Electronic resources (ERs) in academic libraries have become a global phenomenon, and as libraries rely more on these resources managing them effectively becomes crucial. Electronic resource management (ERM) has consequently become a core function which many academic libraries around the globe appear to find challenging to implement effectively. Challenges of managing ERs are particularly pronounced in developing countries such as Ghana where the introduction of ICTs has typically been characterised by inadequate resources. Although there is an extensive literature on both the management and use of ERs, little research has studied how the two aspects could affect each other. Ineffective management of ERs could negatively affect their use; likewise, low usage of ERs could negatively impact on the management of these resources. Studying the concepts of management and usage of ERs together would result in better recommendations to inform practice and eliminate the challenges.  In addition, the literature on the management of ERs is predominantly centred around libraries in the developed country context. Moreover, academic libraries in Ghana do not appear to be effective in managing ERs. There is a lack of understanding on how academic libraries in Ghana are managing ERs, and the ways in which this is affecting their usage and vice-versa. The study therefore fills the gaps by exploring the connection between the management and usage of ERs in academic libraries in a developing country context.   Placed within a post-positivist worldview, this mixed-methods research employed a multiple case study approach, involving two public and two private universities in Ghana. Stakeholders included in the study were library staff, faculty, students, and consortium executives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with library staff and members of the governing council of the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Ghana (CARLIGH) concurrently with surveys of faculty and postgraduate students of the institutions investigated. These were supported by document analysis. To guide data collection and analysis, the Techniques for Electronic Resource Management (TERMS) framework (Emery & Stone, 2013), and an initial conceptual model of factors developed using constructs from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis 2003) and the literature underpinned the study.   The interview findings revealed inadequate planning for ERs in the case institutions owing to operational challenges including inadequate policies for ERs, inadequate funding, and understaffing. Although efforts were being made to follow standard procedures some components of ER workflow were absent in both public and private case libraries, whereas other aspects of the workflow were responsibilities of parties external to the libraries. The document analysis showed that, the total average completeness of collection development policies of case libraries was 25% which indicated the lack of vital elements in these policies. The survey findings showed a generally low awareness and usage of ERs by faculty and students due to inadequate promotional efforts by the case libraries, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of relevant content. Consequently, respondents had a negative perception on the usefulness of the ERs which may have caused the observed low usage.    The study also found three main factors as affecting the management and usage of ERs in academic libraries in Ghana which were governmental, organisational and individual factors. Governmental factors such as regulations on staffing, inadequate funding, and nationwide rationing of electricity supply were hindrances. At the organisational level, an enabler was collaboration with stakeholders, whereas obstacles included inadequate policies, staffing challenges, resource-related factors, lack of investment for sustainability, centralised management structure, low institutional commitment, poor communication, and low usage of ERs. Enabling individual factors consisted of religious beliefs, social influence, oral information, and interest in IT. Hindering individual factors comprised negative effects of oral information, resistance to change, fear of speaking against authority, reluctance to submit contents to institutional repository, negative perception on the ERs and lack of time.    The findings also established various ways in which the management and usage of ERs affected each other. Low user input in the selection of ERs, access related challenges, inadequate publicity, training, and evaluation of ERs negatively affected the usage of ERs. However, case libraries that occasionally allowed users to schedule training sessions observed increased attendance to training with a corresponding increase in ER usage, which provided a basis for institutional budgetary support. On the other hand, failure of users to attend training programmes after signing up, low referral of students to the ERs by faculty and low usage of ERs of the library negatively affected ERM particularly in the areas of budgeting for ER subscription and sustainability. However, faculty and students facilitated the management of ERs of the library in terms of creating awareness of the ERs among their colleagues and peers, and also accessing the resources using mobile devices to supplement the library's inadequate computers.    The TERMS framework and initial conceptual model of factors were revised based on the findings. The study adds to the Library and Information Science research relevant to the understanding of the management and usage of ERs, factors affecting both concepts and how these two concepts are related. In addition, the study contributes to practice by recommending strategies for effective ERM to encourage increased usage of ERs. It is also hoped that academic libraries in other developing countries can draw lessons from the findings. The study also provides advanced countries with a deeper insight to guide them in providing support to developing countries. The findings also have implications for policy and decision makers in terms of prioritisation and allocation of resources for effective ERM and usage in academic libraries as contemporary issues are revealed.   Keywords: Academic institutions, Academic libraries, Electronic resources, Electronic resources in Africa, Electronic resource management, Electronic resource usage


Programmers of high-performance applications face two major implementation options: to use a high-level language which manages communication implicitly or to use a low-level language while specifying communication explicitly. The high-level approach offers safety and convenience, but forces programmers to give up control, making it difficult to hand-tune communications or to estimate communication cost. The low-level approach retains this control, but forces programmers to express communication at a verbose, tedious, and errorprone level of detail. We advocate a complementary third approach in which the programmer declaratively, but explicitly, specifies the essence of the communication pattern. The programmer lets the implementation handle the details when appropriate, but retains enough control to hand-encode communications when necessary. In this paper we present Kanor, a language for declaratively expressing explicit communication patterns, and demonstrate how Kanor safely, succinctly, and efficiently expresses both point-to-point and collective communications.


We introduce a proximal alternating linearized minimization (PALM) algorithm for solving a broad class of nonconvex and nonsmooth minimization problems. Building on the powerful Kurdyka–Łojasiewicz property, we derive a self-contained convergence analysis framework and establish that each bounded sequence generated by PALM globally converges to a critical point. Our approach allows to analyze various classes of nonconvex-nonsmooth problems and related nonconvex proximal forward–backward algorithms with semi-algebraic problem's data, the later property being shared by many functions arising in a wide variety of fundamental applications. A by-product of our framework also shows that our results are new even in the convex setting. As an illustration of the results, we derive a new and simple globally convergent algorithm for solving the sparse nonnegative matrix factorization problem.


In order to demonstrate the practicality of two newly developed taste-and-odor methods, raw and filtered water samples from the Songchon water treatment plant, and tap water samples from houses were analyzed from July to October 2000 using three sensory methods (TON, 2-out-of-5 odor test and attribute difference test for the presence or absence of geosmin) and one instrumental method (closed-loop stripping analysis, CLSA, followed by gas chromatography, GC). Comparison of TON values with CLSA indicated a discernible relationship only when the odorant level was relatively high. The two newly developed methods, however, were more sensitive than TON when the odor intensity of samples was low. The attribute rating test for geosmin is more sensitive than the 2-out-of-5 odor test when the TON value is less than 10. These new methods seem better than current methods for identifying the occurrence of odor compounds in raw and filtered waters. They also have practical use in tracking the efficiency of treatment methods, such as adsorption and oxidation, used for controlling taste-and-odor episodes.


Antiretroviral therapy has marked a change in the course of HIV infection, posing new challenges to improve quality of life in pediatric patients. Objective: The goal of this paper was to identify psychosocial aspects of HIV-infected children and adolescents, and to evaluate their neuropsychological development and psychiatric comorbidity. Patients and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted, evaluating the neurocognitive performance of patients attending at the Pediatric Department of Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri of La Habana, Cuba, between February and July of 2008. For that purpose, interviews to the patients and their relatives were done with the application of appropriate tests for each age. Results: Twenty-three patients ages 3-17 years (57% female) were studied. Sixteen (69.5%) were infected through vertical transmission, and 7 (30.5%) through other routes. School children infected through vertical transmission showed the most symptoms. Hyperactivity, anxiety, and learning disorders were the most frequently observed symptoms as well as hyperkinetic disorders, temporary tic disorders and mental retardation. Conclusion: This study shows the neuropsychological characterization of HIV-positive children and adolescents, considering the route of acquisition of the infection and the stage of the disease. It also describes psychiatric comorbidity of HIV-infected children.


THIs third and final list of selected references on secondaryschool instruction to appear in the current volume of the School Review contains items dealing with the subject fields not represented in the list published in the February issue, namely, industrial and vocational arts, agriculture, home economics, business education, music, art, and health and physical education. The present list, like the first and the second, follows a definition of "instruction" which includes its three main aspects of (i) curriculum, (2) methods of teaching and study and supervision, and (3) measurement.


Zero-additional-phase spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction (ZAP-SPIDER) is a novel technique for measuring the temporal shape and phase of ultrashort optical pulses directly at the interaction point of a spectroscopic experiment. The scheme is suitable for an extremely wide wavelength region from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. We present a comprehensive description of the experimental setup and design guidelines to effectively apply the technique to various wavelengths and pulse durations. The calibration of the setup and procedures to check the consistency of the measurement are discussed in detail. We show experimental data for various center wavelengths and pulse durations down to 7 fs to verify the applicability to a wide range of pulse parameters.


A penik decorated with woven trim (galloons), known as 'kard-penik', has been worn in Hiiumaa as part of folk costumes. The examples in the collections of Estonian National Museum have been dated to the 1st quarter of the 19th century. In earlier times all girls wore a penik while attending church. In later times, it was used as a headpiece by the brides in Hiiu county, and also by bridesmaids in Emmaste and Käina. By the end of the 19th century, the tradition of wearing peniks started to disappear due to the growing popularity of Myrtus head chains. The author of this article has focused mainly on the materials and the possible techniques used to make peniks in order to recreate the item and to describe the process.


Aygun, I. and E. CAkIr, 2014. Development and determination of the field performance of stalk choppers equipped with different blade configurations. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 1268-1271 The objective of this study was to determine the cutting performance of different design of stalk choppers as they are equipped with different blades and run at different rotational speeds in vineyard for chopping stalks after pruning. In order to meet this objective, cutting performance, power requirements, and fuel consumptions of stalk choppers having different number of blades, blade design, and rotational speed were determined at different forward speeds in vineyard. According to the results, machine type and forward speeds were found statistically significant once choppers were compared in terms of power requirements, fuel consumptions and chopping effectiveness. Prototype chopper 1 provided the best chopping performance with 62.92 % in the range of 0-10 cm chopped stalk length with lowest power requirement of 4.06 hp m-1 and the second best fuel consumption of 4.11 L h-1 m-1 comparing to other two stalk choppers. Generally, conventional stalk chopper had the worst chopping effectiveness with highest power requirement and fuel consumption as 37 %, 6.03 hp m-1, and 4.13 L h-1 m1, respectively.


Quality control mandate that the air kerma strengths (S(K)) of permanent seeds be verified, this is usually done by statistics inferred from 10% of the seeds. The goal of this paper is to proposed a new sampling method in which the number of seeds to be measured will be set beforehand according to an a priori statistical level of uncertainty. The results are based on the assumption that the S(K) has a normal distribution. To demonstrate this, the S(K) of each of the seeds measured was corrected to ensure that the average S(K) of its sample remained the same. In this process 2030 results were collected and analyzed using a normal plot. In our opinion, the number of seeds sampled should be determined beforehand according to an a priori level of statistical uncertainty.


BACKGROUND
Different clinical syndromes can arise from Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), logopenic primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA).

OBJECTIVE
To assess similarities and differences in patterns of white matter tract degeneration across these syndromic variants of AD.

METHODS
Sixty-four subjects (22 DAT, 24 lvPPA, and 18 PCA) that had diffusion tensor imaging and showed amyloid-β deposition on PET were assessed in this case-control study. A whole-brain voxel-based analysis was performed to assess differences in fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity across groups.

RESULTS
All three groups showed overlapping diffusion abnormalities in a network of tracts, including fornix, corpus callosum, posterior thalamic radiations, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. Subtle regional differences were also observed across groups, with DAT particularly associated with degeneration of fornix and cingulum, lvPPA with left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus, and PCA with posterior thalamic radiations, superior longitudinal fasciculus, posterior cingulate, and splenium of the corpus callosum.

CONCLUSION
These findings show that while each AD phenotype is associated with degeneration of a specific structural network of white matter tracts, striking spatial overlap exists among the three network patterns that may be related to AD pathology.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a computerized 24-hour physical activity recall instrument (24PAR).

METHODS
Participants (n=20) wore 2 pattern-recognition activity monitors (an IDEEA and a SenseWear Pro Armband) for a 24-hour period and then completed the 24PAR the following morning. Participants completed 2 trials, 1 while maintaining a prospective diary of their activities and 1 without a diary. The trials were counterbalanced and completed within a week from each other. Estimates of energy expenditure (EE) and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were compared with the criterion measures using 3-way (method by gender by trial) mixed-model ANOVA analyses.

RESULTS
For EE, pairwise correlations were high (r>.88), and there were no differences in estimates across methods. Estimates of MVPA were more variable, but correlations were still in the moderate to high range (r>.57). Average activity levels were significantly higher on the logging trial, but there was no significant difference in the accuracy of self-report on days with and without logging.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study support the overall utility of the 24PAR for group-level estimates of daily EE and MVPA.


The Rochester Section of the Optical Society of America offers a middle school outreach program called the Optics Suitcase. Contents include re-usable demos and give-away experiments that illustrate color in white light. Over 40 suitcases have been shipped, free of charge, to groups in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Germany, Australia and South Africa.


Evaluation is a cornerstone in the process of developing and deploying recommender systems. The PERSPECTIVES workshop brought together academia and industry to critically reflect on the evaluation of recommender systems. Particularly, the workshop aimed to shed light on the different, and maybe even diverging or contradictory perspectives on the evaluation of recommender systems. Papers reporting a reflection on problems regarding recommender systems evaluation and lessons learned were solicited. The workshop combined flash presentations of accepted papers, a keynote from industry, and an interactive part with discussions in break-out rooms as well as in the plenum. The workshop complemented the program of the main conference as it emphasized problems and lessons learned, fostered exchange integrating various perspectives on evaluation, and sought to move the recommender systems community forward as an outcome of the workshop.


Citizens United v. FEC articulated a new pillar of free speech doctrine that is independent from the well-known controversies about corporate personhood and the role of money in elections. For the first time, the Supreme Court clearly said that discrimination on the basis of the identity of the speaker offends the First Amendment. Previously, the focus of free speech doctrine had been on the content and forum of speech, not on the identity of the speaker. This new doctrine has the potential to reshape free speech law far beyond the corporate speech and campaign finance contexts. This article explores the basis of the speaker discrimination doctrine and points to potential implications. It shows that while the speaker discrimination principle had not been previously articulated clearly, it is a convincing explanation for much earlier First Amendment cases and thus should not be understood as an entirely new development. The speaker discrimination principle holds considerable potential to clarify otherwise confused areas of free speech jurisprudence. In particular, the bar against identity discrimination should operate as a limiting principle on forum-based speech restrictions. To illustrate this potential, this article examines the potential application of speaker discrimination to school speech cases, especially those involving off-campus speech. At the same time, the Court's embrace of speaker discrimination raises important questions in critical legal theory about why the identity of a speaker might matter in addition to the substance of what a person chooses to say.


Over the last few decades, a rich and increasingly diverse practice has emerged in the art world that invites the public to touch, enter, and experience the work, whether it is in a gallery, on city streets, or in the landscape. Like architecture, many of these temporary artworks aspire to alter viewers' experience of the environment. An installation is usually the end product for an artist, but for architects it can also be a preliminary step in an ongoing design process. Like paper projects designed in the absence of "real" architecture, installations offer architects another way to engage in issues critical to their practice. Direct experimentation with architecture's material and social dimensions engages the public around issues in the built environment that concern them and expands the ways that architecture can participate in and impact people's everyday lives. The first survey of its kind, Installations by Architects features fifty of the most significant projects from the last twenty-five years by today's most exciting architects, including Anderson Anderson, Philip Beesley, Diller + Scofidio, John Hejduk, Dan Hoffman, and Kuth/Ranieri Architects. Projects are grouped in critical areas of discussion under the themes of tectonics, body, nature, memory, and public space. Each project is supplemented by interviews with the project architects and the discussions of critics and theorists situated within a larger intellectual context. There is no doubt that installations will continue to play a critical role in the practice of architecture. Installations by Architects aims to contribute to the role of installations in sharpening our understanding of the built environment.


Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are emerging as a promising alternative for the existing transportation system. This technology is envisioned to run on electricity from the grid, stored in high capacity batteries, for short trips and switch to a conventional fuels for long trips. Thus, the demand for electricity will significantly grow if this technology is adopted widely. Although, PHEV technology is generally considered to be more environmentally friendly than conventional transportation systems, especially in regions with a diverse electric power generation fleet, the environmental impacts of such wide integration of PHEVs need to be investigated in thermal-dominated systems, such as Alberta's. This paper studies the potential environmental impacts of the wide adoption of PHEVs in the context of Alberta, given the 90% share of thermal units and the growing interstes in wind power developments in the province. Various scenarios are considered for supplying the required energy for PHEVs and the resulting gas consumption and emission reductions are estimated.


The article presents empirical data from qualitative interviews with leaders and representatives of Russian ethnic group nongovernmental organizations conducted inthe cities of Vilnius, Klaipėda and Kaunas in 2016–2017. The analysis of aspects of social justice in civic participation of the Russian ethnic minority group is presented in the article. The author applies the definition of Nancy Fraser (1996, 2007), who distinguishes three dimensions of social justice: economic, cultural and political, associated with redistribution, recognition policy and political representation. It is discussed if and how the motives, goals and activities of the Russian nongovernmental organizations are linked or related to these mentioned dimensions. The study revealed that the field of activity of the Russian nongovernmental organizations mainly focuses on cultural activities and cultural aspects related to the policy of recognition of ethnic groups. The empirical data is collected in the framework of the research project which addresses the experiences of social and historical justice by different generations of Lithuanians and Lithuanian Russians. The research project is funded by the Research Council of Lithuania and conducted by a group of researchers from the Lithuanian Social Research Centre (the number of this project is LIP-031/2016).


Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is to examine the negative effects of toluene on kidney tissues and functions and to investigate the protective effects of CAPE against toluene-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. A total of 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of equal number in each. The rats in group I were the controls. Toluene was intraperitoneally injected into the rats in group II with a dose of 500 mg/kg. Rats in group III received CAPE daily while exposed to toluene. After 14 days of experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation. Enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were studied in the rat kidneys. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels were measured for renal function. The CAT and SOD enzyme activities and serum creatinine levels were significantly increased in rats treated with toluene when compared with the controls. But GSH-Px activity, MDA, and BUN levels showed statistically nonsignificant changes. However, increased CAT and SOD enzyme activities and decreased serum creatinine levels were detected in the rats that received CAPE while exposed to toluene. The GSH-Px activity and MDA and BUN levels in the same group did not show statistically significant changes. The results of our study demonstrated that toluene damages kidney tissue and is a nephrotoxic substance. CAPE was able to prevent the renal damage as antioxidant, antitoxic, and nephroprotective agent.


Starting with a subjective epistemological position in combination with an objective ontological position we show that language is the limiting factor of scientific communication. Theoretically we draw on Language Critique, a branch of philosophy known as the Erlangen School to analyse communication and mutual understanding based on linguistic signs. We then argue that, if language limits communication in scientific discourse, this is true for any discourses in information systems processes. We propose a formalised theory of information systems anchored at Language Critique and show resulting consequences for research on information systems.


Autoignition of non-premixed methane-air mixtures is investigated using first-order Conditional Moment closure (CMC). In CMC, scalar quantities are conditionally averaged with respect to a conserved scalar, usually the mixture fraction [8]. The conditional fluctuations are often of small order, allowing the chemical source term to be modeled as a function of the conditional species concentrations and the conditional enthalpy (temperature). The first-order CMC derivation leaves many terms unclosed such as the conditional scalar dissipation rate, velocity and turbulent fluxes, and the probability density function. Submodels for these quantities are discussed and validated against Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). The CMC and the turbulent velocity and mixing fields calculations are decoupled based on the frozen mixing assumption, and the CMC equations are cross-stream averaged across the flow following the shear flow approximation [63]. Finite differences are used to discretize the equations, and a two-step fractional method is implemented to treat separately the stiff chemical source term. The stiff ODE solver LSODE [45] is used to solve the resulting system of equations. The recently developed detailed chemical kinetics mechanism UBC-Mech 1.0 [49] is employed throughout this study, and preexisting mechanisms are visited. Several ignition criteria are also investigated. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous CMC calculations are performed in order to investigate the role of physical transport in autoignition. Furthermore, the results of the perfectly homogeneous reactor calculations are presented and the critical value of the scalar dissipation rate for ignition is determined. The results are compared to the shock tube experimental data of Sullivan et al. [113]. The current results show good agreement with the experiments in terms of both ignition delay and ignition kernel location, and the trends obtained in the experiments are successfully reproduced. The results were shown to be sensitive to the scalar dissipation model, the chemical kinetics, and the ignition criterion.


The geographical position of India (N 8° and 37°; E 70° and 97°) and its physical features are such that a variety of climatic conditions prevail over different parts of the country. Its coast line is more than 6,000 km long, the east and west coasts are almost equal. It has broadly four river basin systems—major, medium, minor, and desert. The total quantity in these systems has been estimated at 1,645,000 m.cu.m. The Ganga, the Yamuna, and the Brabmaputra Rivers are in the extra peninsular region and originate in the Himalayas. Hardly a year passes when these rivers do not experience floods during the monsoon season between June and September. The southern rivers also have floods, but not on such a scale. Every year, about 10 million hectare of uncropped land and 3,8 m.ha of cropped land supporting about 3 percent of the population is affected by these floods. The loss and damage is valued at an average of 15,000 million rupees in addition to the loss of life.


We all know technology plays an important role in every industry as well as in our personal lives. Out of all of the industries that technology apply in, healthcare is definitely one of the most important. In today's world, the healthcare industry has always been in the development of innovation: areas from robotics to telesurgery, from computer chip brain implants to homes that monitor us for illness, technology has undoubtedly made an incredible impact on medicine. As a result of the development of these brilliant innovations, healthcare practitioners can continue to find ways to improve their practice—from better diagnosis, surgical procedures to improved patient care.


We uncover novel features of three-dimensional natural convection in porous media by investigating convection in an annular porous cavity contained between two vertical coaxial cylinders. The investigations are made using a linear stability analysis, together with high-order numerical simulations using pseudospectral methods to model the nonlinear regime. The onset of convection cells and their preferred planform are studied, and the stability of the modes with respect to different types of perturbation is investigated. We also examine how variations in the Rayleigh number affect the convection modes and their stability regimes. Compared with previously published data, we show how the problem inherits an increased complexity regarding which modes will be obtained. Some stable secondary modes or mixed modes have been identified and some overlapping stability regions for different convective modes are determined.


ABSTRACT Monoclonal antibodies play an increasingly important role for the development of new drugs across multiple therapy areas. The term 'developability' encompasses the feasibility of molecules to successfully progress from discovery to development via evaluation of their physicochemical properties. These properties include the tendency for self-interaction and aggregation, thermal stability, colloidal stability, and optimization of their properties through sequence engineering. Selection of the best antibody molecule based on biological function, efficacy, safety, and developability allows for a streamlined and successful CMC phase. An efficient and practical high-throughput developability workflow (100 s-1,000 s of molecules) implemented during early antibody generation and screening is crucial to select the best lead candidates. This involves careful assessment of critical developability parameters, combined with binding affinity and biological properties evaluation using small amounts of purified material (<1 mg), as well as an efficient data management and database system. Herein, a panel of 152 various human or humanized monoclonal antibodies was analyzed in biophysical property assays. Correlations between assays for different sets of properties were established. We demonstrated in two case studies that physicochemical properties and key assay endpoints correlate with key downstream process parameters. The workflow allows the elimination of antibodies with suboptimal properties and a rank ordering of molecules for further evaluation early in the candidate selection process. This enables any further engineering for problematic sequence attributes without affecting program timelines.


Abstract. Polythermal ice sheets and glaciers contain both cold ice and temperate ice. We present two new models to describe the temperature and water content of such ice masses, accounting for the possibility of gravity- and pressure-driven water drainage according to Darcy's law. Both models are based on the principle of energy conservation; one additionally invokes the theory of viscous compaction to calculate pore water pressure, and the other involves a modification of existing enthalpy gradient methods to include gravity-driven drainage. The models self-consistently predict the evolution of temperature in cold ice and of water content in temperate ice. Numerical solutions are described, and a number of illustrative test problems are presented, allowing comparison with existing methods. The suggested models are simple enough to be incorporated in existing ice-sheet models with little modification.


Fractionation of a southern Australian marine sponge, Ianthella sp., yielded sixteen metabolites including a new class of pyrrolidone, ianthellidones A-F (1-6), a new class of furanone, ianthellidones G-H (7-8), new and known lamellarins, lamellarins O1 (9), O2 (10), O (11) and Q (12), plus the known 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (13), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (14), 4-methoxybenzoic acid (15) and ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (16). Structures for all Ianthella metabolites were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis, supported by a plausible biosynthetic relationship. The ianthellidones were non-cytotoxic towards two human colon cancer cell lines (SW620 and SW620 Ad300), as well as Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria, and a fungus. Ianthellidone F (6) and lamellarins O2 (10) and O (11) displayed modest BACE inhibitory properties (IC(50) > 10 μM), while lamellarin O1 (9) was more potent (IC(50) < 10 μM). Lamellarin O (11) exhibited modest cytotoxicity towards SW620 and SW620 Ad300 cell lines (IC(50) > 22 μM), was an inhibitor of the multi-drug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein, and displayed selective growth inhibitory activity against the Gram +ve bacterium Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) (IC(50) 2.5 μM).


Abstract. Toponyms are living bodies that evolve continuously over time. When studying the present toponymic items of one region, many factors intervene to determine their genesis, their origin, their present use and their recent evolution. Portraying the Tunisian toponymic landscape with its various characteristics should address such issues for specialists and for common users. It is important first, to bring altogether the various toponyms of one place in one chosen language, and second to give insights on such characteristics of each toponym altogether. This should be done by an Interactive Toponymistic Map of Tunisia (ITM). The goals of this research are first, to make an inventory of the Tunisian most used toponyms; second to classify them through the most known historical periods and their various transcriptions; and third to show the evolution of the overall Tunisian toponymic landscape in one sight by using an ITM.


Numerical ice sheet models constrained by theory and refined by comparisons with observational data are a central component of work to address the interactions between the cryosphere and changing climate, at a wide range of scales. Although there continue to be significant advances in modelling, major challenges still exist, in particular in terms of downscaling global climate model output to estimate regional and local climate patterns that are critical controls for the dynamics of glaciers and ice sheets. Ice sheet models are tested and refined by comparing model predictions of past ice geometries with field-based reconstructions from geological, geomorphological, and ice core data. However, on the East Antarctic Ice sheet, there is a critical gap in the empirical data required to reconstruct changes in ice sheet geometry in the Dronning Maud Land (DML) region. In addition, there is poor control on the regional climate history of the ice sheet margin, because ice core locations, where detailed reconstructions of climate history exist, are located on high inland domes. This leaves numerical models of regional glaciation history in this near-coastal area largely unconstrained.

MAGIC-DML is an ongoing Swedish-US-Norwegian-German-UK collaboration with a focus on improving ice sheet models by combining advances in modeling with filling critical data gaps that exist in our knowledge of the timing and pattern of ice surface changes on the western Dronning Maud Land margin. A combination of geomorphological mapping using remote sensing data, field investigations, cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating, and numerical ice-sheet modelling are being used in an iterative manner to produce a comprehensive reconstruction of the glacial history of western Dronning Maud Land. We present an overview of the project, as well as results of the initial mapping and modelling that has been used to identify high potential sites for field sampling in 2016/17 and 2017/18.


TBecause of limited energy of nodes, an important issue for sensor network is efficient use of the energy. The clustering technique reduces energy consumption as cluster head sends sensed information to a sink node. Because of such character of clustering technique, electing cluster head is an important element for networks. This paper proposes RCFT (ReClustering Formation Technique) that reconstruct clusters in hierarchical sensor networks. RCFT is a protocol that reconstructed clusters considering position of a cluster head and nodes in randomly constructed clusters. And this paper demonstrated that clusters are composed evenly through simulation, accordingly this simulation shows the result reducing energy consumption.


There are great concerns about the impacts of soil biodiversity loss on ecosystem functions and services such as nutrient cycling, food production, and carbon storage. A diverse community of soil organisms that together comprise a complex food web mediates such ecosystem functions and services. Recent advances have shed light on the key drivers of soil food web structure, but a conceptual integration is lacking. Here, we explore how human-induced changes in plant community composition influence soil food webs. We present a framework describing the mechanistic underpinnings of how shifts in plant litter and root traits and microclimatic variables impact on the diversity, structure, and function of the soil food web. We then illustrate our framework by discussing how shifts in plant communities resulting from land-use change, climatic change, and species invasions affect soil food web structure and functioning. We argue that unravelling the mechanistic links between plant community trait composition and soil food webs is essential to understanding the cascading effects of anthropogenic shifts in plant communities on ecosystem functions and services.


Quantum foundations is a field of diverse goals and methods. In this thesis, I will present three different approaches to quantum foundations, each emphasizing a different goal or perspective. The causaloid framework has the goal is to use insight from quantum foundations to study quantum gravity. Ontic models are a tool used to study realist theories of quantum mechanics from an operational quantum information perspective. Nelson's mechanics is a derivation of the Schrodinger equation using the machinery of stochastic mechanics. As each of these approaches has different set of goals, they are suited to different purposes and have different limitations. From the causaloid, I construct the concept of causally unbiased entropy and at the same time, find an emergent idea of causality in the form of a measure of causal connectedness, termed the Q factor. In the ontic models framework, I reproduce the generalization of the concept of contextuality. For Nelson's mechanics, I examine its relationship to Bohmian mechanics a realist formulation of quantum mechanics. I will then examine the relationship of these different approaches to one another. From this examination I will introduce the concept of physical contextuality in order to ask whether contextuality could be more than just a mathematical artifact. I also include a discussion of the property of deficiency in ontic models and its relation to contextuality given certain constraints.


The ban on almost all previously approved textbooks in occupied Germany in 1945 brought about a turning point in the history of reading primers in this country. This article examines the requirements that textbooks had to fulfill in order to be approved by the authorities of the various occupation zones. In spite of differing sociopolitical and pedagogical attitudes and conditions, reading primersin all occupied zones shared the theme of children's play and harmonious everyday life. However, a comparative analysis of the primers reveals significant differences that cannot be explained exclusively as a consequence of influence exerted by occupying powers. Rather, these differences resulted from the context in which
each primer appeared.


Rethinking Uncle Tom thoroughly explains Uncle Tom's Cabin as an articulation of the conditions of democratic life and the nature of modern humanism. The most mature elements of Stowe's political thought emerge from a close reading of Sunny Memories and of Oldtown Folks. This book develops familiarity with the moral discourse of abolition and nineteenth-century reformism, and it offers a glimpse of an America envisioned as producing a nobility of soul represented in the human model of surpassing excellence.


The ability to regulate gene expression constitutes a prerequisite for the development of gene therapy strategies aimed at the treatment of neurologic disorders. In the present work, we used tetracycline (Tet)-regulated lentiviral vectors to investigate the dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in the quinolinic acid (QA) model of Huntington's disease (HD). The Tet system was split in two lentiviruses, the first one containing the CNTF or green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNAs under the control of the Tet-response element (TRE) and a second vector encoding the transactivator (tTA). Preliminary coinfection study demonstrated that 63.8% +/- 2.0% of infected cells contain at least two viral copies. Adult rats were then injected with CNTF- and GFP-expressing viral vectors followed 3 weeks later by an intrastriatal administration of QA. A significant reduction of apomorphine-induced rotations was observed in the CNTF-on group. In contrast, GFP-treated animals or CNTF-off rats displayed an ipsilateral turning behavior in response to apomorphine. A selective sparing of DARPP-32-, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-, and NADPH-d-positive neurons was observed in the striatum of CNTF-on rats compared to GFP animals and CNTF-off group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed on striatal samples of rats sacrificed at the same time point indicated that this neuroprotective effect was associated with the production of 15.5 +/- 4.7 ng CNTF per milligram of protein whereas the residual CNTF expression in the off state (0.54 +/- 0.02 ng/mg of protein) was not sufficient to protect against QA toxicity. These results establish the proof of principle of neurotrophic factor dosing for neurodegenerative diseases and demonstrate the feasibility of lentiviral-mediated tetracycline-regulated gene transfer in the brain.


The North Pacific biological pump: Rates, efficiency and influence on ocean carbon uptake Hilary Ilana Palevsky Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Paul D. Quay School of Oceanography The North Pacific features a band of strong atmospheric CO2 uptake at the transition between the subarctic and subtropical gyres, making it a region of particular importance to quantify the rates and mechanisms of ocean carbon cycling. We measured the surface concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide to determine air-sea CO2 flux, and triple oxygen isotopes and oxygen/argon dissolved gas ratios as non-incubation based geochemical tracers of gross oxygen production (GOP) and net community production (NCP) on sixteen container ship transects across the North Pacific between Hong Kong and Long Beach, CA from 2008-2012. This dissertation assesses the rates and efficiency of biological carbon export and evaluates the relative roles of biology, physical circulation, and temperature-driven solubility changes in driving air-sea CO2 flux throughout the full annual cycle across the North Pacific basin (35°N – 50°N, 142°E – 125°W) by constructing mixed layer budgets that account for physical and biological influences on the measured tracers. The dynamic western basin influenced by the Kuroshio and Oyashio currents experiences a stronger seasonal cycle in DIC, NCP and GOP than the more quiescent eastern basin. During the productive season from spring through fall, GOP and NCP are highest in the Kuroshio region west of 170°E and decrease eastward across the basin. However deep winter mixed layers (>200 m) west of 160°W ventilate ~40-90% of this seasonally exported carbon while only ~10% of seasonally exported carbon east of 160°W is ventilated in winter where mixed layers are <120 m. As a result, despite higher annual GOP in the west than the east, the annual carbon export (sequestration) rate and efficiency decrease westward across the basin from export of 2.3 ± 0.3 mol C m yr east of 160°W to 0.5 ± 0.7 mol C m yr west of 170°E. The annual ocean carbon sink is strongest in the Kuroshio region and decreases eastward across the basin (air-sea CO2 flux of 2.7 ± 0.9 mol C m yr west of 170°E, as compared to 2.1 ± 0.3 mol C m yr east of 160°W). This indicates that carbon export via the biological pump can fully account for annual CO2 uptake in the eastern basin, but less than 20% of annual CO2 uptake in the Kuroshio region, requiring a significant removal of DIC via physical processes in the west. The seasonal timing of NCP as well as its annual magnitude strongly affects the influence of the biological pump on airsea CO2 flux. Estimates of primary and export production from satellite algorithms and global biogeochemical models provide promising tools to extend analysis over spatial and temporal scales where in situ measurements are unavailable. However, we find that no single satellite algorithm or model can reproduce seasonal and annual geochemically-determined primary production and NCP rates throughout the North Pacific basin, based on comparisons throughout the full annual cycle at time series stations in the subarctic and subtropical gyres and in the basin-wide region sampled by container ship transects. The high latitude regions show large primary production discrepancies in winter and spring and strong effects of deep winter mixed layers on annual NCP that cannot be accounted for in current satellite-based approaches. These results underscore the need to evaluate satelliteand model-based estimates using multiple productivity parameters measured over broad ocean regions and throughout the full annual cycle, including during winter ventilation, in order to accurately estimate the rate and efficiency of carbon sequestration via the ocean's biological pump.


We investigate the use of distribution functions to characterise the geophysical signals and noise components embedded in the geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data sets across some of the International VLBI Service (IVS) stations. The rationale of using α-stable distributions as a tool to model the noise components in geodetic observables is due to the existence of impulsive signals/noise bursts (which often take the form of excursions with intermittent occurrences) in the data sets suggesting deviations from Gaussian distribution. A deviation from Gaussian distribution type would therefore suggest that statistical techniques such as least squares analysis, often used for analyzing the geodetic data (which are often based on Gaussian assumptions) could not be robust. In this paper, the properties of a long-range α-stable distribution with long tails and infinite moments in geodetic data are investigated by way of statistically testing their distribution using a family of stable distributions. The choice of stable distributions is based on the ease with which the statistical properties of the non-Gaussian processes are defined. Results indicate that the independent geophysical noise components reconstructed from geodetic VLBI baseline data exhibit distributions that have asymptotic power-law decay (albeit variable power indices) whose underlying process can be modelled as a long-range dependent process with an α-stable distribution (i.e., the stable varieties have small characteristic exponents).


This master's thesis investigates the design and development of an application in the medium of Virtual Reality (VR). The application, called the Mind Palace Application (MPA), is an adaptation of a popular mnemonic called the the Method of Loci (MOL). The application is designed to answer research questions regarding how different features of VR impact our memory of Virtual Environments (VEs) and who benefits from this technology. The research design involves a controlled experiment on three groups of six informants. The three groups were to complete a memory task using three different approaches. The experiment group used the MPA in Immersive VR using a Head-Mounted Display (HMD), while a second group used the application in Desktop VR, i.e the application on a desktop computer. The third group used the MOL without any technological aid. The group that used no technological aid performed better than the VR groups. The memoryand spatial ability of the informants were gathered prior to the experiment. The results suggests that informants with higher spatial ability obtains more benefit from using the MPA and the MOL. High spatialand memory ability and successful interaction followed strong performance in the memory experiment. The group that used no technological aid had informants with higher spatialand memory abilities than the VR groups, and also had the most successful interaction. Therefore, these factors are believed to have had most impact on the results. Time lost in navigation with the VR interfaces is also discussed as a potential influencer. Enjoyment, and features of Immersive VR such as presence and immersion correlates negatively with the memory of the VEs. Although the study indicates these negative correlations, it is questionable whether it is the features of Immersive VR causing these results, or if it is the poor spatialand memory abilities of the group using the application in Immersive VR. This thesis presents suggestions for further research to more thoroughly answer the research questions and to clear the ambiguity of the results. The main suggestion for future studies is to sort informants into groups based on spatialand memory ability. This way each group would stand equal before the memory task.


The general purpose of this study was to investigate community secondary school boards' contribution in managing community secondary schools in Tanzania, taking Rombo District as a case study. The study was conducted in Rombo District, Kilimanjaro Region. The study adopted the mixed approach which used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews. The population of the study was 48 schools from which 10 schools were sampled and a total of 215 respondents were selected. Data were analyzed using SPSS in reporting school boards contribution or not. Inductive thematic analysis was also employed for qualitative data analysis. Emerging themes were interpreted through an in depth evidence based discussion. Research findings reveal that a good number of teacher participants (81.5%) were aware of the existence of school boards in their schools. They reported that the local school boards are a critical public link to community secondary schools. A good number of teacher participants (81.5%) acknowledged that school boards have a significant contribution to the development of community secondary schools. The study found a number of challenges encountered by school. The challenges ranged from lack of funds, poor cooperation from the community and political interferences. The study concludes that school boards are central to the leadership and management of community secondary schools in Rombo district because they play a significant role to the development of those schools. The District Education Officers, the community secondary school boards, school heads, key staff and influential stakeholders in the communities have the capacity to develop and articulate schools' visions and sets of practices in order to collectively manage community secondary schools.


We present a new adaptive sampling strategy for ray tracing. Our technique is specifically designed to handle multidimensional sample domains, and it is well suited for efficiently generating images with effects such as soft shadows, motion blur, and depth of field. These effects are problematic for existing image based adaptive sampling techniques as they operate on pixels, which are possibly noisy results of a Monte Carlo ray tracing process. Our sampling technique operates on samples in the multidimensional space given by the rendering equation and as a consequence the value of each sample is noise-free. Our algorithm consists of two passes. In the first pass we adaptively generate samples in the multidimensional space, focusing on regions where the local contrast between samples is high. In the second pass we reconstruct the image by integrating the multidimensional function along all but the image dimensions. We perform a high quality anisotropic reconstruction by determining the extent of each sample in the multidimensional space using a structure tensor. We demonstrate our method on scenes with a 3 to 5 dimensional space, including soft shadows, motion blur, and depth of field. The results show that our method uses fewer samples than Mittchell's adaptive sampling technique while producing images with less noise.


A Debate on Reform of the Electoral System in Canada (A Special Lunchtime Event) during Visions for Canada 2042 at Carleton University. A debate on the questions of whether the current electoral system in Canada should be reformed, and if so how. This debate highlighted the advantages and shortcomings of both the status quo and alternative systems as well as consider the appropriate method for consideration and reform of the electoral system.Presenters:William Cross is Professor and Bell Chair for the Study of Canadian Parliamentary Democracy in the Department of Political Science at Carleton University. He is also serving as President of the Canadian Political Science Association. Cross is widely published and read, and has been involved in the publication of 11 books (as either co/editor or co/author) related to Canadian politics. He received the Research Achievement Award from Carleton University this year. He will act as moderator of the debate.David McGrane is an Associate Professor of Political Studies at St. Thomas More College and the University of Saskatchewan. He has published over twenty peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and academic books, and maintains a high profile in the media as an expert on both provincial and federal politics and elections. His areas of research include federal-provincial fiscal relations, Canadian provincial politics, Canadian social democracy, and elections. He will argue for electoral reform.Stanley Winer is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Public Policy at the School of Public Policy and Administration and the Department of Economics at Carleton University. His research combines economics and politics to work towards an understanding of the structure and evolution of fiscal systems in modern democracies. He is currently pursuing research addressing the meaning, measurement, and consequences for policy of electoral competitiveness in Canada, the United States, and India. He will defend for the status quo.


Abstract Effective asthma control requires long-term (anti-inflammatory) controller medications for patients with mild-persistent to severe-persistent disease, and quick-relief bronchodilator medication for all patients with asthma to control intermittent symptoms of cough, wheeze, and bronchoconstriction, as well as acute exacerbations. For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, quick-relief and long-acting bronchodilators are primarily used in the maintenance and treatment of associated symptoms, including shortness of breath. For many years, the most widely used bronchodilator has been racemic (R, S)-albuterol, a short-acting β2-adrenergic agonist, commonly dispensed as an inhaled aerosol or solution. Until the introduction of levalbuterol inhalation solution (Xopenex) in 1999, all marketed forms of albuterol (including Ventolin and Proventil brands) were racemic mixtures composed of a 1:1 ratio of (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers. Administered as a proportionally equivalent nebulized dose, levalbuterol [(R)-albuterol] provides greater bronchodilation than racemic albuterol and, in the appropriate clinical setting, offers the possibility for improving clinical outcomes in patients with asthma and other obstructive airway diseases. Additionally, levalbuterol can be given at lower doses than racemic albuterol to provide comparable bronchodilation, with the potential for reduced β-mediated adverse effects in adults and children. Only since the past decade has the technology to separate stereoisomers become available, and thus the biologic activities of the albuterol stereoisomers had not been established. Binding studies have demonstrated that (R)-albuterol binds to the β2-adrenergic receptor with a high affinity, whereas (S)-albuterol binds with 100-fold less affinity than (R)-albuterol. Other evaluations have suggested that (R)-albuterol possesses the bronchodilatory, bronchoprotective, and ciliary-stimulatory properties of racemic albuterol, while (S)-albuterol does not contribute beneficially to the therapeutic effects of the racemate and was originally assumed to be inert. However, preclinical evaluations have shown that (S)-albuterol has effects that work in opposition to (R)-albuterol and may diminish the therapeutic effects of (R)-albuterol.


Understanding and conveying the benefits of providing visitor experiences in national parks is critical for their survival, but to date has received relatively little attention. This paper uses a series of semi-structured interviews and an online survey with senior/executive managers from three Australian parks agencies, as well as an analysis of corporate and strategic documents, to identify each agency's strategic focus with respect to benefits associated with the provision of visitor experiences. Results reveal 39 personal and community-wide benefits that mattered for managers across the three Australian parks agencies. Key benefits identified by senior/executive-level managers included accessing natural experiences, connecting with nature, and appreciating scenic beauty and the protection of biological diversity. These findings can help inform communication designed to reposition national parks, which is critical if agencies are to remain viable as providers of recreation and leisure experiences in the twenty-first century.


With synthetic nematicide options becoming limited, two studies were initiated to investigate the usefulness of selective botanical extracts for the suppression of sting (Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau) nematodes. Plant materials were from greenhouse-grown mature specimens of spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata L. Small); poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherima Willd. 'Freedom Red'); lantana (Lantana camara var. hybrids); mature, field-grown tall lettuce (Lactuca canadensis L.); and goldenrod (Solidago altissima L. var. scabra), plus a seed meal extract from Brassica jwicea 'Pacific Gold' (BSM). Nematodes were exposed to 1.2-mL extract of either shoot or roots of each plant spedes. Nematode mortality counts were made daily for 4 d. In Study 1, effects of botanical extracts on nematode mortality were evaluated when applied directly to laboratory-controlled sting nematode populations in test tubes. Root extracts of spurge, poinsettia, and lantana provided 69,70, and 57% mortality, respectively, by 96 h while goldenrod and tall lettuce root extracts and the untreated provided 0% mortality. Shoot portions of poinsettia and spurge provided 95 to 98% mortality while goldenrod, tall lettuce, and lantana shoot extracts had 64, 40, and 25% mortality, respectively. Greenhouse studies evaluated the most successful laboratory extracts in a soil environment and included poinsettia shoot extracts and BSM. Poinsettia shoot extracts with irrigation provided 70% control compared with the untreated pots while poinsettia nonirrigated provided 73% control. Brassica sp. seed meal with irrigation provided 92% control while BSM nonirrigated provided 99.5% control. Brassica sp. seed meal, poinsettia, and spurge shoot extracts showed most promise as possible biocontrol agents of sting nematodes.


This paper presents and discusses two of a number of methods for the computer-aided analysis of cartularies that are currently under development at the Instituto de Historia – CSIC. The first one, which we call the Order/Date Model, is oriented to the integral visualization and analysis of an individual cartulary as a project. The second, which we call the Order/Order Model, is applied to pairs of cartularies that share at least part of their contents, and is aimed at revealing to what extent the most recent one made use of the oldest. Our method is based upon a relational database that stores all the information about the cartularies and a number of statistical graphs that generate a two-dimensional grid (the Order/Date or the Order/Order grids) upon which additional variables can be displayed. Our method draws on traditional codicological and palaeographical methods of analysis, but it represents a significant development, as it allows to visualize in an intuitive way very complex phenomena that are otherwise hard to grasp or difficult to analyze manually.


Wireless sensing systems have been proposed for structural heath monitoring in recent years. While wireless sensors are cost-competitive compared to tethered monitoring systems, their significant merit also lies in their embedded computational capabilities. In this paper, performance of the two embedded engineering algorithms, namely the fast Fourier transform and peak-picking algorithm implemented in the wireless sensing nodes codeveloped at Stanford University and the University of Michigan is investigated through laboratory and field experimental studies. Furthermore, the wireless sensor network embedded with the engineering algorithms is adopted for the identification of structural modal parameters and forces in steel bridge cables. Identification results by the embedded algorithms in the intelligent wireless sensors are compared with those obtained by conventional offline analysis of the measured time-history data. Such a comparison serves to validate the effectiveness of the intelligent wireless sensor network. In addition, it is shown that self-interrogation of measurement data based upon the two embedded algorithms in wireless sensor nodes greatly reduces the amount of data to be transmitted by the wireless sensing network. Thus, the intelligent wireless sensors offer scalable network solutions that are power-efficient for the health monitoring of civil infrastructures.


There are few direct constraints on the timing and style of faulting in the Ross Sea sector of the West Antarctic rift system, although Cretaceous plate reconstructions indicate that Ross Sea extension between East and West Antarctica occurred prior to breakup of the Gondwana margin ca. 80 Ma. Mylonitic gneisses dredged from the eastern Ross Sea indicate shear-zone deformation considerably earlier, at 98-95 Ma. Strain analysis of fab- rics indicates 85%-100% extension. Overprinting brittle structures record translation of shear-zone gneisses into the upper crust. Samples yield sensitive high-resolution ion- microprobe U-Pb zircon ages of 102-97 Ma, correlated to Byrd Coast Granite onshore, and concordant 40 Ar/ 39 Ar biotite and K-feldspar ages of 98-95 Ma, indicating that granites were mylonitized soon after emplacement and cooled rapidly. Apatite fission-track data corroborate this rapid cooling event, and reveal a second rapid cooling event ca. 80 Ma. Evidence for contemporaneous deformation and a similar thermal evolution at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 270 on the Ross Sea central high and for a migmatite dome on land attests to the regional extent of intracontinental extension. Extension occurred at a time of complex microplate interactions along the Cretaceous active Gondwana margin, sug- gesting that distributed deformation in the overriding Antarctic plate may be related to plate boundary dynamics.


The production of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons in proton-proton (pp) and lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} =$ 2.76 TeV has been analyzed using a high luminosity data sample accumulated in 2011 with ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Transverse momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$) spectra have been measured for K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons via their hadronic decay channels for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ up to 20 GeV/$c$. The measurements in pp collisions have been compared to model calculations and used to determine the nuclear modification factor and particle ratios. The K$^{*}(892)^{0}$/K ratio exhibits significant reduction from pp to central Pb-Pb collisions, consistent with the suppression of the K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ yield at low $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ due to rescattering of its decay products in the hadronic phase. In central Pb-Pb collisions the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependent $\phi(1020)/\pi$ and K$^{*}(892)^{0}$/$\pi$ ratios show an enhancement over pp collisions for $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $\sim$3 GeV/$c$, consistent with previous observations of strong radial flow. At high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$, particle ratios in Pb-Pb collisions are similar to those measured in pp collisions. In central Pb-Pb collisions, the production of K$^{*}(892)^{0}$ and $\phi(1020)$ mesons is suppressed for $p_{\mathrm{T}}> 8$ GeV/$c$. This suppression is similar to that of charged pions, kaons and protons, indicating that the suppression does not depend on particle mass or flavor in the light quark sector.


TOWARD the end of any year comes a prolific rush of products. In the education industry, this means a rash of new reports, whether end-of-the-year studies, deliverables for funders, or incremental reports that add to the knowledge base for predicting events in the new year. This year, three such items provide intriguing new knowledge. VIRTUAL HIGH SCHOOLS Did you know that 28 states have established statewide virtual high schools? Two researchers at the Education Commission of the States--Melodye Bush and Michael Colasanti--recently completed a database of these statewide programs by thoroughly combing through state statutes, session laws, state board rules and regulations, and documents from state departments of education. The program in New Mexico is a pilot, but the other 27 provide statewide access to a central resource for online coursework. The range of options is wide. Diploma-granting or supplemental. Most statewide virtual high schools do not actually grant diplomas. Only those in Arizona and North Dakota appear to do that. In most states, the local district remains the diploma-granting entity. However, Utah's virtual high school can issue a diploma to students who are home-schooled, have dropped out, are past graduation age, or are ineligible to graduate for other specific reasons. Focus areas. Statewide virtual high schools typically have a specific focus, such as core curriculum, accelerated courses, or credit recovery. Twenty-two state programs offer core curriculum. West Virginia offers non-core electives, and Virginia's virtual high school focuses on Advanced Placement (AP) courses. A federal grant allows the University of Iowa to run the Iowa Online AP Academy. Capping the number of courses. Five states set a cap on the number of credits a student may earn online in a specific time period. For example, Georgia limits virtual course-taking to one semester course during the regular school year. Hawaii's limit is two classes per semester. Other states' limits typically range from three to six credits per year. Such limits allow more predictability with regard to the costs of virtual school programs and ensure that students take some courses in a traditional classroom setting, where they can benefit from interaction with peers and teachers. Online teachers. Virtual high schools require instructors to teach in a new kind of environment, and 22 states require that online instructors have specialized training. Georgia requires teachers to have a specific online teaching endorsement. Alabama requires elementary/secondary teachers to have training for teaching online but allows faculty members at postsecondary institutions to teach online without state certification. Twenty-five states require online teachers to meet the same requirements as classroom teachers. Oversight. Most states with virtual high schools require the administering agency to submit reports for evaluation annually or every two to three years. South Carolina's requirements are among the most specific. Each year the state board must report to the general assembly such information as the courses offered through the virtual school, number of districts and students participating, number of private and home-schooled students participating, student success rates, number of students who dropped a course and their reasons, expenditures, and number of students unable to enroll because of space limitations. TIME IN SCHOOL State policy makers are always looking to squeeze every ounce out of the school day. State policy usually establishes a minimum number of instructional days or hours (pupil/teacher contact days). However, fewer states explicitly address whether certain nonteaching activities count toward that minimum. Michael Colasanti and I dug into the details of such policies. In Massachusetts, the state board defines "structured learning time" as time during which students are engaged in regularly scheduled instruction, learning activities, or learning assessments within the curriculum. …


In this paper, the problem of missing diacritic marks in most of dialectal Arabic written resources is addressed. Our aim is to implement a scalable and extensible platform for automatically retrieving the diacritic marks for undiacritized dialectal Arabic texts. Different rule-based and statistical techniques are proposed. These include: morphological analyzer-based, maximum likelihood estimate, and statistical n-gram models. The proposed platform includes helper tools for text preprocessing and encoding conversion. Diacritization accuracy of each technique is evaluated in terms of Diacritic Error Rate (DER) and Word Error Rate (WER). The approach trains several n-gram models on different lexical units. A data pool of both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) data along with Dialectal Arabic data was used to train the models.


Most existing multi-attribute optimization researches for the modern CNC (computer numerical control) turning industry were either accomplished within certain manufacturing circumstances, or achieved through numerous equipment operations. Therefore, a general deduction optimization scheme proposed is deemed to be necessary for the industry. In this paper, four parameters (cutting depth, feed rate, speed, tool nose runoff) with three levels (low, medium, high) are considered to optimize the multi-attribute (surface roughness, tool wear, and material removal rate) finish turning. Through FAHP (Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process) with eighty intervals for each attribute, the weight of each attribute is evaluated from the paired comparison matrix constructed by the expert judgment. Additionally, twenty-seven fuzzy control rules using trapezoid membership function with respective to seventeen linguistic grades for each attribute are constructed. Considering thirty input and eighty output intervals, the defuzzifierion using center of gravity is thus completed. The TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is moreover utilized to integrate and evaluate the multiple machining attributes for the Taguchi experiment, and thus the optimum general deduction parameters can then be received. The confirmation experiment for optimum general deduction parameters is furthermore performed on an ECOCA-3807 CNC lathe. It is shown that the attributes from the fuzzy linguistic optimization parameters are all significantly advanced comparing to those from benchmark. This paper not only proposes a general deduction optimization scheme using orthogonal array, but also contributes the satisfactory fuzzy linguistic approach for multiple CNC turning attributes with profound insight.


Functional tests are a set of detailed instructions for building commissioning that demand extensive HVAC system knowledge to write and perform. Understanding the energy use implications and theory behind the test procedures, estimating the costs and benefits of doing a particular test, implementing the tests correctly, and resolving problems require years of field experience. As part of a large research project now underway, a practical guide is being developed that communicates this knowledge. This paper presents the components and intended use of the Functional Testing Guide and Model Functional Test for Air Handling Systems . A series of model functional tests, starting at the outdoor air intake section and proceeding through the air handling unit, distribution system, and terminal equipment and ending at the exhaust air discharge point, are provided for many commonly installed air handling system configurations. The model functional tests contain advice for tailoring the test procedures to specific system configurations, desirable and undesirable testing outcomes, a calculation appendix, references to other resources, and examples of completed test forms. The guide is an educational resource, with background information that clarifies the principles behind testing configurations and results. The functional tests have been selected from an extensive commissioning test protocol library compiled by Pacific Gas and Electric in 2001. The guide also includes a design guideline for the selection of control and monitoring points and a design intent documentation form.


This paper considers the link between the local availability of services and a firm's decision to become a multinational. This is a highly topical issue, given that many industrialised countries are increasingly becoming services economies and firms become increasingly more globalised. In an analysis of rich firm level data for France we find evidence that the availability of services in the home country indeed has a positive impact on firms' decisions to become multinationals. This is robust to endogeneity concerns. The result can be interpreted in a simple set up where the local availability of business services improves firm efficiency and, hence, allows firms to overcome sunk costs of investing abroad more easily.


Increasing demand for healthcare services, due to changes in demographic shifts and constraints in healthcare funding, make it harder to manage effective, sustainable healthcare systems. Many healthcare modeling exercises have been undertaken with the aim of supporting the decision-making process. This paper reviews all of the 456 articles published by the Winter Simulation Conference over the past 48 years (1967–2015) on the subject of modeling and healthcare system simulation, and analyzes the relative frequency of approaches used. A multi-dimensional taxonomy is applied to encompass the modeling techniques, problem applications and decision levels reported in the articles. One of the most significant changes in the modeling of healthcare systems is the fact that Discrete-event Simulation (DES) is no longer used as an autonomous method, but rather as an integral part of the solution. The mixed-methods, hybrid and multi-paradigm approaches feature strongly in the current direction of modeling in healthcare systems.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate trends in feedlot cattle mortality ratios over time, by primary body system affected, and by type of animal.

DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.

ANIMALS
Approximately 21.8 million cattle entering 121 feedlots in the United States during 1994 through 1999.

PROCEDURES
Yearly and monthly mortality ratios were calculated. Numbers of deaths were modeled by use of Poisson regression methods for repeated measures. Relative risks of death over time and by animal type were estimated.

RESULTS
Averaged over time, the mortality ratio was 12.6 deaths/1,000 cattle entering the feedlots. The mortality ratio increased from 10.3 deaths/1,000 cattle in 1994 to 14.2 deaths/1,000 cattle in 1999, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). Cattle entering the feedlots during 1999 had a significantly increased risk (relative risk, 1.46) of dying of respiratory tract disorders, compared with cattle that entered during 1994, and respiratory tract disorders accounted for 57.1% of all deaths. Dairy cattle had a significantly increased risk of death of any cause, compared with beef steers. Beef heifers had a significantly increased risk of dying of respiratory tract disorders, compared with beef steers.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggested that although overall yearly mortality ratio did not significantly increase during the study, the risk of death attributable to respiratory tract disorders was increased during most years, compared with risk of death during 1994. The increased rates of fatal respiratory tract disorders may also reflect increased rates of non-fatal respiratory tract disorders, which would be expected to have adverse production effects in surviving animals.


The era of strict top-down, stovepiped public management in America is over. The traditional dichotomy between public ownership and privatization is an outdated notion. Public executives have shifted their focus from managing workers and directly providing services to orchestrating networks of public, private, and nonprofit organizations to deliver those services. Unlocking the Power of Networks employs original sector-specific analyses to reveal how networked governance achieves previously unthinkable policy goals. Stephen Goldsmith and Donald F. Kettl head a stellar cast of policy practitioners and scholars exploring the potential, strategies, and best practices of high-performance networks while identifying next-generation issues in public-sector network management. They cover the gamut of public policy issues, including national security, and the book even includes a thought-provoking look at how jihadist terrorists use the principles of network management to pursue their goals. Contributors: William G. Berberich (Virginia Tech), Tim Burke (Harvard University), G. Edward DeSeve (University of Pennsylvania),William D. Eggers (Manhattan Institute), Anne M. Khademian (Virginia Tech), H. Brinton Milward (University of Arizona), Mark H. Moore (Harvard University), Paul Posner (George Mason University), Jorg Raab (Tilburg University), and Barry G. Rabe (University of Michigan).


Abstract. The aeronautics industry has established that a threat to aircraft is posed by atmospheric conditions of substantial ice water content (IWC) where equivalent radar reflectivity (Ze) does not exceed 20–30 dBZ and supercooled water is not present; these conditions are encountered almost exclusively in the vicinity of deep convection. Part 1 (Fridlind et al., 2015) of this two-part study presents in situ measurements of such conditions sampled by Airbus in three tropical regions, commonly near 11 km and −43 °C, and concludes that the measured ice particle size distributions are broadly consistent with past literature with profiling radar measurements of Ze and mean Doppler velocity obtained within monsoonal deep convection in one of the regions sampled. In all three regions, the Airbus measurements generally indicate variable IWC that often exceeds 2 g m-3 with relatively uniform mass median area-equivalent diameter (MMDeq) of 200–300 μm. Here we use a parcel model with size-resolved microphysics to investigate microphysical pathways that could lead to such conditions. Our simulations indicate that homogeneous freezing of water drops produces a much smaller ice MMDeq than observed, and occurs only in the absence of hydrometeor gravitational collection for the conditions considered. Development of a mass mode of ice aloft that overlaps with the measurements requires a substantial source of small ice particles at temperatures of about −10 °C or warmer, which subsequently grow from water vapor. One conceivable source in our simulation framework is Hallett–Mossop ice production; another is abundant concentrations of heterogeneous ice freezing nuclei acting together with copious shattering of water drops upon freezing. Regardless of the production mechanism, the dominant mass modal diameter of vapor-grown ice is reduced as the ice-multiplication source strength increases and as competition for water vapor increases. Both mass and modal diameter are reduced by entrainment and by increasing aerosol concentrations. Weaker updrafts lead to greater mass and larger modal diameters of vapor-grown ice, the opposite of expectations regarding lofting of larger ice particles in stronger updrafts. While stronger updrafts do loft more dense ice particles produced primarily by raindrop freezing, we find that weaker updrafts allow the warm rain process to reduce competition for diffusional growth of the less dense ice expected to persist in convective outflow.


As repeatedly noted by most defenders of free speech, expressing popular opinions never needs protection. Rather, it is the commitment to protecting dissident expression that is the mark of an open society. On the other hand, no one has the right to force people to agree with one's ideas, much less transmit them.

However the flouting of these principles is now commonplace across the political spectrum.
Government regulation of media content has recently gained currency among politicians and pundits of both left and right. In March 2019, for example, President Trump issued an executive order directing that colleges receiving federal research or education grants promote free inquiry. And in May 2020 he issued another addressing alleged censorship and bias by allegedly monopolistic social media companies.

In this political environment, policy makers, pressure groups, and even some technology sector leaders—whose enterprises have benefited greatly from free expression—are pursuing the idea of online content and speech standards, along with other policies that, if compulsory, would seriously burden their emerging competitors.

The current social media debate centers around competing interventionist agendas. Conservatives want social media titans regulated to remain "neutral," while liberals tend to want them to eradicate harmful content and address other alleged societal ills. Meanwhile, some maintain that Internet service should be regulated as a public utility.

Blocking or compelling speech in reaction to governmental pressure would not only violate the Constitution's First Amendment—it would require immense expansion of constitutionally dubious administrative agencies. These agencies would either enforce government-affirmed social media and service provider deplatforming—the denial to certain speakers of the means to communicate their ideas to the public—or coerce platforms into carrying any message by actively policing that practice.

When it comes to protecting free speech, the brouhaha over social media power and bias boils down to one thing: The Internet—and any future communications platforms—needs protection from both the bans on speech sought by the left and the forced conservative ride-along speech sought by the right.

In the social media debate, the problem is not that big tech's power is unchecked. Rather, the problem is that social media regulation—by either the left or right—would make it that way. Like the banks, social media giants are not too big to fail, but close regulation would make them that way.

American values strongly favor a marketplace of ideas where debate and civil controversy can thrive. Therefore, the creation of new regulatory oversight bodies and filing requirements to exile politically disfavored opinions on the one hand, and efforts to force the inclusion of conservative content on the other, should both be rejected.

Much of the Internet's spectacular growth can be attributed to the immunity from liability for user-generated content afforded to social media platforms—and other Internet-enabled services such as discussion boards, review and auction sites, and commentary sections—by Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act. Host takedown or retention of undesirable or controversial content by "interactive computer services," in the Act's words, can be contentious, biased, or mistaken. But Section 230 does not require neutrality in the treatment of user-generated content in exchange for immunity.

In fact, Sec. 230 explicitly protects non-neutrality, albeit exercised in "good faith." Section 230's broad liability protection represented an acceleration of a decades-long trend in courts narrowing liability for publishers, republishers, and distributors.

It is the case that changes have been made to Section 230, such as with respect to sex trafficking, but deeper, riskier change is in the air today, advocated for by both Republicans and Democrats. It is possible that some content removals may happen in bad faith, or that companies violate their own terms of service, but addressing those on a case-by-case basis would be a more fruitful approach. Section 230 notwithstanding, laws addressing misrepresentation or deceptive
business practices already impose legal discipline on companies.

Regime-changing regulation of dominant tech firms—whether via imposing online sales taxes, privacy mandates, or speech codes—is likely not to discipline them, but to make them stronger and more impervious to displacement by emerging competitors.

The vast energy expended on accusing purveyors of information, either on mainstream or social media, of bias or of inadequate removal of harmful content should be redirected toward the development of tools that empower users to better customize the content they choose to access.
Existing social media firms want rules they can live with—which translates into rules that future social networks cannot live with. Government cannot create new competitors, but it can prevent their emergence by imposing barriers to market entry.

At risk in the regulatory fervor, too, is the right of political—as opposed to commercial—anonymity online. Government has a duty to protect dissent, not regulate it, but a casualty of regulation would appear to be future dissident platforms.

The Section 230 special immunity must remain intact for others beyond today's slate of big tech players, lest Congress turn social media's economic power into genuine coercive political power. Competing biases are preferable to pretended objectivity. Given that reality, Congress should acknowledge the inevitable presence of bias, protect competition in speech, and defend the conditions that would allow future platforms and protocols to emerge in service of the public.

The priority is not that Facebook or Google or any other platform should remain politically neutral, but that citizens remain free to choose alternatives that might emerge and grow with the same Section 230 exemptions from which the modern online giants have long benefited. Policy makers must avoid creating an environment in which Internet giants benefit from protective regulation that prevents the emergence of new competitors in the decentralized infrastructure of the marketplace of ideas.


Michael Szwarc was born in Będzin, an industrial town in the south of Poland, as an only son of a Jewish family. Michael received his pre–college and college education in Warsaw and in 1932 received his degree in chemical engineering from the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute. After graduation he married in 1933 Maria Frenkel (Marysia), whose brother married his younger sister Rala. From 1933 to 1935 he worked in Poland as a chemical engineer. In 1935 he emigrated to Palestine (today's Israel) and after a year was joined there by his sister and brother–in–law. Two of his three children were born during his stay in Jerusalem, where he was engaged in research at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and from which he gained a PhD in organic chemistry. In late 1945 he went to England, where he joined the group under Professor Michael Polanyi FRS in Manchester.


Public health in twenty-first century Ghana is mired with several issues ranging from the inadequacy of public health facilities, improper settlement planning, insanitary conditions, and the inadequacy of laws and their implementation. This situation compared to the colonial era is a direct contradiction. Development in the pre-colonial era to the colonial era sought to make the prevention of diseases a priority in the colonial administration. This was begun with the establishment of the health branch in 1909 as a response to the bubonic plague that was fast spreading in the colony. From here public health policies and strategies were enacted to help the diseases prevention cause. Various public health boards, the medical research institute or the laboratory branch, the waste management department, the use of preventive medicine and maintenance of good settlement planning and sanitation were public health measures in the colonial era. This research seeks to analyse the public health system in the colonial era so as to draw basic lessons for twenty-first century Ghana. Archival data and other secondary sources are reviewed and analysed to help draw these lessons. Richard Rose's lesson-drawing approach was used to draw the lessons.


Abstract

Objective – Student research habits and expectations continue to change, complicating the design of library spaces and the provision of research support. This study's intent was to explore undergraduate and graduate student research and study needs at a mid-sized university's two campuses in the Northeastern United States, and to improve librarians' understandings of these practices so that more appropriate services and spaces may be developed to support student learning.

Methods – The research project utilized a primarily qualitative design for data collection that spanned from fall 2012 to summer 2013, consisting of an online questionnaire, unobtrusive observations, and in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data collection commenced with a questionnaire consisting of 51 items, distributed through campus email to all students and receiving 1182 responses. Second, 32 hours of unobtrusive observations were carried out by librarians, who took ethnographic "field notes" in a variety of Library locations during different times and days of the week. The final method was in-depth interviews conducted with 30 undergraduate and graduate students. The qualitative data were analyzed through the application of a codebook consisting of 459 codes, developed by a data analysis team of 4 librarians.

Results – The results address topical areas of student interactions with librarians, contact preferences, and use of library space. Of the interviewees, 60% contacted a librarian at least once, with texting being the most popular method of contact (27%). In being contacted by the library, students preferred a range of methods and generally indicated interest in learning about library news and events through posters and signage. Participants were less interested in receiving library contact via social media, such as Facebook or Twitter. Regarding student use of and preference for library space, prominent themes were students creating their own spaces for individual study by moving furniture, leaving personal items unattended, the presence of unwanted noise, and a general preference for either working nearby other students in groups or in carrels to facilitate individual study.

Conclusions – Being aware of student research processes and preferences can result in the ability to design learning environments and research services that are more responsive to their needs. Ethnographic research methods, as part of an ongoing research process, are recommended as a means to better understand library user practices and expectations.


This paper discusses the psychosexual correlations and psychological consequences related to torture and behavioral acts that are fundamentally torturous. The influence of participation by learning and the relationship of acts to thought and thought to acts are further discussed to raise awareness to the effects of torture on the torturer. Theories from multiple disciplines are presented in an integrated context to examine the correlation between fundamental psychological principles associated with acts that are torturous in nature and, therefore, innately evil.


Despite the huge global rise in tuberculosis, protective immunity to the causative pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is measurable in most infected individuals. Critical in mediating this is the cytokine interferon-γ, which activates various immune-response genes, of which nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) is considered pivotal. MacMicking et al. identified a protein, LRG-47, that can mediate protection from Mtb infection independently of NOS2. Macrophages from mice lacking LRG-47 produced bacteria-laden phagosomes that could not fuse with lysosomes and thus impeded the normal cellular pathway for destroying intracellular bacteria. J. D. MacMicking, G. A. Taylor, J. D. McKinney, Immune control of tuberculosis by IFN-γ-inducible LRG-47. Science 302, 654-659 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The Distribution Analysis and Economic Evaluation Workstation (DANE) provides students with an open architecture, computer aided engineering workstation environment for distribution system application program development and engineering studies. DANE is conceptually divided into four parts which are a relational database, graphical user interface, an application programmer interface, and applications used for analysis, design, and operational studies. Existing code has been developed with the help of several MS and PhD students. The code consists of C language with Embedded Structure Query Language statements, DANE is used in undergraduate design projects and graduate research. >


This paper aims to relate the Australian data on rural-urban migration and economic change to education. It illustrates that there has been scant polity attention to the fundamental role ofeducation in the changing nature ofAustralia's rural areas. Australla's rural policy has been firmly driven by the massive political power ofthe rural industries and mining lobbies; the voice ofrural communities being lost to the winds. Governments should be alert to the needs ofrural Australia. Issues of social justice and equity are being raised and heard as never before and ordinary Australians are increasingly aware of, and cherish, our rural communities, our rural image. and our sense-ofourselves as sharing a rural heritage. Recent data show that regional Australia, in favoured areas, is prospering. A number ofpolicy considerations are canvassed with the conclusion that leading-edge information and communications technologies are an essential prerequisite if regional Australia is to prosper and metropolitan areas and the south-east are to avoid undesirable crowding. Isolated rural areas are more problematic and a policy approach to a sustainable future for them is not immediately apparent to the author.