together to produce a unique, comprehensive and informative guide to how the three elements can work together to improve the design and management of environments for us all.


Abstract The role of the digital technologies are becoming increasingly important in our day-to-day life. Digital technologies have become part of our social life as well as business operations across different industrial and public sectors. Because of digitalization the internet protocol and data traffic have been on the rise for several years. A few studies and estimates have been presented about the increasing future use of energy and electricity. Occasionally consumer behaviors have been claimed to be behind of these increases in electricity use. This report makes an effort to understand the energy and electricity consumption of the Finnish Information sector (ICT-sector) from 2011 until 2017. Additionally, we compare the Finnish electricity use to other European countries with similar data available. The findings of this study are partly inconsistent with those previously presented in terms of future energy and electricity use. Our report also shows that energy efficiencies of the information sector have not been retained while the internet protocol and data traffic have been increasing in both fixed and mobile networks.


A deep neural network based architecture was constructed to predict amino acid side chain conformation with unprecedented accuracy. Amino acid side chain conformation prediction is essential for protein homology modeling and protein design. Current widely-adopted methods use physics-based energy functions to evaluate side chain conformation. Here, using a deep neural network architecture without physics-based assumptions, we have demonstrated that side chain conformation prediction accuracy can be improved by more than 25%, especially for aromatic residues compared with current standard methods. More strikingly, the prediction method presented here is robust enough to identify individual conformational outliers from high resolution structures in a protein data bank without providing its structural factors. We envisage that our amino acid side chain predictor could be used as a quality check step for future protein structure model validation and many other potential applications such as side chain assignment in Cryo-electron microscopy, crystallography model auto-building, protein folding and small molecule ligand docking.


In this study, the effect of using biodiesel – derived from waste cooking oil – and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance and emissions of a single cylinder 4-stroke engine has been investigated. Three engine speeds (1800, 2100 and 2400 rpm), three engine loads (25, 50 and 75 %), four biodiesel/diesel blend (B0, B5, B10 and B15) and four EGR rates (0, 10, 20 and 30 %) have been applied to the engine. The considered emissions of the engine, measured at exhaust, were , CO, CO 2 , HC and smoke. The considered performance parameters were engine power, exhaust gas temperature and brake specific fuel consumption. The results of the study show that the addition of the biodiesel to the diesel fuel increases emission of the engine. The highest decrease in emissions while using the biodiesel and EGR has been 63.76% with B10 fuel blend and 30% EGR rate. Therefore, it can be stated that, using EGR, the increase in emissions of the engine due to biodiesel can be reduced. The simultaneous usage of EGR and biodiesel reduced CO emission of the engine of 4.04, 12 and 1.73% for low, medium and high engine speed. The biodiesel decreased the HC emission of the engine and so it compensated the increase of HC due to EGR. The highest reduction in HC emission levels while using EGR and biodiesel simultaneously, has been 54.05%. It is noticeable that the total amount of the smoke emission levels while using EGR and biodiesel did not change considerably.


Preface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Systems and Control Terminology. 1.2 Nonlinear Systems. 1.3 Feedback Control Approaches. 1.3.1 Linear Design. 1.3.2 Adaptive Linear Design. 1.3.3 Nonlinear Design. 1.3.4 Adaptive Approximation Based Design. 1.3.5 Example Summary. 1.4 Components of Approximation Based Control. 1.4.1 Control Architecture. 1.4.2 Function Approximator. 1.4.3 Stable Training Algorithm. 1.5 Discussion and Philosophical Comments. 1.6 Exercises and Design Problems. 2. APPROXIMATION THEORY. 2.1 Motivating Example. 2.2 Interpolation. 2.3 Function Approximation. 2.3.1 Off-line (Batch) Function Approximation. 2.3.2 Adaptive Function Approximation. 2.4 Approximator Properties. 2.4.1 Parameter (Non)Linearity. 2.4.2 Classical Approximation Results. 2.4.3 Network Approximators. 2.4.4 Nodal Processors. 2.4.5 Universal Approximator. 2.4.6 Best Approximator Property. 2.4.7 Generalization. 2.4.8 Extent of Influence Function Support. 2.4.9 Approximator Transparency. 2.4.10 Haar Conditions. 2.4.11 Multivariable Approximation by Tensor Products. 2.5 Summary. 2.6 Exercises and Design Problems. 3. APPROXIMATION STRUCTURES. 3.1 Model Types. 3.1.1 Physically Based Models. 3.1.2 Structure (Model) Free Approximation. 3.1.3 Function Approximation Structures. 3.2 Polynomials. 3.2.1 Description. 3.2.2 Properties. 3.3 Splines. 3.3.1 Description. 3.3.2 Properties. 3.4 Radial Basis Functions. 3.4.1 Description. 3.4.2 Properties. 3.5 Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller. 3.5.1 Description. 3.5.2 Properties. 3.6 Multilayer Perceptron. 3.6.1 Description. 3.6.2 Properties. 3.7 Fuzzy Approximation. 3.7.1 Description. 3.7.2 Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Systems. 3.7.3 Properties. 3.8 Wavelets. 3.8.1 Multiresolution Analysis (MRA). 3.8.2 MRA Properties. 3.9 Further Reading. 3.10 Exercises and Design Problems. 4. PARAMETER ESTIMATION METHODS. 4.1 Formulation for Adaptive Approximation. 4.1.1 Illustrative Example. 4.1.2 Motivating Simulation Examples. 4.1.3 Problem Statement. 4.1.4 Discussion of Issues in Parametric Estimation. 4.2 Derivation of Parametric Models. 4.2.1 Problem Formulation for Full-State Measurement. 4.2.2 Filtering Techniques. 4.2.3 SPR Filtering. 4.2.4 Linearly Parameterized Approximators. 4.2.5 Parametric Models in State Space Form. 4.2.6 Parametric Models of Discrete-Time Systems. 4.2.7 Parametric Models of Input-Output Systems. 4.3 Design of On-Line Learning Schemes. 4.3.1 Error Filtering On-Line Learning (EFOL) Scheme. 4.3.2 Regressor Filtering On-Line Learning (RFOL) Scheme. 4.4 Continuous-Time Parameter Estimation. 4.4.1 Lyapunov Based Algorithms. 4.4.2 Optimization Methods. 4.4.3 Summary. 4.5 On-Line Learning: Analysis. 4.5.1 Analysis of LIP EFOL scheme with Lyapunov Synthesis Method. 4.5.2 Analysis of LIP RFOL scheme with the Gradient Algorithm. 4.5.3 Analysis of LIP RFOL scheme with RLS Algorithm. 4.5.4 Persistency of Excitation and Parameter Convergence. 4.6 Robust Learning Algorithms. 4.6.1 Projection modification. 4.6.2 &sigma -modification. 4.6.3 &epsis -modification. 4.6.4 Dead-zone modification. 4.6.5 Discussion and Comparison. 4.7 Concluding Summary. 4.8 Exercises and Design Problems. 5. NONLINEAR CONTROL ARCHITECTURES. 5.1 Small-Signal Linearization. 5.1.1 Linearizing Around an Equilibrium Point. 5.1.2 Linearizing Around a Trajectory. 5.1.3 Gain Scheduling. 5.2 Feedback Linearization. 5.2.1 Scalar Input-State Linearization. 5.2.2 Higher-Order Input-State Linearization. 5.2.3 Coordinate Transformations and Diffeomorphisms. 5.2.4 Input-Output Feedback Linearization. 5.3 Backstepping. 5.3.1 Second order system. 5.3.2 Higher Order Systems. 5.3.3 Command Filtering Formulation. 5.4 Robust Nonlinear Control Design Methods. 5.4.1 Bounding Control. 5.4.2 Sliding Mode Control. 5.4.3 Lyapunov Redesign Method. 5.4.4 Nonlinear Damping. 5.4.5 Adaptive Bounding Control. 5.5 Adaptive Nonlinear Control. 5.6 Concluding Summary. 5.7 Exercises and Design Problems. 6. ADAPTIVE APPROXIMATION: MOTIVATION AND ISSUES. 6.1 Perspective for Adaptive Approximation Based Control. 6.2 Stabilization of a Scalar System. 6.2.1 Feedback Linearization. 6.2.2 Small-Signal Linearization. 6.2.3 Unknown Nonlinearity with Known Bounds. 6.2.4 Adaptive Bounding Methods. 6.2.5 Approximating the Unknown Nonlinearity. 6.2.6 Combining Approximation with Bounding Methods. 6.2.7 Combining Approximation with Adaptive Bounding Methods. 6.2.8 Summary. 6.3 Adaptive Approximation Based Tracking. 6.3.1 Feedback Linearization. 6.3.2 Tracking via Small-Signal Linearization. 6.3.3 Unknown Nonlinearities with Known Bounds. 6.3.4 Adaptive Bounding Design. 6.3.5 Adaptive Approximation of the Unknown Nonlinearities. 6.3.6 Robust Adaptive Approximation. 6.3.7 Combining Adaptive Approximation with Adaptive Bounding. 6.3.8 Some Adaptive Approximation Issues. 6.4 Nonlinear Parameterized Adaptive Approximation. 6.5 Concluding Summary. 6.6 Exercises and Design Problems. 7. ADAPTIVE APPROXIMATION BASED CONTROL: GENERAL THEORY. 7.1 Problem Formulation. 7.1.1 Trajectory Tracking. 7.1.2 System. 7.1.3 Approximator. 7.1.4 Control Design. 7.2 Approximation Based Feedback Linearization. 7.2.1 Scalar System. 7.2.2 Input-State. 7.2.3 Input-Output. 7.2.4 Control Design Outside the Approximation Region D. 7.3 Approximation Based Backstepping. 7.3.1 Second Order Systems. 7.3.2 Higher Order Systems. 7.3.3 Command Filtering Approach. 7.3.4 Robustness Considerations. 7.4 Concluding Summary. 7.5 Exercises and Design Problems. 8. ADAPTIVE APPROXIMATION BASED CONTROL FOR FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT. 8.1 Aircraft Model Introduction. 8.1.1 Aircraft Dynamics. 8.1.2 Non-dimensional Coefficients. 8.2 Angular Rate Control for Piloted Vehicles. 8.2.1 Model Representation. 8.2.2 Baseline Controller. 8.2.3 Approximation Based Controller. 8.2.4 Simulation Results. 8.3 Full Control for Autonomous Aircraft. 8.3.1 Airspeed and Flight Path Angle Control. 8.3.2 Wind-axes Angle Control. 8.3.3 Body Axis Angular Rate Control. 8.3.4 Control Law and Stability Properties. 8.3.5 Approximator Definition. 8.3.6 Simulation Analysis. 8.4 Conclusions. 8.5 Aircraft Notation. Appendix A: Systems and Stability Concepts. A.1 Systems Concepts. A.2 Stability Concepts. A.2.1 Stability Definitions. A.2.2 Stability Analysis Tools. A.3 General Results. A.4 Prefiltering. A.5 Other Useful Results. A.5.1 Smooth Approximation of the Signum function. A.6 Problems. Appendix B: Recommended Implementation and Debugging Approach. References. Index.


ABSTRACT) The development and evaluation of a fuel cell test stand incorporating various methods for controlling the temperature and humidity of fuel cell reactants is described. The test stand is capable of accurately metering gas flows, controlling the temperature and humidity of the gases, and delivering the gases to the fuel cell in a safe manner. Additionally, the test stand can measure the voltage and current produced by the fuel cell during operation. Two test stands were constructed and evaluated, one using steam injection for fuel cell stacks and the other using flash evaporation for individual fuel cells. Both test stands were shown to provide adequate control at the upper end of the design range. The flash evaporation test apparatus was used to investigate the effect of inlet gas humidity on fuel cell performance. The results from this investigation showed that, for a fuel cell and reactant temperature of 75C, the best performance was achieved with a high relative humidity (90%RH) for the hydrogen and a comparatively low relative humidity (60%) for the air.


This essay contributes to the Privacy Project's volume on Systematic Government Access to Private Sector Data, and also is part of our broader research and law reform project on Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) and law enforcement access to electronic evidence held in other nations. Specifically, this essay briefly explains the reasons why MLATs are vital and becoming increasingly important for law enforcement in this age of globalized evidence. It then adds to the previous literature by presenting the goals of key stakeholders in MLAT reform: the U.S. government, both for law enforcement and other goals; other national governments; technology companies, such as email and social network providers; and civil society, seeking goals including privacy, free speech, and democracy.Part A of the Article explains why two phenomenon are driving the increasing importance of MLATs: (1) storage of consumer records across borders due to Internet uses such as email and social networks; and (2) increasing use of encryption, blocking wiretaps in the user's country.Part B examines the position of non-U.S. governments, and explains how advances in technology and the use of U.S.-based internet services has increasingly required these governments to petition the U.S. for access to electronic evidence. Part C explains the U.S. government's position as a combination of law enforcement goals and other government sector goals. These goals include the need for positive working relationships with foreign governments, enabling legitimate law enforcement investigations, and protecting against attempts to use the MLAT system to violate human rights. Part D explains the goals of technology companies, including the wish to comply with lawful data requests, protect the human rights of their users, and find solutions that would persuade foreign governments to refrain from enacting burdensome localization or other regulatory measures. Lastly, Part E explains the goals of various U.S. and international civil society groups.They goals include a desire to raise U.S. and international standards for law enforcement investigations, maintain an open Internet, avoid data localization laws, and prevent a greater role for the International Telecommunications Union or other institutions that would splinter the global Internet. Other parts of our ongoing research will delve into the complex procedures and obstacles that characterize international mutual legal assistance today, as well as our proposed law reforms.Any such reforms, however, will have to be built on an accurate understanding of the incentives and perspectives of the major stakeholders. This essay focuses on that task.


Core-shell colloids composed of a dielectric core surrounded by a metal shell show geometric cavity resonances with optical properties that are distinctly different than those of the collective plasmon modes of the metal shell. We use finite-difference time domain calculations on silica colloids with a core diameter of 456 nm, surrounded by a 38 nm thick Au shell, to study the temporal evolution of the mode field intensity inside the cavity upon pulsed excitation. Calculations using Mie theory and the T-matrix method are used to analytically determine the dipolar cavity resonance spectrum, which is found superimposed on the broad collective dipolar plasmonic resonance modes. We characterize resonance wavelength and linewidth in terms of a geometric mode confined inside the cavity. Cavity linewidth can be controlled by metal shell thickness and quality factors Q>150 are observed. Due to the small cavity mode volume V=0.2(lambda/n)^3, a Purcell factor as high as P=54 is calculated. Introducing shape anisotropy lifts the cavity mode degeneracy, yielding blue- and redshifted longitudinal and transverse resonant modes, respectively. The relatively large volume over which the field enhancement is observed in these spherical and anisotropic metal shell cavities, combined with cavity quality factors that are much higher than that of the collective plasmonic modes, makes them attractive for application in nanoscale light sources, sensors, or lasers.


Background: Azoospermia is the most challenging issue associated with infertility treatment. The aim of this study was to re-examine the relationship between plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) with testicular pathology in azoospermic infertile men visiting the infertility clinic in north of Iran. Methods: Fifty eligible azoospermic infertile men who had the medical indication of testicular biopsy for sperm retrieval in infertility clinic were included in the study. Plasma FSH and LH were measured by immunoassay. Then a bilateral testicular biopsy using Bouin's solution as a fixative was performed under local anesthesia. The One-way analysis of variance was used to assess the differences between the groups. Results: The plasma levels of FSH (p=0.0001) and LH (p=0.044) among infertile men with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome was significantly higher than those with hypospermatogenesis. Also, the plasma levels of FSH among infertile men with maturation arrest was significantly higher than those with hypospermatogenesis (p=0.003). There were no statistically significant differences in plasma LH levels between hypospermatogenesis and maturation arrest. Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicated that the plasma levels of FSH and LH among infertile men with azoospermia testis correlated with the histopathological features. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that azoospermic cases with highly-elevated plasma FSH and LH levels could be excluded from separate testicular biopsy as they are not suitable cases for conventional treatments.


Abstract In the course of the evolution of management support towards corporate wide Business Intelligence infrastructures, the integration of components for handling unstructured data comes into focus. In this paper, three types of approaches for tackling the respective challenges are distinguished. The approaches are mapped to a three layer BI framework and discussed regarding challenges and business potential. The application of the framework is exemplified for the domains of Competitive Intelligence and Customer Relationship Management.


This study documents extreme variations in productivity within a panel of eleven firms in the same narrowly defined industry classification. Many of the sources of this variation were identified in field investigations of each plant.These investigations in turn allowed for the development of detailed specifications for inputs and outputs using data collected from the sites. The empirical estimates show that, irrespective of the precise functional form adopted, these detailed specifications, particularly those for output heterogeneity, are critical determinants of the performance of plant-level production functions. When the most detailed input and output specifications are used, 95% of the observed variation in plant production is explained. However, when the eleven firms are treated as an industry, less detailed specifications for inputs and outputs are shown to be more appropriate for explaining the variation in industry production.


Pavlovian conditioning processes contribute to the etiology of nicotine dependence. Conditioning involving interoceptive stimuli is increasingly recognized as playing a role in many diseases and psychopathologies, including drug addiction. Previous animal research on diminishing the influence of interoceptive conditioning has been limited to antagonism and nonreinforced exposures to the drug stimulus. The goal of the present research was to determine whether interoceptive conditioning with a nicotine stimulus could be diminished through an unconditioned stimulus (US) devaluation procedure. In two separate experiments, male Sprague-Dawley rats received nicotine injections (0.4 mg base/kg) followed by intermittent sucrose (26%) access in a conditioning chamber. On intermixed saline sessions, sucrose was withheld. Conditioning was demonstrated by a reliable increase in head entries in the dipper receptacle on nicotine versus saline sessions. After conditioning, rats in a devaluation condition were given access to sucrose in their home cages immediately followed by a lithium chloride (LiCl) injection on 3 consecutive days. On subsequent test days, nicotine-evoked conditioned responding was significantly attenuated. Within-subject (Experiment 1) and between-subjects (Experiment 2) controls revealed that the diminished responding was not attributable to mere exposure to the sucrose US in the devaluation phase. Experiment 2 included a LiCl-alone control group. Repeated illness induced by LiCl did not reduce later nicotine-evoked responding. These findings suggest that there is a direct association between the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine and the appetitive sucrose US (i.e., stimulus-stimulus) rather than a stimulus-response association.


Earth Observation (EO) data can enhance understanding of human-environmental systems for the creation of climate data services, or Decision Support Systems (DSS), to improve monitoring, prediction and mitigation of climate harm. However, EO data is not always incorporated into the workflow for decision-makers for a multitude of reasons including awareness, accessibility and collaboration models. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a collaborative model that addresses historical power imbalances between communities. This paper highlights a case study of a climate harm mitigation DSS collaboration between the Space Enabled Research Group at the MIT Media Lab and Green Keeper Africa (GKA), an enterprise located in Benin. GKA addresses the management of an invasive plant species that threatens ecosystem health and economic activities on Lake Nokoué. They do this through a social entrepreneurship business model that aims to advance both economic empowerment and environmental health. In demonstrating a Space Enabled-GKA collaboration model that advances GKA's business aims, this study first considers several popular service and technology design methods and offer critiques of each method in terms of their ability to address inclusivity in complex systems. These critiques lead to the selection of the Systems Architecture Framework (SAF) as the technology design method for the case study. In the remainder of the paper, the SAF is applied to the case study to demonstrate how the framework coproduces knowledge that would inform a DSS with Earth Observation data. The paper offers several practical considerations and values related to epistemology, data collection, prioritization and methodology for performing inclusive design of climate data services.


Abstract—Bezier curves have useful properties for path generation problem, for instance, it can generate the reference trajectory for vehicles to satisfy the path constraints. Both algorithms join cubic Bezier curve segment smoothly to generate the path. Some of the useful properties of Bezier are curvature. In mathematics, curvature is the amount by which a geometric object deviates from being flat, or straight in the case of a line. Another extrinsic example of curvature is a circle, where the curvature is equal to the reciprocal of its radius at any point on the circle. The smaller the radius, the higher the curvature thus the vehicle needs to bend sharply. In this study, we use Bezier curve to fit highway-like curve. We use different approach to find the best approximation for the curve so that it will resembles highway-like curve. We compute curvature value by analytical differentiation of the Bezier Curve. We will then compute the maximum speed for driving using the curvature information obtained. Our research works on some assumptions; first, the Bezier curve estimates the real shape of the curve which can be verified visually. Even though, fitting process of Bezier curve does not interpolate exactly on the curve of interest, we believe that the estimation of speed are acceptable. We verified our result with the manual calculation of the curvature from the map.


In this paper we present a research that took place between 2010 and 2012 included in an investigation scholarship awarded by the State University of la Plata. It is about the problem with the transition between college and professional work. It is a part of the produced studies on the importance of social representations as factors that impact on the performance of specific activities. In this case it's about finding out the relations given among the representations about graduated professional role of the Psychology career and its job insertion and performance. The theoretical framework corresponds to Social Psychology and Guidance theories. Methodologically this is an exploratory and descriptive study, based on the "triangulation" conception, of multiple type, that allows combining in the same investigation, different strategies, theoretical perspectives and sources; however qualitative techniques were prioritized to analyze data. Finally there are some considerations about the social representations concerning to the professional performance, mainly in the clinical field associated to education, and also to the problems of both situations over other fields.


The dynamic response of a Timoshenko beam on a tensionless Pasternak foundation is investigated by assuming that the beam is subjected to a concentrated harmonic load at its middle. This action results in the creation of lift-off regions between the beam and the foundation that effect the character of the response. Although small displacements for the beam and the foundation are assumed, the problem becomes nonlinear since the contact/lift-off regions are not known at the outset. The governing equations of the beam, which are coupled in deflection and rotation, are obtained in both the contact and lift-off regions. After removing the coupling, the essentials of the problem (the contact regions) are determined by using an analytical-numerical method. The results are presented in figures to demonstrate the effects of some parameters on the extent of the contact lengths and displacements. The results are also compared with those of Bernoulli-Euler, shear, and Rayleigh beams. It is observed that the solution is not unique; for a fixed value of the frequency parameter, more than one solution (contact length) exists. The contact length of the beam increases with the increase of the frequency and rotary-inertia parameters, whereas it decreases with increasing shear foundation parameter.


ABSTRACT The disembodied hands of spiritualist sittings touched people and levitated objects but also strummed guitars, rang bells, played closed pianos and accordions in cages. Likewise, the mechanical music machines of the time (orchestrions, pianolas, etc.) seemed animated by invisible fingers. Highlighting the historical and haptic parallels between these manifestations, the author addresses the lack of a visible performing body, which remains implicit through the invisible animating agency. She looks at the moment before music became abstracted into the grooves of the gramophone, when music still looked like instruments, though without the gestural presence of the performer. The article is illustrated with images from the author's project Automamusic.


Although cervical cancer is considered one of the most preventable types of cancer, mortality rates in many developing countries are extremely high. This paper exploits the randomized research design of a large welfare program "PROGRESA" to study the existence of spillover effects in cervical cancer screening in rural Mexico. I find significant evidence of increased demand for Papanicolaou cervical cancer screening among women ineligible for the transfer, yet no evidence of similar externalities in non-gender specific tests, such as blood pressure and blood sugar checks. Different pieces of evidence from the evaluation sample and the nationwide rollout are consistent with the hypothesis that the PROGRESA program has weakened the social norm related to husbands' opposition to screening of their wives by male doctors. I find less evidence to support the hypothesis that the spillover effect is driven by higher levels of health information.


Popular microblogging services, such as Twitter, are engaging millions of users who constantly post and share information about news and current events each day, resulting in millions of messages discussing what is happening in the world. To help users obtain an overview of microblog content relating to topics and events that they are interested in, classical summarisation techniques from the newswire domain have been successfully applied and extended for use on microblogs. However, much of the current literature on microblog summarisation assumes that the summarisation evaluation measures that have been shown to be effective on newswire, are still appropriate for evaluating microblog summarisation. Hence, in this paper, we aim to determine whether the traditional automatic newswire summarisation evaluation metrics generalise to the task of microblog summarisation. In particular, using three microblog summarisation datasets, we determine a ranking of summarisation systems under three automatic summarisation evaluation metrics from the literature. We then compare and contrast this ranking of systems produced under each metric to system rankings produced through a qualitative user evaluation, with the aim of determining which metric best simulates human summarisation preferences. Our results indicate that, for the automatic evaluation metrics we investigate, they do not always concur with each other. Further, we find that Fraction of Topic Words better agrees with what users tell us about the quality and effectiveness of microblog summaries than the ROUGE-1 measure that is most commonly reported in the literature.


An all fiber pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) system at 1.54 ?m wavelength
 is developed for wind profiles measurements. This lidar affords 43.0-?J pulse energy
 at 10-kHz pulse repetition frequency with 500-ns pulse width. The lidar is operated
 in monostatic mode with 50-mm diameter telescope. The heterodyne mixing signals are
 acquired with 500 M/s analog to digital converter and 2048 points fast Fourier
 transform (FFT) is implemented. Line of sight wind speeds are measured with more
 than 3.0-km range in a horizontal direction and about 1.9 km in the vertical
 direction with 75-m range resolution. Systematic error of speed measurement of 0.2
 m/s is validated.


We study how a preferential trade agreement (PTA) affects international sourcing decisions, aggregate productivity and welfare under incomplete contracting and endogenous matching. Contract incompleteness implies underinvestment. That inefficiency is mitigated by a PTA, because the agreement allows the parties in a vertical chain to internalize a larger return from the investment. This raises aggregate productivity. On the other hand, the agreement yields sourcing diversion. More efficient suppliers tilt the tradeoff toward the (potentially) beneficial relationship-strengthening effect; a high external tariff tips it toward harmful sourcing diversion. A PTA also affects the structure of vertical chains in the economy. As tariff preferences attract too many matches to the bloc, the average productivity of the industry tends to fall. When the agreement incorporates "deep integration" provisions, it boosts trade flows, but not necessarily welfare. Rather, "deep integration" improves upon "shallow integration" if and only if the original investment inefficiencies are serious enough. On the whole, we offer a new framework to study the benefits and costs from preferential liberalization in the context of global sourcing.


The present study was undertaken to know serum lipid profile changes in prepubertal, reproductive and postmenopausal periods in women. The fasting blood samples were collected from 120 healthy volunteers from Bangalore and total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, HDL were measured by enzymatic method. LDL was calculated using Friedewald's equation, HDL/LDL, HDL/cholesterol ratios were obtained. The results showed statistically significant increase in total cholesterol (p<0.0001) with age and also statistically significant increase in TG (p<0.0001), VLDL (p<0.0001) and LDL (p<0.0001) were observed between reproductive and postmenopausal women. HDL showed statistically significant decrease in postmenopausal women compared to reproductive age group. HDL/LDL and HDL/cholesterol ratios decreased with increasing age from reproductive to postmenopausal period (p<0.0001).Thus it can be concluded that serum lipid profile changes with possibly mediated by changing hormonal profile and sex steroids, especially estrogen which has role in lipid metabolism, thereby indirectly on coronary artery disease.


Was it really such a "good war"? It was, if popular memory is to be trusted. We knew who the enemy was. We knew what we were fighting for. The war was good for the economy. It was liberating for women. It was a war of tanks and airplanes-a cleaner war than World War I. Americans were united. Soldiers were proud. It was a time of prosperity, sound morality, and power. But according to historian Michael Adams, our memory is distorted, and it has left us with a misleading-even dangerous-legacy. Challenging many of our common assumptions about the period, Adams argues that our experience of World War II was positive but also disturbing, creating problems that continue to plague us today.


Formal process languages inheriting the concurrency and communication features of process algebras are convenient formalisms to model distributed applications, especially when they are equipped with formal verification tools (e.g., model-checkers) to help hunting for bugs early in the development process. However, even starting from a fully verified formal model, bugs are likely to be introduced while translating (generally by hand) the concurrent model -- which relies on high-level and expressive communication primitives -- into the distributed implementation -- which often relies on low-level communication primitives. In this paper, we present DLC, a compiler that enables distributed code to be generated from models written in a formal process language called LNT, which is equipped with a rich verification toolbox named CADP. The generated code can be either executed in an autonomous way (i.e., without requiring additional code to be defined by the user), or connected to external software through user-modifiable C functions. We present an experiment where DLC generates a distributed implementation from the LNT model of the Raft consensus algorithm.


Objectives: There are no data relating to gambling advertisements shown during live sporting events in Ireland. The aim of the present study was to analyze gambling advertisements shown during live sporting events broadcast in Ireland and to assess these advertisements for responsible gambling (RG) practices. Methods: Sixty-five live televised sporting events comprising Association Football (soccer), Rugby Union, and Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) matches broadcast in Ireland were analyzed. Pre-match (up to 30 minutes before kick-off), half-time, and post-match (up to 30 minutes after the match has ended) advertisement breaks were analyzed for gambling advertisements, including in-game fixed (static advertising) and dynamic (electronic advertisements changing at regular intervals) pitch-side advertising. Gambling advertisements were studied for evidence of RG practices. Results: A total of 3602 television advertisements, 618 dynamic advertisements, and 394 static advertisements were analyzed. Gambling advertisements were shown in 75.4% (n = 49) games and were the seventh most commonly televised advertisement shown overall. Gambling advertising was more common in football (fourth most common advertisement) compared to rugby (12th most common) and GAA (13th most common). Static and dynamic gambling advertising were common during football matches (second and first most common advertisements, respectively). The majority of advertisements contained RG messaging, an age limit, and an RG organization. No advertisements showing responsible gambling tools were observed. Conclusions: Gambling advertisements are commonly shown during live televised sporting broadcasts in Ireland, especially during live football matches and typically before the adult television watershed. Gambling legislation is required to minimize harm to vulnerable groups including children.


Thick loess deposits in the Fairbanks region of interior Alaska are a rich source of information on past climates and environments during the late Cenozoic, and the numerous distal, silicic tephra beds preserved within them offer the potential for good chronological control. The Dawson Cut Forest Bed lies in the lower part of this loess cover. Plant macrofossils consist of Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Betula papyrifera, and Populus balsamifera but no Pinus. These fossils, together with the abundance and size of spruce remains, pollen, tree-ring characteristics, and δ 13 C values of spruce wood, demonstrate that the boreal forest represented by the Dawson Cut Forest Bed was similar to the modern boreal forest of central Alaska. Warming conditions during the early part of the Dawson Cut Interglaciation initiated thawing of permafrost and melting of ground ice, as evidenced in the presence of ice-wedge casts and major erosion of the lower Gold Hill Loess. Tephrochronological, magnetostratigraphic, and glass fission-track dating studies in the Fairbanks area and at the Palisades site on the Yukon River in central Alaska suggest an age for the Dawson Cut Forest Bed of ca. 2 Ma. Hence, the northern boreal forest of northwestern North America, as we know it today, has a long history that probably extends back to at least 2 Ma.


Coastal wetlands of eastern Georgian Bay provide critical habitat for a variety of wildlife, especially spawning and nursery habitat for Great Lakes fishes. Although the eastern shoreline has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, a complete inventory is lacking. Prior effort by the Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Consortium (GLCWC) was unable to fully identify coastal wetland habitat in eastern Georgian Bay due to limited data coverage. Here we outline the methodology, analyses, and applications of the McMaster Coastal Wetland Inventory (MCWI) created from a comprehensive collection of satellite imagery from 2002–2008. Wetlands were manually delineated in a GIS as two broad habitat types: coastal marsh and upstream wetland. Coastal marsh was further subdivided into low marsh (LM; permanently inundated) and high marsh (HM; seasonally inundated) habitat. Within the coastal zone of eastern and northern Georgian Bay there are 12629 distinct wetland units comprised of 5376 ha of LM, 3298 ha of HM and 8676 ha of upstream habitat. The MCWI identifies greater total wetland area within the coastal zone than does the GLCWC inventory (17350 ha versus 3659 ha resp.). The MCWI provides the most current and comprehensive inventory of coastal wetlands in eastern Georgian Bay.


Recent approvals of oligonucleotide analogue drugs to alter gene expression have been welcomed by patient communities but not universally supported. These compounds represent a class of drugs that are designed to target a specific gene transcript, and they include a number of chemical entities to evoke different antisense mechanisms, depending upon the disease aetiology. To date, oligonucleotide therapeutics that are in the clinic or at advanced stages of translation target rare diseases, posing challenges to clinical trial design, recruitment and evaluation and requiring new evaluation paradigms. This review discusses the currently available and emerging therapeutics that alter exon selection through an effect on pre-mRNA splicing and explores emerging concerns over safety and efficacy. Although modification of synthetic nucleic acids destined for therapeutic application is common practice to protect against nuclease degradation and to influence drug function, such modifications may also confer unexpected physicochemical and biological properties. Negatively charged oligonucleotides have a strong propensity to bind extra- and intra-cellular proteins, whereas those analogues with a neutral backbone show inefficient cellular uptake but excellent safety profiles. In addition, the potential for incorporation of chemically modified nucleic acid monomers, yielded by nuclease degradation of exogenous oligonucleotides, into biomolecules has been raised and the possibility not entirely discounted. We conclude with a commentary on the ongoing efforts to develop novel antisense compounds and enhance oligonucleotide delivery in order to further improve efficacy and accelerate implementation of antisense therapeutics for human disease.


Objective: Mean speed of responding is the most commonly used measure in the assessment of reaction time (RT). An alternative measure is intraindividual variability (IIV): the inconsistency of responding across multiple trials of a test. IIV has been suggested as an important indicator of central nervous system functioning, and as such, there has been increasing interest in the associations between IIV and brain imaging metrics. Results however, have been inconsistent. The present seeks to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the associations between a variety of measures of brain white matter integrity and individual differences in choice RT (CRT) IIV. Method: MRI brain scans of members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 were assessed to obtain measures of the volume and severity of white matter hyperintensities, and the integrity of brain white matter tracts. CRT was assessed with a 4 CRT task on a separate occasion. Data were analyzed using multiple regression (N range = 358–670). Results: Greater volume of hyperintensities and more severe hyperintensities in frontal regions were associated with higher CRT IIV. White matter tract integrity, as assessed by both fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity, showed the smallest effect sizes in associations with CRT IIV. Associations with hyperintensities were attenuated and no longer significant after controlling for M CRT. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that IIV was not incrementally predictive of white matter integrity over mean speed. This is in contrast to previous reports, and highlights the need for further study.


The obligate intracellular pathogens Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii remodel their host cell to facilitate their intracellular development and progress through their asexual life cycle, a virulent lytic cycle responsible for parasite-mediated pathogenesis. While several studies have highlighted parasite proteins that interact with the host cell during this cycle, host proteins exploited by the parasite for successful growth and conversely, host molecules evolutionarily tuned to control parasite infection remain unclear. We addressed this question from both sides of the host-parasite interaction in the hope to leverage biological discovery of host molecules involved in infection into the validation of novel drug target candidates with vastly reduced potential for resistance: (1) building on previously established roles of host calpain during the lytic cycle to elucidate host pathways that facilitate parasite life cycle progression and (2) clarifying the existing role of platelets in innate control of parasitic disease. Comparative proteomics, genetics, and biochemical techniques led us to the discovery of a complex Gaq-coupled, protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated host signaling cascade common to both T. gondii and P. falciparum that results in cytoskeletal compromise and facilitates host calpain activation immediately prior to parasite release (Millholland et al., 2011; Millholland et al., 2013). The complexity of this pathway represented an untapped resource of antimalarial targets; indeed, inhibitors of key host signaling components demonstrated antiparasitic activity in murine models of malaria and toxoplasmosis. Conversely, host platelets were previously shown to have antimalarial capacity, leading us to characterize this host-parasite interaction in the hope to harness this antimalarial activity to optimize therapeutic potential. Upon screening molecules secreted in the blood stream, we identified Platelet Factor 4 as the host defense peptide (HDP) component of platelets capable of killing malaria parasites via selective lysis of the parasite digestive vacuole (DV), the site of hemoglobin digestion(Love et al., 2012). To exploit this DV lysis mechanism in a drug discovery effort, we tested a library of small, nonpeptidic mimics of HDPs and identified compounds that potently killed P. falciparum in vitro and reduced parasitemia in a murine malaria model. Taken together, these data reinforce the feasibility of targeting host molecules as a novel antiparasitic strategy. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Doron C. Greenbaum


Based on the homography between a multi-source image and three-dimensional (3D) measurement points, this letter proposes a novel 3D registration and integration method based on scale-invariant feature matching. The matching relationships of two-dimensional (2D) texture gray images and two-and-a-half- dimensional (2.5D) range images are constructed using the scale-invariant feature transform algorithms. Then, at least three non-collinear 3D measurement points corresponding to image feature points are used to achieve a registration relationship accurately. According to the index of overlapping images and the local 3D border search method, multi-view registration data are rapidly and accurately integrated. Experimental results on real models demonstrate that the algorithm is robust and effective.


This article details the experience of two instructors of P12 educational leadership programs in two university settings in different states, NY and NJ, as they seek to disrupt ableist thinking among educational leadership candidates. Analysis of data on placement of students with disabilities in New York and New Jersey from the period of 2014 to the present and state Department of Education field memos were used to contextualize their analysis of critical incidents relevant to their teaching experiences. The authors offer a critique of the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Continuum as it has been used to segregate students with disabilities from their non-disabled peers and offer suggestions for how educational leadership preparation should include a Disability Studies (DS) framework as a foundation to disrupt these taken for granted practices.

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Disability Studies and Educational Leadership Preparation: The Moral Imperative by Joshua Bornstein & Holly Manaseri is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at http://rdsjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/818. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://www.rds.hawaii.edu.


Producers are beginning to be provided the opportunity to participate in incentive programs to reduce application rates of fertilizer. This paper demonstrates three methods of arriving at a recommendation on program participation. Two methods employ commonly used production functions and economic optimization techniques. The economic evaluation of this decision is relatively difficult using these traditional methods. The third technique employs Monte Carlo simulation to include risk analysis in the program participation decision utilizing commonly available software. This method allows a greater level of information to be presented in a more straightforward manner to decision makers.


"And do not stand on quillets how to slay him ..." (3.1.261) Thus died the most dangerous firebrand of sedition, most detestable traitor, most hypocriticall seducer, and most execrable blasphemous helhound, that many ages ever sawe, or heard of, in this lande. (1) THESE WELL-TURNED THUNDERCLAPS roll to a formulaic horror. This is the familiar rhetoric for impeachment of a rebel against the state, its piously nauseated hyperbole fusing arraignments of religious offense, moral sophistry, and treason. Found commonly where Tudor governments seek to anathematize declared opponents, the discourse in this instance takes on particular suggestiveness for scholars of Shakespeare, given the dates concerned. These superlatives of Richard Cosin's Conspiracie for Pretended Reformation, vilifying the leader of the Hacket rising of July 1591, and emerging from the presses in late 1592, may bring to mind another hyperbolized "helhound" of treachery, Jack Cade, "dangerous firebrand of sedition" of 2 Henry VI--for it appears that Shakespeare wrote that play, and fashioned his highly peculiar Cade, somewhere between just those two points in time. (2) Indeed, the two "helhounds," William Hacket, the "detestable traitor" of the 1591 rebellion, and the notorious Jack Cade, here become kindred figures, as the inflationary generic categories of official propaganda elevate Hacket (risibly) into a kind of towering demonic equivalence with the worst rebels of English history. Tudor accounts of riot and rebellion characteristically conflated rebels past and present, so that, in the official imagination at least, in a kind of ghastly inversion of eucharistic divine co-presence, archdemons of 1381 and 1450 merged with contemporary firebrands of sedition. Summing up at Hacket's trial, in July 1591, the Solicitor-General himself explicitly compared Hacket with, inter alia, Jack Cade. (3) But just as the figure of Cade, for the public prosecutor, loomed darkly into the essential significance of Hacket, so the "meaning" of Shakespeare's Jack Cade, as construed by commons audiences of 1591-92, must have come redolent of the recent and sensational experience of William Hacket. For the Hacket insurgency remained lurid in memory and controversial in interpretation for both Londoners and authorities for years afterward: hundreds had witnessed the bizarre Cheapside rising and thousands the freakishly horrible circumstances of Hacket's execution. Given immediate government attempts to associate the rising with a Puritan leadership it was seeking to destroy, the rebellion was kept alive and topical in a stream of publications indicting and defending prominent Puritan divines that continued into 1596. (4) Catholic pamphleteers, such as Verstegan, Parsons, and Southwell, likewise took up the event, in attacks on religion in England in general. (5) References to the Hacket affair also recurred in the writings of Francis Bacon, and in Nashe's assays against Gabriel Harvey, in pamphlets published in 1592 and 1596. (6) Hacket's fanatical followers were remembered well into the seventeenth century, when they were compared with Antinomian sectarians. (7) Remarkably, however, criticism of 2 Henry VI has never connected the two risings. In consequence, if popular memory of Hacket's recent rebellion figured, inescapably, among primary reception conditions disposing Shakespeare's audience, then proper historical reconstruction of just what Shakespeare was doing with and through the figure of his Jack Cade requires that we exhume, from long oblivion, the grotesque and haunting tragicomedy of William Hacket and his followers. This essay, following a preliminary outline of the critical debate over the politics of the Shakespearean Cade, will accordingly sketch the Hacket revolt and its popular reception, and demonstrate the playwright's suggestive remodelings of Cade as Hacket. Paradoxically, the major effects of superimposing the Elizabethan charlatan upon the Lancastrian rebel turn out to project a surprisingly substantial sympathy for underclass sufferings and popular rebellion. …


In this paper, we propose a Monte-Carlo method based on the particle filter framework to track footfall locations generated by mobile personnel using seismic arrays. While the particle proposal function follows a simple bootstrap approach, the novelty in our algorithm comes from a unique weighting strategy that takes into account the sparse nature of the seismic footfall signal and is robust against missed detections and clutter which could appear in the form of other impulsive sources or other walkers. Our weighting strategy automatically makes use of the wavefront shape, either planar or circular, and assigns weights in x-y space. Data association is built into the system, eliminating the need to explicitly associate the received footfall impulses with different walkers. Hence our algorithm is ideal for tracking multiple mobile personnel. We also demonstrate the fusion of our system with range information available by means of radar. Fusion with radar improves x-y tracking when range resolution is lost due to a large distance between the target and the seismic array leading to planar wavefronts.


Aims
The aim of our study was to set up a simple and reliable isolation method of living ventricular cardiomyocytes (vCMs) for molecular and biological studies.

Methods and results
A standard technique for the retrograde perfusion of an enzymatic solution was used to isolate cardiac cells from adult mouse heart. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) on adult murine cardiac ventricle cells was performed, comparing the intrinsic autofluorescence in the FITC channel and the forward scatter (FSC) parameter in order to isolate highly fluorescent cells. The expression of cell-specific mRNAs was assessed with real-time PCR in cells sorted on the basis of their FITC and FSC characteristics. We identified two distinct subpopulations of cells harvested after retrograde perfusion of wild-type heart: FITChigh/FSCdim and FITCdim/FSChigh. Immunophenotyping and mRNA analysis (qPCR and RNA sequencing) revealed that only FITChigh/FSCdim cells were highly enriched in CM markers. Genes with high expression in endothelial cells and fibroblasts were enriched in the FITCdim/FSChigh subpopulation. With the use of tdTomatofl/fl-α-myosin heavy chain MerCreMer+/-mouse heart, we found that tdTomato-positive vCMs were present in the FITChigh/FSCdim region but were only rare in the FITCdim/FSChigh fraction.

Conclusion
We have developed a simple and reliable method for the isolation of highly purified vCMs from the adult murine myocardium, avoiding fixation and permeabilization steps. These isolated vCMs can be used in particular for detailed molecular studies, avoiding contamination with other myocardial cell types.


The Markov model showed only slight predictive advantage over the no-change model for short-term forecasting of supermarket choices for a sample of 45 families. While this does not imply a blanket rejection of the Markov technique for forecasting, it is important to recall that this case held to a minimum many of the problems facing Markovian analysis-aggregation of dissimilar units, relatively low purchase rates, and requirement of such long sample periods to build up an adequate sample of events that the critical Markovian assumption of stable probabilities is almost certainly violated. Under these circumstances, the simpler model which says that nothing changes, performs almost as well as the more refined Markov formulation. It is possible, of course, that the slight advantage of the Markov model will outweigh the increased cost of using such a model, but the no-change model has advantages both with regard to simplicity and to applying control - chart types of procedures to track series for stability over time. The usual qualifications about representativeness of geographic areas, panels, samples of panel members and time periods, of course, apply to this analysis.


Continuous or frequent ingestion of fried foods containing cytotoxic/mutagenic/genotoxic lipid oxidation products (LOPs) may present significant human health risks; such toxins are generated in thermally stressed polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich culinary frying oils (CFOs) during standard frying practices. Since monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (MUFAs and SFAs, respectively) are much less susceptible to peroxidation than PUFAs, in this study CFOs of differential unsaturated fatty acid contents were exposed to laboratory-simulated shallow-frying episodes (LSSFEs). Firstly, we present a case study exploring the time-dependent generation of aldehydic LOPs in CFO products undergoing LSSFEs, which was then used to evaluate the relative potential health risks posed by them, and also to provide suitable recommendations concerning their safety when used for frying purposes. Sunflower, rapeseed, extra-virgin olive and coconut oils underwent LSSFEs at 180 °C: Samples were collected at 0–90 min time-points (n = 6 replicates per oil). Aldehydes therein were determined by high-resolution 1H NMR analysis at 400 and 600 MHz operating frequencies. For one of the first times, CFO LOP analysis was also performed on a non-stationary 60 MHz benchtop NMR spectrometer. 1H NMR analysis confirmed the thermally promoted, time-dependent production of a wide range of aldehydic LOPs in CFOs. As expected, the highest levels of these toxins were produced in PUFA-rich sunflower oil, with lower concentrations formed in MUFA-rich canola and extra-virgin olive oils; in view of its very high SFA content, only very low levels of selected aldehyde classes were generated in coconut oil during LSSFEs. Secondly, 1H NMR results acquired are discussed with regard to the suitability and validity of alternative, albeit routinely employed, spectrophotometric methods for evaluating the peroxidation status of CFOs and lipid-containing foods. Thirdly, an updated mini-review of the toxicological properties of and intake limits for LOPs, and deleterious health effects posed by their ingestion, is provided. In conclusion, exposure of PUFA-rich CFOs to high-temperature frying practices generates very high concentrations of aldehydic LOP toxins from thermally promoted, O2-powered, recycling peroxidation processes; these toxins penetrate into and hence are 'carried' by fried foods available for human consumption. Such toxins have the capacity to contribute towards the development and progression of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) if cumulatively ingested by humans.


A Kuramoto-type approach to address flocking phenomena is presented. First, we analyze a simple generalization of the Kuramoto model for interacting active particles, which is able to show the flocking transition (the emergence of coordinated movements in a group of interacting self-propelled agents). In the case of all-to-all interaction, the proposed model reduces to the Kuramoto model for phase synchronization of identical motionless noisy oscillators. In general, the nature of this non-equilibrium phase transition depends on the range of interaction between the particles. Namely, for a small range of interaction, the transition is first order, while for a larger range of interaction, it is a second order transition. Moreover, for larger interaction ranges, the system exhibits the same features as in the case of all-to-all interaction, showing a spatially homogeneous flux when flocking phenomenon has emerged, while for lower interaction ranges, the flocking transition is characterized by cluster formation. We compute the phase diagram of the model, where we distinguish three phases as a function of the range of interaction and the effective coupling strength: a disordered phase, a spatially homogeneous flocking phase, and a cluster-flocking phase. Then, we present a general discussion about the applicability of this way of modeling to more realistic and general situations, ending with a brief presentation of a second example (a second model with a conservative interaction) where the flocking transition may be studied within the framework that we are proposing.


The focus in environmental research is shifting from emission abatement to critical process analysis, including assessment of resource consumption. The exergy theory offers a thermodynamic methodology to account for the consumption of natural resources. However, exergy data on mineral resources available in the literature are inadequate to apply to exergetic life cycle analysis, due to incompleteness, inconsistencies, and a dated thermochemical basis. An uncertainty assessment of the data has to be performed as well. In this work, three recent thermochemical databases were applied to evaluate the chemical exergy of 85 elements and 73 minerals, 21 of which had not yet been quantified in the literature. The process required the choice of a new reference species for aluminum. Muscovite was selected, giving rise to a chemical exergy of 809.4 kJ/mol for aluminum. The theory proved to be robust for the exergy of chemical elements, as exergy values differing by 1.2% on average from most recent literature were found. On the contrary, the exergy values for minerals differed by factors up to 14 from literature values, due to the application of recent thermochemical values and consistently selected reference species. The consistent dataset of this work will enable straightforward resource intake evaluation through an exergetic life cycle assessment.


Nominative-accusative and ergative are two common alignment types found across languages. In the former type, the subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are expressed the same way, and differently from the object of a transitive. In ergative languages, the subject of an intransitive and the object of a transitive appear in the same form, the absolutive, and the transitive subject has a special, ergative, form. Ergative languages often follow very different patterns, thus evading a uniform description and analysis. A simple explanation for that has to do with the idea that ergative languages, much as their nominative-accusative counterparts, do not form a uniform class. In this book, Maria Polinsky argues that ergative languages instantiate two main types, the one where the ergative subject is a prepositional phrase (PP-ergatives) and the one with a noun-phrase ergative. Each type is internally consistent and is characterized by a set of well-defined properties. The book begins with an analysis of syntactic ergativity, which as Polinsky argues, is a manifestation of the PP-ergative type. Polinsky discusses diagnostic properties that define PPs in general and then goes to show that a subset of ergative expressions fit the profile of PPs. Several alternative analyses have been proposed to account for syntactic ergativity; the book presents and outlines these analyses and offers further considerations in support of the PP-ergativity approach. The book then discusses the second type, DP-ergative languages, and traces the diachronic connection between the two types. The book includes two chapters illustrating paradigm PP-ergative and DP-ergative languages: Tongan and Tsez. The data used in these descriptions come from Polinsky's original fieldwork hence presenting new empirical facts from both languages.


Background Adiposity is associated with larger left ventricular mass in children and adults. The role of body fat distribution in these associations is not clear. We examined the associations of body fat distribution and overweight with cardiac measures obtained by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in school‐age children. Methods and Results In a population‐based cohort study including 2836 children, 10 years of age, we used anthropometric measures, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and magnetic resonance imaging to collect information on body mass index, lean mass index, fat mass index, and abdominal visceral adipose tissue index. Indexes were standardized by height. Cardiac measures included right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume, left ventricular mass, and mass‐to‐volume ratio as a marker for concentricity. All body fat measures were positively associated with right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volumes and left ventricular mass, with the strongest associations for lean mass index (all P<0.05). Obese children had a 1.12 standard deviation score (95% CI, 0.94–1.30) larger left ventricular mass and a 0.35 standard deviation score (95% CI, 0.14–0.57) higher left ventricular mass‐to‐volume ratio than normal weight children. Conditional on body mass index, higher lean mass index was associated with higher right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume and left ventricular mass, whereas higher fat mass measures were inversely associated with these cardiac measures (all P<0.05). Conclusions Higher childhood body mass index is associated with a larger right and left ventricular size. This association is influenced by higher lean mass. In childhood, lean mass may be a stronger determinant of heart growth than fat mass. Fat mass may influence cardiac structures at older ages.


The San Andreas Fault is the most famous fault on Earth, running nearly the entire length of western California from just north of the Mexican border to the Mendocino coast. It is a very active tectonic boundary which directly affects the lives of more than twenty million people. The San Andreas Fault has been responsible for shaping much that is beautiful about California, and it also has the capacity to destroy the communities that lie along its course. A Land in Motion provides a geologic tour of the San Andreas Fault in an accessible narrative punctuated with dramatic color illustrations, lively anecdotes, and authoritative information about earthquakes. As he tours the length of the fault, Michael Collier provides a valuable overview of plate tectonics and gives a geologic history of the San Andreas Fault written for non-scientists. He discusses the evolution of seismology as a science and traces the knowledge that scientists have gleaned about earthquakes and plate tectonics from their work on the San Andreas Fault. Collier looks into human history as well, discussing major earthquakes that have hit the San Andreas, including the famous San Francisco earthquake of 1906, the San Fernando quake of 1971, the Loma Prieta quake of 1989, the Landers quake of 1992, and many lesser temblors. Collier illustrates his text with magnificent photographs that highlight some of the most beloved landscapes in California. He provides excellent views of the fault throughout the state--of Crystal Springs reservoir near San Francisco, of Pinnacles National Monument east of Monterey, of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Point Reyes National Seashore near San Francisco, and more. Collier concludes his tour of the San Andreas Fault with a provocative discussion on earthquake prediction versus earthquake planning that all Californians--and all who live where earthquakes occur--will want to read.


A Position Between Two Curves is a site specific public installation at the Tate Britain that was curated as a contribution to the exhibition Days Like These, The Tate Triennial of Contemporary British Art, 27 Feb - 26 May 2003.

The Atterbury Street Manton Entrance of Tate Britain has two alcoves built out of the stone wall at each side of the entrance area, the artist amplified these to act as something like parabolic reflectors, creating a narrow focussed acoustic zone across the entrance where the sound of the space becomes hyper-real. The development of this installation had to cope with a much less controlled situation than the artist's previous work, high levels of background noise and large numbers of visitors, plus the exposure of microphones to extremes of temperature and humidity - in parallel with this it was important to maintain the scale, volume and complexity at a level which creates a coherent individual experience.

A principle of this body of work is that the visible space must be the same as the acoustic space which the work will explore. Eye and ear and brain on a human scale.

This work consisted of two circuits of microphone, loudspeaker and noise gate. The microphones pick up the ambient sound of the space, acoustically focussed by the curved surfaces at each side of the entrance area and build it up to the point of feedback. This sound is cut off by the noise gate when a defined volume is reached allowing the listener to become part of the process.

The work was documented in the catalogue for Days Like These, edited by Judith Nesbitt and Jonathan Watkins. The artist's work was considered in two catalogue essays, by Andrew Wilson and by Jonathan Watkins.


Informal care is perceived to be the best option for people who require assistance to look after themselves. National and international studies of informal care have focused on the carer, not on the care provided, or the needs and experiences of the care recipients. In the present study, 55 people receiving informal care (21 males and 24 females, mean age = 67.6) were surveyed to determine the type of assistance that they receive, perceptions of the quality of their care, feelings about being looked after by a carer and their perceptions of the services which would be useful. A random sample of 531 households were selected as part of a larger study into informal care in the west of Ireland. A total of 98 carers were identified and 55 of the people they looked after were well enough to participate in the study. Over two-thirds of carers assisted with household chores (e.g. cleaning, preparing meals and shopping). Other activities which carers assisted with included keeping the person safe from household accidents (62%), personal care (42%), and dressing and undressing (31%). Whilst most were very satisfied with the quality of care, a minority reported dissatisfaction, and stated that their carer showed signs of anger and frustration. Common concerns related to the health of the carer, their safety when the carer is not available and the cost of being cared for. Financial support for the person receiving care and the carer were the main priorities for these individuals. The present study points to a need for greater involvement of care recipients in planning services relating to informal care, and support and access to health professionals for people receiving care. People receiving care are also concerned about the level of financial support for themselves and their carers.


An idea that is developed and put into action is more important than an idea that exists only as an idea – BuddhaGood ideas are not adopted automatically. They must be driven into practice with courageous patience – Hyman RickoverFor the idea of strategic entrepreneurial leadership (SEL) to become more that a collection of contemporary buzzwords strung together as if by Dilbert's Random Mission Statement Generator (Adams, 2000); (and arguably based on borrowed constructs from the incommensurate fields of design, leadership, innovation and entrepreneurship), it needs to be able to show that it will impact on practice and policy as well as add to the development of theory. This deliberately provocative paper will set out some of the challenges faced by academic research generally and SEL specifically and provide an example of good practice using an impact planning framework. For SEL to be credible it must be able to answer the question, "How will this impact on practice?"One of the better aspects of management research is that few people die as a result of it. The same cannot be said of medicine where, perhaps the most notorious example is that of Dr Spock (Spock, 1946) whose seminal book on childcare advised parents to place infants on their tummies to sleep, and has been credited with death of 50,000 children (Gilbert et al., 2005). Twenty Sackett et al. (1996) proposed that better results would be achieved if medicine adopted an evidence based approach and this has largely been adopted by the health services in most developed countries with impressive results.Whilst few people die as a result of bad management research, the research practice divide has exorcised management researchers (Rynes, 2007, Reibstein et al., 2009) and attempts have been made to adopt an evidence based approach to management research through the adoption of evidence based management (Briner et al., 2009, Rousseau, 2006, Reay et al., 2009, Briner, 1998) and more recently the ideas have been extended to entrepreneurship research (Frese et al., 2012, Frese et al., 2014). The approach is not without its critics (Briner et al., 2009) but there is a strong argument that good research should be led by the demands of practice. This is reinforced by the fact in the current UK's Research Excellence Framework (http://www.hefce.ac.uk/rsrch/ref2021/) 25% of the scores used to rank UK research universities will be based on impact measures which are largely about impact on practice. Also within the UK there is mounting pressure to ensure knowledge exchange between universities and communities of practice across all discipline (Reed et al., 2014).The following framework has been adapted from the framework developed by (Hill, 2016, Reed, 2016, Reed et al., 2014) and could be useful in developing something similar for SEL.IMPACT PROCESS1.Design: think about the impacts we might achieve through SEL research.2.Stakeholder identification: develop a list of all of the different stakeholder types who might be interested in our research, and might benefit from it. E.g. Policy makers, entrepreneurship educators, nascent entrepreneurs, ecosystem managers and mentors.3.Stakeholder engagement 1: develop two-way dialogue with stakeholders and establish what they need and want, as far as possible, without leading them. The research plan should be informed and directed by stakeholder needs.4.Stakeholder engagement 2: discuss the final research plan with key stakeholders to ensure that it is going to address practitioner relevant questions.5.Stakeholder engagement 3: ongoing dialogue. Discuss early findings with stakeholders and ensure changes in research direction are fully discussed with stakeholders.6.Early impact: share and disseminate interesting research findings on an ongoing basis. We do not need to wait until academic papers have been written and accepted before disseminating the results of our research. We need to bear in mind that practitioners will want help in solving their problems as soon as possible.7.Reflect and sustain: reflect on ongoing impact initiatives and explore how they can be improved. POSSIBLE OUTPUTSTypes of impact could operate at different levels (Individual, Organisational, Systemic and Local / National / European / Global) and will, to a certain extent, be determined by the results of stakeholder engagements.SYSTEMIC OUTPUTSGrowth of entrepreneurial firms; new startups within firms, new firms being created, new ecosystems being developed, addressing of systemic imbalances in different economies, changes to entrepreneurship gender balance.INDIVIDUAL & ORGANISATIONALStakeholders: Employers, Employers, Individuals / departments within organisations, Sector specific, Policy MakersOutput examples: Academic Papers (UK Research Excellence Framework Impact Case Studies), Research Handbooks, Case studies, Entrepreneurial Leadership toolkits, Curriculum Enhancement, Learning Materials, Competence Frameworks, Impact Activities: Networking, Knowledge Transfer, Training, Academic Conferences, Practitioner Conferences, Delivering Commercial Programmes, Trade Fairs, Membership Practitioner / Research Association, Press Engagement, Engaging Professional Bodies, To action the above we need to address the following issues:•What assumptions are we making? Employers / Young Talent / Universities / Researchers.•Who are all our different stakeholders? An exhaustive list!•What do our stakeholders want and need? To inform the research design.•What are different impact requirements in different countries and institutions.•How do we capture stakeholder feedback?In summary, the question we need to ask is, "What could be the impact of Strategic Entrepreneurial Leadership beyond academia?"


Exercise assessment, counseling and training are not widely offered to patients with chronic kidney disease. Haemodialysis patient's participation in exercise and an adequate assessment of exercise effects on haemodialysis outcome are needed so that more interventions can be developed to improve the well being of those patients with chronic kidney disease. Exercise is not routinely advocated in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving maintenance haemodialysis. Lack of widespread awareness of exercise in haemodialysis literature may be contributing to these shortcomings in clinical practice. Purpose of the study This study was aimed to establish the effect of exercise during haemodialysis on pedal oedema and solute removal. This is the first time that such a study was undertaken in dialysis units in South Africa. Methodolgy In a quasi-experimental design, thirty-four end-stage renal failure patients on three times weekly haemodialysis program from Bloemfontein and Newcastle MediClinic Renal Units participation in the study. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from Durban University of Technology Ethics Committee. Seventeen patients were in the intervention group (aged between 25 and 60) and seventeen in the control group (aged between 18 and 60). The intervention group did not exercise for the first three months of the study in order to establish a baseline period. Thereafter, exercising took place from the fourth to the ninth month. Patients pedaled on an exercise cushion for fifteen minutes every hour to achieve a total of sixty minutes of exercise over a four-hour dialysis session. Patients in the control group did not pedal on the exercise cushion during the nine-month study period. Pre and post haemodialysis measurements of creatinine, urea and potassium using the Alkaline Picrate, Urease and Ion Selective Electrode methods respectively were done for each patient monthly over the nine month period. Oedema of the lower limb was evaluated by measuring the right and left ankle circumference, in centimeters before and after dialysis. Urea Kt/V was also measured before and after haemodialysis for each patient over the study period. Results Statistical analysis of results showed a significant 30% reduction in urea levels and a 46% reduction in creatinine levels in the intervention group at the end of the nine month period, a 12% reduction in the potassium levels in the intervention group which was 4% more than the control group. The urea Kt/V in the intervention group showed a 9% greater reduction than the control group. There was a significant improvement in oedema of 45% of the right ankle for the first three months of exercise and thereafter there was a an increase in ankle size in the last three months which was a 13% reduction in oedema compared to baseline. There was a significant improvement in oedema of 60% of the left ankle for the first five months of exercise and thereafter there was an increase in ankle size in the last month which showed a 25% reduction compared to baseline. The reason for the increase in ankle size in both ankles in the last three months in inconclusive and future investigation is recommended. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrated benefits of exercise during haemodialysis on solute removal and oedema perhaps due to the acute increases in blood flow and therefore increasing perfusion of skeletal muscles.


Dielectric liquids (edible/non-edible) are alternative innovative for mineral oil coolant commonly used in distribution and power transformers. In this work an attempt is made to improve the properties of pongamia pinnata non edible oil by esterification carried out by changing different parameters such as temperature, time and amounts of catalyst. After modification of pongamia pinnata non-edible oil different properties such pour point, flash point, moisture content, viscosity, density, acid value, Breakdown Voltage, Dielectric constant, Dielectric dissipation and Oxidation stability are determined by standard methods and compared with the standard value of mineral oil used for the transformer. The Acid value, breakdown voltage, Pour point and Flash point are found to be 0.154 mg of KOH/ g of Oil, 71.1 kV, -9 C and 167 C respectively which are within the comparable range. Hence, this has shown the potential of pongamia pinnata nonedible oil as a dielectric fluid and can be used in the place of standard mineral oil used as a coolant in the transformer.


Indirect rule is one of the means that central authorities have long employed in hopes of defusing communal conflict and civil war in multicultural societies. Yet very little is known about the appeal of indirect rule among the ruled themselves. Why do people in some places demand more indirect rule and local autonomy, whereas others seem content to be governed directly by rulers of an alien culture? This is a crucial question with important implications for determining the form of governance that is most likely to provide social order in culturally heterogeneous societies. Although much attention has been given to consider the relative costs and benefits of direct versus indirect rule for the central authorities, the other side of the coin – namely, the variable demand for indirect rule among the members of distinctive cultural groups – has hardly been examined with systematic empirical data. This paper presents a theory of the differential demand for indirect rule and offers an initial test of its principal empirical implications using original micro-level data from the North Caucasus region of Russia. The theory's core claim is that the middle class should express the greatest demand for indirect rule, while both the upper and lower classes should prefer more direct rule. The theory therefore predicts that there will be an inverse parabolic relationship between the demand for indirect rule and economic class. The findings are largely consistent with these theoretical expectations.


Abstract The occurrence of power law relationships in the spatial distribution of sedimentary lithotopes has been identified in both modern and ancient carbonate depositional bodies. In this study, facies patterns and their spatial relationships are investigated quantitatively in an Arabian Gulf shallow subtidal carbonate ramp setting, using a synergy of IKONOS satellite imagery and vessel-based acoustic bathymetry survey. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the facies distribution on the seabed enabled quantification of relationships between eight dominant facies classes and the association of particular lithotopes to water depth. Fractal behavior was investigated using a combination of boundary- and patch-based metrics, and the spatial distribution of early diagenetically cemented hardgrounds and unconsolidated carbonate sand were shown to display strong fractal properties. In contrast, we show that landscape-scale processes can be treated as essentially deterministic and facies neighborhood patterns are strongly probabilistic. Identifying that the heterogeneity of shallow subtidal carbonate facies scales with a power law within certain thresholds has the potential to serve as a tool in environmental reconstruction in the ancient, where information on the lateral persistence of facies units is difficult to obtain. The findings are relevant to the interpretation of stratigraphic sequences and paleo-depth analysis.


This Article is the first to empirically examine provisions that limit or eliminate the fiduciary duties of managers (in the case of LLCs) and general partners (in the case of LPs) in the operating agreements of publicly traded non-corporate business associations, and link those findings to a problem faced by investors in such entities, the going-private freeze-out. In a going-private freeze-out, public stockownership is eliminated and the company becomes closely held. This Article is especially timely given the exponential growth of LPs and LLCs over the past fifteen years. In 2011, in Delaware, the state of formation for most publicly traded companies, seventy-five percent of newly formed companies were either LPs or LLCs (up from twenty percent in 1997). This Article begins with an explanation of corporate going-private freeze-outs, and the dissatisfaction that may arise among cashed-out shareholders seeking a fair price. In the corporate context such shareholders are protected by the fiduciary doctrine of entire fairness. The cashed-out shareholders can bring a lawsuit to force a fair price. In contrast, for non-corporate entities, the protection of entire fairness may fail. In Delaware, LPs and LLCs can draft provisions in their operating agreements that eliminate fiduciary duties, including the applicability of entire fairness to going-private freeze-outs. The Author discusses cases where challenges to going-private freeze-outs based on entire fairness were foreclosed by provisions in the applicable operating agreement. Most prominent among these cases are In re Atlas Energy Resources, LLC, and Lonergan v. EPE Holdings, LLC. This Article, The Going-Private Freeze-Out, culminates with an empirical analysis, that is to say, a count of how many publicly traded non-corporate business associations contain provisions like those in Atlas Energy and Lonergan–specifically special approval provisions and fiduciary elimination provisions. The Author concludes that almost ninety percent of publicly traded non-corporate business associations subject their investors to a unique susceptibility (beyond that experienced by investors in publicly traded corporations) to going-private freeze-outs.


Fluorescence photography is traditionally done in dark conditions owing to the relatively low level of the fluorescence emission compared to ambient light levels. Working in the dark can be awkward, especially underwater, and the ability to do the photography during the day would be an advantage. Recent experiments have demonstrated that with the appropriate off‐the‐shelf camera and lighting technology it is possible to make high‐quality fluorescence images in the presence of moderate levels of ambient light. The factors that affect this technique are the ambient light and the specifics of the equipment being used. For the ambient light, the important factors are the inherent optical properties of the water body, depth at which the photography is being done, time of day, cloud cover, and subject orientation and location (insofar as they create shadowing). For the equipment, the important factors are the camera's flash synchronization speed, flash intensity, flash duration, detector sensitivity, and the spectral characteristics of fluorescence barrier filters. The range of conditions under which this technique can be used was determined by modeling. Results are presented for the relatively clear waters of a tropical reef (Bahamas) and the relatively turbid waters of New England. This method of fluorescence photography allows collection of fluorescence images under daylight conditions, rather than at night or with enclosures to create artificial darkness, and thus is much more practical and applicable in the field.


In the past few years sustainability and sustainable development have become important concepts widespread over the world. There is no agreement on a common definition of sustainability, but there is a general need to measure and assess sustainability in different geographical and spatial contexts. Indicators of sustainable development have been defined in order to satisfy those requirements. Such indicators are very useful to improve the process towards sustainability in local systems, such as cities and towns, where they can be related to local Agenda 21 experiences. The present paper discusses the result of an investigation concerning the definition, selection and calculation of a set of indicators of sustainable development for the city and lagoon of Venice. The analysed area also includes the city of Mestre and the industrial zone of Porto Marghera. Indicators were selected by considering similar national and international experiences and the main problems linked to the sustainability of the analysed area. The present study was carried out during the same time period as the Agenda 21 implementation process in Venice. The local Agenda 21 contributed to the selection of appropriate indicators used in this study. In the selection of indicators particular attention was given to some technical criteria: measurability, simplicity, availability of data and relevance of these indicators to Venice. Chosen indicators concern the three main aspects of sustainability: quality of life, quality of the environment and quality of economic development. This paper reports the conclusion of the research and highlights the state of the sustainability of the investigated area for each indicator in relation to defined objectives or numeric targets.


An amperometric glucose detector, based on platinized membrane electrodes, for use in flow injection analysis has been designed and characterized. The platinized electrodes prepared for the sensor were constructed from a perfluorinated polymer matrix, Nafion 117, through an impregnation-reduction technique. This technique encompasses the incorporation of platinum (II) ions into the polymer, which are subsequently reduced to platinum (0). Once constructed, the platinized impregnated membrane (PIM) electrodes were characterized electrochemically, under both aqueous and non-aqueous conditions. The PIM electrodes were shown to preconcentrate ions of varying size and charge, as well as retain the complex ionic molecules necessary for mediation ofglucose activity Cis-bis(2,2'-bipyridine-N,N' dichloroosmium(III) chloride) dihydride, a redox mediator suitable for use with glucose oxidase, GO, was synthesized and evaluated along with an appropriate buffer system for the sensor. The buffer/electrolyte chosen was a pH 6.5; 20mM potassium phosphate/0. 1M sodium chloride solution. The reduction of the redox mediator was monitored effectively in the buffer solution with a PIM. Various techniques for incorporation of GO into the PIM electrode configuration are described, with preliminary results indicating the success of the PIM as an enzyme electrode. The PIM's are used to measure current decay as a function of time to give an indication of glucose oxidase activity and detection limits for glucose concentrations are expected to be less than ImM. The PIM electrode system offers many unique advantages in the detection of glucose. Since glucose is monitored through a mediated response, the system is not limited by unbound oxygen. The polymer also discriminates against undesired anions, which decreases signals from interfering ions. Because of their rapid response, the PIM's are an attractive detector for on-line flow analysis.


Bioinstructive scaffolds for regenerative medicine are characterized by intrinsic properties capable of directing cell response and promoting wound healing. The design of such scaffolds requires the incorporation of well-defined physical properties that mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, inspired by epithelial tissue morphogenesis, we present a novel approach to code nanofiber materials with controlled hierarchical wavy structures resembling the configurations of native EMC fibers through using thermally shrinking materials as substrates onto which the fibers are deposited. This approach could serve as a platform for fabricating functional scaffolds mimicking various tissues such as trachea, iris, artery wall and ciliary body. Modeling affirms that the mechanical properties of the fabricated wavy fibers could be regulated through varying their wavy patterns. The nanofibrous scaffolds coded with wavy patterns show an enhanced cellular infiltration. In addition, we further investigated whether the wavy patterns could regulate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production, a key signalling pathway involved in connective tissue development. Our results demonstrated that nanofibrous scaffolds coded with wavy patterns could induce TGF-β expression without the addition of a soluble growth factor. Our new approach could open up new avenues for fabricating bioinstructive scaffolds for regenerative medicine.


This collection unravels the stereotypical images of gender and space and presents a series of new explorations into both 'lived' and 'imagined' spaces. In New Frontiers of Space, Bodies and Gender leading contemporary writers from across an eclectic mix of disciplines, examine an exciting array of issues such as: * Jamaican Ragga music and female performance * Feminist anti-violence work * Pregnant women's experience of shopping centres * The fear of crime felt by women using urban greenspace * Implications of technology in gendering identities This book forges new parameters for debates of gender and space, leaving behind the simple focus on women-as-victim in the public arena and remapping considerations of space which look beyond bricks and mortar. Contributors: Aylish Wood, Robyn Longhurst, Ali Grant, Lesley Klein, Affrica Taylor, Inga-Lisa Sangregorio, Jacqueline Leavitt, Tracey Skelton, Nina Wakeford, Jos Boys, Sally R. Munt, Doreen Massey, Jacquie Burgess, Maher Anjum, Lynne Walker.


This paper tells the stories of two trainee teachers
and their personal experiences of dyslexia. Both
informants were English and training to be primary
school teachers in England. Through drawing on
their own experiences of education, the stories illustrate
how dyslexia has shaped the self-concept,
self-esteem and resilience of each informant. The
narratives presented in this paper illustrate powerfully
the ways in which teachers can have a positive
or negative impact on the self-concepts of students
with dyslexia. Both had been inspired by teachers
they had met, and these positive role models had
given them the confidence to pursue their own
ambitions. However, both had encountered teachers
who lacked empathy and patience, and these teachers
had a detrimental impact on their self-concepts.
For both of these trainee teachers, personal experiences
of dyslexia also shaped their professional
identities as teachers. Both trainees described
themselves as caring and empathic teachers, suggesting
that personal experiences of dyslexia had a
positive impact on teacher professional identity.


SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON(II) COMPLEXES MODELING THE ACTIVE SITE STRUCTURE OF NONHEME IRON DIOXYGENASES Jacob S. Baus Marquette University, 2012 The aerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic compounds, which are widespread contaminants in soils and groundwaters, is carried-out in large part by various Fecontaining dioxygenases that perform the cis-dihydroxylation and oxidative cleavage of aromatic rings. Recently, a new Fe dioxygenase family emerged that catalyzes a remarkable set of transformations; the distinguishing feature of these enzymes is that their monoiron(II) centers are coordinated by three histidines residues (i.e., imidazole ligands) in a facial geometry – a departure from the "canonical" 2-histidine-1-carboxylate facial triad that is dominant among nonheme monoiron enzymes. Members of the "3His family" are capable of oxidatively cleaving C-C bonds in substrates that are generally resistant to degradation, including -diketones and monohydroxylated aromatics (e.g., salicylic acid). This thesis describes the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel transition-metal complexes with polyimidazole ligands that serve as faithful structural and functional models of these important metalloenzymes. Specifically, high-spin iron(II) β-diketonato complexes were synthesized with the Ph TIP (tris(2-phenylimidazol4-yl)phosphine), and tBu TIP ((tris-2-tert-butylimidazol-4-yl)phosphine) ligands. The complexes were analyzed with a combination of experimental and computational methods including X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis absorption, 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, and density functional theory (DFT). The resulting geometricand electronic-structure descriptions were compared with those obtained for analagous models with the anionic Me2 Tp (hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate) and Ph2 Tp (hydrotris(3,5-diphenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate) ligands. A similar biomimetic approach was employed in the synthesis and characterization of models of the enzyme salicylate 1,2-dioxygenase.


Abstract. We evaluate modelled Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) near-surface climate, surface
mass balance (SMB) and surface energy balance (SEB) from the updated polar
version of the regional atmospheric climate model, RACMO2 (1979–2016). The
updated model, referred to as RACMO2.3p2, incorporates upper-air relaxation,
a revised topography, tuned parameters in the cloud scheme to generate more
precipitation towards the AIS interior and modified snow properties reducing
drifting snow sublimation and increasing surface snowmelt. Comparisons of RACMO2 model output with several independent observational
data show that the existing biases in AIS temperature, radiative fluxes and
SMB components are further reduced with respect to the previous model
version. The model-integrated annual average SMB for the ice sheet including
ice shelves (minus the Antarctic Peninsula, AP) now amounts to
2229 Gt y −1 , with an interannual variability of 109 Gt y −1 . The
largest improvement is found in modelled surface snowmelt, which now compares
well with satellite and weather station observations. For the high-resolution
( ∼  5.5 km) AP simulation, results remain comparable to earlier
studies. The updated model provides a new, high-resolution data set of the contemporary
near-surface climate and SMB of the AIS; this model version will be used for
future climate scenario projections in a forthcoming study.