This thesis presents a carefully crafted explanation of why gambling per se is perceived by growing numbers of New Zealanders as the only means to wealth and happiness, a legitimate alternative to fulfil a dream that cannot be fulfilled elsewhere. The thesis puts forward the notion that the dramatic growth in gambling since 1980 has been a consequence of a phenomenon known as a 'Culture of Poverty'. That is the combined social, economic and political impact of sustained declines in social, economic and political organisation; sustained levels of high unemployment; persistently declining wages and salaries and importantly dranrntic increases in individual apathy and sense of hopelessness. Demonstrated is the existence of a temporal relationship between the penetration of a culture of poverty and increasing gambling propensities. The results of a rigorous analysis of three gambling attitude and behaviour surveys carried out in 1985, 1990 and 1995 (chapter 5), show that by 1990 it was people earning around $30,000 (the low end of the middle-income sector) who were increasingly contributing to the gambling coffers. By 1995 those earning between $35,000 and $40,000 (the middle of the middle-income sector) had taken over the role of fuelling the continued growth in gambling revenues. Between 1990 and 1995 low-income earners failed to contribute to the growth of gambling as they did between 1985 and 1990 whilst a culture of poverty continued to penetrate which suggests a degree of gambling saturation had occurred within this sector. A case has also been made that gambling revenue increases will continue unabated as the 'Culture of Poverty ' phenomenon continues to penetrate further into the middle-income sector. That is gambling growth will come from those individuals at the upper end of the middle-income sector, individuals that are just beginning to feel the sustained impact of a culture of poverty, and who will increasingly perceive gambling as the only way out of their declining situation.


Abstract. Six years (2003–2008) of satellite measurements of aerosol parameters from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and surface wind speeds from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), are used to provide a comprehensive perspective on the link between surface wind speed and marine aerosol optical depth over tropical and subtropical oceanic regions. A systematic comparison between the satellite derived fields in these regions allows to: (i) separate the relative contribution of wind-induced marine aerosol to the aerosol optical depth; (ii) extract an empirical linear equation linking coarse marine aerosol optical depth and wind intensity; and (iii) identify a time scale for correlating marine aerosol optical depth and surface wind speed. The contribution of wind induced marine aerosol to aerosol optical depth is found to be dominated by the coarse mode elements. When wind intensity exceeds 4 m/s, coarse marine aerosol optical depth is linearly correlated with the surface wind speed, with a remarkably consistent slope of 0.009±0.002 s/m. A detailed time scale analysis shows that the linear correlation between the fields is well kept within a 12 h time frame, while sharply decreasing when the time lag between measurements is longer. The background aerosol optical depth, associated with aerosols that are not produced in-situ through wind driven processes, can be used for estimating the contributions of terrestrial and biogenic marine aerosol to over-ocean satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth.


Sentiment classification has been a well-investigated research area in the computational linguistics community. However, most of the research is primarily focused on detecting simply the polarity in text, often needing extensive manual labeling of ground truth. Additionally, little attention has been directed towards a finer analysis of human moods and affective states. Motivated by research in psychology, we propose and develop a classifier of several human affective states in social media. Starting with about 200 moods, we utilize mechanical turk studies to derive naturalistic signals from posts shared on Twitter about a variety of affects of individuals. This dataset is then deployed in an affect classification task with promising results. Our findings indicate that different types of affect involve different emotional content and usage styles; hence the performance of the classifier on various affects can differ considerably.


The specificity of fungal isolates from endemic Western Australian orchid species and hybrids in the tribe Diurideae was investigated using symbiotic seed germination and analysis of the fungal DNA by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The distribution of the fungal isolates in the field was also assessed using two different seed baiting techniques. The information from these investigations is essential for developing protocols for reintroduction and translocation of orchid species.

Two groups of orchids in the tribe Diurideae were studied. Firstly, a number of Caladenia species, their natural hybrids and close relatives from the southwest of Western Australia were selected because orchid species from the genus Caladenia are considered to have among the most specific mycorrhizal relationships known in the orchid family ? an ideal situation for the investigation of mycorrhizal specificity. Secondly, species of Drakaea and close relatives, from the southwest of Western Australia and elsewhere in Australia, which are never common in nature and occur in highly specialised habitats, were selected to investigate the influence of habitat on specificity.

Seed from the common species Caladenia arenicola germinated on fungal isolates from adult plants of both C. arenicola and its rare and endangered relative C. huegelii, while seed from C. huegelii only germinated on its own fungal isolates. The AFLP analysis grouped the fungal isolates into three categories: nonefficaceous fungi, C. huegelii type fungi, and C. arenicola type fungi. The group of C. huegelii type fungi included some fungal isolates from C. arenicola. An analysis of the AFLP fingerprints of C. arenicola fungal isolates from different collection locations showed that some, but not all, populations were genetically distinct, and that one population in particular was very variable.

Despite being thought to have very specific mycorrhizal relationships, Caladenia species hybridise frequently and prolifically in nature, often forming self-perpetuating hybrid lineages. Five natural hybrids within Caladenia and its closest relatives were investigated. Symbiotic cross-germination studies of parental and hybrid seed on fungi from the species and the naturally occurring hybrids were compared with AFLP analyses of the fungal isolates to answer the question of which fungi the hybrids use. The germination study found that, while hybrid seeds can utilise the fungi from either parental species under laboratory conditions, it is likely that the natural hybrids in situ utilise the fungus of only one parental species. Supporting these observations, the AFLP analyses indicated that while the parental species always possessed genetically distinct fungal strains, the hybrids may share the mycorrhizal fungus of one parental species or possess a genetically distinct fungal strain which is more closely related to the fungus of one parental species than the other.

The work on Caladenia hybrids revealed that C. falcata has a broadly compatible fungus that germinated seeds of C. falcata, the hybrid C. falcata x longicauda, and species with different degrees of taxonomic affinity to C. falcata. In general, germination was greater from species that were more closely related to C. falcata: seeds from Caladenia species generally germinated well on most C. falcata isolates; species from same subtribe (Caladeniinae) germinated well to the stage of trichome development on only some of the fungal isolates and rarely developed further; and seeds from species from different subtribes (Diuridinae, Prasophyllinae, Thelymitrinae) or tribes (Orchideae, Cranichideae) either germinated well to the stage of trichome development but did not develop further, or did not germinate at all. The AFLP analysis of the fungal isolates revealed that the fungi from each location were genetically distinct.

In situ seed baiting was used to study the introduction, growth and persistence of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. A mycorrhizal fungus from Caladenia arenicola was introduced to sites within an area from which the orchid and fungus were absent, adjacent to a natural population of C. arenicola. In the first growing season, the fungus grew up to 50 cm from its introduction point, usually persisted over the summer drought into the second season and even into the third season, stimulating germination and growth to tuber formation of the seeds in the baits. Watering the inoculated areas significantly increased seed germination.

Mycorrhizal relationships in Drakaeinae were less specific than in Caladeniinae. A study of the species Spiculaea ciliata revealed that this species, when germinated symbiotically, develops very rapidly and has photosynthetic protocorms, unlike all other members of the Drakaeinae. An AFLP analysis of the fungal isolates of this species grouped the isolates according to whether they had been isolated from adult plants or reisolated from protocorms produced in vitro. Isolates were genetically distinct when compared before germination and after reisolation. A cross-species symbiotic germination study of seeds of three Drakaea species and one Paracaleana species against fungal isolates from the same species and several other Drakaeinae species revealed lower specificity in this group than previously thought. A number of fungal isolates from Drakaea and Paracaleana species germinated two or more seed types, while all seed types germinated on fungal isolates from other species and the seed of Drakaea thynniphila germinated to some extent on every fungal isolate tested. An AFLP analysis of the Drakaeinae fungal isolates supported this information, revealing little genetic differentiation between the fungi of different orchid species.

An ex situ seed baiting technique was used to examine the role of mycorrhizal fungi in microniche specialisation in the narrow endemic Drakaea. Soil samples from within and outside two Drakaea populations were tested for germination of the relevant seed types. In both cases, germination was significantly higher on soil samples from within than outside the populations, suggesting that the relevant mycorrhizal fungi may be restricted to the same microniches as the Drakaea species. The presence of similar fungi at distant, disjunct locations may be related to the extreme age and geological stability of the Western Australian landscape.

The information from these investigations is essential for developing protocols for reintroduction and translocation of orchid species. It appears that the mycorrhizal relationships in these groups of orchids are not as specific as was previously thought. For reintroduction work, a broad sampling strategy is necessary, as it cannot be assumed that the same orchid species has the same fungus at different locations. A broadly compatible fungus may be of considerable utility in conservation work, such as in situations where a specific fungus appears to have poor saprophytic competence or where soil conditions have been altered. Seed baiting studies provide additional data on fungal distribution in situ. In general, molecular data do not provide information about efficacy or fungal distribution, so research programs that combine symbiotic germination studies with seed baiting investigations and genetic analyses of the fungi will provide the maximum benefit for designing more effective conservation programs.


Abstract This article presents recent arguments about the need for sensitivity to diversity issues in psychological practice, and for training programs to attend to these issues. The results of a survey related to the extent and nature of diversity training in Canadian clinical psychology programs are presented, in which diversity was defined broadly as reflecting the vast number of possible individual differences (e.g., culture, nationality, ethnicity, colour, race, gender, religion, sexual preference, disability, economic disadvantage) that can affect clinical psychology knowledge, research, and practice. Directors of Clinical Training (DCrs) at all Canadian clinical psychology programs were asked about the extent to which various aspects of diversity training were deemed important or essential to their program, what training activities were required, and how effective different methods of training were viewed. The results revealed that DCTs varied widely in their opinion of how important diversity materials were, and that few programs require many different methods of training related to diversity. Further, the training methods more commonly adopted did not generally relate well with those that were seen as being most effective. Implications of the survey for training in clinical psychology are provided. [Reference] References [Reference] Abney, V.D. (1996). Cultural competency in the field of child maltreatment. InJ. Briere, L. Berliner,J.A. Bulkley, C. Jenny, & T. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 408-419). London: Sage. American Psychological Association. (1991). Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations. In H.F. Myers, P. Wohlford, L.P. Guzman, & RJ. Echemendia (Eds.), Ethnic minority perspectives on clinical training and services in psychology. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. [Reference] Aponte,J.F., & Clifford,J. (1995). Education and training issues for intervention with ethnic groups. InJ.F. Aponte, RY. Rivers, &J. Wohl (Eds.), Psychological interventions and cultural diversity (pp. 283-300). Needham Heights, NY: Allyn & Bacon. Arean, P.A., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (1996). Issues and recommendations for the recruitment and retention of older ethnic minority adults into clinical research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 875-880. Bernal, M.E., & Castro, F.G. (1994). Are clinical psychologists prepared for service and research with ethnic minorities? Report of a decade of progress. American Psychologist, 49, 797-805. Canadian Psychological Association. (1991). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists. Ottawa: Author. Cheatham, H.E. (1994). A response. The Counseling Psychologist, 22, 290-295. Dana, R.H. (1995). Impact of the use of standard psychological assessment on the diagnosis and treatment of ethnic minorities. In J.F. Aponte, RY Rivers, and J. Wahl (Eds.), Psychological interventions and cultural diversity (pp. 57-73). Needham Heights, NY: Allyn Bacon. Esses, V.M. & Gardner, R.C. (1996). Multiculturalism in [Reference] Canada: Context and current status. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28, 145-152. Fineman, N. (1991). The social construction of noncompliance: Implications for cross-cultural geriatric practice. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 6, 219-227. Gray-Little, B. (1995). The assessment of psychopathology in racial and ethnic minorities. InJ.N. Butcher (Ed.), Clinical personality assessment: Practical approaches (pp. 140-157). New York: Oxford. Hall, C.C.I. (1997). Cultural malpractice: The growing obsolescence of psychology with the changing II.S. population. American Psychologist, 52, 642-651. [Reference] Harre, R. …


Abstract Regionalization of medical resources by designating specialty receiving centers, such as trauma and stroke centers, within emergency medical services (EMS) systems is intended to ensure the highest-quality patient care in the most efficient and fiscally responsible fashion. Significant advances in the past decade such as induction of therapeutic hypothermia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and a time-driven, algorithmic approach to management of septic patients have created compelling arguments for similar designation for specialized resuscitative interventions. Resuscitation of critically ill patients is both labor- and resource-intensive. It can significantly interrupt emergency department (ED) patient throughput. In addition, clinical progress in developing resuscitation techniques is often dependent on the presence of a strong research infrastructure to generate and validate new therapies. It is not feasible for many hospitals to make the commitment to care for large numbers of critically ill patients and the accompanying investigational activities, whether in the prehospital, ED, or inpatient arena. Because of this, the question of whether EMS systems should designate specific hospitals as "resuscitation centers" has now come center stage. Just as EMS systems currently delineate criteria and monitor compliance for trauma, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and stroke centers, strong logic now exists to develop similar standards for resuscitation facilities. Accordingly, this discussion reviews the current applicable trends in resuscitation science and presents a rationale for resuscitation center designation within EMS systems. Potential barriers to the establishment of such centers are discussed and strategies to overcome them are proposed.


Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, August 2011.


This paper discusses the link between portfolio diversification models of exchange risk and the macroeconomics of exchange rate determination. A first part sets out the mean-variance model of portfolio choice for the case of two nominal assets with random real returns. From there the model is made "international" by a specification of the world inflation process. The concept of exchange risk is discussed in terms of the variability of the real exchange rate. The paper shows that when all randomness in real returns derives from variability of the real exchange rate, rather than from inflation variability, full hedging is possible. Even for the case of no real exchange rate variability, it is shown, variability of the nominal rate of depreciation is a determinant of the portfolio composition. The risk premium is derived and discussed in terms of the deviation of the anticipated rate of depreciation from the interest differential. The actual rate of depreciation may exceed the interest differential either because of news or because of a risk premium that depends on the relative asset supplies compared to their shares in a minimum variance portfolio. An appendix investigates the implications of tastes and differences and shows that there is an additional component of the premium due to differences in consumption patterns. The portfolio model is integrated In a macro-model to show how the relative supplies of non-monetary assets, through yield and valuation effects, determine the impact and long run consequences of real and nominal monetary disturbances. The integration of the portfolio and macro models relies crucially on the properties of the demand for money. A demand for money that depend. on the average return on securities, rather than on the domestic interest rate, implies that portfolio considerations do not affect exchange rates.


In-service training through e-learning should be seen as a special field of adult education. The lessons learned from adult education must be an inspiration to the design of in-service training approaches that support collaborative learning and promote the development of virtual communities. This points support our conviction that e-learning is a "promising land" to new opportunities of training and professional development activities. After a short introduction, the article will describe three different cases of e-learning initiatives taken place at University of Minho - Portugal. The first case reports to a research project called ttVLC - trainers training to Virtual Learning Communities. The second case describes a course that aims to promote in-service professional development of secondary and high-school teachers, called "EASIC - Ensinar e Aprender na Sociedade da Informacao" (in English: Teaching and Learning in the Information Society). The third case describe a course titled "Formacao de E- formadores" (in English: Training of E-trainers) which aim helping university teachers to adopt e-learning methodologies.


The return to growth in Ireland since 2012 has coincided with a turnaround in the housing market and sustained increases in the price of rental accommodation and asking prices. This growth has significant distributional implications, both between younger citizens more likely to be renting and older citizens more likely to be property owners as well as regionally with housing costs in the Dublin area increasingly diverging from the rest of the country. This paper assesses both the cost of renting relative to wages and the ease of buying in all areas across Ireland for which data is available. Rather than looking at average growth rates for all property types this paper attempts to match minimally adequate accommodation with various household types whilst comparing affordability and access for younger and older workers. Rent prices are compared to the take home pay of full-time minimum wage earners and the median take home pay of younger and older cohorts of workers whilst the accessibility of the housing market is estimated by the ratio of the cost of the house to annual gross wages. The data shows that the cost of renting a one-bedroom apartment anywhere in Dublin is at least 50% of the net pay of the median Irish wage earner and as such is a higher proportion for 50% of all Irish employees. For two median earners renting a three-bed semi-d the cost anywhere in Dublin is a minimum of 35% of take home pay. The paper also finds that given central bank rules on lending, getting a mortgage as a first-time buyer for a one-bedroom apartment would be highly unlikely in all but 2 out of 25 Dublin areas considered based on the wages of the median Irish employee. A mortgage for a three-bedroom house or bigger anywhere in Dublin is beyond the reach of two employees earning the median wage in 2017. This version: 5 January 2018 *This NERI Working Paper forms part of an NERI project on the related areas of growth, enterprise, industrial, and innovation policy in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland. ** The author gratefully acknowledges helpful feedback from a number of reviewers. The usual disclaimer applies. All correspondence to email@example.com


The rise and fall of subprime mortgage securitizations contributed in part to the ensuing credit crisis and financial crisis of 2008. Some participants in the subprime-mortgage-backed securities market relied at least in part on analyses grounded in the loss development factor (LDF) method, and many did not conduct their own credit analyses, relying instead on the work of others such as securities brokers and rating agencies. In some cases, the parties providing these analyses may have lacked the independence, or at least the appearance of it, that would have likely better served the market. A new appreciation for the value of independent analysis is clearly a silver lining and an important lesson to be taken from the crisis. Actuaries are well positioned to lend assistance to the endeavor. Mortgages are long-duration assets and, similarly, mortgage credit losses are relatively long-tailed. As casualty actuaries are aware, the LDF method has inherent limitations associated with immature development. The authors in this paper will cite examples of parties relying on the LDF or similar methods for projecting subprime mortgage credit losses, highlight the limitations of relying exclusively on such methods for projecting subprime mortgage credit performance, and conclude by offering general enhancements for an improved approach that considers the underwriting characteristics of the underlying loans as well as economic factors.


We propose a method for signal reconstruction in semi-parametric dictionaries. The proposed algorithm estimates both the signal decomposition and the intrinsic parameters of the dictionary during the reconstruction process. Theoretical results about the convergence of the algorithm are presented. The method is used here for joint reconstruction of misaligned images.


STEM education is crucial in successfully shapingfuture technology driven societies. It is important to engage learners from an early age with STEM in order to facilitate successful entry into relevant careers. Towards that, educational robotics are a proven, effective introduction to overall STEM concepts but also to hands-on skills. Co-creation, a marketing method, tailor made to foster participation and engagement, translated successfully in educational contexts. In this work we present a co-creative robotics curriculum for primary school education and its impact on young learners' perceptions for STEM careers. Learners co-created educational robotics activities to learn from them. A validated questionnaire for assessing the learners' perceptions for STEM careers was administered before and after the curriculum. All learners improved their perceptions for STEM careers after the co-creative robotics curriculum. This study initiates a greater endeavor for exploring the impact of co-creative robotics in learning efficacy and STEM careers engagement.


There are few well‐controlled, published evaluations of sleep interventions for children with developmental disabilities. This paper evaluates a parent training programme using behavioural principles to reduce sleep problems in children with autism or fragile X syndrome (FXS). Training included bedtime routines, reinforcement, effective instructions, partner support, and extinction (removing reinforcement to reduce a behaviour). Programme efficacy was demonstrated by using a multiple baseline across‐participant design. Social validity was also assessed. Five children with autism and one with Asperger syndrome (four males, two females; mean age 5y 6mo; age range 3y 5mo to 7y 4mo) and their parents; and seven children with FXS (six males, one female; mean age 4y 9mo; age range 1y 11mo to 9y 1mo) and their parents participated. Ten families completed intervention within the multiple baseline design. Most parents'goals were achieved and visual analysis of the sleep data indicated improvement. Settling problems, night waking, and co‐sleeping were effectively reduced. The programme had high social validity and outcomes were clinically significant and maintained at follow‐up.


This text will explain which role "Green Bonds" play in financing projects and how the green factor is weighted. It will be discussed on how the term "green" can change the price of the bond, if there is a "green premium" and for which group of investors this type of bond is interesting. We will discuss ways to reduce their cost of capital, also considering the risks and on ways on how to improve their conditions. The sustainable and eco-friendly aspects are also highlighted in this text and they might become crucial in future investing, which gives the bond an interesting role.


This paper compares the post-investment value-added activities performed by governmental venture capital (GVC) and independent venture capital (IVC) for their portfolio companies, and controls for the selection effect that the different investment profiles of these investors might have on the forms of value added. The study uses a unique data set based on a survey addressed to new VC-backed, technology-based firms from seven European countries. The study focused on the importance of the contribution by the first lead investor in a variety of activity areas, as assessed by the investee companies. The study also pays attention to potential adverse effects of the post-investment engagement of the investors on the firm. Using a composite indicator of the extent of the value added, we find no statistically significant difference between the two types of investors. However, the type of value added differs across investor type and, in particular, IVCs contribution proves to be significantly higher than that of GVCs in a number of areas, including the development of the business idea, professionalisation and exit orientation.


Martin Roth was distinguished for his major contributions to the understanding and classification of mental disorders in the elderly. These led to a new discipline, psychogeriatrics, as the problems of late life became recognized as constituting a major medical and social problem. His pioneering investigations led to the crucial demonstration of the differences between the dementias and the affective and other mental disorders of old age. The quantitative neuropathological and psychological studies undertaken by Roth and his colleagues established the pathology of Alzheimer disease as indicative of a disease separate from normal ageing and from other psychiatric disorders. These early studies led to collaborative molecular studies that pointed to a possibly causal pathological process.


Aim: In our previous study, we demonstrated that the vasoconstrictive action of lidocaine occurs at a concentration of 10-4 mol/L. Furthermore, we found that lidocaine enhanced contractile responses produced by low concentrations of adrenaline (10-8-10-7 mol/L). In this study, the responses of isolated rat thoracic aorta preparations to local anaesthetic solutions containing either prilocaine or mepivacaine were examined in the presence of adrenaline or noradrenaline.
Methods: We isolated thoracic aorta from Wister rats. The arteries were cut into ~3 mm long rings that were stretched by a pair of hooks in an organ bath filled with Krebs-Henseleit solution. After 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide treatment, vasoconstrictors (either adrenaline or noradrenaline) were applied in a cumulative manner between concentrations of 10-9–10-5 mol/L of either prilocaine or mepivacaine (10-4 mol/L). Changes in isometric vasocontractions were continuously recorded with an amplifier system using the PCD-30A computer system.
Results: The contractile response to both prilocaine and mepivacaine significantly decreased at low concentrations of adrenaline (10-8-10-7 mol/L). The contractile response to mepivacaine also significantly decreased at low concentrations of adrenaline (10-9-10-8 mol/L). In contrast, with the exception of prilocaine at a low concentration of adrenaline (10-8 mol/L), neither prilocaine nor mepivacaine significantly decreased the contractile responses. In a model of blood vessel inflammation under 6 h lipopolysaccharide treatment, prilocaine and mepivacaine enhanced contractile responses produced by 10-9-10-7 mol/L noradrenaline.
Conclusion: Noradrenaline should be administered when injecting inflamed tissues with prilocaine or mepivacaine.


We live in a hypercomplex society where the individual faces growing diversity in all areas of life. The idea of a stable identity has become an illusion, and self-reflexivity has become the central basis when dealing with the post-traditional order of our society. We feel obliged to constantly develop – at work and in our private and social lives.A brief analysis of societal changes will be presented as the basis for justifying the use of coaching and coaching psychology in general. The main question is: How can we best help clients to navigate in a social world characterised by growing restlessness, diverse lifestyles, social disorientation, multitudes of 'local truths' and, therefore, a loss of commonly accepted values and meanings?The purpose of this article is to formulate some key societal pre-requisites for coaching psychology, pre-requisites that can also serve as an argument for: (1) the growing importance of values as a central dimension in a reflective coaching process; (2) focusing on meaning-making as a central dimension in the coaching dialogue; and (3) a relational and narrative foundation of coaching psychology.A practical consequence can be concluded: It is not always beneficial to define a goal at the beginning of the coaching session, but to allow narratives to unfold and to reflect on our values and those of others as the basis for our thinking and conduct.


Introduction Some years ago, a group of persons connected to the Methodist, Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and Independent Presbyterian Churches, motivated by the evangelical challenge of "whoever receives the least of these receives me," decided to get to know the children of the streets of Brazil, the streets where they survive. Having eyes to see and ears to hear was quickly seen to be fundamental: mouths were stopped and hearts constrained before the little-known and threatening streets. Speaking little and listening much, creating effective and affective bonds, the group went, very slowly, learning to trust the children and winning their confidence. To come without preconceived ideas, without titles, without the flavour of those who know everything important. And, finally, to have the willingness to take risks, to confront repressive public institutions like the police, the business people, the public authority, which is not so "public," the self-involved and moralistic churches - a clarity in the defense of life and rights spoke more loudly than any discourse. The "street" proved to be a great school of life, a call to conversion. Pain and hope were mixed together, and together with the children the group learned the facts of life in their most contradictory facets. The way, always long and painful, revealed itself at the same time to be pregnant with promise. The misery of millions of families and the revelation of the violence, like the literal extermination of children and adolescents, the enslavement and prostitution of thousands of girls were revolting in the degree of barbarism revealed, the impunity and the indifference. To take this way, this way of pain; to unveil this reality and discover the power to interfere, not in a solitary way but in solidarity, accompanied by the girls and boys, stirs up dreams, motivates new practices, broadens horizons and challenges us, as churches, to ever-increasing commitments to the children, the preferred and protected ones of God. This text seeks to show a bit of this reality of the girls and boys of the Street, and to share what some churches that have been converted to the cause of the little ones are doing with them. THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN BRAZIL Children, the sons and daughters of the people, children of the poor margins of the cities, sons and daughters of peasants; farmers without land are the poor of the poor, doubly poor, for being sons and daughters of the poor and for being children.(1) We live in a country marked by immense social inequalities and by grave structural problems. With many forced to leave the countryside about 70% of the population is concentrated in the cities. The illiterate number some 21% of the population. The lack of basic sewage systems results in the death of 60 of every 1,000 children before they reach the age of one year; in the poorer regions this number rises to 200 to 300 deaths per 1,000 births. In the impoverished classes, the children enter early into the labour force. Statistics from UNICEF/IBGE indicate that nearly three million children between the ages of ten and fourteen are working during the period of their lives when they should be in school where they would be not only educated but also learning the basic principles of citizenship. It has been affirmed that this number doubled between 1983 and 1986 and that only 24.6% of the children who are working in the urban areas have a formally established job. Another significant item is the increase in the numbers of families headed by women, today totalling 11.4%. Of the 95% of the children who have the opportunity to enroll in a school, half of them do not make it to the second grade; about 18 million of the children between seven and seventeen years of age are illiterate and nearly half of the rural population of Brazil of school age cannot attend school.(2) The children of the streets They don't wake up under the covers. …


Multibeam swath bathymetry and sub-bottom profiler data are used to establish constraints on the flow and retreat history of a major palaeo-ice stream that carried the combined discharge from the parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet now occupied by the Pine Island and Thwaites glacier basins. Sets of highly elongated bedforms show that, at the last glacial maximum, the route of the Pine Island-Thwaites palaeo-ice stream arced north-northeast following a prominent cross-shelf trough. In this area, the grounding line advanced to within similar to 68 km of, and probably reached, the shelf edge. Minimum ice thickness is estimated at 715 m on the outer shelf, and we estimate a minimum ice discharge of similar to 108 km(3) yr(-1) assuming velocities similar to today's Pine Island glacier (similar to 2.5 km yr(-1)). Additional bed forms observed in a trough northwest of Pine Island Bay likely formed via diachronous ice flows across the outer shelf and demonstrate switching ice stream behavior. The "style" of ice retreat is also evident in five grounding zone wedges, which suggest episodic deglaciation characterized by halts in grounding line migration up-trough. Stillstands occurred in association with changes in ice bed gradient, and phases of inferred rapid retreat correlate to higher bed slopes, supporting theoretical studies that show bed geometry as a control on ice margin recession. However, estimates that individual wedges could have formed within several centuries still imply a relatively rapid overall retreat. Our findings show that the ice stream channeled a substantial fraction of West Antarctica's discharge in the past, just as the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers do today.


The human brain continuously generates predictions about the environment based on learned regularities in the world. These predictions actively and efficiently facilitate the interpretation of incoming sensory information. We review evidence that, as a result of this facilitation, predictions directly influence conscious experience. Specifically, we propose that predictions enable rapid generation of conscious percepts and bias the contents of awareness in situations of uncertainty. The possible neural mechanisms underlying this facilitation are discussed.


As the title denotes, the present article focusses on the application of ius contra bellum rules; in other word, the author will examine States' and non-State actors' conducts during summer 2006 events through the sole spectrum of rules relating to the right to the use of force in intern national relations, formerly known as the right to wage war. Thus, this article will not deal with the body of rules pertaining to the conduct of belligerents during armed conflict, i.e. the ius in bellum. Therefore, special, yet not exclusive emphasis will be put on Israel's title to resort to armed force in order to guarantee its allegedly infringed rights. To this effect, the author will review different legal rules (and set of rules) which could validate Israel's conduct. On the other side, Lebanon's conduct in relation to Israel's claims and especially with regard to Hezbollah's activities will carefully be scrutinized in the light of public international law rules. In this framework, the question of States' lawful reactions to non-State actors' use of force will be thoroughly examined. Hence, in this respect, the article will assess not only ius contra bellum rules but also international law of State responsibility as well as the right to resort to forcible countermeasures and UN law (notably Security Council prerogatives under United Nations Charter Chapter VII). In conclusion, the author aims to determine Israel, Lebanon (and Hezbollah's) responsibility in the context of this chapter of the Middle East Question.


International climate agreements are important examples of internationally negotiated distributive politics and the resulting obligations vary considerably across countries. Nevertheless, few studies have empirically examined the determinants of burden sharing in this context. The allocation of emission reductions in the Kyoto protocol is investigated in relation to the different arguments advanced during the Kyoto negotiations. Regression-based evidence suggests that countries were compensated for early action and that affluent countries, states with high GHG emissions, countries with a high projected growth rate as well as potential EU member states undertook to meet the strictest targets. These findings demonstrate that the context in which negotiations are undertaken influences the obligations that countries are willing to accept and they indicate that there may be a potential for reaching a burden sharing agreement even in the context of financial crisis.


Thalassemia is a chronicle disease which have a complex problem, both bological, psychological, social and spritual aspect. In line with this phenomenon, the role of the parent is important in parenting and child with thalassemia care to optimize their development either physically or mentally. Hence, a good parenting styles will rise the children confidence on their environment, ease their learning process, widen exploration, having experiences, independent and smart.
This study applied observational analytic design and cross sectional approach.  Furthermore, the population of this study were children with thalassemia who live and stay in Jombang county. In addition, the criteria of the children with thalassemia is they were in the same age or more. At last by using consecutive sampling this study got 14 respondents as the sample. Then, the questionaire used to assess the parenting style was based on the theory of Mowder, characterized by foster care function of the parent as a parameter while self-worth applied self esteem.
Result shows that there was correlation between parenting styles and self-worth of the children with thalassemia, provide the score 0,025 of correlation coefficient. In this context, social environment support in term of parenting styles will impact on children's self pride. Therefore, a good social support on teen will build a good self pride and contrariwise. In addition, a good parenting styles on the family of thalassemia is influenced by parental acceptance on their children disease. In line with the explanation Mowder explains that a good parent  acceptance will lead the children to have a good social relationship due to acceptance (attacment) is the basic of social behaviour of he children.


Fire safety has become a significant concern to public safety; especially in the aftermath of 9/11 attack where, according to official reports, three World Trade Center buildings collapsed because of fire. Therefore, the level of thermal insulation required from building material and structural elements has increased. In recent years, gypsum board wall assemblies have been increasingly used as compartmentation for high-rise residential and commercial buildings. The increasing popularity of gypsum board wall assemblies is due to their relatively high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of prefabrication, fast erection and good thermal insulation. Before implementation of any building material or structural element, its Fire Resistance Rating must be determined by subjecting the material or element to a standard furnace fire test. Over the years, a large database has been collected for the Fire Resistance Rating of building materials and structural elements. However, due to the expensive and time-consuming nature of the standard fire tests, determining an accurate Fire Resistance Rating can be a difficult task. In this study, the author numerically evaluated the Fire Resistance Rating of a new gypsum board wall assembly. Composite steel-EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) insulation is added to a traditional gypsum board wall assembly. The author first did numerical simulation of an experiment on the thermal response of a non-load-bearing gypsum board wall assembly to verify the thermal modeling methodology. The author then did numerical simulation of an experiment on the mechanical response of a load-bearing gypsum board wall assembly to verify the mechanical modeling methodology. Finally, the author used the verified thermal and structural modeling methodology to simulate the new composite steel-EPS gypsum board wall assembly and obtained its numerical Fire Resistance Rating. This Fire Resistance Rating should be compared with future experimental results of the new wall assembly. All modeling was done with ABAQUS V6.14.


As hydrogen fuel cell vehicles become more widely adopted by consumers, the demand for refueling stations increases. Most vehicles require high-pressure (either 350 or 700 bar) hydrogen, and therefore the refueling infrastructure must support these pressures. Fast running, reduced order physical models of releases from high-pressure sources are needed so that quantitative risk assessment can guide the safety certification of these stations. A release from a high pressure source is choked at the release point, forming the complex shock structures of an under-expanded jet before achieving a characteristic Gaussian profile for velocity, density, mass fraction, etc. downstream. Rather than using significant computational resources to resolve the shock structure, an equivalent source model can be used to quickly and accurately describe the flow in terms of velocity, diameter, and thermodynamic state after the shock structure. In this work, we present correlations for the equivalent boundary conditions of a subsonic jet as a high-pressure jet, downstream of the shock structure. Schlieren images of under-expanded jets are used to show that the geometrical structure of under-expanded jets scale with the square root of the static to ambient pressure ratio. Correlations for an equivalent source model are given, and these parameters are also found to scale with square root of the pressure ratio. We present our model as well as planar laser Rayleigh scattering validation data for static pressures up to 60 bar.


ABSTRACT Microscopic study of oriented thin sections of Wisconsin till from northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania reveals three principal types of microfabrics. These fabrics are: (1) microfoliation, (2) coarse fragment orientation, and (3) veining. Microfoliation appears due to roughly parallel arrangement of silt flakes and elongate silt grains. Perfection of orientation generally decreases as the number of sand size particles increases. Microfoliation is roughly horizontal in till outcrop. Coarse fragment orientation is well developed in the more sandy till, and is particularly striking where small fragments of coal are involved. Studies indicate that coarse fragment orientation is parallel to microfoliation. Veining is a structure in which small thin veins or bands rich in silt flakes traverse the rock. Silt flakes roughly parallel vein walls, and veins may occur parallel to microfoliation or may cut it at a large angle. Branching and braided vein patterns are common. It is clear that veins postdate microfoliation. Veins are believed due to shearing of the till. The origin of the microfabrics is considered in detail, and problems worthy of further consideration are suggested.


Charles Everett Koop was a great Surgeon General, probably the most influential in the history of the United States of America. He never missed courage in his life and often he had used it to tackle professional and personal tough problems.
In his public activity, he faced controversial health problems of American people as smoking, abortion and the first occurrence of the epidemic Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Koop was a rigorous man. The lodestar that guided Koop in his work, as a public servant was to do the best for health of Americans. In his prestigious and difficult role, he faced the pressing problems of health of millions of people trying to avoid political influence. During his mandate of eight years, Koop increased the influence and authority of his role. His appearance and behaviour were unmistakable: Lincolnesque beard and uniform, conduct hard and pure, exclusively oriented to the health of citizens, over the personal conveniences, political pressure and lobbying. An exemplary man, who for his passion for medicine and his sincere interest in promoting public health, was affectionately considered the "Family Doctor of America".


Background: Previous studies have described increased occurrence of asthma among healthcare workers, but to our knowledge there are no validated survey questionnaires with which to study this occupational group. Aims: To develop, validate, and refine a new survey instrument on asthma for use in epidemiological studies of healthcare workers. Methods: An initial draft questionnaire, designed by a multidisciplinary team, used previously validated questions where possible; the occupational exposure section was developed by updating health services specific chemical lists through hospital walk-through surveys and review of material safety data sheets. A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in 118 non-smoking subjects, who also underwent bronchial challenge testing, an interview with an industrial hygienist, and measurement of specific IgE antibodies to common aeroallergens. Results: The final version consisted of 43 main questions in four sections. Time to completion of the questionnaire ranged from 13 to 25 minutes. Test–retest reliability of asthma and allergy items ranged from 75% to 94%, and internal consistency for these items was excellent (Cronbach's α ⩾ 0.86). Against methacholine challenge, an eight item combination of asthma related symptoms had a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 70%; against a physician diagnosis of asthma, this same combination showed a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 98%. Agreement between self-reported exposures and industrial hygienist review was similar to previous studies and only moderate, indicating the need to incorporate more reliable methods of exposure assessment. Against the aerollergen panel, the best combinations of sensitivity and specificity were obtained for a history of allergies to dust, dust mite, and animals. Conclusions: Initial evaluation of this new questionnaire indicates good validity and reliability, and further field testing and cross-validation in a larger healthcare worker population is in progress. The need for development of more reliable occupational exposure assessment methods that go beyond self-report is underscored.


Enterococci may improve the typical taste and flavor of fermented foods through their proteolytic and lipolytic activities. However, some enterococcal strains are recognized as nosocomial pathogens, which have virulence genes and resistance to certain antibiotics. Enteroccocci are also found in human milk microflora. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential virulence genes and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis isolates from human milk and colostrum samples. In total, 23 Enterococcus faecalis strains were identified from human milk and colostrum samples. Antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis isolates were determined using the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB) and some virulence genes (agg2, gelE, efaAfm, ccf, cpd, cad, cylM, cylB, etc.) were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All strains were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin. None of the E. faecalis isolates contained vanA, vanB, or efaAfm genes. The results of this study indicated that there were no harmful enterococci strains in human milk and colostrum samples in terms of tested virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the E. faecalis isolates from human milk may have the potential to be considered as a functional culture for the food industry.


The Fram Strait between Greenland and Spitsbergen connects the Arctic Ocean and the northern North Atlantic. Today this gateway is about 450 km wide and in average 2500 m deep. It is the only connection between the Arctic Ocean and the world oceans, where dense oxygen rich water is exchanged. Such an exchange has important influences on the climate. A detailed knowledge of the timing of the Fram Strait opening provides a basis for a correlation with past climate changes.Due to the absence of clear marine magnetic and other geophysical data, a detailed understanding of this region has been difficult until now. Within the last years, the Alfred Wegener Institute conducted several geophysical data sets in order to solve some remaining problems in the Fram Strait and adjacent basins (Molloy, Boreas and Greenland Basin). In this contribution we present a new aeromagnetic data grid, new seismic reflection data and existing gravimetric data that provide new insights into the geodynamic evolution of this area. These data are the basis for estimations of initial opening scenarios, and palaeobathymetric maps. New seismic reflection lines crossing the entire Molloy and Boreas basins show rough basement topography and a deep axial valley. Roughness calculations also indicate ultra-slow spreading rates in the whole area. Using the age information of the aeromagnetic data, the thermal subsidence for oceanic crust corrected for the sediment load fits the observed basement depth reasonably well in the basins.A compilation of additional seismic reflection and refraction lines in the northern North Atlantic provide information on the crust thickness, the basement depth and sediment distribution. Based on this information, a model of the evolution of the northern North Atlantic is created. The latest results of this palaeobathymetric study for the Fram Strait and its subsequent basins are shown.


The body of work presented in this thesis are in three main parts: [1] the effect of ultrasound on freezing events of ionic systems, [2] the importance of formulation osmolality in freeze drying, and [3] a novel system for increasing primary freeze drying rate. Chapter 4 briefly presents the work on method optimisation, which is still very much in its infancy. Aspects of freezing such as nucleation and ice crystal growth are strongly related with ice crystal morphology; however, the ice nucleation process typically occurs in a random, non-deterministic and spontaneous manner. In view of this, ultrasound, an emerging application in pharmaceutical sciences, has been applied to aid in the acceleration of nucleation and shorten the freezing process. The research presented in this thesis aimed to study the effect of sonication on nucleation events in ionic solutions, and more importantly how sonication impacts on the freezing process. This work confirmed that nucleation does occur in a random manner. It also showed that ultrasonication aids acceleration of the ice nucleation process and increases the freezing rate of a solution. Cryopreservation of animal sperm is an important aspect of breeding in animal science especially for endangered species. In order for sperm cryopreservation to be successful, cryoprotectants as well as semen extenders are used. One of the factors allowing semen preservation media to be optimum is the osmolality of the semen extenders used. Although preservation of animal sperm has no relation with freeze drying of pharmaceuticals, it was used in this thesis to make a case for considering the osmolality of a formulation (prepared for freeze drying) as a factor for conferring protein protection against the stresses of freeze drying. The osmolalities of some common solutes (mostly sugars) used in freeze drying were determined (molal concentration from 0.1m to 1.2m). Preliminary investigation on the osmolality and osmotic coefficients of common solutes were carried out. It was observed that the osmotic coefficient trend for the sugars analysed could be grouped based on the types of sugar they are. The trends observed show the need for further studies to be carried out with osmolality and to determine how it may be of importance to protein or API protection during freeze drying processes. Primary drying is usually the longest part of the freeze drying process, and primary drying times lasting days or even weeks are not uncommon; however, longer primary drying times lead to longer freeze drying cycles, and consequently increased production costs. Much work has been done previously by others using different processes (such as annealing) in order to improve primary drying times; however, these do not come without drawbacks. A novel system involving the formation of a frozen vial system which results in the creation of a void between the formulation and the inside wall of a vial has been devised to increase the primary freeze drying rate of formulations without product damage. Although the work is not nearly complete, it has been shown that it is possible to improve and increase the primary drying rate of formulations without making any modifications to existing formulations, changing storage vials, or increasing the surface area of freeze dryer shelves.


This thesis examines the development and implementation of media control in France during the First World War. First it describes the evolution of the press control system between 1914 and 1916 and outlines its bureaucratic framework. The study then analyses the extent to which censorship of the press was useful in helping the French government achieve its aims during the particularly turbulent years of 1917 and 1918. The chapters are set out chronologically and contain sections that examine the role of censorship on a case by case basis.
The last two years of the war have been chosen for special examination in this thesis because in 1917 and 1918 France's war effort was increasingly strained simultaneously by both internal and external events. In 1917 France was threatened with rising war weariness, coinciding with the failed Nivelle Offensive, mutinies at the front and international calls for a negotiated peace settlement. In 1918, as Clemenceau began to rally the nation, France faced its most crucial enemy attack since the Marne in 1914.
Most of the thesis focuses on censorship of newspapers in Paris. These papers not only had far larger ciculations than their provincial counterparts but often were read in the provinces more than were local papers. Finally by following a few papers specifically through these two years, it is possible to see the evolution of the way in which papers on
the left, right and centre were monitored by the government.
This thesis argues that France's censorship system, while not perfect was effective in achieving the aims set out as its goals in 1914 by the War Ministry: to keep military secrets from the enemy and to help maintain public order.


Taxes are an important issue in the management of bond portfolios for investors. The author reviews the benefits of trading municipal and high yield corporate bonds for the purpose of reducing taxes, thereby maximizing after-tax returns. Expected values for tax trading in the two markets are presented. The expected value of tax management is an ingredient that financial consultants should include in their asset allocation models for individual investors. In general, the value of tax trading increases with the average maturity of the portfolio and is sensitive to the investor's tax rates. With municipal bonds, investors should "harvest" losses and avoid gains. The value of tax managing municipal portfolios increases with maturity, but it also decreases as the investment horizon increases. Tax management of high-yield corporate bonds take advantage of the difference between the income and capital gains tax rates for individual and the timing of tax payments. Its value increases with maturity, but unlike municipal, it is not sensitive to one's investment horizon and the strategy entails realizing gains as well as losses.


In this article, I introduce the scientist–practitioner–advocate–leader model as a strategy for addressing the rapidly changing context for psychologists and psychology. The concept of counseling psychologists as learning leaders is derived from the foundations and values of the profession. Incorporating leadership as a core identity for counseling psychologists may create new directions for science and practice as we increasingly integrate multicultural identities, training, and diverse personal backgrounds into social justice initiatives. The article presents six dilemmas faced by counseling psychologists in assuming leadership as part of professional identity, as well as eight learning leader behaviors that counseling psychologists could integrate in their management of ambiguity and uncertainty across various levels of human organization. The article concludes with a discussion of future possibilities that may arise by adopting leadership as part of the role and core identity of counseling psychology.


The staff members from the Department of Education and Communities Wooglemai Environmental Educational Centre (WEEC) have hosted an annual residential eco-leadership camp for secondary students since 2011. The name of the camp is 'Youth Environmental Network Eco-Leadership Camp' (YEN). The participants have primarily been Year 7 to 10 students from New South Wales government schools. There would normally be thirty students (male and female) attending the YEN, with the duration of the camp being four days and three nights. The purpose of the YEN camp is to provide an opportunity for students to air their concerns about the state of the planet and create a vision for taking action in their schools and wider communities on critical sustainability issues. Students participate in workshops and activities that promote understanding of both local and global issues about sustainability as well as building their leadership and teamwork skills. The purpose of the camp is to support students in developing projects and campaigns to be carried out at school or community level and beyond. Students receive leadership training as a part of the camp. The key facilitators of the YEN camp are Frank Calabria and Peter Nicoll from WEEC, Sue Lennox and Ben Maron from OzGreen, and Cate Fredrickson from Taronga Zoo Education Centre. Previous feedback from participants revealed that through attending the YEN camp they successfully built relationships with other like-minded students, gained a deeper understanding of global sustainability issues, and developed visions and action plans to address some of these issues in their schools and communities. However, staff members of WEEC wanted to know how successful the students had been in implementing their action plans in their schools and communities so that they could make appropriate changes to the make up of the YEN camp if required. The WEEC staff members felt the need to develop deeper understandings of what took place in the schools and communities as the students attempted to implement the action plans that they developed on the YEN camp. In order to achieve these goals, the staff members of WEEC collaborated with Peter Andersen from the University of Wollongong to develop an appropriate research project. The following sections will describe concisely the research project, findings, recommendations and implications for the Department of Education and Communities.


Hollow cylindrical charges of PE4 were detonated. The charges had masses of 0.16 to 0.49 kg and a length to diameter ratio of 1/1 to 1/6. The circular hollows were of diameter 0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 m. The charges were detonated from one end. The results showed that provided the correct ratio of charge mass, charge length to diameter ratio and distance are maintained the peak overpressure and impulse remain constant. This means that it is not necessary to know the size of the hole to predict the peak overpressure and impulse in the radial direction. For PE4 the peak pressure, P, is given by P = -251 (M(L/D)1/3R-3)2 +1677 M(L/D)1/3R-3 and the impulse, I, by I = 150 M2/3 R-1. M is the charge mass, L the charge length, D the charge diameter and R the distance from the charge.


In advection-dispersion transport processes, the density contrast between the contaminant fluid and the groundwater in the surrounding flow domain can affect the groundwater flow. Under such circumstances, the migration patterns and concentration distributions, of contaminant plumes can be changed. The primary purpose of this research is to simulate the problems of density-dependent groundwater flow and transport in homogeneous, anisotropic and inhomogeneous (or heterogeneous), anisotropic aquifers by means of a Galerkin finite element method. Secondly, this research is to show the numerical model of Galeati et al. (1992) can be applied to a landfill site. The leachate from a landfill site into the groundwater can change the contaminant concentration. Thus, there exists a density contrast between the contaminant fluid and the groundwater in the surrounding flow domain. In simulation, an example site of landfill is demonstrated. The results for contaminant sources from a landfill conclude as follows. If there does not exist a significant density contrast, the contaminant plume will spread in a shallow zone close to the water table; on the other hand, if there is such a contrast, the plume will sink downward into the groundwater flow system, and its migration pattern will only be changed after a longer transport time of six years. In a shorter time (one to three years), however, the migration pattern will not be significantly changed.


Volumes upon volumes have been written on arctic history, but relatively few are by Canadian academic historians. Who has been writing arctic history and why? Do current trends in arctic historiography suggest the need for change, and if so, what form should it take? And how might these objectives be accomplished? Before addressing these questions, what do I mean by "arctic historiography"? Since history is essentially a story about people about societies, cultures and civilizations, "Arctic" is defined here as the traditional homelands of the Inuit people.' In Canada, these lie in the northern region of the Mackenzie District, the proposed Nunavut territory, northern Quebec (or Nunavik) and northern Labrador. "Historiography" is the writing of history, the interpretation of historical facts and events as they relate to the interests of contemporary society.2 Scholars of the Western World traditionally divided Inuit history into pre-history and post-contact history, a Euro-centric perception that seemed to imply there was no history before the arrival of the white man. In both cases, interpretation was deemed the responsibility of anthropologists. Times have changed, as have perceptions, but Canadian academic historians have yet to write a comprehensive history of the Inuit peoples of Canada. For centuries, western scholars envisioned arctic history to be synonymous with polar exploration history and as such, the exclusive domain of European and Russian scholars, until joined by American historians in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. Because it celebrated heroes, conquest and pride in achievement, the history of arctic exploration was readily integrated into nationalist and imperialist histories of the newly industrialized nation states. Preoccupied in the nineteenth century with the politics of nation-building, railway construction and pioneer settlement, Canadian historians seemed content to attach British polar exploration history to their own, as part of their colonial legacy. Until the region offered up comparable Canadian heroes, political significance or sizable resource wealth, the Arctic was not considered of major importance.3 By contrast, the Yukon drew scholarly attention because of the economic and political implications of the Klondike Gold Rush. Here was a truly "northern" history of adventure, discovery of riches and survival of the fittest, a history that inspired national pride in having thwarted United States imperialism. Coexisting with polar exploration narratives was Inuit history, preserved through countless generations by the oral tradition. These two forms of historiography were rooted in disparate perceptions: one focussed on Western scientific achievements and conquest; the other recounted Inuit spirituality and adaptations to their environment.4 The former described the curious inhabitants of a formidable and alien land; the latter told of the arrival of big ships, carrying strangers who needed help to survive the long winters. Anthropologists have long understood the significance of Inuit oral history. Canadian academic historians have been slow to accept its value as a credible resource. The apathy towards Inuit studies among Canada's professional historians has been partially offset by a surfeit of arctic literature written by geographers, surveyors, anthropologists, archaeologists, ethnologists, ethnographers, geologists, botanists, ornithologists, zoologists, journalists and novelists - Canadians and non-Canadians. Many were writing "history." Some were excellent, but none the less moulded by the perspectives and methodologies of the author's discipline. The Canadian government also contributed to arctic historiography during these years by publishing detailed accounts of its sovereignty patrols and scientific expeditions.5 Beginning in the 1930s, these were complemented by a number of "official" arctic histories compiled for the government.6 Written for public consumption, most were understandably less critical than were reports of privately funded or non-British explorations. …


Abstract Existing information technology tools are harnessed and integrated to provide digital specification of human consciousness of individual persons. An incremental compilation technology is proposed as a transformation of LifeLog derived persona specifications into a Canonical representation of the neocortex architecture of the human brain. The primary purpose is to gain an understanding of the semantical allocation of the neocortex capacity. Novel neocortex content allocation simulators with browsers are proposed to experiment with various approaches of relieving the brain from overload conditions. An IT model of the neocortex is maintained, which is then updated each time new stimuli are received from the LifeLog data stream; new information is gained from brain signal measurements; and new functional dependencies are discovered between live persona consumed/produced signals


The motives behind government programs to provide directed credit to agriculture and industry can be traced to problems of asymmetric information in capital markets and, consequently, to benefits from relaxing the constraints on financing. In agriculture, directed credit programs that help farmers accumulate sufficient wealth to own the land they cultivate may improve the allocation of resources. In industry, the benefits of government credit may include product and factor market externalities as well as the direct benefits from relaxing borrowing constraints. In both sectors, government credit can be useful in overcoming obstacles faced by private intermediaries when lending entails initial fixed costs that intermediaries cannot recapture. Whether government intervention in credit markets can achieve legitimate objectives depends on the mechanism chosen to implement directed credit. In some cases influence-peddling and soft repayment constraints lead to inefficiencies from government involvement. In other cases these problems are avoided by establishing credible mechanisms that ensure the proper allocation and repayment of funds. Evidence on industrial credit programs in Japan shows an apparent link between that country's success in directing credit to machine-tool producers and the decision making process that governs the distribution of credit.


Pyrazolines are prominent nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and therefore, various procedures have been worked out for their synthesis. Pyrazolines have variety of methods for their synthesis but one of the popular methods is of Fischer and Knoevenagel i.e. the reaction of α, β-unsaturated ketones with phenyl hydrazine in acetic acid under refluxing condition. However depending on the reactivity of molecules and need of the chemist, they had synthesized the pyrazolines under different solvent media and acidic or basic conditions.


As co-editor of Theatre Noise, I felt we couldn't produce a this volume without attention to the sound of performance by theatre makers who do not conform to normative concepts of hearing: deaf artists who make theatre, as a culturally defined group as well as with/for the 'hearing audience'. This, this chapter focuses on a form of applied theatre: disabled performance, and will review - or more aptly, rehear - both the art of creating and the act of audience to this form of theatre. The case study in this chapter is Graeae, the UK's foremost disabled theatre company. My focus is on its creative practice that includes sensory and physically disabled artists and in addition embraces integration with non-disabled performers and audiences. This chapter pays attention to the aural strategies and acts of sounding by the deaf artists involved; in the case of 'Reasons to be Cheerful' both director Jenny Sealey and lead actor, Stephen Collins, This is not an analysis of Theatre for the Deaf, nor an attempt to theorise the culture if the non-hearing, but is a series of reflections on the applied aurality of theatre making by these deaf artists that, in turn, offer a reconsideration of the theories of sound and noise in relation to performance. Rather than a 'refusal of intersubjectivity', I argue that the act of sounding by the Deaf is an act of emerging subjectivity which, when considered in relation to theories of noise, is more than readily available to be heard.


The past fifty years has seen a significant shift in the recognition of indigenous peoples within international law. Once conceptualised as the antithesis to European identity, which in turn facilitated colonial ambitions, the recognition of indigenous identity and responding to indigenous peoples' demands is now a well-established norm within the international legal system. Furthermore, the recognition of this identity can lead to benefits, such as a stake in controlling valuable resources. However, gaining tangible indigenous recognition remains inherently complex. A key reason for this complexity is that gaining successful recognition as being indigenous is highly dependent upon specific regional, national and local circumstances. Belize is an example of a State whose colonial and post-colonial geographies continue to collide, most notably in its southernmost Toledo district. Aside from remaining the subject of a continued territorial claim from the Republic of Guatemala, in recent years Toledo has also been the battleground for the globally renowned indigenous Maya land rights case. As such, Toledo is a contested land both internally and externally. However, another people – the Garifuna – have also resided in Toledo since before British colonisation. Despite their long shared history in the Toledo district, the Garifuna absence from the Maya land rights case was notable. This interdisciplinary thesis places the Garifuna at the centre of the indigenous debate in Toledo, and in doing so, has added new perspectives to the complexity in gaining tangible indigenous recognition, particularly when this leads to control over land and resources. In doing so this thesis has added further perspectives on the Garifuna as a people from both a legal and social anthropological angle, as well as contributing to the indigenous narrative in Belize and the wider Central American and Caribbean region.


Even before the laser was invented, science fiction writers saw rich potential in the use of light-beam "death rays" as powerful tools of destruction. But the real history of directed-energy weapons in the United States has been fraught with political and technical challenges and setbacks.


This paper analyzes the microregion of the town of Bochov in the Karlovy Vary Region as an example of an area located in the internal periphery of Czechia and at the same time indicating typical characteristics of the borderland, the result of postwar population transfer. Long-term population development can be characterized by a decreasing population and at the same its concentration in the center. Educational attainment statistics indicate unfavorable findings. Employment is dependent on commuting. Possible strategies include ensuring good living conditions for the population, supporting small and medium businesses, regional marketing, developing tourism and landscape stewardship, and maintaining the rural characteristic of the microregion. Microregions such as the Bochov microregion do not nor cannot have the same preconditions for development as central microregions. Their development should be focused on improving quality of life for local residents and visitors.


Dive into the essential features in Microsoft Word 2010, Excel 2010, OneNote 2010, Outlook 2010, and PowerPoint 2010. This supremely organized reference is packed with hundreds of timesaving solutions, troubleshooting tips, and workarounds. It's all muscle and no fluff. Let the experts help you become at ease and proficient with every program in the Office family. Create great-looking documents using expert formatting tips. Build spreadsheets for complex calculations and data analysis. Save notes, clippings, web pages, and more in a notebook. Create dynamic slides and video-powered presentations. Expertly manage your inbox and business information. Protect your security and safeguard private information. Collaborate with Windows Live SkyDrive and SharePoint.


One of the trends in the twentieth century international law-making is the proliferation of legal norms that recognise economic and social rights. Among the landmark developments in this process was the enactment of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. This Convention declares universal rights of every child and has been ratified by virtually all states including the developing countries. This raises the issue as to whether and how the economic and social rights of children can be implemented in the developing world. One approach to this issue is to explore how the concept of international cooperation in the protection of economic and social rights has been applied to determine and assign external obligations to states parties to the UN Charter. This study examines the scope of obligations and responsibility for the fulfilment of children's social and economic rights under international law. It argues that in addition to the domestic/vertical obligations of states' parties to regimes of human rights law, international law on the protection and promotion of the social and economic rights of children as recently interpreted and applied by states parties entrenches binding external/diagonal obligations of states to support global fulfilment of these rights. Besides recognising their external diagonal obligations, states have adopted legal instruments assigning duties to non-state actors to contribute to the universal fulfilment of children's social and economic rights. The present study interrogates these developments and explores how the emerging jurisprudence on states' extra-territorial obligations regarding children's social and economic rights and the responsibilities of non-state actors can be further mainstreamed in the legal discourse on international protection of economic and social rights.


This is the first self-defence book for everyone working in the film and television industry, Addressing a general, non-attorney readership, it is a fascinating, highly accessible and practical guide to current entertainment laws peculiarities and 'creative' practices. Armed with this book, filmmakers can save themselves thousands of dollars in legal fees as they navigate the entertainment business's shark-infested waters. Whether you are a professional or wannabe producer, writer, director, or actor, Litwak can help you make the most of your business dealings while steering you clear of contractual traps. This second edition contains hundreds of updates and revisions of the first edition and includes two new chapters: 'Legal Remedies' and 'Retaining Attorneys, Agents, and Managers'.


What is the future of right-wing politics in India? Is
India as a nation laden in the cultural foundation of conservatism and purity
or it is a diversity moulded through the power of right-wing into a singular
cultural system? The recent crises of right-wing politics in India founded in
the new politics of social change where the historical oppression of diverse
groups based on social class, religion, gender and caste has been politicized with new meaning under the
garb of 'doing' development, cultural revivalism and the discourses of
neoliberalism. Present research attempt
to understand how the social identity of an authentic leader is shaped by the
global neoliberal values and in what way the preference of authentic leaders by
the group is moderated by the social class mobility and change. Also, some of
the systematic attacks on the freedom of universities gave rise to students'
politics and movements with new vocabularies of resistance and leadership. It
is need of the time to understand the leaders conscious 'doing' and conscious
'not doing', constructing the meaning of a nation in a different way or
limiting it.


Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPMs) are a popular family of general intelligence tests, and provide a non-verbal measure of a test subject's reasoning abilities. Traditionally RPMs have been manually designed. To make them readily available for both practice and examination, we tackle the problem of automatically synthesizing RPMs. Our goal is to efficiently generate a large number of RPMs that are authentic (i.e. similar to manually written problems), interesting (i.e. diverse in terms of difficulty), and well-formed (i.e. unambiguous). The main technical challenges are: How to formalize RPMs to accommodate their seemingly enormous diversity, and how to define and enforce their validity? To this end, we (1) introduce an abstract representation of RPMs using first-order logic, and (2) restrict instantiations to only valid RPMs. We have realized our approach and evaluated its efficiency and effectiveness. We show that our system can generate hundreds of valid problems per second with varying levels of difficulty. More importantly, we show, via a user study with 24 participants, that the generated problems are statistically indistinguishable from actual problems. This work is an exciting instance of how logic and reasoning may aid general learning.


Ten years after the return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, English continues to play a significant role in the life of the Hong Konger. This paper surveys the changing perception of English in Hong Kong since 1997: while it used to be considered a colonial language, it has now turned into an "international language of 'upward and outward mobility'" (Flowerdew and Scollon 1997: 419). In particular, the educational policies concerning English as a medium of instruction at the secondary school level in the special administrative region (SAR) will be discussed. Finally, it will be argued that in the future Hong Kong's language policy will most likely continue to promote development of biliteracy and trilingualism.


The goal of the studies that are reported in this thesis was to develop adequate methods for the production of good quality fry of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). In this connection, prey preferences of the Atlantic halibut larvae is important. When giving en the choice between rotifers and short term (ST) enriched nauplii, the Atlantic halibut larvae showed no preferences for any of these the first two days of the live feed period. From day 3 and onwards the larvae preferred ST nauplii. When the larvae had the opportunity to select between different size classes of A. franciscana, the preferred size was the newly hatched nauplii during the first 3 weeks. Around day 20 at 3-4 mg dry weight (DW), the larvae showed a pronounced shift in their preferred size of A. franciscana, and they started to select for individuals of 1.2-1.4 mm length or longer. The size corresponds to A. franciscana cultivated for 3 days.The larvae apparently digested the newly hatched nauplii better than the ST nauplii during the first weeks, this presumably because of the high lipid content of the latter. Also, the bigger size classes of A. franciscana seemed to be more effectively digested that the ST nauplii by larvae of less then 2.4mg DW. Bigger larvae showed almost equal and very efficient digestion of all size classes of A. franciscana. The larvae never selected positively for ST nauplii, and use of newly hatched nauplii for some time may be beneficial based on the selection and digestion patterns of the larvae. However, the newly hatched nauplii do not contain DHA (docosapentaenoic acid) and are therefore nutritionally inadequate for the larvae. This size class of Artemia may be beneficially used for a few days after onset of exogenous feeding provided that the nutritional status of the larvae at the onset of exogenous feeding is adequate and that the nutritional quality of the feed used later is satisfactory. The larvae selected positively for larger A. franciscana in a period before the reached the size when they normally start to accept formulated food. Prey of the size 1.2-1.4 mm (i.e. 3-day-old A. franciscana) seemed to be the optimal size for the larvae after about day 20 in the lived feed period. It was possible to produce 3-day-old A. franciscana with 18 mg DHA g-1 DW and a DHA/EPA ratio > 1.0 by using a diet containing more than 39% lipids and 10% DHA, respectively. A high DHA/EPA ratio (>1.0) is needed after the production because A. franciscana appears to transform DHA to EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) relatively efficiently. Attempts were made to stabilise the content of DHA in A .franciscana in the larval tanks by incubating them with the DHA rich microalgea I. galbana. However, 6 mg C 1-1 or higher levels of this alga were negative for the DHA contents of ST A. franciscana which then decreased more rapidly during the first 24 h than at lower algal concentrations. This was most likely due to a replacement of lipids by algal cells in the gut of the nauplii. In the case of 3- and 4-day old A. franciscana, the effect of addition of I. galbana on the DHA level in the animals was small for the algal levels normally used in the larval tanks (1-2 mg C1-1). The microalgea Tetraselmis sp. was used to reduce bacterial level and change bacterial flora associated with the live feed. During a 4 h incubation of 2-day-old A. franciscana with this alga, the number of associated bacteria and Vibrio spp. were reduced significantly. This effect was even more pronounced after transfer to first feeding conditions. The composition of the microbial flora associated with the animals became more diverse, and less dominated by Vibrio alginolyticus, which was the dominating species associated with 2-day-old A. franciscana. The results also showed that the algae indirectly affected the larvae through changing the associated bacterial flora of the live feed. Larvae which received algal-treated 2-day-old A. franciscana had significantly lower numbers of Vibrios and bacteria with haemolytic activity compared to larvae fed non-treated- feed. In another first feeding experiment, 4-day-old A-franciscana had high numbers of associated bacteria, and especially of bacteria exhibiting haemolytic activity, even if the procedure for algal incubation was used. Differences in bacterial flora associated with the live feed may lead to differences in growth of larvae.Atlantic halibut juveniles with better quality was obtained with 20% perfect larvae when juvenile A. franciscana was used as feed compared to about 4% with the use of St nauplii. The 3-day-old A. franciscana seems to be the optimal size of the larvae from about day 20 after first feeding because this size has many useful properties. It is the most preferred size by larvae from this time in the live feed period, it is effectively digested by the larvae and it can be produced with a relatively high DHA content (<18 mg g-1 DW). The main challenge is to improve the microbial quality of this feed.


Working in the tradition of trompe l'oeil, Steve Wolfe (b. 1955) creates careful replicas of classic books, worn album covers, and vinyl records, crafted from modeling paste, screenprints, drawings, and many other media. Wolfe's reproductions embrace the tattered jackets, aged paper, and worn corners that come with the consumption of the culture within. These marks become records of time and memory representing the intersection of abstract thought and physical substance. With painstakingly composed illusion, these objects fall within the tradition of trompe l'oeil and blur the line between everyday object and art. This book focuses on Wolfe's works on paper, including drawings and pieces that combine drawing with painting, collage, and printmaking. Although his work is included in numerous museum collections and has appeared in several group shows, this is the first major publication on this important emerging artist.


We report the first measurement of the lepton forward-backward asymmetry A(FB) as a function of the squared four-momentum of the dilepton system, q(2), for the electroweak penguin process B -> X(s)l(+)l(-) with a sum of exclusive final states, where l is an electron or a muon and X-s is a hadronic recoil system with an s quark. The results are based on a data sample containing 772 x 10(6) B (B) over bar pairs recorded at the gamma (4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB e(+)e(-) collider. A(FB) for the inclusive B -> X(s)l(+)l(-) is extrapolated from the sum of 10 exclusive X-s states whose invariant mass is less than 2 GeV/c(2). For q(2) > 10.2 GeV2/c(2), A(FB) < 0 is excluded at the 2.3 sigma level, where sigma is the standard deviation. For q(2) < 4.3 GeV2/c(2), the result is within 1.8 sigma of the standard model theoretical expectation.


Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an important environmental carcinogen for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a complex disease likely resulting from genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (GSNPs) of multiple interacting genes and geneenvironment interactions. Recent efforts have been made to analyze the associations between risk of this malignancy and GSNPs in genes involved in the repair of DNA damage induced by AFB1. Here, we reviewed the results of published case-control studies that have examined the effects of common alleles of all susceptible DNA repair genes, including XRCC1, XRCC3, XRCC4, XRCC7, XPC, and XPD, on risk of AFB1-related HCC among Guangxi population. Statistically significant differences in genotype frequencies found in case-control comparisons were rs25487, rs80309960, rs861539, rs7003908, rs28383151, rs3734091, rs13181, and rs2228001 polymorphism. The overall effects of these GNSPs were moderate in terms of relative risk, with ORs ranging from 2 to 10. Furthermore, some evidence of the interaction of GSNPs in DNA repair genes and AFB1 exposure modulate risk of this cancer was also found, although the results require confirmation with larger sample size studies.


A collaborative research effort by several institutions investigated the dispersion of odors from a swine production facility. Trained human receptors measured downwind odor concentrations from four tunnel-ventilated swine finishing barns near Story City, Iowa, during twenty measurement events conducted between June and November 2004. Odor concentrations were modeled for short time steps using CALPUFF and AERMOD atmospheric dispersion models to compare predicted and measured odor levels. Source emission measurements and extensive micrometeorological data were collected along with ambient odor measurements using the Nasal Ranger® device (St. Croix Sensory, St. Paul MN), Mask Scentometer, odor intensity ratings, and air sample analysis by dynamic triangular forced-choice olfactometry (DTFCO). AERMOD predictions fit the odor measurements slightly better than CALPUFF with predicted concentrations being about half those predicted by CALPUFF. The Mask Scentometer and Nasal Ranger® measurements related best to the dispersion model output, and scaling factors of 3.0 for CALPUFF and 2.4 for AERMOD suggested for the Nasal Ranger® and 0.5 for the Mask Scentometer (both models). Measurements obtained using the Nasal Ranger®, Mask Scentometer, and odor intensity ratings correlated well to each other, had the strongest linear relationships, and provided slopes (measured: modeled) closest to 1.0. Converting intensity ratings to a dilution to threshold concentration did not correlate and relate as well, and this method was deemed less desirable for ambient odor assessment. Collection of ambient air samples for analysis in a olfactometry laboratory displayed poor correlations with other methods and should not be used to assess ambient odors.


Abstract Coarse-grained mertieite-II [Pd8(Sb,As)3] crystals (up to 2.5 mm across) with inclusions of sperrylite and intergrown with keithconnite [Pd3(Te,Bi)], cooperite-braggite, a Pt-Pd-Hg alloy, a (Pd,Pt)9Te phase and Au-Ag alloy occur in alluvial sediments in the Darya river, Aldan Shield, Russia. The primary PGM assemblage underwent alteration with formation of a very fine-grained mixture of Pd-bearing oxides and hydrated oxides. The Pd oxide/hydrated oxide aggregates (up to 100 μm wide and ~1 mm long) occur along crystallographic planes, on grain boundaries and fractures, occasionally intergrown with goethite. The Pd-O-bearing compounds formed after (1) mertieite-II (Sb content reaches 23 wt.%), (2) keithconnite (variably enriched in Te, up to 7 wt.% and Bi, up to 6 wt.%) and (3) potarite (with high Hg content, up to 35 wt.%). The variably oxidized and hydrated PGM assemblage can be attributed to supergene alteration and small-scale element redistribution under cool climatic conditions with a limited degree of leaching.


"This paper is part of the conference proceedings for the 52nd Associated Schools of Construction Annual International Conference in April 2016 at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.; The primary purposes of this paper are to review the special pavement design and construction activities employed in construction of the Calabogie race track after a visual conduction survey to the surface conditions and interaction with the operation personnel and users to verify the performance of the track during the eight years' service, and the effectiveness of the construction strategies, materials and mix designs used in the asphalt paving eight years ago. It was found that the pavement demonstrated good condition after eight years' service including hosting numerous racing and competition events. Special construction methods, material designs and quality control and quality assurance procedures are the major factors contributing to the success of the track. This paper reviews the hot mix asphalt design, and special construction techniques employed during the construction including the project specifications, special paving techniques, field quality control and assurance, hydrated lime application in the mix and during paving. The review of the construction of the race track surface paving will have referential value for asphalt paving activities in highway construction"


This report is a coverage of my 16 weeks practical training at the Center for Sensori-Motor Interaction of the Aalborg University (Denmark). One of their research topics is on the ?eld of the biomedical modelling, where they want to answer the question of the functional behavior of the proprioceptive feedback system of the human body. A valid/good biomedical model could support their hypotheses which are results from different measurements. The original intention of the project was to build a complete walking lower body model to ?nd the reason for proprioceptive feedback during walking. In the middle of the project this original goal was a too high, because of the additional work of redesigning previous work of Huber [26]. The goal is adjusted to design the mechanical and muscle model and a well documented report, so a next project can continue immediately. The mechanical and muscle model appeared to work correct and are veri?ed with measured data. The forward activation of the muscle/mechanical model is not completely the same as expected. This is because the used method does not take co-activation of antagonistic muscle into account. For the continuation of this project a complete measured data set is necessary, because the veri?cation is not 100% valid. This performed veri?cation uses data that is not correlated in the sense that is measured at the same conditions and persons.