Abstract. A box model using measurements from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area study in the spring of 2003 (MCMA-2003) is presented to study oxidative capacity (our ability to predict OH radicals) and ROx (ROx=OH+HO2+RO2+RO) radical cycling in a polluted (i.e., very high NOx=NO+NO2) atmosphere. Model simulations were performed using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1) constrained with 10 min averaged measurements of major radical sources (i.e., HCHO, HONO, O3, CHOCHO, etc.), radical sink precursors (i.e., NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and 102 volatile organic compounds (VOC)), meteorological parameters (temperature, pressure, water vapor concentration, dilution), and photolysis frequencies. Modeled HOx (=OH+HO2) concentrations compare favorably with measured concentrations for most of the day; however, the model under-predicts the concentrations of radicals in the early morning. This "missing reactivity" is highest during peak photochemical activity, and is least visible in a direct comparison of HOx radical concentrations. We conclude that the most likely scenario to reconcile model predictions with observations is the existence of a currently unidentified additional source for RO2 radicals, in combination with an additional sink for HO2 radicals that does not form OH. The true uncertainty due to "missing reactivity" is apparent in parameters like chain length. We present a first attempt to calculate chain length rigorously i.e., we define two parameters that account for atmospheric complexity, and are based on (1) radical initiation, n(OH), and (2) radical termination, ω. We find very high values of n(OH) in the early morning are incompatible with our current understanding of ROx termination routes. We also observe missing reactivity in the rate of ozone production (P(O3)). For example, the integral amount of ozone produced could be under-predicted by a factor of two. We argue that this uncertainty is partly accounted for in lumped chemical codes that are optimized to predict ozone concentrations; however, these codes do not reflect the true uncertainty in oxidative capacity that is relevant to other aspects of air quality management, such as the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Our analysis highlights that apart from uncertainties in emissions, and meteorology, there is an additional major uncertainty in chemical mechanisms that affects our ability to predict ozone and SOA formation with confidence.


INTRODUCTION
Exergames represent a way to perform physical activity through active video games, serving as potentially useful tool in the field of neurorehabilitation. However, little is known regarding the possible role of exergames in improving cognitive functions in persons suffering from neurological disabilities.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A search for relevant articles was carried out on PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar. Only randomized controlled studies and non-randomized but controlled studies were retained. The following additional inclusion criteria were applied: studies focused on physical activity interventions carried out by means of exergames; populations targeted were affected by neurological disabilities; and reported results were related to cognitive outcomes. We calculated standardized mean differences (SMD) and pooled results using a random effects meta-analysis.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Of 520 abstracts screened, thirteen studies met the criteria to be included yielding a total of 465 participants, 233 randomized to exergames, and 232 allocated to the alternative or no intervention. The included studies varied in terms of studied populations (e.g., multiple sclerosis, post-stroke hemiparesis, Parkinson's disease, dementia, dyslexia, Down syndrome), type and duration of interventions, and cognitive outcome measures. Exergames significantly improved executive functions (SMD=0.53, P=0.005; 8 studies, N.=380) and visuo-spatial perception (SMD=0.65, P<0.0001; 5 studies, N.=209) when compared to the alternative or no intervention. There were no significant differences for attention (SMD=0.57, P=0.07; 7 studies, N.=250) and global cognition (SMD=0.05, P=0.80; 6 studies, N.=161).

CONCLUSIONS
Exergames are a highly-flexible tool for rehabilitation of both cognitive and motor functions in adult populations suffering from various neurological disabilities and developmental neurological disorders. Additional high-quality clinical trials with larger samples and more specific cognitive outcomes are needed to corroborate these preliminary findings.

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT
Exergames could be considered either as a supplemental treatment to conventional rehabilitation, or as strategy to extend benefits of conventional programs at home.


Recent progress on novel long-range coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry is reviewed along with its applications to diagnosing problems with optical fiber cables. The measurement range of a conventional C-OFDR is limited to the coherence length of the laser used as the light source, since the phase noise of the laser degrades the sharpness of the beat spectrum. We have developed phase-noise-compensated optical frequency domain reflectometry (PNC-OFDR) to overcome this limitation by introducing a novel phase-noise compensation technique, and we achieved a very high-resolution measurement over the fiber link length. We describe the principle of PNC-OFDR and recent related developments, and discuss its use in diagnosing issues with fiber networks.


Vertical Readings in Dante's Comedy is a reappraisal of the poem by an international team of thirty-four scholars. Each vertical reading analyses three same-numbered cantos from the three canticles: Inferno i, Purgatorio i and Paradiso i; Inferno ii, Purgatorio ii and Paradiso ii; etc. Although scholars have suggested before that there are correspondences between same-numbered cantos that beg to be explored, this is the first time that the approach has been pursued in a systematic fashion across the poem. This collection in three volumes offers an unprecedented repertoire of vertical readings for the whole poem. As the first volume exemplifies, vertical reading not only articulates unexamined connections between the three canticles but also unlocks engaging new ways to enter into core concerns of the poem. The three volumes thereby provide an indispensable resource for scholars, students and enthusiasts of Dante. The volume has its origin in a series of thirty-three public lectures held in Trinity College, the University of Cambridge (2012-2016) which can be accessed at the Cambridge Vertical Readings in Dante's Comedy website.


This article concerns the relationship of politics to speculative and fantastical fiction. Surveying work on aesthetics, media analysis, and science fiction (SF) in the discipline, it also seeks to disjoint some common understandings of how politics is found in cultural artifacts by showing that much IR analysis of SF has opted for a reductionist reliance on analogical readings. To do so, the article first sets out the status of the SF genre, and related fields such as fantasy. The case is here presented with greater ambition than is usually the case, paying particular attention to utopia, and arguing for a view of SF as part hinterland of political theory. In the second part, the underlying rationale for pop cultural analysis is revisited, and some standard motifs in the study of SF recapitulated, the better to revise critical common sense. Having expanded the field of inquiry, a third section demonstrates the limits of analogical analysis as currently practiced. The article then elaborates and defends a new distinction between programmatic and expressive sensibilities in SF to revive the case for a more ambivalent and open reading of SF. Having mapped the current limits of pop-cultural IR, and offered a somewhat different cartography, a final section draws out some implications for methods and future discussion.


The well known least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is studied as a control system. When applied in a noise canceller a block diagram approach is used to show that the step size has two upper limits. One is the conventional limit beyond which instability results. The second limit shows that if the step size is chosen to be too large then feed-through terms consisting of signal times noise will result in an additive term at the noise canceller output. This second limit is smaller than the first and will cause distortion at the noise canceller output.


White-light (WL) flares have been observed and studied for more than a century since their first discovery. However, some fundamental physics behind the brilliant emission remains highly controversial. One of the important facts in addressing the flare energetics is the spatio-temporal correlation between the WL emission and the hard X-ray (HXR) radiation, presumably suggesting that energetic electrons are the energy sources. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of 25 strong flares (≥M5) observed simultaneously by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). Among these events, WL emission was detected by SDO/HMI in 13 flares, associated with HXR emission. To quantitatively describe the strength of WL emission, equivalent area (EA) is defined as the integrated contrast enhancement over the entire flaring area. Our results show that the EA is inversely proportional to the HXR power-law index, indicating that stronger WL emission tends to be associated with a larger population of high energy electrons. However, no obvious correlation is found between WL emission and flux of non-thermal electrons at 50 keV. For the other group of 13 flares without detectable WL emission, the HXR spectra are softer (larger power-law index) than those flares with WL emission, especially for the X-class flares in this group.


Numerous studies on leadership and on the relationship between leadership style and various individual and organisational outcomes have utilised either of two questionnaire instruments for the measurement of leader behaviour. These are StodgiIl's (1963) Leadership Behaviour Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), and the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) of Bass (1985). The first is based on the two dimensions of leader behaviour, Initiating Structure and Consideration, while the MLQ focuses on the distinction between Transformation and Transactional leadership styles. In recent years there has been growing interest in the study of self-managing teams, and much of the literature has argued that such groups give rise to higher performance and higher levels of worker satisfaction and commitment. Attention has therefore been directed at the types of leader behaviours which are appropriate for the success of self-managing teams. Manz and Sims (1989, 1991) introduced the concept of "Super leadership", which is the set of leadership behaviours which encourages self-leadership by followers in order that they can successfully accomplish tasks that were traditionally done by their superiors. Self-leadership is described in terms of a broad view of self-influence that encompasses self-management strategies as well as strategies for managing the motivational values of the task, such as the feeling of competence, self-control, etc. (Manz, 1986, 1992). Manz and Sims (1987) developed the Self-Management Leadership Questionnaire (SMLQ) as a measure of such leader behaviours. The behavioural dimensions contained in the questionnaire reflect three broad established streams of literature, namely, 1) behavioural self-control (eg. Bandura, 1969) and self-management (Mahoney and Amkoff, 1978); 2) intrinsic motivation (Deci, 1975; Hoffman, 1981), and 3) the use of mental imagery, self-talk and positive thinking (Neck and Manz., 1992; Kendall et al., 1990). The six dimensions tapped by the SMLQ are: Self-observation, Rehearsal, Self Goal-setting, Self Criticism, Self Reinforcement, and Self Expectation. The study reported in this paper investigates the relationship between the newer leadership dimensions measured by the Manz and Sims's SMLQ questionnaire and the more established dimensions of Transformational and Transactional leadership style, Initiating Structure and Consideration, as measured by the LBDQ and MLQ. It also explores the relationship between the above leadership style factors and a number of work related attitudes, including job satisfaction, commitment and faith in management. Questionnaires containing items measuring the above leadership style dimensions and work related attitudes were distributed to members of selfmanaged teams in a large manufacturing organisation. A total of 318 useable questionnaires were returned. These were subjected to a series of correlational and regression analyses. The results showed that the scales measured by the SMLQ represented leadership style dimensions which are distinct from those measured by the older and more established LBDQ and MLQ instruments. Furthermore, the SMLQ measures were predictive of follower worker attitudes to an extent comparable with those for the older leadership style dimensions. It was also found that the SMLQ measures provided statistically significant additional predictive power after having statistically controlled for predictive effects of the older leadership measures.


Seafarming is a growing economic activity in Indonesian coastal areas. The level of investment required for this activity is lower than in the capture fisheries and in the agricultural industry. However, in considering the development of seafarming activities one not only needs to take into account direct economic benefits, but also social and environmental spillovers with a view to approaching a more sustainable degree of economic development. After outlining the economic significance, development and adverse environmental effects of seafarming activities in Indonesia, this paper examines the economics and socio-economic benefits of seafarming taking seaweed culture as a case. It is estimated that the potential economic return from seaweed farming appears to be high in Indonesia as can be best judged from the internal rate of return figure which is estimated to be 47 per cent. The paper also considers the socio-economic prospects for giant clam farming in Indonesia. It reviews the current status and utilisation of giant clams, examines the environmental advantageous of clam farming and considers the market and possible socioeconomic benefits of clam culture.


Quantum transport is studied in electronic two-terminal devices with monoand few-layer graphene samples described by the low-energy effective theories. Using the scattering approach, the full counting statistics of the transmission distribution, including conductance and noise, are analyzed in the ballistic regime. For undoped few-layer graphene the transport properties are reduced to those of uncoupled monolayers, which manifests a non-unitary gauge invariance owing to the chiral symmetry. Gauge transformations are also used to analyze the effect of external magnetic fields and to facilitate the conformal mapping between the rectangular and Corbino disk sample geometries. The gate-voltage dependence of the ballistic transport properties is studied in a simplistic model and a self-consistent model taking into account the partial doping of the sample by the metallic electrodes. The long-range contact potential is shown to cause strong electron-hole asymmetries in the conductance and noise. Disordered graphene samples are investigated by means of a recently developed approach based on the assumption of non-overlapping impurities. The magnetoconductance of graphene with scalar impurities shows a transition from the diffusive transport regime at weak magnetic fields to the quantum Hall regime, and a transition at stronger magnetic fields to an effectively ballistic regime.


Internet of Things (IoT) refers to physical and virtual objects that have unique identities and are connected to the internet to facilitate intelligent applications that make energy, logistics, industrial control, retail, agriculture and many other domains "smarter". Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet that is rapidly gathering momentum driven by the advancements in sensor networks, mobile devices, wireless communications, networking and cloud technologies. Experts forecast that by the year 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion devices/things connected to the internet. This book is written as a textbook on Internet of Things for educational programs at colleges and universities, and also for IoT vendors and service providers who may be interested in offering a broader perspective of Internet of Things to accompany their own customer and developer training programs. The typical reader is expected to have completed a couple of courses in programming using traditional high-level languages at the college-level, and is either a senior or a beginning graduate student in one of the science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) fields. Like our companion book on Cloud Computing, we have tried to write a comprehensive book that transfers knowledge through an immersive "hands on" approach, where the reader is provided the necessary guidance and knowledge to develop working code for real-world IoT applications. Additional support is available at the book's website: www.internet-of-things-book.com The book is organized into 3 main parts, comprising of a total of 11 chapters. Part I covers the building blocks of Internet of Things (IoTs) and their characteristics. A taxonomy of IoT systems is proposed comprising of various IoT levels with increasing levels of complexity. Domain specific Internet of Things and their real-world applications are described. A generic design methodology for IoT is proposed. An IoT system management approach using NETCONF-YANG is described. Part II introduces the reader to the programming aspects of Internet of Things with a view towards rapid prototyping of complex IoT applications. We chose Python as the primary programming language for this book, and an introduction to Python is also included within the text to bring readers to a common level of expertise. We describe packages, frameworks and cloud services including the WAMP-AutoBahn, Xively cloud and Amazon Web Services which can be used for developing IoT systems. We chose the Raspberry Pi device for the examples in this book. Reference architectures for different levels of IoT applications are examined in detail. Case studies with complete source code for various IoT domains including home automation, smart environment, smart cities, logistics, retail, smart energy, smart agriculture, industrial control and smart health, are described. Part III introduces the reader to advanced topics on IoT including IoT data analytics and Tools for IoT. Case studies on collecting and analyzing data generated by Internet of Things in the cloud are described.


We investigate the oil price-macroeconomy relationship from a global perspective, by means of a large scale macro-financial-econometric model. In addition to real activity, we consider fiscal and monetary policy responses and labor and financial markets conditions, in order to provide a comprehensive account of the macro-financial effects of oil price shocks. We find that oil market supply side, speculative, preferences, and volatility shocks exercised recessionary effects during the first and second Persian Gulf War and 2008 oil price episodes. As long as oil supply will keep expanding at a slower pace than required by demand conditions, and in so far as the recently passed regulatory provisions aimed at controlling financial speculation in the oil (and other commodities) futures market will prove unsuccessful, a recessionary bias, determined by higher and more uncertain real oil prices, may then be expected to persist also in the near future.


We carried out an analysis of existing multicolor
photometry and optical spectroscopy of MWC 342, a B[e] star with an uncertain evolutionary state. The star shows a gradual brightening in the optical and near-IR regions, while its Balmer
lines demonstrate a relative stability of their shapes over the last 50 years. Recent high-resolution spectroscopic observations did
not reveal the presence of photospheric lines. The hypotheses about the nature of MWC 342 suggested in the literature are briefly discussed. It is shown that the object's properties, such as the Balmer line profiles and shapes of the IR excess, are similar to those of several other B[e] stars including MWC 84 = CI Cam, which underwent a strong outburst in April 1998. We suggest that MWC 342 is likely to be an evolved object, perhaps a binary system with a compact secondary, which may also undergo an outburst in the nearest future.


ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rules, by Anoushiravan Ehteshami. London, UK and New York: Routledge, 2007. 258 pages. xii + 196 pages. Tables. Notes to p. 228. Sel. bibl. to p. 241. Index to p. 258. $135. Reviewed by Robert E. Looney The Middle East stands out as the least globalized area in the world. In fact, the majority of Middle Eastern governments, opposition movements, and intellectuals have strongly resisted it. Moreover, in no part of the world is violence more often used in the anti-globalization struggle, most notably by radical Islamic movements. How can the strength of anti-globalization sentiments in this increasingly significant area of the world be explained? Anoushirivan Ehteshami's important study, which is set apart from other recent volumes by his vast knowledge of the region, offers a thoughtful and persuasive answer to this question. This brief review cannot do justice to the complexity of Ehteshami's arguments, but can convey a brief sense of his major themes. As Ehteshami notes, there is a real fear of globalization in the Middle East. Rather than sharing the East Asian view that globalization presents an opportunity, the Islamic states largely view it as a threat: ... in no other developing region, I would argue, is sovereignty (economic political and cultural) more fervently defended than in the Middle East, which again raises deep suspicions in this part of the world about the corrosive impact of globalization on Muslim societies. At such junctions the forces of globalization encounter their geopolitical counterparts? In the Muslim Middle East, which has a unique and historically distinct cultural make-up compared with many other regions globalization's penetration means that the challenge is felt more profoundly at the state level than elsewhere (p. 3). Although most countries in the Middle East have, often grudgingly, accepted the principle of economic liberalization and the need for adoption of World Trade Organization ( WTO) standards, there are few willing to accept the enormous consequences that globalization poses for their socio-economic fabric. Ehteshami concludes that Islamic nationalism, even in its most militant form, should be seen as a direct response to the cultural side effects of economic globalization . subordination of the Muslim state to global capitalist forces often triggers a sense of alienation that can only be assuaged through resistance and a renewed allegiance to tradition. …


BACKGROUND
Efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) have been demonstrated in obese individuals. Yet, there is a paucity of data on the outcomes of PCNL in morbidly obese patients (body mass index [BMI] >40).

METHODS
Perioperative and stone-related outcomes following PCNL in morbidly obese patients was assessed using a prospective database administered by the Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES). A multidimensional match of 97 morbidly obese patients with those of normal weight was created using propensity score matching. Student's t-test and Chi-square tests were used to assess for differences between the groups.

RESULTS
In total, 97 patients with a BMI >40 kg/m(2) were matched by stone characteristics with 97 patients of normal weight. The morbidly obese population demonstrated higher rates of diabetes mellitus (43% vs. 6%, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular disease (56% vs. 18%, (p < 0.001). Access was achieved more frequently by radiologists in the morbidly obese group (19% vs. 6%, p = 0.016). Mean operative duration was longer in the morbidly obese group (112 ± 56 min vs. 86 ± 43.5 min, p < 0.001). Stone-free rates were lower in the morbidly obese group (66% vs. 77%, p = 0.071). There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay or transfusion rate. Morbidly obese patients were significantly more likely to experience a postoperative complication (22% vs. 6%, p = 0.004).

INTERPRETATION
PCNL in morbidly obese patients is associated with longer operative duration, higher rates of re-intervention and an increased risk of perioperative complications. With this knowledge, urologists should seek to develop strategies to optimize the perioperative management of such patients.


In this paper, we propose a receipt-free cooperation incentive scheme for multihop wireless networks. The nodes submit lightweight payment reports containing their alleged charges and rewards, and store undeniable security evidences. The fair reports can be cleared with almost no processing overhead. For the cheating reports, the evidences are requested to identify and evict the cheating nodes. Since cheating actions are exceptional, our scheme can significantly reduce the overhead of submitting and processing the payment data. Extensive analysis and simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme can clear the payment with almost no processing overhead while achieving the same security strength as the receipt-based schemes.


A survey was carried out amongst 600 motorcyclists by Sample Surveys Ltd between 9th and 14th October 1989. A number of questions were placed on the survey by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory covering training and safety issues. One hundred sampling points were selected, spread thoughout the UK. At each point, 6 interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire, a copy of which is included as an appendix. The sample was quota controlled by engine size of motorcycle, and information is given on the age, sex and riding experience of the motorcyclists. Results from the research include: (1) the majority of those surveyed believed that the current (October 1989) two part exam is a fair test of road riding skills, but 75% favoured the recently introduced road test format involving the examiner accompanying the candidate on another machine; (2) 85% of motorcyclists felt all should undertake some training; (3) 79% of motorcyclists were not in favour of learner riders carrying passengers; (4) approximately a half of the sample would not use leg protectors; and (5) 36% of riders reported wearing reflective or fluorescent clothing, and 59% expressed the view that all riders should do so.


In 379 mice subjected to from 1 to 11 atm. of pO2 and 0 to 304 mm Hg of pCO2 for 90 minutes, oxygen was convulsigenic at pressures greater than 3 atm. and lethal at greater than 4 atm. Carbon dioxide in 1 atm. of O2 was not convulsigenic but was lethal at very high tensions. In the presence of O2 at high pressure (OHP) small elevations of CO2 tension shortened the preconvulsive latent period, whereas CO2 tensions greater than 120 mm Hg inhibited convulsions. Survival time in OHP was shortened by the addition of CO2. An interaction between OHP and CO2 effects is suggested by both the preconvulsive latent period and survival time data. The effects of CO2 on OHP and electroshock convulsions are compared and possible reasons for differences are discussed in light of the previously demonstrated general cortical depression and inhibition of convulsions by CO2. The potentiation of OHP convulsions by low CO2 tensions is probably due to effects on brain blood flow. Although death can occur without convulsions there is a tendency for animals susceptible to convulsions to be also susceptible to the lethal properties of OHP with CO2.

Submitted on July 28, 1960


Book synopsis: This book examines the outbreak of print in late Victorian Britain. It joins categories that are normally separated: literature/popular culture, books/magazines, publishers/newsagents, and media studies/media history. The approach is through material culture, archival material that is theorised and gendered. Chapters focus on authorship, production, and gender in relation to Dickens, Pater, Ruskin, Eliot, Symons, and James, and serials such as Master Humphrey's Clock, the Westminster Review, Artist and Journal of Home Culture, Publishers' Circular, Yellow Book and Savoy.


For metric measure spaces verifying the reduced curvature-dimension condition $CD^*(K,N)$ we prove a series of sharp functional inequalities under the additional assumption of essentially non-branching. Examples of spaces entering this framework are (weighted) Riemannian manifolds satisfying lower Ricci curvature bounds and their measured Gromov Hausdorff limits, Alexandrov spaces satisfying lower curvature bounds and more generally $RCD^*(K,N)$-spaces, Finsler manifolds endowed with a strongly convex norm and satisfying lower Ricci curvature bounds, etc.
In particular we prove Brunn-Minkowski inequality, $p$-spectral gap (or equivalently $p$-Poincare inequality) for any $p\in [1,\infty)$, log-Sobolev inequality, Talagrand inequality and finally Sobolev inequality.
All the results are proved in a sharp form involving an upper bound on the diameter of the space; if this extra sharpening is suppressed, all the previous inequalities for essentially non-branching $CD^*(K,N)$ spaces take the same form of the corresponding ones holding for a weighted Riemannian manifold verifying curvature-dimension condition $CD(K,N)$ in the sense of Bakry-Emery. In this sense inequalities are sharp. We also discuss the rigidity and almost rigidity statements associated to the $p$-spectral gap.
Finally let us mention that for essentially non-branching metric measure spaces, the local curvature-dimension condition $CD_{loc}(K,N)$ is equivalent to the reduced curvature-dimension condition $CD^*(K,N)$. Therefore we also have shown that sharp Brunn-Minkowski inequality in the \emph{global} form can be deduced from the \emph{local} curvature-dimension condition, providing a step towards (the long-standing problem of) globalization for the curvature-dimension condition $CD(K,N)$.


The colonization process that began in Santa Fe province in the mid of the nineteenth century radically transformed its productive structure. The settlement of agrarian colonies of European immigrants in borderlands helped to the emergency of an active real state market supplied not only by the immigration demand, but also from a continuous offer of new lands and the emergence of a broad spectrum of businessmen and entrepreneurs that would specialize in colonization. Therefore this article expects to analyze the two first decades of the land market which emerged from that newly productive configuration in the most important colonies of the province, Esperanza and San Carlos. We will try to examine the changes of this market and the economic impact that this process produced in the provincial economic system. From a survey of all land sales in these colonies during the chosen period, we will attempt to show the progression in land prices, the differences according to the surface of productive units, the ways of payment and financing and the rotation speed of plots between owners.


In this paper we present BalOnSe (named after the ballet step balance), an ontology-based web interface that allows the user to annotate classical ballet videos, with a hierarchical domain specific vocabulary and provides an archival system for videos of dance. The interface integrates a hierarchical vocabulary based on classical ballet syllabus terminology (Ballet.owl) implemented as an OWL-2 ontology. BalOnSe supports the search and browsing of the multimedia content using metadata (title, dancer featured, etc.), and also implements the functionality of "searching by movement concepts", i.e., filtering the videos that are associated with particular required terms of the vocabulary, based on previous submitted annotations. In the paper, we present the ballet.owl ontology, and its structure, explaining the conceptual modeling decisions. We highlight the main functionality of the system and finally, we present how the manual ontology guided annotation allows the user to search the content through the vocabularies and also view statistics in the form of tag clouds.


Cyber warfare is a critical component of nation-states' military arsenals, and a cyber arms race has emerged in the absence of international agreements (norms and confidence-building measures) to limit the use of cyber warfare. One key impediment to building consensus on cyber norms and confidence-building measures is a lack of transparency in cyber weapons development and poor attribution of attack perpetrators. Recently, there has been an improvement in attribution capabilities based on better data collection and the profiling of known hackers and nation states by intelligence agencies, and this should give impetus to efforts to establish confidence-building measures and cyber norms. This article discusses the need for and challenges associated with attribution, recent advances that will lead to better attribution, and the collective responsibility of nation states in addressing these challenges. It suggests several initiatives to reduce chances of cyber conflict, as well as to prevent cyber conflicts from escalating, such as defining clear processes for attribution, creating neutral bodies for incident analysis, and limiting the scope of retaliation based on the confidence in attribution.


Background Food deserts, areas that lack full-service grocery stores, may contribute to rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases among low-income and racial/ethnic minority residents. Our corner store project, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Communities Putting Prevention to Work initiative, aimed to increase availability of healthful foods in food deserts in Nashville, Tennessee. Community Context We identified 4 food deserts in which most residents are low-income and racially and ethnically diverse. Our objectives were to develop an approach to increase availability of fresh fruits and vegetables, low-fat or nonfat milk, and 100% whole-wheat bread in Nashville's food deserts and to engage community members to inform our strategy. Methods Five corner stores located in food deserts met inclusion criteria for our intervention. We then conducted community listening sessions, proprietor surveys, store audits, and customer-intercept surveys to identify needs, challenges to retailing the products, and potential intervention strategies. Outcome Few stores offered fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, low-fat or nonfat milk, or 100% whole-wheat bread, and none stocked items from all 4 categories. Major barriers to retailing healthful options identified by community members are mistrust of store owners, history of poor-quality produce, and limited familiarity with healthful options. Store owners identified neighborhood crime as the major barrier. We used community input to develop strategies. Interpretation Engaging community residents and understanding neighborhood context is critical to developing strategies that increase access to healthful foods in corner stores.


A main puzzle in the sovereign debt literature is that defaults have only minor effects on subsequent borrowing costs and access to credit. This paper comes to a different conclusion. We construct the first complete database of investor losses (\"haircuts\") in all restructurings with foreign banks and bondholders from 1970 until 2010, covering 180 cases in 68 countries. We then show that restructurings involving higher haircuts are associated with significantly higher subsequent bond yield spreads and longer periods of capital market exclusion. The results cast doubt on the widespread belief that credit markets \"forgive and forget.\".


Context. Planetary debris is observed in the atmospheres of over 1000 white dwarfs, and two white dwarfs are now observed to contain orbiting minor planets. Exoasteroids and planetary core fragments achieve orbits close to the white dwarf through scattering with major planets. However, the architectures that allow for this scattering to take place are time-consuming to explore with N-body simulations lasting ∼1010 yr; these long-running simulations restrict the amount of phase space that can be investigated.
Aims. Here we use planar and three-dimensional (spatial) elliptic periodic orbits, as well as chaotic indicators through dynamical stability maps, as quick scale-free analytic alternatives to N-body simulations in order to locate and predict instability in white dwarf planetary systems that consist of one major and one minor planet on very long timescales. We then classify the instability according to ejection versus collisional events.
Methods. We generalized our previous work by allowing eccentricity and inclination of the periodic orbits to increase, thereby adding more realism but also significantly more degrees of freedom to our architectures. We also carried out a suite of computationally expensive 10 Gyr N-body simulations to provide comparisons with chaotic indicators in a limited region of phase space.
Results. We compute dynamical stability maps that are specific to white dwarf planetary systems and that can be used as tools in future studies to quickly estimate pollution prospects and timescales for one-planet architectures. We find that these maps also agree well with the outcomes of our N-body simulations.
Conclusions. As observations of metal-polluted white dwarfs mount exponentially, particularly in the era of Gaia, tools such as periodic orbits can help infer dynamical histories for ensembles of systems.


In the UK, as in other developed market economies, commercial property is a multimillion pound industry that makes an important contribution to GDP and employment. Commercial development is a classic example of a high risk / high return business; a fact that is particularly apposite in times of economic uncertainty. Developers clearly take significant risks at various stages of the development process; and they do this in anticipation of the considerable financial rewards on offer. Equally, when their assessment indicates it, the decision will be taken not to proceed. On what basis do they make these decisions? Previous research by the author found that, while formal risk assessment is undertaken by developers, the process is heavily influenced by their risk attitude and 'judgement'. The research seeks to explore these issues by generating empirical data on developers' 'judgement' and setting them against existing theoretical work. The overall aim of the study is to examine the issue of 'judgement' in risk-related decisions in the property development process, and to determine whether this concept can be theoretically explained using existing work on risk, risk attitude and heuristics. The method of enquiry is predominantly in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with experienced property developers. At this stage the data has been analysed by a sorting and sifting process to try and find similarities, differences and patterns in the responses. The research has found that property developers essentially believe that they adopt a fairly objective approach to risk related decision making however the use of judgement, intuition and experience was frequently referred to. A preliminary analysis of the data suggests that heuristics play a role in the decision making process. In particular the availability heuristic, confirmation trap and cautious shift heuristic are evident. The work reports on the interim findings of a continuing study, and conclusions are, as yet, provisional, but in terms of its aims, objectives and method the paper gives an insight into an important and little researched issue in the property development industry.


This is a comprehensive study of sports impact on childhood skill acquisition. The text takes multiple factors into account, including activities in which children participate during their development, and personal and social variables that affect their growth. Authorities in the fields of sport psychology and motor development and learning share their insights in each chapter, guaranteeing a comprehensive exploration of childrens talent development through sport. The book is structured around the fourth stage of talent development research, which takes into account not only practice activities, but also the importance of play and the sampling of various sports throughout childhood. This stage considers psychosocial influences as well as training aspects. Chapters cover a variety of topics, such as implicit motor learning, self-efficacy, perfectionisms impact on emerging talent in youth, and the influence of coaches, peers, and family members.


The subject of this study is the attempt to establish a press amid the Irish
immigrants in mid-Victorian England. There had long been a notable Irish
contribution to English journalism, and the first Irish papers to be printed in
England had been founded soon after the Act of Union.
The press of the 1860s was to be different, however. Earlier papers had been
aimed at a small, political elite but the massive immigration following the
Famine meant that there was now, potentially, a large reading public.
It was a public which was defined to a great extent by two ideas, nationality
and religion-in the parlance of the time, faith and fatherland. These two
elements crucially shaped the responses of both the migrants and of the wider
English society to each other. Where Irish life in England was organised, it
was Catholic and the secular, nationalist journalists of this study, wrote for a
community and within a social organisation which was confessional.
They were also operating at this time, against a political background of
increasing turbulence-which led as the decade progressed, to rebellion and
repression and which saw both the last public execution in Britain and the
deaths of civilians on the streets of London.
The central question for the press of the migrants was how to produce and
sustain newspapers in a hostile political environment, which were at the same
time secular but operated within a system of distribution particularly sensitive
to clerical control.


Early in November 2002, a political tremour shook Parliament Hill — fifty-six Liberal MPs voted against the will of their leader and with the opposition parties in the House of Commons. At issue was a Canadian Alliance motion to change House rules to allow chairs of committees to be elected by secret ballot. Purple prose and fervid speculation followed: Had the unthinkable happened and the Prime Minister "lost control of his caucus"? What did the future hold now that his caucus had "tasted blood"? How much of a personal humiliation was the vote for Jean Chretien, and was it enough of one to cut short his interminable long goodbye? Or, was it evidence that the official opposition had coalesced sufficiently after its own leadership turmoil to carry through a successful divide and conquer mission? Could more of the same strategy be expected?


Selective optogenetic drive of fast-spiking (FS) interneurons (INs) leads to enhanced local field potential (LFP) power across the traditional "gamma" frequency band (20–80 Hz; Cardin et al., 2009). In contrast, drive to regular-spiking (RS) pyramidal cells enhances power at lower frequencies, with a peak at 8 Hz. The first result is consistent with previous computational studies emphasizing the role of FS and the time constant of GABAA synaptic inhibition in gamma rhythmicity. However, the same theoretical models do not typically predict low-frequency LFP enhancement with RS drive. To develop hypotheses as to how the same network can support these contrasting behaviors, we constructed a biophysically principled network model of primary somatosensory neocortex containing FS, RS, and low-threshold spiking (LTS) INs. Cells were modeled with detailed cell anatomy and physiology, multiple dendritic compartments, and included active somatic and dendritic ionic currents. Consistent with prior studies, the model demonstrated gamma resonance during FS drive, dependent on the time constant of GABAA inhibition induced by synchronous FS activity. Lower-frequency enhancement during RS drive was replicated only on inclusion of an inhibitory LTS population, whose activation was critically dependent on RS synchrony and evoked longer-lasting inhibition. Our results predict that differential recruitment of FS and LTS inhibitory populations is essential to the observed cortical dynamics and may provide a means for amplifying the natural expression of distinct oscillations in normal cortical processing.


With the end of Moore's Law quickly approaching, there is a drive to find alternative technologies to traditional solid state devices. Static and dynamic power dissipation continues to increase in current CMOS architectures. The electromechanical switch has nearly zero off-state leakage current. Single walled nanotubes have demonstrated exceptional electrical and mechanical properties and are ideal candidates for the actuator in such switches. Presented here for the first time are vertically actuating switches that demonstrate an interesting phenomenon during the initial switching cycles. It was found that a finite length of the nanotube bundle would slip into the trench region. This has not been reported for similar NEMS devices. A horizontally actuating device showed the appearance of similar behavior due to the electrostatic force. Atomic force microscopy was also used to mechanically characterize the suspended bundles. Here, force-distance AFM was used to measure the stiffness of the suspended bundles. Measurements agree well with the theory when using the number of tubes in the bundle as a fitting parameter.


Among the lasting legacies of the Chicano Movement is the cultural flowering that it inspired--one that has steadily grown from the 1960s to the present. It encompassed all of the arts and continues to earn acclaim both nationally and internationally. Although this Chicano artistic renaissance received extensive scholarly attention in its initial phase, the post-Movimiento years after the late 1970s have been largely overlooked. This book meets that need, demonstrating that, despite the changes that have taken place in all areas of Chicana/o arts, a commitment to community revitalization continues to underlie artistic expression. This collection examines changes across a broad range of cultural forms--art, literature, music, cinema and television, radio, and theater--with an emphasis on the last two decades. Original articles by both established and emerging scholars review such subjects as the growth of Tejano music and the rise of Selena, how films and television have affected the Chicana/o experience, the evolution of Chicana/o art over the last twenty years, and postmodern literary trends. In all of the essays, the contributors emphasize that, contrary to the popular notion that Chicanas/os have succumbed to a victim mentality, they continue to actively struggle to shape the conditions of their lives and to influence the direction of American society through their arts and social struggle. Despite decades usually associated with self-interest in the larger society, the spirit of commitment and empowerment has continued to infuse Chicana/o cultural expression and points toward a vibrant future. CONTENTSAll Over the Map: La Onda Tejana and the Making of Selena, Roberto R. CalderonOutside Inside-The Immigrant Workers: Creating Popular Myths, Cultural Expressions, and Personal Politics in Borderlands Southern California, Juan Gomez-Quinones"Yo soy chicano": The Turbulent and Heroic Life of Chicanas/os in Cinema and Television, David R. Maciel and Susan Racho The Politics of Chicano Representation in the Media, Virginia EscalanteChicana/o and Latina/o Gazing: Audiences of the Mass Media, Diana I. Rios An Historical Overview/Update on the State of Chicano Art, George VargasContemporary Chicano Theater, Arturo RamirezBreaking the Silence: Developments in the Publication and Politics of Chicana Creative Writing, 1973-1998, Edwina Barvosa-Carter Trends and Themes in Chicana/o Writings in Postmodern Times, Francisco A. Lomeli, Teresa Marquez, and Maria Herrera-Sobek


Photochromism is a chemical process in which a compound undergoes a reversible change between two states having separate absorption spectra, i.e. different color [1]. In our previous work we have published some solutions of problems of measuring photochromic textile sample by standard commercial spectrophotometric systems [2]. Main problem with measurement of kinetic behavior of photochromic pigments by standard spectrophotometer is relatively long time period between individual measurements (5 s) and impossibility of measuring whole color change during exposure without interruption of illumination of sample during measurement. It means, standard commercial spectrophotometers enable off-line measurement of kinetic behavior during exposure period and quasi on-line measurement during reversion period. Based on this problem, it is only possible to obtain precise data during reversion—decay process and growth process (exposure) is affected by high variability of data. Following this knowledge, we developed original experimenttal system with short time scanning of color change of photochromic samples during growth and decay period of color change. In this study it is presented new view on the relationship between intensity of UV-A radiation and color change half-life t1/2. Via this relation, it is demonstrated the possibility of the flexible textile-based sensors construction in the area of the radiation intensity identification.


This study aims to specify to what extent the variation introduced in the Estonian object-marking system by Russian-dominant Estonian L2 speakers is spreading to the native usage of Estonian. 669 secondary school students completed a written production task and a grammaticality judgment task on object marking. The results indicate that the object-marking variation is contact-induced and that the group of fluent bilinguals acts as a bridge for impositional innovations to enter and to be accepted by native speakers. The findings also suggest that multiple causal forces influence the diffusion of innovations. While any single causal factor may drive diffusion if it is strong enough, the process is greatly facilitated when different causal factors contribute to the same direction. In this case, fairly weak contact is sufficient to induce diffusion.


Near Wall Behavior of Vortical Flow around the Tip of an Axial Pump Rotor Blade Qing Tian This dissertation presents the results from an experimental study of three-dimensional turbulent tip gap flow in a linear cascade wind tunnel with 3.3% chord tip clearance with and without moving endwall simulation. Experimental measurements have been completed in Virginia Tech low speed linear cascade wind tunnel. A 24" access laserDoppler velocimeter (LDV) system was developed to make simultaneous three-velocitycomponent measurements. The overall size of the probe is × × and measurement spatial resolution is about 100 μm. With 24" optical access distance, the LDV probe allows measurements to be taken from the side of the linear cascade tunnel instead of through the bottom of the tunnel floor. The probe has been tested in a zeropressure gradient two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. " 37 " 24 " 24 Experimental measurements (oil flow visualization, pressure measurement, and LDV measurement) for the stationary wall captured the major flow structures of the tip leakage flow in the linear compressor cascade, such as tip leakage vortex, tip leakage vortex separation and tip separation vortex. Large velocity gradients in the tip leakage vortex separation, tip leakage vortex, and tip separation vortex regions generate large production of the Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy. One of the most interesting features of the tip leakage flow is the bimodal velocity probability histograms of the v component due to the unsteady motion of the flow in the interaction region between the tip leakage vortex and tip leakage jet. The tip separation vortex, tip leakage vortex separation, and tip leakage vortex contain most of turbulent kinetic energy and generate the highest dissipation rate. Relative motion of the endwall significantly affects the tip gap flow structures, especially in the near wall region. Compared to the stationary wall case, velocity gradients in the near wall region for the moving wall case are much smaller and lower velocity gradients in the near wall region cause the low production of Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy. Similar to the stationary wall case, high Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy values are mainly located in the vicinity of the tip leakage vortex and tip separation vortex region. The bimodal velocity probability histograms of the v component are also found at the same locations. The tip separation vortex with most of the turbulent kinetic energy generates the highest dissipation rate. The dissipation rate in the tip leakage vortex region is reduced with the decrease of turbulent kinetic energy under the moving wall effect.


The purpose of the study was to provide a comparative analysis of the views of raters on rubrics that are not based on a particular taxonomy and those that are based on the SOLO taxonomy. The study was designed as a descriptive one, and the data were collected through two surveys comprised of close-ended and open-ended questions. A total of seven mathematics teachers (three women and four men) participated in the study. The data collection procedure was divided into several stages. First, a mathematics achievement test, which was composed by the researcher and comprised of eight open-ended questions, was administered to 104 eight grade students. Afterwards, the raters rated the students' responses using the standard rubrics developed by the researcher. This was followed by the administration of the Survey of the Views on Standard Rubrics to the raters. Next, the raters rated the responses for the second time, this time using the rubrics developed by the researcher on the basis of the SOLO taxonomy. Then, the raters were subject to the Survey of the Views on the SOLO Taxonomy . The close-ended questions included in the surveys were analyzed through arithmetic mean values whereas the open-ended ones were analyzed descriptively. The findings suggested that the raters viewed rubrics based on the SOLO taxonomy as a better rating scale than standard ones in terms of objectivity, the ability to distinguish among students of varying levels, the ability to provide effective feedback on student performance, and ease of preparation and use. Keywords: Rubric, the SOLO taxonomy, views of rater


One of macroeconomists' major concerns is GDP volatility, and understanding what causes this volatility is essential when attempting to reduce it. For decades, the automotive industry has been a major component of US GDP. Therefore, understanding the driving forces behind this industry indirectly contributes to the study of GDP volatility. This paper focuses on CAFE standards and how they change the effect of oil prices on US automobile sales. What motivates this paper is the fact that during the mid-to-late 80s, fluctuations in the market share of domestic automobile manufacturers diminished substantially. Figure 1 presents the sales of domestic automakers' automobiles as a fraction of the domestic market (market share) from January 1974 to June 2004. One can easily notice that around month 170, which corresponds to February 1988, there is a dramatic decrease in volatility. What could be the cause in the decrease of this volatility? [excerpt]


Using retrospective self-report data on ages at first use of alcohol and marijuana from nine National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse conducted between 1982 and 1995, the authors show that estimates of alcohol and marijuana incidence (initiation) during early adolescence decline with increases in the length of the time interval between the data collection and reference periods. The consistency of this finding by gender and across eight birth cohorts, surveyed at different ages at interview and lengths of retention, supports an interpretation in terms of retrospective reporting bias. The authors apply an exponential decay model to adjust the estimates for response bias and use the model to show how bias distorts trends in alcohol and marijuana incidence between 1961 and 1990. An analysis of changes in lifetime-incidence and age-at-first-use reports of birth cohorts as the cohorts age suggests that forward telescoping accounts for most underreporting of early alcohol use and that intentional concealment accounts for most underreporting of marijuana use.


Recent years have witnessed the unprecedented rising of time series from almost all kindes of academic and industrial fields. Various types of deep neural network models have been introduced to time series analysis, but the important frequency information is yet lack of effective modeling. In light of this, in this paper we propose a wavelet-based neural network structure called multilevel Wavelet Decomposition Network (mWDN) for building frequency-aware deep learning models for time series analysis. mWDN preserves the advantage of multilevel discrete wavelet decomposition in frequency learning while enables the fine-tuning of all parameters under a deep neural network framework. Based on mWDN, we further propose two deep learning models called Residual Classification Flow (RCF) and multi-frequecy Long Short-Term Memory (mLSTM) for time series classification and forecasting, respectively. The two models take all or partial mWDN decomposed sub-series in different frequencies as input, and resort to the back propagation algorithm to learn all the parameters globally, which enables seamless embedding of wavelet-based frequency analysis into deep learning frameworks. Extensive experiments on 40 UCR datasets and a real-world user volume dataset demonstrate the excellent performance of our time series models based on mWDN. In particular, we propose an importance analysis method to mWDN based models, which successfully identifies those time-series elements and mWDN layers that are crucially important to time series analysis. This indeed indicates the interpretability advantage of mWDN, and can be viewed as an indepth exploration to interpretable deep learning.


By analysing the influence of situational factors, this paper aims to determine if all face-threatening acts indeed have an impolite effect. Two types of peninsular Spanish speech corpora (formal and informal) were examined, each with different situational features. The theoretical maxims applied to this study are based on Briz (2004), who distinguishes between codified (im)politeness and an interpreted (im)politeness. The initial findings reveal that the features of the communicative situation may neutralise the codified impoliteness in certain speech acts. These features include the relation of solidarity between the interlocutors, the subject or topic of the speech, the purpose and the social and common proximity among the speakers, among others. Such features seem to influence to some extent the interpretation of those acts that conventionally could be considered as impolite. Thus, contrary to the principles generally accepted for Brown and Levinson"s theory of politeness (1987), the findings of this analysis indicate that certain situational factors may, on occasion, lead the speakers to be less concerned about minimizing face offences even though this lack of concern does not actually involve damage to the other.


Purpose: Developing a method of an HPGe detector precise γ efficiency calibration which is very important for accurate radiation detection during cancerradiotherapy practices. Method and Materials: 24 Al radioactive nucleus produced and separated with Momentum Achromat Recoil Spectrometer (MARS) at the K500 superconducting cyclotron of Texas A&M University has positron decays followed by γ transitions up to 8 MeV from 24 Mg excited states, which is used for a β‐γ coincidence measurement with a 1‐mm‐thick BC404 plastic scintillator, an HPGe detector and a fast tape‐transport system to calibrate the HPGe detector.Results: By carefully considering the effects of summing, positron annihilation, internal conversion, and β detector efficiency when analyzing 24 Al spectrum, we got the efficiency for γ‐ray 7070 keV at 49 mm distance away from the source sample 24 Al , which was 0.192(6)%. The Monte Carlo(MC) simulation with CYLTRAN code gave a value of 0.189%, which was in agreement with our measurements. The precise efficiency calibration curve of the HPGe detector up to 7070 KeV at 49 mm distance away from the source sample was obtained. By using the same procedure, we got the efficiency for the 7070 keV γ‐ray at 151 mm distance away from the source sample 24 Al , which was 0.0385(8)%. MC simulation value was 0.0399%, which differed from measurement by 4(2)%. This discrepancy led us to assign an uncertainty of 4% to our efficiencies at 151 mm up to 7070 KeV. The Monte Carlo calculations also reproduced the intensity of observed single‐and double‐escape peaks, providing that the effects of positron annihilation‐in‐flight were incorporated. Conclusion: A new method was established. The precise calibration curves obtained from this work are useful for accurate radiation detection and improving quality control to quality assurance (QA) for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Research sponsored by Department of Energy and Robert Welch Foundation.


Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms that disintegrate or dissolve in the oral cavity in less than 60 seconds without water and chewing. They were first introduced to the market in the 1980s, and become one of the fastest growing subdivisions of the oral drug delivery industry and their products are developing at a great rate. New orodispersible tablet technologies address many pharmaceutical and need of patients, ranging from enhanced life-cycle management for suitable dosing for pediatric, geriatric and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. This is seen to affect about 35% of the general population and associated with a number of diseases like Parkinsonism, mental disability, motion sickness, unconsciousness, water unavailability etc. Other groups that may face problems using conventional oral dosage forms include the mentally ill, the partially developed patients, and some patients who are uncooperative, on reduced liquid intake, or are nauseated. To overcome such difficulties, orodispersible tablets have been developed. This property in dosage form can be reached by the addition of different excipients, from which super disintegrant is the key adjuvant. This has motivated both academia and industry to generate new orally dispersible formulations and technological approaches in the field. Among the dosage forms developed to facilitate for easy medication, the Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) are one of the most widely implemented commercial products. The aim of this review article is to give knowledge of desired characteristics, advantages, preparation methodologies, patented technologies, evaluation and industrial applications of ODTs formulation.


Abstract. We use a global three-dimensional chemical transport model to quantify the influence of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production mechanisms and oxidant concentrations constrained by observations of the oxygen isotopic composition (Δ17O = &delta17O–0.52 × &delta18O) of sulfate in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores and aerosols. The oxygen isotopic composition of non-sea salt sulfate (Δ17O(SO42–)) is a function of the relative importance of each oxidant (e.g. O3, OH, H2O2, and O2) during sulfate formation, and can be used to quantify sulfate production pathways. Due to its dependence on oxidant concentrations, Δ17O(SO42–) has been suggested as a proxy for paleo-oxidant levels. However, the oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate from both Greenland and Antarctic ice cores shows a trend opposite to that expected from the known increase in the concentration of tropospheric O3 since the preindustrial period. The model simulates a significant increase in the fraction of sulfate formed via oxidation by O2 catalyzed by transition metals in the present-day Northern Hemisphere troposphere (from 11% to 22%), offset by decreases in the fractions of sulfate formed by O3 and H2O2. There is little change, globally, in the fraction of tropospheric sulfate produced by gas-phase oxidation (from 23% to 27%). The model-calculated change in Δ17O(SO42–) since preindustrial times (1850 CE) is consistent with Arctic and Antarctic observations. The model simulates a 42% increase in the concentration of global mean tropospheric O3, a 10% decrease in OH, and a 58% increase in H2O2 between the preindustrial period and present. Model results indicate that the observed decrease in the Arctic Δ17O(SO42–) – in spite of increasing tropospheric O3 concentrations – can be explained by the combined effects of increased sulfate formation by O2 catalyzed by anthropogenic transition metals and increased cloud water acidity, rendering Δ17O(SO42–) insensitive to changing oxidant concentrations in the Arctic on this timescale. In Antarctica, the Δ17O(SO42–) is sensitive to relative changes of oxidant concentrations because cloud pH and metal emissions have not varied significantly in the Southern Hemisphere on this timescale, although the response of Δ17O(SO42–) to the modeled changes in oxidants is small. There is little net change in the Δ17O(SO42–) in Antarctica, in spite of increased O3, which can be explained by a compensatory effect from an even larger increase in H2O2. In the model, decreased oxidation by OH (due to lower OH concentrations) and O3 (due to higher H2O2 concentrations) results in little net change in Δ17O(SO42–) due to offsetting effects of Δ17O(OH) and Δ17O(O3). Additional model simulations are conducted to explore the sensitivity of the oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate to uncertainties in the preindustrial emissions of oxidant precursors.


This thesis presents an alternative tradition of classical Marxism capable of understanding what appears to be a shift in power from states to markets over the last two decades. It provides a theory of international political economy which explains both state ownership and control of the economy and its relinquishment, as aspects of 'actually existing capitalism' on a global scale. It is argued that this approach is superior to both Weberian-influenced International Political Economy (IPE), and the current tradition of classical Marxism in International Relations (IR), in that it has the potential to provide a deeper understanding of the apparent 'retreat of the state' as an aspect of so-called 'globalization'. The core contribution of the thesis is a critique of the current classical Marxist approach in International Relations and the proposal of an alternative which differs in its analysis of the space, time and motion of capitalism. It is argued, through a rereading of Capital volumes 1 to 3, that this alternative is truer to Marx's intentions. It is further argued that this more nuanced understanding of capitalism is well-represented through the writings of Hilferding, Bukharin, and Lenin, and is identifiable, though underdeveloped, in the work of contemporary Marxists influenced by these theorists. This alternative tradition of classical Marxism provides an understanding of capitalism in phases of both 'nationalization' and 'privatization', deepening our understanding of capitalism as it 'actually exists'. The thesis has two main tasks. The first is to show that both Weberian-influenced IPE and classical Marxism in IR have an inadequate model of capitalism, a theoretical limitation that has become evident in the globalization debate over 'the retreat of the state'. The second is to suggest an alternative theory of capitalism based on a rereading of Capital volumes 1-3. This theory of 'actually existing capitalism' is better able to capture the complexity of changing state market-relations including what is superficially described as the 'retreat of the state'.


Abstract We assess the national conservation status of the amphibians and reptiles of Morocco by applying the IUCN Red List Criteria at the national level and assess its utility as a planning tool to establish regional priorities for conservation. We rely on the accessory data accompanying regional red lists, mainly distribution range and habitats used by, and threats affecting, species of conservation concern. We also correlated some natural history traits to examine the nature and causes of the risk of extinction. With 13 species of amphibians (31% regionally threatened) and 99 species of reptiles (14% regionally threatened), Morocco is one of the Mediterranean countries with the highest diversity of herpetofauna, mainly because of the high percentage of endemism (amphibians 31%, reptiles 24%). The relative frequencies of threatened species were found to be contingent on both taxonomic group and habitat. The overwhelming importance of the threats of small range and number of habitats used by species is different from the threats to the same species at the global level; this demonstrates the usefulness of national or regional analyses of conservation status for setting conservation priorities. The importance of regional assessment derives from the fact that the boundaries set for conservation management are mainly political rather than biogeographical.


Various factors, including disruption in sociopolitical systems at the end of the Aegean Bronze Age and a long gap in the textual record during the Early Iron Age, have led some scholars to hypothesize a degree of change in subsistence strategies—in particular, an increased role for pastoralism—for the latter period. In Crete, a shift of settlement occurs from ca. 1200 B.C. to inaccessible sites, often in mountain or foothill locations, which contrast greatly with the former settlement pattern focused on coastal or large arable zones. The notion of subsistence simplification as an after-effect of systems collapse, together with the perception of Crete's landscape as traditionally determining specific types of herding, have tempted some to suggest an important role for herding in modeling the EIA economy and/or in explaining the settlement relocation. This article examines in more detail the role herding might have played in Crete's EIA economy and considers its probable character at this time. The settlement record for EIA Crete as a whole, recently enhanced by new data, forms the basis for this investigation. A case study of EIA settlements located in a mountainous landscape in eastern Crete, along with a review of the most recently published EIA faunal evidence, are used to illustrate the discussion. Particular attention is given to the analysis of large-scale socioeconomic context, because the collapse of previous state systems and the emergence of a new state form within this period have very different implications for herding' s role and character.


This thesis examines the design of supervisory controllers for windfarms of pitch-controlled wind turbines. The control objectives are the maximisation of the financial income from the generated electricity and the minimisation of the turbines' fatigue damage. The design exploits the wide variations in the ratio of financial income to fatigue damage which are found both spatially across windfarms and as a function of time. The supervisory control strategy makes use of the ability of pitch-controlled turbines to operate with variable power set points; a capability which is rarely exploited in practice.A windfarm simulation which has been developed for the purposes of testing supervisory controllers is described. It is shown that the simulation is a suitable test-bed for this application. Results are presented which demonstrate how the fatigue damage of a turbine's gearbox and structural components vary as functions of the mean wind-speed, turbulence intensity and power set point, both for isolated turbines and for turbines experiencing wake effects.A lifetime performance function is proposed and 'ideal' power set point curves are evaluated using a genetic search algorithm. It is shown that significant improvements in performance can be achieved if the operation of the turbines is altered to take account of variable electricity tariffs.A windfarm control strategy that splits the turbines into interacting and non-interacting categories is found to give good results. Using data generated by the simulation, it is shown that simple cost functions can be developed for non-interacting turbines which, when used in a controller, give performance that is close to the 'ideal'. A similar cost function is applied to a group of three interacting turbines, and it is found that substantial reductions in all measures of total annual fatigue damage are achieved for a small reduction in total annual financial income. The on-line implementation of windfarm supervisory controllers is discussed and the behaviour of a simple hill-climbing algorithm is examined using a simulated group of
three interacting turbines.


A total of 52 strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were examined for production of bacteriocins. A majority (63%) demonstrated inhibitory activity against all members of a four-species grouping of Lactobacillus leichmannii, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helveticus, and Lactobacillus lactis. Four L. acidophilus strains with this activity also inhibited Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus fermentum, suggesting a second system of antagonism. Under conditions eliminating the effects of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide, no inhibition of other gram-positive or -negative genera was demonstrated by L. acidophilus. The agent produced by L. acidophilus N2 and responsible for inhibition of L. leichmannii, L. bulgaricus, L. helveticus, and L. lactis was investigated. Ultrafiltration studies indicated a molecular weight of approximately 100,000 for the crude inhibitor. The agent was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and retained full activity after 60 min at 100 degrees C (pH 5). Activity against sensitive cells was bactericidal but not bacteriolytic. These characteristics identified the inhibitory agent as a bacteriocin, designated lactacin B. Examination of strains of L. acidophilus within the six homology groupings of Johnson et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:53-68, 1980) demonstrated that production of the bacteriocin lactacin B could not be used in classification of neotype L. acidophilus strains. However, the usefulness of employing sensitivity to lactacin B in classification of dairy lactobacilli is suggested.


An approach for the control of a pumping plant feeding a tank at the inlet of a water distribution system is presented. The approach is aimed at minimizing the energy costs by maximizing pumping during off-peak electricity tariff periods. It is based on trigger levels which are variable during the day according to a prefixed pattern in order to ensure that the water level in the elevated tank is at its minimum and maximum values at the end of the peak and off-peak tariff periods, respectively. The pattern of the trigger levels is defined by solving a multi-objective problem aimed at minimizing the energy costs and the number of pump switches. The approach was applied to a couple of real cases with a single tank. The approach was compared with other methodologies typically used for pump control, i.e. fixed trigger levels (FTLs) and pump scheduling (PS). The results show for the two particular cases that the proposed approach achieves energy costs that are lower than those obtainable by using FTLs, and comparable with those obtainable by using PS. This is based on achieving a similar number of pump switches.


We study the problem of learning classifiers robust to universal adversarial perturbations. While prior work approaches this problem via robust optimization, adversarial training, or input transformation, we instead phrase it as a two-player zero-sum game. In this new formulation, both players simultaneously play the same game, where one player chooses a classifier that minimizes a classification loss whilst the other player creates an adversarial perturbation that increases the same loss when applied to every sample in the training set. By observing that performing a classification (respectively creating adversarial samples) is the best response to the other player, we propose a novel extension of a game-theoretic algorithm, namely fictitious play, to the domain of training robust classifiers. Finally, we empirically show the robustness and versatility of our approach in two defence scenarios where universal attacks are performed on several image classification datasets -- CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and ImageNet.


A hyperbolic system with a convex extension is usually transformed in the symmetric form by taking the components of the main field as independent variables. However, the symmetric form can be obtained also in the original independent variables, which may have more physical meaning, by multiplying the system on the left by a suitable matrix P . Here the two methods are compared, showing also how to find the matrix P . The experience gained in this way, allows us to find also a new method to treat the systems with algebraic and differential constraints, without losing manifest covariance. The particular case of Lagrangian systems is also considered.


Educational institutions have made improving physical and information security a high priority nationwide in recent years. Delaware State University (DSU) is no exception in including security, as a key component of its overall in formation technology strategy. The university's security goals are similar to those of other universities: It seeks to safeguard from security threats its 1,400 resident students, 650 faculty and staff members, and hundreds of computing students and campus visitors. DSU must also protect its information resources, including research data, from cyber-security breaches. Yet, the university has unique needs when it comes to security: DSU's science departments conduct classified research for the federal government. The campus is located near Dover Air Force Base, one of the largest t ;S Air Force bases in the nation, from which a large quantity of supplies and equipment are delivered overseas. Additionally, the campus is across the street from Dover International Speedway, one of the largest NASCAR race tracks in the country. Taking Advantage of the Existing Infrastructure In the past, the school has largely relied on traditional physical security solutions and policies photo ID badges for students, faculty, and staff; automobile ID stickers; restricted dormitory and academic building access to students and faculty; motion sensors; and ordinary keys for access to dorms, academic buildings, and other facilities. Visitors are required to get passes from campus police to visit buildings that are open to the public, and access to the campus is controlled through gates manned by police officers. While some of these tools and processes continue to help control who is on campus and which buildings and equipment they have access to, university officials wanted to do more to boost security. For one thing, the keys used to gain access to buildings and computer rooms were limited in terms of controlling access, and as it so often happens, many keys were lost or stolen. In addition, DSU had no way to ensure that former employees of the university could not access the network or certain electronic files. For example, retired faculty could log on to e-mail or access applications remotely even though they were no longer on campus. A Security Upgrade Administrators wanted to take advantage of the university's existing fiber-optic network technology infrastructure on campus. The network links every building on campus, so a Siemens HiPath 5000 communications system from Siemens Information and Communication Networks (communications.usa.siemens .com), was installed to transition the school to voice over IP (VoIP). University administrators felt they could leverage such installations in their security efforts. The university has embarked on a plan to build a comprehensive identity management infrastructure using Siemens' HiPath SIcurity solutions, which utilize the HiPath SIcurity Card smartcard and HiPath MetaDirectory suite of products. …


The main goal of this thesis was to characterize language-related short-term learning changes in the adult brain. Previous studies have mainly used longitudinal and cross-sectional designs and therefore they captured brain responses of already consolidated rules. On the other hand, studies that used on line or lab training, and therefore captured short-term changes, were conducted in EEG and provided no source correlates related to these changes. However, short-term and long-term learning seem to elicit different plastic changes hence, the anatomical-correlates of the MEG experiments carried out in this thesis would provide useful information to better understand which plastic changes occur in short-term learning. Subsets of natural languages (miniature languages) were used in two of the experiments in order to study short-term changes. It was hypothesized that miniature languages allow to capture language-related changes without the need of course-like long-lasting training. The third experiment was a memory task in participants' native language, and aimed to provide a better understanding of physiological memory functions, especially the role of oscillations in memory retrieval. Therefore, this thesis opens a door to a new way of studying L2 learning, providing anatomical correlates of short-term language related brain changes. // The main goal of this thesis was to characterize language-related short-term learning changes in the adult brain. Previous studies have mainly used longitudinal and cross-sectional designs and therefore they captured brain responses of already consolidated rules. On the other hand, studies that used on line or lab training, and therefore captured short-term changes, were conducted in EEG and provided no source correlates related to these changes. However, short-term and long-term learning seem to elicit different plastic changes hence, the anatomical-correlates of the MEG experiments carried out in this thesis would provide useful information to better understand which plastic changes occur in short-term learning. Subsets of natural languages (miniature languages) were used in two of the experiments in order to study short-term changes. It was hypothesized that miniature languages allow to capture language-related changes without the need of course-like long-lasting training. The third experiment was a memory task in participants' native language, and aimed to provide a better understanding of physiological memory functions, especially the role of oscillations in memory retrieval. Therefore, this thesis opens a door to a new way of studying L2 learning, providing anatomical correlates of short-term language related brain changes.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Yellowstone & Grand Teton National Parks is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Spot a pack of wolves on the hunt in Lamar Valley, watch Old Faithful erupt, or paddle through Grand Teton's alpine lakes; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Yellowstone & Grand Teton National Parks Travel Guide: *Color maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries show you the simplest way to tailor your trip to your own personal needs and interests *Insider tips save you time and money and help you get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots and being safe and responsible *Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, prices, transit tips, emergency information, park seasonality, and hiking trail junctions, viewpoints, landscapes, elevations, distances, difficulty levels, and durations *Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, camping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, summer and winter activities, and hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Contextual insights give you a richer and more rewarding travel experience - including history, geology, wildlife, and conservation *Over 45 trail and park maps *Useful features - including Driving Tours, Travel with Children, and Day and Overnight Hikes *Coverage of Yellowstone National Park, Paradise Valley, Wapiti Valley, Gallatin Valley, Grand Teton National Park, Jackson, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Yellowstone & Grand Teton National Parks, our most comprehensive guide to Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, s perfect for those planning to both explore the top sights and take the road less traveled. * Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's Western USA guide for a comprehensive look at all the region has to offer. * Looking to visit more than one national park in the USA? Check out Lonely Planet's Discover USA's Best National Parks, a photo-rich guide to the country's 27 most popular natural attractions. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Bradley Mayhew, and Carolyn McCarthy. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveler community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travelers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)


The article considers one of the new social phenomena that have arisen in society, and is currently changing everyday social practices, which are one of the integral parts of the new media - computer games. The problem of the study is conditioned by the fact that computer games are gaining popularity, while increasingly influencing players, changing their established way of life, behaviors, forming new styles of communication and attitude to the surrounding reality. The activation of interest in the process of everyday social practices arose due to the shift of value orientations in the structure of students' lifestyle. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of computer games on everyday social practices of students-gamers. The leading methods for the study of this problem is the interview method, which allows revealing more fully and multifaceted impact of computer games on everyday social practices of students-gamers. It was found that the main characteristics of the gamer are: the ability to appreciate the game; the ability to play a lot of fun, not to chase the game awards; to see in the games something of great importance; to know a lot about different games; to be able to play well and understand the game. It is shown that computer games do not generate subcultures, but only try to unite people and teach them to work together in a team. Gamers arrange events for any particular game they play. Such meetings are most often of a competitive nature. Students gamers note the following skills that they acquire through the games: meeting new people; learning English; improving communication skills; interesting stories; historical moments; military Affairs (weapons, equipment, military battles, etc.); myths and legends of different world cultures. The practical significance lies in the fact that the data obtained in the work can be used in social psychology, age psychology, psychology of work, sociology, as well as for further theoretical development of this issue.


There is evidence that soil compaction, through the use of mechanised equipment, causes detrimental effects to soil quality and reduces long-term productivity of soils. For economic reasons, farmers need to purchase larger, heavier machinery in order to cultivate larger areas under crops, resulting in larger forces on the soil. The severity of soil compaction is governed by various soil and vehicle properties and normally causes an increase in the soil's bulk density and a decrease in the air filled porosity. These changes in soil properties have negative effects on crop production and environmental sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate and develop a model based decision support system for soil compaction management and research. Soil compaction occurs during the transfer of stresses from the tyre interface into the soil. Numerically, it has been modelled using both mechanistic and empirical models, which attempt to simulate the stress propagation and also sometimes the consequent damage to the soil. The SOCOMO soil compaction model is described and this model computes the stress at a point in the soil for any given horizontal and vertical stress distribution at the soil / tyre interface. It has been successfully used in the Netherlands and in Sweden to map the impact on the soil. The SOCOMO model was tested and verified at a forestry site in Richmond, KwaZuluNatal. Relationships to determine bulk density were also tested and verified. The SOCOMO model performs satisfactory (RMSE = 47.9 kPa), although it tends to overestimate the pressures within the soil. This could be as a result of the high organic carbon content in the particular soil. Models predicting bulk density also performed satisfactory (RMSE = 69.9 kg.m" ), but resultant densities in the soil are generally underestimated. Future research is needed to find better relationships to estimate changes in dry bulk density and to test the model on a wider range of soils. If the model performs satisfactory it could provide a useful tool to determine the impact of soil compaction on crop yield.


We analyze the spectrum of perturbative closed strings on AdS 3 × S 3 × T 4 with Ramond–Ramond flux using integrable methods. By solving the crossing equations we determine the massless and mixed-mass dressing factors of the worldsheet S matrix and derive the Bethe equations. Using these, we construct the underlying integrable spin chain and show that it reproduces the reducible spin chain conjectured at weak coupling in Olof Ohlsson S, Bogdan S Jr and Torrielli A 2013 (arXiv:1211.1952). We find that the string-theory massless modes are described by gapless excitations of the spin chain. The resulting degeneracy of vacua matches precisely the protected supergravity spectrum found by de Boer.


This study originates from an ELT curriculum innovation in Benin,leading to the adoption of a textbook which emphasizes the development of communicative skills, chiefly through pair/group work. It describesthe experimental INSET set up to introduce its new methodology, and which has been evaluated through the comparison of teaching and learning
by experimental classes with control classes. It also identifies, through a questionnaire, INSET processes considered as most effective.
It finds that teachers with the Action-Research based INSET improved their abilities to use the new book for more communicative teaching as seen through the evaluation of teacher performance by inspectors, pupils and teachers themselves and as compared with control group teachers.
It also finds that the project and the implementation of the curriculum it aimed to facilitate did not adversely affect pupil progress. On the contrary the experimental group pupils scored moderately higher than the control group pupils -on all the English general proficiency tests used for the study. But the difference is not statistically significant. However, the experimental group pupils' subjective impression of progress as well as their views on communicative language teaching are significantly more positive than those of control pupils. It also finds that diagnostic class observations, practical workshops at
school based INSET meetings and residential seminars, with active involvement of teachers through action research, and formative class observations, are considered as more effective than summative class observations, feedback and advice by trainers and inspectors. It concludes that priority should be given to in-service education to
ensure the success of the curriculum reform, with a systematic programme drawing on the problem solving approach to educational innovation for ELT. This should be progressively- generalised to other subjects. Some
suggestions are also made as to the contextualisation and relevance of communicative teaching.


A new class of clay bricks designed, developed, and tested for their radiation shielding efficiency. The bricks were prepared using natural clay, lake clay, and lightweight clay and loaded with different concentrations of Pb (NO3)2. The gamma-ray shielding parameters were measured for these bricks with a transmission type of good geometry setup and operated at 511 and 662 keV energies. The gamma-ray spectrometer consists of a 2"×2" NaI (Tl) detector, 8K multichannel analyzer. The 22Na and 137Cs point isotropic gamma-ray sources were used in this study. To evaluate the efficiency of these bricks, various shielding parameters, such as linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, mean-free path, half-value layer and tenth-value layer were calculated. The X-COM software was used to calculate these parameters theoretically, and both the experimental and theoretical values were compared, and they are in good agreement. These results suggest that the clay bricks prepared with the natural and lake clay attenuate more radiation than the lightweight clay bricks. It is also observed that the lightweight bricks prepared with the solutions with higher loadings of lead nitrate showing increased attenuation, this may be attributed to the reason that at higher loadings of LN, the porous gaps of lightweight bricks are being filled by the LN particles and contributed to the attenuation of radiation.


A firn densification model is presented that simulates steady-state Antarctic firn density profiles, as well as the temporal evolution of firn density and surface height. The model uses an improved firn densification expression that is tuned to fit depth-density observations. Liquid water processes (meltwater percolation, retention and refreezing) are also included. Two applications are presented. First, the steady-state model version is used to simulate the strong spatial variability in firn layer thickness across the Antarctic ice sheet. Second, the time-dependent model is run for 3 Antarctic locations with different climate conditions. Surface height changes are caused by a combination of accumulation, melting and firn densification processes. On all 3 locations, an upward trend of the surface during autumn, winter and spring is present, while during summer there is a more rapid lowering of the surface. Accumulation and (if present) melt introduce large inter-annual variability in surface height trends, possibly hiding ice dynamical thickening and thinning.


The suprasubduction Bulfat Igneous Complex in NE Iraq is one of the discontinuous Neotethys oceanic lithosphere fragments preserved in the Zagros region. Reported here are new geochronological, petrological and geochemical data from this assemblage. At the study locality, Eocene arc-related magmatic rocks are intruded by extensive dykes of Shaki-Rash gabbro. The key reason to focus on these rocks is the remarkable lack of hydrothermal alteration, including preservation of very fresh olivine. Besides olivine the gabbros contain plagioclase and clinopyroxene, with lesser orthopyroxene, biotite, brown hornblende and alkali feldspar. From mineral chemistry, the crystallization conditions of the olivine gabbros are ~ 950-1050°C and ~ 5-3 Kbar. Shaki-Rash gabbro shows alkaline affinity. SHRIMP U-Pb dating of magmatic zircon from the gabbro yielded a mean 206Pb/238U age of 39.0±0.5 Ma (Eocene). Most of the Shaki-Rash gabbro samples have Ti/V of 100 to 50 and fall in the back-arc basin (BAB) and alkaline fields, while on a Nb/Yb-Th/Yb diagram, most samples fall within the MORB-OIB array and plot in proximity to E-MORB. Primitive-mantle-normalized trace-element patterns show enrichment in the large ion lithophile elements without depletion of the high-field-strength elements. These geochemical signatures and their field setting advocate for the formation of these dikes in an extensional tectonic environment, such as an intra-arc rift.


Speech media, that is, digital audio and video containing spoken content, has blossomed in recent years. Large collections are accruing on the Internet as well as in private and enterprise settings. This growth has motivated extensive research on techniques and technologies that facilitate reliable indexing and retrieval. Spoken content retrieval (SCR) requires the combination of audio and speech processing technologies with methods from information retrieval (IR). SCR research initially investigated planned speech structured in document-like units, but has subsequently shifted focus to more informal spoken content produced spontaneously, outside of the studio and in conversational settings. This survey provides an overview of the field of SCR encompassing component technologies, the relationship of SCR to text IR and automatic speech recognition and user interaction issues. It is aimed at researchers with backgrounds in speech technology or IR who are seeking deeper insight on how these fields are integrated to support research and development, thus addressing the core challenges of SCR.