The essential features of the theology of S.T. Coleridge are discussed on the basis of both his published and unpublished work. The development of his thought after the publication of the Aids to Reflection is taken into account. A comprehensive investigation of Coleridge's distinction between the Reason and the Understanding, upon which his theology was based, shows that this distinction, as well as his division of Reason into practical and theoretic Reason, was not Kantian, but' -was the Platonic distinction between that which pertains to the sense and that which pertains to the super sensible, between an intuitive and discursive manner of attaining knowledge. An attempt is made to explain why Coleridge had such a high regard for Kant that he borrowed much of his terminology, but yet deserted the whole spirit of his thought, and never considered himself a follower of the critical philosophy. Throughout his life Coleridge remained an "evangelical "mystic". The religious thought of Coleridge is discussed in the light of his growth from Unitarianism and pantheism to orthodox Christianity; he returned to the Church of England because of strictly religious considerations. Luther was Coleridge's greatest hero and authority, and Coleridge considered that he had taken up his mantle as reformer and theologian. He would complete Luther's thought. To the conceptual language of Luther's motif of justification by faith, Coleridge added the dynamic language of "being-in-Christ", thus forming a synthesis between imputed and imparted righteousness. Coleridge was certain that Luther never meant the idea of justification to he merely notional or forensic, and never for a minute doubted that he walked in the spirit of his master. Because of his insistence that all revelation was immediate, Coleridge had a difficult time finding the right niche in his theology for history. His relationship with Edward Irving, which led to a sort of crisis in his ideas on history and Biblical interpretation, is discussed together with these topics.


Arms trafficking from the United States to Mexico is a central issue in bilateral relations, closely linked to drug trafficking and, in particular, the lethal violence unleashed by Mexican drug trafficking organizations. Violence is always a possibility in any illegal activity, but the magnitude of the current violence is largely related to the availability of high-powered firearms being trafficked across the border from the United States to Mexico. Contributing to this are the divisions and disputes among the leaders of the drug trafficking organizations and their fight for hegemony over routes, markets and other areas created by the diversification of the profits and power derived from this business, as well as the increasing level of conflict with the police and armed forces. Other areas that cannot be overlooked include the weaknesses of Mexican institutions in charge of guaranteeing security and justice, and the decisions of those who run institutions to reduce or neutralize the capacity of criminal organizations, which could be contributing to the violence unleashed by drug traffickers.The availability of guns alone does not necessarily generate violence, but when such violence does exist access to weapons allows it to take on greater dimensions and makes it much harder to control. Drug traffickers are obtaining increasingly sophisticated weapons at reasonably low prices thanks to easy access to guns in the U.S. market. As with drug trafficking, gun smuggling implies a relationship of co-responsibility between supplier and consuming countries; the responsibilities and the capacities of states are different, as are the actions and policies that they should adopt.


In conventional confocal microscopes a visible light source is required that is well matched to the absorption of a specific fluorophore. Generally it will be in the UV to green portion of the spectrum, with high beam quality, and with the option of short pulse operation for the rapidly growing use of fluorescent lifetime imaging (FLIM) methods. Until recently the only suitable source was an argon laser with all the complications of high maintenance and cooling. Blue laser diodes are a promising alternative in some cases [1], however their use is currently limited to shorter wavelength fluorophores. We have been exploring the use of the next generation of semiconductor laser sources - optically pumped surface emitting lasers. These devices most commonly operate in the near infrared [2], and frequency doubled sources are now commercially available. Recently, with improved growth techniques, we have developed such so-called vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) that operate in the red with high efficiency, producing up to 0.4 W at 674nm [3]. The semiconductor structure basically consists of a VCSEL grown without the top mirror or electrical contacts. In one configuration the cavity is then constructed using bulk optical components in the conventional manner which opens up the opportunity for wavelength tuning, or short pulse production using active mode-locking techniques providing a source suitable for FLIM. Alternatively the heat spreader on the surface of the semiconductor can be coated to act as the end mirror of the cavity producing a compact source with multi-watt output powers. In a recent development using a diffractive optical element (either passive or active) to divide the pump source, multiple lasers have been produced from a single chip [4], with potential applications for rapid multi-point scanning with high efficiency. In an alternative approach for producing visible sources, photonic crystal fibres have been used to generate visible light from mode-locked Ti:Sapphire lasers to enable time resolved imaging using a confocal rather than multiphoton imaging systems [5]. Ultra-short pulse, easy to operate and low cost sources have also been developed for multiphoton imaging applications [6].


A variety of methods were tested for their ability to completely hydrolyse proteins to free amino acids in vitro. The most successful method was found to be that using the enzyme mixture papain, prolidase and aminopeptidase-M, which together completely hydrolysed the test substrates ovalbumin, BSA and insulin (B chain). A range of enzymes were coupled to insert supports, and although such immobilization simplified handling of the enzymes, the coupled enzymes proved less efficient for proteolysis than their soluble counterparts. Amino acid analysis and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to identify the end products of proteolysis. The use of a pH-stat was found unsuitable for the measurement of proteolysis. In vitro proteolysis was used to study the digestibility of glycoprotein II, purified from Phaseolus vulgaris. Denatured glycoprotein II was fully digested by the enzymic method, although in its native form, the glycoprotein was only partially digested. The digestibility of trypsin inhibitor, purified from Phaseolus vulgaris was also studied. Both in its native form, and after heat treatment, the trypsin inhibitor was poorly hydrolysed. It was also found that native trypsin had some resistance to digestion conferred upon it by the presence of the inhibitor. Active trypsin inhibitor was detected in the faeces of rats whose diet included the inhibitor. The significance of these findings in vitro and in vivo were discussed. The use of proteolysis in vitro to measure the availability of amino acids was found comparable with standard assays for the measurement of available lysine and methionine.


In real word many problems, most of criteria have interdependent or interactive characteristics, which cannot be evaluated by additive measures exactly. For the human subjective evaluation processes it will be more better to apply Choquet and Sugeno integrals model together with the definition of lambda − fuzzy measure, in which the property of additivity is not necessary. My thesis presents the application of fuzzy integrals as tool for criteria aggregation in the decision problems. Finally, this research gives the examples of evaluating medicine with illustrations of hierarchicalstructure of lambda− fuzzy measure for Choquet and Sugeno integrals model.


Zooplankton fecal pellets have long been thought to be a dominant component of the sedimentary flux in marine and freshwater ecosystems, but that view is changing. The last 2 decades have seen publication of >500 studies using sediment traps, which reveal that zooplankton fecal pellets often constitute only a minor or variable proportion of the sedimentary flux. Substantial proportions of this flux are from organic aggregates ('marine snow') of various origins, including phytoplankton blooms, which sediment directly to the benthos. It now appears that mainly large fecal pellets of macrozooplankton and fish are involved in the sedimentary flux. Smaller fecal pellets of microzooplankton and small mesozooplankton are mostly recycled or repackaged in the water column by microbial decomposition and coprophagy, contributing more to processes in the water column than flux to the benthos. The relative contributions of fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton to the vertical flux and recycling of materials in the water column are highly variable, dependent upon multiple interacting factors. These include variations in productivity, biomass, size spectra and composition of communities in the overlying water columns, and trophic interactions between various components of the plankton and nekton communities at various times, locations and depths. Other factors include differences in sinking rates, sizes, composition and pollutant contents of fecal pellets produced by various sizes of zooplankters, and zooplankton feeding-fecal pellet production interactions in relation to upwelling and El Nino periods, seasonal life-history-related zooplankton vertical migrations and long-term oceanographic regime shifts. There are also suggestions from the geological record that zooplankton fecal pellets may have been important in ancient oceans. The ecological roles of marine snow and phytoplankton aggregates in sedimentary flux also depend on a variety of interacting factors, including sources of origin, degrees of microbial colonization, depth distributions, sinking rates and ingestibility by consumers. Perhaps the major reversal of the previous paradigm on the role of fecal pellets in the sedimentary flux over the last 2 decades has been the realization that much, if not most, of the organic rain from the epipelagic to the abyss is due to direct sedimentation of aggregated phytoplankton, which does not appear to undergo consumption in the water column, and which may be related to seasonality of surface production cycles. Further, there is emerging evidence for benthic responses to sedimented phytodetritus, including apparent synchrony of reproductive cycles of some deep-sea benthic animals with seasonality of sinking of surface blooms. Such episodic input of surface phytodetritus may help resolve apparent discrepancies between average supply and demand of organic matter required to maintain benthic community metabolism. The sedimentary flux of fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton is an important component of the biological pump that not only transports and recycles materials in the sea but also may help scrub greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.


Fine powders of La0.6Sr0.2Ca0.2Fe0.8M0.2O3(M=Al, Co, Ni, Cu, andMn) were prepared by a co-precipitation method. The structural, morphological and thermal properties of fine powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The electrical conductivity of cathode materials was increasing slightly with the increasing of dopant ofAl, Co, Ni, Cu andMn. The dielectric constant of the cathodes measured as a function of frequencies, it is seen that the doping of different oxides dielectric constant increases.


In the synchronized European grid, Secondary Control Reserve (SCR) is a key component to restore a stable grid frequency of 50 Hz. The German SCR market is based on a capacity price and an energy price. After being accepted into the reserve pool based on the capacity price, the energy price determines the position in the call merit order, and hence the probability of an activation. In this paper we present results of an ex-post simulation of the SCR market, based on publicly available data. Using our simulation, we quantified the share of SCR bid activations given different energy prices, and derived the profit potential for SCR providers. In addition, we investigated the development over the last years, recognizing that in particular positive SCR bids with a given energy price tend to be activated less often. By providing transparency regarding the relation between reserve energy prices and the share of activations, the insights presented in this paper can be used by balancing service providers in order to improve their SCR bids, or to validate the quality of bidding strategies of SCR aggregators.


I present a theory of harmful addiction in which "giving in" to an unwanted urge (i.e. consumption) delays the recurrence of urges in the short-run, but increases their long-run frequency. The theory offers new predictions as to how the frequency, levels, cue-dependence, and temporal consistency of consumption evolve during habituation, while uniquely capturing near-term substitution in demand across time. New welfare implications for restrictions on consumption and on marketing are also addressed.


In this chapter the author talks about her doctoral research that involved studying interactions of Salmonella with phagocytes in vitro. The aim of this work was to study the cellular immune response to salmonellae, first by using mouse cells and then moving on to a human system. At that time, knowledge of the intricacies and complexities of the immune system was rudimentary, and the author's work did not clarify the inconsistencies already present in the literature regarding the intracellular fate of microorganisms. Early on, several clinical microbiologists began to assess critically microbiological procedures that either were already in place or coming into use. They also championed the publication of journals and manuals specifically devoted to this discipline. The areas in which the author was especially interested were blood culture instruments and automated and nonautomated rapid identification systems, especially for blood culture isolates and anaerobes. These types of studies were important for determining which systems were accurate, cost-effective, and easily integrated into the work flow of the laboratory. Clearly, the field of clinical microbiology is undergoing changes that could not have been foreseen when the author first entered it. The author expects that like the forerunners who were active in the early days of her career, the new generation of clinical microbiologists will find ways to meet the challenges and bring further regard and advancement to this discipline.


Politicians appear increasingly willing to
comment on active legal cases – in
traditional or new media – in ways which
may interfere with the administration of
justice.
For example, during the 2016
manslaughter trial of an NHS Trust and
anaesthetist for the death of Frances
Cappuccini, Jeremy Hunt, the Health
Secretary, tweeted Ms Cappuccini's
picture and wrote 'Tragic case from which
huge lessons must be learned'. The trial
judge ordered Hunt to remove the tweet
saying 'in a very serious case, it could be
regarded as a contempt of court'.
Similarly, before the conclusion of Andy
Coulson's trial for conspiracy to cause
misconduct in public office, David Cameron
made a televised apology for employing
him, saying that Coulson had given 'false
assurances'. The judge 'expressed his
dismay' at the statement, and noted that
'politicians from across the political
spectrum' had commented about Coulson
during the trial.
Cameron was previously criticised for
saying he was a 'massive fan' of Nigella
Lawson during the fraud trial of two of
Lawson's assistants. The trial judge
instructed the jury to ignore Cameron's
comments calling them 'regrettable'.
When published, such comments may
create 'a substantial risk that the course of
justice in ... proceedings … will be seriously
impeded or prejudiced', a contempt under
the Contempt of Court Act 1981.
Proceedings for such a contempt 'shall not
be instituted except by or with the consent
of the Attorney General or on the motion
of a court having jurisdiction to deal with
it'.
In this paper, I review the Attorney
General's role in cases where a contempt
may be committed by a political colleague
or opponent. I consider the rationale
underlying the AG's role in contempt
cases, the legitimacy of his/her role in
political cases, whether a charge of
political bias would be inevitable and
possible alternatives.


A variety of therapeutic modalities, from implant to conventional Maryland prosthesis, can be used for the replacement of a missing anterior tooth. Whenever a minimal tooth reduction is preferred, a fiber reinforced composite (FRC) prosthesis could be a good alternative to conventional prosthetic techniques, chiefly as temporary restoration before making a final decision on the treatment. The purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical procedure of fabricating anterior chairside FRC prosthesis with pre-impregnated unidirectional E-glass fibers and veneered particulate filler composite. Fiberreinforced composite in combination with adhesive technology appears to be a promising treatment option for replacing missing teeth. However, further and long-term clinical investigation will be required to provide additional information on the survival of directly-bonded anterior fixed prosthesis made with FRC systems.


Since the mathematicians of ancient Greece until Fermat, since Gauss until today; the way how the primes along the numerical straight line are distributed has become perhaps the most difficult math problem; many people believe that their distribution is chaotic, governed only by the laws of chance. In this article the author tries to resolve satisfactorily all matter related to the distance between primes, based on the determination of a lower bound for the primes counting function, the estimate of Legendre's conjecture, and the iterative method for solving equations.


Assessing the potential for black carbon (BC) and dust deposition to reduce albedo and accelerate glacier melt is of interest in Washington because snow and glacier melt are an important source of water resources, and glaciers are retreating. In August 2012 on Snow Dome, Mount Olympus, Washington, we measured snow surface spectral albedo and collected surface snow samples and a 7 m ice core. The snow and ice samples were analyzed for iron (Fe, used as a dust proxy) via inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry, total impurity content gravimetrically, BC using a single‐particle soot photometer (SP2), and charcoal through microscopy. In the 2012 summer surface snow, BC (54 ± 50 µg/L), Fe (367±236 µg/L) and gravimetric impurity (35 ± 18 mg/L) concentrations were spatially variable, and measured broadband albedo varied between 0.67–0.74. BC and dust concentrations in the ice core 2011 summer horizon were a magnitude higher (BC = 3120 µg/L, Fe = 22000 µg/L, and gravimetric impurity = 1870 mg/L), corresponding to a modeled broadband albedo of 0.45 based on the measured BC and gravimetric impurity concentrations. The Big Hump forest fire is the likely source for the higher concentrations. Modeling constrained by measurements indicates that the all‐sky 12 h daily mean radiative forcings in summer 2012 and 2011 range between 37–53 W m−2 and 112–149 W m−2, respectively, with the greater forcings in 2011 corresponding to a 29–38 mm/d enhancement in snowmelt. The timing of the forest fire impurity deposition is coincident with an increase in observed discharge in the Hoh River, highlighting the potential for BC and dust deposition on glaciers from forest fires to accelerate melt.


Developers of this collection were unable to locate and contact the author prior to posting this article. If, for any reason, the author or other interested parties have objection to the posting of this item, please contact the Scholarly Communication Librarian, Washington State University, PO Box 645610, Pullman, WA 99164-5610


Media applications are amongst the most demanding services requiring high amounts of network capacity as well as extremely low latency for synchronous audio-visual streaming in production quality. Recent technological advances in the 5G domain hold the promise to unlock the potential of the media industry by offering high quality media services through dynamic efficient resource allocation. Actual implementations are now required to validate whether advanced media applications can be realised benefiting from ultra-low latency, very-high bandwidth and flexible dynamic configuration offered by these new 5G networks. A truly integrated approach is needed that focuses on the media applications not only on the management of generic network functions and the orchestration of resources at the various radio, fronthaul/backhaul, edge and core network segments. The H2020 5G PPP Phase 2 project 5GMEDIA [1] leverages new options for more flexible, ad-hoc and cost-effective production workflows by replacing dedicated lines and hardware equipment with software functions (VNFs) facilitating (semi-) automated smart production in remote locations. Highly scalable virtualized media services deployed on or close to the edge reduce complexity for the user, ensure operational reliability and increase the Quality of Experience (QoE). Virtual compression engines have the potential to replace dedicated encoder/decoder hardware while the network optimisation (Cognitive Network Optimizer) in combination with the Quality of Service (QoS) monitoring helps to overcome the current internet best-effort principle and ensures that the required performance needs are met at all times. Keywords—Remote production, smart production, mobile contribution, broadcasting, SDN, NFV, edge computing, NFVI,


In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of vehicles which have been equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices. These devices generate huge volumes of trace data, and information extracted from these traces could significantly help transportation planners with routine tasks and special studies. However, extracting information from trace data is a challenging problem because of the proliferation of GPS devices and the rate at which trace data is generated. One approach for handling this problem is to compress the GPS data in such a way that the amount of information lost due to compression is as small as possible. During the period of this project, the focus was on the design, implementation and evaluation of GPS trajectory compression algorithms that can achieve specified compression rates while minimizing the information loss due to compression. This work has led to new algorithms for compressing single and multiple GPS traces.


Legal scholarship on intellectual property needs to be reoriented to consider how state action helps to generate the infrastructure of emerging fields in ways that prove conducive to their development. In this Article, I contribute to that reorientation through an in-depth analysis of one important emerging technology, synthetic biology. The ambition of synthetic biology is to make biology easier to engineer through standardization and associated technical processes. Early successes indicate the scientific promise of the field and help to explain why its advocates are concerned to see the field develop in an open and publicly beneficial manner. What openness might mean in the patent-dominated context of biotechnology remains unclear, however, and requires a reassessment of software's "copyleft" concept that provided initial inspiration to the scientists and activists working on open synthetic biology. In this Article, I focus on the efforts of the BioBricks Foundation (BBF), the leading non-profit in synthetic biology, to promote the open development of the field. I explore the rationale behind the BBF's decision to pursue a "public domain" strategy via a new legal agreement, the BioBrickTM Public Agreement. The success of open development in synthetic biology depends, however, not only on the particular form of legal license or agreement used to govern the distribution of innovation, but on overcoming what I call "infrastructure gaps" that inhibit cooperative action toward collective outcomes. Such cooperation is the hallmark of peer production projects in the information economy and the hope of many synthetic biologists is to replicate that success in biotechnology. The viability of this public domain strategy for open synthetic biology depends on establishing peer production without the backing of legal coercion provided through a "share-alike" licensing provision as seen in free software. In scrutinizing the motivations behind peer production, I borrow from recent philosophical work to argue for the potential rationality of decentralized cooperation, even where individual contributions to a collective project are small. Such cooperation depends, however, on threshold effects that mark points where individual contributions become efficacious in producing desired collective outcomes. In many emerging fields, including synthetic biology, these thresholds may be characterized by the presence or absence of shared technical platforms that enable further innovation. to say, anyone reading this text—are in his debt. And if the twenty-first century sees the open development of beneficial biotechnologies, that, too, will be owing partly to Mark's early efforts. This Article would have been much improved by his insights and advice, which he always gave so generously to the many projects and people he supported in his wondrously full life. He is missed. Winter 2017 OPENNESS IN SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 145 Platforms are special kinds of infrastructure, as recent work from law and political economy has shown. The question of how such platforms are to be produced requires considering further the role of state action in infrastructure provision. I argue that the success of openness in synthetic biology depends on meeting infrastructural prerequisites that are mainly, if not exclusively, provided through state action. Such state action may proceed, however, through "hidden" modalities of the kind that theorists of industrial organization have identified, and which ought to be a central concern of legal scholars and advocates interested in the theory and practice of open source technology development. 146 STANFORD TECHNOLOGY LAW REVIEW Vol. 20:143


Cultural management of weeds in turfgrass is the use of mowing, fertilization, irrigation, cultivation, planting, and turfgrass selection to affect weed populations. There is consensus in the literature on a few cultural factors influencing some weeds in cool-season turfgrasses. Taller mowing height, 4 to 8 cm, depending on turfgrass, reduces populations of crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.) in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and fescues (Festuca spp.). A high rate of N fertilization (100-300 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) reduces populations of crabgrasses, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers), and other broadleaf weeds in cool-season turfgrasses. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) may be favored by this high rate of fertilization. Fertilization of turfgrasses when they are not actively growing increases weeds. Slow-growing grasses such as zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) have more weeds at high N fertilization rate. Environmental stresses including drought injury, unnecessary aeration or vertical mowing, biotic stress such as nematode and insect herbivory, and diseases contribute to weed colonization. Adapted cultivars and species of turfgrasses that are genetically resistant to biotic and environmental stresses have the fewest weed problems. Adapted turfgrasses can sometimes be effectively managed in the absence of herbicides, especially if they are well established. The generalized mechanisms for cultural management of weeds are poorly understood. Research is needed on optimizing the choices of herbicide and/or cultural practices as part of an integrated management system for turfgrass.


Extraterrestrial materials contain a diversity of ferromagnetic phases, ranging from common terrestrial oxides to exotic metal alloys and silicides. Because of their great age and remote provenance, meteorites provide a unique window on early solar system magnetic fields and the differentiation of other bodies. Interpreting the records of meteorites is complicated by their poorly understood rock magnetic properties and unfamiliar secondary processing by shock and low-temperature phase transformations. Here we review our current understanding of the mineral magnetism of meteorites and the implications for magnetic fields on their parent bodies.


How Rich Countries Got Rich is a narrative history of modern economic development from the Italian Renaissance to the present day. In it Erik S. Reinert shows how rich countries developed through a combination of government intervention, protectionism, and strategic investment. Reinert suggests that this set of policies in various combinations has driven successful development from Renaissance Italy to the modern Far East. Yet despite its demonstrable success, orthodox development economists have largely ignored this approach and insisted instead on the importance of free trade. Reinert presents a strongly revisionist history of economics and shows how the discipline has long been torn between the continental Renaissance tradition on one hand and the free market theories of English and later American economics on the other. He argues that our economies were founded on protectionism and state activism and could only later afford the luxury of free trade. When our leaders come to lecture poor countries on the right road to riches they do so in almost perfect ignorance of the real history of mass affluence.


Keeping a leash on cancer-killing cells Redirecting the immune system to attack tumor cells is proving to be an effective therapy against cancer. However, when patients are exposed to T cells engineered to recognize and attack cancer cells, there is a risk of runaway or excessive activity or of off-target effects, both of which can themselves be deadly. Wu et al. designed T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors that recognize and attack cancer cells with an additional control system. This mechanism would allow a doctor administering the therapy to turn the engineered T cell "on" or "off" by administering a small molecule that is required along with cancer cell antigen to stimulate the T cells and activate their tumor cell–killing properties. Science, this issue p. 10.1126/science.aab4077 Engineering a fail-safe control mechanism in cancer-targeted T cells. INTRODUCTION Cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising treatment modality for diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity. T cells engineered with synthetic receptors known as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have proven effective in eliminating chemotherapy-resistant forms of B cell cancers. Such CAR T cells recognize antigens on the surface of tumor cells and eliminate them. However, CAR T cells also have adverse effects, including life-threatening inflammatory side effects associated with their potent immune activity. Risks for severe toxicity present a key challenge to the effective administration of such cell-based therapies on a routine basis. RATIONALE Concerns about the potential for severe toxicity of cellular therapeutics primarily stem from a lack of precise control over the activity of the therapeutic cells once they are infused into patients. Exogenously imposed specific regulation over the location, duration, and intensity of the therapeutic activities of engineered cells would therefore be desirable. One way to achieve the intended control is to use small molecules to gate cellular functions. Small molecules with desired pharmacologic properties could be systemically or locally administered at varying dosages to achieve refined temporal and spatial control over engineered therapeutic cells. RESULTS We developed an ON-switch CAR that enables small molecule–dependent, titratable, and reversible control over CAR T cell activity. ON-switch CAR T cells required not only a cognate antigen but also a priming small molecule to activate their therapeutic functions. Depending on the amount of small molecule present, ON-switch CAR T cells exhibited titratable therapeutic activity, from undetectable to as strong as that of conventional CAR T cells. The ON-switch CAR was constructed by splitting key signaling and recognition modules into distinct polypeptides appended to small molecule–dependent heterodimerizing domains. The ON-switch CAR design is modular; different antigen recognition domains and small-molecule dimerizing modules can be swapped in. CONCLUSION The ON-switch CAR exemplifies a simple and effective strategy to integrate cell-autonomous decision-making (e.g., detection of disease signals) with exogenous, reversible user control. The rearrangement and splitting of key modular components provides a simple strategy for achieving integrated multi-input regulation. This work also highlights the importance of developing optimized bio-inert, orthogonal control agents such as small molecules and light, together with their cellular cognate response components, in order to advance precision-controlled cellular therapeutics. Titratable control of engineered therapeutic T cells through an ON-switch chimeric antigen receptor. A conventional CAR design activates T cells upon target cell engagement but can yield severe toxicity due to excessive immune response. The ON-switch CAR design, which has a split architecture, requires a priming small molecule, in addition to the cognate antigen, to trigger therapeutic functions. The magnitude of responses such as target cell killing can be titrated by varying the dosage of small molecule to mitigate toxicity. scFv, single-chain variable fragment; ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. There is growing interest in using engineered cells as therapeutic agents. For example, synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can redirect T cells to recognize and eliminate tumor cells expressing specific antigens. Despite promising clinical results, these engineered T cells can exhibit excessive activity that is difficult to control and can cause severe toxicity. We designed "ON-switch" CARs that enable small-molecule control over T cell therapeutic functions while still retaining antigen specificity. In these split receptors, antigen-binding and intracellular signaling components assemble only in the presence of a heterodimerizing small molecule. This titratable pharmacologic regulation could allow physicians to precisely control the timing, location, and dosage of T cell activity, thereby mitigating toxicity. This work illustrates the potential of combining cellular engineering with orthogonal chemical tools to yield safer therapeutic cells that tightly integrate cell-autonomous recognition and user control.


A growing number of children are affected by parental substance misuse, and policy and practice increasingly recognise the need to tackle the problems that this causes. Currently, the needs of older children are less well known or addressed. This study explores the experiences of 38 young people, aged 15–27 years, who had at least one parent with a drug or alcohol problem. The research was conducted using in-depth qualitative interviews, incorporating a 'life grid', to examine what these young people reported about their childhoods, their current situation and their futures. Both men and women participated in the study, from diverse backgrounds. Participants were recruited through a range of formal and informal settings.


Assessing acutely unwell children with wheezing illness is a daily activity for an acute paediatrician. It is one of the most common presentations in unscheduled care.1 Judgements are made clinically on the severity of acute dyspnoea and treatment commenced. The response to treatment and the need to escalate the treatment or the decision to discharge or admit to hospital will depend on those clinical judgements. Research evidences for the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments are also based on clinical outcomes. These need to be considered sufficiently robust and valid to represent a primary outcome of sufficient quality to demonstrate differences in treatment. In acutely wheezy children, there have been many attempts to validate clinical scores for use both clinically and for research purposes. Indeed there are over 35 severity scores for use in assessing acutely dyspnoeic wheezy children.2

Are these measurements and scores sufficiently accurate for use clinically and for use in research? There are three key features to consider: validity, reliability and utility. Each one of these qualities is composed of a number of features. 'Validity' comprises face validity, content validity, construct validity and criterion-concurrent validity. 'Reliability' is composed of measurement error, interobserver reliability, intraobserver reliability, internal consistency and responsiveness. Utility is made up of suitability, age span covered, ease of scoring, skills required to complete the score, the 'floor to ceiling effect' and interpretability.2 It is clear that none of the scores used in this field have had full detailed development addressing all of these features.2

Thus, it is important to …


This paper describes a new technique for determining the pin power in heterogeneous core calculations. It is based on a domain decomposition with overlapping sub-domains and a component mode synthesis technique for the global flux determination. Local basis functions are used to span a discrete space that allows fundamental global mode approximation through a Galerkin technique. Two approaches are given to obtain these local basis functions: in the first one (Component Mode Synthesis method), the first few spatial eigenfunctions are computed on each sub-domain, using periodic boundary conditions. In the second one (Factorized Component Mode Synthesis method), only the fundamental mode is computed, and we use a factorization principle for the flux in order to replace the higher order Eigenmodes. These different local spatial functions are extended to the global domain by defining them as zero outside the sub-domain. These methods are well-fitted for heterogeneous core calculations because the spatial interface modes are taken into account in the domain decomposition. Although these methods could be applied to higher order angular approximations - particularly easily to a SPN approximation - the numerical results we provide are obtained using a diffusion model. We show the methods' accuracy for reactor cores loaded withmore » UOX and MOX assemblies, for which standard reconstruction techniques are known to perform poorly. Furthermore, we show that our methods are highly and easily parallelizable. (authors)« less


Jan Bureš, an exceptionally humane, creative, and gifted experimentalist who died on August 24, 2012 at the age of 86, is rightly viewed as one of the founding fathers of modern neuroscience. Jan was born June 13, 1926 in the Czech Republic, and soon after studying medicine, established with Olga Burešova, his wife and lifelong collaborator, the Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory in the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences in Prague. The laboratory was to become internationally renowned as an intellectual oasis and a hub of innovation. Already in the 1950s, at a quite young age, Jan Bureš had made his mark, first with his doctoral work on epilepsy and then with his seminal research on cortical spreading depression. Jan and Olga brought that phenomenon under experimental control, worked out the mechanism, then by using it to temporarily inactivate brain regions during select phases of learning, they pioneered the concept of a reversible brain lesion that remains central to contemporary attempts to dissect the brain circuits of learning and memory. Jan participated in the famous Moscow Colloquium (1958), and his chapter in the 1960 volume helped bring his work to the attention of a western audience. Not long after that, young scientists from the west came to Prague to do postdoctoral work with Jan, establishing an international flavor that permeated laboratory life and remained throughout all of Jan's years. De facto, the lab was an international training center. Jan mentored over 100 graduate and postdoctoral students and visiting scientists from at least 27 different countries. Jan Bureš was the consummate tinkerer. He invented devices, he created experimental paradigms and constructed apparatus, he developed electrophysiological techniques. He wrote important books, and published nearly 500 papers (the latest in PNAS this year). His publications ranged over topics as diverse as interhemispheric transfer of memory, conditioned taste aversion, epilepsy, and many more. Since the late 1990s Jan focused on spatial and cognitive learning in various species, including human patient populations. He has always elevated testing and eschewed theorizing. He was a passionate and masterful experimentalist. Jan Bureš played a very important role in national and international neuroscience. He participated in the joint Soviet and USA conference that got IBRO going in the early 1960s, then served on its Central and Governing Councils until the late 1990s. He was influential in many other societies, and on the board of innumerable journals. He was a prodigious reviewer, and a tough one too. Jan Bureš received many honors and awards in his lifetime, including election as a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). Despite his prominence, Jan was always accessible and eagerly accepted virtually every motivated student and opportunity for a new collaboration. No summing up of Jan Bureš' life is possible that fails to stress his humanity. He, indeed he and Olga together, lived as principled a life, as humane a life, as one can imagine in the circumstances they found themselves in. Jan Bureš was unfailingly nice, even when he was being harshly truthful. He looked for and inspired the best in people. He was a font of wisdom about science, about central Europe, about Prague, about life.


The numbers of fires detected on forest, savanna and transition lands during the 2002–10 biomass burning seasons in Amazonia are shown using fire count data and co-located land cover classifications from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The ratio of forest fires to savanna fires has varied substantially over the study period, with a maximum ratio of 0.65:1 in 2005 and a minimum ratio of 0.27:1 in 2009, with the four lowest years occurring in 2007–10. The burning during the droughts of 2007 and 2010 is attributed to a higher number of savanna fires relative to the drought of 2005. A decrease in the regional mean single scattering albedo of biomass burning aerosols, consistent with the shift from forest to savanna burning, is also shown. During the severe drought of 2010, forest fire detections were lower in many areas compared with 2005, even though the drought was more severe in 2010. This result suggests that improved fire management practices, including stricter burning regulations as well as lower deforestation burning, may have reduced forest fires in 2010 relative to 2005 in some areas of the Amazon Basin.


This paper analyses old-age retirement decisions of Slovenian men and women eligible to retire in the period 1997-2003. In addition to established market economies, relatively high hazard rates of retirement are found, which decline with age. This peculiar pattern can be partly attributed to weak incentives to work inherent in the design of social security and is reflected in predominantly negative values of accruals and to transition-specific increases in wage inequality in the late 1980 and early 1990s. The authors also find that the probability of retirement increases with social security wealth and decreases with net wages, although the response to option value to work, with controlling for wage differences, is rather weak. The results also imply that less educated persons, persons with great private wealth and persons entitled to severance payment are more likely to retire.


The Swiss commodity sector has come under increasing scrutiny in the last few years as a result of the substantial growth experienced by global commodity trade since 2002 and the importance of Switzerland as a leading international commodity trading hub. These developments have put commodity trading squarely on the agenda of Swiss institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Swiss academia has also started engaging in the debate, but faced considerable challenges in contributing to an informed dialogue due to the overall paucity of data still surrounding cross-border and transit activities of Swiss-based commodity companies active in physical and derivatives trading, and the consequent substantial gaps in existing literature as to the impacts associated with commodity investment and trading in Switzerland and in host countries. This paper aims at identifying main knowledge gaps and providing a basis for further academic research on commodity investment and trading, while informing current policy debates and decision-making processes in Switzerland. Research for this paper was jointly conducted by the World Trade Institute (WTI) of the University of Bern, the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of the University of Bern, and the Institute for Business Ethics (IWE) of the University of St. Gallen (all Switzerland). The paper was written in the context of the project "Global change and Developing Countries: Why should we care?" managed by the Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries (KFPE) and the Forum for Climate and Global Change (ProClim). This paper was kindly co-sponsored by the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), and the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN).


Within the line of teacher training, we present in this work aspects of a research with future elementary school teachers, where we focus on understanding how students of the University of Granada interpret the objective as an analysis element of a school mathematical task, framed within the Didactic Analysis as a functional tool in the initial formation. A qualitative methodology has been followed through content analysis. The antecedents show the importance of the school tasks to favor mathematics learning and the results show us the difficulty that the future teachers present to establish and to define the objective of a school mathematical task.


National and international policies have called for the inclusion of Indigenous peoples and the uptake of Indigenous knowledge alongside Western knowledge in natural resource management. Such policy decisions have led to a recent proliferation of research projects seeking to apply both Indigenous and Western knowledge in water research and management. While these policies require people with knowledge from both Western and Indigenous perspectives to collaborate and share knowledge, how best to create and foster these partnerships is less understood. To elicit this understanding, 17 semi-structured interviews were completed with academic researchers from Canada and Australia who conduct integrative water research. Participants, most of whom were non-Indigenous, were asked to expand on their experiences in conducting integrative water research projects, and findings were thematically analyzed. Our findings suggest that Indigenous and Western knowledge systems influence how one relates to water, and that partnerships require a recognition and acceptance of these differences. We learned that community-based participatory research approaches, and the associated tenets of fostering mutual trust and community ownership for such an approach, are integral to the meaningful engagement that is essential for developing collaborative partnerships to implement both Indigenous and Western knowledge systems and better care for water.


This paper assesses CO2 mitigation strategies in Delhi and Mumbai against the dynamics of local pollutants. After testing against techno-economic feasibility, compressed natural gas (CNG) technology, four-stroke two-wheelers and battery-operated vehicles (BOV) were selected as candidate options for Mumbai and Delhi. Multiple constrained optimisation for finding out the optimal mix of vehicles to meet the travel demand under the business-as-usual scenario for the period of CO2 mitigation targets of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% resulted in reduced stock of diesel and petrol vehicles, with the reduction spanning over different points of the above time period. In the case of Mumbai, battery-operated three-wheelers dominated the vehicular mix, with the share of CNG vehicles remaining at a standard level. CO2 reduction targets did not influence the CNG option significantly. CO2 mitigation influenced the dynamics of local pollutants considerably in both Delhi and Mumbai. In Delhi, TSP and SOx reduction levels against the CO2 mitigation target were found to be significant. In Mumbai, the percentage reduction in local pollution (TSP in particular) was higher than the target CO2 reduction. Local pollutants other than TSP and SOx showed an increasing trend against the CO2 mitigation strategies in Delhi. In the case of Mumbai, all non-target pollutants showed a falling trend against the CO2 mitigation strategies, though insignificantly for pollutants other than TSP and SOx.


With the increased interest in bainitic steels, fundamental understanding of the bainite transformationis of major importance. Unfortunately, the research on bainite has been hampered by an oldcontroversy on its formation mechanism. Over the years two quite different theories have developedclaiming to describe the bainite transformation i.e. the diffusionless and the diffusion controlledtheory. In this thesis, attention is directed towards fundamental understanding of the bainitetransformation and both experimental and theoretical approaches are used in order to reveal its truenatureIn the first part of this thesis the symmetry in the Fe-C phase diagram is studied. It is based on ametallographic mapping of microstructures using light optical microscopy and scanning electronmicroscopy in a high carbon steel. The mapping revealed symmetries both with respect to temperatureand carbon content and an acicular eutectoid with cementite as the leading phase was found andidentified as inverse bainite. By accepting that all the eutectoid microstructures forms by diffusion ofcarbon, one may explain the existence of symmetries in the Fe-C phase diagram. Additional supportof its existence is obtained from an observation of symmetries in an alloyed steel. From the performedwork it was concluded that the existence of symmetries among the eutectoid microstructures fromaustenite supports the idea that bainite forms by a diffusion controlled transformation.In the second part the growth of bainite is considered. An experimental study using laser scanningconfocal microscopy was performed and growth rates of the transformation products from austenite ina high carbon, high chromium steel was analysed. The growth rate measurements reveals the kineticrelation between Widmanstatten cementite and the acicular eutectoid previously identified as inversebainite which confirms its existence and the conclusions drawn in the first part. In addition, in-situobservations of bainite formation below Ms provide additional support for the diffusion controlledtheory for bainite formation.The final part of the work is a study of the critical conditions for the formation of acicular ferrite.Based on experimental information found in the literature a thermodynamic analysis is performed inview of the two theories. The results demonstrate that the governing process for Fe-C alloys cannot bediffusionless but both kinds of processes can formally be used for predicting Bs temperatures for Fe-Calloys.


To study the macro-characteristics of high dispersion sprays were analyzed using laser sheet and high speed camera. The injection pressure was 24.5 MPa, the chamber pressure was 0.098, 0.98 or 1.96 MPa, where the amount of injected fuel was 28.5 mg per cycle, and the injection frequency was 8.3 Hz. The spray dispersion rate was defined and used to evaluate the spray. As a result, at atmospheric chamber pressure, the conical spray and grooved-slope nozzle spray both have a conical pattern, but at high chamber pressure, the sprays become three dimensional. Also the sprays don't have a liquid core, they have an air region in the center of the sprays. The penetration of the grooved-slope nozzle spray was 25% stronger than that of the conical spray.


Chirped-pulse phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry has shown a remarkable performance when applied to dynamic measurements of strain and temperature, recently reaching ranges of several kilometers while interrogating the fiber at acoustic frequencies. In this work, its sensitivity, fast response, and high spatial resolution are exploited to implement a proof-of-concept of a selective distributed chemical sensor based on the photothermal effect. The presented scheme is able to perform distributed spectroscopic measurements of acetylene presence along a 10 m-long holey fiber. This potentially gives rise to a new kind of distributed chemical sensors capable of tracking the concentration of chemical species over kilometres.


The article presents a new method for rigorous simulation of the light diffraction on one-dimensional gratings. The method is capable to solve metal-dielectric structures in linear time and consumed memory with respect to structure complexity. Exceptional performance and convergence for metal gratings are achieved by implementing a curvilinear coordinate transformation into the generalized source method previously developed for dielectric gratings.


There are many stereotypes that older adults in nursing homes are "snowed" and not cared for properly by "burnt out" and "careless" nursing staff. The purpose of this project was to explore professionals in skilled nursing facilities attempting to meet the Minnesota Department of Health mandate to decrease the amount of antipsychotic medication usage among older adults with dementia. The research placed a focus on non-pharmacological interventions with an emphasis on music therapy. Using a qualitative design, six subjects were interviewed regarding their experiences, successes, challenges and non-pharmacological efforts that are being implemented in their facility. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach and then through the lens of the mandate and were categorized by theme and subthemes. The data were related back to the literature and the findings indicated that all participating facilities were having success in their attempts to meet this mandate or were beginning to make attempts to meet this mandate. These findings emphasize the importance of taking a non-pharmacological approach with older adults with behaviors related to dementia but further training, research and practice are needed for continued and future success in relation to antipsychotic medication reduction and nonpharmacological approaches for older adults with dementia in these settings.


In this thesis the description, analysis and control of time-delayed multivariable processes are investigated, particularly the descriptions of multivariable processes that facilitate a multi variable extension of the Smith predictor. Two new pseudo-commutativity results for matrix multiplication are presented. These results are used to show that a general time-delayed transfer function can be decomposed into three components representing input-delays, output-delays and the delay-free dynamics of the process. It is also shown that any such time-delayed transfer function can also be written in a form in which all the delays appear as output-delays. These time-delayed transfer functions are used in the development of a multivariable Smith predictor. It is also shown that the pseudo-commutativity results can be applied to non-delayed processes. In particular a new method, based on these results, for reformulating a transfer function description of a process as a state-space description is developed. A case study of a time-delayed process is investigated.


The recent spate of mass public shootings in the United States raises important questions about how these tragic events might impact mass opinion and public policy. Integrating research on focusing events, contextual effects and perceived threat, this article stipulates that residing near a mass shooting should increase support for gun control by making the threat of gun violence more salient. Drawing upon multiple data sources on mass public shootings paired with large-N survey data, it demonstrates that increased proximity to a mass shooting is associated with heightened public support for stricter gun control. Importantly, the results show that this effect does not vary by partisanship, but does vary as a function of salience-related event factors, such as repetition, magnitude and recency. Critically, the core result is replicated using panel data. Together, these results suggest a process of context-driven policy feedback between existing gun laws, egregious gun violence and demand for policy change.


In this paper we address the question whether fiscal incentives and regulation are the most appropriate tools to increase productivity in energy sector. Doubts exist about whether these are the most effective tools for improving productivity since changes in productivity are usually related to changes in technological progress. We use a vector autoregressive model to study this problem. Our purpose is to identify the shocks which induce movements in productivity, and to measure the productivity response to each shock separately. We use economic theory about long run impacts of different shocks to identify the empirical model. The key indentifying restriction is that the level of productivity is determined in the long run by shocks to technology. We find that productivity responds positively to technological shocks, leading to a transition from one equilibrium to another. Yet, non technological shocks play a minor and transitory role in explaining productivity growth. All these evidences cast doubt on the effectiveness of the current European community policy for development and innovation in energy sector based mainly on fiscal incentives and regulations.


SUMMARY Because of their isolation, biotic communities of urban green spaces are expected to be similar to those of oceanic islands. This should be particularly true for insects, which represent an important component of urban faunas. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) allows for the formulation of some hypotheses regarding the influence of the geographical characteristics of green spaces on insect species richness and extinction risk. Based on island biogeography principles, we present eight predictions on how green space characteristics should influence insect species richness and loss. We analysed the current literature in order to determine which predictions were supported and which were not. We found that many studies gave outcomes that support ETIB predictions about the effects of area and isolation of green spaces; we found no strong support for predictions about shape and extent of native habitat in the literature that we reviewed. Most of the available studies dealt with patterns in species richness, whereas insect species loss has been rarely investigated. Future developments in the application of island biogeography principles to urban insect conservation should address temporal trends in species persistence and the analysis of species co-occurrence and nestedness.


Originally published in 1990, this acclaimed language-instruction text is recognized as one of the most user-friendly and effective programs available both for classroom use and self-study. Based on a notional-functional approach, which emphasizes the social purpose of language, Japanese for Everyone takes the absolute beginning student to a level where he or she can communicate well in everyday situations. Because the world has seen such dramatic changes since the books publication, Japanese for Everyone has been revised and updated to reflect the way we live today, including references to currency, prices and technology, maps colloquialisms and slang. The course is divided into twenty-seven lessons, with each lesson consisting of dialogues and expressions in Japanese, together with useful cultural information enabling students to use the language as a native speaker would in a variety of real-life situations. Since the meaning and use of language in communication is the main focus, full attention is given to grammar and structure practice to hone the students ability to apply new material. Moreover, ample opportunities for written and oral practice are built into every lesson. Each lesson begins with a chapter from a continuing story, followed by functional explanations and exercises which encourage the learner to take an active part in the lessons. Equal importance is given to the development of oral and written skills; and limited use of romaji helps the student learn hiragana and katakana faster.


While theoretically the terms food sovereignty and food security are often very differently nuanced, in practice they commonly provide valuable and complementary foundations for food system transformation. Our goal is to illuminate spaces where food is/has been a lever for change through a combination of food security and food sovereignty initiatives that resulted in shifts with the potential for structural transformation. We provide examples from municipal, regional, national and global scales that illuminate synergistic and fluid relationships between the two concepts and how they are/can be used to activate change. These spaces reveal that the two terms complement, rather than undermine each other, as they often (though not always) represent similar rather than competing values.


China's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) now comprise over 60 percent of the largest 500 companies in China and more than 10 percent of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world. Despite their importance to China's domestic economy and foreign investment strategy, many governance characteristics of the SOEs remain a black box, one of which is the SOEs' executive composition and recruitment development. This Article shifts away from the typical focus on how the things function (e.g. ownership structure and board of directors) to who the people in charge are, which is an important approach to understanding corporate governance and economic development in countries with weak legal institutions. It investigates the legal guidelines of SOE executive recruitment and the evolution of educational, political and career attributes of the CEOs of China's large SOEs over the past decade. This Article utilizes legal, historical, sociological, and comparative methods to explain the change and stability of the executive composition in China's large SOEs. The executive recruitment shows an orientation toward politically-bounded and firm-specific professionalism as well as some faint potential of bottom-up and competition-driven marketization. The recruitment guidelines and empirical findings in this Article raise questions about the adequacy and capacity of existing international laws and enforcement in coping with the rise of Chinese SOEs, the challenges to improving Chinese corporate governance, and the underlying forces that form apparent similarities in elite composition across countries.


Abstract Learning analytics is receiving increased attention, in part because it offers to assist educational institutions in increasing student retention, improving student success, and easing the burden of accountability. Although these large-scale issues are worthy of consideration, faculty might also be interested in how they can use learning analytics in their own courses to help their students succeed. In this paper, we define learning analytics, how it has been used in educational institutions, what learning analytics tools are available, and how faculty can make use of data in their courses to monitor and predict student performance. Finally, we discuss several issues and concerns with the use of learning analytics in higher education.


We ran a survey experiment with Dutch employers to investigate hiring discrimination in sex-typical jobs. We ask if women are especially discriminated against when they have children, whether discrimination applies similarly in different occupations, and whether statistical discrimination or status-characteristic theories best account for discriminatory practices (if any).Employers rate fictitious candidates for either a female-typical job (primary-school teacher) or a male-typical job (software engineer). Employers are found to display a slight preference for female candidates when filling a teacher post, although such bias is less strong for female applicants with children. No such ranking is found for a software engineer vacancy, nor do we find different salary offers across candidates and across vacancies. Employers do not appear to favour men over women for positions likely to be on the career track, as predicted by statistical discrimination theories, nor do they expect women to be less capable than men, as posited by status-characteristic theory. Female candidates with children, however, are expected to be less committed to their job and work fewer hours, especially in the teacher experiment. Such expectations seem to have small consequences for the hiring decisions and salary offers Dutch employers make in our study.


Near-death experiences (NDEs) refer to profound psychological events that can have an important impact on the experiencers' (NDErs) lives. Previous studies have shown that NDEs memories are phenomenologically rich. In the present study, we therefore aimed to extract the common themes (referred to as "features" in the NDE literature) reported by NDErs by analyzing all the concepts stored in the narratives of their experiences. A qualitative thematic analysis has been carried out on 34 cardiac arrest survivors' NDE narratives. Our results shed the light on the structure of the narratives by identifying 10 "time-bounded" themes which refer to isolated events encountered during the NDE and 1 "transversal" theme which characterizes the whole narrative and generally appears as a retrospective comment of self-reflection on the experience. The division of narratives into themes provides us with detailed information about the vocabulary used by NDErs to describe their experience. This established thematic method enables a rigorous description of the phenomenon, ensuring the inclusion of all self-reported manifestations of themes in narratives.


This thesis examines the use of kinaesthetic methods on the story writing of primary age children. There have been many claims by learning theorists and the protagonists of learning theories, but these have not been tested. I test the claims of one learning theory, VAK, which are quickly rejected. One aspect of the theory however is investigated in depth, the kinaesthetic element. Kinaesthetic teaching offered the hope of increased attainment as well as more purposeful learning.
Mantle of the Expert was used in the context of Literacy. It was combined with Pupil Voice, metacognition and a range of other initiatives. These initiatives together created an environment in which the children, having been taught kinaesthetically, took on the role of experts. The children's perspectives were gained using interviews, questionnaires and field notes of their comments. The role of metacognition in learning was briefly investigated. The attainment of two classes (N=57) was then compared to the national average improvement in attainment of two parts of a level using the case study approach. Results were quantitatively analysed to establish the validity of the increased attainment using the kinaesthetic method.
The main findings were that learning styles are not consistently chosen by children of primary age. The findings also indicated that the children enjoyed learning kinaesthetically and that subsequently it helped them to write. The finding that kinaesthetic teaching improved attainment could not be supported.
The findings suggest that if teaching and learning was made more practical, the children would enjoy learning and significantly enhance their attainment. The research and notably the role of the children in the study, led to the synthesis of kinaesthetic memory and emotional contagion in an educational context.


Chordoma is a primary bone cancer arising on the midline from the skull base to the sacrum. Diagnosis is often delayed because of insidious onset and nonspecific symptoms. Chordomas appear histologically low-grade but are highly invasive and often recur locally. Management centers primarily on radical en bloc surgical resection when possible. Radiation therapy using protons and/or photons is often necessary because complete resection is seldom possible due to critical location and invasion of the cancer cells into surrounding structures. No approved medical therapy exists. The high rate of recurrence is reflected by a median survival of 6 to 7 years. This article reviews the clinical management of chordoma and discusses ongoing research in the field.


A new translation of Georges Simenon's gripping tale of lost identity. Book sixteen in the new Penguin Maigret series. A man picked up for wandering in obvious distress among the cars and buses on the Grands Boulevards. Questioned in French, he remains mute...A madman? In Maigret's office, he is searched. His suit is new, his underwear is new, his shoes are new. All identifying labels have been removed. No identification papers. No wallet. Five crisp thousand-franc bills have been slipped into one of his pockets. A distressed man is found wandering the streets of Paris, with no memory of who he is or how he got there. The answers lead Maigret to a small harbour town, whose quiet citizens conceal a poisonous malice. Penguin is publishing the entire series of Maigret novels in new translations. This novel has been published in a previous translation as Death of a Harbour Master. "Compelling, remorseless, brilliant." (John Gray). "One of the greatest writers of the twentieth century...Simenon was unequalled at making us look inside, though the ability was masked by his brilliance at absorbing us obsessively in his stories." (Guardian). "A supreme writer...unforgettable vividness." (Independent).


Abstract The List Sorting Working Memory Test was designed to assess working memory (WM) as part of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. List Sorting is a sequencing task requiring children and adults to sort and sequence stimuli that are presented visually and auditorily. Validation data are presented for 268 participants ages 20 to 85 years. A subset of participants (N=89) was retested 7 to 21 days later. As expected, the List Sorting Test had moderately high correlations with other measures of working memory and executive functioning (convergent validity) but a low correlation with a test of receptive vocabulary (discriminant validity). Furthermore, List Sorting demonstrates expected changes over the age span and has excellent test–retest reliability. Collectively, these results provide initial support for the construct validity of the List Sorting Working Memory Measure as a measure of working memory. However, the relationship between the List Sorting Test and general executive function has yet to be determined. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–12)


Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Charybdis feriatus (Linnaeus) were investigated to identify suitable techniques for broodstock management and seed production. Likewise, factors such as ablation, water depth and light requirements affecting survival or reproductive performance were tested. Production of megalops in tanks and juveniles in net cages installed in earthen ponds was conducted. Wild-caught berried females produced a significantly higher number of zoeae per gram body weight (BW) of the female (3300±600) than captive spawners (867±58). Ablated and unablated crabs spawned after a month and ovaries of both had oocytes in all developmental stages after spawning, indicating that ablation was not necessary. Broodstock survived higher when stocked in 1 m-deep water and kept in dark conditions compared with shallow (0.5 m depth) water or ambient lighting. There were six zoea and one megalopa stage. Megalops were produced (survival of 2–22% in 1 tonne or 23–55% in 3 L tanks) when methods for the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskal) were used, but feeding with Artemia started only at the Z4 stage. Survival of megalops after 1 month was higher when stocked in net cages installed in an earthen pond (32–82%) than when reared continuously in land-based tanks (5–11%).


The role of the active site Cu(2+) of phenylethylamine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO) has been studied by substitution with other divalent cations, where we were able to remove >99.5% of Cu(2+) from the active site. The enzymes reconstituted with Co(2+) and Ni(2+) (Co- and Ni-AGAO) exhibited 2.2 and 0.9% activities, respectively, of the original Cu(2+)-enzyme (Cu-AGAO), but their K(m) values for amine substrate and dioxygen were comparable. X-ray crystal structures of the Co- and Ni-AGAO were solved at 2.0-1.8 A resolution. These structures revealed changes in the metal coordination environment when compared to that of Cu-AGAO. However, the hydrogen-bonding network around the active site involving metal-coordinating and noncoordinating water molecules was preserved. Upon anaerobic mixing of the Cu-, Co-, and Ni-AGAO with amine substrate, the 480 nm absorption band characteristic of the oxidized form of the topaquinone cofactor (TPQ(ox)) disappeared rapidly (< 6 ms), yielding the aminoresorcinol form of the reduced cofactor (TPQ(amr)). In contrast to the substrate-reduced Cu-AGAO, the semiquinone radical (TPQ(sq)) was not detected in Co- and Ni-AGAO. Further, in the latter, TPQ(amr) reacted reversibly with the product aldehyde to form a species with a lambda(max) at around 350 nm that was assigned as the neutral form of the product Schiff base (TPQ(pim)). Introduction of dioxygen to the substrate-reduced Co- and Ni-AGAO resulted in the formation of a TPQ-related intermediate absorbing at around 360 nm, which was assigned to the neutral iminoquinone form of the 2e(-)-oxidized cofactor (TPQ(imq)) and which decayed concomitantly with the generation of TPQ(ox). The rate of TPQ(imq) formation and its subsequent decay in Co- and Ni-AGAO was slow when compared to those of the corresponding reactions in Cu-AGAO. The low catalytic activities of the metal-substituted enzymes are due to the impaired efficiencies of the oxidative half-reaction in the catalytic cycle of amine oxidation. On the basis of these results, we propose that the native Cu(2+) ion has essential roles such as catalyzing the electron transfer between TPQ(amr) and dioxygen, in part by providing a binding site for 1e(-)- and 2e(-)-reduced dioxygen species to be efficiently protonated and released and also preventing the back reaction between the product aldehyde and TPQ(amr).


We address a scheduling problem which arises in the operations of multiple-spindle and multiple-machining unit machines with the objective of minimizing the makespan. These machines can process multiple workpieces simultaneously and perform multiple operations on the same workpiece simultaneously by using multiple tools. This characteristic of parallel machining tools leads to new practices which are not common in traditional scheduling literature. In addition to the precedence relationships, the inclusion/exclusion constraints determine which operations must/cannot be performed on the same spindle and machining unit. We first discuss the manufacturing environment and present the mathematical programming formulation of the problem. Since, this problem is NP-hard, we consider greedy construction algorithms based on dispatching rules. The greedy algorithms are effective in obtaining solutions fasts; however, the quality of the solutions is usually unsatisfactory. So, to improve the greedy solutions we implement scatter search approach with path relinking. We test the performance of the proposed method using synthetic and real data.


Chervenak and McCullough, authors of the most acknowledged ethical framework for maternal–fetal surgery, rely on the 'ethical–obstetrical' concept of the fetus as a patient in order to determine what is morally owed to fetuses by both physicians and the women who gestate them in the context of prenatal surgery. In this article, we reconstruct the argumentative structure of their framework and present an internal criticism. First, we analyse the justificatory arguments put forward by the authors regarding the moral status of the fetus qua patient. Second, we discuss the internal coherence and consistency of the moral obligations those authors derive from that concept. We claim that some of the dilemmas their approach is purported to avoid, such as the debate about the independent moral status of the fetus, and the foundation of the moral obligations of pregnant women (towards the fetuses they gestate) are not, all things considered, avoided. Chervenak and McCullough construct the obligations of physicians as obligations towards entities with equal moral status. But, at the same time, they assume that the woman has an independent moral status while the moral status of the fetus is dependent on the decision of the woman to present it to a physician for care. According to the logic of their own argumentation, Chervenak and McCullough implicitly admit a different moral status of the woman and the fetus, which will lead to different ascription of duties of the physician than those they ascribed.


Predicting and controlling crystallinity of molecular materials has applications in a crystal engineering context, as well as process control and formulation in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we present a machine learning approach to this problem which uses a large input training set which is classified on a single measurable outcome: does a substance have a reasonable probability of forming good quality crystals. While the related problem of crystal structure prediction requires reliable calculation of three dimensional molecular conformations, the method employed here for predicting crystallisation propensity uses only "two dimensional" information consisting of atom types and connectivity. We show that an error rate lower than 10% can be achieved against unseen test data. The predictive model was also tested in a blind screen of a set of compounds which do not have crystal structures reported in the literature, and we found it to have a 79% classification accuracy. Analysis of the most significant descriptors used in the classification shows that the number of rotatable bonds and a molecular connectivity index are key in determining crystallisation propensity and using these two measures alone can give 80% accurate classification of unseen test data.


Understanding the ecological role that artificial structures might play on nearshore fish assemblages requires the collection of accurate and reliable data through efficient sampling techniques. In this work, differences in the composition and structure of fish assemblages between the inner and outer sides of three marinas located in the temperate northern-eastern Atlantic Ocean were tested using three complementary sampling techniques: underwater visual censuses (UVC), baited cameras (BCs) and fish traps (FTs). UVCs and BCs recorded a comparable number and relative abundance of species, which in turn were much greater than those recorded by FTs. This finding supports the use of UVCs and BCs over FTs for broad ecologically studies, especially when dealing with structurally complex habitats such as artificial structures. We found differences in fish assemblage structure between the inner and outer sides of marinas, independently of the sampling method. Four small-sized species ( Similiparma lurida, Thalassoma pavo, Sarpa salpa and Symphodus roissali ) associated with structurally complex vegetated habitats dominated, in terms of abundance, the outer sides of marinas; Diplodus vulgaris, Diplodus sargus and Gobius niger , species with high ecological plasticity in habitat requirements, dominated the inner sides of marinas. The information provided in this study is of great interest for developing sound monitoring programmes to ascertain the effects of artificial structures on fish communities.


The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects of state-level assault weapons bans and concealed weapons laws on state-level murder rates. Using data for the period 1980 to 2009 and controlling for state and year fixed effects, the results of the present study suggest that states with restrictions on the carrying of concealed weapons had higher gun-related murder rates than other states. It was also found that assault weapons bans did not significantly affect murder rates at the state level. These results suggest that restrictive concealed weapons laws may cause an increase in gun-related murders at the state level. The results of this study are consistent with some prior research in this area, most notably Lott and Mustard (1997).


We have developed an Android based mobile data acquisition (DAQ) solution, which collects personalized health information of the enduser, store analyze and visualize it on the smart device and optionally sends it towards to the datacenter for further processing. The smart mobile device is capable to collect information from a large set of various wireless (Bluetooth, and WiFi, cloud, gprs) and wired (USB) sensors. Embedded sensors of the mobile device provide additional useful status information (such as: user location, magnetic or noise level, acceleration, temperature, etc.). The user interface of our software solution is suitable for different skilled users, highly configurable and provides diary functionality to store information (about sleep problems, can act as a diet log, or even can be used as a pain diary). The software enables correlation analysis between the various sensor data sets. The developed system is tested successfully within our Living Lab facility. Sensor data acquisition on the personal mobile device enables both endusers and care givers to provide better and more effective health monitoring and facilitate prevention. The paper describes the internal architecture of the software solution and its main functionalities.


This research sets out to test the hypothesis that the effects of technological innovation with computers, in the hospitality industry, may be related primarily to the values and attitudes of the managers who might propose the innovation. Ways of thinking about the innovation are made explicit by the manner of its introduction. Secondary factors may then be used to support change by means of structural and/or procedural modifications to the organisation. Taken together it is proposed that these elements determine the effect of the technology. An examination of the literature shows that existing studies tend to take the view that technology is an exogenous, independent variable though a primary, contingent factor affecting organisation structure and the relationships of organisation members. There appears to be no necessary reason why this should be so. Some technology is generated endogenously and it may be argued that organisations may seek to shape their own technological environment. In the context of technological innovation with computers, conflicting views between theorists may be observed. A computer system may change the information environment of managers and others, with important consequences. Attempts to depoliticise the nature of technological innovation may support more neatly the impact of technology paradigm but are hardly tenable when tested against an empirical model. The situation is rendered more complex by the fact that few existing studies are set in the context of a service industry. In view of this theoretical incoherence, the research has used a technique of methodological triangulation in order to study management innovation decisions in the hospitality industry. A survey was conducted to obtain a world view and a point of comparison for management attitudes. Repertory grid techniques were employed to obtain a measure of attitudes at the individual level. Finally, grid analysis was used in conjunction with case studies in order to obtain a holistic perspective. Consequently the differing effects of power and politics may be discerned more clearly and some factors which may be used to predict the likely effects of a technological innovation with computers were identified.


In the Iraqi literary production of the 1940s and 1950s, the figure of the woman prostitute appeared repeatedly, signaling a crisis in the ways Iraqi men imagined and articulated the contours of women's liberation. Through an examination of works by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Fuʾad al-Takarli, and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, this article argues that the innovative aesthetic forms and themes adopted by men writers and their dedication to political and cultural renewal (tajdid) and social reform used the figure of the prostitute to articulate a vision of women's liberation that emphasized secular, urban, and middle-class notions of domesticity and respectability. The literary prostitute was a marginal figure used to envision a new era of women's rights through her exclusion and excision from the imagined national future. The instrumentalization of the figure of the prostitute in Iraqi literary production revealed the limits of representation of the masculine imagination.


The subject of power frequency magnetic fields has become very popular during recent years. This is mainly due to two facts: the increasing usage of display units which represent a very sensitive interference victim and the increasing public concern with respect to adverse health effects caused by such fields. Switchgear installations act as one of the prominent sources of power frequency magnetic fields and therefore knowledge of their magnetic field amplitudes is required in order to assess potential effects. On the other hand switchgear installations are often very individual ones with consequently very individual magnetic field distributions. This basically requires an individual investigation of each installation - a procedure which has been shown as a very involved and cost consuming one in practice. The paper describes a basic assessment method which can be used to evaluate magnetic field distributions around switchgear installations from a general point of view. The resulting field distributions can be utilized to derive and to determine appropriate distances between switchgear and areas under consideration needed to comply with any limits concerning people or equipment.


Abstract : This thesis is concerned with the study of pseudospectral discretizations of optimal control problems governed by ordinary differential equations and with their application to the solution of the International Space Station (ISS) momentum dumping problem. Pseudospectral methods are used to transcribe a given optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming problem. Adjoint estimates are presented and analyzed that provide approximations of the original adjoint variables using Lagrange multipliers corresponding to the discretized optimal control problem. These adjoint estimations are derived for a broad class of pseudospectral discretizations and generalize the previously known adjoint estimation procedure for the Legendre pseudospectral discretization. The error between the desired solution to the infinite dimensional optimal control problem and the solution computed using pseudospectral collocation and nonlinear programming is estimated for linear-quadratic optimal control problems. Numerical results are given for both linear-quadratic and nonlinear optimal control problems. The Legendre pseudospectral method is applied to formulations of the ISS momentum dumping problem. Computed solutions are verified through simulations using adaptive higher order integration of the system dynamics.


A multicenter study has found two new genetic variants associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The study was conducted by the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) initiative and reported through advance online publication in Nature Genetics. "Each of these markers independently increases a woman's risk of breast cancer," says one of the study's investigators, Graham Colditz, MD, DrPH, associate director of prevention and control at the Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine. "The increased risk is fairly small – comparable to the increased risk represented by such factors as being overweight or lacking physical activity." A number of environmental and lifestyle factors can raise the risk of breast cancer to varying degrees. These include current use of oral contraceptives or hormone-replacement therapy, alcohol consumption, being overweight and lack of physical activity. A woman's genetic makeup also contributes to the likelihood of developing breast cancer, and the disease is nearly twice as frequent in women who have a close relative with breast cancer. In the United States, the average lifetime risk of breast cancer for women is about 13 percent, so the 20 percent to 30 percent risk increase represented by the new genetic variants would raise the lifetime risk for a woman who carries one of the variants to about 16 percent or 17 percent. In comparison, well-known high-risk genetic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes raise a woman's risk of breast cancer by 300 percent to 700 percent. In addition to uncovering the two new risk variants, the study confirmed that six previously discovered variants were associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Colditz indicates that the newly identified genetic variants, along with those previously discovered, can potentially help doctors evaluate risk in patients who have additional breast cancer risk factors associated with their physical health and lifestyle. The genes can also provide information that can lead to new strategies for prevention or treatment. The current study used genomewide association analysis to look for genetic variants that raise breast cancer risk. Genomewide association involves scanning genetic markers in the complete sets of DNA, or genomes, of many people to find genetic variations associated with disease. The researchers compared the genomes of almost 10,000 postmenopausal women with breast cancer to an equal number without breast cancer. The two newly identified risk variants were significantly more frequent in women with breast cancer than in those without disease. One of the variants, present in about 39 percent of women, was on chromosome 1. The variant is in a genetic region near the centromere, a structure near a chromosome's middle that is important during cell division. Two known genes reside in the region, and at this time, it is not clear whether these or other nearby genes might be associated with breast cancer risk. The other variant, present in 76 percent of women, was on chromosome 14 in a gene called RAD51L1, which is involved in repairing damaged DNA. The authors suggest that the new associations could point to previously unknown cellular pathways that contribute to breast cancer development, but they also indicate that the clinical significance of the genetic locations still need to be determined with further research. Contact: Gwen Ericson firstname.lastname@example.com 314-286-0141


The theory of probability is a powerful tool that helps electrical and computer engineers to explain, model, analyze, and design the technology they develop. The text begins at the advanced undergraduate level, assuming only a modest knowledge of probability, and progresses through more complex topics mastered at graduate level. The first five chapters cover the basics of probability and both discrete and continuous random variables. The later chapters have a more specialized coverage, including random vectors, Gaussian random vectors, random processes, Markov Chains, and convergence. Describing tools and results that are used extensively in the field, this is more than a textbook; it is also a reference for researchers working in communications, signal processing, and computer network traffic analysis. With over 300 worked examples, some 800 homework problems, and sections for exam preparation, this is an essential companion for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Further resources for this title, including solutions (for Instructors only), are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521864701.


We estimated the current value of ecosystem services for terrestrial ecosystems in 47 countries in the Asia and the Pacific region. Currently, these provide $US14 trillion/yr. in benefits, most of which are non-marketed and do not show up in GDP. We also estimated the changes in terrestrial ecosystem services value for scenarios to the year 2050, built around the four Great Transition Initiative archetypes: (1) Market Forces (MF); (2) Fortress World (FW); (3) Policy Reform (PR); and (4) Great Transition (GT). Results show that under the MF and FW scenarios the ecosystem services value in the region continues to decline from $14 trillion/yr in 2011 to $11 and $9 trillion/yr in 2050, respectively. In the PR scenario, the value is maintained around $14 Trillion/yr in 2050 and in the GT scenario it is significantly restored to $17 Trillion/yr. We also show more detailed maps and results for 8 selected countries in the region (Bhutan, China, India, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) and compare our results with a previous national study of Bhutan. Our results indicate that adopting a set of policies like those assumed in the GT scenario would greatly enhance human wellbeing and sustainability in the region.


This paper presents a critical review of literature on interprofessional education in the continuum of professional development in health and social care. In particular it explores the range and variety of theoretical frameworks underpinning interprofessional education initiatives across the United Kingdom. In doing so this paper highlights the limited application of educational theory within the broader literature, particularly in the description of the methods employed and in the choices of processes or outcome measures selected. Despite these drawbacks, a focus on the learning and teaching methods used within each interprofessional education programme enabled an explicit categorization of the educational theories being applied (albeit implicitly). The educational theories identified predominantly linked to adult learning theory and reflective practitioner theory. It is, however, acknowledged that such theories alone are not enough to underpin interprofessional education. Theories were therefore also derived from social psychological studies of group behaviour and teamwork approaches; group development and team learning theories focusing on intragroup collaboration; and bio-psychological theories to inform interprofessional education. The paper concludes that (a) more explicit consideration of theory is required in the development of new interventions; (b) reference to educational theory in evaluation should be encouraged and facilitated; (c) evaluation of different models of interprofessional educational interventions is required if interprofessional education in health and social care is to develop as an informed practice rather than become a transient educational fashion.


This paper draws on the theory of ethnic enclaves to study Chinese international student communities and their role in constructing Chinese undergraduate student experiences on US campuses. Enclave theory has primarily been used by sociologists to study immigrant and diaspora populations, but it can also provide an important analytical tool for scholars examining the internationalisation of student populations in higher-education settings. Student interviews and participant observation at a representative research-intensive, doctoral-granting institution in the American Midwest indicate that institutional and media characterisations of Chinese international student communities as closed and segregated are far too simplistic. Chinese student enclaves provide their members with crucial information, support, and social spaces that help them adapt to – and in turn change – their host institutions. Chinese students are active participants in and creators of campus cultures that are often invisible to university administrators, faculty, and peers.


Abstract This article problematizes the dichotomy between fluid mobility and fixed infrastructure through a case study of migrant labor recruitment from Indonesia to the Malaysian oil palm industry. Channels of low-skilled transnational migration must be understood in relation to other forms of mobility, most notably that of brokers, who move along adjacent and overlapping routes. Broker mobility is not only shaped by relatively immobile moorings, but also by more fluid 'moorings', notably mobile communication, low-cost airlines, and emergent social relationships. In order to understand how the migration process is arranged it is critical to pay attention to the logistical practices that make mobility possible. The article argues that broker mobility, diverse forms of moorings, and logistics come to shape a socio-technical system that can be understood in terms migration infrastructure.