This Article examines the interaction of two concepts: a civil rights model of disability, focused on providing equality of opportunity; and a renewed academic interest in the machinery of elections as an important part of election law. Specifically, this Article looks at democratic states' laws and practices relating to voting and disability. Part II of this Article explains the problems people with disabilities face in trying to vote secretly and independently, and in polling places, in the United States. Secret ballots and polling place voting minimize fraud and intimidation. As the only group systematically steered toward third-party assistance or absentee balloting, people with disabilities have their voting power reduced. Similarly, having people with disabilities vote in a non-public manner sends a harmful signal about their full inclusion into society. This situation has developed because of the lack of a clear constitutional or statutory principle guaranteeing secret and independent ballots, and polling place voting, to people with disabilities. The Help America Vote Act takes important first steps toward guaranteeing that people with disabilities are at least guaranteed a secret and independent ballot. Part III of this Article surveys how democratic countries (states) currently regulate this intersection of voting and disability law and policy. This survey yields three conclusions. First, the voting rights of people with disabilities are on most states' legislative agendas. This supports the proliferation of what some commentators have referred to as the "international force" of the disability civil rights model. Second, states are legislating on this topic in different ways. While nearly every state has laws that attempt to remove some barriers to electoral participation for people with disabilities, the individual approaches vary. Third, this review of states' laws shows that states are not currently conceptualizing the right to vote for people with disabilities as including a secret ballot and polling place access for people with disabilities. A closer look at the regulatory frameworks of three states - the United Kingdom, Ghana, and Peru - confirms and gives context to these three conclusions. Part IV of this Article argues that the secret ballot/polling place standard should be internationalized. Historically, this standard has not been a clear and consistent part of international law instruments dealing with voting and/or disability. This Part begins the discussion of how this might change. Specifically, this Article suggests incorporating this standard into the United Nations Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of People with Disabilities.


In many parts of the world, it is inevitable that fire will return as a natural disturbance factor to vegetation restored on anthropogenically-disturbed lands. Therefore, assessment of the ultimate success of restoration programs should include the ways in which these ecosystems respond to such natural disturbances. We compared the response of vegetation to experimental fires on post-mine restored and nearby natural shrubland communities in a Mediterranean-climate region of Australia. Pre and post-fire perennial species composition was assessed in 40 x 40 m plots at three shrubland sites restored after mineral sand-mining, and at five natural shrubland sites. Species richness fell by 22–41% after fire in restored sites, but increased by 4–29% in natural sites. Species present before fire were reduced by 40–56% in restored sites and 4–12% in natural sites. Only 42–66% of resprouting species recovered in restored sites, whereas 96–100% recovered in natural sites. Nonsprouting species recruitment was also lower in restored (18–57%) than natural (67–85%) sites. PCoA ordination showed that fire altered the floristic composition of restored sites much more than of natural sites, and their vegetation diverged further from the targeted properties of natural communities. Our study highlights the importance of including the ability of post-anthropogenically altered lands to recover from natural disturbances in determining the success of restoration programs.


All power systems operate with some level of unbalance. A model for designing power balancers is presented. Induction generators are being used more extensively than in the past because of economics. Their use and a model are presented. Calculations and experimental data are used to demonstrate the feasibility of operating three-phase induction generators into a single-phase power system.


The article present the first stage of the statistical analysis of the pottery from the 'Palace centre-east' site in Pliska. The pottery has been grouped according to technological and functional properties in the following categories: pottery made on slow wheel (pots and bowls), grey pottery (pots and bowls), pottery made on fast wheel (pots, bowls, jars, dishes), amphora-like pitchers (made of light clay or of red clay and pitchers with red slip), amphorae, glazed ware and other categories (Table 1). The database consists of 5648 fragments of household ware found in an area of 200 m2 (Fig.2). The complex analysis of the investigated sector has allowed the determination of three stratigraphic horizons in the post-capital period of Pliska: horizon I (first half of the 10th century AD till the 70s of the same century); horizon II (70s of the 10th century AD till the 30s of the 11th century AD); horizon III (30s-40s of the 11th century AD till 60s of the same century). Various ratios between the different types of pottery are analyzed and presented in different diagrams. The ratio between the three functional groups of pottery – coarse ware, fine ware and storage/transport ware- is 71%:24%:5%. The assessment of the degree of fragmentation was made by the analysis of characteristic fragments (rims and bases). The total number of vessels in the three horizons is different – 12%:57%:31%. Such percentage ratio suggests certain demographic dynamics, according to which the most significant population growth is between the end of the 10th century AD and the first third of the 11th century AD. The detailed analysis of the structure of the pottery assemblage in the post-capital period in Pliska allows inferences to be made not only about the nature of the ceramic production but also serves as a basis for clarification of the social profile of the population, its cultural characteristics and the overall social functioning in the post-capital period of Pliska.


Non-Cardiac Chest Pain (NCCP) is persistent chest pain in the absence of identifiable cardiac pathology. Some NCCP cases meet criteria for Persistent Physical Symptoms (PPS), where the symptoms are both persistent and distressing/disabling. This study aimed to identify patients that might need specialist treatment for PPS by examining cases of NCCP that meet PPS criteria. We analysed data from 285 chest pain patients that had received an NCCP diagnosis after attending an emergency cardiac department. We compared NCCP patients who did and did not meet the additional criteria for heart-related PPS and hypothesised that the groups would differ in terms of psychological variables and workability. We determined that NCCP patients who meet PPS criteria were more likely than other NCCP patients to be inactive or unable to work, reported more general anxiety and anxiety about their health, were more depressed, ruminated more, and, importantly, had a higher number of other PPS. A high proportion of NCCP patients meet PPS criteria, and they are similar to other PPS patients in terms of comorbidity and disability. This highlights the importance of focusing psychological interventions for this subgroup on the interplay between the range of physical and psychological symptoms present.


Altered fire regimes can drive major and enduring compositional shifts or losses of forest ecosystems. In western North America, ponderosa pine and dry mixed‐conifer forest types appear increasingly vulnerable to uncharacteristically extensive, high‐severity wildfire. However, unburned or only lightly impacted forest stands that persist within burn mosaics—termed fire refugia—may serve as tree seed sources and promote landscape recovery. We sampled tree regeneration along gradients of fire refugia proximity and density at 686 sites within the perimeters of 12 large wildfires that occurred between 2000 and 2005 in the interior western United States. We used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to elucidate statistical relationships between tree regeneration and refugia pattern, including a new metric that incorporates patch proximity and proportional abundance. These relationships were then used to develop a spatially explicit landscape simulation model. We found that regeneration by ponderosa pine and obligate‐seeding mixed‐conifer tree species assemblages was strongly and positively predicted by refugia proximity and density. Simulation models revealed that for any given proportion of the landscape occupied by refugia, small patches produced greater landscape recovery than large patches. These results highlight the disproportionate importance of small, isolated islands of surviving trees, which may not be detectable with coarse‐scale satellite imagery. Findings also illustrate the interplay between patch‐scale resistance and landscape‐scale resilience: Disturbance‐resistant settings (fire refugia) can entrain resilience (forest regeneration) across the burn matrix. Implications and applications for land managers and conservation practitioners include strategies for the promotion and maintenance of fire refugia as components of resilient forest landscapes.


Summary
Three cases of tropical eosinophilia are described. In one case microfilaria could be demonstrated in the eosinophilic abscesses and infiltrate in the enlarged axillary lymph glands. The clinical symptoms disappeared after treatment with mafarside. In a second case there was myeloid metaplasia of an axillary gland, consisting almost exclusively of eosinophilic myelocytes. In a third case, with wide spread enlargement of the lymph nodes, at first a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease was made; the clinical course and a second biopsy showed that it was a case of tropical eosinophilia.
In a 4th case which came at autopsy after an automobile accident hypereosinophilia of the blood in the liver was present; the spleen was enlarged and the subcapsular pulp contained enormous numbers of eosinophilic leukocytes and microfilaria. Eosinophilia was also found in the members of the family.
In accordance with the findings of Meyers and Kouwenaar, and of Bonne, the authors believe they have demonstrated the relationship between tropical eosinophilia and filariasis.


Forest fire research is very important for tropical regions as the current available models on forest fire predictions and control were developed based on studies conducted in dry sub-tropical forest areas. The use of dryness index (DI) based on actual soil water  content for assessing fire danger in wetland ecosystem was proposed in this paper. The study site was located in South Sumatera, Indonesia and study was conducted from April 1 st 2009 to March 15 th 2011.  Fire danger was categorized into 4 levels; low, medium, dry, and extreme with its margin level was determined based on soil water retention curve analysis.  All DI categories occurred in 2009, however only 2 categories (low and medium) were observed in 2010 and 2011.  DI reached its maximum intensity in September 2009 with an onset rate of 1.4 per day based on analysis of time intensity curve.  Information of onset rate is importance for forest fire management such as for  estimating when the extreme category would be reached.  Therefore anticipation and prevention efforts might be prepared prior to reaching certain  danger level.  Information on DI might be useful for water management planning in forest plantation areas as many of them are located in wetland ecosystem. Keywords : dryness index, soil water content, wetland, onset rate, danger level


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains a major complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI). CD25-expressing donor T cells may be involved in the prevention or induction of GvHD as these cells comprise both CD4 +CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and preactivated CD4+ or CD8+ conventional T cells. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between CD25-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ donor T cells and the clinical outcome of DLI.

DESIGN AND METHODS
We retrospectively studied the DLI products of 47 HLA-identical DLI recipients by FACS analyses. As Treg cells are often identified within the CD4 +CD25hiCD45RB low subset, we determined the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with different expression levels of CD25 and CD45RB.

RESULTS
The frequencies or infused doses of donor CD4 +CD25+ T cells, regardless of their CD25 and CD45RB expression levels, showed no correlation with the clinical outcome in univariate and multivariate analyses. In contrast, elevated frequencies of donor CD8+CD25+ T cells showed significant correlations with grade II-IV acute GvHD. Patients with GvHD also appeared to have received higher doses of CD8+CD25+ cells. Increased frequencies of CD8+CD25+ cells in the DLI products and the infused-doses of these cells also correlated with complete remissions accompanying GvHD. However, there was no correlation between increased levels of CD8 +CD25+ cells with complete remissions achieved in the absence of a clinically apparent acute GvHD.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
Donor CD8 +CD25++ T cells appear to represent a risk factor for GvHD in the DLI setting. Selective depletion of these cells from DLI products may attenuate GvHD without significantly compromising anti-tumor efficacy.


The use of vehicles becomes important everywhere in the world with increase in use of vehicles. There has been a steady increase in accidents as well, vehicle manufacturers are attaining the security features of their products by introducing advanced automated technologies to avoid accidents from occurring but no significant growth has been seen on technologies for the purpose of implementing proper measures to ensure the safety of a person after the accident has occurred . Our solution implements various layers of security measures to prevent an unauthorized person from using a vehicle and at the same time creating a steady communication between accident victims and the emergency responders. Our device uses various sensors to analyze the data live and instantly create a communication between victim and responder which provides detailed information about the intensity of the accident along with the GPS location to increase the possibility of survival in a dire situation.


Use of appropriate modes of heat transfer in finite element modelling simulations of laser cladding and powder deposition is important for enhancing the reliability of the predicted results. An important contributory mode is melt pool convection, whose influence on residual stress generated during laser cladding process is the focus of this work. In this paper, an anisotropic enhanced thermal conductivity approach is used to analyse the three-dimensional thermo-structural characteristics of laser cladding and powder deposition of Inconel 718 on EN-43A mild steel substrate using finite element techniques. Compared with experimentally measured values, the results of the analysis indicated an over prediction in melt pool profile and size as well as higher peak temperatures from ignoring melt pool convection effect in finite element modelling of the process. With claims relating to the short nature of the duration for the solidification of a deposited clad, ignoring melt pool convection continues to be a common practice in modelling investigations of the laser cladding and powder deposition process. However, owing possibly to its resulting higher peak temperatures, the results of this investigation have portrayed the practice to cause higher residual stress prediction within the interior of the deposited clad and particularly around the interface, which is crucial location for the effective performance of a deposited clad.Use of appropriate modes of heat transfer in finite element modelling simulations of laser cladding and powder deposition is important for enhancing the reliability of the predicted results. An important contributory mode is melt pool convection, whose influence on residual stress generated during laser cladding process is the focus of this work. In this paper, an anisotropic enhanced thermal conductivity approach is used to analyse the three-dimensional thermo-structural characteristics of laser cladding and powder deposition of Inconel 718 on EN-43A mild steel substrate using finite element techniques. Compared with experimentally measured values, the results of the analysis indicated an over prediction in melt pool profile and size as well as higher peak temperatures from ignoring melt pool convection effect in finite element modelling of the process. With claims relating to the short nature of the duration for the solidification of a deposited clad, ignoring melt pool convection continues to be a comm...


University students across the world report higher levels of mental health problems compared to the general population. Past research has focused on investigating mental health problems among first-year university students. However, a paucity of existing research compares the prevalence of mental health problems in first-year university students to students in later year-levels. To address this gap, the current study compared the level of depression and anxiety symptomology experienced by university students (n = 198) from Australia and the United States, across first, second, third, and fourth-year levels. The results found no significant differences in the level of depression and anxiety symptomology between university students from these countries, and no significant differences in the level of depression symptoms across year-levels. However, university students in the secondyear level reported significantly higher levels of anxiety symptoms compared to first, third, and fourth-year levels. The current study assessed the role of stress appraisal, psychosocial, and coping factors as predictors of depression and anxiety symptoms across all year-levels of university students. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated higher levels of perceived stress and lower levels of perceived social support from family significantly predicted higher levels of depression symptoms. Higher levels of perceived stress and academic avoidance coping, and lower levels of campus connectedness significantly predicted higher levels of anxiety symptoms. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.


In the last decades a liberalization of the electric market has started; prices are now determined on the basis of contracts on regular markets and their behaviour is mainly driven by usual supply and demand forces. A large body of literature has been developed in order to analyze and forecast their evolution: it includes works with different aims and methodologies depending on the temporal horizon being studied. In this survey we depict the actual state of the art focusing only on the recent papers oriented to the determination of trends in electricity spot prices and to the forecast of these prices in the short run. Structural methods of analysis, which result appropriate for the determination of forward and future values are left behind. Studies have been divided into three broad classes: Autoregressive models, Regime switching models, Volatility models. Six fundamental points arise: the peculiarities of electricity market, the complex statistical properties of prices, the lack of economic foundations of statistical models used for price analysis, the primacy of uniequational approaches, the crucial role played by demand and supply in prices determination, the lack of clearcut evidence in favour of a specific framework of analysis. To take into account the previous stylized issues, we propose the adoption of a methodological framework not yet used to model and forecast electricity prices: a time varying parameters Dynamic Factor Model (DFM). Such an eclectic approach, introduced in the late '70s for macroeconomic analysis, enables the identification of the unobservable dynamics of demand and supply driving electricity prices, the coexistence of short term and long term determinants, the creation of forecasts on future trends. Moreover, we have the possibility of simulating the impact that mismatches between demand and supply have over the price variable. This way it is possible to evaluate whether congestions in the network (eventually leading black out phenomena) trigger price reactions that can be considered as warning mechanisms.


This article reports on a collaboration project between South Africa and Sweden, in which we want to investigate whether the emphasis in undergraduate mathematics courses for engineering students should be more conceptual than the current traditional way of teaching. On the basis of a review of the distinction between conceptual and procedural knowledge, an analysis of student solutions to tasks designed to be solved with a conceptual approach but 'proceduralized' by the students sheds some new light on this classical distinction. It is argued that the distinction can be operationalized in test items in a meaningful way but that caution needs to be taken in interpreting the results considering the complex interdependence of these constructs when doing mathematical work.


Spatial heterogeneity in the subsurface of karst environments is high, as evidenced by the multiphase porosity of carbonate rocks and complex landform features that result in marked variability of hydrological processes in space and time. This includes complex exchange of various flows (e.g., fast conduit flows and slow fracture flows) in different locations. Here, we integrate various "state‐of‐the‐art" methods to understand the structure and function of this poorly constrained critical zone environment. Geophysical, hydrometric, and tracer tools are used to characterize the hydrological functions of the cockpit karst critical zone in the small catchment of Chenqi, Guizhou Province, China. Geophysical surveys, using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), inferred the spatial heterogeneity of permeability in the epikarst and underlying aquifer. Water tables in depression wells in valley bottom areas, as well as discharge from springs on steeper hillslopes and at the catchment outlet, showed different hydrodynamic responses to storm event rainwater recharge and hillslope flows. Tracer studies using water temperatures and stable water isotopes (δD and δ18O) could be used alongside insights into aquifer permeability from ERT surveys to explain site‐ and depth‐dependent variability in the groundwater response in terms of the degree to which "new" water from storm rainfall recharges and mixes with "old" pre‐event water in karst aquifers. This integrated approach reveals spatial structure in the karst critical zone and provides a conceptual framework of hydrological functions across spatial and temporal scales.


Shallow-water tropical corals can be used to calibrate the radiocarbon timescale. In this paper, we present a new data set based on the comparison between 14C ages and U-Th ages measured in fossil corals collected offshore the island of Tahiti during the Integrated Oceanic Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 310. After applying strict mineralogical and geochemical screening criteria, the Tahiti record provides new data for 2 distinct time windows: 7 data for the interval between 29 and 37 cal kyr BP and 58 for the last deglaciation period, notably a higher resolution for the 14-16 cal kyr BP time interval. There are 3 main outcomes of this study. First, it extends the previous Tahiti record beyond 13.9 cal kyr BP, the oldest U-Th age obtained on cores drilled onshore in the modern Tahiti barrier reef. Second, it strengthens the data set of the 14-15 cal kyr BP period, allowing for better documentation of the 14C age plateau in this time range. This age plateau corresponds to a drop of the atmospheric 14C synchronous with an abrupt period of sea-level rise (Melt Water Pulse 1A, MWP-1A). The Tahiti 14C record documents complex changes in the global carbon cycle due to variations in the exchange rates between its different reservoirs. Third, during the Heinrich event 1, the Tahiti record disagrees with the Cariaco record, but is in broad agreement with other marine and continental data.


Based on over 40 years of experience in the field, Ramesh Singh goes beyond corrosion control, providing techniques for addressing present and future integrity issues. Pipeline Integrity Handbook provides pipeline engineers with the tools to evaluate and inspect pipelines, safeguard the life cycle of their pipeline asset and ensure that they are optimizing delivery and capability. Presented in easy-to-use, step-by-step order, Pipeline Integrity Handbook is a quick reference for day-to-day use in identifying key pipeline degradation mechanisms and threats to pipeline integrity. The book begins with an overview of pipeline risk management and engineering assessment, including data collection and regulatory approaches to liquid pipeline risk management. Other critical integrity issues include:

Pipeline defects and corrective actions
Introduction to various essential pipeline material such as line pipes and valves
Coverage on corrosion and corrosion protection
Identifies the key pipeline degradation mechanisms and threats to pipeline integrity
Appreciates various corrosion monitoring and control tools and techniques
Understands the principles of risk assessment and be able to conduct a simple risk assessment
Develops simple Pipeline Integrity Management plans
Selects and apply appropriate inspection and assessment criteria for pipeline defects
Recommends appropriate repair methods for pipeline defects


Purpose - This paper examines the long-term relationship between saving and investment as a criterion for assessing international capital mobility for the case of Saudi Arabia, the largest economy among the Middle Eastern and Arab nations. Design/methodology/approach - The approach is modeled on Feldstein and Horioka covering the period 1963-2007 for Saudi Arabia. We use the bounds testing approach and the Gregory and Hansen cointegration methods to test for the long-run relationship between saving and investment. Additionally, before testing for this relationship, we conduct unit root tests, including the additive outlier model developed by Perron with an endogenously determined structural break. Findings - The study finds no evidence of a long-run relationship between saving and investment and therefore concludes that capital is highly mobile in Saudi Arabia. This finding is plausible given the economic and financial reforms which have occurred in Saudi Arabia along with increased capital inflows into the country in the last few decades. Originality/value - Of the limited studies so far on developing countries, none has considered the capital mobility issue for an oil-dependent country.


Drought and limited availability of water serve as the serious limitation for rice production in rainfed ecosystems. Among the major rainfed rice-cultivating areas, states of eastern India occupy one of the largest drought-prone ecologies in the world. Cultivating drought tolerant rice varieties can serve as the most coherent approach to ensure food security in these areas. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), along with its national collaborators, has developed drought tolerant rice varieties possessing high yield along with desirable grain quality. One such conventionally bred line, IR74371-70-1-1, has been released with different names in the different countries: in India as Sahbhagi Dhan, in Nepal as Sukha Dhan 3, and in Bangladesh as BRRI Dhan 56. This indicates the suitability of this line to show better performance across the wide range of environments. Sahbhagi Dhan is a short duration variety that has genetic drought tolerance and is more efficient at extracting available moisture from the soil. During drought years, farmers cultivating Sahbhagi Dhan obtained the yield advantage of 0.8 to 1.6 t ha−1 over currently grown long duration as well as traditional varieties. In 2012, when the paddy crop was hit by drought, Sahbhagi Dhan revealed the yield advantage of more than a t ha−1, which reduced to 0.78 and 0.56 t ha−1 during non-drought years of 2013 and 2014, respectively. Data taken from head to head trials during 2017 showed that Sahbhagi Dhan exhibited better performance over the existing rice varieties grown by farmers even under non-drought conditions. The important feature of Sahbhagi Dhan is its evident impact under drought and no yield penalty under favorable conditions over the counterfactual varieties of the same duration. Along with better yield under drought, the important advantage of Sahbhagi Dhan is the short maturity duration of this variety. This allows the farmers to advance the succeeding crop and creates an opportunity for accommodating an additional crop under favorable rainfed ecology, thereby enhancing the cropping intensity. Since the majority of the farmers living in drought prone ecologies are socio-economically under privileged, Sahbhagi Dhan, along with other drought tolerant varieties, can serve as one of the most viable and deliverable technologies for eradicating poverty from these ecologies dependent on rainfed rice.


The growth in government loan guarantee programs relative to other forms of intervention in credit markets prompts the question: Are loan guarantees necessarily better than other subsidies, particularly direct loans and grants, in providing benefits to targeted groups? The answer is: not in all cases. An analysis of the three loan programs in a credit economy model shows that direct loans perform best at targeting cash-poor entrepreneurs with good business prospects; loan guarantees attract relatively riskier businesses with few assets; and grants are least distortionary but are not targeted to any specific set of recipients.


A standardized descriptive ontology supports efficient querying and manipulation of data from heterogeneous sources across boundaries of distributed infrastructures, particularly in federated environments. In this article, we present the Open-Multinet (OMN) set of ontologies, which were designed specifically for this purpose as well as to support management of life-cycles of infrastructure resources. We present their initial application in Future Internet testbeds, their use for representing and requesting available resources, and our experimental performance evaluation of the ontologies in terms of querying and translation times. Our results highlight the value and applicability of Semantic Web technologies in managing resources of federated cyber-infrastructures.


Culture and identity in a society can be represented in the architecture and the meanings intertwined with it. In this sense, the architecture and design are the interface for transferring meaning and identity to the nation and future generations. Persian gardens have been evolved through the history of Persian Empire in regard to the culture and beliefs of the society. This paper aims to investigate the patterns of design and architecture in Persian gardens and the meanings intertwined with their patterns and significant elements such as water and trees. Persian gardens are not only about geometries and shapes; but also manifest different design elements, each representing a specific symbol and its significance among the society. This paper seeks to explore Persian gardens in terms of their geometric structure, irrigation system, network construction and pavilions alongside design qualities such as hierarchy, symmetry, centrality, rhythm and harmony. In the second stage, the paper investigates the fundamental symbols and their philosophy in the creation of Persian gardens and in relation to the architecture and design.


This article examines the 1994–1995 controversy surrounding President François Mitterrand's past involvement with Vichy France through the concept of "the gray zone." Differing from Primo Levi's gray zone, it
refers here to the language that emerged in France to account for the previously neglected complicity of bystanders and beneficiaries and the indirect facilitation of the injustices of the Vichy regime. The affair serves as a site for exploring the nuances and inflections of this concept of the gray zone—both in the way it was used to indict those accused of complicity with Vichy, and as a means for those, like Mitterrand, who defended themselves by using the language of grayness. Paying attention to these invocations of the gray zone at this historical conjuncture allows us to understand the logic and stakes of both the criticisms of Mitterrand and his responses to them, particularly in terms of contemporaneous understandings of republicanism and human rights.


Within the framework of this thesis, a new two-dimensional inversion algorithm for direct current (DC) resistivity and time-domain induced polarization (IP) data was developed. The algorithm consists of a novel composition of finite element forward calculation and a smoothness constrained local regularization inversion approach including error weighting and a non-linear IP chargeability inversion. All forward and inverse calculations are conducted on unstructured triangular meshes. The advantage of employing an unstructured mesh over the use of structured grids is that complicated surface topography can easily be implemented and complex subsurface structures can be reproduced better. This is among other things due to flexibility and because local mesh refinement is possible without globally increasing the number of elements significantly.
An IP perturbation model is implemented that explains the effect of chargeable material by an increase of effective resistivity. Consequently, the inversion is conducted in two steps. The first step is a non-linear DC inversion recovering a resistivity model that corresponds to the effective resistivity and explains the measured DC data within the error bounds. In the second step, a chargeability model is derived by non-linear IP inversion.
The employment of unstructured grids pleads for special smoothness constraints because model elements are not arranged in a regular manner and are oriented arbitrarily. Therefore, three types of smoothness matrices are examined that approximate first order derivatives in the triangular mesh. Furthermore, a measure of the depth of investigation is presented that is based on the normalized coverage which is a cumulative sensitivity. A coverage threshold applicable for 2D models is derived by the coverage value of a homogeneous model that corresponds to the depth of investigation according to a rule of thumb.
The accuracy of the implemented forward algorithm is verified by modeling of 1D and 2D models and comparison to analytical solutions. By inversion of synthetic data, it is assessed whether the algorithm can reproduce the original models. Reliability is also checked by comparison of the forward and inverse modeling of synthetic data with established algorithms.
The new algorithm was successfully applied to DC and time-domain IP field data acquired on a copper ore deposit in Elbistan, Turkey. Due to the state of the ore deposit, which is mainly disseminated, it was expected that the presence of the metallic particles does not produce a prominent resistivity anomaly. Thus, the deposit is difficult to detect with the DC resistivity method alone. However, the assumed sulfide content leads to strong induced polarization effects. These assumptions are confirmed by the resistivity and chargeability models obtained by inversion with the new algorithm. As expected, highly chargeable structures with more than 100 mV/V are recovered that are associated with the ore deposit, while the outline is not clearly distinguishable in the resistivity models. Comparison with inversion results obtained by other algorithms and a near surface resistivity model derived from Radiomagnetotelluric data confirm the resistivity and chargeability results of the new algorithm.


Using the first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential method within density functional theory, we systematically investigated the interaction of perylenediimide (PDI)-based dye compounds (BrPDI, BrGly, and BrAsp) with both unreconstructed (UR) and reconstructed (RC) anatase TiO2(001) surfaces. All dye molecules form strong chemical bonds with surface in the most favorable adsorption structures. In UR–BrGly, RC–BrGly and RC–BrAsp cases, we have observed that HOMO and LUMO levels of molecules appear within band gap and conduction band region, respectively. Moreover, we have obtained a gap narrowing upon adsorption of BrPDI on the RC surface. Because of the reduction in effective band gap of surface–dye system and possibly achieving the visible light activity, these results are valuable for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. We have also considered the effects of hydration of surface to the binding of BrPDI. It has been found that the binding energy drops significantly for the completely hydrated surfaces.


People and societies conceptualise and experience time in fundamentally different ways. This basic aspect of perception significantly influences the way we frame problems and conceive solutions. This book shows how time perspectives differ across national cultures and across professional roles. It shows how these differences generate ambiguity when it comes to defining problems and devising solutions in the water sector.

This is especially important when dealing with problems such as Sustainable Water Resources Management and Climate Change that involve (culturally and professionally) diverse stakeholders. Response strategies to such problems inherently require concerted action because of the large spatial and temporal scale on which they take place and to minimise the occurrence of conflicting interventions. This disparity between diverse problem perceptions and the need for collective understanding and united action is increasingly recognised as an important concern in the field of water resource management.

The conclusions are important because the time horizons considered in planning and setting research agendas influence what problems are perceived, what questions are asked, and what solutions are sought. In general, more time needs to be invested in framing problems. This is particularly important for participatory planning and transdisciplinary research where the diversity in Motivational Space is greatest. It is recommended that Motivational Space be collectively and explicitly framed from the outset of all planning projects, especially in terms of Temporal Extent. When it comes to setting research agendas it is important to match the Motivational Space of those who prioritize the questions with the goal of the research programme.

This title belongs to KWR Watercycle Research Institute Series .

ISBN: 9781780406138 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781780406121 (Print)


Caveolin-3 (Cav-3) is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle fibers, where it drives caveolae formation at the muscle cell's plasma membrane. In vitro studies have suggested that Cav-3 may play a positive role in insulin signaling and energy metabolism. We directly address the in vivo metabolic consequences of genetic ablation of Cav-3 in mice as it relates to insulin action, glucose metabolism, and lipid homeostasis. At age 2 mo, Cav-3 null mice are significantly larger than wild-type mice, and display significant postprandial hyperinsulinemia, whole body insulin resistance, and whole body glucose intolerance. Studies using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps revealed that Cav-3 null mice exhibited 20% and 40% decreases in insulin-stimulated whole body glucose uptake and whole body glycogen synthesis, respectively. Whole body insulin resistance was mostly attributed to 20% and 40% decreases in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glucose metabolic flux in the skeletal muscle of Cav-3 null mice. In addition, insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production was significantly reduced in Cav-3 null mice, indicating hepatic insulin resistance. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in white adipose tissue, which does not express Cav-3, was decreased by approximately 70% in Cav-3 null mice, suggestive of an insulin-resistant state for this tissue. During fasting, Cav-3 null mice possess normal insulin receptor protein levels in their skeletal muscle. However, after 15 min of acute insulin stimulation, Cav-3 null mice show dramatically reduced levels of the insulin receptor protein, compared with wild-type mice treated identically. These results suggest that Cav-3 normally functions to increase the stability of the insulin receptor at the plasma membrane, preventing its rapid degradation, i.e., by blocking or slowing ligand-induced receptor downregulation. Thus our results demonstrate the importance of Cav-3 in regulating whole body glucose homeostasis in vivo and its possible role in the development of insulin resistance. These findings may have clinical implications for the early diagnosis and treatment of caveolinopathies.


Overview Timor-Leste has made impressive progress since its historic achievement of independence in 2002. From the instability that blighted its early years, the fledgling democratic country has achieved strong economic growth and a gradual reinstatement of essential social services. A decade on in 2012, Presidential and Parliamentary elections produced smooth political transitions and the extended UN peacekeeping presence in the country came to an end. But significant challenges remain. This book, a product of the inaugural Timor-Leste Update held at The Australian National University in 2013 to mark the end of Timor-Leste's first decade as a new nation, brings together a vibrant collection of papers from leading and emerging scholars and policy analysts. Collectively, the chapters provide a set of critical reflections on recent political, economic and social developments in Timor-Leste. The volume also looks to the future, highlighting a range of transitions, prospects and undoubted challenges facing the nation over the next 5–10 years. Key themes that inform the collection include nation-building in the shadow of history, trends in economic development, stability and social cohesion, and citizenship, democracy and social inclusion. The book is an indispensable guide to contemporary Timor-Leste.


Television Studies provides an overview of the origins, central ideas, and intellectual traditions of television studies. The book charts the establishment of the field, and examines its various approaches and objects of study. What have been the primary areas of inquiry in television studies? Why and how did these areas develop? How have scholars studied them? How are they developing? What have been television studies' key works? The book answers these questions, by tracing the history of the field right up to present and emerging scholarship. For all those wondering how to study television, or even why to study television, Television Studies will provide a clear and engaging overview of key topics. The book works as a stand-alone introduction and by placing key works in a broader context it can also provide an excellent basis for an entire course.


Quantile regression constitutes a natural and flexible framework for the analysis of duration data in general and unemployment duration in particular. Comparison of the quantile regressions for lower and upper tails of the duration distribution shed important insights on the different determinants of short or long-term unemployment. Using quantile regression techniques, we estimate conditional quantile functions of US unemployment duration; then, resampling the estimated conditional quantile process we are able to infer the implied hazard functions. The proposed methodology proves to be resilient to several misspecification that typically afflict proportional hazard models such as, neglected heterogeneity and baseline misspecification. Overall, the results provide clear indications of the interest of quantile regression to the analysis of duration data.


Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting 65 million people globally [1]. Anti-epileptic medications fail to provide effective seizure control for 30% of patients, placing them at a 7-17% risk of Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy and recurrent seizures. Surgical resection of the seizure focus is a potentially curative treatment for patients with seizures that electrophysiologically correlate to a focal lesion. For these patients, focal surgical resection can result in 60-70% seizure-freedom rates [2]. However, open resection carries the risk of cognitive impairment or focal neurologic deficit [3]. Recent innovations in MRI enable high resolution soft tissue visualization, and real-time temperature monitoring, making MR-guided ablation therapy a promising minimally invasive technique to restrict the tissue destruction to just the seizure focus. Commercial products (e.g., Visualase, Medtronic Inc.; ClearPoint, MRI Interventions Inc.; NeuroBlate, Monteris Inc.) have recently been introduced for MR-guided laser-based thermal ablation. These products require the physician drill a hole into the skull for ablation probe placement, and may not always be able to ablate the entire seizure focus when the structure has a curved shape (such as the hippocampus) [4]. Incomplete ablation of the seizure focus would lead to seizure recurrence. We have recently proposed concentric-tube steerable needles as a means to address these challenges [4-7]. They enable nonlinear trajectories and offer the potential to enter the brain through the patient's cheek via a natural opening in the skull base (i.e. the foramen ovale). We have designed and fabricated an MR-compatible robotic system to provide high resolution actuation for helical needle deployment [5]. We have shown in simulation that the curved medial axis of hippocampus can be accessed via a helical needle that delivers the ablation probe into the brain [4]. These preliminary results suggest that MR-guided robotic transforamenal thermal therapy could potentially provide a less invasive approach for potentially curative epilepsy treatment. In this paper we present our first results delivering heat along curved paths in brain phantoms and imaging the resulting treatment zones using MRI. 2 Methods


Mots-clés : Microscopie électronique en transmission Holographie électronique Cartographie de champs Champs électriques Champs magnétiques The mapping of static electric and magnetic fields using electron probes with a resolution and sensitivity that are sufficient to reveal nanoscale features in materials requires the use of phase-sensitive methods such as the shadow technique, coherent Foucault imaging and the Transport of Intensity Equation. Among these approaches, image-plane off-axis electron holography in the transmission electron microscope has acquired a prominent role thanks to its quantitative capabilities and broad range of applicability. After a brief overview of the main ideas and methods behind field mapping, we focus on theoretical models that form the basis of the quantitative interpretation of electron holographic data. We review the application of electron holography to a variety of samples (including electric fields associated with p–n junctions in semiconductors, quantized magnetic flux in superconductors and magnetization topographies in nanoparticles and other magnetic materials) and electron-optical geometries (including multiple biprism, amplitude and mixed-type set-ups). We conclude by highlighting the emerging perspectives of (i) threedimensional field mapping using electron holographic tomography and (ii) the modelindependent determination of the locations and magnitudes of field sources (electric charges and magnetic dipoles) directly from electron holographic data. © 2014 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.


Scheduling real-time applications on general purpose multicore platforms is a challenging problem from a timing analysis perspective. Such platforms expose uncontrolled sources of interference whenever concurrent accesses to memory are performed. The non-deterministic bus and memory access behavior complicates the estimations of applications' worst-case execution times (WCET). The 3-phase task model seems a good candidate to circumvent the uncontrolled sources of interference by isolating concurrent memory accesses. A task is divided in three successive phases; first, the task loads its instruction and data in a local memory, then it executes non-preemptively using those pre-loaded instructions and data, and finally, the modified data are pushed back to main memory. Following this execution model, tasks never access the bus during their execution phase. Instead, all the bus accesses are performed during the first and third phases. In this paper, we focus on the global fixed-priority scheduling of the 3-phase task model. A new schedulability test is derived by modelling the interference happening on the bus rather than the interference on the cores as in the state-of-the-art techniques. The effectiveness of the test is evaluated by comparing it against the state-of-the-art.


We present an overview of the project NASCEnT and the first results we were able to achieve after one year of project duration. The overall objective of the project is to develop new nano-materials with new production technologies and to fabricate silicon quantum dot (Si QD) materials for all-silicon tandem solar cells to achieve increased efficiencies. The understanding of electrical transport and recombination mechanisms in these newly developed nano-materials will enable us to design novel solar cell structures that help to overcome the efficiency limits of conventional solar cell concepts. So far we developed simple device structures and process sequences for both material systems (Si QDs in silicon oxide and silicon carbide) and tested a pin solar cell structure. Another objective of the project is to ensure the compatibility of the newly developed technologies with high-throughput processing leading to further cost-reduction. Within the scope of this project the novel concept of band gap-tuneable quantum dot superlattices is to be exploited in combination with a wafer-based high efficiency silicon solar cell as well as with a thin-film solar cell structure. The outcome of the project will be significant progress in solar cell evolution and will lead to higher efficiencies for solar cells and to ongoing cost-reductions from both a short-term and a long-term perspective.


This paper deals with protocol design for cognitive cooperative systems with many secondary users. In contrast with previous cognitive configurations, the channel model considered assumes a cluster of secondary users which perform both a sensing process for transmitting opportunities and can relay data for the primary user. Appropriate relaying improves the throughput of the primary users and can increase the transmission opportunities for the cognitive users. Based on different multi-access protocols, the schemes investigated enable relaying either between the primary user and a selected secondary user or between two selected secondary users. This collaboration can be a simple distributed multiple-input single-output transmission of the primary data or a simultaneous transmission of primary and secondary data using dirty-paper coding (DPC). The parametrization of DPC as well as its combination with opportunistic relay selection yields an interesting trade-off between the primary and the secondary performance which is investigated by theoretical and simulation results under the perspective of a desired primary throughput. The proposed protocols are studied from a networking point of view and the stable throughput for primary and secondary users is derived based on the principles of queueing theory.


It was aspired to analyze the theoretical foundation of public participation invoking different theories explaining this phenomenon. Theses involve the most widely used theories as: Theory of Social Capital – because it is still the most popular foundation in solving participation problems; Rational Choice theory – because it has not only features of universal theory, but is successfully used in all behaviour sciences, and certainly explains measuring process (what it is the base of decision assumption in any individuals activity, in participation as well) of participation's benefit and loss; Theory of Democracy – because it is treated as an essential assumption, the foundation to the further construct analyze and practical realization of participating ideas. Such an approach was taken, because there is no only one universal theory explaining the phenomenon of participation involving different attitudes. There are chosen different theories depending on context. Authors do not intend to generate such a theory, this is just assay to discuss the main theories, often over-passing limits of the other one, identifying problems, which hinder to shape an universal theory of participant foundation. There is confined from comprehensive public or participant concepts' operationalization.


The sun is setting on the civil rights revolution. Lived experience will no longer provide the historical context with which to interpret the constitutional contributions of the fading past. Only a series of careful, historically nuanced, studies will permit the profession to thoughtfully define the constitutional canon left behind by the civil rights movement. This Article offers an authoritative exploration of the understudied, yet highly revealing, process through which Americans abolished the poll-tax. Marshalling primary sources, it reveals how the Supreme Court's opinion in Harper v. Virginia erased the significance of earlier decisions by Congress, the President and the American people to abolish the poll-tax through the enactment of the Twenty-fourth Amendment and Section Ten of the Voting Rights Act. We argue that it is time for the profession to undo the Court's erasure and to redefine the "civil rights canon," granting a central place to both the amendment and the landmark statute. Our reinterpretation of the legal achievements of the civil rights generation permits new perspectives on a wide range of issues - ranging from Katzenbach v. Morgan to Buckley v. Valeo. It also permits a fundamental critique of the Court's recent decision in Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, and the constitutionality of costly voter identification requirements.


Liposomal nerve growth factor (NGF) was used for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia in a rat model. Positive charge inducing agents of sphingosine (SP) and stearylamine (S) were formulated in the liposomal NGF. Dose-response of intraventricular injection of liposomal NGF showed significant reduction in infarct volume at the dose of 5 and 10 μ g/rat of NGF. The liposomal NGF formulated with SP or S demonstrated similar results in the reduction of total infarct volume in rats. When we increased the molar ratio of SP and S from 0.15 to 0.3, the infarct volume from rats showed a similar value as that of the control treated with NGF solution. Liposomal NGF was given prior to the development of ischemia. We found that NGF was effective in prevention of neuronal death. The NGF concentrations in brain for liposomal NGF were maintained in a level significantly higher than those for NGF solution. This was attributed to the positively charged liposomal NGF bound effectively in brain ventricle and caused longer retention time than free NGF for localization in brain. Therefore, the effect of liposomal NGF on reduction of infarct volume was significant. We assumed that the transportation of NGF might go through the cerebrospinal fluid pathway throughout the ventricular system and subarachnoid system to cerebral cortex to produce a therapeutic effect on ischemia.


Objective: To measure the levels and patterns of physical activity, using accelerometers, of 11-year-old children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Setting: ALSPAC is a birth cohort study located in the former county of Avon, in the southwest of England. This study used data collected when the children were 11 years old. Participants: 5595 children (2662 boys, 2933 girls). The children are the offspring of women recruited to a birth cohort study during 1991–2. The median age (95% CI) of the children is now 11.8 (11.6 to 11.9) years. Methods: Physical activity was measured over a maximum of 7 consecutive days using the MTI Actigraph accelerometer. Main outcome measures: Level and pattern of physical activity. Results: The median physical activity level was 580 counts/min. Boys were more active than girls (median (IQR) 644 (528–772) counts/min vs 529 (444–638) counts/min, respectively). Only 2.5% (95% CI 2.1% to 2.9%) of children (boys 5.1% (95% CI 4.3% to 6.0%), girls 0.4% (95% CI 0.2% to 0.7%) met current internationally recognised recommendations for physical activity. Children were most active in summer and least active in winter (difference = 108 counts/min). Both the mother and partner's education level were inversely associated with activity level (p for trend <0.001 (both mother and partner)). The association was lost for mother's education (p for trend = 0.07) and attenuated for partner's education (p for trend = 0.02), after adjustment for age, sex, season, maternal age and social class. Conclusions: A large majority of children are insufficiently active, according to current recommended levels for health.


The new-style currency crises that have inflicted a number of developing and emerging economies of late are characterized by sudden stops in capital inflows and adverse balance sheet effects. Given the potential high costs of these crises, there remains an ongoing debate on how they might best be managed when they do arise. This paper argues that the age-old Swan diagram, appropriately modified, is able to provide useful insights into how a country might manage a new-style crisis via a combination of adjustment (which involves expenditure switching and reducing polices) and financing.


A journey begins with an act. To move one's body/mind from one place to another.The planning of where, when and how to get there. Expectations of what to come, before, during and after.In my thesis I turn to the notions we encounter when experiencing space. Through the bodies movement we shift our perspectives, leaning our eyes on surroundings of change, we mediate what is perceived. Telling us the story of where we have been and where we are heading to. The fragile surface of the lace cloth covering the sunlight shine in my grandmothers kitchen window had to me an unfamiliar texture and its yellowing white colour brought a time from another generation. Drinking weak silver tea and sitting next to this curtain formed a tactile memory of constant. I don´t remember any other details from those days, other than the taste of the tea and the atmosphere created by the lace. When, during a journey in unknown lands several years after, I again saw this lace covering a window I remembered not the situation nor the tea but a sort of comfort. A memory of carrying both my past and present. The memory of space is created both in the past and the present but also when we leave, as we remember and recall it. How do we interpret what is a part of our past, present and future? And where is the real/unreal memory of space created? To investigate these notions I placed my self in a sort of somewhere! On the border between reality? and utopia. In an constant journey of bodies from familiar to unknown. In a place where perception of space pass through movement and time.In an journey of memory and imagination.In a cruise boat.


It is shown that a wave front, or in general any scalar two-dimensional function, can be reconstructed from its discrete differences by a simple multiplicative filtering operation in the spatial-frequency domain by using complex exponentials as basis functions in a modal expansion. Various difference-sampling geometries are analyzed. The difference data are assumed to be corrupted by random, additive noise of zero mean. The derived algorithms yield unbiased reconstructions for finite data arrays. The error propagation from the noise on the difference data to the reconstructed wave fronts is minimal in a least-squares sense. The spatial distribution of the reconstruction error over the array and the dependence of the mean reconstruction error on the array size are determined. The algorithms are computationally efficient, noniterative, and suitable for large arrays since the required number of mathematical operations for a reconstruction is approximately proportional to the number of data points if fast-Fourier-transform algorithms are employed.


During February-March 2000, a joint Italian/Australian marine geoscience expedition (Project WEGA) discovered and cored a large drift deposit, named the Mertz Drift. The drift is about 390 km\(^2\) in area, and lies in the western end of the George V Basin, East Antarctica. I document a study of the Mertz Drift as the deposit contains an important high-resolution record of palaeoenvironment changes during Holocene. X-radiographs of cores, visual core logs and multi-sensor core logger are used to distinguish facies in the cores. A comparison of facies from all cores, radiocarbon ages, thin section analysis and seafloor photographs of the Mertz Drift allowed interpretation of five different facies into four generalised phases of environmental history. A diamicton corresponds to sub-ice shelf, water-lain till deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum, and underlies the Mertz Drift. Unconformably overlying the diamicton is a massively bedded siliceous mud and diatom ooze (SMO) with a high proportion of ice-rafted debris. This unit represents a period of glacial retreat of the ice shelf and a transition to an open marine environment, commencing about 14,000 yr BP and lasting for about 9000 years. A thick succession of laminated and cross laminated SMO follows, deposited during a mid-Holocene climate optimum from 5000 to 3000 yr BP. Overlying the Mertz Drift drape is a massively bedded fine sand/SMO with a high proportion of ice-rafted debris, deposited from 3000 yr BP to present. This drape reflects modern oceanographic conditions commencing from a time of climatic deterioration. This study found seasonal changes in diatom assemblages within lamination couplets with mean deposition times of between 2.6 to 4.3 years. Two currents are believed responsible for the construction of the drift. Upwelled Circumpolar Deep Water transports fine grained sediments southwards towards the inner shelf, and deep, high salinity Shelf Water flows northwesterly along the George V Basin, focusing sinking sediments into a drift deposit. A relative reduction of sea ice cover during a climatic optimum is believed to be a key factor for longer periods of upwelled Circumpolar DeepWater over the outer shelf. This leads to a surge in bottom currents and the concentration of greater volumes of sediment into the drift. This study has important implications for oceanographers as the results suggest a non-steady-state of Antarctic Bottom Water production during the Holocene.


Tour recommendation and itinerary planning are challenging tasks for tourists, due to their need to select Points of Interest (POI) to visit in unfamiliar cities, and to select POIs that align with their interest preferences and trip constraints. We propose an algorithm called PERSTOUR for recommending personalized tours using POI popularity and user interest preferences, which are automatically derived from real-life travel sequences based on geotagged photos. Our tour recommendation problem is modelled using a formulation of the Orienteering problem, and considers user trip constraints such as time limits and the need to start and end at specific POIs. In our work, we also reflect levels of user interest based on visit durations, and demonstrate how POI visit duration can be personalized using this time-based user interest. Using a Flickr dataset of four cities, our experiments show the effectiveness of PERSTOUR against various baselines, in terms of tour popularity, interest, recall, precision and F1-score. In particular, our results show the merits of using time-based user interest and personalized POI visit durations, compared to the current practice of using frequency-based user interest and average visit durations.


The new copper oxo-antimony sulphate CuSb6O8(SO4)2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1[combining macron] with the unit cell parameters a = 5.5342(4) Å, b = 7.6706(6) Å, c = 9.2374(7) Å, α = 96.505(5)°, β = 93.818(4)°, γ = 109.733(4)° and Z = 1. The crystal structure is made up of layers stacking along [001]. The layers are charge neutral and are connected to each other by only weak interactions. The copper atoms adopt a square planar [CuO4] coordination and such units are well separated from each other by corner and edge sharing to [SbO4] building blocks. The latter polymerize to form sheets with the formula [Sb3O8]∞. Sulphate groups connect to the antimony oxide sheets by corner sharing and are located at the interface of the layers. Above ∼10 K the magnetic susceptibility follows very well a Curie-Weiss law whereas below 10 K increasing deviations indicate the onset of antiferromagnetic correlations. Fitting the data in the range 10-50 K yields a Curie-Weiss temperature θ of -2.25(5) K. A sharp anomaly centered at TC = 0.67 K in the heat capacity data indicates long-range magnetic ordering. Short range antiferromagnetic correlations well above TC are seen in the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity and the magnetic susceptibility. These can be well described by the magnetism of a spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg chain with the nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic spin exchange interaction of Jintra = ∼2.8 K.


Negative rates have invalidated the normal business model of central banks, which consists of issuing zero-interest bearing cash as liabilities and earning a return on their assets (the resulting profits are called "seigniorage"). But many central banks are now earning a negative rate on their assets. Seigniorage, in fact, might now become negative in the euro area and in Japan.

Bond purchasing programmes (called usually QE for quantitative easing) offer central banks at least temporary profit opportunities since they can issue liabilities at lower rates than the long-term bonds they acquire. The resulting profits should be regarded in the same way as those of investment banks. For the time being, central banks are making large profits on their investment banking activities, but little in terms of traditional seigniorage.

The QE programme of the European Central Bank does not increase its seigniorage revenues, because 80% of the euro area's sovereign bond purchase programme is done by the national central banks on their own accounts.

The policy implication of this assessment is that the seigniorage income of the ECB will be much smaller than many assume and one should thus not count on it as a source for any euro-area projects.


The objective of the present study is to evaluate HPMC K100M, Starch acetate and Carbopol 934P as matrix formers in this design of floating tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride, a highly water soluble drug. Floating tablets of diltiazem (90 mg) were formulated employing (i) HPMC K100M (ii) Starch acetate and (iii) Carbopol 934P as matrix formers at 30% and 50% strength, sodium bicarbonate at 7.5%, 10% & 12.5% strength as gas generating agent and bees wax (10%) as floating enhancer and the tablets were evaluated for floating and drug releases characteristics. Diltiazem floating tablets formulated employing HPMC K100M and Starch acetate as matrix formers at 50% strength and containing sodium bicarbonate (12.5%) as gas generating agent exhibited floating over 44 to 48 h with a floating lag time of less than 36 sec. These floating tablets also gave slow and controlled release of diltiazem over 24 h and were found suitable for once a day administration (24h). HPMC K100M and Starch acetate were better suitable as matrix formers than Carbopol 934P for floating tablets of diltiazem, a highly


Congestion on Britain's roads is an increasing problem. The movement of large and heavy abnormal indivisible loads (AILs) through the road network can cause additional delays to other traffic. Delays caused by AILs could potentially be reduced by management measures based on a better understanding of how they are related to the types of load and the conditions under which the loads are moved. This Insight Report covers several projects that have investigated the prevalence and congestion impact of AILs and the effect of mitigation measures such as movement by water or by night. It concludes, however, that the overall impact of AILs on network delay is small and mitigation measures will be most effective if selectively targeted. (A)


This article examines the ambiguous role that religion, particularly Christianity, played in the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and in South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy. On the one hand, religious-symbolic discourse was an empowered truth-telling discourse used by victims and survivors in recounting their stories of apartheid abuse. Moreover, it was a discourse publicly affirmed and encouraged by TRC leaders such as Desmond Tutu. On the other hand, religious discourse was prohibited for perpetrators who came forward seeking amnesty; for amnesty applicants, only a legal-forensic mode of truth-telling was authorized by commissioners. We argue that this tension between religious and legal discourse in the TRC has contributed to the establishment of a democratic political culture in South Africa; yet, at the same time, it has also contributed to delays in social and economic justice for victims and survivors.


The law review literature has long-recognized that effective enforcement is an essential component of effective regulation. Yet much of the literature focuses on one aspect of the enforcement challenge or another. For example, the underlying theory about optimal levels of enforcement has received considerable attention, as have topics such as the relative merits of using deterrence-based versus cooperation-based approaches and the use of citizen suits.The purpose of this article is to fill a gap in the law review literature by considering agencies' enforcement and compliance promotion function holistically. In doing so, the article approaches the challenge from an "inside-out" perspective, a perspective that administrative law scholars have found to be lacking in the literature. The article proposes a three-layered conceptual framework for considering options for structuring the administrative agency enforcement and compliance promotion function. The first layer consists of five components of effective enforcement and compliance: norm clarity, norm achievability, verifiability, an appropriate mix of sanctions and rewards, and indicia of legitimacy. The second involves the inter-related character of these components and highlights the importance of fitting each into a particular enforcement and compliance regime so that agencies may gain synergistic benefits and consider the need to make difficult trade-offs. Third, and finally, our conceptual framework includes four contextual design issues that create additional challenges in determining the appropriate content of each of the five key components of effective enforcement and compliance: the hybrid character of contemporary governance efforts; the importance of "reality-checking" enforcement options through close attention to past performance as well as future challenges and opportunities; the dynamic character of environmental governance challenges; and the salience of possible design changes and the need to prioritize design improvements. The article suggests that it is important to consider all three layers in developing an effective enforcement and compliance promotion regime.The article tests our conceptual framework by including a case study of an ongoing Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) effort to reinvent its enforcement and compliance promotion program and by applying our framework to EPA's initiative. This case study illustrates the value of our framework in evaluating regulatory design options for the enforcement and compliance promotion function.


This article argues in favour of studying processes of random cultural change in the humanities. Studies of cultural change are of limited value if they are not embedded in or contrasted with a formalized and systematic theory of random change. To situate the discussion, this article first provides a brief overview of his torical and more recent accounts of random cultural change. While quantitative, cultural evolutionary studies have for long considered random copying to be fundamental to cultural change, it has received hardly any attention in the humanities literature. Accounts of cultural change in the humanities typically concentrate on informal, narrative descriptions of non-random factors of change, and downplay, reject or simply ignore random change as an alternative explanation. The paper re flects on several reasons pertaining to this lack of attention and highlights the be nefits of an integrated quantitative framework of chance for the study of cultural change.


An ideal bioherbicide should be easy and cheap to mass produce, viable and efficacious in controlling the target weed within definite time. A better understanding of the strategies of mass producing of inoculum is important to evaluate the suitability of Exserohilum longirostratum as bioherbicide. Exserohilum longirostratum has been reported as potential bioherbicide in controlling several grassy weeds; however, its control efficacy has several shortcomings. A study was conducted to determine the suitability of E. longirostratum as bioherbicide for controlling barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. spp. crusgalli) both in the glasshouse, and in the field. In the Carbon:Nitrogen (C:N) ratio test, 10:1 (C:N) produced the highest biomass (0.75g/100mL) and, 7.5:1 and 10:1 (C:N) resulted in highest production of healthy spores (6.4 x 105 spore per mL and 6.6 x 105 spore per mL respectively) compared with control treatment without external carbon and nitrogen source (1.4 x 105 spores per mL). The later produced about 4 times less than in the 7.5:1 and 10:1 C:N ratio test. An early infection of target plant by the pathogen may assure a successful disease development. A 105 spores/mL with 30% oil and a 5 day-old (DO) mycelium culture in the ratio of 1:5 (wt:vol) with 30% oil infected high disease severity on barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. spp. crusgalli). Both inoculum forms are effective in causing severe disease on the weed. The overall disease progress rate for the conidia on barnyard grass (rLc= 2.50 unit/day) was not significantly different with disease progress rate for mycelium (rLm= 2.27 logit/day). With the presence of herbicide resistant biotype of barnyard grass, pre-disposing the barnyard grass with sublethal dose of chemical herbicides will enhance better control of the weed and are crucial in integrated weed control. Base on this study, E. longirostratum was able to grow in some of the herbicides tested at the sublethal dose. Pretilachlor and cyhalofop/buthyl supported high germination of E. longirostratum compared with other chemical herbicides at all doses and to non-chemical amended control. These chemicals also supported > 60% appressorium formation at 0.25x of the recommended rate compared with the control. Compatibility of E. longirostratum with chemical herbicide may increase fungus efficacy on weed control. Sublethal rate of herbicide combined with pathogen may lead to synergistic effect, potentially increasing weed control and reducing producing costs. Understanding the course of the infection and development of E. longirostratum aids in elucidating the mechanism of host death and in determining the suitability of E. longirostratum as the biocontrol agent on barnyard grass. Germination of E. longirostratum took place about 4 hours after inoculation on both barnyard grass (67%) compared with rice (51.25%) 24 hours after inoculation. Many of the germ tubes extended along the surface of the junction of the epidermal cells. Appressoria formation were significantly higher on barnyard grass (92.4%) compared with only 10.9% on rice. Most infection process ceased at the stage of germ tubes elongation in rice. The fungus fails to cause infection. This observation indicated that rice is not a compatible host for this fungus. This conclusion was further supported by the result of the mini plot trial. Rice plants produced more tillers and high biomass compared with the untreated counterpart. However, barnyard grass was effectively controlled by E. longistratum with or without pretilachlor added as auxiliary. High mortality of barnyard grass caused its numbers of tillers and dry weight dramatically low compared to rice. Barnyard grass reduced >90% of dry weight from the control. The result of this research indicated E. longirostratum has the potential to be used as bioherbicide for integrated management of barnyard grass in rice field.


Poultry skins and rendered poultry fat are by-products produced in excess at rendering plants. The use of low value by-products such as poultry collagen, from poultry skins, and fat to improve flavor and quality in dry pet food could be economically attractive. This study examined a poultry collagen coating as a protective barrier against oxidation in dry cat food made with rendered poultry fat. Collagen was extracted from chicken skins, dissolved in an acidic solution, applied to dry cat food and dried to form a surface film. Six treatments were examined: kibble, kibble with fat, kibble with collagen, kibble with fat and collagen, kibble with fat, BHA/BHT and collagen and kibble with fat, tocopherol and collagen. There were two storage conditions: 'jungle condition' (42°C and 83% relative humidity) and 'ambient condition' (21°C and 51% relative humidity). In 'jungle conditions', thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured over an eight-day period at day 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. In 'ambient conditions', TBARS was measured over a thirty-day period at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30. Water activity and moisture contents were measured. There were significantly higher TBARS (P<0.05) for the control kibble at both storage conditions. There was significantly higher fat percentage (P<0.05) in all treatments with the additional fat coatings. Fatty acid compositions showed slight changes during storage. There were some changes in the aroma profile of the kibble with fat treatment having musty, moldy and plastic aromas at both storage conditions. The volatile aromas might be an indication of oxidation in the poultry fat.


The Chinese national government has put energy efficiency and pollution control at the heart of its 11th five-year plan (2005-2010). However, implementation of national policies at the local level is notoriously poor in China. In order to tackle this problem, voluntary agreements were signed between local Environmental Protection Bureaus and 14 mostly state-owned companies from different energy-intensive sectors in Nanjing, Xi'an and Kelamayi in the context of an ongoing EU-funded pilot project. In Nanjing, for instance, agreed targets are in the range of a 3-5% reduction in energy intensity by 2009 over a 2007 baseline. The pilot agreements are informed by Dutch experiences with long-term agreements on energy efficiency (LTA/1989-1999) as European best practice, but have been significantly adjusted to Chinese circumstances. Much emphasis was put on process management applying a cooperative approach throughout. Each enterprise put together a so-called Energy Action Team for voluntary agreement development and implementation. This helped to create a sense of ownership in the companies and assigned clear responsibilities. Energy Action Teams conducted Energy Potential Scans in cooperation with a Dutch expert to identify energy saving potentials and possible measures to realize them. On this basis, achievable targets were agreed and a detailed action plan was developed. A first evaluation is scheduled for April 2009. By lifting industry on a more equal power level with government authorities, voluntary agreements showed to be an effective policy instrument to overcome traditional institutional constraints to environmental policy implementation at the local level in China.


The success of topically applied treatments on skin relies on the efficacy of skin penetration. In order to increase particle or product penetration, mild skin barrier disruption methods can be used. We previously described cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping as an efficient method to open hair follicles, enhance particle penetration, and activate Langerhans cells. We conducted ex vivo and in vivo measurements on human skin to characterize the biological effect and quantify barrier disruption-related inflammation on a molecular level. Despite the known immunostimulatory effects, this barrier disruption and hair follicle opening method was well accepted and did not result in lasting changes of skin physiological parameters, cytokine production, or clinical side effects. Only in ex vivo human skin did we find a discrete increase in IP-10, TGF-β, IL-8, and GM-CSF mRNA. The data underline the safety profile of this method and demonstrate that the procedure per se does not cause substantial inflammation or skin damage, which is also of interest when applied to non-invasive sampling of biomarkers in clinical trials.


This paper investigates the impact of program budget size on monitoring and competitive bidding in the public sector. A sequential game is developed involving a ministry and bureau strategically interacting in the provision of a public sector good. The ministry copes with imperfect information about the bureau's costs by choosing to monitor or to conduct a first price sealed bid auction between the bureau and a set of firms. In this respect, this study represents an extension of the Niskanen budget maximizing bureau framework. The results predict that the ministry will tend to conduct competitive bidding at low and high levels of budgetary allocation. Otherwise, the bureau is monitored. Second, increases in the budget expand the range of costs over which the bureau can win the competitive bid. Third, increases in management compensation tends to reduce the spread between the bureau's costs and its reported cost for providing the public sector good.


Frailty represents an important challenge for aging populations. As a concept it is full of 'known unknowns' such as which mechanisms lead to frailty and how it is best managed. In order to examine these circumstances, the new science of understanding and managing frailty requires an appropriate framing of the problem. This publication investigates the biology and management of frailty and its social aspects. It considers these and related questions: How can we recognize frailty? How does an understanding of frailty increase our comprehension of the aging process? What are its implications for health care systems, including primary care, hospitals and rehabilitation? How will a growing number of frail older adults affect society more generally? The book focuses on frailty as a state of vulnerability, which is related to aging, but which can occur across the life course, and aims to improve the life of frail people and those around them. The book is highly recommended to researchers in aging, health science researchers, health care professionals and anyone interested in the understanding of the aging process.


Eleven species of Rhodnius and one of Psammolestes were compared by DNA sequence analysis of fragments of the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mtlsurRNA), the mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtCytb), and the D2 variable region of the 28S nuclear RNA (D2), totaling 1,429 base pairs. The inferred phylogeny, using Triatoma infestans as an outgroup, revealed two main clades within the Rhodniini--one, including the prolixus group of species (Rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius robustus, Rhodnius neglectus, and Rhodnius nasutus) together with Rhodnius domesticus and Rhodnius neivai, and the other comprising two groups formed by Rhodnius pictipes plus Rhodnius brethesi, and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis plus Rhodnius pallescens. Psammolestes tertius appeared most closely related to the prolixus group. The analysis strongly supports the validity of R. robustus as a species distinct from others of the prolixus group, but suggests higher genetic structuring of R. robustus populations compared to the other species. Although R. robustus has been found naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the fact that it is apparently entirely sylvatic and unable to establish in homes suggests that it is of no great importance as a Chagas disease vector in humans.


Closed-loop position control of mechanisms directly driven by linear synchronous motors with permanent magnets is presented. The control strategy is based on forced dynamic control, which is a form of feedback linearisation, yielding a non-liner multivariable control law to obtain a prescribed linear speed dynamics together with the vector control condition of mutal orthogonality between the stator current and magnetic flux vectors (assuming perfect estimates of the plant parameters). Outer position control loop is closed via simple feedback with proportional gain. Simulations of the design control sysstem, including the drive with power electronic switching, predict the intended drive performance.


Objective The study sought to compare angiographic and clinical outcomes of new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) versus drug-coated balloon (DCB) in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR). Design Meta-analysis using data from randomised trial found by searches on PubMed, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and websites of major cardiovascular congresses. Setting Only randomised trials comparing DES with DCB were included. Participants Patients with ISR in the included trials. Interventions New-generation DES versus DCB. Outcomes The angiographic and clinical outcomes including cardiac death, all-cause death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularisation (TLR), target vessel revascularisation (TVR), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stent thrombosis were investigated. Results Five trials including 913 patients were eligible and included. Pooled analysis in angiographic results identified that new-generation DES were associated with higher acute luminal gain (−0.31 mm, 95% CI −0.42 to −0.20, P<0.001) and lower per cent diameter stenosis (risk ratio (RR): 0.28, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.55, P=0.04). DES significantly reduced the risk of TLR (RR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.28, P=0.01) compared with DCB; however, there was no statistical differences for MACE (RR: 1.21, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.17, P=0.53), myocardial infarction (RR: 1.16, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.48, P=0.69) and cardiac death (RR: 1.80, 95% CI 0.60 to 5.39, P=0.29). Conclusions Interventions with new-generation DES appear to be associated with significant reduction in per cent diameter stenosis and TLR at short-term follow-up, but had similar MACE, myocardial infarction and cardiac death for patients with coronary ISR compared with DCB. Appropriately powered studies with longer term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings.


Abstract Music offers students a unique and exciting opportunity both to explore the language and culture of a foreign country and to cultivate their listening skills. Songs remain, however, an irregular feature of most foreign language courses and, when included in the syllabus, fail to appear on a regular basis. This article discusses the theoretical and practical reasons for making music a weekly, or preferably daily, feature of foreign language teaching. The author provides ten tips for successfully integrating music into the classroom and outlines a series of sample activities for the study of a song. Introduction To this day, I can hear the warm voice of a young South-American singer resonating in my head: "ojala," he sings, "ojala que llueva cafe" (how I wish, how I wish it would rain coffee). I vividly recall the melody, although I heard it only three times in a classroom. And because of that song, I will never forget that "ojala," in Spanish, must be followed by the subjunctive. Every time I think of the subjunctive, the voice of the singer is there, cheery, enticing, brimming with enthusiasm. I cannot remember who he is, yet I will be forever grateful to him. Thanks to his song, I associate a complex grammatical structure, feared by many students, with upbeat music and the smell of roasting coffee beans. Furthermore, the song taught me how the coffee bean trade for years formed the basis of the economy of many South-American countries. The lyrics of the song resonate with the desire and hope for a better world, a better life--a place where coffee beans rain down like manna on the plains, or, for the more material-minded (as one student in the class pointed out), like dollar bills and nuggets of gold. Suffice to say that coffee has never looked the same. Yet despite the profound impact of that song on my own language learning, music was never a regular feature of the many language (French, Spanish, German or Japanese) courses I took in school. Indeed, songs rarely appeared in the curriculum, especially after the first year. My own very positive memories of those rare occasions have since led me actively to include songs in my own first- and second-year college French courses. In this article, I take both a theoretical and practical approach to the process of learning a foreign language through music. I first provide a brief summary of pedagogical reasons for including songs as a regular part of second-language (L2) acquisition. The second part of the discussion is given over to some caveats for making the most of music in the classroom. I conclude by outlining some sample activities for the study of a song. Reasons for Integrating Music into L2 Courses There are many reasons for making music a regular feature of L2 courses. Recent research has shown that adults spend 40-50% of their time listening, compared to 1116% of their time reading (Iskold 86). Although producing meaningful speech is a central aspect of L2 acquisition, learning actively to listen is an equally essential and closely-related skill to be encouraged in all students of foreign languages (Rivers 196, Omaggio Hadley 5-6, Lund 201). This is especially true of methods centered on a communicative or proficiency-based form of instruction (Canale and Swain 10). K. J. Fickert pointed out many years ago that a German or French language course must not be a "how-to-speak" workshop (159-60). Despite the healthy growth of study-abroad programs and the development of the international travel industry, still a large percentage of students pursuing the language requirement will encounter the foreign language rarely, if at all, once the classroom is left behind. And even for those who do, "French for travel" cannot be the leading goal of the college classroom (nor should it be). Foreign languages figure in core curricula across the United States for more compelling reasons: they provide students with an opportunity to confront a world that is other. …


[1] Tracer variability above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone is investigated using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements of carbon monoxide, ozone, water vapor, and temperature during Northern Hemisphere summer (June to August) of 2005. Observations show persistent maxima in carbon monoxide and minima in ozone within the anticyclone in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) throughout summer, and variations in these tracers are closely related to the intensity of underlying deep convection. Temperatures in the UTLS are also closely coupled to deep convection (cold anomalies are linked with enhanced convection), and the three-dimensional temperature patterns are consistent with a dynamical response to near- equatorial convection. Upper tropospheric water vapor in the monsoon region is strongly coherent with deep convection, both spatially and temporally. However, at the altitude of the tropopause, maximum water vapor is centered within the anticyclone, distant from the deepest convection, and is also less temporally correlated with convective intensity. Because the main outflow of deep convection occurs near 12 km, well below the tropopause level (16 km), we investigate the large-scale vertical transport within the anticyclone. The mean vertical circulation obtained from the ERA40 reanalysis data set and a free-running general circulation model is upward across the tropopause on the eastern end of the anticyclone, as part of the balanced threedimensional monsoon circulation. In addition to deep transport from the most intense convection, this large-scale circulation may help explain the transport of constituents to tropopause level.


Helicobacter pylori infection causes a number of gastrointestinal diseases and its current treatment is based on multidrug regimes including acid suppression and antimicrobials. The success of these regimes is determined by a number of factors including antibiotic resistance, which varies widely but is an increasing problem. Local data are important in establishing the most cost-effective eradication regime. Data have been collected prospectively on antibiotic resistance at Ipswich Hospital (Suffolk, UK) in all consecutive isolates of H. pylori from 1991 to 2001. The success of regimes consisting of a proton pump inhibitor, amoxycillin and metronidazole (PPI/A/M) has also been evaluated in patients found positive on serological testing in primary care using urea breath testing. Overall, metronidazole resistance was found in 31.7 % of isolates and clarithromycin resistance in 5.3 %. A significant increase in metronidazole resistance from 29.1 to 37.0 % (P = 0.022) and a decrease in clarithromycin resistance from 10.3 to 3.8 % (P = 0.014) was seen over the study period. Metronidazole resistance was significantly more common in women (P < 0.001) and young patients (P < 0.001). Eradication with PPI/A/M was successful in 89.9 % of patients and did not change significantly over the study period. Eradication rates were lower in young patients (P < 0.001). Whilst metronidazole resistance is increasing in Suffolk, this does not seem to have a significant effect on eradication rates. Metronidazole-based regimes are still effective first-line treatments in most patients.


Patent globalization has arrived. Procedurally, the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) makes it easy for firms to seek patent protection in many countries around the world. Substantively, the TRIPS Agreement has upped the level of patent protection available in these countries. One critically important issue is how patent law in the United States should respond to the increased globalization of the patent system. Specifically, should we reduce the patent term in the United States to compensate for the enhanced potential for patent exclusivity outside the United States? In this article, I develop a new metric which I call the "global patent term" (GPT) and use it to analyze the patenting strategies of three firms in three very different industries – Pfizer, the pharmaceutical giant; International Paper Company, a worldwide leader in paper products; and UNISYS, a large technology services provider. Based on the results of these three case studies, I conclude that patent globalization discriminates. Some firms like Pfizer benefit substantially from the globalization of intellectual property, reaping higher "rewards per invention" in 2009 than they did in 1995, before the TRIPS Agreement took root. Other firms, such as International Paper and UNISYS, did not participate in the global patent revolution to nearly the same extent. Since patent globalization rewards firms in some industries but not others, an across the board patent term reduction in the United States would likely suppress the incentive to innovate at firms that rely primarily or solely on the U.S. patent system to protect their inventions. To firms such as these, patent globalization is not an adequate substitute for long patent protection in the United States. The fact that patent globalization discriminates based on technology suggests that we should seriously consider implementing technology-specific patent terms. For industries in which patent globalization has really made a difference, such as the pharmaceutical industry, the increased "reward per invention" outside the United States should offset any innovation incentives lost by shortening the duration of U.S. patents. For industries that depend on patent exclusivity in the United States but not elsewhere, a longer U.S. patent term may provide the optimum innovation incentives. GLOBAL PATENTING AND ITS EFFECT ON THE OPTIMAL PATENT TERM IN THE UNITED STATES


This article summarizes a number of key lessons from the effects of the global financial crisis that, with the passage of time, are having an important impact on views about global financial stability, macroeconomic theory and policy, income inequality and the role of the international financial architecture (IFA). The crisis followed a period of rapid growth in financial globalization that largely escaped the governing capacity of the IFA and coincided with a benign view of the limited role for government regulation given the self-disciplining power of financial institutions and the inherent stability and self-correcting capacity of capitalist market economies. The crisis has confirmed the important role for government policies in promoting economic recovery and minimizing or reversing the negative distributional effects of the crisis, although little has been done to deal with income inequality. Also, strong intergovernmental coordination has been required to correct major defects in the IFA.