The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) has de clined throughout its range and its status is of major concern to federal, state, and provincial wildlife agencies. We collected information on current and historical greater sage-grouse distribution and lek activity in western North and South Dakota. A steady decline in lek attendance by males occurred over the entire recorded period in North Dakota (1951-2002) and South Dakota (1972-2002). There was no apparent change in numbers of known active leks due to discovery of new leks, but there was an abandonment of regions once occupied by active leks.


The emphasis of this paper is on the political economy of the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States and how the policy makers contributed to it through their legislation and regulations, made under the rising influence of interest groups and the lobbying activities of the finance industry. The "Great Recession" of 2007-2009 began as a bubble-burst in the mortgage market in the United States that spilled over to the entire financial market of the US, and afterwards to the integrated world financial market. The crisis sprang up over the US real sector and, due to the decline in US aggregate demand, spread consequently to the real economy of the rest of the World. No sound evidence has been given for the publicly proclaimed idea that the causes of the crisis lie within the self-regulating free market. The causes of the crisis lie primarily in the activities of political power, i.e. in the extensive government regulation which has, under the strong influence of interest groups and the lobbying power of financial corporations, led to favouritism in macroeconomic policies and inefficient resource allocation. Regulation was enforced by stimulating affordable housing through government sponsored enterprises, oligopoly of the rating agencies, banking regulation and an increasing connection between government and the finance industry.


Learning abstract concepts through concrete examples may promote learning at the cost of inhibiting transfer. The present study investigated one approach to solving this problem: systematically varying superficial features of the examples. Participants learned to solve problems involving a mathematical concept by studying either superficially similar or varied examples. In Experiment 1, less knowledgeable participants learned better from similar examples, while more knowledgeable participants learned better from varied examples. In Experiment 2, prior to learning how to solve the problems, some participants received a pretraining aimed at increasing attention to the structural relations underlying the target concept. These participants, like the more knowledgeable participants in Experiment 1, learned better from varied examples. Thus, the utility of varied examples depends on prior knowledge and, in particular, ability to attend to relevant structure. Increasing this ability can prepare learners to learn more effectively from varied examples.


BACKGROUND
Recently, a number of studies have advocated the diagnostic benefit of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the current ultrasound (US)-based preoperative evaluation of thyroid cancer. However, no study has been conducted to optimize a CECT protocol focusing on tumor conspicuity using a multi-detector CT scanner. This study aimed at determining the optimal scan delay for increased CT attenuation differences between thyroid cancer and parenchymal background using a biphasic CECT examination.

METHODS
This study retrospectively enrolled 84 patients (M:F = 7:77; Mage = 44.8 ± 10.9 years) with 87 papillary thyroid carcinomas (Msize = 14.1 mm) who consecutively underwent US and CECT examination prior to surgery. In each patient, CT scanning was taken twice-once with a 40-second delay and once with a 70-second delay-using a 64-channel multi-detector scanner. After obtaining the mean attenuation value (MAV) of the thyroid cancer and the ipsilateral parenchyma by drawing regions of interest on the CECT images based on their cytopathologic results and US findings, the parenchyma-cancer differences (PCD) between the early and delayed scans were simply compared using a paired t-test. Then, the mean differences in the MAVs of the thyroid cancer and ipsilateral parenchyma (hereafter abbreviated as Group) between the early and delayed scans (abbreviated as Time) were compared after adjusting for the other factors that significantly affected MAVs, such as concentration of iodinated contrast medium (abbreviated as CCM) and size of thyroid cancer (abbreviated as Size) using a repeated-measures general linear model.

RESULTS
Because the ipsilateral parenchyma exhibited significantly higher attenuation on the early scan and further decline on the delayed scan compared with thyroid cancer (p < 0.001), the PCD for thyroid cancer was significantly better with a 40-second scan delay than a 70-second delay (58.8 ± 36.6 Hounsfield units [HU] vs. 40.4 ± 25.6 HU; p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained from the repeated-measures general linear model that considered the effects of CCM, Size, Group, and Time, and the interaction of Group and Time.

CONCLUSION
Based on this CECT study that adjusted for the effects of CCM and size on MAV, early scans (e.g., 40-second scan delay) are helpful for improving the tumor conspicuity of thyroid cancer on CECT images.


Data without Boundaries – DwB – is a project funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme. The aim of the project is to develop standards, tools, and services to support equal and easy access to official microdata for the European Research Area. DwB reaches this goal through coordination of existing infrastructures, the Council of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA) and the European Statistical System (ESS) in collaboration with representatives of the research community. The project's activities include harmonizing and enhancing legal frameworks, information security standards and procedures for researcher accreditation to increase transnational access to data. Training courses, user conferences and access forums enhance researcher's competencies to successfully work with official microdata. This is further supported by building extensive information systems for existing official data in Europe and other resource discovery tools. The presentation will highlight the main features and goal of the project, as well as first outputs focusing on metadata issues.


Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is common in infants. According to NICE (2015), it affects 40% or more of infants and generally resolves naturally without the need for medical treatment. However, preliminary indications suggest that there has been a rise in the use of medicines to manage GOR in young infants under the age of twelve months. This is particularly evident for acid suppressant medicines such as ranitidine and omeprazole – drugs that are currently not licensed for use in the 0-1 age group in the UK (BNFC, 2019). To gain a greater understanding of the extent to which this rise in prescribing rates is manifest in Scotland, and what underpins this shift in prescribing patterns, this thesis adopted a two-stage research approach to the study. Stage one of this study analysed national prescribing data from the Information Services Division of NHS Scotland (ISD), to explore how patterns of prescribing for alginate, domperidone, omeprazole and ranitidine have changed over time, and how they differ between NHS Board areas in Scotland. Findings from stage one confirmed that the prescribing of alginate, omeprazole and ranitidine increased significantly in Scotland over a 7-year period between 2010 and 2016. Prescribing of alginate increased from 15.7 per 100 infants in 2010 to 24.7 per 100 infants in 2016, whilst the prescribing rate for ranitidine increased over four-fold from 2.3 per 100 infants in 2010 to 9.7 per 100 infants in 2016, and for omeprazole the prescribing rate increased over three-fold from 0.9 per 100 infants in 2010 to 3.2 per 100 infants in 2016. Furthermore, the data revealed regional variation in the drugs prescribed. Stage two sought to investigate what underpinned this change in prescribing patterns in greater depth. Focusing on one NHS Board in Scotland that had a high prescribing rate for ranitidine, stage two adopted a qualitative approach and used in-depth interviews to explore issues contributing to this shift in prescribing patterns from the perspectives of health visitors, general practitioners and parents. Semi-structured interview schedules were used to guide in-depth interviews with 22 participants. Issues of adherence to national guidelines, the shift away from conservative to more pharmaceutical treatments for GOR and shifts in knowledge and power between clinicians and parents were explored. While general practitioners and health visitors remain the key players in diagnosing and treating GOR in infants in Scotland, general practitioners often rely on the expertise of health visitors whom they see as the experts in this field, whilst health visitors are often influenced by parental pressures. Parents were thus found to play an important role in influencing the diagnosis and the treatment approach offered, with the prescribing of medicines often seen by parents as the first-line of approach to the treatment of GOR. Parental pressures placed on clinicians was seen to arise from changing attitudes and expectations of parenthood, shifts in family support structures, and the growing accessibility of a wealth of health information from (both reliable and unreliable) sources on the worldwide web, as well as the subtle (and not so subtle) advertising of medicines to manage GOR on social media. These factors all play a key role in the pharmaceuticalisation of treatment for GOR and is likely to go some way toward accounting for changes in prescribing patterns over time. Theoretically, therefore, this study points to the medicalisation of everyday care practices for infants, especially the management of symptoms of GOR. Importantly, it is possible that some infants are being prescribed unlicensed acid suppressant medicines unnecessarily and this has financial implications for the NHS as well as health implications for young infants.


We present what is to our knowledge the first dual-band negative index metamaterial that operates in the visible spectrum. The optimized four-functional-layer metamaterial structure exhibits the first double-negative (i.e., simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability) band in the red region of the visible spectrum with a figure of merit of 1.7 and the second double-negative band in the green region of the visible spectrum with a figure of merit of 3.2. The optical behavior of the proposed structure is independent of the polarization of the incident field. This low-loss metamaterial structure can be treated as a modified version of a fishnet metamaterial structure with an additional metal layer of different thickness in a single functional layer. The additional metal layer extends the diluted plasma frequency deep into the visible spectrum above the second-order magnetic resonance of the structure and hence provides a dual-band operation with simultaneously negative effective permittivity and permeability. Broadband metamaterials with multiple negative index bands may be possible with the same technique by employing higher-order magnetic resonances. The structure can be fabricated with standard microfabrication techniques that have been used to fabricate fishnet metamaterial structures.


We all rely on and need water for life, health, work, and play. In urban areas, good water supplies are a generally accepted part of the urban life style. In rural areas, water supplies may be more uncertain, though highly important to the well-being of plants, animals, and humans. Farmers need reliable supplies of good quality water for a number of agricultural uses in addition to the water needed for their households. Unfortunately, many rural residents are located in areas where water availability and/or water quality is such that private water systems do not supply the amounts and quality of water needed for good living conditions. Rural water systems are complex and expens1ve mechanisms intended to provide reliable supplies of good quality water to residents of rural areas. A rural water system usually consists of a water source, pumps, pipelines, elevated or underground storage, and ancillary facilities and equipment. It is intended to deliver good quality water to farms or nonfarm homes or businesses scattered across the countryside. Customers served by a water system have a wide range of water needs. Most need water for domestic and household use. Some may have livestock feeding operations that require large quantities of water for consumption by poultry, cattle, or SW1ne, plus water for cooling, and for the cleaning of equipment, and facilities. Even if they do not have large numbers of livestock, farms may use substantial amounts of water for the application of herbicides and insecticides and the maintenance and cleaning of buildings, machinery and equipment. When rural water systems provide adequate supplies of good quality water to rural residents, both the quality of life and the economic base of the area are improved.


The scope of this thesis is to make a structural analysis of the Daily vehicle and learn how to
correlate the results with the homologation values in order to know if the vehicle would be
ready to pass a homologative test. In order to understand this, first of all a brief description of
the whole vehicle and their important points has been done, as well as a complete summary of
the commercial vehicle most important regulations.
The complete structural analysis has been done with numerical models provide by Iveco
company, that allow us to focus the study in the parts that have a biggest interest for our
results, in that way several configurations of each test have been designed in order to choose
the better one. To perform the analysis the software package of Hyperworks has been used,
which allow us to make a complete finite element analysis thanks to the pre-processor
software Hypermesh or hypercrash to set the mesh and the initial conditions, the solver
Radioss of which a complete and detailed explanation of how it works has been done and
finally the post-processor to see the results with hyper view. With this entire package it have
been possible to perform the analysis as we wanted, as well as report all the necessary data
like accelerations, forces, energy…
As for the results it will be possible to see a complete analysis and explanations of the
performed test in order to achieve the normative. Also from each test, in order to understand
the principal behavior of the most important parts, a detailed analysis with a numerical model
has been done, in that way it helps to explain in a better way the results and allow us to make
a complete correlation if we have it, with the real model. For some cases, it will be possible to
see some modifications in the analysis or components, in order to focus the analysis in a more
detailed part.
At the end, it will be possible to now the most important normative in relation with the
passive safety and the commercial vehicles, as well as to understand the used software and
how a numerical analysis is performed to obtain the desiderate results, even more and one of
the most important points, learn how each component work inside of the vehicle and for
which reason have been thought in this way.


The tristimulus color system is used to describe the colors of the light scattered by spheres with radii a = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 μ for real refractive indices m = 1.31 and 1.46 and by spheres with radii a = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4μ for complex refractive index corresponding to a highly absorbing substance such as vanadium pentoxide. The quantities calculated are the dominant wavelength, purity, the visible intensity, and the intensity for unpolarized incident white light from a 3200°K source as well as for each of the two plane-polarized components.The angular variation of colors designated as higher-order Tyndall spectra (H.O.T.S.) occurs only for radii comparable to the wavelength. For small particles, the light is blue, corresponding to Rayleigh scattering, while for radii a>0.8 μ, the scattered light is uniformly yellow. At intermediate sizes 0.2 μ≤a≤0.8 μ the H.O.T.S. described by Sinclair and La Mer occur. However, there is no correlation between the appearance of the color bands and the intensity peaks of the scattered light. It is possible to have a polydisperse system in the intermediate size range exhibit H.O.T.S. while a perfectly monodisperse system of larger radius does not exhibit this phenomenon. A visual measure of the polarization ratio at two or three backward directions can serve to determine the particle size.


The crisis and its impacts have underscored yet again how important to fulfill consumer protection requirement in this specific field. Therefore, in this article we analyze the insurance sector related consumer protection. We emphasize that as of 1 January 2012 Lithuania made the significant financial markets supervision reform. Therefore, Bank of Lithuania (central bank of the Republic of Lithuania) is now the centralized financial market supervisor that is responsible for the consumer's protection in this sector. After reform the Bank of Lithuania acts as independent "referee" who looks at both sides of the insurance dispute, makes enquiries, asks questions and comes up with a solution (recommendation) that he believes is fair. It is worth to stress that the out-of-court settlement procedure is not binding, therefore in some cases out-of-court settlement procedure is not efficient enough. In the article we also rise the public administration problem – in some cases State Consumer Rights Protection Authority that is the main institution in the field of consumer protection, may revise the standard insurance contract terms. Such public administration functions are also delegated to the Bank of Lithuania. Therefore, where the insurance-related consumer dispute rises, it is not clear which public institution is responsible to provide the competent opinion on insurance contract standard terms fulfillment with consumer protection laws. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.11.3.2507


For pitch tracking of a single speaker, a common requirement is to find the optimal path through a set of voiced or voiceless pitch estimates over a sequence of time frames. Dynamic programming (DP) algorithms have been applied before to this problem. Here, the pitch candidates are provided by a multi-channel autocorrelation-based estimator, and DP is extended to pitch tracking of multiple concurrent speakers. We use the resulting pitch information to enhance harmonic content in noisy speech and to obtain separations of target from interfering speech.


Transmit diversity generally requires more than one antenna at the transmitter.However, many wireless devices are limited by size or hardware complexity to one antenna. Recently, a new class of methods called cooperative communication has been proposed that allows radio terminals to jointly transmit their information to emulate an antenna array and exploit spatial diversity in wireless fading channels. For a variety of processing algorithms and transmission protocols, per- formance improvements in terms of transmission rate and reliability have been demonstrated. In cooperative wireless communication, we are concerned with a wireless network, of the cellular or ad hoc nature, where the wireless agents, which we call users, may increase their e®ective quality of service (measured at the physical layer by bit error rates, block error rates, or outage probability) via cooperation. This research work describes the performance of relaying protocol in terms of average symbol error probability. Moreover it describes the promising benefits of distributed space time block codes over Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels in order to enhance the performance of data transfer in cooperative relay networks. In addition it describes how the diversity achievement has been ana- lyzed in wireless relay networks employing distributed-Alamouti scheme. Further- more the optimal power allocation algorithm has been developed which e±ciently improve the symbol error probability over the equal power allocation. Finally the region of interest (ROI)-based scheme for image transmission is examined over the wireless cooperative/fading channels which improves the performance of ROI compared to direct communication (non-cooperative) and conventional co- operative communications image transmission schemes. Matlab simulations and Mathematica results are presented which show the good contribution to the latest research in the domain of cooperative communication.


From the lazy, fiddling grasshopper to the sneaky Big Bad Wolf, children's stories and fables enchant us with their portrayals of animals who act like people. But the comparisons run both ways, as metaphors, stories, and images - as well as scientific theories - throughout history remind us that humans often act like animals, and that the line separating them is not as clear as we'd like to pretend. Here, Martin Kemp explores a stunning range of images and ideas to demonstrate just how deeply these underappreciated links between humans and other fauna are embedded in our culture. Tracing those interconnections among art, science, and literature, Kemp leads us on a dazzling tour of Western thought, from Aristotelian physiognomy and its influence on phrenology to the Great Chain of Being and Darwinian evolution. We learn about the racist anthropology underlying a familiar Degas sculpture, see paintings of a remarkably simian Judas, and watch Mowgli, the man-child from Kipling's "The Jungle Book", exhibit the behaviors of the beasts who raised him. Like a kaleidoscope, Kemp uses these stories to refract, reconfigure, and echo the essential truth that the way we think about animals inevitably inflects how we think about people, and vice versa. Loaded with vivid illustrations and drawing on sources from Hesiod to La Fontaine, Leonardo to P. T. Barnum, "The Human Animal in Western Art and Science" is a fascinating, eye-opening reminder of our deep affinities with our fellow members of the animal kingdom.


We propose a hybrid model of portfolio credit risk where the dynamics of the underlying latent variables is governed by a one factor GARCH process. The distinctive feature of such processes is that the long-term aggregate return distributions can substantially deviate from the asymptotic Gaussian limit for very long horizons. We introduce the notion of correlation surface as a convenient tool for comparing portfolio credit loss generating models and pricing synthetic CDO tranches. Analyzing alternative specifications of the underlying dynamics, we conclude that the asymmetric models with TARCH volatility specification are the preferred choice for generating significant and persistent credit correlation skews. The characteristic dependence of the correlation skew on term to maturity and portfolio hazard rate in these models has a significant impact on both relative value analysis and risk management of CDO tranches.


Glycine max (soybean) is an important crop species globally as it is used as a protein-rich food and feed crop and as a source of oils used in the food and biofuel industry. However, the growth and yield of soybean is adversely affected by drought. Exposure of soybean to drought leads to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell membrane instability. Sterols are membrane components that regulates membrane fluidity and permeability. Besides being major components of the cell membranes, sterols such as lanosterol appear to play a role in the regulation of ROS scavenging and some are precursors to brassinosteroids that act as signaling molecules with hormonal function that regulate growth, development and responses to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. In this study, the involvement of plant sterols, also known as phytosterols, in the regulation of soybean responses to drought stress was investigated in Glycine max by determining the effects of drought on the expression of a candidate lanosterol synthase gene (Glyma08g24160) and the content of a subset of phytosterols in soybean. The effects of inhibition of sterol synthesis on ROS production and on superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were investigated. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as superoxide (O2 ̇) increased in response to drought and sterol synthesis inhibition, however, O2 ̇ concentration and sterol contents declined under drought stress and sterol synthesis inhibition. Furthermore, drought stress altered the expression of http://etd.uwc.ac.za


We compared perception of family functioning in a sample ( N = 1,496) of Aymara and non-Aymara parents and children living in Arica, Chile. The children were aged from 9 to 15 years and were recruited from the 5th to 8th grades of 9 elementary schools (4 public, 5 government-subsidized private schools) serving lower socioeconomic areas. Participants completed the Family Functioning Test (FF-SIL), which consists of 14 events or characteristics that may occur in a family. The results showed that parents and children from the Aymara group recorded lower scores for their perception of family functioning than did the non-Aymara group. Addressing this issue may be important in the prevention of psychological problems in these families.


ABSTRACT Accurate knowledge of the rovibronic near-infrared and visible spectra of vanadium monoxide (VO) is very important for studies of cool stellar and hot planetary atmospheres. Here, the required ab initio dipole moment and spin-orbit coupling curves for VO are produced. This data forms the basis of a new VO line list considering 13 different electronic states and containing over 277 million transitions. Open shell transition, metal diatomics are challenging species to model through ab initio quantum mechanics due to the large number of low-lying electronic states, significant spin–orbit coupling and strong static and dynamic electron correlation. Multi-reference configuration interaction methodologies using orbitals from a complete active space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) calculation are the standard technique for these systems. We use different state-specific or minimal-state CASSCF orbitals for each electronic state to maximise the calculation accuracy. The off-diagonal dipole moment controls the intensity of electronic transitions. We test finite-field off-diagonal dipole moments, but found that (1) the accuracy of the excitation energies were not sufficient to allow accurate dipole moments to be evaluated and (2) computer time requirements for perpendicular transitions were prohibitive. The best off-diagonal dipole moments are calculated using wavefunctions with different CASSCF orbitals.


The lower Pliocene Bouse Formation in the lower Colorado River Valley (southwestern USA) consists of basal marl and dense tufa overlain by siltstone and fine sandstone. It is locally overlain by and interbedded with sands derived from the Colorado River. We briefly review 87 Sr/ 86 Sr analyses of Bouse carbonates and shells and carbonate and gypsum of similar age east of Las Vegas that indicate that all of these strata are isotopically similar to modern Colorado River water. We also review and add new data that are consistent with a step in Bouse Formation maximum elevations from 330 m south of Topock Gorge to 555 m to the north. New geochemical data from glass shards in a volcanic ash bed within the Bouse Formation, and from an ash bed within similar deposits in Bristol Basin west of the Colorado River Valley, indicate correlation of the two ash beds and coeval submergence of both areas. The tuff bed is identified as the 4.83 Ma Lawlor Tuff derived from the San Francisco Bay region. We conclude, as have some others, that the Bouse Formation was deposited in lakes produced by first-arriving Colorado River water that entered closed basins inherited from Basin and Range extension, and estimate that first arrival of river water occurred ca. 4.9 Ma. If this interpretation is correct, addition of Bristol Basin to the Blythe Basin inundation area means that river discharge was sufficient to fill and spill a lake with an area of ∼10,000 km 2 . For spillover to occur, evaporation rates must have been significantly less in early Pliocene time than modern rates of ∼2–4 m/yr, and/or Colorado River discharge was significantly greater than the current ∼15 km 3 /yr. In this lacustrine interpretation, evaporation rates were sufficient to concentrate salts to levels that were hospitable to some marine organisms presumably introduced by birds.


Compressor plant frequently operates under unsteady conditions. This is due to pressure fluctuations, variable flow demand, or unsteady inlet conditions, as well as shaft speed variation. Also, following demand, compressor plants often work intermittently with frequent starts and stops. This may cause premature wear, decrease of compressor performance and even failure, which might cost millions of pounds to industry in downtime. However, there is still a lack of published data which describes intermittent plant behaviour, or predicts the effects of unsteady operation upon compressor plant performance. Thus, there appears to be a need to develop a mathematical model to calculate compressor plant performance during intermittent operating conditions and to verify this model with experimental data.

Accordingly, this thesis describes an experimental and analytical study of screw compressor plant operating under unsteady conditions. For this purpose a one-dimensional model of the processes within a compressor was used, based on the differential equations of conservation of mass and energy, extended to include other plant components, such as storage tanks, control valves and connecting pipes. The model can simulate processes in both oil-free and oil-injected compressor plants during transient operation, including the effects of sudden changes in pressure, speed and valve area. Performance predictions obtained from the model gave good agreement with test results.

This model can, therefore, be used to predict a variety of events, which may occur in everyday compressor plant operation.


This article offers an account of the ways that the legal system is able to make it appear as if it has found 'the right answer' in cases involving the special educational needs of children with autism. The article explains the uncertainties and complexities relating to the identification, diagnosis and treatment of autism and the problems that these present for schools and local education authorities. Applying Luhmann's theory of social systems, it describes how courts and tribunals dealing with special educational needs are able to transform these uncertainties and complexities into knowledge on which it is able to base its decisions. These decisions may make satisfactory law, but they are likely to leave unresolved fundamental problems concerning the education of children with disabilities.


A state child protection agency removes a child from his mother and convinces a family court judge to rule that the child's mother neglected him and to place the child in foster care. The judge orders the agency to work with the mother to remedy the conditions that led her to neglect him with the plan of reunifying the child with her. One year later the family returns to court. The social worker files a report asserting that the mother has not cooperated with the agency's efforts to help her and remains incapable of taking care of the child. The mother says that she now can take care of her child, but the social worker has never liked her and has not given her a fair chance, nor has the worker given her credit for the progress she has made. She says she tried to work with the social worker, but the worker only referred her to other agencies that did not provide useful help. How does the family court decide what happens next? A series of factual disputes exist that are distinct from the ruling that the court has already issued regarding the mother's past neglectful conduct. These factual disputes are tied to legal questions - what will the child's permanency plan be, that is, will the judge order the agency to continue efforts to reunify the child with his mother or will the judge order the agency to work to have the child adopted by another family. This case is thus ripe for time tested adversarial adjudication through an evidentiary hearing. Yet in most states do not require permanency hearings to be based on evidence, and appeals of permanency hearing decisions are not permitted or do not occur. Federal law - which shapes much state law practice - provides vague and insufficient guidance to courts which must make decisions in thousands of cases like this. This article argues that this due process donut hole - the absence of procedural safeguards at child abuse and neglect permanency hearings, the hearings held regularly between an initial abuse or neglect adjudication and disposition and a later termination of parental rights or other permanency trial - must be filled. Constitutionally, the rights at stake - those of parents and children to maintain family integrity - are fundamental, the risk of error from sloppy procedures great, and the state interest in avoiding stricter procedures small. From a policy perspective, ensuring better permanency hearing decision-making will help avoid children drifting through foster care for years. Providing a right to appeal permanency hearing decisions will both improve trial court decision-making and help clarify difficult questions of law that will not be resolved through other appeals. Alternative methods of providing due process checks - especially early termination of parental rights trials - would create significant other problems, including the unnecessary termination of parental rights for tens of thousands of children. State courts and state and federal policy makers should work to ensure permanency hearing decisions are made via evidentiary hearings and that parties may appeal adverse rulings.


Evidence shows that when engaged in game-playing tasks, individuals think about what other individuals are thinking. Presumably, though, cognitive limits prevent individuals from entertaining indefinite levels of thinking about what other players are thinking about what other players are thinking, etc.. Drawing on neural evidence, we propose a procedure by which a player builds such levels of thinking. The number of possibilities that a player must consider at each level m in this procedure grows exponentially with m. We argue that this feature may help explain why a cognitive bound has been found in game-theory studies to come into effect at a small finite number of levels of thinking about thinking. These particular uncertainties — as to the other player's beliefs about oneself — are almost universal, and it would constrict the application of a game theory fatally to rule them out. – Daniel Ellsberg [10, 1959]


Background & Aim: Students' attitudes towards their field of study can significantly affect the quality of education and their interest in learning and professional practice. The aim of this study was to compare freshman and senior nursing students' attitudes towards nursing. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2011 on bachelor's nursing students of medical science universities in Tehran, Iran. A random sample of 248 students (137 freshmen and 111 seniors) was recruited. Data was gathered by a standardized and valid attitude assessment questionnaire. Differences between the two groups were determined Chi-square test using SPSS-PC (v. 14.0). Results: The findings revealed that 54.01% of freshmen and 23.5% of senior nursing students had a positive attitude toward their discipline. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding their attitude toward nursing (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Regarding the results, negative clinical experiences as well as inconsistencies between students' expectations and the realities of clinical nursing practice might have negatively affected senior nursing students' attitude towards their profession. Accordingly, identification and removing the factors that would negatively affect students' attitude towards nursing is recommended .


Subsurface structure and tectonic style of the NE Outer Carpathians (Poland) on the basis of integrated 2D interpretation of geological and geophysical images Integration of the information from surface and subsurface geological exploration (maps and well sections) and results of geological reinterpretation of more than ten archival seismic sections and several dozen magnetotelluric soundings (MT; published and archival) implies a new structural picture of the Carpathian tectogene, interpreted to depths exceeding 10 km. The tectonics of nappes and their basement is illustrated by four regional cross-sections (derived from geological and petroleum-exploration traverses) and examples of detailed interpretation of zones with complicated structure, as well as results of testing the initial structural models with application of the balanced cross-section method and gravimetric modelling. In the tectonics, a complicated system of overthrusts and detachments of sedimentary covers (from their heterogeneous basement) represents a predominant feature. It induced, within particular nappes and tectonically altered structural-facies units, specific systems of narrow folds with diversified geometries. Broad folds of the intermediate structural stage, which are gently sloping in the hinterland of the nappes, were interpreted on the basis of geophysics as paraautochthonous elements. They cover deep-seated faults with large throws, which obliquely or subvertically dip to the SW and were distinguished in the basement on the grounds of extreme contrasts at the resistivity boundaries. Zones of dramatically low resistivities, which separate blocks of the uplifted basement, were interpreted as tectonic sutures with geometry rebuilt in the stage of the Neogene lithosphere subduction. Therefore, the structural layout of the sedimentary cover is characterized by more gently dipping nappe overthrusts of the sequential type and secondary, out-of-sequence thrust slices, most frequently imbricate ones. The flysch covers resting over the tectonic sutures, particularly in margins of inherited structural depressions, are characterized by more diversified tectonic style in comparison with peripheral, gently-sloping covers thrust over the flexural platform slope, and with steep slices and imbricate thrusts having consequent NE vergence. A specific type of dislocation is represented by flat inversional detachments (seismically documented) which are accompanied by disharmonic folding of "thin-skinned" structural elements. In the eastern part of the foreland of the Dukla overthrust, they form a developed system of backthrusts on the slope of a triangular structure superposed on a "shallower" tectonic suture of the basement; the system replaces sets of fault-propagation folds developed in the eastern part of this zone.


The relationships between parental smoking and the rates of lower respiratory illness during the first three years of life were examined for a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children. Lower respiratory illness varied significantly with maternal smoking for the first year; there was equivocal evidence of a relationship between maternal smoking and lower respiratory illness in the second year; and by third year the relationship had clearly disappeared. Paternal smoking had no significant effect on rates of lower respiratory illness at any time. Application of logistic regression showed that for the first year rates of lower respiratory illness were approximately linearly related to maternal smoking: increases of five cigarettes a day resulted in an increase of 2.5 to 3.5 incidents of lower respiratory illness per 100 children at risk. Statistical control for maternal age, education, family size, and family living standards showed that the relationship between maternal smoking and rates of lower respiratory illness was not significantly influenced by these factors.


Oxygen diffusion plays an important role in grain growth and densification during the sintering of alumina ceramics and governs high-temperature processes such as creep. The atomistic mechanism for oxygen diffusion in alumina is, however, still debated; atomistic calculations not being able to match experimentally determined activation energies for oxygen vacancy diffusion. These calculations are, however, usually performed for perfectly pure crystals, whereas virtually every experimental alumina sample contains a significant fraction of impurity/dopants ions. In this study, we use atomistic defect cluster and nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations to model the effect of Mg impurities/dopants on defect binding energies and migration barriers. We find that oxygen vacancies can form energetically favorable clusters with Mg, which reduces the number of mobile species and leads to an additional 1.5 eV energy barrier for the detachment of a single vacancy from Mg. The migration barriers of diffusive jumps change such that an enhanced concentration of oxygen vacancies is expected around Mg ions. Mg impurities were also found to cause destabilization of certain vacancy configurations as well as enhanced vacancy–vacancy interaction.


95 participants from 23 countries attended a Workshop on the Digitisation of Library Material in Europe, from 24 to 26 October 2007 in the Royal Library, Copenhagen, Denmark. The Workshop was jointly organised by LIBER and EBLIDA. In a full report on the Workshop on the JISC website, the JISC highlighted that 'high on the agenda were moves towards a European Digital Library – the delivery of integrated access to the digitised collections of libraries, archives and museums across the EU.' At a global level, this was indeed one of the main aims of the Workshop. As the Chair of the breakout groups, and the final session of the Workshop, I gave an interview for the JISC immediately after the final session where I looked at what I thought were some of the issues to be identified by the Workshop. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of these issues in a little more detail and outline what work LIBER and EBLIDA have undertaken in the wake of the significant momentum which the Workshop has engendered for European digitisation activity.


Utilizing multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver provides higher data rates and better reliability by exploiting spatial diversity. Space-time block codes (STBCs) is a simple approach for using multiple transmit and receive antennas that has been widely employed in standards. The STBCs introduced in the literature use independent two-dimensional constellations, while the performance of orthogonal STBCs may be improved with multidimensional constellations. These constellations are transmitted by combining multiple space-time resources to form a multidimensional signal space. In this paper, we propose a method for finding optimized multidimensional constellations for orthogonal STBCs. Optimization is performed by minimizing a novel bound on the block or symbol error rate. We show that a substantial improvement in the error probability can be achieved with these novel constellations.


The ability of innovation—both technical and social—to stretch and redefine 'limits to growth' was recognised at Stockholm in 1972, and has been a key feature in debates through to Rio+20 in 2012. Compared with previous major moments of global reflection about human and planetary futures—Stockholm, Rio in 1992, Johannesburg in 2002—we now have a better understanding of how innovation interacts with social, technological, and ecological systems to contribute to transitions at multiple levels. What can this improved understanding offer in terms of governance approaches that might enhance the interaction between local initiatives and global sustainability objectives post-Rio+20? The global political agenda over the last two decades has largely focused on creating economic and regulatory incentives to drive more sustainable industrial development patterns within and between nation-states—resulting most notably in the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At the other end of the spectrum, 'Local Agenda 21', launched at the first Rio summit, envisaged a community-led response to sustainable development challenges locally. This paper discusses the successes and challenges of globally linked local action through a number of illustrative examples, reflecting on how these have contributed to Rio 1992's original objectives. In doing so, we will draw upon innovation studies and development studies to highlight three key issues in a hybrid politics of innovation for sustainability that links global and local: first, the direction in which innovation and development proceed; second, the distribution of the costs, benefits, and risks associated with such changes; third, the diversity of approaches and forms of innovation that contribute to global transitions to sustainability. Drawing on this analysis, we will also reflect on Rio+20, including the extent to which hybrid innovation politics is already emerging, whether this was reflected in the formal Rio+20 outcomes, and what this suggests for the future of international sustainable development summits.


In 1960, Ronald H. Coase famously addressed the problem of externalities - actions of business firms that have harmful effects on others - or, as he renamed it, "the problem of social cost." This problem occurs under every joint economic activity (including business firms) having reciprocal consequences on its stakeholders. This Article seeks to address the underlying economic coordination problem through a comparative analysis of the alternative institutional solutions of ownership, market, taxation, responsibility, and the accounting system of the joint entity. Each prospective solution carries a distinct strategy. The ownership solution involves the allocation, by law, of control rights that individuals can bargain for. The market solution, in contrast, involves the allocation of that right through a competitive auction. Taxation requires the establishment of a public order concerned with the power to fix and raise taxes, whereas the responsibility solution involves the enforcement of a compensation claim or liability for tort damages. Finally, the entity solution consists of a joint system of governance that is characterized by an accounting system of the joint activity under scrutiny.Coase claims that the delimitation of property rights is, in and of itself, sufficient to achieve social welfare. But Coase bases this claim on an efficiency criterion that looks solely to the sum of individual welfares, without regard to the possibility of inequitable results. His approach confounds notions of social cost, incurred loss, and lost opportunity gain, and faces distinctive accounting problems with individual availability and capacity to pay, along with the incommensurability of values. This Article takes a different approach. It introduces a "systemic efficiency" or "economic fairness" criterion based on welfare ranges for individuals in addition to the total sum. Using this criterion, this Article argues that, by requiring explicit income-sharing and joint-decision instrumentalities, the entity solution is the most efficient and equitable solution to the social cost problem.


The book presents a decade-long perspective on contemporary visual practices in India, with stunning visuals and insightful essays by leading intellectuals in the field. Engaging with a diversity of art practices and creative conditions, the publication (and exhibition) questions cultural structures that segregate visual practices, making a case for a polycentric aesthetic. In this argument for an inclusive and non-hierarchical consideration of visual culture, "Edge of Desire" presents a new contribution from the sub-continent to the debate on the nature and purpose of art practices and art histories. At the same time, it offers a visually exciting and intellectually stimulating array of new art from India generated through an intermingling of influences and traditions.


In BRC EP3 focus has been on new industries. The goal has been to find some new industries where biogas production is a resource‐efficient way to take advantage of material flows that are not used today. From this goal seven activities were formulated and are in short: (A1) Present biogas solutions, (A2) Overview of new industrial sectors in Sweden regarding biogas production, (A3) Possibilities and impossibilities process‐wise, (A4) Energy and environmental impacts, (A5) Societal aspects, (A6) Selection of case studies, and (A7) Case study design. These activities needed different angles of approach and therefore a variety of methods were used in the project, e.g. literature studies, calculations, measurements, interviews and workshops. The results from the activities are presented in short below.A1: International comparison of biogas production at industrial sites, for example, is impossible to carry out as different classifications are used in different countries. In A1 a way to categorize biogas plants is proposed and discussed.A2: By screening and geographically pin‐pointing the food industry, eight clusters were chosen for deeper studies. A mapping of biogas potential was thereafter carried out in these clusters. The activity shows great potentials for some of the clusters regarding biogas production.A3: Process‐related feasibility for opportunities for the clusters studied in A2 is targeted. The general conclusion is that there are no severe aspects that imply that one should not continue working with a specific cluster or a specific substrate found in those clusters, regarding biogas production.A4: Each cluster found in A2 is assessed in terms of environmental aspects (climate, acidification and eutrophication), energy balance and economy, which were found being the most important assessment criteria when it comes to efficient biogas solutions. The results show, for example, that even though some of the clusters hold a large potential for biogas production some of these clusters do not imply profitable solutions or environmental advantages compared to the present situation of using the substrates. Moreover, the study shows that the end use of the biogas (electricity, heat and vehicle fuel) has significant influence on the results. It is shown that each cluster has a unique combination of substrates and unique alternatives for use of both substrates and produced biogas, implying different beneficial solutions. Sometimes the beneficial solutions differ dependent on what assessment criterion used.A5: Societal aspects were explored for each cluster found in A2. It is shown that there are differences between the clusters regarding institutional and organizational prerequisites. Important areas have been identified on both a national level (e.g. taxes) and regional level (e.g. cooperation between public and private sectors).A6: When selecting case studies it is found that the following aspects needs to be considered: (1) biogas potential, (2) character of substrates and other materials, (3) environmental aspects (climate, acidification and eutrophication), (4) influence on energy balances (5) economy, (6) use of biogas, and (7) societal aspects.A7: When designing case studies the same aspects as for A6 applies. However, when designing the case study it is also vital to consider where to put the system border and also consider the localization of the production unit (e.g. internal at a company or detached).Moreover, integration of biogas solutions with other types of material or energy flows has to be considered.All the stated parts in "Motivation and aim" are addressed in the project. Consequently, the target of the project is achieved.


When Less Developed Countries (LDCs) announce debt relief agreements under the Brady Plan, their stock markets appreciate by an average of 60 percent in real dollar terms - a $42 billion increase in shareholder value. In contrast, there is no significant stock market increase for a control group of LDCs that do not sign Brady agreements. The results persist after controlling for IMF programs, trade liberalizations, capital account liberalizations, and privatization programs. The stock market appreciations successfully forecast higher future net resource transfers, investment and growth. Creditors also benefit from the Brady Plan. Controlling for other factors, stock prices of US commercial banks with significant LDC loan exposure rise by 35 percent - a $13 billion increase in shareholder value. The results suggest that debt relief can generate large efficiency gains when the borrower suffers from debt overhang.


Sand is driven clockwise by tidal currents round a diamond-shaped sand shoal in the entrance to the harbour at Wells-next-the-Sea. A population of dune bedforms occupying the ebb-dominated channel on the western side of the shoal was monitored for a year (October 1975 to October 1976) in terms of shape (height, wavelength, superimposed immature dunes), movement and bedform composition. Individual dunes and the population of dunes as a whole changed in response to sediment transport on astronomical tidal scales varying from the semi-diurnal to the equinoctial and in response to seasonal meteorological forcing. Most change occurred during the autumn and winter, when strong winds and gales created surges which, in some cases very significantly, enhanced the sediment transport ue purely to the astronomical tide. Dune height was on average greatest during the winter, when the sea temperature was low, and least during the period of summer warmth. Dune height also varied substantially on a spring-neap tidal scale, an increase in height with the onset of many of the springs being followed by a gradual lowering. Dune wavelength showed little response to the springneap variation of sediment transport, but decreased significantly between winter and summer. Varying degrees of time-lag accompanied all changes in bedform characteristics in response to hydraulic change. Although individual dunes had surprisingly large lifespans and ebb-directed excursions, some change was noted m the composition and statistical attributes of the bedform population as the result of appearances and disappearances. The more vigorous episodes of sediment transport created immature (nascent) dunes, some of which grew large enough to become incorporated as new members into the population of mature forms Internally, the dunes were dominated by ebb-oriented cross-bedding, complicated by a variety of intra-set discontinuities commonly associated with mud drapes Some recorded the smoothing of crests during tidal reversal and others the immobility of the bedform over a number of tidal cycles (occasionally many). Other discontinuities expressed the 'capture' of immature dunes by the main bedform within the duration of a single ebb-tide. Because of the frequent perturbation of the (astronomical) tidal sediment transport by meterological events, little order to the horizontal arrangement of discontinuities within the sets was detected in contrast to other reported cases.


Abstract An inclusive neighbourhood is a key facilitator enabling older adults to age in place. Neighbourhoods have been identified as a dimension of social exclusion important to older adults, and it has been argued that older adults are particularly vulnerable to neighbourhood change. The aim of this study was to explore older adults' experiences of neighbourhood exclusion within the context of neighbourhood change. Focus groups were undertaken in the urban and rural areas of a metropolitan borough in England involving a total of 41 older adults, with data analysed via thematic analysis. Urban areas in the borough studied have transformed following the closure of the mining industry, with a high level of deprivation in many areas, while some rural areas have undergone gentrification. Within the context of structural neighbourhood change, four themes were identified: community cohesion, political agency, feelings of safety and the physical environment. The themes were interlinked, which calls for collaboration across traditional lines of professional responsibility, and for research that encompasses different aspects of neighbourhood exclusion. This study contributes with knowledge on older adults' experiences of exclusion, including novel findings on the importance of political agency and collective memory, and identifies actions to combat exclusion. An active involvement of older adults in the development of initiatives to tackle social exclusion is recommended.


Although single women have long been permitted to adopt children, adoption by unmarried men remains an uncommon experience in Western culture. However, Robert Klose, who is single, wanted a son so badly that he faced down the opposition and overcame seemingly insurmountable barriers to realize his goal. The story of his quest for a son is detailed in this intimate personal account. The frustrating truth he reports is that most adoption agencies seem unsure of how to respond to a single man's application. During the three years that it took for him to proceed through the adoption maze, Klose met resistance and dead ends at every attempt. Happenstance finally led him to Russia, where he found the child of his dreams in a Moscow orphanage, a Russian boy named Alyosha. This is the first book to be written by a single man adopting from abroad. The narrative of his quest serves as an instructional firsthand manual for single men wishing to adopt. It details the prospective father's heightening sense of anticipation as he untangles bureaucratic snarls and addresses cultural differences involved in adopting a foreign child. When he arrives in Russia, he supposes the adoption will be a matter of following cut-and-dried procedures. Instead, his difficulties are only beginning. Although he meets kind and generous Russians, his encounter with the child welfare system in Moscow turns out to be both chaotic and bizarre. However, his dogged ordeal pays off more bountifully than he ever could have hoped. In the end he comes face to face with a little boy who changes his life forever. Robert Klose is an associate professor of biological science at University College of Bangor, Maine, and is a regular contributor to The Christian Science Monitor.


There is resistance to policies that would reduce overall consumption levels to promote sustainability. In part, this resistance is aided by the economic concept of consumer sovereignty (CS) and its presumption that choice promotes wellbeing. We investigate the concept of consumer sovereignty in the context of deepening concerns about sustainability and scrutinise whether the two concepts are compatible. We draw on new findings in psychology on human decision-making traits; we take into account increasing awareness about human dependencies on 'functioning' ecosystems and uncertainties on how ecosystems, human activities and human wellbeing are interlinked. We conclude that commitment to the concept of consumer sovereignty is incompatible with sustainability due to human characteristics, the difficult-to-predict behaviour of ecological systems and ignorance about the impact of human action on natural systems. We propose that the choice-set of available goods and services on markets should be constrained when consumption patterns can be linked to degradation of services provided by nature when those services are seen as crucial for human wellbeing. We advocate constraining the available choice-set through established governmental institutions aided by deliberative processes that engage members of the general public. Finally, we acknowledge that such processes are imperfect; nevertheless, we foresee that they will be essential for fostering wise decision-making and moving towards sustainability.


This paper summarizes the main features of water resources management of the Pearl River basin in southern China. A regulation over the basin through integrating various regions was first established for enhancing the water resources management. Based on such a regulation, a public policy frame was then constructed aiming for the harmony between human activities and nature. It is hoped that, as a result, the basin's socio-economic sustainable development could be achieved. In practice, the Pearl River Water Resources Commission (PRWRC), which is the basin regulatory authority, has been focusing on various aspects of regulating water basin and conserving water resources. These aspects include the development of innovative regulations of treating water, exploration of compensation schemes for water resources prevention, investigation of the hydraulic engineering project impacts on region relocation and ecology, and establishment of marketing schemes for sustainable application of water resources. It is expected that these regulating water resources aspects would result in enhancing public participation and negotiation in the Pearl River basin management. A case study is presented on the PRWRC's effort in coordinating water discharges from a number of reservoirs to protect the safe water supply in the Pearl River basin from seawater intrusion during the dry season.


HISTORY: In February of 2015 a 96 year old male started our rural-based cardiac and pulmonary exercise program. He was confined to a wheel-chair due to frequent episodes of extreme weakness and occasional syncope. An initial physical work-up, medical history, and exercise program was developed and he exercised without incident from Feb. to August. By September of 2015, he had increased his functional capacity by 1-2 METsand was regularly walking 50-100 meters with a walker during his exercise sessions. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Congestive Heart Failure; 2. Anemia, 3. chronic heart failure (CHF), 4. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 5. coronary artery disease (CAD), 6. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 7. Pacemaker. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND SYMPTOMOLOGY: In October, he reported feeling weak and experiencing chest pain off and on for a few weeks. During exercise, he developed recurring episodes of atrial fibrillation with aberrancy with regular exercise, and chronotropic incompetence. Hemoglobin levels were normal and left ventricular function was stable. TESTS AND RESULTS: The client's cardiologist was contacted to check the pacemaker replacement date and see if it needed to be moved up and also to inquire to check medication levels. Rhythm strips and vitals for the month of October were sent as well. The client continued to exercise until December without a change in medication or pacemaker at which time he developed pneumonia and stopped exercising. FINAL MANAGEMENT PLAN: The decision was made to move up the original pacemaker replacement date from February to January, and he returned to exercise program in early February. EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION AND PHYSICAL FUNCTION OUTCOMES: He returned to exercise February 5th and was placed on low intensity (2 – 2.5 METs) exercise on arm-leg ergometry and chair resistance exercise. To date he has been without incident during exercise with normal HR and BP response and no shortness of breath or chest discomfort. He reports having more strength and has not had any fainting spells.


Rock varnishes on subaerially exposed surfaces of magmatic rocks in northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) have been analyzed using XRD, SEM-EDS and TEM-AEM techniques. The varnishes are tens of micron in thickness and consist of laminae with different chemical compositions. They always show sharp contacts with the underlying rocks. X-ray microanalysis enables two components to be recognized from their chemical compositions: a component rich in Si with minor Al, Fe, and Mg, and a S and Fe-rich component with minor Al, K, and P. Results of XRD and TEM work reveal that the Si-rich component is made of amorphous material containing few nanometer-thick smectite crystals, most of which have formed in situ . The S-rich component forms subrounded areas and laminae oriented parallel to the outer surface of the rock substrate and may be amorphous or crystalline. The crystals are sulphates of the alunite-jarosite series. The varnish is inferred to have formed by accretion onto the external surface of the rock substrate of airborne dust, followed by remobilization of some constituent and subsequent crystallization of clays and sulphates. The sulphur may have been derived from marine spray and/or fallout of active volcanoes.


ABSTRACT Although dance is a common religious expression, its place in the Christian tradition has been contested. In modern Protestant Norway, dance has mostly been considered irrelevant to church life or even sinful. In recent decades, however, dance has become increasingly common in Norwegian churches. The present analysis of empirical data on dance in Christian settings in contemporary Norway is based on participant observation and interviews. While younger dancers (born after 1990) consider it natural to dance in church, and are usually welcome to do so, older participants have met significant resistance. When dancing, dancers find personal meaning (wellbeing, processing emotions and life events), social meaning (communication, belonging), and religious meaning (contact with God, prayer, growth). Dance emerges as a part of lived religion that clearly highlights how bodies matter, and how spiritualities are gendered, in this contribution to understanding the embodied dimensions of religion.


The Dakota (Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications) toolkit provides a flexible and extensible interface between simulation codes and iterative analysis methods. Dakota contains algorithms for optimization with gradient and nongradient-based methods; uncertainty quantification with sampling, reliability, and stochastic expansion methods; parameter estimation with nonlinear least squares methods; and sensitivity/variance analysis with design of experiments and parameter study methods. These capabilities may be used on their own or as components within advanced strategies such as surrogate-based optimization, mixed integer nonlinear programming, or optimization under uncertainty. By employing object-oriented design to implement abstractions of the key components required for iterative systems analyses, the Dakota toolkit provides a flexible and extensible problem-solving environment for design and performance analysis of computational models on high performance computers. This report serves as a user's manual for the Dakota software and provides capability overviews and procedures for software execution, as well as a variety of example studies. Dakota Version 6.2 User's Manual generated on May 8, 2015


At present, various efforts are being put forward to naturalize aesthetics. One of the most controversial disciplines of aesthetics is neuroaesthetics. The first applications of neuroimaging of the aesthetic experience of paintings occurred ten years ago. Over this decade, neuroscientific findings have determined three common centers of visual aesthetic experience: top-down processing; reward and evaluation; and cortical sensory processing. Undoubtedly, these common centers require better identification and further investigation. However, the experimental data currently available make it possible to falsify or corroborate traditional philosophical theories of aesthetic perception and evaluation. Within an integrated approach to aesthetics, this selective function might constitute a future role for neuroaesthetics in humanities research.


In  Staking Claim: Settler Colonialism and Racialization in Hawai'i , Judy Rohrer scrutinizes how settler colonialism in Hawai'i operates through racialization, situating the context of Hawai'i within the vibrant fields of Native Pacific studies, Indigenous studies, and settler colonial studies. Broadly, the book examines how US discourses and practices regarding race have constructed Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) as an ethnic minority analogous to Asian and European immigrants, thereby erasing Kānaka Maoli indigeneity.  This erasure also allows non-Hawaiians, especially haole (a Hawaiian word that earlier meant "foreigner" but is now more commonly understood to mean "white"), to make their own claims to being Indigenous. In other words, racial discourses erase the position of haole people in Hawai'i as settlers, allowing them to make claims such as being "Hawaiian at heart."


Patchouli oil is categorized in with the main component of essential oil Patchouli
Alcohol, patchouli leaves and stems contain this oil. Patchouli oil is good to have
PA levels above 30%, clear yellow color and has a distinctive odor that difficult to
remove, because the nature of a strong scent, patchouli oil widely used in
perfumery and cosmetics industry. Patchouli oil is a commodity exports,
Indonesian patchouli oil greatest supplier of the world (90%) so that patchouli oil
has a good prospect for development. Intake of patchouli oil is generally used by
the steam distillation process, this process yields approximately 2.0% generated
with the PA content of 28%. Patchouli oil yield and quality need to be enhanced
by the extraction method - distillation. Extraction process is done by using a
solvent mixture of n-hexane and benzene, ie variables used stem and leaf weight
ratio (5:1, 4:1, 3:1; 2: 1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 ), extraction time (60, 90, 120, 150, 180,
210, 240) minutes and the volume ratio of n hexane and benzene (5:1, 4:1, 3:1,
2:1, 1:1, 1: 2; 1:3) followed by a distillation process to separate oil and solvents.
The optimum operating conditions extraction process - distillation was obtained at
the stem and leaf weight ratio of 2:1; extraction time 150 min and the volume
ratio of n-hexane and benzene 3:1. The yield of 4.3% obtained with the
concentration of patchouli alcohol (PA) of 32%.
The process of extraction - distillation with a solvent mixture of n-hexane and
benzene, produces quality and yield of essential oil that is better than the
distillation process
Keyword : extraction, destilation, Patchouli oil


Epidermal growth factor responsive (EGFr) neural progenitor (NP) cells have been shown to be a potential alternative tissue source for neural transplantation and for developmental study. We have shown that nonpassaged EGFr NP cells can self-renew for 2 years in neurospheres and can robustly differentiate into glia and a number of neuronal cell types. We are now attempting to investigate if the EGFr NP cells will die or continue to live beyond the life span of the donor. In addition, we and other investigators have also found that EGFr NP cells, after transplant, retain only a small number of cells in the transplant site. In this study, we investigate the plasticity and fate of the EGFr NP cells. Using the nonpassaged method, we found EGFr NP cells live in the EGF supplement medium for over 4 years-the longest-lived EGFr NP cells ever reported. The 4-year-old striatal or cortical EGFr neurospheres, when subplated with substrate coating, migrate out of neurospheres and have robust growth with many processes. Furthermore, when nucleotide marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was added 3 days prior to the subplating, the EGFr NP cells were labeled positively with BrdU in the nucleus, indicating active proliferation activity. Meanwhile two other events were also found in the long-term EGFr NP cells. In the midst of the proliferation, apoptosis occurred. A subpopulation of EGFr NP cells are undergoing programmed cell death as indicated by the cell morphology and the TUNEL staining for DNA strand breaks. The TUNEL fluorescein-staining indicates that over 50% of EGFr NP cells are positive in the nuclei. On the other hand, we have also found that the major base excision repair enzyme, APE/ref-1, which is responsible for recognizing and repairing baseless sites in DNA, was present in the progenitor cells. However, in those cells undergoing apoptosis, APE/ref-1 levels were dramatically reduced or missing, and only a small percentage of cells were TUNEL and APE/ref-1 positive. These observations indicate that EGFr neural progenitor cells can live beyond the life span of the donor animal. The longevity of these cells in culture may be enhanced due to decreased apoptosis and the retention of normal DNA repair capacity.


Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) are a small sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) obligate lagomorph found within the Great Basin of northwestern United States. Because of its reliance on sagebrush, this species is thought to be experiencing a major range reduction as a result of loss of sagebrush habitat. To aid in conservation of this species, we need to better understand its use of the sagebrush environment. We estimated summer home range use patterns by relocating 5 radio-collared pygmy rabbits (3 females and 2 males) over a 24-hour cycle. We then compared soil texture, shrub density, height, and canopy cover between areas close to burrow entrances and areas of high use and low use. Mean home range sizes of female and male rabbits were 37.2 and 67.9 ha, respectively. Rabbits had disproportionate amounts of time (68.4% ± 9.1, sx) and travel (63.0% ± 5.7, sx) in areas within a 60-m radius of their burrows. Soil texture did not differ among the 3 areas, but shrub density, specifically big sagebrush, and forb density were significantly higher close to the burrow than in the high- and low-use areas. We conclude that pygmy rabbits are possibly burrow obligates and that their abundance and distribution are likely limited by available burrow sites.


During the drilling of the southern Australian continental margin (Leg 182 of the Ocean Drilling Program), fluids with unusually high salinities (to 106‰) were encountered in Miocene to Pleistocene sediments. At three sites (1127, 1129, and 1131), high contents of H2S (to 15%), CH4 (50%), and CO2 (70%) were also encountered. These levels of H2S are the highest yet reported during the history of either the Deep Sea Drilling Project or the Ocean Drilling Program. The high concentrations of H2S and CH4 are associated with anomalous Na+/Cl− ratios in the pore waters. Although hydrates were not recovered, and despite the shallow water depth of these sites (200–400 m) and relative warm bottom water temperatures (11–14 °C), we believe that these sites possess disseminated H2S-dominated hydrates. This contention is supported by calculations using the measured gas concentrations and temperatures of the cores, and depths of recovery. High concentrations of H2S necessary for the formation of hydrates under these conditions were provided by the abundant SO42− caused by the high salinities of the pore fluids, and the high concentrations of organic material. One hypothesis for the origin of these fluids is that they were formed on the adjacent continental shelf during previous lowstands of sea level and were forced into the sediments under the influence of hydrostatic head.


Author(s): Turner, William; Walker, Iain; Sherman, Max | Abstract: Whole-house ventilation systems are becoming commonplace in new construction, remodeling/renovation, and weatherization projects, driven by combinations of specific requirements for indoor air quality (IAQ), health and compliance with standards, such as ASHRAE 62.2. Ventilation systems incur an energy penalty on the home via fan power used to drive the airflow, and the additional space-conditioning load associated with heating or cooling the ventilation air. Finding a balance between IAQ and energy use is important if homes are to be adequately ventilated while not increasing the energy burden. This study used computer simulations to examine RIVEC the Residential Integrated Ventilation Controller - a prototype ventilation controller that aims to deliver whole-house ventilation rates that comply with ventilation standards, for the minimum use of energy. Four different whole-house ventilation systems were simulated, both with and without RIVEC, so that the energy and IAQ results could be compared. Simulations were conducted for 13 US climate zones, three house designs, and three envelope leakage values.The results showed that the RIVEC controller could typically return ventilation energy savings greater than 40percent without compromising long-term chronic or short-term acute exposures to relevant indoor contaminants. Critical and average peak power loads were also reduced as a consequence of using RIVEC.


Process mining reveals how processes in organisations are actually performed and pinpoints deviations from the desired process execution. Process delay is one type of deviation that can be detected. Specific activities may take longer than expected or the waiting times between activities may deviate from service agreements. However, the quantification of processing or waiting times is often only the starting point in identifying the underlying root causes for process delay. One such root cause are adverse incidents in the environment of the process such as malfunctioning of supporting systems or unavailability of resources. Data about these external factors is often neither included in the event log nor recorded precisely enough to be directly linkable to a specific set of process instances. This paper presents a method for estimating process delay caused by incidents for which only the approximate occurrence time is known. We link incidents that are recorded in an incident log to process delay and calculate the effect of incidents on process delay using a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC) approach. Our proposed method was evaluated in a project conducted with the infrastructure manager of the Norwegian railway system. We applied it to a large event log of more than 120 million events capturing block-level movements of trains in the railway network and estimated the impact on process delay of about 50 000 infrastructure-related incidents. This showed that the method is useful for providing decision support and insights on the effects of maintenance. Since then the method has become part of the standard toolbox of the infrastructure manager.


The United States Constitution contains relatively few provisions explicitly concerned with the authority of the federal government and the states to tax and spend. Nevertheless, an impressive structure of rules has evolved governing the division of fiscal powers and responsibilities within our federal system. These rules include Supreme Court decisions interpreting the Constitution, key framework legislation, and implicit understandings derived from existing practice. Professor Dam constructs a general outline of the resulting American Fiscal Constitution, and provides a contrasting view of the West German fiscal constitution. He also offers some tentative conclusions about how federal grants-in-aid and revenue sharing have affected the distribution of fiscal benefits and burdens within our system.


A survey of local conservation efforts for the Philippine native pig was conducted. Respondents having a mean of 20.05 ± 8.40 years of experience in native pig production were purposely selected for this study. Data from the Municipal Agricultural Offices in the province were also gathered. Quantitative data were analyzed statistically using PROC MEANS and PROC LOGISTIC procedures while qualitative data were used as a supporting information. Results showed that there exist local conservation efforts for the Philippine native pigs in the province. The continuous raising by farmers, the choice of native boar in breeding, the support of the local government units through their dispersal program, and the current demand for native pigs were indicators for the continuous existence of the Philippine native pig. These conservation efforts, however, were found dependent on economic forces, which also contributes in the loss of biodiversity. Hence, threat for their loss exists also vis-a-vis local conservation efforts.


We propose a new approach for constructing P2P networks based on a dynamic decomposition of a continuous space into cells corresponding to servers. We demonstrate the power of this approach by suggesting two new P2P architectures and various algorithms for them. The first serves as a DHT (distributed hash table) and the other is a dynamic expander network. The DHT network, which we call Distance Halving, allows logarithmic routing and load while preserving constant degrees. It offers an optimal tradeoff between degree and path length in the sense that degree d guarantees a path length of O(logd n). Another advantage over previous constructions is its relative simplicity. A major new contribution of this construction is a dynamic caching technique that maintains low load and storage, even under the occurrence of hot spots. Our second construction builds a network that is guaranteed to be an expander. The resulting topologies are simple to maintain and implement. Their simplicity makes it easy to modify and add protocols. A small variation yields a DHT which is robust against random Byzantine faults. Finally we show that, using our approach, it is possible to construct any family of constant degree graphs in a dynamic environment, though with worse parameters. Therefore, we expect that more distributed data structures could be designed and implemented in a dynamic environment.


This paper provides an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on Aragon (Spain) through a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. During the EU programming period 20072013, Aragon received agricultural subsidies worth 4,055 million Euros. These grants are received by farmers and then redistributed through their spending towards other institutional sectors. CAP funds carry in Aragon an average annual GDP growth of 2.6 % or an average annual increase of agricultural GVA by 19.6% among other results. This analysis is important because CAP is changing and resources for this EU policy are expected to be reduced. In February 2013, the European Council approved the Multiannual Financial Framework 2014-2020 in which the overall EU budget decreases, is redistributed and clearly restricts allocations for agricultural policies.


WVEPAH is a branch of the "European Association for Veterinary Specialization" (EAVS), a non-profit organization registered in Luxembourg since 1989. In 1992 EAVS created the "European School for Advanced Veterinary Studies" (ESAVS, www.esavs.org) which offers high quality continuing education and is officially affiliated with the University of Luxembourg. WVEPAH has a similar structure as the ESAVS and is also affiliated with and supported by the OIE and includes OIE standards and regulations in its training programmes. WVEPAH programmes consist of a series of courses in a particular field of poultry health and production. A typical study programme is composed of two online courses: Module I: «Key Disciplines in Poultry Health / Regulation Module OIE (WOAH)» & Specialized Module II: «Broilers, Egg Layers, Turkey or Waterfowl health and production» Courses include pre-recorded courses and LIVE meetings. Each course is taught by course masters who are internationally recognized specialists in their field and have excellent didactic skills. The courses are designed for those professionals in the poultry industry who wish to broaden their knowledge in the area of poultry health and production with strong emphasis on health management. Intensive training is provided at an advanced level with major emphasis on a case oriented and problem-solving approach. Participants of WVEPAH programmes acquire new skills and knowledge which they can immediately apply in their daily field activities. Participants also have the possibility to pursue a Certificate in Animal Health: Poultry Production diploma, after completion of the two modules, including a section on regulation taught by the OIE, and the submission of the analysis of 25 clinical cases. This diploma is delivered by the University of Luxembourg and the regulatory aspects are validated by the OIE. List of courses, dates, registration conditions see: www.wvepah.org.


In current research, there is a widespread idea that the history of the universal basic income proposal begins with Thomas Paine and his famous pamphlet Agrarian Justice, published in Paris in 1797 in the context of the French Revolution and under its intellectual influence. In this article, the author rescues a largely unknown text by Paine published without a title under the pen name "Amicus" in the Pennsylvania Magazine in 1775. The transcript demonstrates that he was already reflecting on the proposal at least twenty years earlier, shortly after he arrived in the American colonies. The debates and discussions in which Paine wants to intervene cannot be the same in Wilkes's England as in revolutionary France. Locating the proposal of a universal basic income in this context has important implications for the history of its conception. It compels us to highlight the importance of Paine's experience as an exciseman in England, as well as the context of popular radicalism and religious dissent that prevailed in the country at the start of the Industrial Revolution.


Handling a struggling subject has been pointed out as one of the maximal physical exertions of police work. However, the relationship between general physical fitness and the ability to manage an intractable subject is only scarcely examined. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine how general physical fitness correlates with the forthcoming police officers' ability to handle in a simulated arrest handling test. Nineteen male police students voluntarily agreed to participate. Four physical tests were conducted (bench press, counter movement jump, hang ups and 3000 meter running test). Scores from these tests were converted into a physical test index (physical index). Further, a simulation of handling a struggling subject during arrest was conducted. The simulation contained two takedown tests and two self-defense tests. Scores from the arresting simulation tests were also aggregated in a performance score index (arrest index). Later, the two indexes were correlated. We found a large correlation 0.547 (p<0.05) between the physical index and the arrest index. We also found that age was largely and moderately correlated to the physical index (p<0.05) and the arrest index (p<0.1), respectively. Although the police officers handling of a struggling subject during arrest involves a skill component related to the executing of diverse impact methods, our findings clearly show that it is also about some form of physical capability. The present study therefore highlights the importance of physical fitness within the police force.


Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem that has negative effect on plant growth, production and photosynthesis. Fresh and dry plant weights decreases with salinity treatments. The very important role of salicylic acid (SA) in response to different stress and modification and decline damages due to stresses has established in different studies. In this research tomato seeds planted in pots containing perlite in a growth chamber under controlled conditions of 27±2°c and 23±2°c temperature , 16h lightness and 8h darkness respectively, 15 Klux light intensity and 75% humidity; NaCl concentration of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM and salicylic acid concentration of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM were used in the form of factorial experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD). Results show that germination was decreased with salinity increasing. At low levels of salinity, SA leads to decrease in germination and had no effect in high levels of salinity. The length of shoot were not effected by salinity but decrease with increase in SA concentration. Low salinity concentrations led to significant increase in root length and high concentrations don't have significant difference with control. SA also had no effect on it. The highest amount of a, b, c and total chlorophyll and carotenoid was show in 50 mM salinity levels.


In Brazil, 31% of household food expenses are spent on meals eaten outside of the home. The food service sector is a major consumer of resources (water, energy, food, and other materials), and generator of solid waste (SW) food, being a focus of concern of national and international organizations, given their potential economic, social, and environmental impacts caused by the final disposal of solid waste. This work problematizes the generation of solid waste during the production of meals for collectivities and presents the study carried out in three community restaurants located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The solid waste generated in all stages of the meal production process was weighed. Food leftovers and food scraps were the solid waste generated in greater quantity in the three restaurants studied, showing the need for better planning of the menus and the quantities of preparations produced, since these residues are closely related to the acceptance of the menu and to the waste of food. An organic solid waste management plan has been proposed based on environmental performance evaluation during large-scale meal production.


The Maritsa River in the Balkans, over 500 km long, flows at present into the northern Aegean Sea. Geological and geomorphological data indicate that it was flowing into the Marmara Sea until about 1.5 Ma, and was diverted into the Aegean Sea following coseismic uplift along the North Anatolian Fault. Seismic reflection sections in the Marmara Sea indicate the presence of up to 2.5 km thick fluviatile to limnic Upper Miocene-Quaternary sediments, probably supplied by a Palaeo-Maritsa river. The drainage diversion cut off the sediment supply, with the result that the terrigeneous sediments of the Marmara Sea were depressed to a water depth of 1150 m.


We examine the operation of grating-assisted couplers by describing the fields inside the periodic coupling region in terms of a rigorous modal formulation. This approach reveals that the wave coupling process takes the form of a mode conversion mechanism. We then evaluate the effectiveness of a coupler to transfer power incident at the input waveguide to another waveguide at the output. Our results show that, in general, the optimal conditions for this power transfer may be different from those predicted by conventional coupled-mode methods. We also find that the efficiency of a coupler can be adversely affected by boundary discontinuities at the terminals of the grating region, and we suggest ways to avoid their negative impact on the desired power transfer.


Variation of apparent fracture toughness under predominantly (elastic) brittle fracture is investigated. Williams' asymptotic series solutions, including higher order terms, are used to characterize the crack tip stress and strain fields for various specimen geometries. Using a fracturing stress or a strain as the material property, it is demonstrated that a fracture event can be quantified by two mechanics parameters, K and A 3 for stress-controlled fracture or K and T for strain-controlled fracture. A set of test data that covers a wide range of T and A 3 is used to demonstrate the proposed fracture assessment procedure. Constraint-related issues such as size, crack depth, and biaxial stress effect are investigated. The material's failure locus is discussed relative to the ASTM recommended specimen geometries. It is shown that the ASTM in-plane size requirements place a finite-size window on the complete material failure locus. Since real structures may possess constraint levels either higher or lower than the ASTM standard test specimens, structures may fracture at an applied K either higher or lower than K I C . It is demonstrated that K I C determined according to ASTM E 399 and based on a linear elastic solution is not conservative when used to predict the fracture of specimens with low-constraint geometries. This trend is opposite to the corresponding constraint effect in cleavage fracture when the crack tip deformation at fracture is characterized by large-scale yielding.


The theoretical analysis of deep neural networks (DNN) is arguably among the most challenging research directions in machine learning (ML) right now, as it requires from scientists to lay novel statistical learning foundations to explain their behaviour in practice. While some success has been achieved recently in this endeavour, the question on whether DNNs can be analyzed using the tools from other scientific fields outside the ML community has not received the attention it may well have deserved. In this paper, we explore the interplay between DNNs and game theory (GT), and show how one can benefit from the classic readily available results from the latter when analyzing the former. In particular, we consider the widely studied class of congestion games, and illustrate their intrinsic relatedness to both linear and non-linear DNNs and to the properties of their loss surface. Beyond retrieving the state-of-the-art results from the literature, we argue that our work provides a very promising novel tool for analyzing the DNNs and support this claim by proposing concrete open problems that can advance significantly our understanding of DNNs when solved.


Forested mountain soils are mapped and researched at coarser scales than agricultural areas. Additionally existing mass balance approaches have only recently begun to quantify soil chemical weathering referenced to two parent materials. Forests occupy soils on gneiss, sandstone, shale, limestone, and basaltic andesite in a lithosequence. Differences in the trace chemistry of immobile elements and their ratios were used to determine the influence of underlying bedrock and other parent materials on soils in southwest Montana. Differences between soils and underlying rock and soils and other candidate parent materials were used to determine the relative influence of both parent materials on each soil horizon. A conventional mass balance approach quantified total and elemental chemical weathering for both parent materials. The relative influences, as informed by trace elements and ratios, were used to scale mass fluxes from each parent material into a hybrid mass flux. We characterized one soil pit per lithology, sampled soil horizons, rock type, and collected five samples regionally as deposited loess. Rock samples (as underlying rock and colluvium as appropriate) and atmospheric deposition were considered candidate parent materials to these soils. Samples were analyzed for major and trace elements. The trace elements or ratios used determined the relative influence of underlying rock versus a second parent material. We developed a methods to assess the immobility of specific elements relative to underlying rock. Ratios deemed most immobile were used to determine fractional influences of rock and a second parent material. Most soils had stronger rock influence at depth and stronger influences of atmospheric deposition at the surface, except for soil on sandstone and basaltic andesite. Regardless, accounting for additions of parent materials aside from underlying rock reduced total mass losses in all soils. The biggest mass loss reductions occurred (~50%) in soils on shale and gneiss, whereas mass loss reductions in soil on basaltic were more modest (~15%) when accounting for atmospheric deposition as a second parent material.


Breast Cancer Metastasis (MBC) is an ultimate death sentence remains a challenge for clinicians worldwide.According to the Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC) Awareness Network about 155,000 patients are living nowadays with MBC, and about 40,000 deaths are reported annually in the United States of America. About 10% of the patients visiting the clinic or appearing at the emergency sittings are diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer at the initial screening and require an urgent and effective treatment, which mainly focuses on controlling the disease and improve the quality of life. A breakthrough in the clinical trials for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis has been observed recently, most of these treatments are mainly drug therapies.


The available instruction level parallelism (ILP) is extremely limited within basic blocks of non-numeric programs (1) (2) (3). An effective VLIW or superscalar processor must optimize and schedule instructions across basic block boundaries to achieve higher performance. An effective structure for ILP compilation is the superblock (4). The formation and optimization of superblocks increase ILP available to the scheduler along important execution paths by systematically removing constraints due to the unimportant paths. Superblock scheduling is then applied to extract the available ILP and map it to the processor resources.
The major technique employed to achieve compact superblock schedules is speculative execution. Speculative execution refers to executing an instruction before knowing that its execution is required. Such an instruction will be referred to as a speculative instruction. In the general sense, speculative execution may be engineered at run-time using dynamic scheduling or at compile-time. Superblock techniques utilize compile-time engineered speculative execution, or speculative code motion. A compiler may utilize speculative code motion to achieve higher performance in three major ways. First, in regions of the program where insufficient ILP exists to fully utilize the processor resources, useful instructions may be executed. Second, instructions starting long dependence chains may be executed early to reduce the length of critical paths. Finally, long latency instructions may be initiated early to overlap their execution with useful computation. Speculative execution is generally employed by all aggressive scheduling techniques. For example, Tirumalai et al. showed that modulo scheduling of while loops depends on speculative support to achieve high performance (5). Without speculative support, very little execution overlap between loop iterations is achieved.
This dissertation discusses the problems that must be addressed to perform compile-time speculation for acyclic global scheduling, classifies existing speculation models based upon how they solve these problems and discusses two new compile-time or compiler-controlled speculation models--write-back suppression speculation and safe speculation.