International audience

 TraduXio is a digital environment for computer assisted multilingual translation which is web-based, free to use and with an open source code. Its originality is threefold-whereas traditional technologies are limited to two languages (source/target), TraduXio enables the comparison of different versions of the same text in various languages; its concordancer provides relevant and multilingual suggestions through a classification of the source according to the history, genre and author; it uses collaborative devices (privilege management, forums, networks, history of modification, etc.) to promote collective (and distributed) translation. TraduXio is designed to encourage the diversification of language learning and to promote a reappraisal of translation as a professional skill. It can be used in many different ways, by very diverse kind of people. In this presentation, I will present the recent developments of the software (its version 2.1) and illustrate how specific groups (language teaching, social sciences, literature) use it on a regular basis. In this paper, I present the technology but concentrate more on the possible uses of TraduXio, thus focusing on translators' feedback about their experience when working in this digital environment in a truly collaborative way.


Interview with J. Glen Cleckler, a U. S. Marine during World War II. He discusses his background, including the day he and seven of his friends skipped school to see a movie. In order to provide a believable excuse for their absence to their principal, they went to a recruiting office to get informational forms. The principal then gave them permission to graduate early to join the Marines. He discusses his experiences in boot camp and other training programs and the Battle of Iwo Jima, including hygiene during the battle and the famous flag-raising there. He shares some stories about one of the flag-raisers, Harlan Block, who had been part of the group that enlisted in the Marines with him. He also recalls returning to the United States on a ship full of Section-8 soldiers (PTSD victims), meeting German prisoners of war, and living with Jim Crow laws.


This study investigates the putative role of thicker leaves in enhancing photosynthetic capacity and water-use efficiency (WUE) of Eucalyptus species native to xeric environments. Three Eucalyptus species, Eucalyptus grandis Hill. (ex Maiden), E. sideroxylon Cunn. (ex Woolls) and E. occidentalis (Endl.), were grown under well-watered or water-limited conditions in a single compartment of a temperature-controlled glasshouse. Eucalyptus grandis is native to a mesic environment while E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis are native to xeric environments. Leaves of E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis were thicker and contained more nitrogen (N) on a leaf-area basis than E. grandis. Leaf gas-exchange measurements indicated that the photosynthetic capacity of E. sideroxylon and E.occidentalis was greater than E. grandis and that stomatal conductance and WUE were negatively correlated. Whole-plant, gas-exchange and carbon-isotope measurements showed that E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis had lower WUE than E. grandis under both well-watered and water-limited conditions. However, there was no difference in N-use efficiency between species. We suggest that stomatal conductance and leaf N content are functionally linked in these seedlings and conclude that thick leaves can, in some conditions, result in low WUE.


The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 declares Brazil as a Democratic State of Law. This formally democratic legal status has been facing difficulties when it comes to its material implementation. Brazilian legal procedures are still greatly influenced by the catholic heritage from Portugal in the times of colonization, translated in the present times into a strong moral set of dogmas that still reflects upon the legal production and interpretation in the country. Recently in Brazil, a debate brought to the Supremo Tribunal Federal, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, has evidenced the struggle between Ethics and Morality in the country's legal scenario. The focus of the discussion was the possibility of abortion of anencephalic fetuses (in Brazil, abortion in considered a crime against life). In order to properly ground its decision, the Court invited scientists, doctors, members of feminist movements and representatives of certain religions to a public dialogue, in which both scientific-technical and purely moral-religious arguments were presented. Although these procedures encouraged and promoted a democratic and pluralistic legal debate, it seems like the crucial point of the discussion were not taken into account: the scientific character of Law. This is the object of the present manuscript: in order to ensure an intersubjective construction and application of Law, this must be perceived as an Applied Social Science and judges, lawyers, legislators and all other legal actors must proceed in a scientific way. To illustrate the theme, the specific case of abortion of anencephalic fetuses will be mentioned through the text.


Implicit in all social relations, including those involving material transactions, are conceptions of reality that include fundamental assumptions about the nature of human beings, the relationships among them, and the world around them. This article examines economic exchange and reciprocity in two societies that are very similar in their ecological contexts, modes of subsistence, technologies, and social organizations but at opposite extremes in their attitudes toward violence. They are the Semai of Malaysia, one of the most peaceful societies known, and the Waorani of Amazonian Ecuador, the most violent society yet described. Comparison of the norms of exchange in these two societies reveals two very different views of the world: The Semai see themselves as helpless in a hostile world that is beyond their control and the Waorani see themselves as self-reliant and capable in a world that they feel fully competent to control. Understanding these culturally constructed realities as they are embodied in Semai and Waorani exchange (and in other areas of life as well, of course) contributes to an understanding of the character of sociality generally in these two societies, including their diametrically opposed dispositions toward violence in human relations.


A method of forming a laser damage resistant wide-spectrum antireflective coating on fused silica and other glasses has been developed. The single-layer graded-index coating is deposited from a specific polymer solution which is converted to a porous SiO2 film. The size of the pores in the film is first reduced by heat treatment to prevent eventual UV scattering. Refractive-index gradation is achieved by grading this non-scattering porosity using a mild etching agent to a depth which is sufficient to smooth the density transition from air to the substrate glass. The resultant coating provides antireflectivity over the entire transmission range of silica extending to wavelengths as short as 250 nm. Laser damage thresholds as high as 9 J/cm2 at 350 nm have been demonstrated for this coating on fused silica substrates, which makes it particularly suitable for the optics of high-power lasers.


Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain is a common adverse effect of antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia. Many factors including genetic and environmental factors may contribute to this adverse effect. The antipsychotic drugs and genetic factors may influence the weight gain through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain with genetic polymorphisms and DNA methylation of HTR2C. In addition, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antipsychotic drug treatment on DNA methylation and mRNA expression of HTR2C and on leptin secretion by adipocytes.DNA samples from both first episode drug n ive and chronic schizophrenic patients were genotyped using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays and the extent of DNA methylation was measured using bisulfite pyrosequencing. The MTHFR rsl801133 genetic polymorphism was significantly associated with BMI change in first episode drug na ive Chinese Han and Spanish patients. In Chinese Han cohort, a significant association was also found of the MC4R rs489693 with BMI change. In addition, when patients were analysed as group receiving either risperidone or chlorpromazine, a significant genotype-drug interaction was observed with the HTR2A rs6311, and also found significant associations between the HTR2A rs6311 and ADRA2A rs1800544 with risperidone-induced weight gain.Global DNA methylation was measured by determining methylation of LINE-1 in chronic schizophrenia patients. Results show no significant association of LINE-1 methylation with BMI, although the MTHFR rs1801133 and FTO rs9939609 SNPs had significant influence on LINE-1 methylation in this cohort. DNA methylation levels of the HTR2C promoter sequence were also measured. The extent of DNA methylation of the HTR2C promoter sequences in samples taken before patients received antipsychotics was significantly higher in Chinese Han patients who subsequently had weight increase <7%; therefore, DNA methylation of the HTR2C promoter sequences may be a predictor for antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in drug na ive patients. In addition, the T allele of the HTR2C rs3813929 polymorphism was significantly associated with higher methylation of the HTR2C promoter sequence. This provides a mechanistic link between the HTR2C rs3813929 SNP and promoter activity. The FTO rs9939609 SNP was significantly associated with DNA methylation of the HTR2C promoter sequences in Spanish male patients. In chronic patients, DNA methylation of the HTR2C promoter sequence was not significantly associated with BMI; however, it was significantly associated with the HTR2C rs3813929.The effect of antipsychotic drugs on the HTR2C methylation, mRNA expression, and leptin secretion were studied in cell culture models. Clozapine and haloperidol treatment in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells show no significant change DNA methylation and mRNA expression of the HTR2C. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with clozapine, SB 242084, risperidone, and haloperidol show no significant changes in Htr2c mRNA expression and leptin secretion.The associations of genetic polymorphisms and DNA methylation of the HTR2C with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain may indicate the underlying mechanisms and also provide genetic and epigenetic markers for antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain.


We construct in the $K$ matrix formalism concrete examples of symmetry-enriched topological phases, namely intrinsically topological phases with global symmetries. We focus on the Abelian and nonchiral topological phases and demonstrate by our examples how the interplay between the global symmetry and the fusion algebra of the anyons of a topologically ordered system determines the existence of gapless edge modes protected by the symmetry and that a (quasi)group structure can be defined among these phases. Our examples include phases that display charge fractionalization and more exotic nonlocal anyon exchange under global symmetry that correspond to general group extensions of the global symmetry group.


On June 29–30, 2019, the Barcelona Dust Forecast Center with Non‐hydrostatic Multiscale Model (NMMB/BSC‐Dust) and the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System forecasted huge amounts of mineral dust over Poland. The Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model confirmed uniquely fast (120 hr) long‐range air‐mass transport form North Africa to Poland. This remarkable dust event was observed using lidar at the Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research InfraStructure site in Warsaw, Central Poland; the only site equipped with Raman‐Mie polarization water vapor lidar in East‐Central Europe. The excellent capabilities of PollyXT lidar allowed to obtain an impressive number of 31 full sets of aerosol optical properties profiles, which enabled study of dust properties evolution on a rare hourly scale. The analyses were completed with the separation of fine and coarse mode dust particles form non‐dust particles using the POlarization‐LIdar PHOtometer Networking algorithm. Huge amount of an exceptionally pure mineral dust from Sahara measured in the free troposphere was characterized by a gradually decreasing coarse dust fraction (76%–21%) with a peak of fine dust fraction (67%) and particle linear depolarization ratio (26%) in the middle of the event. Within the boundary layer, a local urban dust mixed with pollution was observed with fine mode dust particles dominating (44%) and lower particle linear depolarization ratio (7.4%). The influx of pure mineral dust has been unique to this geographical region and will therefore be a reference point for future research and comparative studies.


The first part of this article deals with the possibilities of individuali-zation in general and of the teaching of foreign languages in particular. Of the four areas of individualization (objectives of learning, rate of learning, method or style of learning and content of learning) the second is the most commonly used. The theory of Mastery Learning (Bloom 1971), which distinguishes between basic tasks and additional tasks, is an elaboration of Carroll's theory (1963) of differences in rate and learning. Since learning foreign languages consist of the acquisition of communicative skills and problem-solving strategies, more is needed than a classification of learning-content in basic tasks and additional tasks (Welsing 1978, Papen 1980). The differences in learning outcomes are not only caused by differences in learning rate, but above all by differences in learning strategies and methods. Therefore, we must know about individual learning strategies and methods, before we can improve them and thus also the result of the learning. This implies an investigation of the interaction between the individual learner and his/her teaching environment. Applied to the reading process: reading is a function of individual characteristics and task characteristics. To comprehend the interplay of these two kinds of characteristics of the reading of foreign languages, we have to investigate them in specific situations and for specific groups, as for example the group of adult language learners. (Hunt, 1972,1979). In reading a foreign language, three strategies are very important:1) to elmininate irrelevant alternatives by using one's own knowledge,2) to use as efficiently as possible the visual information of a text,3) to take calculated risks. Related to the strategies I + 2 are individual styles of information-processing or cognitive styles.One aspect of the cognitive style of information-processing which is assumed to be important for reading a foreign language, is field-dependency/field-independency. Related to strategy 3 is the sense of personal control of learning which deals with the dimension of locus of control. Task-characteristics of reading are the degrees of structure, feedback and challenge in both text and teaching environment and the evaluation of the reading task.To improve the teaching of reading by adapting to individual differences we must investigate the interactions between the above-mentioned task characteristics and individual reading styles that are based on cognitive styles. We are planning a research project for German language learners (13 to 15 years old) and Spanish language learners (adults) in order to find out about these interactions. Meanwhile, the only recommendations for the teaching of reading are 1) much more atttention to the reading process, 2) more exercises to optimalize the three reading strategies (Westhoff, 1981, Neuner, 1981), 3) adaptation of the choice of texts to the interests and present knowledge of the language learner and A) not only evaluation of the product of reading but also of the process.


This study investigates the retention mechanisms of three pharmaceuticals-sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and ibuprofen-by nanofiltration (NF) membranes. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out with two well-characterized NF membranes, with the goal of relating pharmaceutical retention behavior to membrane characteristics, physicochemical properties of the pharmaceutical molecules, and solution chemistry. Results show that retention of pharmaceuticals by a tight NF membrane is dominated by steric (size) exclusion, whereas both electrostatic repulsion and steric exclusion govern the retention of ionizable pharmaceuticals by a loose NF membrane. In the latter case, speciation of pharmaceuticals may lead to a dramatic change in retention as a function of pH, with much greater retention observed for ionized, negatively charged pharmaceuticals. For uncharged pharmaceutical species, intrinsic physicochemical properties of the pharmaceutical molecules can substantially affect their retention. In its neutral form, ibuprofen adsorbs considerably to the membrane because of its relatively high hydrophobicity. Similarly, polarity (represented by the dipole moment) can influence the separation of molecules that are cylindrical in shape because they can be directed to approach the membrane pores head-on due to attractive interaction between the molecule polar centers and fixed charged groups on the membrane surface. This phenomenon is probably inherent for high dipole moment organic compounds, and the governing retention mechanism remains steric in nature.


In the last few years especially, law-makers have increasingly invoked culture as something crucial to good compliance. The phrase "culture of compliance" has thus made its way into common legal discourse as describing both a goal and a marker. Precisely they mean by this is contestable, but there is enough evidence that the demand for healthy compliance culture is serious to invite careful thought. What is it, or should it be, and how might we know? This article draws from organizational behavior, behavioral ethics, and financial economics to develop an approach to how and why corporate cultures resist naively appealing interventions of "tone at the top" and ethical exhortation. Though recognizing the limited institutional capacity of government enforcers to promote structural changes in corporate governance and internal controls, the article concludes that any hope of getting to a socially optimal level of compliance — including a healthy culture of compliance — depends on a strong public voice to counter the beliefs and biases that grease internal perceptions of how firms succeed. In the end, however, the most important message about cultures of compliance is for corporate leaders and, especially, boards of directors. It is much too easy to look around and see good people working hard at difficult jobs and assume that a good compliance culture exists simply because everyone has been warned of the damage that can come from getting caught doing wrong. Or worse, to assume that an observable abundance of intensity, loyalty and creativity are signs that all is good. Taking culture seriously — appreciating the opportunities for transmitting values as well as anticipating the many hidden pathways of resistance and denial — is a necessary step toward the sort of compliance that never attracts prosecutors' unwanted attention.


Understanding the mechanisms driving stability in natural ecosystems is of crucial importance, especially in the current context of global change. A classic paradigm in ecology was that complex food webs (the "who eats whom" of natural ecosystems) should be unstable. This paradigm, however, was based on simple mathematical models. Throughout the last decades, scientists proposed solutions to the contradictions between the predictions of simple models and the observation of the complexity of nature. However, the fundamental mechanisms driving these stabilizing effects are still rather unexplored. Especially, exploring and predicting the reaction of natural ecosystems to changes of the environment is a pressing issue of our time. Forecasting models predicted global warming up to 8°C until 2100, also nutrient enrichment is caused by anthropogenic land use. This causes changes in species composition and may lead to species extinctions. A fundamental unit of natural ecosystems is the interaction between species. The most obvious interaction is the feeding interaction between a predator and its prey. This interaction is mainly influenced by the metabolism and the feeding rate of the predator, as well as by the population density of the prey. Combining a mechanistic understanding of these interactions and traditional population models led to ground-breaking insights into the mechanisms stabilizing food-webs. For example, a non-random distribution of feeding interactions in a food web increases its resistance against destabilizing effects. This might be caused by strong constraints introduced by the distributions of body masses across the species in a food web. Additionally, relatively weak interactions are known to have a positive effect on stability, if they occur in a specific way within small food-web motifs (e.g., a weak interaction from a top predator to the basal species and a strong interaction to its main prey, the intermediate predator). Also, models suggested that the stability of natural populations may change, if the feeding capacity and the metabolism (or the death rate) of a predator are not equally influenced by the environmental temperature. However, empirical support for this is still scarce. In this thesis, I explored the impact of body masses and environmental temperature on feeding interactions (Chapters 3.1., 3.2.& 4.1.). Additionally, I explored the influence of these constraints on population and food-web stability by using mathematical models (Chapters 3.3., 3.4., 4.1. & 4.2.). The body-mass dependence of metabolism generally followed the 3/4 power laws as predicted by the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (Chapter 3.1.). However, the strength of the feeding rates follows a hump-shaped curve with the body mass ratio of the predator to its prey (Chapters 3.1.& 3.2.). This leads to the phenomenon that a predator would not be able to fulfil its metabolic demands if only insufficient small prey would be available (Chapter 3.2.). Moreover, with increasing temperature, the metabolism increases more than the ability of the predator to consume food (Chapter 4.1.). These findings have fundamental implications for food web stability. Predators only are able to exist within a given range of body mass ratios to their prey. Approximately 97% of all tri-trophic food chains existing in natural food webs fall within this range (Chapter 3.3.). Additionally, at high body-mass ratios an additional interaction from the top predator to the basal species (omnivory) leads to a higher stability when incorporating the results from chapters 3.1. & 3.2. into the population models. Together with the distribution of the interactions as given in natural food webs (Chapter 3.3.), omnivory motifs are stabilised within the whole range of natural body-mass ratios (Chapter 3.4.). The different temperature dependencies found for metabolism and feeding in chapter 5.1 led to more stable population cycles but may also lead to extinction events caused by starvation of the predators. In addition, warming affects the food web structure, increasing or decreasing these starvation effects, as found in chapter 4.1. Also, enrichment effects on population stability and food-web persistence can be overcome by incorporating naturally plausible feeding interactions (Chapter 5.1.). Overall, incorporating naturally relevant feeding interactions from laboratory studies into population and food-web models provides important insights into the functioning of populations and their stability in the context of food webs and their response to global change.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and predictive validity of the comprehensive activities of daily living (CADL) measure in patients with stroke.

DESIGN
A repeated-assessments design, 10-14 days apart, was used to examine test-retest reliability in 70 patients. In the validity study, a further 168 patients were assessed at 6 months and 1 year after stroke.

SETTING
Three rehabilitation units.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The CADL measure, providing Rasch-calibrated scores, assesses the entire continuum of basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Both domains (self-care and mobility) of the stroke-specific quality of life questionnaire (SS-QOL) were used to examine the convergent validity. The summary score of the SS-QOL was used as the criterion for examining the predictive validity of the CADL measure.

RESULTS
The test-retest reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96). The CADL measure and both domains of the SS-QOL exhibited strong associations at 6 months and 1 year post-stroke (Pearson's r ≥ 0.77). The score of the CADL at 6 months post-stroke was highly correlated with that of the SS-QOL at 1 year post-stroke (r = 0.75).

CONCLUSION
The CADL measure showed satisfactory test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and predictive validity in patients with stroke.


Castleman disease is a rare disorder of the lymphoid system characterized by noncancerous growths that may develop in lymph node tissues throughout the body. Most often this occurs in the neck, mediastinum, and abdomen where lymph nodes aggregate. The etiology is thought to be due to antigenic hyperstimulation of unknown origin. Two histological subtypes are described with different clinical presentations and therapeutic implications. Diagnosis is frequently accomplished only by histological analysis after surgery since no specific features have been found in imaging studies. Surgical excision is both diagnostic and curative in localized forms, whereas additional therapies are required in multicentric forms. Here we describe a case of castleman disease adjacent to the right pulmonary hilum loosely adherent to the interlobar branch of the right pulmonary artery that mimicked tuberculosis or malignancy in a 30-year-old man who underwent curative surgical removal of the mass. Keywords: Castleman disease; Pulmonary malignancy; IL-6; HHV-8; Kaposi sarcoma DOI: 10.3126/jpn.v1i1.4456 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2011) Vol.1, 63-65


This thesis examines the ways that Wordsworth and Coleridge transform the works of Shakespeare, in order to stage the imagination as it functions in the lives of the characters in their poetry. I look especially at the importance of the play A Midsummer Night 's Dream to their poetic project, and show how elements of the play resurface in various poems, prefaces and prose writings of the two poets over a span of nearly twenty years. I argue that Wordsworth's transformations of Shakespeare contribute to a democratising of poetry, and a valorising of 'our common human heart'. Chapter one discusses Lyrical Ballads as a series of poems, which have Theseus' speech on Imagination as their unifying theme, emulating Shakespeare's staging of passion. Chapters two and three examine Alexander Tytler's Essay on Translation as a 'negative' stimulus for Wordsworth's challenging poetic theories, and a source for some of his earliest 'transformations' of Shakespeare. Chapter four is a detailed survey of the critical background, and the Romantic reception of A Midsummer Night's Dream, and examines key themes in the play to elucidate the poets' poetry and prose. Chapter five is a comparison between 'The Last of The Flock' and The Merchant of Venice, showing how Wordsworth 'imitates' the tale, and transposes the 'tone' of the comic play into a quieter and sadder 'music'. Chapter six analyses 'Michael', as a transformation of Gaunt in Richard into the 'history homely and rude' of Michael the shepherd. Chapter seven is on Coleridge's Biographia Literaria, which re-tells the tale of the genesis of Lyrical Ballads, and Wordsworth's transformative poetics, as a 'translation' of A Midsummer Night's Dream. Chapter eight returns to Alfoxden, and Hazlitt's 'First Acquaintance with Poets', to revisit the poets as the protagonists of 'the dream' that was, and became, Lyrical Ballads.


With the eye of a painter, Guy Bourdin created images that contained fascinating stories, compositions and colors. He radically broke conventions of commercial photography with a relentless perfectionism and sharp humor. Famed for his suggestive narratives and surreal aesthetics, Bourdin used fashion photography to explore the realm between the absurd and the sublime. Now in its third edition, A Message for You is a road trip through Bourdin's visual landscape, a collage of images that maps his artistic search and vision. The texts, Polaroids, poems, sketches and contact sheets unfold in real time through the memories of model Nicolle Meyer, a muse to Bourdin. Given total creative freedom and with an uncompromising artistic ethic, Bourdin captured the imagination of a whole generation. The late 1970s, recognized as the pinnacle of his career, are the focus of this monograph, which is the last of eight books exploring his most outstanding and undiscovered work so far.


Taking over the top job, whether it's the CEO of a company or the manager of a department, is never easy. When done the right way, it results in inspired leadership; when done the wrong way, it can lead to disaster. To be effective, the people in charge must give their team a reason to believe in their talents and their ability to get people to work together. Great leadership requires decisiveness, authority, conviction, compassion, and, most important, the ability to set the right example. It would seem easy, but it takes a lifetime of trying to put it into practice. In Lead by Example, recognized leadership guru John Baldoni reveals the traits and abilities leaders need to know to inspire others to follow them. Readers will learn how to: listen for ideas • manage around obstacles • defuse tension • check their egos • stand up for what they believe in • manage crises • develop team confidence • recruit good people • deliver bad news • handle defeat • engage their enemies Filled with examples of visionary leaders who have overcome their shortcomings and achieved greatness, Lead by Example will show readers how to build trust, drive results, and win the respect of the people they lead.


Objectives
Sociologists and other scholars have debated the causes of continuing residential segregation for several decades. Social class has been largely discounted as a substantial determinant of residential segregation by race, but recent studies have brought renewed attention to class variables. The present study reassesses the role of social class, using household income, while also considering metropolitan area characteristics.

Methods
This study expands on prior research by examining residential segregation between black-alone and white-alone households with 2000 decennial Census data for all U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with at least 200,000 or more black population or 1,000,000 total population (60 MSAs total), using both spatial unevenness (dissimilarity) and two types of experiential (i.e., contextual) indicators (exposure indices), measuring socioeconomic status (SES) with a greater range and number of income levels than in past research, and using multivariate models to account for metropolitan area characteristics.

Results
We find that both dissimilarity and exposure measures are significantly associated with household income—black households with higher household incomes live in neighborhoods with greater exposure to whites and lower isolation from other blacks than do black households with lower incomes. Additionally, a number of MSA-level characteristics—several of which have not been considered in previous research—are substantially associated with black/white residential segregation.

Conclusion
We interpret these findings in the context of spatial assimilation and place stratification perspectives, and conclude that racial segregation is at least partly based on class.


Since Putnam s work on social capital, the Italian regional case has been a very rich source of both data and theories about the origins of large and persistent differences in local stocks of social capital, and about the impact of such differences on economic performances. The Italian case is widely interpreted as supporting the idea that persistent regional divides are largely explained by local differences in social capital. In this paper we maintain that this interpretation fails to recognize that the current large regional gap in Italy is significantly linked to two policy decisions taken by the central State at the beginning of the 1970s. In particular, we focus on the possibility that social capital became a binding constraint for the growth of southern Italy's mainly as a consequence of the deep process of governmental decentralization that began in the1970s. We formalize this hypothesis by using an endogenous growth model with public capital. In this model, the accumulation of public capital is characterized by the presence of iceberg costs that depend on social capital. Decentralization affects these costs because the impact of the local stocks of social capital on public investment increases when the latter is managed locally. To assess the role of decentralization as a trigger of the influence of local social capital on growth, we control for the impact of labor market reforms, a second and almost simultaneous institutional shock that took place in Italy and that made regional labor markets far more rigid than in the previous decades. In the second part of our paper, we use the large empirical literature on the Italian regions to restrict the values of the parameters of our model in order to perform a simple simulation exercise. In this exercise, the model turns out to be able to account for the major swings in the convergence of southern regions towards the center-northern regions since 1861. The general lessons we can draw from this further analysis of the Italian regional case are as follows. First, we show that the strength of social capital as a determinant of long-run growth may depend on some well-defined characteristic of the institutional context. Second, our model suggests that the economic success of decentralization policies -- even when the budget constraint is not "soft" -- depends on the local endowment of social capital.


A Review of:
Brown, Cecilia M. and Ortega, Lina. "Information-Seeking Behavior of Physical Science Librarians: Does Research Inform Practice?" College & Research Libraries (2005). 66:231-47.

Objective – As part of a larger study exploring the information environments of physical science librarians (Ortega & Brown), the authors' overall objective for this study is to profile physical science librarians' information behaviours. The authors' two-part hypothesis was that first, peer-reviewed journals would be preferred over all other sources for research dissemination, resembling the preferences of scientists, and second, that peer-to-peer consultation would predominate for practice-oriented decisions.

Design – Mixed methods: survey questionnaire followed by citation and content analysis.

Setting – Five internationally disseminated professional association electronic mailing lists whose readership comprised those with interests in science librarianship: the American Library Association (ALA) Science and Technology Section; the American Society for Information Science & Technology (ASIST) Science and Technology Information Special Interest Group; the Special Library Association (SLA) Chemistry Division and its Physics-Astronomy-Mathematics Division; and the American Geological Institute Geoscience Information Society.

Subjects – Seventy-two physical science librarians voluntarily responding to an online survey.

Methods – A questionnaire was distributed to inquire about physical science librarians' professional reading practices as well as their perceptions about the applicability of research to their work. Participants were asked to rank preferences among 11 resource types as sources supporting daily business, including personal communication, conference attendance, electronic mailing lists, and scholarly journals. Differences between the mean rankings of preferences were tested for significance by applying the Friedman test with p>0.0005. Journals identified most frequently were analyzed using the Institute for Scientific Information's (ISI) Web of Science index and Ulrich's Periodical Index to measure proportions of research and non-research citations, as well as the general topic areas covered by the journals. Next, content analysis was performed for the years 1995, 1997, and 2000 in order to characterize research methodologies used in the previously identified journals according to a previously tested schema (Buscha & Harter). Results from this portion of the study were compared with participants' responses about journal usage.

Main Results – Librarians reported using personal communication (both face-to-face and electronic mailing lists) more frequently as a means of information gathering than professional journals, Web sites, conferences, trade publications, monographs, or 'other' resources. Variations in responses appeared to correlate with years in the profession and in the respondents' time in their current positions, although there are indications that the importance of all information resources to practice and research declines over time. The relative importance of resources is also shown in time spent reading journal literature, less than 5 hours per week for 86% of participants.

Conclusion – For the first hypothesis, the authors found that unlike scientists, survey participants did not prefer research publications as vehicles for dissemination of their research results. For the second, librarians ranked peer-reviewed journals third in preference after personal communication and electronic mailing lists as sources of information supporting daily practice, supporting the second hypothesis that respondents would emulate the information use practices of mathematicians.


Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) also known as sleeping sickness is caused by a subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei. These parasites are transmitted by tsetse flies and endanger over 60 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. Untreated, sleeping sickness is fatal, causing at least 48.000 deaths per year. Its treatment remains complicated since the currently available drugs show high toxicity and are too expensive to be ubiquitously distributed in the affected third world economies. Additionally, emerging drug resistance towards the most clinically relevant anti HAT drugs, drastically limits treatment options and makes it imperative to conduct research to find safer and more efficient drugs to treat this terrible disease. This thesis describes the hit identification and hit validation for two validated targets for HAT: Tb6PGDH and TbUGP. For hit identification different techniques like in silico virtual screening, NMR lead-like fragment screening and HTS were used. For TbUGP a very first drug-like, competitive inhibitor with a pIC50 of 3.53±0.04 and a Hill slope of 1.1±0.1 was discovered. Additionally this thesis describes the determination and validation of the in silico proposed binding mode using mutation studies and crystallisation techniques


Energy poverty is a frequently used term among energy specialists, but unfortunately the concept is rather loosely defined. Several existing approaches measure energy poverty by defining an energy poverty line as the minimum quantity of physical energy needed to perform such basic tasks as cooking and lighting. This paper proposes an alternative measure that is based on energy demand. The energy poverty line is defined as the threshold point at which energy consumption begins to rise with increases in household income. This approach was applied to cross-sectional data from a comprehensive 2005 household survey representative of both urban and rural India. The findings suggest that in rural areas some 57 percent of households are energy poor, versus 22 percent that are income poor. For urban areas the energy poverty rate is 28 percent compared with 20 percent that are income poor. Policies to reduce energy poverty would include support for rural electrification, the promotion of more modern cooking fuels, and encouraging greater adoption of improved biomass stoves. A combination of these programs would play a significant role in reducing energy poverty in rural India.


PURPOSE
This clinical trial evaluated standard-dose radioimmunotherapy with a chemotherapy-based transplantation regimen followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation versus rituximab with the same regimen in patients with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients with chemotherapy-sensitive persistent or relapsed DLBCL were randomly assigned to receive iodine-131 tositumomab (dosimetric dose of 5 mCi on day -19 and therapeutic dose of 0.75 Gy on day -12), carmustine 300 mg/m(2) (day -6), etoposide 100 mg/m(2) twice daily (days -5 to -2), cytarabine 100 mg/m(2) twice daily (days -5 to -2), and melphalan 140 mg/m(2) (day -1; B-BEAM) or rituximab 375 mg/m(2) on days -19 and -12 and the same chemotherapy regimen (R-BEAM).

RESULTS
Two hundred twenty-four patients were enrolled, with 113 patients randomly assigned to R-BEAM and 111 patients assigned to B-BEAM. Two-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates, the primary end point, were 48.6% (95% CI, 38.6% to 57.8%) for R-BEAM and 47.9% (95% CI, 38.2% to 57%; P = .94) for B-BEAM, and the 2-year overall survival (OS) rates were 65.6% (95% CI, 55.3% to 74.1%) for R-BEAM and 61% (95% CI, 50.9% to 69.9%; P = .38) for B-BEAM. The 100-day treatment-related mortality rates were 4.1% (95% CI, 0.2% to 8.0%) for R-BEAM and 4.9% (95% CI, 0.8% to 9.0%; P = .97) for B-BEAM. The maximum mucositis score was higher in the B-BEAM arm (0.72) compared with the R-BEAM arm (0.31; P < .001).

CONCLUSION
The B-BEAM and R-BEAM regimens produced similar 2-year PFS and OS rates for patients with chemotherapy-sensitive relapsed DLBCL. No differences in toxicities other than mucositis were noted.


OPTIMIZING THE RELEASE AND METHYLATION OF BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE DIPICOLINIC ACID Aaron N. Nackos Department of Chemical Engineering Doctor of Philosophy Rapid, portable detection of biological threat agents such as Bacillus anthracis endospores ("spores") is extremely important given the real and perceived threats of bioterrorism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an excellent general means for chemical detection, although special sample preparation and specialized equipment are required to employ GC-MS for detecting biological agents such as spores in the field. A GC sample introduction probe consisting of a helical wire that can be retracted inside a syringe needle, called a coiled wire filament (CWF), was employed as a simple, passively-heated means to introduce the mixture of spores plus reagents for thermochemolysis methylation (TCM) into the pre-heated GC inlet. There, reactions between spore biomarkers and the TCM reagent mixture occur between 250-290°C. At these conditions, monomethyl sulfate salt mixtures are convenient and efficient TCM reagents for the rapid conversion of a key unique spore biomarker, dipicolinic acid (DPA), to its dimethyl ester (Me2DPA). By this process, Me2DPA yields from spores were quantitatively assessed for different combinations of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and hydrogen monomethyl sulfate (HMeSO4). The best reagent mixture was found by varying the combinations of the ions within the neutral or basic system containing TMA, Na, OH, and MeSO4 according to a novel scheme for design of experiments termed ionic mixtures design of experiments (IMDOE). A combination of the above ions was found that is near-quantitative in its methylation of DPA to Me2DPA; this mixture contained a 1:3:1:3 mole ratio of TMA:Na:OH:MeSO4. This yield of Me2DPA was approximately a ten-fold increase over the best performance observed at the same conditions with tetramethylammonium hydroxide alone, the TCM reagent widely-used for GC. The reactions involving MeSO4 and TMA as methylating reagents, plus relevant hydrolysis and methylation reactions involving acid and base plus water and methanol, were investigated. An overall model is presented and mechanisms are proposed for reasons why basic mixtures of MeSO4 salts are more effective in methylating DPA compared to TMA salts at the conditions employed.


Shapiro (2007) has recently argued that Dworkin posed a new objection to legal positivism in Law's Empire, to which positivists, he says, have not adequately responded. Positivists, the objection goes, have no satisfactory account of what Dworkin calls "theoretical disagreement" about law, that is, disagreement about "the grounds of law" or what positivists would call the criteria of legal validity. I agree with Shapiro that the critique is new, and disagree that it has not been met. Positivism can not offer an explanation that preserves the "face value" of theoretical disagreements, because the only intelligible dispute about the criteria of legal validity is an empirical or "head count" dispute, i.e., a dispute about what judges are doing, and how many of them are doing it (since it is the actual practice of officials and their attitudes towards that practice that fixes the criteria of legal validity according to the positivist). Positivism, however, has two other explanations for theoretical disagreement, which "explain away" rather than preserve the "face value" disagreement. According to positivists, either theoretical disagreements are disingenuous, in the sense that the parties, consciously or unconsciously, are really trying to change the law, that is, they are trying to say, as Dworkin puts it, "what it should be" not "what the law is"; or they are simply in error, that is, they honestly think there is a fact of the matter about what the grounds of law are, and thus what the law is, in the context of their disagreement, but they are mistaken, because, in truth, there is no fact of the matter about the grounds of law in this instance precisely because there is no convergent practice of behavior among officials constituting a Rule of Recognition on this point. The "Disingenuity" and "Error Theory" accounts of theoretical disagreement are explored, with attention to the theoretical desiderata (e.g., simplicity, consilience, methodological conservativism) at stake in choosing between competing explanatory theories. Particular attention is given to the best explanation for Riggs v. Palmer in light of the actual historical context of the decision and other opinions by the Riggs judges in contemporaneous cases.


Since its adoption in 1979, one hundred and sixty nations have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. However, due to a lack of effective enforcement mechanisms, the Convention's success in improving the lives of women has been limited. The Convention does not grant individuals a right of petition, and its requirements are not judicially enforceable. Instead, it has relied on governments to report to a United Nations committee of experts on their efforts to eradicate discrimination against women. This Note uses recent developments in Bangladesh to argue that women's non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have the potential to fill the enforcement gap in the existing system.Bangladesh, a country with a poor record on women's rights, originally took a lax posture towards achieving the Convention's objectives. Leading up to and following the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China in 1995, Bangladeshi and international women's NGOs were able to dramatically improve the government's attitude towards the Convention's requirements. This commitment has led in turn to substantive results. This Note argues that women's NGO's, using methods similar to those employed in Bangladesh, can increase compliance with the Convention. By leveraging their access to the citizenry into participation in the Convention's reporting and evaluation process, women's NGOs can increase government accountability and implementation. However, the Note also cautions that women's NGOs, while assisting national governments, must retain their identity as advocates for women's rights and their ability to criticize and exert pressure on governments.


Quercus species (oaks) have been an integral part of the landscape in the northern hemisphere for millions of years. Their ability to adapt and spread across different environments and their contributions to many ecosystem services is well documented. Human activity has placed many oak species in peril by eliminating or adversely modifying habitats through exploitative land usage and by practices that have exacerbated climate change. The goal of this review is to compile a list of oak species of conservation concern, evaluate the genetic data that is available for these species, and to highlight the gaps that exist. We compiled a list of 124 Oaks of Concern based on the Red List of Oaks 2020 and the Conservation Gap Analysis for Native U.S. Oaks and their evaluations of each species. Of these, 57% have been the subject of some genetic analysis, but for most threatened species (72%), the only genetic analysis was done as part of a phylogenetic study. While nearly half (49%) of published genetic studies involved population genetic analysis, only 16 species of concern (13%) have been the subject of these studies. This is a critical gap considering that analysis of intraspecific genetic variability and genetic structure are essential for designing conservation management strategies. We review the published population genetic studies to highlight their application to conservation. Finally, we discuss future directions in Quercus conservation genetics and genomics.


We developed and calibrated a dynamic model for cellular carbon, chlorophyll (Chl), and iron under iron‐light colimitation. The model allows growth rate and two other state variables (Fep :C and Chl : C) to be described as functions of light intensity and the free iron concentration (Fe'). The model requires specification of the values of nine parameters. We obtained values for these parameters using published experimental results for Thalassiosira pseudonana using a combination of a random parameter initialization and a golden section search to minimize the cost function. The tuned model explained 95% of the variability in the observations of growth rate, 94% in Chl : C, and 90% in Fep : C. Although the model is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced growth conditions, data were only available for balanced growth; thus, the dynamics of state variables during unbalanced growth conditions could not be investigated. A limitation in calibrating the model was in the scarcity of suitable experimental data sets under well‐defined environmental forcing. This points to the need for new experimental work on iron‐limited cultures, including measurements of photosynthesis‐light curves and the dynamic responses to changed Fe' and light intensity. This phytoplankton growth model provides a physiological treatment of iron‐light colimitation for implementation within ocean biogeochemical models. By including both growth rate and elemental stoichiometry (e.g., Fep : C) as state variables, the model can be applied to assess both rate and yield limitation.


The aim of the thesis is to study ordering in binary alloys on the basis of first-principles or {\it ab-initio} techniques employing density functional theory (DFT). The ordering phenomena of materials are of crucial importance for technological applications. The results of the thesis are intended to demonstrate the applicability of the first-principles calculations to provide fundamental insight to the true, namely electronic structure, nature of ordering in binary alloys.The main part of the thesis focuses on atomic short- and long-range order phenomena in binary alloys as a function of both temperature and chemical composition in FeCo and NiCr alloys. In particular, the influence of magnetism on atomic ordering in FeCo alloys is investigated using the disordered local moment.A large number of concentration dependent effective cluster interactions, derived without the use of any adjustable parameters, are obtained by the SGPM as it is implemented in the EMTO within the CPA. The SGPM interactions can subsequently be used in thermodynamic Monte-Carlo simulations or mean field approximations to determine the ordering phenomena in binary alloys.First-principles calculations of intrinsic stacking-fault energies (SFE) andanti-phase boundary energies (APBE) in Al$_{3}$Sc and the effects of temperature on SFE and APBE are investigated by using the axial Ising model and supercellapproach. Temperature effects have been taken into consideration byincluding the one-electron thermal excitations in the electronicstructure calculations, and vibrational free energy in the harmonicapproximation as well as by using temperature dependent lattice constants.The latter has been determined within the Debye-Gr{\"u}neisen model,which reproduces well the experimental data.Within the framework of the quasiharmonic approximation, the thermodynamics and elastic properties of B2- FeCo alloy are studied using first-principles calculations. The calculated thermal and elastic properties are found to be in good agreement withthe available measured values when the generalized gradientapproximations is used for the exchange correlation potential.The calculated finite temperature elastic constants show thatthe FeCo alloy is mechanically stable in the ordered phase.Meanwhile, a large elastic anisotropy exhibits a moderate dependence ontemperature.


Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems form the backbone for the execution, controlling and management of business processes in today?s large companies. Availability and performance of ERP systems is extraordinary critical for a company as even short unavailability or reduced throughput can be very costly. As companies are evolving, the number of applications and the kinds of applications that have to be supported are rising, which inherently also increases performance needs. However, the determination of what makes up the performance needs is critical. The performance of SAP ERP systems strongly depends on the usage of buffers for caching database contents. In order to predict the performance of SAP ERP systems, it is necessary to understand and measure the buffer usage of applications running on SAP ERP systems. In this work we explain the basic concepts and introduce a method for measuring the buffer usage of SAP ERP applications. This method will be illustrated by a case study where each step of a business process, executed on a SAP ERP system, will be analyzed according to the memory usage


Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome disease has evolved to become a social and economic catastrophe, with far-reaching implications affecting every phase of life of the diseased individual. Data on adults and children diagnosed with HIV infection are useful for determining populations needing prevention and treatment services. Oral lesions may be the presenting symptoms of HIV infection and may differ entirely from those manifested in the adult population. Aim and Objective: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HIV related oral lesions among pediatric HIV patients and to assess the oral health status of HIV infected children residing in a selected childcare facility in Puducherry. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during September 2015 in child care facility for HIV infected children located in Puducherry U.T, India. All children <18 years, who are diagnosed with HIV infection and are put on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) or pre-ART care, were included in the study. After obtaining informed consent from the care-givers and assent of the children, they were interviewed and examined by a team comprising a qualified dental surgeon and a trained physician. Results: Majority of the children were under first-line ART (73%) and were on ART for more than 4 years. The CD4 count of 23 (52.3) was between 500–1000 cells/μL. The recent viral load assay in 32 (72.7) patients was <150/not detected. Tooth decay was the most common oral manifestation with 28 (63.6) being affected. Nonspecific lymphadenopathy 26 (59.1) was the most common coexisting systemic illness. Conclusion: This study proves that constant surveillance by monitoring the general health status, CD4 counts, viral load coupled with stringent ART care has improved the overall quality of life of these children and consequently resulted in lesser oral manifestations.


I suppose we were friends in the beginning, and never foes, because he had strong convictions too, and they were flatteringly like mine. [... T]here was nothing but common ground between us, and our convictions played over it as freely and affectionately as if they had been fancies. So wrote William Dean Howells in his fullest public account of his life-long friendship with Hamlin Garland ("Mr. Garland's Books" 523). And Garland too remembered their friendship with affection and respect: During our long friendship I have never heard him utter an unjust criticism or an ill-natured jest. His sympathy, his insight, his soundness of judgment, and especially the dignity and sweetness of his nature have been an inspiration as well as a regulative influence to me as to many others. ("Meetings with Howells" 7) But when they met in 1887, few would have imagined that the two would become close friends for more than thirty years, with Howells having a profound influence upon Garland at every stage of his career. When they met in the parlor of Lee's Hotel in Auburndale, Massachusetts, on a spring day, the fifty -year old Howells was at the height of his influence, and the twenty-six-year old Garland had only a vague aspiration to become a writer. Although he was filling notebooks with sketches and poems, he had so far managed to publish only a few book reviews, two poems, and one short story. Garland had first learned of Howells in 1881 when he bought from a disappointed shopkeeper a second-hand copy of The Undiscovered Country. A half-hour's reading impressed him with the "grace and precision" of its style--but apparently not enough to finish the book, for, as Garland later recalled, Howells's style "made some of my literary heroes seem either crude or stilted" and aroused "resentment." As Garland remembered, "I was just young enough and conservative enough to be irritated and repelled by the modernity of William Dean Howells" (Son 227). (1) When Garland arrived in Boston in the fall of 1884 determined to enter the literary profession in some capacity--either as poet, novelist, dramatist, or "professor," he hardly knew what--he discovered the magazines embroiled in a debate over the virtues of realism, whose chief spokesman was Howells. He soon found himself in the anti-Howells camp, for his hero was Hawthorne.2 But in preparing one of his lectures against the new realism he returned to The Undiscovered Country, and this time he finished it. He read The Minister's Charge and liked it enough to review it for the Boston Evening Transcript, where he commended Howells's treatment of character and situation. His enthusiastic response to Howells's unconventional conclusion, in which Lemuel Barker achieves neither the success nor the marriage he had desired, reveals he had decidedly switched to the Howells camp: To those who like to have all the villains killed and the honest men rewarded, the heroines all married to their respective lovers, and everything comfortably arranged in the last chapter, his ending of the "Minister's Charge" is aggravating, to put it mildly. [...] Art that can be verified is in the ascendancy, with heroes that are actual and heroines that are real. The time will yet come, if it has not already, when the public will recognize Mr. Howells as a public benefactor for replacing morbid, unnatural and hysterical fiction with pure, wholesome and natural studies of real life. ("Lemuel Barker") The effect of this review, Garland recounts, was far-reaching. The editor of the Transcript, Edward Clement, supplied Garland with a letter of introduction to Howells and with a warning to wait until the smoke from the latest skirmish in the realist war had died down before acting upon it. When Garland presented himself, letter in hand, to Howells, he was both intimidated by the novelist's fame and eager to try out on him his latest theories concerning realism. He described, apparently in some detail, his manuscript of "The Evolution of American Thought," a book-length discussion of American literature based on scientific principles. …


The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiencies of hospitals in Turkey with respect to their ownerships (i.e. state, education & research, university and private) for the years 2001 to 2006. The impact of health care reforms on the efficiencies is also examined in order to highlight possible policy implications for policy makers. Comparative performance evaluation of hospitals has been achieved by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as well as Malmquist Index calculations (i.e. to determine the direction and degree of yearly changes in performance), super efficiency analysis and slack evaluations. According to the findings, hospital ownership significantly influences hospital efficiencies. The influence of health care reforms on hospital efficiency has been observed especially for the state and private hospitals. The average efficiencies of state hospitals remarkably increase while the average efficiencies of private hospitals decrease especially after the starting of reforms in the stateowned hospitals. This paper adds value to the current body of research by addressing the impact of hospital ownerships and health care reforms to the efficiencies of Turkish hospitals. There are similar studies of Data Envelopment Analysis applied for hospitals in several other countries. Researchers may compare the results of this study with the findings of other studies.


Although genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in breast cancer have been extensively studied, it remains difficult to identify those patients who will respond to particular therapies. This is due in part to our lack of understanding of how the variability of cellular signaling affects drug sensitivity. Here, we used mass cytometry to characterize the single-cell signaling landscapes of 62 breast cancer cell lines and five lines from healthy tissue. We quantified 34 markers in each cell line upon stimulation by the growth factor EGF in the presence or absence of five kinase inhibitors. These data – on more than 80 million single cells from 4,000 conditions – were used to fit mechanistic signaling network models that provide unprecedented insights into the biological principles of how cancer cells process information. Our dynamic single-cell-based models more accurately predicted drug sensitivity than static bulk measurements for drugs targeting the PI3K-MTOR signaling pathway. Finally, we identified genomic features associated with drug sensitivity by using signaling phenotypes as proxies, including a missense mutation in DDIT3 predictive of PI3K-inhibition sensitivity. This provides proof of principle that single-cell measurements and modeling could inform matching of patients with appropriate treatments in the future. One-liner Single-cell proteomics coupled to perturbations improves accuracy of breast tumor drug sensitivity predictions and reveals mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance. HIGHLIGHTS Mass cytometry study of signaling responses of 62 breast cancer cell lines and five lines from healthy tissue to EGF stimulation with or without perturbation with five kinase inhibitors. Single-cell signaling features and mechanistic signaling network models predicted drug sensitivity. Mechanistic signaling network models deepen the understanding of drug resistance and sensitivity mechanisms. We identify drug sensitivity-predictive genomic features via proxy signaling phenotypes.


Introduction Increased attention is being paid to the place where people die in order to provide choice and adequate care for terminally ill patients. Secular trends towards institutionalised dying have been reported in Britain and other developed world regions. Aims and Methods To examine British trends in place of death from 2004 to 2010. Time-series analysis of death registration data from the Office for National Statistics for all 3,525,564 deaths registered in England and Wales from 2004 to 2010. Results There was a slow but steady increase in the proportion of deaths at home, from 18.3% in 2004 to 20.8% in 2010. Absolute numbers of home deaths increased by 9.1%, whilst overall numbers of deaths decreased by 3.8%. The rise in home deaths was more pronounced in cancer, happened for both genders and across all age groups except for those younger than 14 years and for the aged 65-84 but only up to 2006. The rise was more evident when ageing was accounted for (age-gender standardised proportions of home deaths increased from 20.6% to 23.5%). Conclusion Following trends in the USA and Canada, dying is shifting to people's home also in Britain. Home deaths increased for the first time since 1974 amongst people aged 85 years and over. There is an urgent need across nations for comparative evidence on the outcomes and the costs of dying at home.


Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) complicates the course of systemic sclerosis (SSc) up to two-third of the cases, representing the main cause of death in these patients. Assessment of lung involvement by HRCT and close monitoring of lung function are mandatory. At present no serologic biomarkers are validated for the assessment for lung damage in SSc. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that the levels of surfactant are altered in SSc compared to healthy controls. To this aim serum levels of SP-A (Surfactant Protein A) and SP-D (Surfactant Protein-D) in serum were assessed. Methods: We enrolled 12 consecutive patients (M/F: 2/10) affected by scleroderma referred to our Respiratory Clinic by the Rheumatology Unit of the University Hospital of Palermo. Ten healthy subjects served as controls. All patients underwent clinical, lung functional and biological assessments. Serum levels of SP-A and SP-D were measured by enzyme immunoassay/ELISA. Results: The surfactant analysis of plasma proteins showed a significant increase in protein SP-D levels in SSc than in control subjects (92.7±58.5 ng/ml vs 32±11.9 ng/ml, p=0.004). Conversely, the concentrations of protein SP-A were not different between the two groups (50.3±27.1 ng/ml vs 37.5±24.9 ng/ml, p=0.26). As expected, the degree of diffusion capacity was significantly lower in the scleroderma subjects (58.4±9.9% vs 73.6±4.6% respectively, p = 0.0002). In addition, in the SSc group, SP-D in serum was significantly and inversely correlated with DLCO% predicted. Conclusions: Serum SP-D is proposed as a candidate biomarker in the assessment of lung damage in SSc complicated by ILD.


We analyze the proportion of family business and its contribution to employment and gross domestic product (GDP). Our analysis adds to the literature by including all listed firms and by investigating a longer period than has heretofore been reported. The main contribution is to extend the analysis to include all firms in the economy using census data. Our study is devoted to the case of Sweden. Family business makes up half of the listed firms, and three quarters of all firms, accounting for one-fourth of total employment, and one-fifth of GDP. Their importance has increased during the period studied.


There has been steady growth in the student population in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Nigeria. Efforts to accommodate most of students in various HEIs within the campuses have been very challenging. In this regard, this study examined the attendant implications of mass off-campus students housing at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. The study adopted a survey and archival research approaches and used descriptive statistics to analyse the data collected. The study revealed that the total available bed spaces in the hostel on campus was about 5,000 with the private hostels contributing about 2,150 bed spaces to accommodate the undergraduate students whose population currently stood at 38,950 (excluding students of the College of Health Sciences-Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Sciences) as at 2016/2017 academic session. Over 75% of these students lived off-campus. This situation has given rise to the mass off-campus student housing phenomenon. Identified implications of this mass off-campus student living included the ever-increasing house rents in the proximate neighbourhoods, inadequate security of students' life and properties, lateness to lectures due to poor transportation network, compounding academic stress, and lack of basic infrastructure in the host communities compared to the university's campus. In conclusion, student housing at the University of Ilorin was grossly inadequate and there were associated consequences which required immediate attention.


E-book sales surged after Amazon introduced the Kindle e-reader at the end of 2007 and accounted for about one quarter of all trade book sales by the end of 2013. Amazon's aggressive (low) pricing of e-books led to allegations that e-books were bankrupting brick and mortar book booksellers. Amazon's commanding position as a bookseller also raises concerns about monopoly power, and publishers are concerned about Amazon's power to displace them in the book value chain. I find little evidence that e-books are primarily responsible for the decline of independent booksellers. I also conclude that entry barriers are not sufficient to allow Amazon to set monopoly prices. Publishers are at risk from Amazon's monopsony (buyer) power and so sought "agency" pricing in an effort to raise the price of ebooks, promote retail competition, and reduce Amazon's influence as an e-retailer. (In the agency pricing model, the publisher specifies the retail price with a commission for the retailer. In a traditional, "wholesale" pricing model, publishers sell a book to retailers at a wholesale price and retailers set the retail price.) Although agency pricing was challenged by the Department of Justice, it may yet prevail in some form as an equilibrium pricing model for e-book sales.


Background: Sedentary work, which the dental profession demands, causes repeated strain in muscles, tendons, and other body tissues, which could lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The prevalence and severity of MSDs can overcome by performing regular physical exercises. Aim: To assess the physical activity among dentists in neo-capital area of Andhra Pradesh, India. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study with the help of a self-administered, closed-ended questionnaire was conducted in dental clinics and dental institutions of capital area of Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 200 dentists were included in the study. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20, and Spearman's correlation coefficient, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze the data, and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study sample consists of 119 (59.5%) males and 81 (40.5%) females, with 50% of individuals belonging to 31–40 years of age group. Majority of individuals belonged to the category of normal (43.5%) and overweight (43.5%) categories of body mass index (BMI) scores. The prevalence of physical activity among the study population was 57.5%, and 53 (26.5%) individuals had suffered from MSD. There was a statistical significance between age groups and BMI scores (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The demanding and busy life of a dentist should not be perceived as a deterrent to physical activity. Dentists should be at forefront in doing physical activity because of its positive effect on the physical stress and strain, which, in turn, can have effect on delivering services.


Parallel download protocols that establish multiple TCP connections to distributed replica servers have the pot ential to reduce file download time and to improve the quality of real time multimedia downloads. Unfortunately, parallel download protocols are also inherently unfair towards single-flow downloads. This paper presents TCP-ROME, a parallel download protocol that allows a dynamic mitigation of throughput and fairness. A receiver-based framework allows a dynamic adju stment of the congestion and rate control of each subconnectio n. TCP-ROME offers two usage modes: a binary mode where the congestion control of each subconnection can be switched be tween a TCP-fair rate (high priority) and at a TCP-LP (low priority ) fair rate, and a more complex range mode where the aggregated throughput aims at meeting a specified target rate. This pape r describes the TCP-ROME protocol and shows the suitability o f the range mode for real-time streaming applications. For the binary mode, we develop novel analytical throughput models for TCP-LP and for TCP-ROME. The models are validated via simulations. Extensive simulation scenarios show the flexi bility of TCP-ROME in mitigating performance for fairness.


The Capital Markets Board of Turkey imposes the "ABC Regulation" in July 2010 in order to categorized companies based on their market capitalization and floating rate. On October 2014, the Capital Markets Board of Turkey announced to new grouping scheme which assigns the companies into four different groups instead of three. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of this new grouping regulation on momentum profit. The return of momentum strategy is a persistent anomaly in stock markets not only in the U.S. but also in other countries. Prior studies show that stock exclusion from the indexes leads an increase in momentum profits. In this study, I would like to investigate the impact of the exclusion on momentum profit using the grouping change in Borsa Istanbul. This exogenous change provides us a clearer area to investigate the effect of exclusion since the company might be still listed on BIST-100 index. A sample of the study covers two years before the regulation change (October 2014) and two years after. My treatment group will be the one which moves from group A to B in October 2014 and stays in the same group for the next two years. I also control for the size effect and liquidity effect of the companies. In this analysis, univariate and bivariate sorting analyses are used as well as cross-sectional regression analysis.


Using a Bayesian framework this paper provides a multivariate combination approach to prediction based on a distributional state space representation of predictive densities from alternative models. In the proposed approach the model set can be incomplete. Several multivariate time-varying combination strategies are introduced. In particular, a weight dynamics driven by the past performance of the predictive densities is considered and the use of learning mechanisms. The approach is assessed using statistical and utility-based performance measures for evaluating density forecasts of US macroeconomic time series and of surveys of stock market prices.


Stock market prediction has been a challenging task due to the nature of the data which is very noisy and time varying. However, this theory has been faced by many empirical studies and a number of researchers have successfully applied machine learning approaches to predict stock market. The problem studied here is about stock prediction for the use of investors. It is true investors usually get loss because of unclear investment objective and blind investment. This paper proposes to investigate the rough set model, the artificial neural network model and the hybrid artificial neural network model and the rough set model for determining the optimal buy and sell of a share on a Dhaka stock exchange. Confusion matrix is used to evaluate the performance of the observed and predicted classes for selected models. Our experimental result shows that the proposed hybrid model has higher accuracy than the single rough set model and the artificial neural network model. We believe this paper will be useful to stock investors to determine the optimal buy and sell time on Dhaka Stock Exchange.


Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4, or commonly called KDP) crystals can be grown to large sizes and are used for many important devices (fast optical switches, frequency conversion, polarization rotation) for high powered lasers. The nonlinear optical material has a wide intrinsic transparency range. Intrinsic point defects are responsible for several short-lived absorption bands in the visible and ultraviolet regions that affect high-power pulsed laser propagation. The primary intrinsic defects have been experimentally detected in KDP using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments. The defect models established thus far include (i) self-trapped holes, (ii) oxygen vacancies, and (iii) hydrogen vacancies. In this research, the quantum chemistry Gaussian software program was successfully used to establish the atomic displacements forming the potential well to "self-trap" the hole in an otherwise perfect region of the crystal. The Gaussian results provide isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine predictions for the self-trapped hole and simulated EPR spectra (using EasySpin) are in excellent agreement with prior experimental work. A cluster approach was used in this work and discussion of cluster size and approach for modeling of defects in KDP will be presented. This research further develops the understanding of the overlap of spin density on neighboring ions in KDP and the resulting nuclear hyperfine values which can be compared to EPR data. The best approach determined by the modeling of self-trapped holes is also applied to the cation and anion vacancy problems. Work was performed on the DOD's High Performance Computer (WPAFB). iv AFIT-ENP-DS-19-S-021


The article aims to explain what kind of intercultural communication competence is needed in border crossing labor markets. The experiences of international higher education students and information and communications technology (ICT) experts are analyzed in different Finnish working and educational environments. We seek answers to the following questions: How are language and communicative abilities tied to individuals´ ability to participate in transnational labor markets? How is a valid intercultural communication competence produced in transnational settings? According to our results, the intercultural communication competence of individual job seekers is not evaluated in the recruitment situation, but employees are expected to acquire the necessary skills on the job. However, students and ICT experts face communication problems and marginalization due to inadequate communication skills. Even though the organization may facilitate intercultural communication and collaboration by structuring work and communication processes, it nevertheless demands a marked dedication to learning for individuals to succeed in a multicultural work organization.


Introduction Prosthetic alignment, positioning of a prosthetic foot relative to a socket, is an iterative process in which an amputee's gait is optimized through repetitive optical gait observation and induction of alignment adjustments when deviations are detected in spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters. An important limitation of the current prosthetic alignment approach is the subjectivity and the lack of standardized quantifiable baseline values. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate if an optimal alignment criterion can be derived from published articles. Moreover, we investigated the effect of alignment changes on spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic gait parameters. Results A total of 11 studies were included, two controlled before-and-after studies and nine-interrupted time series studies. Discussion The results demonstrate that alignment changes have a predictable influence on the included kinetic parameters. However, the effect of alignment changes on spatio-temporal and kinematic gait parameters are generally unpredictable. These findings suggest that it is imperative to include kinetics in the process of dynamic prosthetic alignment. Partially this can be established by communication with the prosthetic user in terms of perceived socket comfort, but the use of measurement tools should also be considered. While current literature is not conclusive about an optimal alignment, future alignment research should focus on alignment optimisation based on kinetic outcomes.


Software usability testing is a key methodology that ensures applications are intuitive and easy to use for the target audience. Usability testing has direct benefits for companies as usability improvements often are fundamental to the success of a product. A standard usability test study includes the following five steps: obtain suitable participants, design test scripts, conduct usability sessions, interpret test outcomes, and produce recommendations. Due to the increasing importance for more usable applications, effective techniques to develop usable products, as well as technologies to improve usability testing, have been widely utilized. However, as companies are developing more cross-platform web and mobile apps, traditional single-platform usability testing has shortcomings with respect to ensuring a uniform user experience. In this report, a new strategy is proposed to promote a consistent user experience across all application versions and platforms. This method integrates the testing of different application versions, e.g., the website, mobile app, mobile website. Participants are recruited with a better-defined criterion according to their preferred devices. The usability session is conducted iteratively on several different devices, and the test results of individual application versions are compared on a per-device basis to improve the test outcomes. This strategy is expected to extend on current practices for usability testing by incorporating cross-platform consistency of software versions on most devices.


A next-generation in-water profiler designed to measure the apparent optical properties (AOPs) of seawater was developed and validated across a wide dynamic range of in-water properties. The new free-falling instrument, the Compact-Optical Profiling System (C-OPS), was based on sensors built with a cluster of 19 state-of-the-art microradiometers spanning 320–780 nm and a novel kite-shaped backplane . The new backplane includes tunable ballast, a hydrobaric buoyancy chamber, plus pitch and roll adjustments, to provide unprecedented stability and vertical resolution in near-surface waters. A unique data set was collected as part of the development activity plus the first major field campaign that used the new instrument, the Malina expedition to the Beaufort Sea in the vicinity of the Mackenzie River outflow. The data were of sufficient resolution and quality to show that errors – more correctly, uncertainties – in the execution of data sampling protocols were measurable at the 1% and 1 cm level with C-OPS. A theoretical sensitivity analysis as a function of three water types established by the peak in the remote sensing reflectance spectrum, R rs (λ), revealed which water types and which parts of the spectrum were the most sensitive to data acquisition uncertainties. Shallow riverine waters were the most sensitive water type, and the ultraviolet and near-infrared spectral end members , which are critical to next-generation satellite missions, were the most sensitive parts of the spectrum. The sensitivity analysis also showed how the use of data products based on band ratios significantly mitigated the influence of data acquisition uncertainties. The unprecedented vertical resolution provided high-quality data products, which supported an alternative classification capability based on the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient, K d (λ). The K d (320) and K d (780) data showed how complex coastal systems can be distinguished two-dimensionally and how near-ice water masses are different from the neighboring open ocean. Finally, an algorithm for predicting the spectral absorption due to colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), denoted a CDOM (λ), was developed using the K d (320) / K d (780) ratio, which was based on a linear relationship with respect to a CDOM (440). The robustness of the approach was established by expanding the use of the algorithm to include a geographically different coastal environment, the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight, with no significant change in accuracy (approximately 98% of the variance explained). Alternative spectral end members reminiscent of next-generation (340 and 710 nm) as well as legacy satellite missions (412 and 670 nm) were also used to accurately derive a CDOM (440) from K d (λ) ratios.


Solid organ transplant recipients have increased risk for developing keratinocyte cancers, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), in part as a result of immunosuppressive medications administered to prevent graft rejection. In the general population, keratinocyte cancers are associated with increased risks of subsequent malignancy, however, the risk in organ transplant populations has not been evaluated. We addressed this question by linking the U.S. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, which includes data on keratinocyte cancer occurrence, with 15 state cancer registries. Risk of developing malignancies after keratinocyte cancer was assessed among 118,440 Caucasian solid organ transplant recipients using multivariate Cox regression models. Cutaneous SCC occurrence (n = 6,169) was associated with 1.44-fold increased risk [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-1.59] for developing later malignancies. Risks were particularly elevated for non-cutaneous SCC, including those of the oral cavity/pharynx (HR, 5.60; 95% CI, 4.18-7.50) and lung (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.16-2.31). Cutaneous SCC was also associated with increased risk of human papillomavirus-related cancers, including anal cancer (HR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.29-5.96) and female genital cancers (HR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.44-8.19). In contrast, BCC (n = 3,669) was not associated with overall risk of later malignancy (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.87-1.12), including any SCC. Our results suggest that transplant recipients with cutaneous SCC, but not BCC, have an increased risk of developing other SCC. These findings somewhat differ from those for the general population and suggest a shared etiology for cutaneous SCC and other SCC in the setting of immunosuppression. Cutaneous SCC occurrence after transplantation could serve as a marker for elevated malignancy risk. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4196-203. ©2017 AACR.


A novel multi-criteria optimization framework for matching of partially visible shapes in multiple images using joint geometric graph embedding is proposed. The proposed framework achieves matching of partial shapes in images that exhibit extreme variations in scale, orientation, viewpoint and illumination and also instances of occlusion; conditions which render impractical the use of global contour-based descriptors or local pixel-level features for shape matching. The proposed technique is based on optimization of the embedding distances of geometric features obtained from the eigenspectrum of the joint image graph, coupled with regularization over values of the mean pixel intensity or histogram of oriented gradients. It is shown to obtain successfully the correspondences denoting partial shape similarities as well as correspondences between feature points in the images. A new benchmark dataset is proposed which contains disparate image pairs with extremely challenging variations in viewing conditions when compared to an existing dataset [18]. The proposed technique is shown to significantly outperform several state-of-the-art partial shape matching techniques on both datasets.


Transition metals have Kα and Kβ characteristic radiation possessing complex asymmetric spectral profiles. Instrumental broadening normally encountered in x-ray experiments shifts features of profiles used for calibration, such as peak energy, by many times the quoted accuracies. We measure and characterize the titanium Kβ spectral profile. The peak energy of the titanium Kβ spectral profile is found to be 4931.966 ± 0.022 eV prior to instrumental broadening. This 4.5 ppm result decreases the uncertainty over the past literature by a factor of 2.6 and is 2.4 standard deviations from the previous standard. The spectrum is analysed and the resolution-free lineshape is extracted and listed for use in other experiments. We also incorporate improvement in analysis applied to earlier results for V Kβ.


This Article shows that, in adverse possession disputes, a uniform approach to the claim of right inquiry can produce undesirable results. To reach the desired result in one type of adverse possession case, a court might be forced to adopt a particular approach for determining whether the possessor had the required state of mind ("claim of right"). In a different type of adverse possession case, however, using this same approach might produce a result that the court finds objectionable. Thus, to reach the desired outcome for each type of adverse possession case a court must resolve, a court might be compelled to adopt a different test for measuring the possessor's state of mind. This Article suggests that much of the confusion regarding the claim of right inquiry can be attributed to a failure to recognize the analytical point made herein — namely, that a uniform approach to the claim of right inquiry will often be problematic. Recognizing that adverse possession arises in factually distinct contexts — and accepting that different rules could apply in each of these contexts — should resolve much of the confusion associated with the claim of right inquiry.


B cell activation leads to proliferation and Ab production that can protect from pathogens or promote autoimmunity. Regulation of cell metabolism is essential to support the demands of lymphocyte growth and effector function and may regulate tolerance. In this study, we tested the regulation and role of glucose uptake and metabolism in the proliferation and Ab production of control, anergic, and autoimmune-prone B cells. Control B cells had a balanced increase in lactate production and oxygen consumption following activation, with proportionally increased glucose transporter Glut1 expression and mitochondrial mass upon either LPS or BCR stimulation. This contrasted with metabolic reprogramming of T cells, which had lower glycolytic flux when resting but disproportionately increased this pathway upon activation. Importantly, tolerance greatly affected B cell metabolic reprogramming. Anergic B cells remained metabolically quiescent, with only a modest increase in glycolysis and oxygen consumption with LPS stimulation. B cells chronically stimulated with elevated BAFF, however, rapidly increased glycolysis and Ab production upon stimulation. Induction of glycolysis was critical for Ab production, as glycolytic inhibition with the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor dichloroacetate sharply suppressed B cell proliferation and Ab secretion in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, B cell–specific deletion of Glut1 led to reduced B cell numbers and impaired Ab production in vivo. Together, these data show that activated B cells require Glut1-dependent metabolic reprogramming to support proliferation and Ab production that is distinct from T cells and that this glycolytic reprogramming is regulated in tolerance.


HPK1, a member of the germinal center kinase family, is expressed only in hematopoietic cells. Liou et al. found that T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors activate HPK1 through similar pathways. In activated T cells, HPK1 activation was dependent on the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, Lck and ZAP-70, and the adapter proteins, linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP-76). In activated B cells, HPK1 activation was dependent on the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk, the adapter protein, B cell linker protein (BLNK), and either of the adapter proteins Grb2 or Grap. In transfected cells, HPK1 inhibited AP-1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) activation by TCR stimulation. The authors suggest that HPK1 acts as a negative regulator of the AP-1 pathway in stimulated T cells. Liou, J., Kiefer, F., Dang, A., Hashimoto, A., Cobb, M.H., Kurosaki, T., and Weiss, A. (2000) HPK1 is activated by lymphocyte antigen receptors and negatively regulates AP-1. Immunity 12: 399-408. [Online Journal]


With this contribution, we want to show how the AiRT system could change the future way of working of a part of the creative industry and what new economic opportunities could arise for them. Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), also more commonly known as drones, are now essential tools used by many different companies for their creative outdoor work. However, using this very flexible applicable tool indoor is almost impossible, since safe navigation cannot be guaranteed by the operator due to the lack of a reliable and affordable indoor positioning system which ensures a stable flight, among other issues. Here we present our first results of a European project, which consists of developing an indoor drone for professional footage especially designed for the creative industries. One of the main achievements of this project is the successful implication of the end-users in the overall design process from the very beginning. To ensure safe flight in confined spaces, our drone incorporates a positioning system based on ultra-wide band technology, an RGB-D (depth) camera for 3D environment reconstruction and the possibility to fully pre-program automatic flights. Since we also want to offer this tool for inexperienced pilots, we have always focused on user-friendly handling of the whole system throughout the entire process. Keywords—Virtual reality, 3D reconstruction, indoor positioning system, UWB, RPAS, aerial film, intelligent navigation, advanced safety measures, creative industries.


This article responds to Bjorn Haake's criticism of our December 2007 article in WTPP "At the Frontiers of Cycling," in which we examined cycling trends and policies in Denmark (Copenhagen and Odense), the Netherlands (Amsterdam and Groningen), and Germany (Berlin and Muenster). Haake argues that professional training of cyclists to ride on roadways with motor vehicle traffic is the only strategy necessary to increase cycling safety and raise overall cycling levels. Our research reports overwhelming empirical evidence that a multi-faceted strategy including separate facilities would be far more effective and more equitable. (TRID abstract)


Mary Hiscock and David Allan are both comparative lawyers of distinction who have promoted the cause of the internationalisation of Australian law. Their work highlights the role of academic lawyers in the development of the law and the status of legal writings as a source of law. It also raises the question of how one measures a professional reputation. The purpose of this article is to consider the relationship between these questions.


Cold-water corals are important bioengineers that provide structural habitat for a diverse species community. About 70% of the presently known scleractinian cold-water corals are expected to be exposed to corrosive waters by the end of this century due to ocean acidification. At the same time, the corals will experience a steady warming of their environment. Studies on the sensitivity of cold-water corals to climate change mainly concentrated on single stressors in short-term incubation approaches, thus not accounting for possible long-term acclimatisation and the interactive effects of multiple stressors. Besides, preceding studies did not test for possible compensatory effects of a change in food availability. In this study a multifactorial long-term experiment (6 months) was conducted with end-of-the-century scenarios of elevated pCO2 and temperature levels in order to examine the acclimatisation potential of the cosmopolitan cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa to future climate change related threats. For the first time multiple ocean change impacts including the role of the nutritional status were tested on L. pertusa with regard to growth, "fitness," and survival. Our results show that while L. pertusa is capable of calcifying under elevated CO2 and temperature, its condition (fitness) is more strongly influenced by food availability rather than changes in seawater chemistry. Whereas growth rates increased at elevated temperature (+4°C), they decreased under elevated CO2 concentrations (~800 μatm). No difference in net growth was detected when corals were exposed to the combination of increased CO2 and temperature compared to ambient conditions. A 10-fold higher food supply stimulated growth under elevated temperature, which was not observed in the combined treatment. This indicates that increased food supply does not compensate for adverse effects of ocean acidification and underlines the importance of considering the nutritional status in studies investigating organism responses under environmental changes.