Reservoir releases for generating power need to be reconciled with efforts to maintain healthy ecosystems in regulated rivers having irregular channel topography. Fluctuating, complex flow patterns near river obstructions such as boulders and large woody debris provide unique habitat for many aquatic organisms. Numerical modeling of the flow structures surrounding these obstructions is challenging, yet it represents an important tool for aquatic habitat assessment. Moreover, efforts for modeling the morphologically and biologically important transient flows, as well as quantifying their impacts on physical fish habitat during the unsteady-flow period remain rare. In this dissertation, the ability of two(2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) hydraulic models to reproduce the localized complex flow features at steady base and peak flows is examined first. The performance of the two hydraulic models is evaluated by comparing the numerical results with measurements of flow around a laboratory hemisphere and boulders located at a reach of the Smith River in Virginia. Close agreement between measured values and the velocity profiles predicted by the two models is obtained outside the wakes behind these obstructions. However, results suggest that in the vicinity of theses obstructions the 3-D model is better suited for reproducing the circulation flow behavior favored by many aquatic species over a broad range of flows. Further, time-dependent flow features affecting channel morphology and aquatic physical habitat are investigated using the numerical models for the same reach in the Smith River. Temporal variation measurements of water surface elevation and velocity profile obtained in the field during a reservoir release are in good agreement with the numerical results. A hypothetical "staggering" flow release scenario simulated by the 3-D model leads to reduced erosional area and longer refugia availability for juvenile brown trout during hydropeaking. Finally, an unsteadiness parameter β is proposed for determining whether an unsteady flow regime can be either modeled using a truly dynamic flow approach or a quasi-steady flow method.


Abstract. Major reactor accidents of nuclear power plants are rare, yet the consequences are catastrophic. But what is meant by "rare"? And what can be learned from the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents? Here we assess the cumulative, global risk of exposure to radioactivity due to atmospheric dispersion of gases and particles following severe nuclear accidents (the most severe ones on the International Nuclear Event Scale, INES 7), using particulate 137Cs and gaseous 131I as proxies for the fallout. Our results indicate that previously the occurrence of INES 7 major accidents and the risks of radioactive contamination have been underestimated. Using a global model of the atmosphere we compute that on average, in the event of a major reactor accident of any nuclear power plant worldwide, more than 90% of emitted 137Cs would be transported beyond 50 km and about 50% beyond 1000 km distance before being deposited. This corroborates that such accidents have large-scale and trans-boundary impacts. Although the emission strengths and atmospheric removal processes of 137Cs and 131I are quite different, the radioactive contamination patterns over land and the human exposure due to deposition are computed to be similar. High human exposure risks occur around reactors in densely populated regions, notably in West Europe and South Asia, where a major reactor accident can subject around 30 million people to radioactive contamination. The recent decision by Germany to phase out its nuclear reactors will reduce the national risk, though a large risk will still remain from the reactors in neighbouring countries.


When the Spanish colonized it in AD 1769, the California Coast was inhabited by speakers of no fewer than 16 distinct languages and an untold number of small, autonomous Native communities. These societies all survived by foraging, and ethnohistoric records show a wide range of adaptations emphasizing a host of different marine and terrestrial foods. Many groups exhibited signs of cultural complexity including sedentism, high population density, permanent social inequality, and sophisticated maritime technologies. The ethnographic era was preceded by an archaeological past that extends back to the terminal Pleistocene. Essays in this volume explore the last three and one half millennia of this long history, focusing on the archaeological signatures of emergent cultural complexity. Organized geographically, they provide an intricate mosaic of archaeological, historic, and ethnographic findings that illuminate cultural changes over time. To explain these Late Holocene cultural developments, the authors address issues ranging from culture history, paleoenvironments, settlement, subsistence, exchange, ritual, power, and division of labor, and employ both ecological and post-modern perspectives. Complex cultural expressions, most highly developed in the Santa Barbara Channel and the North Coast, are viewed alternatively as fairly recent and abrupt responses to environmental flux or the end-product of gradual progressions that began earlier in the Holocene.


Conventional orthognathic surgery can become challenging when multiple goals such as correction of transverse and anteroposterior discrepancies of the dental arches are aimed. Thus, additional procedures such as midline mandible osteotomy for mandibular constriction and tongue reduction due to true macroglossia may be alternatives to a more functional and aesthetical outcome.

 A treatment of a 35-year-old female patient with Class III sagittal skeletal pattern marked by an increased angle facial profile, maxillary retrusion, vertical maxillary deficiency, and mandibular protrusion, a Class III malocclusion associated to an edentulous maxilla, partially dentate mandible, transverse mandibular excess and true macroglossia. With an Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need (IOFTN) grade 5, the patient underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, mandible constriction and partial glossectomy. After about a year of follow-up, the patient demonstrated skeletal stability for the orthognathic procedures as well preservation of tongue function.

 The combination of the techniques performed was effective in the treatment of the multifaceted deformities, providing satisfactory function, harmonious facial aspect and enabling effective prosthetic rehabilitation to the patient.


Eye behaviors have been used with driving simulators to evaluate the effectiveness of novice and older driver training programs. Driving simulators are often favored when drivers must be placed in risky situations. Because there was no study of whether eye behaviors observed on a driving simulator in risky scenarios were also observed in the field, the authors had both trained and untrained novice drivers maneuver a controlled set of 10 scenarios on a driving simulator. The scenarios were similar to a set of scenarios that a different, matched set of trained and untrained drivers had navigated in the field. Drivers in this simulator study were trained with the same PC program used by drivers in the field study. Five of the scenarios that the trained drivers saw on the simulator and in the field were similar to those seen in training on a PC (near transfer); the other five were similar in concept to those in training but different in surface features (far transfer). A fixation on the region of a scenario that had information relevant to identifying a risk was scored as recognizing the risk. On the simulator, trained drivers recognized the risk 41.7% more often than untrained drivers in the near-transfer scenarios and 32.6% more often in the far-transfer scenarios. In the field, trained drivers recognized the risk 38.8% more often in the near-transfer and 20.1% more often in the far-transfer scenarios. Both effects were highly significant, and the difference between them was not close to significant. Thus results from tests on a simulator have a close correspondence with those in the field.


The present viewpoint summarizes the major threats to the sustainability of marine food resources from an applied ecological and fishery approach. Threats include unsustainable activities related to fisheries, aquaculture, urban and tourism development, marine traffic, introduced and spread of non-native species, other human industrial actions, as well as climate change, invasive alien species, and inadequate policies and legislation. This contribution still aims to identify main key elements concerned in the sustainable use of these resources; six groups are identified: (1) identification of main exploited commercial species, differentiation from other similar resources, and normalization of their common names; (2) ecosystem-based management of coastal ocean waters; (3) biodiversity, taxonomic biogeography and oceanographic forces; (4) responsible fish consumption; (5) ''Mediterranean diet"; (6) fisheries biology studies, mainly with an ecosystem approach. A comparison between most-consumed native fishing products in Spanish Mediterranean and Canary Islands shows high similarity in seafood, putting in evidence the broad presence of the "Mediterranean diet" in both regions. This paper also aims to be a baseline to support and identify ongoing/further measures for conservation of associate biodiversity and main exploited commercial species. Some remarks on fisheries biology studies, as a useful tool for assessment, management and conservation of marine food resources are made; these are related to: regulations of fishing gear and fishing activity; assessments of their impact as well as of the commercial fish stocks potentiality; improvement of the statistical control of fish landings; marine protected areas; application of the ecosystem approach; and awareness of responsible fish consumption. *Corresponding author: José-Antonio González, University Institute for Environmental Studies and Natural Resources (i-UNAT), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; E-mail: email@example.com Citation: González, J.A. Sustainability of Marine Food Resources–An Ecological and Fishery Approach. (2016) J Environ Health Sci 2(2): 15. Sustainability of Marine Food Resources–An Ecological and Fishery Approach José-Antonio González* Received date: July 22, 2016 Accepted date: August 2, 2016 Published date: August 12, 2016 DOI: 10.15436/2378-6841.16.1027


Aim. To study the trait of the changes of circulating level of pro- and antiinflammatory biomarkers as well as metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) in the first 7 days after revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation (STEMI) for assessment of their prognostic value regarding post-infarction remodeling pattern. Material and methods. In 113 patients with STEMI which developed in 5 months after angioplasty adaptive myocardium remodeling (AMR) (n=56) or pathological myocardium remodeling (PMR) (n=57), determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method daily serum concentration of pro-inflammatory ((high sensitive C reactive protein, interleukins (IL) 1, 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1)), anti-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-4, IL-10, IL-33, IL-1 receptor antagonist and heregulin-1beta) аs well as ММР-8 in the first 7 days after myocardium revascularization. According to clinic-demographic indices both groups were comparable. Obtained data have been compared with results of 20 healthy persons (control group). Results. The dynamics of pro-inflammatory biomarkers did not differ in patients with AMR and PMR after revascularization. It was characterized by a significant biomarker increase at 3-rd day followed by a decline toward 7-th day up to initial level. Among anti-inflammatory biomarkers IL-4 and IL-10 have manifested by a distinct dynamic in concern to myocardial remodeling pattern. In both groups these interleukins decreased after angioplasty, reaching a minimal level at 3-rd day. However, in patients with AMR since 4-th day has been established an increase of serum content of IL-4 and IL-10, their increment being at 7-th day in a range of 52-55% (p<0,05). In patients with PMR the interleukins rise was negligible: 5,7-5,8%. MMP-8 dynamics also has been different in groups and was correlated with dynamics of IL-4 and IL-10. Thus, in patients with AMR its level has fallen since 4-th day up to 7-th day by 46,6%, while in group with PMR metalloproteinase level in this period practically did not change, remaining significantly higher than control by 45-53%. Conclusion. In our study the serum content of main pro-inflammatory biomarkers (hsCRP, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-ɑ) didn't differ in the first 7 days after revascularization in patients with adaptive and pathological postinfarction remodeling of myocardium, and thus don't have predictive value concerning the remodeling pattern. Among anti-inflammatory cytokines dynamics of IL-4 and IL-10 differed in dependence on remodeling pattern. Their significant elevation by 52-55% from 4th up to 7th day after angioplasty was established in patients with adaptive myocardium remodeling, while in PMR their level didn't change during this period that can emphasize their prognostic value. The character of MMP-8 change is pathogenetically correlated with dynamics of IL-4 and IL-10.


BACKGROUND
Ximelagatran is a novel direct thrombin inhibitor that can be administered as a fixed oral dose, without the need for anticoagulant monitoring.

METHODS
We undertook a pooled analysis of 7329 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation from the Stroke Prevention Using Oral Thrombin Inhibitor in Atrial Fibrillation III and V trials to compare bleeding outcomes in patients who received ximelagatran, 36 mg twice daily, or warfarin sodium (target international normalized ratio, 2.0-3.0). We determined annual risk of bleeding (any, major), case-fatality rate, time course and anatomic sites of major bleeding, and risk factors for major bleeding with ximelagatran and warfarin treatment.

RESULTS
Annual incidence of any bleeding was 31.75% with ximelagatran and 38.82% with warfarin (relative risk reduction, 18.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.0-23.1; P<.001). Annual incidence of major bleeding was 2.01% with ximelagatran and 2.68% with warfarin (relative risk reduction, 25.1%; 95% CI, 3.2-42.1; P = .03). Case-fatality rate of bleeding was comparable in ximelagatran- and warfarin-treated patients (8.16% vs 8.09%; P = .98). Cumulative incidence of major bleeding was higher with warfarin than ximelagatran after 24 months of treatment (4.7% vs 3.7%; P = .04). Anatomic sites of bleeding were comparable with both treatments. Risk factors for bleeding with ximelagatran were as follows (hazard ratios and 95% CIs in parentheses): diabetes mellitus (1.81; 1.19-2.77; P = .006), previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (1.78; 1.16-2.73; P = .008), age 75 years or greater (1.70; 1.33-2.18; P<.001), and aspirin use (1.68; 1.08-2.59; P = .02). Risk factors for bleeding in warfarin-treated patients were previous liver disease (4.88; 1.55-15.39; P = .007); aspirin use (2.41; 1.69-3.43; P<.001); and age 75 years or greater (1.26; 1.03-1.52; P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with ximelagatran, 36 mg twice daily, is associated with a lower risk of bleeding than warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Aspirin use and increasing age were associated with an increased risk of bleeding in ximelagatran- and warfarin-treated patients.


The Andromeda Galaxy recurrent nova M31N 2008-12a had been observed in eruption 10 times, including yearly eruptions from 2008 to 2014. With a measured recurrence period of days (we believe the true value to be half of this) and a white dwarf very close to the Chandrasekhar limit, M31N 2008-12a has become the leading pre-explosion supernova type Ia progenitor candidate. Following multi-wavelength follow-up observations of the 2013 and 2014 eruptions, we initiated a campaign to ensure early detection of the predicted 2015 eruption, which triggered ambitious ground- and space-based follow-up programs. In this paper we present the 2015 detection, visible to near-infrared photometry and visible spectroscopy, and ultraviolet and X-ray observations from the Swift observatory. The LCOGT 2 m (Hawaii) discovered the 2015 eruption, estimated to have commenced at August 28.28 ± 0.12 UT. The 2013–2015 eruptions are remarkably similar at all wavelengths. New early spectroscopic observations reveal short-lived emission from material with velocities ∼13,000 km s−1, possibly collimated outflows. Photometric and spectroscopic observations of the eruption provide strong evidence supporting a red giant donor. An apparently stochastic variability during the early supersoft X-ray phase was comparable in amplitude and duration to past eruptions, but the 2013 and 2015 eruptions show evidence of a brief flux dip during this phase. The multi-eruption Swift/XRT spectra show tentative evidence of high-ionization emission lines above a high-temperature continuum. Following Henze et al. (2015a), the updated recurrence period based on all known eruptions is days, and we expect the next eruption of M31N 2008-12a to occur around 2016 mid-September.


This paper considers the electromagnetic scattering problem of periodically corrugated surface with local imperfection of structural periodicity, and presents a formulation based on the coordinate transformation method (C-method). The C-method is originally developed to analyze the plane-wave scattering from perfectly periodic structures, and uses the pseudo-periodic property of the fields. The fields in imperfectly periodic structures are not pseudo-periodic and the C-method cannot be directly applied. This paper introduces the pseudo-periodic Fourier transform to convert the fields in imperfectly periodic structures to pseudo-periodic ones, and the C-method becomes then applicable.


The proliferation of touchscreen devices has made soft keyboards a routine part of life. However, ultra-small computing platforms like the Sony SmartWatch and Apple iPod Nano lack a means of text entry. This limits their potential, despite the fact they are quite capable computers. In this work, we present a soft keyboard interaction technique called ZoomBoard that enables text entry on ultra-small devices. Our approach uses iterative zooming to enlarge otherwise impossibly tiny keys to comfortable size. We based our design on a QWERTY layout, so that it is immediately familiar to users and leverages existing skill. As the ultimate test, we ran a text entry experiment on a keyboard measuring just 16 x 6mm - smaller than a US penny. After eight practice trials, users achieved an average of 9.3 words per minute, with accuracy comparable to a full-sized physical keyboard. This compares favorably to existing mobile text input methods.


In January of 1907 British Foreign Official Eyre Crowe wrote a memorandum detailing the present relations between Great Britain France and Germany. In this memorandum Crowe argued that war between Britain and Germany could not be avoided for long. This study examines Eyre Crowe's influence in the British Foreign Office. It argues that Crowe had significant influence in the foreign office and that he was correct with what he argued in the 1907 memorandum. Using primary documents from both the British Foreign Office and the German government this thesis contends that the 1907 memorandum caused increased hostility towards the German Government from the British Foreign Office. This hostility made British leaders unlikely and sometimes unwilling to cooperate with the German government in a series of diplomatic events. These events included the First and Second Moroccan crises the building of the German navy and the Baghdad railway and ultimately culminated with the July Crisis in 1914. It was what Crowe argued in his memorandum coupled with the increased hostility towards the German government that led Great Britain into entering the First World War.


In 2012, the Global Strategic Maple Syrup Reserve in Quebec was the site of a major food crime, as thieves siphoned off 9600 barrels (3,000 tonnes) of 'liquid gold' for counterfeit sale across provincial and state borders, in what became known as the Great Maple Syrup Heist. The heist has been characterized as a rebellious response to the quota controls established by the Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers which has, since 1990, agreed with its members to hand over any surplus to ensure stability of supply and pricing. Although the iconography and imagery of the story of maple syrup production still heavily draws upon a nostalgic era of the small farm producer, these events suggest a powerful group which, in the wake of the heist, was branded by some rogue producers as a maple syrup 'cartel', even though the reserve was decided by the collective membership. Quebec produces approximately 80% of the world supply, and, to consolidate its position the Federation expanded its global marketing campaign, which in 2017 saw the construction of a revised and rebranded new set of '4 Grades' based on translucence, each with associated flavour profiles, and the creation of a maple flavour wheel, all designed to invoke a unique Quebec maple terroir.
In this paper I trace the historical evolution of Quebec maple syrup production and marketing since the 1930s through to the establishment of the Federation. I consider where power and agency sits - and has shifted - within this supply chain, taking into consideration the implications for small-scale producers and consumers.


The kinematic properties of tt events are studied in the W+ multijet channel using data collected with the CDF detector during the 1992-1995 runs at the Fermilab Tevatron collider corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 109 pb-1. Distributions of a variety of kinematic variables chosen to be sensitive to different aspects of tt production are compared with those expected from Monte Carlo calculations. A sample of 34 events rich in tt pairs is obtained by requiring at least one jet identified by the silicon vertex detector (SVX) as having a displaced vertex consistent with the decay of a b hadron. The data are found to be in good agreement with predictions of the leading order tt matrix element with color coherent parton shower evolution. ©1999 The American Physical Society.


In a meta-analysis of 126 impact evaluation studies, we find that financial education significantly impacts financial behavior and, to an even larger extent, financial literacy. These results also hold for the subsample of randomized experiments (RCTs). However, intervention impacts are highly heterogeneous: Financial education is less effective for lowincome clients as well as in low and lower-middle income economies. Specific behaviors, such as the handling of debt, are more difficult to influence and mandatory financial education tentatively appears to be less effective. Thus, intervention success depends crucially on increasing education intensity and offering financial education at a "teachable moment."


We present a communication paradigm called ldquoanycasting,rdquo which is defined as delivering traffic from a source node to any one destination among a set of recipients in the network. An anycasting message finds an appropriate server that can meet the service requirements of the client effectively. We discuss the mathematical framework to provide quality of service (QoS) for anycasting over optical burst switched networks. These QoS parameters include resource availability, reliability, propagation delay, and quality of transmission. With the help of link-state information available at each network element (NE), the bursts are scheduled to their next link. This decentralized way of routing helps to provide optimal QoS and hence decreases the loss of grid jobs due to multiple constraints. We compare the performance of our proposed algorithm with the shortest-path algorithm. Using simulation results performed on different network topologies, we show that the service-aware anycasting paradigm introduced decreases the number of bursts lost.


South Africa is an energy-intensive country. The inefficient use of, mostly, coal-generated energy is the cause of South Africa's per capita contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution and environmental degradation and negative health impacts. The inefficient use of the country's energy also amounts to the injudicious use of natural resources. Improvements in energy efficiency are an important strategy to stabilise the country's energy crisis. Government responded to this challenge by introducing measures such as policies and legislation to change energy consumption patterns by, amongst others, incentivising the transition to improved energy efficiencies. A central tenet underpinning this review is that the law and energy nexus requires a multidisciplinary approach as well as a multi-pronged adoption of diverse policy instruments to effectively transform the country's energy use patterns. Numerous, innovative instruments are introduced by relevant legislation to encourage the transformation of energy generation and consumption patterns of South Africans. One such innovative instrument is the ISO 50001 energy management standard. It is a voluntary instrument, to plan for, measure and verify energy-efficiency improvements. These improvements may also trigger tax concessions. In this paper, the nature and extent of the various policy instruments and legislation that relate to energy efficiency are explored, while the interactions between the law and the voluntary ISO 50001 standard and between the law and the other academic disciplines are highlighted. The introduction of energy-efficiency measures into law requires a multidisciplinary approach, as lawyers may be challenged to address the scientific and technical elements that characterise these legal measures and instruments. Inputs by several other disciplines such as engineering, mathematics or statistics, accounting, environmental management and auditing may be needed. Law is often described as the catalyst for change, building bridges between different academic disciplines, and driving behavioural changes that are not only enforced by government, but that are also voluntarily adopted by the users themselves.


The shipping industry holds an important role as a service provider that underpins global trade. The emergence of maritime logistics concepts has served to reinforce this phenomenon. An expectation is made of the shipping industry that it will provide services that add value to supply chains in terms of timely, reliable and cost-efficient services. In turn, this expectation requires shipping companies to maintain the availability of their ships to undertake the scheduled voyages. Maintaining the availability of ships inevitably involves maintenance tasks that incur on-going expenses that affect the goals of shipping companies in maximising the return on their investment. However, the benefits resulting from undertaking ship maintenance do not appear to be fully understood.
This research investigates the implementation of a strategic approach to ship maintenance via supply chain management. A review of the existing literature on ship maintenance management and supply chain management indicates a paucity of conceptual and empirical research focusing on the strategic management of ship maintenance supply chains. Thus, the objective of the research is to investigate how ship maintenance is managed within its supply chains. To address the research objective, this study (i) assesses whether a supply chain management approach is applicable to ship maintenance; (ii) examines how ship maintenance management is currently undertaken; and (iii) examines the potential benefits that can be attained by undertaking a supply chain management approach to ship maintenance.
Shipping companies in Indonesia provide the context for this research because they represent the complexity of both ship maintenance management and supply chain management, in developing countries in particular. Most shipping companies in Indonesia operate aging ships that theoretically incur higher maintenance costs. As in many developing countries, there is a lack of logistics, infrastructure and access to information technology in managing supply chains in Indonesia. A questionnaire for a postal survey was utilised to access relevant shipping companies. The questionnaire consisted of items covering internal readiness, the condition of external relationships, the service processes of ship maintenance supply chains, and the overall performance of both ship maintenance and the shipping companies. A total of 230 shipping companies received the questionnaire which resulted in 48 useable responses, the equivalent of a 20.87 per cent response rate.
Data analysis of the results of the data collection reveals that a supply chain management approach is applicable to ship maintenance with some suggested recommendations. The data analysis reveals that the top management level of the shipping companies provide commitment and support for adopting a supply chain management approach for ship maintenance. However, Indonesian shipping companies still lack internal readiness to implement supply chain management as a strategic approach to ship maintenance, with one major reason being a silo mentality influencing the maintenance activities. To address the lack of internal readiness, maintenance managers should be involved in the management activities at the corporate level, and develop integrated communication processes within a computerised maintenance management system.
This thesis contributes to both academia and managerial practices in ship maintenance supply chain management. As there are limited studies on ship maintenance management and the supply chain management of service-oriented supply chains, this thesis has added empirical results to both sets of literature. From a conceptual context, this study proposes supply chain management as being a strategic approach to ship maintenance, which recognise the need for a seamless flow of materials and services, information and finances across the supply chains. This approach introduces a higher level of maintenance for shipping in particular. This thesis suggests that ship maintenance should no longer be recognised as an internal business of shipping companies that incurs ad-hoc expenses, but instead be a collaborative process of investment to improve competitive advantage. As with all research, limitations exist, these are addressed in the final chapter as are future research directions.


Computational highlight holography converts three-dimensional computer models into mechanical "holograms" fabricated on (specular) reflective or refractive materials. The surface consists of small grooves with patches of paraboloids or hyperboloids, each of which produces a highlight when illuminated by a directional light. Each highlight appears in different places for different view directions, with the correct binocular and motion parallax corresponding to a virtual 3D point position. Our computational pipeline begins with a 3D model and desired view position, samples the model to generate points that depict its features accurately, and computes a maximal set of non-overlapping patches to be embedded in the surface. We provide a preview of the hologram for the user, then fabricate the surface using a computer-controlled engraving machine. We show a variety of different fabricated holograms: reflective, transmissive, and holograms with color and proper shading. We also present extensions to stationary and animated 2D stippled images.


We consider the problem of data dissemination in vehicular networks. Our main goal is to compare the application-level performance of fully distributed and centralized data dissemination approaches in the context of traffic advisory systems.

Vehicular networks are emerging as a new distributed system environment with myriad promising applications. Wirelessly-connected, GPS-equipped vehicles can be used, for instance, as probes for traffic advisory or pavement condition information services with significant improvements in cost, coverage and accuracy. There is an ongoing discussion on the pros and cons of alternative approaches to data distribution for these applications. Proposed centralized, or infrastructure-based, models rely on road-side equipment to upload information to a central location for later use. Distributed approaches take advantage of the direct exchanges between participating vehicles to achieve higher scalability at the potential cost of data consistency. While distributed solutions can significantly reduce infrastructures' deployment and maintenance costs, it is unclear what the impact of "imprecise" information is to an application or what level of adoption is needed for this model to be effective.

This paper investigates the inherent trade-offs in the adoption of distributed or centralized approaches to a traffic advisory service, a commonly proposed application. We based our analysis on a measurements study of signal propagation in urban settings and an extensive simulation-based experimentation in the Chicago road network.


The aconitase family of hydro-lyase enzymes includes three classes of proteins that catalyze the isomerization of alpha-hydroxy acids to beta-hydroxy acids. Besides aconitase, isopropylmalate isomerase (IPMI) proteins specifically catalyze the isomerization of alpha,beta-dicarboxylates with hydrophobic gamma-chain groups, and homoaconitase (HACN) proteins catalyze the isomerization of tricarboxylates with variable chain length gamma-carboxylate groups. These enzymes' stereospecific hydro-lyase activities make them attractive catalysts to produce diastereomers from unsaturated precursors. However, sequence similarity and convergent evolution among these proteins lead to widespread misannotation and uncertainty about gene function. To find the substrate specificity determinants of homologous IPMI and HACN proteins from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, the small-subunit HACN protein (MJ1271) was crystallized for X-ray diffraction. The structural model showed characteristic residues in a flexible loop region between alpha2 and alpha3 that distinguish HACN from IPMI and aconitase proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis of MJ1271 produced loop-region variant proteins that were reconstituted with wild-type MJ1003 large-subunit protein. The heteromers formed promiscuous hydro-lyases with reduced activity but broader substrate specificity. Both R26K and R26V variants formed relatively efficient IPMI enzymes, while the T27A variant had uniformly lower specificity constants for both IPMI and HACN substrates. The R26V T27Y variant resembles the MJ1277 IPMI small subunit in its flexible loop sequence but demonstrated the broad substrate specificity of the R26V variant. These mutations may reverse the evolution of HACN activity from an ancestral IPMI gene, demonstrating the evolutionary potential for promiscuity in hydro-lyase enzymes. Understanding these specificity determinants enables the functional reannotation of paralogous HACN and IPMI genes in numerous genome sequences. These structural and kinetic results will help to engineer new stereospecific hydro-lyase enzymes for chemoenzymatic syntheses.


As the world faces an increasing number of both natural and social disasters, attempts to support disaster risk reduction are also increasing. Although there is a general rule to calculate the disaster risk on an area based on the components of hazard, vulnerability, and capacity, disaster risk studies result in a number of disaster risk models which present different characteristics in terms of the number of components involved, indicators, and the calculations. This poses a difficulty for disaster analysts to choose the most appropriate model to calculate the disaster risk of an area. Moreover, they often need to adapt the existing models or even to create new models in order to provide the most suitable way of calculating the disaster risks. Therefore, a mechanism that enables the use of different kinds of disaster risk model and the creation of new models is required. This paper presents a metamodel of disaster risk based on a study on a number of disaster risk models used in Indonesia: the BNPB (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana) disaster risk model, the volcanic disaster risk model using SMART (Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique) method, and the tidal flooding disaster risk model using fuzzy method. The metamodel is presented in an entity-relationship model. It is basically a spatial data model since the components and indicators for the calculation of disaster risks are always associated to the space on earth. The metamodel is implemented on top of ArcGIS software. Using Phyton Add-in, the software is adapted by adding new functionalities to calculate the disaster risk of an area and to create new disaster risk models.


This paper describes a search model with a continuum of worker and job types, free entry, and transferable utility. We apply a second order Taylor expansion to characterize the equilibrium, derive the "cost of search" and show that it is decreasing in the substitutability of worker types. This cost of search is then decomposed into three components: unemployment, vacancy costs and mismatch. Our contact technology rules out congestion effects between different worker types and therefore exhibits increasing returns to scale. One third of those increasing returns in contacts are shown to be absorbed by firms and workers being more choosy. The resulting equilibrium is not efficient. Unemployment benefits can reduce the loss by serving as a search subsidy. Numerical simulations of the model show that our Taylor expansions are quite accurate.


Here the work contains Extraction of Enzymes from Potato Peels Substrate Using Bacillus Megatarium. The work was done to study the growth habit of microbes on standard media, standardize the conditions for growth of microbes using potato peel & and measure the efficacy of filtrate as enzyme source. Experimental details were like Design-CRD, 3 replication & 8 treatments. Bacterial strains were used like B1 = B. megatarium, B2 = No bacteria, Incubation temperature T1 = 37 0 C , T2 = Room Temperature (R.T.) and Incubation Hours H1 = 24 , H2 = 48. Bacterial strain B. megatarium consume maximum amount of starch (96.27 mg/g) as compare to other treatments. Amylase and protease enzymes activity also found in highest in treatment 4 (T4) and All the results were within accepted criteria.


OBJECTIVE
To determine signalment, history, clinical signs, blood and plasma taurine concentrations, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, treatment, and outcome of dogs with low blood or plasma taurine concentrations and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

DESIGN
Retrospective study.

ANIMALS
12 client-owned dogs with low blood or plasma taurine concentrations and DCM.

PROCEDURE
Medical records were reviewed, and clinical data were obtained.

RESULTS
All 12 dogs were being fed a commercial dry diet containing lamb meal, rice, or both as primary ingredients. Cardiac function and plasma taurine concentration improved with treatment and taurine supplementation. Seven of the 12 dogs that were still alive at the time of the study were receiving no cardiac medications except taurine.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that consumption of certain commercial diets may be associated with low blood or plasma taurine concentrations and DCM in dogs. Taurine supplementation may result in prolonged survival times in these dogs, which is not typical for dogs with DCM. Samples should be submitted for measurement of blood and plasma taurine concentrations in dogs with DCM, and taurine supplementation is recommended while results of these analyses are pending.


This study examines how patient care is developed in meetings between students of occupational therapy, physiotherapy, nursing and medicine who are allowed to shape their own interprofessional collaboration. We conduct a thematic interpretative analysis of audio recordings and observations from the meetings and informal talks with the students. The analysis draws on traditions in sociocultural learning theory that deal with interaction on something in common between actors with different knowledge bases and the consequences of this interaction. The analysis showed that the students developed collaboration in patient care by sharing, assessing and determining professional knowledge of patients' health conditions collectively. In conclusion, we argue that the students learned to use a multiprofessional knowledge base in the design of patient treatment when they were given responsibility to create the collaboration themselves. This demonstrates that students can be encouraged to independently develop professional collaboration in patient care within interprofessional education.
Corrected and republished 22.12.2019.


Mobile GISs allow users to move through and explore the territory by means of maps and geo-database representations. The presently proposed mobile GIS is something more, because it combines pure GIS capabilities with real-time positioning and context awareness in a scenario from which many application fields (public safety, planning, public works, fleet monitoring, recreation) can take advantage. NAMGIS (Nomadic Adaptive Mobile GIS) is a context-aware Web GIS specifically studied for small screen and CPU limited hand-held devices.
Main components of NAMGIS are : NAMGIS Core, the mobile GIS, which is an extension of the University of Minnesota MapServer and SAF (Situation Aware Framework), which is the context-aware framework that supports the acquisition and elaboration of data describing a user's "context". Context data include GPS measurements, used to track the user's position and adapt the contrast / brilliance level of the interface in outdoor scenarios and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) data, used to detect the user's proximity with features equipped with RFID tags.
The two components can also be used independently and are released with an Open Source license (LGPL for SAF, GPL for NAMGIS Core). In the paper the NAMGIS prototype and two examples related to archaeological contexts are presented.


Design science research (DSR) is a complex form of research that combines very heterogeneous activities requiring different skills. Information systems and technolo - gies are complex entities that have more elaborate areas of risk to manage. Research to invent and evaluate new IT artefacts introduces new areas of risk As yet, there is little experience with managing risk in DSR or even identification of types of risks to be man - aged. This paper analyses DSR research activities and elaborates known principles and practices of risk management and applies them to DSR to develop a new framework (RMF4DSR) for identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and treating potential risks inherent to DSR. Potential users of the framework include experienced and novice DSR researchers. The framework classifies six potential risk areas and enumerates specific key risks with - in each area. It includes risk assessment and treatment models. The paper applies the framework to a recent DSR case study to provide initial evidence of its value and feasi - bility and further evaluates the RMF4DSR framework by asking researchers to apply it in a workshop and surveying the participants' opinions about the utility of the framework.


The term procedure is often used synonymously with method. In this article I ask two questions: 1. Why is it justified to use both terms in the same way? 2. What are the consequences of understanding methods as procedures? I begin the paper by considering influential theories in the fields of law and politics (LUHMANN, HABERMAS) because concepts of procedures have been most thoroughly reflected upon in these fields. The focus is on legitimacy of legal and political norms and procedural decisions. Contrasting other kinds of procedures, e.g. economic and scientific ones, it should be possible to identify further dimensions beyond legitimacy, namely constitution and knowledge. This makes it possible to develop a general model that joins basic functions and structural characteristics of procedures. The "political" experimental procedure, developed by Bruno LATOUR, will be discussed as it exemplifies the general model. Specifying and expanding upon LATOUR's conception allows us to derive consequences for the procedurality of scientific work; for a procedural methodology, which is associated with terms such as relationality, positivity, reconstruction, and transdisciplinarity. Moreover, this may clear an interesting path toward negotiating the divide between quantitative versus qualitative research. Eventually a procedural based method offers critical potential because it enables consideration of the observance or non-observance of procedures.


This second edition presents the advances made in finance market analysis since 2005. The book provides a careful introduction to stochastic methods along with approximate ensembles for a single, historic time series. The new edition explains the history leading up to the biggest economic disaster of the 21st century. Empirical evidence for finance market instability under deregulation is given, together with a history of the explosion of the US Dollar worldwide. A model shows how bounds set by a central bank stabilized FX in the gold standard era, illustrating the effect of regulations. The book presents economic and finance theory thoroughly and critically, including rational expectations, cointegration and arch/garch methods, and replaces several of those misconceptions by empirically based ideas. This book will be of interest to finance theorists, traders, economists, physicists and engineers, and leads the reader to the frontier of research in time series analysis.


A cognitive radio network, an upcoming paradigm, is the answer for the deficiency of spectrum. An ad hoc network makes use of such type of networks and forms the Cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs). Formation of route(s) to the destination develops a critical issue in such networks due to two types of users. Based on the network access, the users are categorized as: Primary users (PU) and Secondary Users (SU). In this paper, an opportunistic routing protocol called CRCN CORMEN, an on demand routing protocol has been discussed for Cognitive radio ad hoc networks. CRCN CORMEN protocol is compared with other on demand routing protocols and their performance is evaluated and compared using NS2 Simulator.


This article discusses a qualitative research project that explored Malawian health care workers' feelings towards western trained volunteer midwives. The project was framed from a constructivist theoretical perspective and utilized a descriptive research design. Participants included midwives, patient attendants, nurses and physicians working at the Embangweni Hospital in Malawi, Africa. Fourteen individual interviews were conducted over a three-month period. The data was analyzed for themes by two researchers and confirmed with participants through ongoing member checking. The first theme was that western midwives offer important contributions to health care services in Malawi. The second theme was that western midwives' limited knowledge of Malawian culture was problematic. The third theme was that thoughtful preparation before arriving in Malawi was valued.


We used MEG to explore the neural correlates of language processing in a simulated driving environment. Functional MRI and MEG studies require subjects to remain still and not move their mouths, unlike real on-road driving conditions. MEG was used to identify the cortical regions engaged in language processing during hands-free overt (out loud) and covert (silent) cell phone conversations during simulated driving. Subjects viewed a real-world driving video and responded (foot pedal) to red dot stimuli (visual events) presented either centrally or peripherally on the driving scene, while performing a lane tracking task (arrow on screen) with right fore and middle fingers. We termed this condition, with no-speech, as Task 1. Other conditions involved performing Task 1 while the subject spoke out loud (Task 2) or silently (Task 3). MEG data were collected for 8 minutes for each task. Coherence analysis compared activations of Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the three conditions. The inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's) and the superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's) language areas were activated similarly in the overt and covert conditions. These activations were significantly different from the no-speech condition where little or no cortical activation was detectable in these language processing areas. The use of MEG to investigate neural processing during simulated driving tasks appears quite promising, since the use of covert speech instead of overt speech can provide similar cortical activation patterns, in the movement-sensitive MEG environment. This study hopes to expand automotive safety technology, which may help reduce traffic accidents/crashes by better understanding how the brain processes information in multi-tasking environments, in turn leading to improved designs of in-vehicle technologies.


Citizen science and food is part of a new programme of work to explore how we can involve the communities we serve when building the evidence-base on which policy decisions are made. Citizen science is an approach that can provide high volumes of data with a wide geographic spread. It is relatively quick to deploy and allows access to evidence we would ordinarily have difficulty collating. This methodology has been endorsed by the European Commission for Research, Science and Innovation. There is no one size fits all definition, but citizen science projects involves engaging with communities and asking them to be part of the project, either through engaging them in data collection or through other ways of co-creation. For participants, citizen science offers learning opportunities, the satisfaction of contributing to scientific evidence and the potential to influence policy. It can also give us data which is high in volume, has wide geographical spread, is relatively quick to deploy and that we couldn't access any other way. Projects using these methods often involve engaging with communities and asking them to be part of the project. This can be either through working with them in data collection, or through co-creation. This report demonstrates that the research community are already undertaking numerous pieces of research that align with FSA's evidence needs. This includes examples from the UK and other global communities. Participants in such research have collected data on topics ranging from food preparation in the home to levels of chemical contaminant in foods. The findings of this report outline that citizen science could allow the FSA to target and facilitate more systematic engagement with UK and global research communities, to help address key research priorities of the FSA.


PURPOSE
Little is known about how to motivate youth to participate in smoking cessation programs. This paper reports an investigation of the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention that used vanity and oral health issues associated with tobacco use to motivate adolescent tobacco users to enter a school-based tobacco cessation program.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
Sixty-four continuation high school students aged 14 to 19 (31% female) and living in rural California participated in a youth-oriented, vanity and oral health-focused intervention designed to motivate tobacco users to join a six-week tobacco cessation group.

RESULTS
Following the intervention, 21 of 37 (57%) regular smokers signed up for the cessation program. Of these smokers, seven (33%) did not indicate on the baseline questionnaire any desire to quit smoking. Of the 21 smokers who signed up to participate in the cessation program, 16 (76%) actually participated (10 males and six females), eight (50%) completed all treatment sessions, and four (25%) reported that they quit smoking at the end of the program.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall program evaluations were very favorable. Findings were interpreted to provide support for the feasibility and acceptability of using physical appearance and oral health-oriented programs to motivate adolescent tobacco users to enter school-based cessation programs. Further study is needed to determine the effectiveness of such programs.


Granites in both crystalline terranes and continental magmatic arcs tend to be circular to elliptical in map view and vary in width from about 3 to 100 km. Available gravity and structural data suggests that many of these plutons are tabular in shape with an average thickness of about 3 km. Ductile structures observed around mesozonal granites indicate that space is created by a combination of lateral and vertical displacements of wall rocks, whereas contact relationships of epizonal plutons imply that only vertical displacements are involved during emplacement. In both settings magma arrives at the emplacement site via one or more vertical feeder zones and flows laterally. With the exception of very high-level epizonal plutons, structural studies suggest that space for many tabular intrusions must be provided mainly by floor-depression (lopolith emplacement) rather than roof-lifting (laccolith emplacement). An emplacement model for this type of tabular granite is proposed which involves progressive depression of the floor of an initially horizontal chamber as it is filled by one or more vertical conduits. A crustal-scale balance in the rates of melt extraction, magma ascent and pluton-filling is required by the model, and transfer of material from the source to the pluton is accommodated by broadly distributed deformation of low strain magnitude. The process is evaluated with end-member cantilever and piston sinking mechanisms. The models predict that large (10–100 km wide), tabular plutons (≤3 km thick) can be emplaced quickly (100 a to 1 Ma) with floor-depression and related wall-rock strain rates similar those expected during tectonic deformation (10–10 to 10–15 s–1). Bulk strains in the intervening crustal column rarely exceed a strain ratio of 1.5, which is likely to remain undetected in the geological record unless the required deformation is accommodated on discrete structures such as normal faults or shear zones at the base of the pluton.


High activity extracellular endoglucanase (E.C.184.108.40.206) produced by Rhizopus oryzae PR7MTCC 9642 was partially purified and characterized. The central composite experimental design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to derive a statistical model for the effects of different physio-chemical conditions on the activity of the enzyme, which indicated that a pH 6.0 and an incubation temperature of 33i'°C along with 1%(w/v) substrate (carboxy methyl cellulose) concentration was required to maximize the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was extremely thermo stable and 68% activitywas restored even after the exposure of the enzyme protein at 60i'°Cfor 60minutes. The enzymewas 60% stable in a broad range of pH of 4 to 8. The endoglucanase activity was found to increase in presence of thiol compounds indicating the presence of thiol groups at the active site.


Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows:
Although broccoli was cultivated L by the ancient Romans, it did not become a popular vegetable in the United States until about 50 years ago. It has been produced in California primarily in the coastal counties where the climate is moderate to cool. However, broccoli has also been grown on limited acreage in the Central San Joaquin Valley for harvest during the winter months. More recently, the fresh market and processing industry has become interested in the possible expansion of broccoli production in the Central Valley. Toward this end, extensive studies of varieties, time of planting, fertilization, and population. were conducted at the West Side Field Station, Five Points, and in cooperation with interested growers. Experiments were also conducted for the evaluation of many herbicides in the selective control of weeds in broccoli.


The construction and operation of two laser-based glasses-free 3D (autostereoscopic) displays that have been carried out within the European Union-funded projects MUTED and HELIUM3D is described in this paper. Both use a multi-user head tracker to direct regions viewer's referred to as exit pupils to viewer's eyes. MUTED employs a direct-view LCD whose backlight comprises novel steering optics and in HELIUM3D image information is supplied by a horizontally-scanned fast light valve whose output is controlled by a spatial light modulator (SLM). The principle of operation, construction and results obtained are described.


The IMAGE spacecraft uses photon and neutral atom imaging and radio sounding techniques to provide global images of Earth's inner magnetosphere and upper atmosphere. Auroral imaging at ultraviolet wavelengths shows that the proton aurora is displaced equatorward with respect to the electron aurora and that discrete auroral forms at higher latitudes are caused almost completely by electrons. Energetic neutral atom imaging of ions injected into the inner magnetosphere during magnetospheric disturbances shows a strong energy-dependent drift that leads to the formation of the ring current by ions in the several tens of kiloelectron volts energy range. Ultraviolet imaging of the plasmasphere has revealed two unexpected features-a premidnight trough region and a dayside shoulder region-and has confirmed the 30-year-old theory of the formation of a plasma tail extending from the duskside plasmasphere toward the magnetopause.


Binary static analysis has seen a recent surge in interest, due to a rise in analysis targets for which no other method is appropriate, such as, embedded firmware. This has led to the proposal of a number of binary static analysis tools and techniques, handling various kinds of programs, and answering different research questions. While static analyis tools that focus on binaries inherit the undecidability of static analysis, they bring with them other challenges, particularly in dealing with the aliasing of code and data pointers. These tools may tackle these challenges in different ways, but unfortunately, there is currently no concrete means of comparing their effectiveness at solving these central, problem-independent aspects of static analysis. In this paper, we propose a new method for creating a dataset of real-world programs, paired with the ground truth for static analysis. Our approach involves the injection of synthetic "facts" into a set of open-source programs, consisting of new variables and their possible values. The analyses' goal is then to evaluate the possible values of these facts at certain program points. As the facts are injected randomly within an arbitrarily-large set of programs, the kinds of data flows that can be measured are widely-varied in size and complexity. We implemented this idea as a prototype system, AUTOFACTS, and used it to create a ground truth dataset of 29 programs, with various types and number of facts, resulting in a total of 2,088 binaries (with 72 versions for each program). To our knowledge, this is the first dataset aimed at the problem-independent evaluation of static analysis tools, and we contribute all code and the dataset itself to the community as open-source.


This paper introduces a novel examplar-based inpainting algorithm through investigating the sparsity of natural image patches. Two novel concepts of sparsity at the patch level are proposed for modeling the patch priority and patch representation, which are two crucial steps for patch propagation in the examplar-based inpainting approach. First, patch structure sparsity is designed to measure the confidence of a patch located at the image structure (e.g., the edge or corner) by the sparseness of its nonzero similarities to the neighboring patches. The patch with larger structure sparsity will be assigned higher priority for further inpainting. Second, it is assumed that the patch to be filled can be represented by the sparse linear combination of candidate patches under the local patch consistency constraint in a framework of sparse representation. Compared with the traditional examplar-based inpainting approach, structure sparsity enables better discrimination of structure and texture, and the patch sparse representation forces the newly inpainted regions to be sharp and consistent with the surrounding textures. Experiments on synthetic and natural images show the advantages of the proposed approach.


Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem with an estimated 10.4 million new cases diagnosed in 2015 (1). Of these, approximately 4.3 million cases went undiagnosed or unreported, posing a major hurdle to the eradication of TB (1). The control of TB is further threatened by the HIV epidemic and the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, defined as resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. In 2015, there were an estimated 480,000 new cases of MDR-TB and an additional 100,000 people were diagnosed with rifampicin-resistant TB. These cases result in continued transmission in communities and health care settings due to the detection and treatment gap, with only 1 million cases (30% of the 3.4 million bacteriologically confirmed cases or 10% of all cases globally) having had a drug susceptibility test for rifampicin in 2015. The WHO has therefore included early diagnosis of TB and universal drug susceptibility testing as one of its core priorities for global TB control (2).


In many countries environmental policies and regulations are implemented to improve environmental quality and thus individuals' well-being. However, how do individuals value the environment? In this paper, we review the Life Satisfaction Approach (LSA) representing a new non-market valuation technique. The LSA builds on the recent development of subjective well-being research in economics and takes measures of reported life satisfaction as an empirical approximation to individual welfare. Micro-econometric life satisfaction functions are estimated taking into account environmental conditions along with income and other covariates. The estimated coefficients for the environmental good and income can then be used to calculate the implicit willingness-to-pay for the environmental good.


Digital tools, and in particular GIS, have enormously increased the possibilities for analysis in historical geography. In this article, we shall explain how these tools can be used to study the evolution of population density over a significant period. The territorial units used will be municipalities, as they allow detailed territorial analysis. However, research projects that take municipalities as their points of reference tend to be complex because their territorial boundaries have often undergone numerous changes over the course of modern history. The same has occurred, to a greater or lesser degree, in all of the countries in Europe (Bennett, 1989). The countries that have had the most stable municipal boundaries over the past 150 years include France, Italy and Spain, though the modifications to their boundaries have also been notable. However, like all relevant challenges, these changes also offer us new opportunities, if we are able to cope with them. In this particular case, the challenge will be to achieve the territorial homogenisation of the historical municipal series. In other words, when the municipal limits have changed, it will be necessary to adapt the data from the old municipal territories to the new ones. This exercise will have a number of applications. In this article, we present just one of these: the possibility of detecting areas and periods in which, over the course of history, there has been population growth, decline or stagnation. This will serve as a relevant indicator, or proxy, for organising research in other fields. We also understand that it will be possible to apply our research about Spain to other countries and that this will make it possible to evaluate the interest and results that we can expect from the homogenised work. We think that, despite its interest, this type of study has, until now, been very rare on account of the methodological difficulties involved. However, these new digital tools in the field of Historical GIS (HGIS), as spatial aggregation and Moran I techniques, have helped to provide solutions to assume this challenge.


The Indian Ocean has traditionally been less contentious with respect to nuclear issues but recent fielding of the nuclear submarine by India has introduced a new dimension in the strategic stability of the region. Though the development of nuclear submarine is China-centric, yet, the littoral states of the Indian Ocean have started feeling perturbed. The Indian ambitious naval expansion plan, aligned with its evolving maritime strategy, has adversely affected the security dynamics of the Indian Ocean. Thus, the Indian Ocean has become an avenue of the intersecting interests of many regional (China and India) and extra-regional states. The predominant interest of extra-regional powers has been economic, embedded in the security concerns. In response to the Indian nuclear explosions in 1998, Pakistan compelled to became an overt nuclear state, yet, had no inclinations for taking nuclearisation to sea. However, the extraordinary development of induction of nuclear submarine in the Indian naval inventory has forced many regional states to premeditate their options in line with their security calculus and compulsions, which has resulted in the emergence of a new paradigm of strategic competition between India and China in the Indian Ocean.


The environmental change by the society is recurring and has been intensified since the first civilizations. However, the lack of conservationist practices has caused the emergence of degraded areas, whose recovery is fundamental for the sustainability. In this context, this paper aims at analyzing the environmental recovery as a public policy strategy supported in the Brazilian legislation. As methodology, a documental and analytical research was developed on the regulations, discussed at a multidisciplinary perspective, from the view of legal and engineering specialists, from the agricultural and environmental areas. As a result, it was identified a collection of rules pointing at a significant commitment on the definition of guidelines. On the other hand, this meaningful quantity of legal mechanisms, associated to misalignment, may cause damages to its effectiveness. In conclusion, we can consider that environmental reclamation is widely regulated, and it represents one of the main strategies of the environmental public policy adopted in Brazil. Nevertheless, it still requires advances to combine harmoniously practical and theoretical-conceptual aspects. Thus, considering the moment that Brazil is consolidating a new Forestry Code, we hope that the achieved outcomes can contribute to the debate and mobilization about the environmental reclamation as a strategy for sustainability.


Bipolar I disorder is a serious and disabling psychiatric illness. It is associated with a significant reduction in quality of life and an increased risk for suicide. Pharmacotherapy is essential for both the acute and maintenance treatment of bi-polar I disorder. While multiple oral medications are recommended for the maintenance treatment, there are not many long-acting injectable medications approved for this indication. New treatments that would improve patient adherence have the potential for decreasing relapses and improving patients' ability to remain functional members of society. In this paper we discuss the available data for safety and efficacy of aripiprazole long-acting injectable in bipolar disorder.


We developed a hierarchical dominant river tracing (DRT) algorithm for automated extraction and spatial upscaling of basin flow directions and river networks using fine‐scale hydrography inputs (e.g., flow direction, river networks, and flow accumulation). In contrast with previous upscaling methods, the DRT algorithm utilizes information on global and local drainage patterns from baseline fine‐scale hydrography to determine upscaled flow directions and other critical variables including upscaled basin area, basin shape, and river lengths. The DRT algorithm preserves the original baseline hierarchical drainage structure by tracing each entire flow path from headwater to river mouth at fine scale while prioritizing successively higher order basins and rivers for tracing. We applied the algorithm to produce a series of global hydrography data sets from 1/16° to 2° spatial scales in two geographic projections (WGS84 and Lambert azimuthal equal area). The DRT results were evaluated against other alternative upscaling methods and hydrography data sets for continental U.S. and global domains. These results show favorable DRT upscaling performance in preserving baseline fine‐scale river network information including: (1) improved, automated extraction of flow directions and river networks at any spatial scale without the need for manual correction; (2) consistency of river network, basin shape, basin area, river length, and basin internal drainage structure between upscaled and baseline fine‐scale hydrography; and (3) performance largely independent of spatial scale, geographic region, and projection. The results of this study include an initial set of DRT upscaled global hydrography maps derived from HYDRO1K baseline fine‐scale hydrography inputs; these digital data are available online for public access at ftp://ftp.ntsg.umt.edu/pub/data/DRT/.


The behaviour patterns of Juvenile Atlantic salmon exposed to photoperiods (light-exposed fish) and of those exposed to control conditions (control fish) were compared. A negative phototaxis was exhibited by both control and light-exposed fish. The intensity of the light stimulus had very little effect on the intensity of the phototaxis in the light-exposed fish, while the control fish showed an increase in the intensity of the phototaxis with an increase in the intensity of the light stimulus. The control fish showed an increase in the reaction to the light stimulus the longer the stimulus was applied at the higher levels of stimulation, while the light-exposed fish exhibited this behaviour at the lower levels of stimulation. Both the control and light-exposed fish preferred currents to still water, but the preference of the light-exposed fish was stronger than that of the control fish. The control fish tended to avoid the faster flowing water to a greater extent than the light-exposed fish, while the latter were more sensitive to changes in current intensity. In a vertical light gradient, the light-exposed fish were very active, moving rapidly up and down the water column, while the control fish were relatively quiescent and settled to the bottom at low light intensities. In a horizontal light gradient, the control and light-exposed fish remained in the areas of low light intensities. Both groups showed a stronger avoidance of the light sources of higher Intensities, but tended to move into the brighter areas with low light sources. The control fish exhibited a stronger reaction to the less intense light gradients than the light-exposed fish, whereas the latter showed the stronger avoidance reaction to the more Intense light sources. These differences in behaviour are attributed to the increased activity and sensitivity of the light-exposed fish, resulting from their exposure to photoperiods. It is shown that the control fish behaved similarly to the salmon parr, while the light-exposed fish behaved similarly to the migrating salmon smolts. The significance of the behaviour patterns studied is discussed in relation to the downstream migration of Atlantic salmon.


The concept of reusing software artifacts to improve development efficiency and software quality has been around for quite some time, yet it has focused mostly on in-house reuse with limited success. Recently developments in component-based software development, Web services, and service-oriented architecture are targeting inter-organizational reuse by promoting black-box reuse facilitated by standard Web service-based interface definitions. This reuse paradigm reduces dramatically the cost of component integration and maintenance, as it is no longer necessary to understand implementation details. However, this requires a very high level of standardization and clear functional definitions to facilitate retrieval through search engines. Because of this, its application has been limited to relatively small infrastructure items, such as user interfaces, printing components, and data access modules. Further, the reuse potential of such components is high, as infrastructure functionality is needed across domains. However, without the ability to build the core of an application around reusable software components, the true value of component-based software development that can offer lower cost, high quality, agility, and responsiveness cannot be realized. Thus, in order to move this adoption philosophy forward, domain-specific components must be available. This research develops a method that promotes flexible component design based on a common product platform with derivative products. Following the design research method, the methodology artifact will be evaluated through an experimental evaluation and a formal assessment of its value to component-based development.


We consider the problem of estimating the trajectory of a submerged source emitting acoustic signals without using any anchor nodes or receiving array. This approach is required for several applications, including the localization of acoustic sources such as marine mammals or underwater vehicles, for which the cost of covering a broad area with multiple receivers would be excessively high. Since multi-lateration is impossible in this scenario, we perform localization by incorporating bathymetry information. Specifically, we assume that the receiver retains knowledge of the environmental parameters that affect the signal propagation, and that the bathymetry of the area is sufficiently diverse to induce distinguishable channel impulse responses for different source locations. Our method compares the channel estimates obtained from the received acoustic signals against a database of channel responses, pre-computed through an acoustic ray tracing model. The set of possible node locations that result are then organized in trellis form to obtain a final estimate of the source's trajectory via a path tracking method similar to the Viterbi algorithm. Our results show that the proposed approach can estimate node locations and paths with very small error, provided that the receiver has sufficiently accurate and up-to- date environmental information.


This is an analysis of whether biomechanical or kinematic variables are controlled by descending reticulospinal commands to the spinal cord during escape responses (C-starts) in the goldfish. We studied how the animal contracted its trunk musculature to orient an escape trajectory. We used trunk EMG recordings as a measure of the reticulospinal output to the musculature and we simultaneously gathered high-speed cinematic records of the resulting movements. We found that the escape trajectory is controlled by (1) the relative size of the agonist versus the antagonist muscle contractions on two sides of the body and (2) the timing between these contractions. We found no separate signal for forward propulsion (or force) apart from the initial stage 1 bending of the body. Rather, the neural specification of force is embedded in the commands to bend the body. Thus, our findings demonstrate the importance of the angular kinematic components, or direction changes, caused by the descending reticulospinal command. This new direction change concept is important for two reasons. First, it unifies the diversity of C-start movement patterns into a single and rather simple quantitative model. Second, the model is analogous to the systematic EMG and kinematic changes observed by others to underlie single joint movements of limbs in other vertebrates such as primates. As in these cases, the fish capitalizes on the mechanical properties of the muscle by setting the extent and timing of agonist and antagonist contractions. This, plus the fact that sensory feedback is likely to be minimal, may enable the animal to reduce the number of computational steps in its motor commands used to produce the escape response. Because horizontal body movements in fish are a fundamental vertebrate movement pattern produced by a highly conserved brainstem movement system, our findings may have general implications for understanding the neural basis of rapid movements of diverse body parts.


The article focuses on the explanation of the basic principles and functions of harmonic gear systems. The main objective of the article is to comprehensively explain the relations concerning the main construction parameters of these special gear systems and their impact on the backlash. It also includes basic mathematical relationships between the reaction elements, mechanical characteristics, cogging types and the properties of the harmonic gear systems. This article focuses mainly on the preparation of the finite element 3D computational model of the harmonic drive gear and tooth backlash analysis. The results of the simulation were analysed in the final part of the article.


This paper analyses relevant determinants for the probability to initiate a dispute on policy measures under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). The empirical analysis focuses on agrofood related disputes to provide sector specific information on the driving factors in dispute settlement, and complements and extends previous studies by incorporating new potential determinants. The focus is shifted to bilaterally dependent characteristics to take care of trade related and power based relationships between Members, such as relevance of the defendant's market and the complainant's trade related retaliation capacity. Contrary to recent analyses of overall trade disputes, the results show that capacity-related determinants such as financial means and legal capacity and simple trade-related characteristics like export and import volume do not show a statistically significant impact on dispute initiation in the agro-food sector. However, the level of protectionism that Members face in their export markets, their operating experience with the DSM, the influence of private sector interests, complainants' agrofood related export dependency as well as the size of their agro-food imports from the defendant party could be identified as relevant determinants of dispute initiation behavior.


Key to the widespread application of smart polymers in drug delivery is understanding the mechanistic interplay, as well as consequence, of the presence of these macromolecules within living systems. This review looks at these interactions in terms of host response to macromolecular structure and subsequent clinical implications. In order to highlight this, three distinct routes of drug delivery are discussed, enabling a journey from the outside of the body in to the cell. This is used to contrast the need for different scientific approaches replete to successful drug delivery in these physiologically diverse areas. The discussion initiates with the application of smart polymers to the oral route of drug delivery, followed by macromolecular fate within the systemic circulation and finally intracellular delivery. The advantages, in terms of biological performance, as well as the challenges of using smart polymers within this multifaceted arena are delineated.


We present the synthesis of hybrid[4]arenes via a one-pot reaction of 1,4,5,8-tetramethoxyanthracene and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene with formaldehyde catalyzed by TFA. Two new C2h-symmetric macrocycles having different substitution patterns at anthracene units were obtained. Both X-ray structure analysis and molecular modelling reveal a parallel arrangement of the anthracene units with an interplane distance of 4.8 A. A comparison of UV and fluorescence spectra of hybrid[4]arene and a monomeric anthracene unit indicates that the energies and intensities of the absorption bands (scaled to the same number of chromophores) remain similar. However, for the macrocycle the quantum yield of emission is increased, which may originate from its rigid structure. Hybrid[4]arene was post-macrocyclization modified by the Diels–Alder reaction with benzyne and a macrocycle with an expanded cavity was obtained. The expanded cavity macrocycle is able to selectively complex and solubilize pyridinium iodide in chloroform.


An algorithm is described for reconstructing a symmetric three-dimensional image from its Fourier intensity that is sampled below the Nyquist rate. The study is motivated by an image reconstruction problem in macromolecular x-ray crystallography. Application of the algorithm to simulated crystallographic problems shows that it converges to the correct solution, with no initial phase information, where algorithms currently used in crystallography fail. The algorithm is potentially useful in a variety of situations in macromolecular crystallography. The results presented also lend support to the possibility of ab initio phase retrieval in macromolecular crystallography when sufficient a priori information is available. Other applications in image reconstruction are possible.


In load-bearing bone tissue engineering (BTE), ionic doping is a promising strategy to make up for the inherent defects of hydroxyapatite (HAp). However, the influence of doped elements on the structures and properties of in vitro mineralized HAp has not been investigated in detail so far. In addition, no systematic investigations have been found comparing the properties of different kinds of element doped HAp-based organic/inorganic composites. In this work, the hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite (CS/HAp) and Mg, Zn, Sr, and Si doped hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites (Mg-CS/HAp, Zn-CS/HAp, Sr-CS/HAp, and Si-CS/HAp) were synthesized by using a facile in situ precipitation method. The impacts of different kinds of doped elements on the crystallinity, crystal morphology, and crystal structure of the mineralized HAp were carefully studied. In addition, we also investigated and compared the surface morphology, surface roughness, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and in vitro cytocompatibility of the five samples in detail. We anticipate that our work could shed new light on the influence of ionic doping on the mineralization of HAp and inspire researchers to prepare an HAp-based organic/inorganic composite load-bearing bone substitute in the future.


Should the legislation on the sale and promotion of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) be similar to that for tobacco smoking, or are they different? Is there potential medical benefit in their availability and use? I shall argue that they should be regulated, based on the overwhelming potential for their harm to society, and particularly to those that they are intended to 'help'. Firstly, the evidence for their being an effective method for smoking cessation is unconvincing. Secondly, they are a means for maintaining nicotine addiction and dependence. Thirdly, they may even encourage more habitual use of nicotine, which, in time, might encourage a switch to cigarette smoking.


Determining when the selective disclosure of material nonpublic information should trigger insider trading liability is a deeply problematic aspect of insider trading doctrine.
The current rule is that a selective disclosure can only trigger insider trading liability if "the insider [making the selective disclosure] personally will benefit, directly or indirectly, from his disclosure." Dirks v. SEC introduced this "personal benefit" test in 1983 to balance four competing rationales for determining when a tip should trigger insider trading liability. Two developments since Dirks have made problems with this personal benefit test insurmountable. First, the SEC's enactment of Regulation Fair Disclosure in 2000 supplanted federal common law regulation of selective disclosures by public companies and, more pointedly, prohibited public companies from making precisely the types of selective disclosures to Wall Street analysts that the Dirks personal benefit test was designed to protect. Second, in United States v. O'Hagan the Supreme Court adopted the misappropriation theory, which greatly expanded the types of deceptive conduct that could trigger insider trading liability.
After Regulation FD and O'Hagan, only a test for when a selective disclosure triggers insider trading liability based directly on the statutory prohibition against deceptive conduct makes sense. Receipt of a personal benefit should be a sufficient, but not necessary, condition for finding that a selective disclosure is deceptive enough to trigger insider trading liability.


In recent years technology and management information system has been an excellent response too many global challenges, technology innovation has expanded over almost all the sectors of, and it made many processes more accurate and very faster than before. Technology systems playeda big role part in election processes in many democratic countries nowadays. The commission, in Iraq, suffers from many problems such as fraud, time-consuming and delays in the election processes that take a long time and also witness a delay in revealing the results. This research paper focuses on adapting the biometric system in Iraq; there are several different perspectives to specify the IHEC's employees and manager's attitude towards technology in general and Biometric system specifically. Most of the staff members feel confident about transforming into a technology system. In their responses to the questionnaires, most of them focused on getting trained before they start using the system. In this research, the data is collected by using survey technique from the independent high electoral commission managers and staff members, and the data is analyzed by using SPSS.


The purpose of the paper is to introduce a foundation of subjective confrontation analysis of negotiation. Negotiation is something that we do every time and happens in every aspect of our life. The fact that in negotiation process each side can have different aims and interests often give some potential for conflict.

As a foundation of subjective confrontation analysis of negotiation, we first identify negotiation as reciprocal proposals of positions and threats by two characters who are involved and share a common frame on which they negotiate. Inconsistency between the proposed positions may lead them to face dilemmas to be resolved in order to achieve agreement. Next, we formally define three types of dilemmas that might arise in such negotiation in terms of dramatic model. Then, after proposing a new theoretical framework to resolve one of those dilemmas, we will apply the concepts of dramatic model for analyzing the conflicts that arise in a river pollution case in Indonesia. Finally, we will discuss its findings and ideas for further research.


ABSTRACT Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major health problem in the world. Indonesia is in the top fifth contributing to the highest number of TB cases in the world. Subdit TB Depkes RI 2000-2010 reported that Jambi is one of the province with high proportion of pediatric TB, 5,2%. Tuberculosis can affect the children's growth. Combination of antituberculosis drugs are used in the  therapy of tuberculosis. Some studies show that the antituberculosis drugs cause side effects. Methods: This is an observational research with cohort prospective design. Subjects are patients  who diagnosed as pediatric TB in RSUD Raden Mattaher, Puskesmas Putri Ayu, Puskesmas Simpang IV Sipin and PPTI Jambi. Subjects have given informed consent. The recruitment of subject from July until September 2014 and followed until two month therapy. The primary data from interview and weight measurement, secondary data from patients' medical records. Results: Total subjects are 24 patients. The 87,5% subjects diagnosed as TB pulmonary and 12,5% subjects diagnosed as TB extrapulmonary (meningitis TB, spondylitis TB and scrofuloderma). About 54,2% subjects are above 4 years old. The location of patients' adresses are 20,8% from Kecamatan Jambi Timur subdistrict, followed respectively from Telanai, Kota baru, Pelayangan, Jelutung and  Danau Teluk. The 79,2 % subjects have close contact with positive TB adult patients. About 8,3% subjects experience loss of appetite, 4,1 % experience naussea during therapy with antitubercular drugs. Based on weight/age criteria, about 91,7 % subjects are categorized malnutrition and 8,3 % are well nutrition before therapy. There are different significantly increasement of body weight before, after 1 month and 2 month of therapy (p<0,05). Conclusion: There are significantly increasement of body weight before, after 1 month and 2 month of therapy (p<0,05). Keywords: Pediatric TB, growth weight, side effects


State and local tax policy is one of the most important areas of public policy affecting the lives of the most powerless and vulnerable segments of the population - children from low income families. Focusing on the funding of primary and secondary education, especially in high poverty school districts, and the scheme for allocating the tax burden, this article empirically proves that all fifty states have unjust state and local tax policy, with thirty-one states inflicting an extreme level of injustice on poor children and their families. This article argues that the people in most states, as well as their political leaders, are compelled to reform state and local tax policy because they claim to practice Christianity or Judaism, and, in addition to being unjust under secular-based ethical models, their state and local tax policy also violates the moral principles of Judeo-Christian ethics. This article also argues that the moral context of a faith-based appeal offers the best chance to inspire people to support tax policy, requiring greater levels of sacrifice from wealthier Americans, a group that must be part of the reform effort in order to change the state and local tax picture from a vast sea of injustice to a tool of justice protecting our most vulnerable and powerless citizens.


Many of the most pernicious economic institutions and policies create entry barriers or manipulate factor prices to transfer resources from entrepreneurs and workers to groups that hold political power. These inefficiencies partly result from the fact that direct and efficient fiscal instruments that can be used for taxation and redistribution of resources are absent. One might then conclude that increasing state capacity and expanding the set of available fiscal instruments should improve the allocation of resources by preventing the use of these inefficient, indirect methods of redistribution. This reasoning ignores the effect of greater state capacity and the change in the set of available fiscal instruments on the political equilibrium, however. Because the availability of more efficient means of taxation increases the potential benefits of controlling state power, it also intensifies costly political conflict aimed at capturing the control of the state. This indirect effect counteracts the benefits from more efficient taxation and may dominate the direct benefits. The paper establishes the possibility that the allocation of resources may deteriorate substantially in response to an autonomous increase in state capacity and the set of fiscal instruments. It also argues that in the British case, which is a key historical example that points to the central role of increased state capacity in economic development, this change was not autonomous; instead, it was an equilibrium response to changes in political institutions that placed better checks on the exercise of power by the executive. This reasoning suggests that the study of the effect of fiscal capacity and the evaluation of policies aimed at increasing state capacity in less-developed economies should be done in the context of dynamic models of political economy, in which fiscal capacity and political constraints are jointly determined.


We present analyses of major elements C and Ca and trace elements N, S, Mg and Sr in a Porites sp. exoskeleton with a spatial resolution better than ∼150 nm. Trace element variations are evaluated directly against the ultra‐structure of the skeleton and are ascribed to dynamic biological forcing. Individual growth layers in the bulk fibrous aragonite skeleton form on sub‐daily timescales. Magnesium concentration variations are dramatically correlated with the growth layers, but are uncorrelated with Sr concentration variations. Observed (sub)seasonal relationships between water temperature and skeletal trace‐element chemistry are secondary, mediated by sensitive biological processes to which classical thermodynamic formalism does not apply.


Although the island Republic of Singapore has been submitted to a systematic territorial revolution since the 1960s, some of its urban heritage has been preserved. This is the case with Wessex Estate, a quiet residential neighbourhood located in the low hills extending on the western flank of the central urban area. Made up of less than a dozen bungalows and 26 small blocks of flats, Wessex Estate is of no particular architectural interest, but it does represent a heritage through the names borne by the blocks of flats. Clearly printed on the facades of the 26 blocks of flats, these names all refer to military feats of British history. The study locates and briefly describes these events, several of which took place on European fronts, as far back as the early 18th century (such as Ramilies, Blenheim), others throughout the British Empire, starting from the middle of the same century (such as Plassey, Quebec, Khartoum, Pegu). Built just prior to or just following WWII, it seems that the flats housed non-commissioned British officers during the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960). Their names refer to battles or theatres of war in all of which a given British regiment, the 67th or South Hampshire Regiment, might have been involved. Whatever the case, it remains somewhat remarkable that so many reminders of the colonial past, even a good number with "no natural connection" to Singapore, have remained prominent in this city-state otherwise apparently prone to sever "colonial apron strings".


PTFO 8-8695 (CVSO 30) is a star in the 7–10 million year old Orion OB1a cluster that shows brightness dips that resemble planetary transits. Although strong evidence against the planet hypothesis has been presented, the possibility remains debated in the literature. To obtain further clues, we inspected data from the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and the ESA Gaia mission. The Gaia data suggest that PTFO 8-8695 is a binary: the photometric data show it to be overluminous with respect to members of its kinematic group, and the astrometric data are inconsistent with a single star. The TESS light curve shows two different photometric periods. The variability is dominated by a sinusoidal signal with a period of 11.98 hr, presumably caused by stellar rotation. Also present is a 10.76 hr signal consisting of a not-quite sinusoid interrupted by hour-long dips, the type of signal previously interpreted as planetary transits. The phase of the dips is nearly 180° away from the phase of the originally reported dips. As noted previously, this makes them difficult to explain as planetary transits. Instead, we believe that PTFO 8-8695 is a pair of young and rapidly rotating M dwarfs, one of which shows the same "transient-dipper" behavior that has been seen in at least five other cases. The origin of these transient dips is still unknown but likely involves circumstellar material.


Bi-doped CsI crystals exhibited near-infrared ultra-broadband photoluminescence around 1216 nm and 1560 nm, depending on the bismuth doping levels, which were ascribed to Bi+ and Bi2+ centers, respectively. The crystal chemistry of the Bi3+ to Bi+ reduction and Bi2+ dimer formation in CsI lattice were investigated. Thermal treatments including annealing and quenching were carried out to study the thermal behaviors of the two emission bands. The evolution of absorption and emission spectra of Bi:CsI crystals indicating the Bi-aggregation and valence conversions under thermal activation. The process of Bi aggregation was observed to be a second-order reaction with activation energy of 0.33 eV. Bi2+ was identified as the origin of the 1560 nm emission band with ESR spectra. A simple lattice structure diagram was developed to illustrate the physical processes in Bi:CsI crystals induced by thermal activation.


Bargaining, negotiation and civil penalty sanctions together constitute central techniques used by regulators in securing compliance with the law. This book is a timely exploration of these practices, constructing a principled framework for evaluating their legitimacy and thereby drawing into sharper focus the importance of the constitutional principles in regulatory compliance. Although Australian competition law provides the focal point of the book, its analysis and critique is equally applicable to other competition law regimes and to other areas of business regulation. While there are numerous empirical studies of regulatory enforcement, this book introduces a normative dimension to the debate by seeking to identify whether there are certain principled and ethical limits that inform and circumscribe the limits of legitimate enforcement practice. It is likely to be of interest to scholars in the fields of public law, criminology, economics, and regulation, and may also be of considerable assistance to legal practitioners in providing a principled, legal foundation from which to draw in their dealings with regulators.