Full–scale dynamic testing of civil engineering structures is extremely costly and difficult to perform. Most test methods therefore involve either a reduction in the physical scale or an extension of the time–scale. Both of these approaches can cause significant difficulties in extrapolating to the full–scale dynamic behaviour, particularly when the structure responds nonlinearly or includes highly rate–dependent components such as dampers. Real–time substructure testing is a relatively new method which seeks to avoid these problems by performing tests on key elements of the structure at full or large scale, with the physical test coupled in real time to a numerical model of the surrounding structure. The method requires a high performance of both the physical test equipment and the numerical algorithms. This paper first reviews the development of structural test methods and the emergence of real–time substructure testing. This is followed by a brief description of the equipment that is needed to implement a substructure test. Several novel developments in the numerical algorithms used in real–time substructure testing are presented, including a new, fast algorithm which allows nonlinear response of the surrounding structure to be computed in real time. Results are presented from a variety of tests which demonstrate the performance of the system at small and large scale, with either linear or nonlinear test specimens, and with varying numbers of degrees of freedom passed between the physical and numerical substructures. Finally, the usefulness and possible applications of the test method are discussed.


Over the past twenty years there has been an explosion in the creation, availability, and use of criminal justice databases. Large scale database systems now routinely influence law enforcement decisions ranging from formal determinations to arrest or convict an individual to informal judgments to subject a person to secondary pre-flight screening or investigate possible gang membership. Evidence gathered from database-related sources is now commonly introduced, and can play a pivotal proof role, in criminal trials. Although much has been written about the failure of constitutional law to adequately respond to the threat to privacy rights posed by databases, less attention has focused upon the awkward fit between database-generated evidence and the conventional modes of analysis in constitutional criminal procedure. This Essay examines databases as a tool of law enforcement and sets forth tentative steps toward a theory of constitutional violations in this area.


Electricity usage is increasing day by day due to the changing life style of home user and an increase in appliances in the home area network. Our proposed home energy management system for home users will monitor, manage and control the usage of home appliances, by reducing the monthly electricity bill. The proposed wireless architecture consists of an appliance control device called Wireless Enabled Electricity Manager (WEEMAN) installed next to a switch board or every device/appliance in a room. The central node called smart meter runs an algorithm called Availability Based Energy Management algorithm. This algorithm learns about the previous usage patterns of the appliances, collects real time power consumption of appliances from WEEMAN to generate efficient energy load patterns. The highpoint of the algorithm is that it gives an option for the user to set their monthly current bill and pro-actively control the operation of all the appliances according to the amount. We have developed a hardware test bed consisting of WEEMAN connected to some selected appliances and a smart meter to control every WEEMAN.


Background: Increasing student body diversity is a priority for national health education and professional organizations and for many medical schools. However, national rankings of medical schools, such as those published by U.S. News & World Report, place a heavy emphasis on grade point average (GPA) and Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) scores, without considering student body diversity. These rankings affect organizational reputation and admissions outcomes, even though there is considerable controversy surrounding the predictive value of GPA and MCAT scores. Summary: Our aim in this article was to explore the relationship between standard admissions practices, which typically aim to attract students with the highest academic scores, and student body diversity. We examined how changes in GPA and MCAT scores over 5 years correlated with the percentage of enrolled students who are underrepresented in medicine. In a majority of medical schools in the United States from 2005 to 2009, average GPA and MCAT scores of applicants increased, whereas the percentage of enrolled students who are underrepresented in medicine decreased. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that efforts to increase the diversity of medical school student bodies may be complicated by a desire to maintain high average GPA and MCAT scores. We propose that U.S. News revise its ranking methodology by incorporating a new diversity score into its student selectivity score and by reducing the weight placed on GPA and MCAT scores.


ABSTRACTThere are 16 manuscripts submitted to this special issue from the papers presented in the conference or relevant to the gas filtration area. After peer review, only 9 papers are accepted and published in this special issue. Aerosol filtration is currently one of the most economical and effective ways for particle control. Four papers in this special issue are related to aerosol filtration.


This article analyses the relations between the competitiveness of an economy and the labour regulations in force in it. It is argued that economic theory is by no means conclusive regarding the impact of labour regulations on competitiveness, since different schools of thought maintain opposing positions in many respects. Moreover, empirical research has shown that the evidence put forward with respect to these assumed linkages is not very relevant. Various policy consequences follow from this: countries have various strategies open to them and greater leeway that is usually suggested, since many policies designed to improve equity do not necessarily involve any restrictions on competitiveness. A country can therefore choose the desired level of social protection. The improvement of competitiveness becomes, at least partly, a matter of income distribution. The most conventional formula proposes the reduction of workers' quality of life for a period whose duration is difficult to forecast, with the aim of providing enterprises with certain initial conditions which will allow them to make up for differences of productivity. This is not the only formula, however, nor is it the most equitable or effective. In order to generate those same conditions, it is possible to design income redistribution schemes which make investment for international competitiveness attractive, without resorting to further erosion of the wages of those who were already the most seriously affected during the last years of application of the import substitution models. The analysis made suggests that there is ample leeway for choosing between various combinations of equity and efficiency, and their selection depends on the power relations of the various social actors and the structure of the State.


International collaborations have produced a standard describing the functions of a digital repository and the characteristics of one that can be trusted. These results provide an abstract frame of reference for evaluating such repositories, but meaningful evaluation requires that they be supplemented by empirical data on the purpose of each repository and the institutional, cultural and resource context in which it operates. Informed evaluation will consider how a repository balances the competing objectives of preservation and dissemination, whether it is defined primarily in terms of a community of producers or a community or users, and the extent to which it operates in isolation or in collaboration with other institutions.


The work was carried out in a SMEs timber establishment in the province of Misiones, Argentina. As the objective it proposes to develop a diagnostic method of technology management that would address the relationship between cross-technological factors, labor and the environment. The tasks performed enabled a comprehensive analysis of environmental and labor aspects from the perspective of technology management. As results on the one hand were obtained, recovery of the levels of technological and environmental significance and labor sectors of sawing, drying and remanufacturing, and secondly, through the statistical tool of correlation analysis, we studied the associations between technological factors of the different workstations, and the implications due to environmental impacts and labor. The work done allowed an adequate technological diagnosis, enabling the detection of critical issues regarding technology resources which may be improved, contributing also to the process of making decisions related to technology management.


This study aims to Analyze changed income before and after credit "bakulan" received by micro business in the BPR Sarimadu in Pekanbaru and formulate policy implications that have been done to improve the disbursement in the BPR Sarimadu, in order to increase revenue micro business. The sampling method is purposive sampling. Micro business who became sample on this research is the trading businesses of vegetable and fruit. There are 302 debtors of credit "bakulan" in BPR Sarimadu. 22 of them are vegetable and fruit trading businesses and they are including into the micro bussines. The analysis used different test average, the results showed that t greater than t table. Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted so it is concluded that there is a real difference in the average income of the debtor by micro business after getting credit bakulan in the BPR Sarimadu. Stated that the provision of credit bakulan is very effective in order to increase revenue debtors micro business. Keyword: income, credit "bakulan", comparassion income.


A theoretical model to predict the joint distribution of droplet size and charge density for an electrostatic spray is described based on the maximum entropy method. From known values of the electrostatic spray parameters, the model is used to evaluate the joint distribution of droplet size and charge density for a cone-jet mode electrostatic spray. The predicted results of present model show that it has generally a relatively narrow distribution for both droplet and charge density in a cone-jet mode. Comparatively, the droplet size distribution is narrower than that of the charge density. In addition the two distributions are significantly different in shape. The droplet size distribution is nearly symmetric about its peak position, whilst the left side of the charge density distribution curve is noticeably steeper than the right side. The results are also compared with existing experimental data with agreement considering the uncertainties in the data.


Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is caused by a 1.4 Mb duplication on chromosome 17p11.2, which contains the peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22) gene. Increased levels of PMP22 in compact myelin of peripheral nerves have been demonstrated and presumed to cause the phenotype of CMT1A. The objective of the present study was to determine whether an extra copy of the PMP22 gene in CMT1A disrupts the normally coordinated expression of PMP22 protein in peripheral nerve myelin and to evaluate PMP22 over-expression in patients with CMT1A and determine whether levels of PMP22 are molecular markers of disease severity. PMP22 expression was measured by taking skin biopsies from patients with CMT1A (n = 20) and both healthy controls (n = 7) and patients with Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP) (n = 6), in which patients have only a single copy of PMP22. Immunological electron microscopy was performed on the skin biopsies to quantify PMP22 expression in compact myelin. Similar biopsies were analysed by real time PCR to measure PMP22 mRNA levels. Results were also correlated with impairment in CMT1A, as measured by the validated CMT Neuropathy Score. Most, but not all patients with CMT1A, had elevated PMP22 levels in myelin compared with the controls. The levels of PMP22 in CMT1A were highly variable, but not in HNPP or the controls. However, there was no correlation between neurological disabilities and the level of over-expression of PMP22 protein or mRNA in patients with CMT1A. The extra copy of PMP22 in CMT1A results in disruption of the tightly regulated expression of PMP22. Thus, variability of PMP22 levels, rather than absolute level of PMP22, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CMT1A.


Abstract. Exponential growth of oil and gas facilities in wildlands from one side and an anticipated increase of global warming from the other have exposed such facilities to an ever-increasing risk of wildfires. Extensive oil sands operations in Canadian wildlands, especially in the province of Alberta, along with the recent massive wildfires in the province, require the development of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodologies which are presently lacking in the context of wildfire-related technological accidents. The present study is an attempt to integrate Canadian online wildfire information systems with current QRA techniques in a dynamic risk assessment framework for wildfire-prone process plants. The developed framework can easily be customized to other process plants potentially exposed to wildfires worldwide, provided that the required wildfire information is available.


Philosopher Jacques Maritain (1882-1973) embraced a quest for sanctity at the core of his vocation as a French Catholic intellectual. Known as an exponent of the teachings of Saint Thomas Aquinas, he also devoted considerable energies to the promotion of democracy and human rights, as well as the combat against antisemitism. Maritain has been lauded for his sometimes courageous attempts to eradicate anti-Jewish prejudice from the Christian conscience, though some prevailing interpretations oversimplify this thinker's motivations and ideas. Keeping in mind the historically-contingent and often ambivalent nature of philosemitism, this article analyzes Maritain's postwar writings on the Jewish Question and his interactions with Popes Pius XII and Paul VI, Anglican theologian James Parkes, Jewish historians Leon Poliakov and Jules Isaac, and fellow Catholic writers Paul Claudel and Francois Mauriac.


Inadequate nutrition in childhood can inhibit optimal growth and development, and is also associated with increased risk of chronic diseases later in life. Children living in households with limited financial resources may face a number of challenges to meet nutrient needs through unhealthy eating patterns, which may lead to health inequalities throughout the life-course. Therefore, improving low-income children's diet would be an effective strategy for their health promotion and disease prevention, and potentially for narrowing health inequalities. The essential step for an efficient intervention would be to identify the unique nutrition risk that low-income children have. Therefore, the overarching aim of research in this dissertation was to identify nutrition risk of U.S. infants and children with low income or food insecurity, or participating in federal nutrition assistance programs using data from nationally representative surveys. An additional aim was to assess whether the inclusion of micronutrient intake from dietary supplements impacts micronutrient inadequacy in children. For low-income infants and young children up to the age of 5 years, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides tailored food packages to improve dietary intake that may be inadequate due to economic constraints. Therefore, it is expected that nutrient intake of WIC participants would be more like those of higher-income nonparticipants and higher than those of lower-income nonparticipants who are likely to be eligible for WIC. The results from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2016 data analysis supported the hypothesis for several nutrients of concern, although WIC participants were more likely to exceed the recommended limits for sodium and added sugars compared to higher-income nonparticipants. However, higher-income nonparticipants were more likely to use dietary supplements than both WIC participants and lower-income nonparticipants, which can impact total nutrient intake (i.e., nutrient intake from all sources). Systematic differences in dietary supplement use by income and WIC participation were also observed in a nationally representative sample of children aged 18 years and younger from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary supplement use was lower among children in low-income families compared to those in higher-income families. Among children in low-income families, those participating in WIC were less likely to use dietary supplements compared to nonparticipants. In addition, food insecurity and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation were associated with lower use of dietary supplements. Overall, one-third of children used any dietary supplements, mostly multivitamin-minerals, with primary motivations for use as "improve" or "maintain" health. The following analysis of the 2011-2014 NHANES data showed that the inclusion of dietary supplements in nutrient intake assessments may lead to wider disparities in dietary intake by food security. This study also demonstrated the dose-response relationship between food security status and mean adequacy ratio, a summary measure of micronutrient adequacy. The mean adequacy ratio, inclusive of dietary supplements, was the highest in high food-security group (mean of 0.77), lower in marginal and low food security group (mean of 0.74), and the lowest in very low food security group (mean of 0.66), based on classification by food security among household children. However, the mean adequacy ratio does not reflect the usual intake (i.e., a long-term, habitual intake). Therefore, another analysis of the 2011-2016 NHANES data estimated total usual nutrient intake of U.S. children 18 years and younger by food security status, using the National Cancer Institute method that adjusts for random error by statistical modeling. The results suggested that food insecurity was associated with higher risks of inadequate intakes for some nutrients, such as vitamins D and E and magnesium among boys and girls and vitamin A and calcium among girls only. Poor overall dietary quality and excessive sodium intake were of concern, regardless of food security status. Collectively, the results from the studies in this dissertation add value to the evidence base about the adverse association of low income level and food insecurity status with dietary intake and extend the finding to include nutrient intakes from dietary supplements, which widens the disparity in nutrition risk. These findings highlight a need for interventions to reduce nutrient inadequacies and improve dietary quality among children across all socioeconomic levels, but especially among those with low income or food insecurity.


Traditional V̇O2max criteria are typically based on attainment of a V̇O2 plateau, and threshold values for the respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and blood lactate concentration. Despite long‐standing criticisms directed at these criteria, their use remains widespread. This article discusses an alternative procedure, termed the verification phase, for confirming the attainment of true V̇O2max. Following a continuous incremental exercise test to the limit of tolerance and appropriate recovery period, the verification phase is performed and is characterized by a supramaximal square wave exercise bout. Consistent peak V̇O2 values in the incremental and verification phases, confirms that a true V̇O2max has been attained. Six recent studies investigated the utility of the verification phase for evaluating true V̇O2max. These studies consistently found small insignificant mean differences between the maximal V̇O2 attained in the incremental and verification phases. However, this group mean approach does not identify individual subjects who may not have attained a true V̇O2max. Notably, only one of the six studies reported a criterion threshold to verify the V̇O2max of individual subjects. Further research is required to investigate the utility of different verification phase procedures and to establish a suitable verification criterion threshold for confirming true V̇O2max.


Our subjective inner life is what really matters to us as human beings - and yet we know relatively little about how it arises. Over a long and distinguished career Benjamin Libet has conducted experiments that have helped us see, in clear and concrete ways, how the brain produces conscious awareness. For the first time, Libet gives his own account of these experiments and their importance for our understanding of consciousness. Most notably, Libet's experiments reveal a substantial delay - the "mind time" of the title - before any awareness affects how we view our mental activities. If all conscious awarenesses are preceded by unconscious processes, as Libet observes, we are forced to conclude that unconscious processes initiate our conscious experiences. Freely voluntary acts are found to be initiated unconsciously before an awareness of wanting to act - a discovery with profound ramifications for our understanding of free will. How do the physical activities of billions of cerebral nerve cells give rise to an integrated conscious subjective awareness? How can the subjective mind affect or control voluntary actions? Libet considers these questions, as well as the implications of his discoveries for the nature of the soul, the identity of the person, and the relation of the non-physical subjective mind to the physical brain that produces it. Rendered in clear, accessible language, Libet's experiments and theories will allow interested amateurs and experts alike to share the experience of the extraordinary discoveries made in the practical study of consciousness.


During the last decades public awareness of the limitations of traditional engineering practices and the imperative to conserve nature have led to changes in river management; including river restoration measures. The enlargement of the fluvial corridor is one of the often considered management measures. However, the high-pressure on land-use, the conflict of interests, as well as the uncertainty of vegetation and landscape development scenarios after restoration, can make their implementation difficult. In actual decision-making processes of large river restoration projects, no dynamic long-term modelling approach of potential riparian woody species development exists mainly due to the complexity of interacting driving-processes creating lateral and longitudinal gradients. So far, forest succession models applied to riparian areas are not conceived for river areas found in Central Europe and do not address explicitly environmental influences like nitrogen scarcity or drought stress important for certain riparian systems, nor they cover integrally the vegetation-hydraulics interaction. To support and enhance the decision-making processes in river restoration projects and to provide a better understanding of riparian forest dynamics and its driving-processes, the present thesis develops a coupled model of ecological and hydraulic processes to simulate riparian forest dynamics for Central European conditions, particularly for the case of enlarged fluvial corridors. The developed model RIFOD ('RIparian FOrest Dynamics') – a distribution-based forest succession model (i.e. ecological model) coupled to a quasi-2D hydraulic model – simulates short or long-term riparian forest dynamics at a yearly time step. The model, applied on a 10 times 10 m mesh grid, is spatially-explicit concerning the interactions of the ecological and hydraulic processes and integrates 65 Central European tree and shrub species. The ecological model is based on developments of different upland forest succession models, which were improved, adapted and complemented in regard to the ecological processes in riparian areas, for example concerning regeneration, nitrogen dynamics, soil water availability or flooding stress. At the basis of the modelling of physiological flooding stress response of plants, we carried out an in-depth review of the actual knowledge of the flooding stress response of Central European tree and shrub species. The review could highlight the main biotic and abiotic factors that influence species response and revealed the broad but still vague knowledge about physiological mechanisms and species-specific data of plant response. Based on the above findings, the fuzzy set theory was chosen to model flooding stress response integrating the main abiotic factors (e.g. flooding duration, -depth). The Central European tree and shrub species were classified into flooding tolerance classes by use of clustering analysis based on proxy-data, which allowed us considering indirectly the anatomical, morphological or physiological adaptations to flooding. To model mechanical flooding stress, existing mechanistic models simulating failure resistance to uprooting or stem breakage conceived for wind load studies have been adapted to the case of water flow. Required geometrical characteristics of trees and shrubs, such as crown width and crown heights, were estimated based on available field data, whereas rooting depths in dependence of the growth stage of an individual plant were simulated by developing a quasi-mechanistic vertical root growth model for Central European tree and shrub species. This root growth model allowed also a more realistic simulation of drought stress by calculating root water extraction in relation to the development stage of stand and determining species-specific and development dependent accessibility to groundwater – not integrated in the soil water balance so far. Compared to the situation in uplands, a more realistic modelling of nitrogen availability in riparian areas could be achieved by considering the loss of nitrogen via denitrifcation, as well as the loss of litter due to flooding. In opposition to existing riparian forest succession models, RIFOD considers riparian vegetation not as a purely dependent variable of flooding. Floods may affect vegetation but they are also affected by it, owing to the contribution of vegetation to hydraulic roughness. The coupling of the forest succession model to a quasi 2-D hydraulic model allowed considering this. Moreover, the quasi steady-state model approach allowed emphasizing on the ecological relevant lateral dimension and to make the model spatially explicit in the sense of vegetation-hydraulics interaction. The current version of RIFOD finds its application in riparian areas in which the geomorphological activity of the river is not a dominant process or in case of restoration projects, for widened fluvial corridors with morphologically stable stream channels. Model evaluation (validation and sensitivity analysis) revealed that RIFOD simulates plausibly the ecological gradients observed in the field and the resulting riparian forest dynamics. By applying the model at different lateral fluvial corridor designs at the River Rhone, the consequences of a restoration measure and the change of the hydrological regime for woody vegetation could be illustrated. From a management point of view, the model revealed for example that relative benefits become smaller as the width increases or that in absence of morphological activity (e.g. lateral bank erosion) the hydraulic processes alone are not sufficient for reinitiating riparian forest succession even for high energy streams such as the River Rhone. Moreover, the model allowed verifying and discussing current scientific concepts and hypotheses, as for example the intermediate stress hypothesis. Simulation results revealed that biological diversity is highest between the very low and very severe flooding stress levels confirming the intermediate stress hypothesis involving a trade-off between competitive dominant species which monopolise stable habitats and the few fugitive species that survive high levels of instability. The value of RIFOD relies in the capacity of displaying tendencies of riparian forest dynamics and associated characteristics in function of different fluvial corridor design variants. Moreover, it allows the understanding of processes and patterns in nature by allowing exploring the consequences of a set of explicitly stated assumptions that are too complex to explore by other methods. RIFOD is the first process-based riparian forest dynamics model for Central Europe and can be seen as a step forward into a more integral modelling of the riparian forest dynamics and its processes in view of a decision-aiding tool for large river restoration projects. A future integration of geomorphological processes will allow the application of RIFOD to quasi-natural river conditions.


Software agents sharing the same ontology can exchange their knowledge fluently as their knowledge representations are compatible with respect to the concepts regarded as relevant and with respect to the names given to these concepts. However, in open heterogeneous multi-agent systems, this scenario would be very unlikely, because it would require all involved system developers to reach consensus on which ontology to use. Furthermore, different agents may regard different concepts as relevant which causes their ontologies to differ in granularity and scope. In such an environment, the agents must possess the right conversational skills to effectively exchange information even when the speaker's ontology is only approximately translatable to the hearer's ontology. Furthermore, the agents must be able to autonomously establish an ontology translation by exchanging parts of their ontologies. In this thesis, we propose a layered communication protocol in which the agents gradually build towards a semantically integrated system by establishing minimal and effective shared ontologies. We will use the formal notions of sound and lossless communication to state the requirement that sufficient information should flow between the agents in a correct manner. The communication protocol detects when communication is ineffective and applies techniques for ontology exchange to build a shared ontology of minimal size. In this way, the agents exchange ontological information on an as-need basis. Agents first try to cope with the situation as it is; when communication fails to be effective, the agents seek a minimal solution which solves their communication problem at hand. The communication mechanism consists of three layers. The upper layer of the protocol is the Normal Communication Protocol (NCP) which deals with the kind of social interaction that agents normally exhibit when no ontology problems exist in the system. Every conversation starts in the NCP layer. If the agents fail to understand each other, the agents switch to the middle layer in the protocol which is the Concept Definition Protocol (CDP). In this layer, the agents explain the meaning of a concept to each other by exchanging concept definitions. The meaning of a concept is explained in terms of other concepts. If the communication difficulties are so severe that the agents do not even understand each other's concept definitions, the agents switch to the lowest layer in the protocol, i.e. the Concept Explication Protocol (CEP). In CEP, the agents exchange the meaning of a concept using non-symbolic communication, e.g. by pointing to examples of the concept. We tested our system, called ANEMONE, in three ways. Firstly, we provide a mathematical analysis. By formalizing the communication protocol, we can give solid proofs that it possesses the desirable properties. Secondly, we perform simulation experiments. By making the agents communicate in a simulation environment, we can analyze whether the agents indeed build a minimal communication vocabulary. Thirdly, we describe a case study with heterogeneous internet news agents. We show how these agents successfully exchange information on news articles, despite initial difficulties caused by heterogeneous ontologies.


The recognition of factors involved in the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs) may support the choice of therapeutic strategies and improve the prevention/treatment of eating pathologies and their outcomes. Based on this consideration, the overall purpose of the chapter is to investigate how some psychological characteristics link to EDs. It is organized as follows. First, the epidemiological aspects, risk, and maintaining factors for ED are outlined. Next, we present the findings from our two studies. The purpose of the first study was to identify predictors associated with the severity of eating symptomatology. Then, the objec-tive of the second study was to provide an understanding of the relationship among perceived parental bonding, self-esteem, perfectionism, body shame, body mass index, and ED risk and mainly to test a predictive ED risk model in a non-clinical sample. In conclusion, the major findings and practical implications are discussed.


This paper explores methodological issues relating to research on children's socio-emotional learning (SEL), mental health and wellbeing in low- and lower-middle-income countries. In particular, it examines the key considerations and challenges that researchers may face and provides practical guidance for generating reliable and valid data on SEL, mental health and wellbeing in diverse settings and different cultural contexts. In so doing, the paper draws on the experience of recent research undertaken in Ethiopia to illustrate some of the issues and how they were addressed. The present study extends earlier 2018-2019 RISE Ethiopia research, expanding its scope to consider further aspects of SEL, mental health and wellbeing in the particular context of COVID-19. In particular, the research highlights that the pandemic has brought to the fore the importance of assessing learning, and learning loss, beyond academic learning alone.


Sacred values differ from material or instrumental values in that they incorporate moral beliefs that drive action in ways dissociated from prospects for success. Across the world, people believe that devotion to essential or core values – such as the welfare of their family and country, or their commitment to religion, honor, and justice – are, or ought to be, absolute and inviolable. Counterintuitively, understanding an opponent's sacred values, we believe, offers surprising opportunities for breakthroughs to peace. Because of the emotional unwillingness of those in conflict situations to negotiate sacred values, conventional wisdom suggests that negotiators should either leave sacred values for last in political negotiations or try to bypass them with sufficient material incentives. Our empirical findings and historical analysis suggest that conventional wisdom is wrong. In fact, offering to provide material benefits in exchange for giving up a sacred value actually makes settlement more difficult because people see the offering as an insult rather than a compromise. But we also found that making symbolic concessions of no apparent material benefit might open the way to resolving seemingly irresolvable conflicts. We offer suggestions for how negotiators can reframe their position by demonstrating respect, and/or by apologizing for what they sincerely regret. We also offer suggestions for how to overcome sacred barriers by refining sacred values to exclude outmoded claims, exploiting the inevitable ambiguity of sacred values, shifting the context, provisionally prioritizing values, and reframing responsibility.


120 Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to characterize the cyclical phases of the manufacturing industry in Spain and detect which industries have more influence on the Spanish business cycle. We assume that economic growth is a priority; we are going to determine which industries have a more/less appropriate cyclical behavior according this priority. We analyze if the industries with better cyclical behavior are the ones that achieve greater co-movement with the business cycle of the Spanish economy, as this means they have a positive influence on economic activity. Design/methodology/approach: We examine the disaggregated quarterly IPI data of 16 manufacturing industries. Our methodology follows three steps. Firstly, we define cycle turning points; we follow the Harding and Pagan (2002) methodology. Secondly, we characterize the cyclical phases of the manufacturing industries in terms of duration, amplitude, deepness and steepness. We also determine the degree of inter-industrial cyclical synchronization and between industries in the cycle of the Spanish economy. This analysis is performed in two ways. On the one hand, we use the concordance index and the correlation coefficient. On the other hand, we work with indicators based on a consistency table. In the Third step, we apply a multi-objective methodology, specifically the compromise programming, to determine which industries have a more/less appropriate cyclical behavior according to the growth priority. Findings and Originality/value: The business cycle of the Spanish economy is positively influenced by high- and medium-tech industries, which have demonstrated their competitive capacity in international markets, and by medium- low-tech industries, with major strengths in R&D, and in survival and consolidation strategies. These results enable manufacturing industries to exert a positive effect on the business cycle that is weakened because many of them show a high correlation between employment and cyclical fluctuations. Originality/value: The study is original and useful on various levels. Firstly, the study of sectoral cycles makes it possible to identify common trends in the growth of business activities and to see the interdependence of fluctuations. Secondly, it will be easy to deduce which sectoral disruptions generate the greatest impact on economic activity. Finally, because the analysis of the manufacturing industry cycle has not yet carried out. Normal 0 21 false false false


This paper focuses on the DC noise margin analysis and read/write failure analysis of the proposed 8T low power SRAM cell. In the proposed structure two voltage sources, one connected with the Bit line and the other connected with the Bit bar line for reducing the voltage swing during the switching activity. These two extra voltage sources will control the voltage swing on the output node and improve the stability. DC noise margin has been calculated by using loop gain technique and comparison made with that of conventional 6T SRAM justify the efficacy of the superiority of the proposed SRAM structure. Read and Write failure analyses are also done by using Monte-Carlo simulation. Simulation has been done in 65nm CMOS technology with 1 volt of power supply. Analog and schematic simulations have been done in 65nm environment with the help of Microwind 3.1 by using BSimM4 model.


My thesis is that the tendency of modern medicine to reduce patients into causes to be mastered rather than persons to be treated does not stem from post-Enlightenment developments but rather lies within the beginnings of Western medicine itself, in what I call the anatomical rationality. I follow the development of this rationality through Hippocrates, the beginnings of anatomical dissection in Aristotle and Herophilus, and the theological translation of anatomy by Galen. I further show how this anatomical rationality that arises from medicine then transforms into dissective analysis that applies to theological and philosophical discourse, as seen paradigmatically in Nestorianism and the ontological logic of Avicenna. I argue that this anatomical rationality is a totalizing approach to knowing that creates new dualisms, such that nothing can escape the dissective gaze, God and man included. I suggest that the way to overcome the totalizing effects of the anatomical rationality is turning to the Incarnation of Christ, the God-man, who provides both the metaphysical ground and imagination for paradox and mystery, thereby protecting the integrity of God and man.


In the present work cyclic voltammetric and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic investigations of fifteen quinones have been carried out. Quinones belong to a class of organic compounds, which find potential applications in biology and chemistry. Five compounds from each of the three series of quinones, namely benzoquinones (BQs), naphthoquinones (NQs) and anthraquinones (AQs), were selected for the present study. Systematic cyclic voltammetric measurements were made on all compounds in solvents dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (AN) and propylene carbonate (PC) atn25oC. Analysis of the voltammograms provided fundamental electrochemical parameters (redox potentials, peak separation, peak currents, half-wave potential, peak width) which helped in the interpretation of role of solvents, role of structure and the effect of substituents. The redox behaviour of the compounds was examined first within a series and then a comparative analysis of the three series was made. It was found that substituents affect strongly the redox bahaviour of the compounds. The quinones with electron withdrawing groups were easily reduced than those with electron releasing groups. Among the three series the ease of reduction followed the order BQs>NQs>AQs. 2-Hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone behaved differently due to self protonation. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (ko) of the first and the second reduction steps were determined in the three solvents employing Nicholson and Kochi methods. The experimental results were compared with those calculated theoretically from the modified form of the Marcus theory. The solvent reorganization energy (λo) in the Marcus equation was calculated using the conventional spherical as well as multisphere models. Experimental rate constants in acetonitrile from the Kochi's method for benzoquinones, naphthoquinones and anthraquinones were found in the range 1.65 x 10-3 – 8.47 x 10-3 cm s-1, 7.09 x 10-3 – 11.16 x 10-3 cm s-1, and 0.19 x 10-3 – 7.10 x 10-3 cm s-1 respectively. The experimentally determined rate constants for quinones were found in close agreement with the theoretically calculated rate constants from the Kochi's method. The effect of medium on electron transfer rates was rationalized in terms of solvent properties such as polarity, viscosity, density relaxation time. An increase in the solvent polarity and a decrease in viscosity favoured the heterogeneous iii electron transfer rate. Electron transfer rates were found inversely proportional to solvent longitudinal relaxation time. Electrochemical behaviour of quinones was also investigated in the presence of tert-butanol, 2-propanol, ethanol and methanol (monoalcohols), ethylene glycol (a diol) and glycerol (a triol) as proton donors. The quinone-alcohol interaction was analyzed from changes observed in the shape and peak position of the redox waves in voltammograms as a result of change in concentration of the added alcohol. An estimate of the strength of the quinone-alcohol interaction which is hydrogen bonding in nature was obtained by calculating the thermodynamic association constants and the number of alcohol molecules attached to anion or dianion of quinones. The interaction with dianion was found much stronger than with the anion. The strength of the hydrogen bond depended upon the basicity of the quinone and acidity of the alcohol. The presence of α- hydrogens in the quinone structure strengthened the interaction. A comparison of the results for monoalcohols, diol and triol shows that the polyalcohols formed stronger hydrogen bonds. The strength of interaction increased with the increase in the number of OH groups. Homogeneous electron transfer rate constants of quinones in acetonitrile were determined from ESR spectroscopic measurements at 298K. The anion radical of the quinone was generated in situ in a locally fabricated esr-electrochemical cell and the hyperfine spectrum recorded. The hyperfine coupling constants and the line widths were determined from the experimental and simulated ESR spectra. The electron self exchange rate constant was determined from the concentration depended chemical line broadening produced by the addition of neutral quinone. The rate constants were found in the range of 5.2 x 108 - 4.4 x 109 M-1s-1. The strength of precursor complex is observed in terms of association constants (KA) calculated from the experimental electron transfer rate constants are in the range 0.028 – 1.023 M-1. Theoretical values of KA were calculated using Eigen-Fuoss and reaction zone models. The values calculated with the reaction zone model agreed with the experimentally determined values. The ESR results support the observed trends in electrochemical behaviour of quinones.


The earliest compounds forming Earth9s first continental crust were magmatic rocks with tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic composition (TTGs). TTGs are widely seen as originating from melting of hydrated oceanic crust in subduction zones. Alternative models argue that they may have formed by melting within thickened mafic oceanic protocrust. To simulate formation of Eoarchean TTGs in different tectonic regimes, we combine for the first time the thermodynamic calculation of residual assemblages with subsequent modeling of trace element contents in TTGs. We compare water-absent partial melting of two hydrated starting compositions, a modern mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB) and a typical Eoarchean arc tholeiite from the Isua Supracrustal Belt that represents the country rock of Earth9s oldest TTGs in southern West Greenland. At 10 kbar, partial melting of MORB-like residues results in modeled TTG compositions that are very different from natural ones. Melting at higher pressures (14 and 18 kbar) leads to a better match, but several key trace element parameters in TTGs are still amiss. A perfect fit for trace element compositions is achieved by melting of Eoarchean arc tholeiites at 10 and 14 kbar. These protoliths contain less Al and Na and more Fe and Mg as compared to present-day MORB and form amphibole-rich and plagioclase-free residues even at low pressures. Formation of Earth9s oldest continental crust is therefore best explained by melting within tectonically thickened mafic island-arc crust.


Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, has caused devastating losses in both yield and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced in the northern Great Plains from 1993 to 2003. Thirty-five barley germplasm lines with partial resistance to FHB have been identified in exotic and unadapted germplasm lines. Little is known about their agronomic characteristics, malt quality, and reaction to other diseases as compared to adapted cultivars. This information is needed so barley breeders can make informed decisions when planning crosses involving the resistant germplasm lines. The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance, malt quality, and disease reaction of barley germplasm lines with partial FHB resistance to cultivars grown in the northern Great Plains. Agronomic and malting data were collected on the 35 germplasm lines and five check cultivars grown in five environments in North Dakota from 1998 to 2000. Data for FHB severity and deoxynivalenol (DON, a mycotoxin produced by F. graminearum) accumulation were obtained for the same 40 entries grown in FHB-epidemic nurseries in North Dakota from 1997 to 1999. Seedling responses to foliar pathogens common in the northern Great Plains were determined in the greenhouse during fall 1997. None of the FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines had acceptable malt quality for all traits. Kernel plumpness, grain protein concentration, and malt extract were the traits impacted most severely. The FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines headed significantly later than the adapted barley cultivars. Most FHB-resistant germplasm lines were susceptible to the common foliar diseases of the northern Great Plains. At least four cycles of breeding will probably be necessary to develop FHB-resistant germplasm lines acceptable to producers and the malting and brewing industry.


The orbital dependence of closed-shell wavefunction energies is investigated by performing doubly-occupied configuration interaction (DOCI) calculations, representing the most general class of these wavefunctions. Different local minima are examined for planar hydrogen clusters containing two, four, and six electrons applying (spin) symmetry-broken restricted, unrestricted, and generalised orbitals with real and complex coefficients. Contrary to Hartree–Fock (HF), restricted DOCI is found to properly break bonds and thus unrestricted orbitals, while providing a quantitative improvement of the energy, are not needed to enforce a qualitatively correct bond dissociation. For the beryllium atom and the BH diatomic, the lowest possible HF energy requests symmetry-broken generalised orbitals, whereas accurate results for DOCI can be obtained within a restricted formalism. Complex orbital coefficients are shown to increase the accuracy of HF and DOCI results in certain cases. The computationally inexpensive AP1roG geminal wavefunction is proven to agree very well with all DOCI results of this study.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in motor, sensory, and cognitive impairment. MS symptoms greatly affect the quality of life of patients with one of the most common symptom being pain. Neuropathic pain (NP) that develops secondary to demyelination, neuro-inflammation, and axonal damage in the CNS is the most distressing and difficult type of pain to treat in patients with MS. A patient with MS presented to our department with dysesthetic extremity pain that was characterized by burning and tingling predominantly in both feet and was worse at night. She was evaluated and diagnosed with MS-induced NP and treated with alpha lipoic acid (ALA) because of unresponsiveness and intolerance to amitriptyline, pregabalin, and gabapentin treatments. In this report, we present and discuss the ALA treatment in a patient with MS-induced NP.


Municipalities from the Central Valley in California to Upstate New York bear the legacy of reckless mortgage lending. Foreclosed homes and toxic titles have caused blight and cost communities billions of dollars. Many cities tried to halt the risky loans by calling on state and federal legislators and regulators to intervene. Some even passed ordinances aimed at curtailing the high-cost loans that were destroying their neighborhoods. Their pleas were dismissed and their ordinances overturned. Ultimately, the subprime crisis played a central role in the great financial crisis when millions of people lost their jobs and, as a consequence, lost their homes too. As a result, municipalities have born the burden of empty, dilapidated homes that pepper once vibrant neighborhoods. A handful of cities have sued financial institutions, attempting to recover their losses. The lawsuits have been complex and expensive, and limits on municipal standing have dramatically restricted the relief cities can recover.At the same time that cities were trying to stop abusive loans, most states and the federal government did nothing to curtail the making of unaffordable loans or the growing number of foreclosures. In the worst cases, governmental entities took steps that fueled risky lending. Later, when the subprime crisis morphed into the foreclosure crisis, state and federal governments failed to adequately assist municipalities.I analyze the legal and regulatory problems municipalities encountered when they attempted to restrict high-risk mortgage loans and when they sought to recover for foreclosure blight. I argue that these problems are the result of a broader, more systemic issue: municipalities are severely limited in their ability to act against commercial interests that cause harm to their communities. In the case of risky mortgage lending, I contend that the sensible policy is to expand localities' power to protect against actions by financial institutions that threaten or impose costs on communities and I introduce models for local regulation of home mortgage lending.


Prior to independence, Namibia's marine fisheries had suffered over-fishing, typical of open access exploitation of a common pool resource where there is excess demand. The Namibian Government's policy objectives seek optimal sustainable use of Namibia's fisheries resources and a substantial increase for Namibians of benefit from these resources. In assessing the appropriateness of Namibia's fisheries management system for meeting these objectives, state involvement in the management of the resource is considered, the biological and ecological constraints of the resource are examined and the degree to which national management of fisheries is nested in a global system of fisheries governance is defined. Empirical evidence establishes the critical importance of successfully managing these resources through environmental shocks and the importance for the industry of sufficient economic flexibility, often hindered by overcapacity, to cope with those shocks. Even at low, sub-optimal biomass levels, evidence suggests that substantial resource rent accrues to industry as abnormal profit, or finances overcapacity. Government attempts to redistribute benefit from the resource have been only partly successful. These findings establish the importance of state intervention to ensure that capacity is reduced as close as possible to a bio-economic optimal level, thus maximising resource rent. Collection by the state of a larger proportion of available resource rent would make it less possible for abnormal profits to be earned and make rent less available for financing over-capacity. The additional state finance, representing benefit from the resource, could be directed by the state towards more effective usage in the development process. The management of Namibia's marine fisheries will best be achieved by working towards a system of co-management between the state and industry, providing a framework for nested institutions tailored to the conditions of each fishery, in a joint endeavour to generate a socially optimal use of the resource.


Summary 1. Many management prescriptions are based on ecological hypotheses; evaluating empirical support for these hypotheses can improve management. There has been considerable dispute about the potential response of the northern goshawk to three management-driven forest structures in ponderosa pine forests of the south-western United States: (i) the structure recommended by US Forest Service's goshawk guidelines, designed to increase the abundance of 14 goshawk prey species and thus benefit goshawks; (ii) preferred foraging habitat as suggested by empirical evidence that goshawks forage selectively in areas with abundant large trees and dense canopy closure, rather than areas of highest prey abundance; and (iii) presettlement (i.e. prior to Euro-American settlement) structure characterized by clumps of large trees, canopy closure < 40% and dense herbaceous understorey, which could have negative effects on goshawks. 2. To evaluate empirical support for hypotheses that goshawk reproduction is affected by each of these three forest structures, we measured forest structure in a 1215-ha nest-centred circular area in each of 13 goshawk breeding areas on the Apache‐Sitgreaves National Forest, Arizona. The breeding areas were selected to span the full range of productivity (fledglings per year monitored) over the previous 9-year period. 3. Forest structure had a moderate effect on goshawk productivity ( r 2 ≤ 0·46). Contrary to expectation, goshawk productivity decreased with increasing similarity to the goshawk guidelines. 4. Goshawk reproduction was not correlated with resemblance of the breeding area to preferred foraging habitat or resemblance to presettlement forest conditions. 5. Synthesis and applications . Because the goshawk guidelines may not improve goshawk reproduction, the Forest Service should reconsider its decision to apply the guidelines to most forested lands in Arizona and New Mexico. Managers should evaluate empirical support routinely for the major ecological hypotheses that underlie forest prescriptions.


The encoding properties of the visual pathway are under constant control from mechanisms of adaptation and systems-level plasticity. In all but the most artificial experimental conditions, these mechanisms serve to continuously modulate the spatial and temporal receptive field (RF) dynamics. Conventional reverse-correlation techniques designed to capture spatiotemporal RF properties assume invariant stimulus-response relationships over experimental trials and are thus limited in their applicability to more natural experimental conditions. Presented here is an approach to tracking time-varying encoding dynamics in the early visual pathway based on adaptive estimation of the spatiotemporal RF in the time domain. Simulations and experimental data from the lateral geniculate nucleus reveal that subtle features of encoding properties can be captured by the adaptive approach that would otherwise be undetected. Capturing the role of dynamically varying encoding mechanisms is vital to our understanding of vision on the natural setting, where there is absence of a true steady state.


In this paper, we formulate and estimate an economic model of labor supply and welfare participation. The model is estimated on data on single men from Quebec drawn from the 1986 Canadian Census. Budget sets for each work-welfare combination accounting for income taxes, tax credits and welfare benefit rules are derived using a microsimulation model. We validate our model by comparing reactions to a welfare reform that implied a dramatic increase in welfare benefits predicted by our model to those obtained by using a regression discontinuity approach. The results show that our model is capable of recovering actual changes in labor supply and welfare participation. We also show the advantage of having estimated a structural model by illustrating how labor supply and welfare participation change when benefit levels change.


This is the first of a series of investigations
concerning which details will be given at the end of
the paper.
In 'Nature" of September 1923 p. 448 (The Theory of
the Affine Field) Ein5tein describes a remarkable
mathematical discovery. He develops from Eddington's
previous work a perfectly satisfactory basis for the
Riemann manifold required for mechanics and gravitation in the general theory of Relativity. His main
object, however, was to include provision also for
the electro-magnetic field, but it would appear that
his conclusions on this part of the development are
irreconcilable with observation. If he had examined
in detail the mechanical stresses, which he could
have done by the conditions imposed by the fact that
the action is an invariant density, he would have
found that his constant y cannot be "practically in
-definitely small" as he states it should be for an-
other reason. The truth of this remark will appear
in the subsequent work.
It is, hovever, easy to modify the principle from which he works by increasing the 40 scalers from which he starts to 31.


The cycling of carbon (C) by benthic organisms is a key ecosystem function in the deep sea. Pulse‐chase experiments are designed to quantify this process, yet few studies have been carried out using abyssal (3500–6000 m) sediments and only a handful of studies have been undertaken in situ. We undertook eight in situ pulse‐chase experiments in three abyssal strata (4050–4200 m water depth) separated by tens to hundreds of kilometers in the eastern Clarion‐Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ). These experiments demonstrated that benthic bacteria dominated the consumption of phytodetritus over short (~ 1.5 d) time scales, with metazoan macrofauna playing a minor role. These results contrast with the only other comparable in situ abyssal study, where macrofauna dominated phytodetritus assimilation over short (2.5 d) time scales in the eutrophic NE Atlantic. We also demonstrated that benthic bacteria were capable of converting dissolved inorganic C into biomass and showed that this process can occur at rates that are as high as the bacterial assimilation of algal‐derived organic C. This demonstrates the potential importance of inorganic C uptake to abyssal ecosystems in this region. It also alludes to the possibility that some of the C incorporation by bacteria in our algal‐addition studies may have resulted from the incorporation of labeled dissolved inorganic carbon initially respired by other unstudied organisms. Our findings reveal the key importance of benthic bacteria in the short‐term cycling of C in abyssal habitats in the eastern CCFZ and provide important information on benthic ecosystem functioning in an area targeted for commercial‐scale, deep‐sea mining activities.


Objective. This study establishes the least costly strategy for evaluation of rural women in need of colposcopy among 3 alternatives: telemedicine, local practitioners, and referral experts. Methods. Women in rural Georgia who needed colposcopy were examined by an expert colposcopist on site, by a local practitioner, and by a distant expert colposcopist linked by telemedicine. Independent determinations of biopsy intent were used to model the differing biopsy costs of the 3 methods. Record reviewdetermined the average total cost of telemedicine. Reports of average cost in year 2000 dollars from societal perspective include medical costs and pain and suffering due to additional biopsies and curettage, telemedicine costs, and costs of potential diagnostic delay for a 1-year time horizon. Results: From the societal perspective in the baseline case, the average cost per patient evaluated was $270 for patients seen by referral experts. The cost was $38 less (e.g., $232) for patients seen by local practitioners, and $35 more (e.g., $305) for patients seen by telemedicine. From the societal perspective, local practitioners were less costly than referral experts because of lower travel costs for patients, but from the medical perspective, their average cost was $32 higher than referral experts because they performed more biopsies and curettage procedures than experts. Telemedicine assistance would have lowered the number of biopsies performed by local practitioners, but as of year 2000 the costs of this technology could not be justified by the savings. Conclusion. From the societal perspective, local practitioners performing colposcopy are the least costly way to evaluate cervical abnormalities in rural patients with substantial time and travel costs.


In this paper, we propose Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for mobile robot. This paper describes the analysis and design of a new class of mobile robots. These small robots are intended to be simple and inexpensive, and will all be physically identical, thus constituting a homogeneous team of robots. They derive their usefulness from their group actions, performing physical tasks and making cooperative decisions as a Coordinated Team. This method based on heuristic concept is used to obtain global search. Since the proposed method is very efficient, thus it can perform object finding very quickly. In the process of doing so, we first use ACO to obtain the shortest obstructed distance, which is an effective method for arbitrary shape obstacles.


Macadamias, adapted to the fringes of subtropical rainforests of coastal, eastern Australia, are resilient to mild water stress. Even after prolonged drought, it is difficult to detect stress in commercial trees. Despite this, macadamia orchards in newer irrigated regions produce more consistent crops than those from traditional, rain-fed regions. Crop fluctuations in the latter tend to follow rainfall patterns. The benefit of irrigation in lower rainfall areas is undisputed, but there are many unanswered questions about the most efficient use of irrigation water. Water is used more efficiently when it is less readily available, causing partial stomatal closure that restricts transpiration more than it restricts photosynthesis. Limited research suggests that macadamias can withstand mild stress. In fact, water use efficiency can be increased by strategic deficit irrigation. However, macadamias are susceptible to stress during oil accumulation. There may be benefits of applying more water at critical times, less at others, and this may vary with cultivar. Currently, it is common for macadamia growers to apply about 20-40 L tree-1 day-1 of water to their orchards in winter and 70-90 L tree-1 day-1 in summer. Research reported water use at 20-30 L tree-1 day-1 during winter and 40-50 L tree-1 day-1 in summer using the Granier sap flow technique. The discrepancy between actual water use and farmer practice may be due to water loss via evaporation from the ground, deep drainage and/or greater transpiration due to luxury water consumption. More irrigation research is needed to develop efficient water use and to set practical limits for deficit irrigation management.


We propose a tunable flat-top bandpass filter to pass light in a customized wavelength band by using long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) structure. The LPFG structure is composed of a core mode blocker in between two LPFGs. The bandpass spectrum of the proposed structure is obtained in overlapped wavelength band of two LPFGs operating on the same modes. To analyze the properties, we introduce a mathematical matrix model for the structure. We theoretically demonstrate flexibility of the flat-top bandpass filter with various bandwidths.


Many applications of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), such as computer tomography, geophysical signal processing, high-resolution imaging radars, and prediction filters, require high-precision output. An error analysis reveals that the usual method of fixed-point computation of FFTs of vectors of length 2/sup l/ leads to an average loss of l/2 bits of precision. This phenomenon, often referred to as computational noise, causes major problems for arithmetic units with limited precision which are often used for real-time applications. Several researchers have noted that calculation of FFTs with algebraic integers avoids computational noise entirely. We combine a new algorithm for approximating complex numbers by cyclotomic integers with Chinese remaindering strategies to give an efficient algorithm to compute b-bit precision FFTs of length L. More precisely, we approximate complex numbers by cyclotomic integers in Z[e(2/spl pi/i/2/sup n/)] whose coefficients, when expressed as polynomials in e(2/spl pi/i/2/sup n/), are bounded in absolute value by some integer M. For fixed n our algorithm runs in time O(log(M)), and produces an approximation with worst case error of O(1/M(2/sup n-2/-1)). We prove that this algorithm has optimal worst case error by proving a corresponding lower bound on the worst case error of any approximation algorithm for this task. The main tool for designing the algorithms is the use of the cyclotomic units, a subgroup of finite index in the unit group of the cyclotomic field. First implementations of our algorithms indicate that they are fast enough to be used for the design of low-cost high-speed/high-precision FFT chips.


Host fishes play a crucial role in survival and dispersal of freshwater mussels (Unionoida), particularly rare unionids at conservation risk. Intraspecific variation in host use is not well understood for many mussels, including the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) in the USA.
Host suitability of 33 fish species for dwarf wedgemussel glochidia (larvae) from the Delaware and Connecticut river basins was tested in laboratory experiments over 9 years. Relative suitability of three different populations of a single host fish, the tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi), from locations in the Connecticut, Delaware, and Susquehanna river basins, was also tested.
Connecticut River basin A. heterodon metamorphosed into juvenile mussels on tessellated darter, slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Delaware River basin mussels metamorphosed using these three species, as well as brown trout (Salmo trutta), banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), and shield darter (Percina peltata). Atlantic salmon, striped bass, and sculpins were highly effective hosts, frequently generating 5+ juveniles per fish (JPF) and metamorphosis success (MS; proportion of attaching larvae that successfully metamorphose) ≥ 0.4, and producing juveniles in repeated trials.
In experiments on tessellated darters, mean JPF and MS values decreased as isolation between the mussel source (Connecticut River) and each fish source increased; mean JPF = 10.45, 6.85, 4.14, and mean MS = 0.50, 0.41, and 0.34 in Connecticut, Delaware, and Susquehanna river darters, respectively. Host suitability of individual darters was highly variable (JPF = 2–11; MS = 0.20–1.0).
The results show that mussel–host fish compatibility in A. heterodon differs among Atlantic coastal rivers, and suggest that hosts including anadromous Atlantic salmon and striped bass may help sustain A. heterodon in parts of its range. Continued examination of host use variation, migratory host roles, and mussel–fish interactions in the wild is critical in conservation of A. heterodon and other vulnerable mussel species.


The heat shock protein (HSP) response of Salmonella typhi following exposure to elevated growth temperatures was studied. Three major proteins with molecular sizes of 58, 68, and 88 kDa were abundantly expressed when S. typhi cells were shifted from 37 to 45 degrees C and to 55 degrees C. These proteins were also constitutively expressed at 37 degrees C. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation studies with anti-HSP monoclonal antibodies revealed that the 58- and 68-kDa proteins were analogous to the GroEL and DnaK proteins, respectively, of Escherichia coli. These HSPs are also abundantly present in the outer membrane fraction of disrupted cells and, to a lesser extent, in the cytosol. Immunoblotting experiments with sera from patients with a culture-positive diagnosis of typhoid fever showed the presence of antibodies to these HSPs. Nine of twelve sera reacted with the 58-, 68-, and 88-kDa proteins, while three sera reacted only with the 68- and 88-kDa proteins. All 10 sera from healthy individuals showed no binding to these HSPs. In light of the well-documented roles of HSPs in the pathogenesis of microbial infections and as immunodominant antigens, these findings may be relevant for a better understanding of disease processes and for the future development of diagnostic and preventive strategies.


This introductory essay provides an outline of the history of the international relations of Ca' Foscari through its 150 years' history. It describes how one of the original purposes behind its creation in 1868 was to give an international flavour to the Regia Scuola of Venice, instituted in the most important city on the Adriatic as the oldest of the Italian higher commercial institutes, based on the French-Belgian model, and with foreign languages being an important part of the curriculum. As the contributions to this volume illustrate, the history of Ca' Foscari is characterised by intense cultural, educational and scientific exchanges with people and institutions outside the national context, and its internationalisation was – and still is – promoted through the presence of foreign teachers and students and native language instructors, the exchange of bulletins and scientific publications with foreign institutions, the international contacts and networks developed by the alumni both individually and collectively, a growing number of scholarships of different kinds for study abroad as well as a growing number of foreign visiting scholars and professors. This volume reconstructs only a part of the history of the intense international relations of Ca' Foscari, but eloquently testifies to the eminently international vocation that has characterised it since its foundation.


The great majority of medical diagnoses are made using automatic, efficient cognitive processes, and these diagnoses are correct most of the time. This analytic review concerns the exceptions: the times when these cognitive processes fail and the final diagnosis is missed or wrong. We argue that physicians in general underappreciate the likelihood that their diagnoses are wrong and that this tendency to overconfidence is related to both intrinsic and systemically reinforced factors. We present a comprehensive review of the available literature and current thinking related to these issues. The review covers the incidence and impact of diagnostic error, data on physician overconfidence as a contributing cause of errors, strategies to improve the accuracy of diagnostic decision making, and recommendations for future research. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


The impact of climate change in the form of rising temperatures, rising water levels, water pollution and extreme climate events are vulnerable to the potential of water resources in various sectors of life. The aim of this research is to build a method for managing water potential in river estuaries and arrangement the river estuary area for mitigation of the effects of climate change on water resources in the estuary area, especially in Bali. The method of this research is qualitative research on phenomenology that is happening. Data is collected in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data consists of environmental conditions in river estuaries related to climate change that occur, while secondary data in the form of water potential, water quality and land changes are obtained from various related instances. The results of the research found that watersheds on Bali Island are potential watersheds that can be used as raw water sources for both clean water and irrigation water. However, changes in land functions and climate change can cause some negative impacts on the potential and environmental conditions of estuary water resources such as floods, droughts, landslides, pollution of water by pollutants and sedimentation. Mitigation actions that must be taken to reduce the risk for the condition of water resources in river estuaries in Bali due to climate change are managing water potential by managing water systems, conducting water-saving campaigns, integrated management of water availability and needs, environment-based management, strengthening institutions in management of water resources, and the need to regulate cropping patterns right in the river estuary. While in terms of arrangement river estuary area there are several mitigation actions that can be carried out such as the construction of dikes around the estuary area, the construction of reservoirs, the construction of monitoring posts for river estuary conditions and the preservation of deforested areas around river estuary.


A major turning point in the study of metazoan evolution was the recognition of the
existence of the Ecdysozoa in 1997. This is a group of eight animal phyla (Nematoda,
Nematomorpha, Loricifera, Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, Tardigrada, Onychophora and
Arthropoda). Ecdysozoa is the most specious clade of animals to ever exist and the
relationships among its eight phyla are still heatedly debated. Similarly also the
relationships among the three sub-phyla (Chelicerata, Pancrustacea and Myriapoda)
within the most important ecdysozoan phylum (the Arthropoda) are still debated.
Indeed, the two major problems in ecdysozoan phylogeny refer to the relationships of
Myriapoda within Arthropoda, and of Tardigrada within Ecdysozoa. Difficulties in
ecdysozoan relationships resides in lineages characterized by rapid, deep divergences
and subsequently long periods of divergent evolution. Phylogenetic signal to resolve
the relationships of these lineages is diluted, increasing the likelihood of recovery of
phylogenetic artifacts.
In an attempt to resolve the relationships within Ecdysozoa, consilience of three
independent phylogenetic data sets was investigated. EST and rRNA and microRNA
(miRNA) data were sampled across all major ecdysozoan phyla. In particular, a
major contribution of this thesis is the first time sequencing of miRNAs for all the
panarthropod phyla. MicroRNAs are genome regulatory elements that recently
emerged as a source of useful phylogenetic data (Sempere et al. 2006) because of
their low homoplasy levels.
The considered data sets were analysed under phylogenetic methods and models,
implemented to minimize the occurrence of phylogenetic reconstruction artifacts to
understand the evolution of Ecdysozoa. Analyses of independent data types recovered
well supported and corroborating evidence for the monophyly of Panarthropoda
(Arthropoda, Onychophora and Tardigrada), a sister group relationships between
Myriapoda and Pancrustacea within Arthropoda, and the paraphyly of Cycloneuralia
(Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Loricifera, Kinorhyncha and Priapulida). !


Abstract We review historical approaches to the systematics of Enantiornithes, the dominant birds of the second half of the Mesozoic, and describe the forelimb remains of a new Cretaceous euenantiornithine. This taxon is known on the basis of fossil specimens collected from southern France, Argentina and the United States; such a wide geographical distribution is uncharacteristic for Enantiornithes as most taxa are known from single localities. Fossils from the Massecaps locality close to the village of Cruzy (Hérault, southern France), in combination with elements from New Mexico (USA) and from the Argentine locality of El Brete (Salta Province) testify to the global distribution of large flighted euenantiornithine birds in the Late Cretaceous. We discuss the systematics and taxonomy of additional isolated bones of Enantiornithes that were collected from the Argentine El Brete locality in the 1970s; the presence of these flying birds in Cretaceous rocks on both sides of the equator, in both northern and southern hemispheres, further demonstrates the ubiquity of this avian lineage by the latter stages of the Mesozoic.


All the states that have signed the Additional Protocol to their Safeguards Agreements with the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) will need to submit description and information
specifying the location of their nuclear fuel cycle activities,
including their operational and shut down uranium mines. While satellite imagery is useful for monitoring changes
in the declared nuclear facilities, there has not been much discussion of using this imagery to monitor the early part of the nuclear fuel cycle namely uranium mining and milling.The availability of satellite data cost free on the Google Earth web site and commercially from various imagery providers makes it possible for analysts to make assessments concerning
the nuclear fuel cycle activities of various countries of interest. The mining of uranium and its conversion through a milling process into U3O8 (yellowcake) is the first step of a complex conversion cycle that determines how the mined material will be used.


A braceless semi-submersible floating platform is proposed for a Technical University of Denmark (DTU) 10-MW wind turbine at moderate water depths with reference to an existing National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5-MW braceless semi-submersible floating platform, and a servo control system for a 10-MW semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) is introduced. To control the ultimate and fatigue loads of the FOWT, a fore-aft tuned mass damper (TMD) installed in the nacelle of the 10-MW semi-submersible FOWT was investigated for vibration alleviation and load reduction. Considering the hydrodynamic and mooring effect, a four degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) (platform surge and pitch motions, tower fore-aft bending, and TMD translation) simplified dynamic model for the 10-MW semi-submersible FOWT is established based on D'Alembert's principle. Then, the parameter estimation is conducted based on the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm, and the simplified dynamic model was further verified by comparing the output responses with FAST and the proposed model. Furthermore, the exhaustive search (ES) and genetic algorithm (GA) are embedded into the simplified dynamic model to optimize the TMD parameters. Finally, a fully coupled time-domain simulation for all the selected environmental conditions is conducted in FAST, and the vibration suppression performance of the optimized TMD design for the 10-W semi-submersible FOWT was further examined and analyzed.


Multivariate autoregressive (MAR) models have been useful in elucidating food web dynamics and stability from freshwater plankton monitoring data, but their applicability to marine datasets has not been as well explored. Characteristics of marine systems, such as the movement of water masses by tides and currents, may present unique challenges to MAR modeling of data gathered in marine environments. To explore the behavior of MAR models with marine plankton data, in the context of what we know about applying MAR to freshwater data, we applied MARs to each of three freshwater and four marine long‐term datasets and compared results among them. We generated sets of replicate MAR models for each dataset and used the consistency of models within each set of replicates as a measure of MAR performance. Overall, replicate MAR models generated from the marine datasets were less consistent than those generated from the freshwater datasets, suggesting that MAR methods need fundamental reconfigurations to be applied to standard marine plankton data. Higher variability observed within the marine MAR results may be attributable to weaker biotic interactions as represented by the data, and to overparameterization when the criteria for lumping freshwater plankton taxa into model variables are directly applied to marine plankton taxa. Adjustments to dataset preparation for MAR application and to the modeling framework itself may address these issues associated with analyzing data from highly dynamic systems.


(a) The Director, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, may approve an exception or alternative to any requirement in subchapter F of chapter I of title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations regarding blood, blood components, or blood products. Requests for such exceptions or alternatives shall ordinarily be in writing. Licensed establishments shall submit such requests in accordance with § 601.12 of this chapter. However, in limited circumstances, such requests may be made orally and permission may be given orally by the Director. Oral requests and approvals must be promptly followed by written requests and written approvals. (b) FDA will publish a list of approved alternative procedures and exceptions periodically in the FEDERAL REGISTER.


A 97-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and a paraesophageal hiatal hernia presented with abdominal distention and shortness of breath. Three days earlier, she had fallen and sustained a hairline pelvic fracture; she was evaluated in the emergency department and given narcotics for the pain. Subsequently, the patient's abdomen became increasingly distended, and she had no bowel movement for 3 days.


In the now dense scholarship on the meanings and value of the concept or category of 'orientalism', stimulated by Edward Said's twenty-five-year-old canonical text, several persistent themes have emerged. These include pressures for properly gendered discussion and analysis, and debates as to what kind of overarching framework or coherent category/concept survives the extensive exploration of diversities, contingencies and instabilities within the cultural/historical field it claims to address. Reina Lewis, Lisa Lowe, Billie Melman and Meyda Yegenoglu have recuperated an empirical terrain and reconfigured a conceptual framework for gendered accounts of the kinds of colonial, global and cultural encounters for which 'orientalism' has been deemed a useful category of analysis.1 Robert Young, Gayatri Spivak, Lowe and scholars with Middle Eastern and south Asian interests, have opened up discussion of contradictions and complexities within the category and its applications.2 More generally, there are now numerous investigations and interpretations which seek to explore and account for the interactions between material and cultural aspects of the histories with which 'orientalism' engages.3 In addition, scholars have tested and modified the chronological framework established by Said which emphasised a late eighteenth-century rupture in the history of European cultural constructions of (one or more) 'orients'. Just as discussions of 'enlightenment' now encompass seventeenth- as well as eighteenth-century developments, so accounts of 'orientalism' now explore trajectories extending across the whole of the eighteenth century while continuing to debate the significance of Said's chronology.

This article responds to some of the arguments in this oeuvre, engaging in particular with discussions of gender and orientalism in the eighteenth century in the work of Melman, Felicity Nussbaum and Ruth Yeazell.4 By 'revisiting' two canonical texts of eighteenth-century orientalism – the so-called 'Turkish' or 'Embassy' letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and the Persian Letters of Charles-Louis de Secondat Baron de Montesquieu5– I want to consider the use of 'harem'/'seraglio' tropes and of gendered and sexualised discourses in the shaping of 'enlightened' considerations of 'oriental' Others, of power relations and of 'male' and 'female' identities. I shall focus on the role of presentations of 'the harem' as utopian or dystopian strategies or images consciously deployed in these highly crafted texts for a range of political, intellectual and aesthetic purposes. However, I shall also suggest that, beyond any overt intentions, these strategies and images express some of the uncertainties and complexities within these texts and, indeed, in eighteenth-century 'orientalist' projects more generally.


Cold-formed stainless-steel sections are increasingly being used in the construction industry, for both architectural and structural applications. The excellent combination of mechan-ical properties and corrosion resistance makes stainless steel a very good material for structural applications. Due to the lack of design rules for stainless steel, the design rules for carbon steel have been generally adopted in the stainless-steel design. However, the prominent non-linear be-haviour of stainless steel, which is the main difference with carbon steel, makes the standards for carbon steel not always accurate in the stainless-steel design. The provision of web openings at appropriate locations in such sections is also important to avoid cutting holes at an inappropriate location during the implementation stage. The type of section and the shape of opening were primarily chosen based on the application. The scope of this study is however limited to stainless steel Lipped Channel Beams (LCB) with elliptical web openings. The provision of openings in web affects the shear behaviour and shear capacity of LCB sections, but only very limited re-searches have been conducted so far. Hence, a numerical analysis was undertaken to investigate the shear behaviour and strength of cold-formed stainless steel LCB section with elliptical web openings. Finite element models of cold-formed ferritic stainless steel LCB with centered web openings were developed under the simply supported loading condition. They were validated with currently available shear test results and a detailed parametric study was undertaken to develop an extensive shear strength database. Numerical results showed that the currently available reduc-tion factor equations of circular web opening are either conservative or unsafe to use for the non-circular openings. Hence, numerical results were then used to develop a reduction factor to the shear capacities of cold-formed stainless steel LCBs with elliptical web opening.


Portfolio implementation is an essential part of active investment strategies. The trading horizon-the length of time allocated for trade implementation, is an important consideration in portfolio trading. Previous research on optimal trading limits the trading horizon as a fixed value. In this paper, we treat it as an endogenous factor and find the optimal trading horizon as a part of optimal trading strategy to further reduce trading costs. We derive analytical results for optimal trading strategy with optimal horizon and provide numerical examples for illustration.


Background: To evaluate the medium and late term outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting with pull-through coronary endarterectomy using a saphenous vein patch for bypass distal anastomosis site. Methods: Retrospective review of all coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures performed from January 1, 2000 through June 30, 2013 with and without concomitant coronary endarterectomy (CE), was carried out at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Washington DC. Patients who underwent concomitant valve operations were excluded. Primary outcome was overall survival, with analyses performed examining CE as well as the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality and post-operative MI. Results: 1255 CABG operations were performed, 10 of which included CE. All CE procedures were performed with saphenous vein patch. 7 involved left anterior descending artery (LAD) CE with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) conduits. The remaining 3 were diagonal branch artery (D1) CE with saphenous vein bypass conduits. 1-year survival was 70%. 5-year survival was 43% out of 7 patients. Conclusions: Pull-through CE with saphenous vein patch is a safe alternative technique for patients with diffuse coronary artery disease. Perioperative events and intermediate outcomes are favorable, although long-term survival is less than patients without CE.


To the Editor: The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) has been used since 1974 as a common research tool for different neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis. In multiple sclerosis clinics, the PASAT has been included as a major test to determine the multiple sclerosis outcome because of its sensitivity to multiple sclerosisrelated cognitive decline. PASAT is one of the major components of Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite test. In PASAT, patients are trained to add 60 pairs of single digits so that each number is added to the one immediately preceding it. Patients report the sum orally. The digits are presented by audiotape, first at a rate of 3 seconds per digit (PASAT3), then, in a second trial, at a rate of 2 seconds per digit (PASAT2). Scores are the sums of correct responses for the 3and 2second forms of the task. We hypothesize that paying attention to the time of correct response may be valuable. For instance, in PASAT3, instead of taking into account the trueness or falseness of response, we consider the time of the patient's reply. If he or she replies correctly, we consider the time. If he or she replies falsely, we consider 3 seconds, and if he runs out of time, we consider 3 seconds. By this approach, we have a signal: x-axis stands for 60 events (60 pairs of digits), and the y-axis stands for the time of reply. The maximum of the x-axis is 60, with steps from 1 to 60, and the y-axis maximum is 3 seconds. We believe that such a signal might give clinicians better insight into the cognitive status of multiple sclerosis patients. For instance, the mean or the standard deviation of this signal may suggest the mean attention or the degree of his or her disturbance. We think that this modified PASAT may help improve the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite test. Javad Razjouyan Shariar Gharibzadeh Ali Fallah Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Abtin Khodadi Computer Science and Information Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran


We present a measurement of the shapes of b-jets using 300 pb(-1) of data obtained with the upgraded Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF II) in p(p)overbar collisions at center-of-mass energy root s=1.96 TeV. This measurement covers a wide transverse momentum range, from 52 to 300 GeV/c. Samples of heavy-flavor enhanced jets together with inclusive jets are used to extract the average shapes of b-jets. The b-jets are expected to be broader than inclusive jets. Moreover, b-jets containing a single b-quark are expected to be narrower than those containing a b(b)overbar pair from gluon splitting. The measured b-jet shapes are found to be significantly broader than expected from the PYTHIA and HERWIG Monte Carlo simulations. This effect may arise from an underestimation of the fraction of b-jets originating from gluon splitting in these simulations. The jet shape distributions provided in this paper could be compared to any full Monte Carlo simulation and could be used to further constrain the various parameters.


Background and Objective: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) represents one of the major causes of increasing disability worldwide. Electroacupuncture with different frequencies at the Hua Tuo Jia Ji acupoints has been used to treat CLBP in patients with lumbar osteoarthritis. Basic studies demonstrate that 100 Hz or 2 Hz electroacupuncture has pain-relief effects on CLBP; however clinical evidence for choosing which frequency is still limited. Thus, our study aims to compare the effects of 100 Hz to 2 Hz electroacupuncture for CLBP on patients with lumbar osteoarthritis.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial of 124 patients with lumbar osteoarthritis at the Traditional Medicine Hospital at Ho Chi Minh City from September 2018 to July 2019. Patients were randomly allocated to either intervention group (n = 62) with 100 Hz electroacupuncture or control group (n = 62) with 2 Hz electroacupuncture at the L2-S1 Hua Tuo Jia Ji acupoints for 14 days. Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang decoction was also administered in both groups. Primary trial outcomes were QDSA score and the proportion of patients who achieved pain relief thresholds.

Results: After 14 days of treatment, QDSA score in intervention group decreased significantly compared to control group. 87% of patients in intervention group had pain relief of ≥70%, and only 45% patients in control group had such result. Lumbar flexion range of motion in 100 Hz group tended to be better than in 2 Hz group.

Conclusion: 100 Hz electroacupuncture had superior analgesic effects on lumbar osteoarthritis to 2 Hz electroacupuncture.


The persons whom the authorized nurse encounters in hospital wards and nursing homes are in great extent elderly persons. According to Wasserman (2000), about 30 to 40 percent among these, show signs of depression. To be aware of the signs of depression, and how an authorized nurse can support the patient is therefore of great value. The introduction to this study describes the symptoms of depression and how depression in elders is expressed. It also describes treatment possibilities and nursing aspects of concern. The aim of this study is to illustrate what possibilities the authorized nurse has to detect and to support the depressed elderly patient. The method to do this has been through a literature review, and with content analysis as an analytic method. The result is based on nine articles and shows the authorized nurse can do a great deal to detect and support the elderly depressed patient without being a specialist in this field of nursing. By recognizing the signs of depression and being aware that depression is not a part of the normal aging process, the authorized nurse can do a lot observe the patient and se to that he gets the care and support he is entitled to.


Multi-modal transportation recommendation has a goal of recommending a travel plan which considers various transportation modes, such as walking, cycling, automobile, and public transit, and how to connect among these modes. The successful development of multi-modal transportation recommendation systems can help to satisfy the diversified needs of travelers and improve the efficiency of transport networks. However, existing transport recommender systems mainly focus on unimodal transport planning. To this end, in this paper, we propose a joint representation learning framework for multi-modal transportation recommendation based on a carefully-constructed multi-modal transportation graph. Specifically, we first extract a multi-modal transportation graph from large-scale map query data to describe the concurrency of users, Origin-Destination (OD) pairs, and transport modes. Then, we provide effective solutions for the optimization problem and develop an anchor embedding for transport modes to initialize the embeddings of transport modes. Moreover, we infer user relevance and OD pair relevance, and incorporate them to regularize the representation learning. Finally, we exploit the learned representations for online multimodal transportation recommendations. Indeed, our method has been deployed into one of the largest navigation Apps to serve hundreds of millions of users, and extensive experimental results with real-world map query data demonstrate the enhanced performance of the proposed method for multimodal transportation recommendations.