As export competition becomes more intense and export success vital for survival (Katsikeas, 1994), so the effective processing and use of information regarding the international environment becomes a critical prerequisite for gaining competitive advantage (Leonidou and Theodosiou, 2004). Symbolic use of information is one type of information use, which although relatively underexplored to date, may be the most prevalent form of information use within organisations – especially in an export setting (Beyer and Trice, 1982).
Symbolic use occurs when information is used for purposes other than the ones which led to its collection (Menon and Varadarajan, 1992). Symbolic use of information has been conceptualised as a multi-dimensional construct encompassing various dimensions (Vyas and Souchon, 2003). Examples include "exporters that engage in distorting market research findings, taking conclusions out of context, disclosing only the findings that confirm an executive"s predetermined position or consciously ignoring information" (Toften and Olsen, 2004, p. 106). Symbolic use can also legitimate decisions reached on the basis of intuition or managerial assumptions (Vyas and Souchon, 2003).
Although conceptual propositions of the potential relationship between each of the symbolic use dimensions and performance exist (Vyas and Souchon 2003), no empirical research has yet been undertaken. As a result, little is known about how and why symbolic use of export information may affect export performance, and under what circumstances. Furthermore, reliable and valid measures for each one of the symbolic use dimensions are absent in the literature. The purpose of this thesis is to fill in these research gaps. In so doing, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods is employed.
The exploratory phase takes the form of in depth interviews with export decision makers in the UK. The data collected in this exploratory phase are analysed through the use of within-case and cross-case displays as per Miles and Huberman (1994)
and are used not just for hypothesis development, but also to identify potential outcomes of using information symbolically in specific ways and to create pools of items for the development of measures of symbolic use. (Continues...).


Your Move: A New Approach to the Study of Movement and Dance establishes a fresh and original framework for looking at dance. In examining the basic elements of dance - the Alphabet of Movement - and using illustrations of movement technique and notation symbols it provides a new way to see, to teach and to choreograph dance. This book gives a list of primary actions upon which all physical activity is gased, focusing on both the functional and expressive sides of movement. It draws upon the author's broad experience in ballet, modern and ethnic dance to reinterpret movement and to shed new light on the role of movement in dance. Your Move is an important book not only for dancers but also for instructors in sport and physical therapy. Each copy of Your Move comes complete with exercise sheets, which can also be purchased separately. A teacher's guide has also been designed providing notes on each chapter, approaches to the exploration of movement, interpretation of the reading studies, additional information of motif description and answers to the exercise sheets. An optional audio cassette, with music written and recorded especially for use with the book, is also available.


Two-color holographic recording was performed in near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals doped with 50-ppm Mn, where the crystals were thermally annealed in different oxidation/reduction atmospheres. Two-color recording properties including sensitivity, dynamic range, activity energy, and dark decay time were measured and compared, and the results were explained reasonably by measuring some characteristic material parameters.


Background Despite concerns about their health risks, e‑cigarettes have gained popularity in recent years. Concurrent with the recent increase in e‑cigarette use, social media sites such as Twitter have become a common platform for sharing information about e-cigarettes and to promote marketing of e‑cigarettes. Monitoring the trends in e‑cigarette–related social media activity requires timely assessment of the content of posts and the types of users generating the content. However, little is known about the diversity of the types of users responsible for generating e‑cigarette–related content on Twitter. Objective The aim of this study was to demonstrate a novel methodology for automatically classifying Twitter users who tweet about e‑cigarette–related topics into distinct categories. Methods We collected approximately 11.5 million e‑cigarette–related tweets posted between November 2014 and October 2016 and obtained a random sample of Twitter users who tweeted about e‑cigarettes. Trained human coders examined the handles' profiles and manually categorized each as one of the following user types: individual (n=2168), vaper enthusiast (n=334), informed agency (n=622), marketer (n=752), and spammer (n=1021). Next, the Twitter metadata as well as a sample of tweets for each labeled user were gathered, and features that reflect users' metadata and tweeting behavior were analyzed. Finally, multiple machine learning algorithms were tested to identify a model with the best performance in classifying user types. Results Using a classification model that included metadata and features associated with tweeting behavior, we were able to predict with relatively high accuracy five different types of Twitter users that tweet about e‑cigarettes (average F1 score=83.3%). Accuracy varied by user type, with F1 scores of individuals, informed agencies, marketers, spammers, and vaper enthusiasts being 91.1%, 84.4%, 81.2%, 79.5%, and 47.1%, respectively. Vaper enthusiasts were the most challenging user type to predict accurately and were commonly misclassified as marketers. The inclusion of additional tweet-derived features that capture tweeting behavior was found to significantly improve the model performance—an overall F1 score gain of 10.6%—beyond metadata features alone. Conclusions This study provides a method for classifying five different types of users who tweet about e‑cigarettes. Our model achieved high levels of classification performance for most groups, and examining the tweeting behavior was critical in improving the model performance. Results can help identify groups engaged in conversations about e‑cigarettes online to help inform public health surveillance, education, and regulatory efforts.


Sensory processing issues are generally considered to be clinically significant in children who have suffered abuse and trauma and much has been written about the possible neurological correlates of such sensitivities (De Bellis and Thomas, 2003; van der Kolk, 2014). Comparatively little focus has been given to the functional aspects of these sensitivities, and particularly how these might interact, in context, with a child's underlying neurological vulnerabilities. In this respect, the environment surrounding the child is a neglected area of significant, perhaps critical, importance. In terms of potential hypersensitivity to environmental stimuli, children with Autistic Spectrum Conditions (ASC), although with different aetiological correlates to trauma affected children, are known to face profound environmental challenges. Children with ASCs have received a wealth of attention in the literature with regard to these sensory challenges, whereas, in contrast, trauma affected children have received very little direct attention at all. It is the aim of this paper to focus on the environmental aspects of sensory processing in trauma affected children, specifically in relation to the physical environment of children's residential homes.


ASDEX Upgrade has recently finished its transition towards an all-W divertor tokamak, by the exchange of the last remaining graphite tiles to W-coated ones. The plasma start-up was performed without prior boronization. It was found that the large He content in the plasma, resulting from DC glow discharges for conditioning, leads to a confinement reduction. After the change to D glow for inter-shot conditioning, the He content quickly dropped and, in parallel, the usual H-Mode confinement with H factors close to one was achieved. After the initial conditioning phase, oxygen concentrations similar to that in previous campaigns with boronizations could be achieved. Despite the removal of all macroscopic carbon sources, no strong change in C influxes and C content could be observed so far. The W concentrations are similar to the ones measured previously in discharges with old boronization and only partial coverage of the surfaces with W. Concomitantly it is found that although the W erosion flux in the divertor is larger than the W sources in the main chamber in most of the scenarios, it plays only a minor role for the W content in the main plasma. For large antenna distances and strong gas puffing, ICRH power coupling could be optimized to reduce the W influxes. This allowed a similar increase of stored energy as yielded with comparable beam power. However, a strong increase of radiated power and a loss of H-Mode was observed for conditions with high temperature edge plasma close to the antennas. The use of ECRH allowed keeping the central peaking of the W concentration low and even phases of improved H-modes have already been achieved.


This paper analyzes the importance of teacher quality at the college level. Instructors are matched to objective and subjective characteristics of teacher quality to estimate the impact of rank, salary, and perceived effectiveness on student performance and subject interest. Student and course fixed effects, time of day and week controls, and students' lack of knowledge about first-year instructors help minimize selection biases. Subjective teacher evaluations perform well in measuring instructor influences on students, while objective characteristics such as rank and salary do not. Overall, the importance of college instructor differences is small, but important outliers exist.


Estrogen receptor (ER) is expressed in normal and malignant breast epithelium, and expression levels have been found to increase with age in normal breast epithelium but not in atypical hyperplasia (AH) and carcinoma in situ. Here we assess ER expression in AH and its association with later breast cancer. ER expression was assessed immunohistochemically in archival sections from 246 women with AH who had open benign breast biopsy from 1967 to 1991. The ACIS III (Dako) was utilized to calculate ER expression in all atypical foci. Using multivariate linear regression, we examined associations of ER expression with age at biopsy, indication for biopsy, type of atypia, number of atypical foci, involution status, and family history. Breast cancer risk across levels of ER expression was also assessed compared with the Iowa SEER control population. Among 246 women, 87 (35%) had atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), 141 (57%) had atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), and 18 (7%) had both. Forty-nine (20%) developed breast cancer (median follow-up of 14.4 years). Multivariate analysis indicated that type of atypia and age at diagnosis were significantly associated with ER percent staining and intensity (P < 0.05). ER expression was increased in women with ADH and/or those over age 55. ER expression did not significantly impact breast cancer risk in patients diagnosed with atypia. We found increasing ER expression in AH with increasing age. ER expression in AH does not further discriminate breast cancer risk in women with atypia. Cancer Prev Res; 4(3); 435–44. ©2011 AACR.


497 MJA 195 (9) · 7 November 2011 Conscientious objection by doctors, as is commonly practised, is discriminatory medicine. Only a fully justified and publicly accepted set of objective values results in ethical medicine as a proper public service with agreed and justified moral and legal standards to which doctors should be held. Imagine that a doctor refused to examine a patient of the opposite sex on religious grounds. This is treating the patient unequally and unfairly on morally irrelevant grounds. It is sexism and therefore wrong, regardless of the doctor's religious practice. Australian society does not and should not tolerate sexism, even if it is institutionalised by other countries or religions, or is part of the doctor's values. Similarly, if a doctor refuses to treat a patient because they are black, or Jewish, or gay, or drunk, it is discrimination, even if conscientious discrimination. Yet some of the doctors of the future believe they are entitled to refuse to examine patients because they are of the opposite sex or drunk.1 Respect for current conscientious objection is grounded in a dangerous moral relativism: that morality and moral rightness are culture-specific, or equate to individuals' own values and desires. This is false. Female infibulation is wrong, even in those countries and cultures that condone it. We must stand up for a non-relative morality and an objective account of interests. People should be free to live according to mistaken values or religious values. But they should not have the liberty to coerce, directly or indirectly, other people to live according to their own values, even if they are medical professionals. Freedom to practise religion does not imply freedom to impose religious values on others in a secular liberal society. The same applies to secular moral values. The place to decide what kinds of values should govern public institutions and practices is in a public forum, not by the bedside. For instance, a secular doctor might believe that people with advanced dementia or brain damage, who no longer recognise themselves or others, are not persons. She might believe it is right to kill such non-persons. However, this moral belief is not widely shared by the community at this point in time. Even though the doctor strongly believes it is morally justified, she should not kill or support the killing of specific individuals with advanced dementia but, instead, argue for legal reform in a public forum. Conscientious objection is often justified by a person saying that they are acting in a patient's best interests. However, deciding what a patient's best interests are requires input of the patient's values, but is not determined entirely by them. It is partly, but importantly, an objective judgement.2 If a Jehovah's Witness believes that a blood transfusion is not in his interests, it does not mean that a blood transfusion is against his interests. We should withhold blood transfusions from people who refuse them, to respect the objective principle of liberty, not because blood transfusion is against their personal interests. Similarly, one can, on the objective principle of distributive justice, deny further care to patients who are wasting limited medical resources through non-compliance or recalcitrance, but not because the patient offends the treating doctor's individual values. The place of conscience is in dialogue with patients. Doctors argue for what they believe is right and engage patients in moral dialogue. This is what I call "rational non-interventional paternalism" or liberal rationalism.3,4 But in a liberal society that respects personal freedom, doctors should ultimately offer what are just, legal medical procedures. Conscientious objection will become more common because of increasing societal pluralism and treatments becoming more morally contentious. Such objection may be justified. For example, drugs developed by the use of slave labour or by the maltreatment of children in developing countries should not be used, even if licensed. Doctors should refuse to perform female genital mutilation. What distinguishes these justified objections from current refusal to perform abortions or deliver contraception? Justified conscientious objection is an objection to harming people. But harm and benefit are not in the eye of the beholder — they are grounded in a robust, morally justified concept of best interests and of moral status. Doctors should conscientiously object to female circumcision for this reason. But current conscientious objection is not morally justified because it is not grounded in a justified and agreed conception of interests. As a result, these forms of unjustified conscientious objection harm patients.


This is a personal account of a recent criminal trial in the United Kingdom that the author was involved in as an expert witness, involving a young Zimbabwean woman who attacked her mother with a knife, when she (as she, her mother, and relatives claimed) was possessed by an evil spirit as the result of another family member's witchcraft. Evidence for her abnormal state of consciousness was corroborated by police evidence that described her as "in a trance" on the night in question, and despite a wide range of medical and psychiatric assessments, no clear neurological, medical, psychiatric, or sleep-disorder causes for her "possession" were ever established. The article describes the difficulties encountered in producing anthropological evidence for the criminal court that sought to go beyond the limitations of conventional forms of "cultural defense" to argue for the limits of knowledge and the "possibility of other possibilities." With a nod to Harry West's notion of "ethnographic sorcery," this unusual court case illustrates how anthropological expert evidence can be constrained by courts constructing their own kinds of certainty, and yet still have efficacy in unintended ways.


One goal of the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program's NGHP-02 expedition was to examine the geomechanical response of marine sediment to the extraction of methane from gas hydrate found offshore eastern India in the Bay of Bengal. Methane gas hydrate is a naturally occurring crystalline solid that sequesters methane in individual molecular cages in a lattice of water molecules. Methane gas hydrate is a potential energy resource, but whether extracting methane from gas hydrate in the marine subsurface is technically and economically viable remains an open research topic as of 2018. This data release provides insight about a poorly quantified aspect of this process: the reaction of fine-grained sediment particles (fines) to the change in pore water chemistry that occurs when methane is extracted from gas hydrate. Fines are an issue for production because they can get resuspended in the flow of fluid and gas toward the extraction well. As fines move, they can cluster and subsequently clog pore throats in the sediment, reducing permeability (which controls how easily methane can flow toward the extraction well). There are two main factors in determining the cluster structure (the size and fabric of the cluster) and the cluster formation and settling rates: the type of fine-grained particle and the chemistry of the surrounding pore water. Data in this study provide insight into both factors. Fine particles interact with each other primarily in response to electrical forces, and changes in pore water chemistry can significantly alter how those forces are communicated between particles. In marine systems, in situ pore water is an electrically conductive brine. As gas hydrate dissociates, however, fresh water is released along with the methane, making the pore water less conductive. Depending on the type of fine-grained particles involved, the pore water chemistry change enhances or diminishes the clustering and changes the rates at which the clusters form and settle. For this data release, specimens from the NGHP-02 expedition are observed during sedimentation (settling) tests in pore fluids of differing chemistry. The results included in this data release can (1) provide insight into the types of fines present, which can be difficult to quantify if using the more standard x-ray diffraction method for identifying fines and (2) indicate whether the in situ fines are likely to increase or decrease their capacity to clog pore throats as the pore water transitions from higher to lower salinity during gas hydrate dissociation.


As a multidonor ligand with phenanthroline and salicylaldimine functionalities on the same molecule, 5-salicylideneimino-l,10phenanthroline (LH) has been synthesized by the reaction of 5-amino-l,10phenanthroline with salicylaldehyde and its metal complexes with Ni(II) and Co(II) have been prepared. The structures of the ligand and its complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR, Ή NMR, C NMR, LC-MS spectra, magnetic measurements and TGA-DSC-DTG techniques. The ligand, Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes have been studied potentiometrically. The metal to ligand ratio of the Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes was found to be 1:2. Protonation constants of LH2 which have been determined by potentiometric titration are log Ki=10.99, log K2 = 8.00.


Introduction: Antibiotic use has contributed significantly to many successes in human medicine and improvement in animal welfare. There is however global concern about non-regulation of antibiotics in food producing animals due to the great threat it poses to public health. Local evidence is required to support the regulation of antibiotics in the thriving poultry sub-sector but such data are limited. The study was conducted to investigate antibiotic use among poultry farmers in the Dormaa Municipality of the Bono Region of Ghana. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in February to March 2020. A total of 161 commercial and backyard poultry farmers were interviewed using a "Drug bag" containing antibiotics purchased from the study area in addition to questionnaires to elicit responses about medicines. Treatment log books were also inspected where available. Results: Farms were classified as backyard (n=41) or small, medium or large scale commercial (n=120). Of the commercial farms, most respondents were farm managers or farm owners and most (91%) kept layer hens. All commercial farms reported using antibiotics, obtained mainly from the Agro-Vet shops without prescription, and for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic use, while 24% of backyard farmers also used antibiotics, obtained from human drug stores, primarily for therapeutic use. Over 60% of commercial farmers indicated the use of any of the four major classes of antibiotics, namely Aminoglycosides, Polymyxins, Macrolides and Tetracyclines which are critically important in human medicine. Backyard farmers mainly used penicillins. A majority (67%) of the commercial farmers reported self-administration of antibiotics based on the information they acquire from varied sources such as colleagues, drug and feed manufacturer representatives for therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes on their farms with little or no supervision from the Veterinarian. Adherence to the withdrawal periods is very low due to financial implications of losing out on sales of batches of eggs, however, a few farmers did report complying to the withdrawal periods. Conclusion: Key concerns for antibiotic use in poultry in the Dormaa region are frequent use of critically important antibiotics without supervision from a competent official, easy access to antibiotics without prescription and non-adherence to withdrawal periods of medicines. To address this problem, whilst recognising the need for productivity of the poultry industry, the following actions are recommended to be piloted and evaluated: (1) Enhancement of the capacities of Veterinarians and Para veterinarians (Veterinary Technicians) to guide and offer adequate supervision in the administration of antibiotics on farms; (2) Regular farm-based trainings to create awareness on the importance of improving farm hygiene for minimizing antibiotic use, and in effective, affordable and feasible biosecurity and animal husbandry to achieve this; (3) Promotion of biologicals (vaccines, pre and probiotics) as an alternative to antimicrobial use in husbandry to reduce the development of resistance and accumulation of residues; (4) Development and enforcement of regulatory and advertising guidelines and prohibitions in the manufacture, import, sale and use of antibiotics at all levels through antibiotic stewardship strategies that engage and coordinate all relevant actors in the animal sector; (5) Enhanced monitoring – through improved capacity of the Veterinary Services Directorate – of levels of antibiotic residues and certification of animal products (e.g. poultry, fish) prior to their release into the markets to protect public health, environment and ensure sustainable productivity in the industry; (6) Sanctions, such as fines for defaulting farms, to serve as a deterrent to other potential and existing farms. Operational research, which takes an evidence based approach to track the effectiveness of such strategies, is required in order to informs ongoing investment in policies and services that can reduce recourse to antibiotics as the poultry industry undergoes its rapid expansion in Ghana.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To develop and test the feasibility of a tailored therapeutic educational program, with the aim of improving adherence to oral endocrine adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer.
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DESIGN
A qualitative study to identify educational needs and a feasibility study assessing the efficacy of the program.
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SETTING
A comprehensive cancer center, the Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute in Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.
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SAMPLE
Two consecutive samples (N = 11, N = 6) of women taking adjuvant oral endocrine chemotherapy for breast cancer.
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METHODS
A mixed qualitative and quantitative method was used. The participants' representations of disease and treatment were explored through one-on-one interviews and then translated into educational needs, which were used to develop a tailored therapeutic education program. The pilot study evaluated the reach and efficacy using before-and-after comparisons.
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MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Educational objectives, knowledge, trust in the treatment, and anxiety.
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FINDINGS
Five educational objectives (acquiring knowledge, improving communication skills, managing anxiety, managing side effects, and improving adherence) were identified through 11 interviews. A three-session program was developed. Eight of the 23 patients invited to participate in a pilot study accepted, and six completed the intervention. Knowledge improved from 38.9 of 100 preintervention to 69.4 of 100 postintervention (p = 0.045). Trust in treatment showed a trend to improvement from 5.5 of 10 to 8 of 10 (p = 0.14), but anxiety did not change significantly; anxiety went from 6 to 7 (p = 0.88).
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CONCLUSIONS
Results from the feasibility study showed promising efficacy for the educational objectives and provided information about how the program could be improved.
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IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Tailored educational programs conducted by trained nurses may help patients to adhere to and live with the effects of endocrine therapy.


The cancer preventive activities of tea (Camellia Sinensis Theaceae) have been investigated extensively. Green tea polyphenols have been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis in different animal models, including those for cancers of the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, bladder, liver, pancreas, skin, prostate and mammary glands. Enhancement of apoptosis, suppression of cell proliferation, and inhibition of angiogenesis have been shown to be associated with the inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea polyphenols in animals. Many studies in cell lines have demonstrated the modulation of signal transduction and metabolic pathways by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and active polyphenol in green tea. The cancer preventive activity of green tea in humans, however, has not been conclusively demonstrated in epidemiological studies. The relationship between tea consumption and cancer risk may become clearer if we could better quantify the tea consumption, adjust for confounding factors and consider genetic polymorphisms of the population. Ongoing human studies on the prevention of prostate, oral, lung, colon, and breast cancers by tea polyphenols are expected to yield more information on this important topic.


Regarded as one of the greatest struggles in American history, the Great Depression was a catalyst not only for economic change but also political change. The defeat of Hoover in 1,932 was one of the largest margins of victory by a Democratic presidential candidate ever seen. The victory of Franklin D. Roosevelt brought change to a nation struggling with unemployment. The efforts of the Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration, along with numerous other employment programs, helped put people back to work. More importantly, though, these public works projects ranged from the improvement of roads and preservation of forests to writing and theater projects. Most often, people associate the jobs created by the public works projects as aid to blue collar workers. However, that was not the case. The jobs created by Roosevelt's programs helped people who had lost white collar jobs and even artists. Additionally, the size of these projects could be as small as a community garden and as large as the Hoover Dam. In a time of need for almost everyone, these projects helped prevent the economy and unemployment from catastrophically increasing further. One of the hardest hit states during the Great Depression was Michigan. Michigan's eclectic mix of industries and people make it one of the most difficult states to pin down and understand as a whole during the Great Depression. Different regions voted differently and focused on different issues. Furthermore, political allegiance varied from region to region. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department History and Philosophy Subject Categories United States History This open access senior honors thesis is available at DigitalCommons@EMU: http://commons.emich.edu/honors/249 POLITICAL SHIFTS IN THE EASTERN UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN DLTRING THE GREAT DEPRESSION By Kristina Schwab A Senior Thesis Submitted to the Eastern Michi gan University


Purpose: The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the youth internal migrations are not, as is generally accepted, temporary, in order to obtain an education, but permanent in the final intention. Design/Methodology/Approach: The survey were carried in two different regions: one with a strong (large) regional center and the other with the weaker (smaller) center. In those region secondary education centers of various sizes were selected. There were conducted an auditorium survey among 2380 young people graduating from general secondary schools. The basis of the study was a survey containing several questions and determining five features related to background legal data. Findings: Education migrations "to study" become the beginning of the final emigration addressed to the metropolitan city as a large academic center. The research results also proved that the process of draining small regions centers by large regional centers leads to a deepening of differences in the development of regions, especially their capitals. Practical Implications: The results of analysis might be used in shaping an appropriate development policy. They may also indicate the need for more than proportional support for small regional capitals or looking from a different perspective to real processes of the territorial division of the country. Originality/Value: Research results can contribute to the construction of theoretical models regarding migration and local and regional development


We propose an approach to overcome the two main challenges of 3D multiview object detection and localization: The variation of object features due to changes in the viewpoint and the variation in the size and aspect ratio of the object. Our approach proceeds in three steps. Given an initial bounding box of fixed size, we first refine its aspect ratio and size. We can then predict the viewing angle, under the hypothesis that the bounding box actually contains an object instance. Finally, a classifier tuned to this particular viewpoint checks the existence of an instance. As a result, we can find the object instances and estimate their poses, without having to search over all window sizes and potential orientations. We train and evaluate our method on a new object database specifically tailored for this task, containing real-world objects imaged over a wide range of smoothly varying viewpoints and significant lighting changes. We show that the successive estimations of the bounding box and the viewpoint lead to better localization results.


Changes in individual quality of life (IQoL) and its correlates in patients admitted to an academic palliative care unit are reported. Correlates tested were pain, fatigue, and reconceptualization (changes in content of quality of life, a measure of adaptation). IQoL was measured with a structured interview method that derives an IQoL score from evaluations of individually nominated life areas. Twenty-nine patients were included in the study and interviewed shortly after unit admission. Sixteen patients were interviewed before discharge (more than 1 week between interviews). The results show that mean IQoL scores improved notably. Pain and IQoL correlated negatively and moderately at admission, and correlations between fatigue and pain at discharge and IQoL were negative and strong. An increasing number of changes in life areas was moderately associated with worsening IQoL. Life area's most often nominated were relationships with family members and friends, symptoms and aspects related to maintaining control. Palliative Medicine 2007; 21: 199—205


This study reports a short-term prospective investigation of the role of peer group victimization in the development of children's behavior problems, at home and in school. Sociometric interviews were utilized to assess aggression, victimization by peers, and peer rejection, for 330 children who were in either the third or fourth grade (approximate mean ages of 8–9 years old). Behavior problems were assessed using standardized behavior checklists completed by mothers and teachers. A follow-up assessment of behavior problems was completed 2 years later, when the children were in either the fifth or sixth grade (approximate mean ages of 10–11 years old). Victimization was both concurrently and prospectively associated with externalizing, attention dysregulation, and immature/dependent behavior. Victimization also predicted increases in these difficulties over time, and incremented the prediction in later behavior problems associated with peer rejection and aggression. The results of this investigation demonstrate that victimization in the peer group is an important predictor of later behavioral maladjustment.


The need to develop our understanding of public perceptions of roles and responsibilities for health underpins a number of key policy developments in the UK (Wanless, 2004; Welsh Assembly Government, 2003), particularly in light of an increased focus on the relationship between the state and the individual in health improvement action (Halpern, 2003). Research was commissioned by the Welsh Assembly Government to explore perceptions of responsibility at different levels including individual, organisational and state roles and responsibilities for health improvement amongst the general public and key stake holders. This report focuses on the focus group study with member of the general public across Wales in 2005. Participants (n = 101) included a range of age groups and family backgrounds, with 57% female. A broad range of socio-economic backgrounds were represented. A semi structured schedule, newspaper headline prompts and a prioritisation task were used to guide the discussion. Group discussions were audio taped and transcriptions were analysed with main themes identified and validated by a second researcher. Areas of consent and disagreement within groups were identified and key areas of similarity and difference between socio-economic groups identified. Participant's understandings of personal responsibility for health were associated with socio-economic position and, to a lesser extent, with age. Issues associated with health communication, family processes, social capital, instrumentation, individualisation, social values and personal morality were used to explain and justify health protective and risk behaviours. The tension between what were seen as the responsibilities of the state and maintaining personal freedoms highlighted further differences between these groups. These results raise a number of implications for public health practice, with lay perceptions reflecting current policy debates.


The phase behaviour, rheological effects and interfacial properties of binary and ternary
liquid mixtures have been studied near critical points. In particular, measurements have
been made of the viscosity-at the bulk macroscopic level by capillary viscometry and at
the microscopic level by fluorescence depolarisatiorr-and of critical-point wetting and
adsorptiorr-at the solid-liquid interface using evanescent-wave-generated fluorescence
spectroscopy and at the liquid-vapour interface using specular neutron reflection. The
systems investigated have been mostly alkane + perfluoroalkane mixtures or
2-butoxyethanol + H20 or D20 mixtures, although in some cases hexamethyldisiloxane,
propanenitrile and perfluorooctyloctane have also been the components of mixtures. The
main outcomes of this study are:
• Macroscopic viscosity: The divergence to infinity in the shear viscosity of hexane +
perfluorohexane at the critical endpoint for approach along the path of constant
critical composition both from the single phase and along both limbs of the
coexistence curve is described well using the Renormalisation Group Theory critical
exponent y = 0.04. The correlation length amplitude obtained by fitting the sheargradient
dependence of the viscosity is ~o = (S.S±l.S) A.
• Microscopic viscosity: The product of the rotational correlation time and the
temperature 'tR"T, often taken as a measure of the microscopic viscosity, exhibits an
anomaly as the critical point is approached as a function of temperature. This
anomaly mirrors that in the macroscopic viscosity for some fluorescent dye probes,
but for others the anomaly is in the opposite sense indicating that other effects such
as solvent structure must playa part in the near-critical behaviour of'tR·T.
• Critical-point wetting at the solid-liquid interface: The wetting transition
temperature has been identified for heptane + perfluorohexane at the quartz-liquid
interface from fluorescence lifetime measurements of a probe. The wetting layer is of
the same composition as the bulk heptane-rich phase and the transition is tentatively
identified as first-order.
• Adsorption and wetting at the liquid-vapour interface: The surface structure of
several mixtures has been determined by neutron reflection. The results are in general
agreement with the expectations of critical-point wetting and adsorption. The surface
is complex and in some mixtures an oscillatory scattering length density profile
through the interface is required to model the reflectivity data.
• Ternary mixtures: The phase behaviour of three mixtures exhibiting tunnel phase
behaviour has been studied experimentally and various characteristics of the shape of
the twmel identified. A theoretical study on one of the mixtures predicts the drop in
temperature for the locus of maximum phase separation temperatures which is
observed experimentally.


This study takes a cost-effective approach to the examination of the alternative
methods of article supply, to ascertain not only the cheapest service but also to rank
the alternatives according to their effectiveness or performance Three alternative
methods of article supply are considered subscribing to a periodical title (ownership),
individual article supply (IAS) provided by two electromc document delivery services,
ContentsFirst/ArticlesFirst of OCLC FirstSearch and UnCover, and traditional article
supply through the British Library Document Supply Centre A comparison of the
alternatives is made to identify their differences The elements and measures of a costeffective
analysis are discussed and in particular cost-per-use, which is derived for all
the alternatives
The operational costs of the alternatives are obtained by taking a management
accounting approach and are examined in relation to the provision of the services
within the library of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth The cost-per-use of owning a
periodical title is calculated based on the operational costs of the Periodicals
Department of the College, its subscription price and a lifetime use determined by
examination of the current requests for articles made through the Inter-Library Loans
Department of the library The cost-per-use for the other services are also obtained
based on their operational costs and document delivery charges
The result of this study shows that based on the cost-per-use of all the alternatives,
access should continue to be the method of article supply for all but one title currently
taken as ILLs in Maynooth College In Maynooth, article supply by mail should
continue to be provided by the BLDSC but consideration should be given to providing
fax delivery through UnCover ContentsFirst/ArticlesFirst and the other databases on
FirstSearch do provide good title coverage, multi-user and end-user user and
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In the last few years it has become somewhat unfashionable to be associated with the problems of prison organization. The zealous optimism of those earlier generations which drew up plans for model prisons would be hard to find today. In addition to the increased awareness of the complex organizational issues involved there is a widespread unease about incarcertaion in both mental health and criminal justice systems. Reflected in this unease is a growing dismay concerning post-discharge behaviour combined with a concern about the impact of the experience of incarceration upon the individual's self-definition and upon his role in society. Goffman'sAsylums, 1 appearing in 1961, found an immediate reception. The book became part of a trend, especially in the United States, that led to a view of the criminal justice and social welfare apparatus not as a counter to deviance but as part of the problem, if not its very basis. Of greater practical significance in current challenges to the legitimacy of imprisonment is imprisonment's very high cost. The success of the California probation subsidy scheme in reducing committal rates and closing penal institutions has depended on considerable political support for the savings in State expenditure that the scheme has produced. Despite these developments it would appear that the prison will remain a significant part of the social control apparatus of most countries for many years to come. While acknowledging the importance of finding alternatives to imprisonment, it is also essential that the task of developing more appropriate organizational models is not neglected. Prison organizations have been remarkably inflexible in developing structures suited to the resolution of conflict and to the goal of inmate betterment. It is the argument of this paper that the traditional model, the Caste-Prescriptive Prison, is in need of radical change. Its structure has not been much affected by the arrival of the treatment ideology, and the role position of the inmate has remained that of the passive and subordinate recipient. Attempts to develop an alternative model, based upon milieu therapy, will be reviewed, some suggestive leads will be pursued, and finally the outline of a model, based upon formal bargaining, will be presented.


The magnetic recording industry is continuously trying to increase the density of recording media. There is a continuous need, therefore, to fully understand the magnetic processes that occur in such media. To enable this understanding, theoretical studies are conducted in the form of micromagnetic modelling. This thesis is concerned with the micromagnetic modelling of thin film media. Experiments have shown that thin film media consists of closely packed, irregularly shaped grains with non-magnetic boundaries.

To simulate a model of the physical structure, the Voronoi Construction Technique was implemented to give the required irregular structure. The grains were assumed to have uniaxial anisotropy and the magnetisation within the grain was assumed to vary throughout. To achieve non-uniformity, the grains were divided into triangles and the magnetisation within each triangle was assumed to vary linearly. The effect on the magnetisation within the grains due to the influences from an externally applied field, an anisotropy field, a magnetostatic field and an exchange field was observed. The motion of the magnetic moments under these influences was modelled by the Landau-Lifshitz equation.

The most time consuming calculation in the modelling process is the magnetostatic field calculation. Therefore, continuous research into more efficient methods of calculating this field is carried out. The model initially uses a dipole approximation to calculate the total contribution from the magnetostatic field. A more accurate magnetostatic calculation, based on volume and surface charges of the triangles, was implemented to calculate the close range magnetostatic effects. The integrals were found to have singularities when the point of evaluation lay on one of the vertices of a triangle to be integrated. The Shift Method was introduced to overcome the problem which translated the problem vertex slightly away from the point of evaluation.

Vast differences in the hysteresis loops when using the two methods of calculating the magnetostatic field were seen. The dipole approximation appeared to be too inaccurate in calculating the magnetostatic field. With the introduction of the more accurate method, the model compared well against previous findings.


During the past 6 years, gene expression profiling of atherosclerosis has been used to identify genes and pathways relevant in vascular (patho)physiology. This review discusses some critical issues in the methodology, analysis, and interpretation of the data of gene expression studies that have made use of vascular specimens from animal models and humans. Analysis of gene expression studies has evolved toward the genome-wide expression profiling of large series of individual samples of well-characterized donors. Despite the advances in statistical and bioinformatical analysis of expression data sets, studies have not yet fully exploited the potential of gene expression data sets to obtain novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. To assess the potential of published expression data, we compared the data of a CC chemokine gene cluster between 18 murine and human gene expression profiling articles. Our analysis revealed that an adequate comparison is mainly hindered by the incompleteness of available data sets. The challenge for future vascular genomic profiling studies will be to further improve the experimental design, statistical, and bioinformatical analysis and to make data sets freely accessible. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26:1226-1235.)


The resource curse literature has established that the taxation of natural resources might limit the long-term development of fiscal capacity in resource-rich countries. This article explores if, and how, natural resource abundance generates fiscal dependence on natural resource revenues. We compare five peripheral economies of Latin America (Bolivia, Chile, Peru) and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden) over a period of 90 years, between 1850 and 1939. Both groups were natural resource abundant, but in the latter natural resource dependence decreased over time. By using a novel database, we find that fiscal dependence was low in Norway and Sweden, while high and unstable in Bolivia, Chile and Peru. This suggests that natural resource abundance should not be mechanically linked to fiscal dependence. An accounting identity shows that sudden increases in fiscal dependence were related to both economic and political factors: countries' economic diversification, and attitudes of the relevant political forces about how taxation affects the companies operating in the natural resource sector.


Abstract The authors have defined a new concept of "base_position" and translated the protein-coding sequence to a sequence consisting of 12 base_positions. The authors developed a new algorithm for translating the base_position sequence to a melody with a range of at most a twelfth and without leaps larger than an octave, which should be turned upside-down by a step or small skip after a big leap and was used as the musical theme. The lyric was written according to the summary of the gene. The authors propose a new action of expressing respect to genes by creating songs of genes, by genes, for genes.


This brief presents an adaptive variable structure identifier that provides finite time convergent estimate of the induction motor rotor resistance under feasible persistent of excitation condition. The proposed rotor resistance scheme is based on the standard dynamic model of induction motor expressed in a fixed reference frame attached to the stator. The available variables are the rotor speed, the stator currents and voltages. Experiments show that the proposed method achieved very good estimation of the rotor resistance which is subjected to online large variation during operation of the induction motor. Also, the proposed online simplified rotor resistance estimator is robust with respect to the variation of the stator resistance, measurement noise, modeling errors, discretization effects and parameter uncertainties. Important advantages of the proposed algorithm include that it is an online method (the value of Rr can be continuously updated) and it is very simple to implement in real-time (this feature distinguishes the proposed identifier from the known ones).


Mitchell's study exemplifies the New Legal Realist goal of combining qualitative and quantitative empirical research to shed light on important legal and policy issues. He also demonstrates the utility of a ground-level contextual analysis that examines legal problems from the bottom up. The study tracks processes by which black rural landowners have gradually been dispossessed of more than 90% of the land held by their predecessors in 1910. Mitchell points out that despite the continuing practices that contribute to this problem, there has been very little research on the issue, and what little attention legal scholars have paid to it has proceeded in an empirical vacuum. The article proceeds to examine existing data, and to describe the ongoing empirical research being conducted on black rural land loss in the U.S. south by Mitchell and his team. Mitchell concludes that a thoroughly contextual analysis (combining qualitative with quantitative methods) is necessary if we are to achieve an accurate understanding of the process by which law contributes to black rural land loss in this country. This kind of understanding will permit more effective policy decisions, both within and outside of the law.


SUMMARY The Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) in the SW of the English Lake District (SWLD) consists predominantly of subaerial pyroclastic rocks that host syn-volcanic intrusions ranging in composition from basalt to dacite. The petrology and geochemistry of the sills verify a broad compatibility with the BVG in the central Lake District. The geochemistry indicates a marginal continental arc setting, a petrogenesis involving c. 15% partial melting of a lherzolite mantle source and subsequent fractionation of olivine, ortho- and clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide. Three groups of basaltic sills are recognized in the SWLD, one of which bears a close resemblance, geochemically, to the lower BVG (Birker Fell Formation) basaltic lavas and appears to have been emplaced early in the SWLD succession. The other two groups, which may be cogenetic, appear to be some what geochemically distinct from the first, with trace element and rare-earth characteristics suggesting a source slightly more enriched in incompatible elements. It is suggested that the fault-dominated tectonic setting in the Millom Park area of the SWLD may account for the least-evolved magmas being allowed to migrate directly to a high structural level, accounting for a higher proportion of basic lithologies in the upper BVG succession of the SWLD than is found in other parts of the Lake District.


Purpose of the article Companies during their existence pass through the phases of their life cycle. Every phase is among others characterized by differ ent availability of financial sources and this fact will significantly influence the financial structur e of a company. Previous researches were aimed mostly on availability and usability of external fi nancial sources during the life cycle of a company. The financial structure in context of the life cycl e of a company was so far most researched by Marc Reiners. This author viewed the financial structure only in accordance with the legal status of the investors and he did ́nt consider other important cr iterions like origin, usable life and bribability o f financial sources. According to all these criterion s is the financial structure in context of the life cycle of a company considered in this article. Scientific aim The companies are classified into three groups int o companies that are in phases of growth, stabilisation and decline. The financial st ruc ure is separately within these groups under review. Financial sources are divided always accord ing to the criterion, which is selected to consider the financial structure. Methodology/methods To implementing the research is used the method of analysing the secondary data that are extracted from the financial reports f urveyed firms. Phases of the life cycle of a company are identified on the basis of the growth i ndicator, developed by Marc Reiners. All the selected companies are from the Czech automotive in dustry, they are small or middle, and they have some history, because for companies in the phase of foundation isn ́t this growth indicator usable. Findings In the financial structure of all selected companie s, regardless of the phase of their life cycle, dominate long-dated and bribable financial s ources. The companies in phase of stabilisation are at least indebted and have the highest share of int ernal sources. Conclusions (limits, implications etc) It can be said, that the fact, that especially com panies in phase of stabilisation have most available external sourc es and they can most indebt, wasn ́t approved oneself on financial structure of these companies. The limitation of this finding is that only few companies are in the phase of stabilisation accordi ng to the used growth indicator.


Websites created and sustained by Eritreans in diaspora over the past two decades stand as one of the most significant initiatives undertaken independently of the state. Because of the Eritrean state's domination of public life and orchestration of political expression and practice, the online public sphere created by the diaspora has no offline counterpart of free press or civil society within Eritrea. This essay argues that diaspora websites are an integral part of Eritrea's national politics. Eritreans use websites as an ambiguous and elastic space, which can serve at times to extend the nation and state sovereignty across borders and at other times can be used as an extraterritorial space, safe for civil society and dissent because of its location outside Eritrea and beyond the reach of the state. This shows that the Internet is not singular or universal in its effects on politics, but can produce quite opposite results, based on the ways people engage with it. Websites like Dehai, Asmarino, and Awate are public spaces where a range of political activities can take place. Websites bring publics and counterpublics into being, mobilize opinions and actions, and allow for collective debates and collaboration. Cyberspatial activities extend beyond the realm of the virtual, yielding material consequences, even as they transform people's understanding of the nation and their places in it. The Internet brings people into contact in a public agora, to voice their concerns and share their hopes. People's control of this public agora is perhaps the most fundamental political issue raised by the development of the internet.


Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the flavivirus genus, and its genome is approximately 10.8 kilobases of positive-strand RNA enclosed in a capsid and surrounded by a membrane. Studies on the replication dynamics of ZIKV are scarce, which limits the development of antiviral agents and vaccines directed against ZIKV. In this study, Aedes albopictus mosquito lineage cells (C6/36 cells) and African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells) were inoculated with a ZIKV sample isolated from a Brazilian patient, and the infection was characterized by immunofluorescence staining, phase contrast light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and real-time RT-PCR. The infection was observed in both cell lineages, and ZIKV particles were observed inside lysosomes, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and viroplasm-like structures. The susceptibility of C6/36 and Vero cells to ZIKV infection was demonstrated. Moreover, this study showed that part of the replicative cycle may occur within viroplasm-like structures, which has not been previously demonstrated in other flaviviruses.


This Handbook comprehensively examines indicators and statistical measurement related to innovation (as defined in the OECD/Eurostat Oslo Manual). It deals with the development and the use of innovation indicators to support decision-making and is written by authors who are practitioners, who know what works and what does not, in order to improve the development of indicators to satisfy future policy needs.


Puerto Rican fathers remain an understudied population despite the growing Latino community in the U.S. Understanding how Puerto Rican fathers perceive their roles as fathers can inform our conceptualization of their engagement with children as well as the development of culturally-specific parenting interventions. In this qualitative study, focus groups were conducted with Puerto Rican men to identify their perceptions of their role as a father and how individual, child, and cultural influences may relate to these roles. Parenting roles identified by fathers in the study were: being there, maintaining open communication, building confidence, preparing for adulthood, teaching culture/values, and providing a role model for their children. The study also explored father and child characteristics, history with their own father, and a hybrid cultural perspective as influences on Puerto Rican fathers' perceptions of their parenting roles. Due to the increasing population of Puerto Rican and other Latino sub-groups, providers and social workers working with Puerto Rican families should understanding the perceived parenting roles within families to better engage and support fathers and families within this growing population.


Studies demonstrating the ability of in vitro generated dendritic cells (DCs) to successfully mediate anti-tumor efficacy when used as therapeutic vaccines suggest that treatments capable of promoting in situ DC-mediated cross-priming events may exhibit at least a comparable degree of clinical effectiveness. As a result, I assessed whether optimizing the number of DCs within the tumor microenvironment would improve the cross-priming of tumor-reactive T cells, resulting in improved therapeutic benefit. I observed that the treatment of CMS4-bearing BALB/c mice with the combination of Flt3 ligand (FL) and GM-CSF for five sequential days is sufficient to optimize the number of tumor-infiltrating DCs and to result in the enhanced systemic priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that are consequently recruited into the tumor microenvironment. Despite these preferred immunologic endpoints, combinational FL and GM-CSF treatment failed to impact the growth of established CMS4, RENCA or CT26 tumors. The observation that large numbers of CD4+ T cells also infiltrate tumors in mice treated with combinations of FL and GM-CSF prompted me to explore whether CD4+ regulatory T cells might play an active role in mediating the suppression of co-infiltrating tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Indeed, I found that nearly half of the tumor-associated CD4+ T cells expressed the Foxp3 protein and significantly suppressed the proliferation of naive allo-reactive CD4+ T cells and the IFN- production by tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro. Moreover, I found that combinational FL and GM-CSF treatment induced significant expansion of Foxp3+CD4+ T cells in the spleens of treated animals, regardless of tumor-bearing status. Consistent with the suppressive effects of tumor-associated CD4+ T cells on combined FL and GM-CSF-based therapy, the in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells resulted in a marked inhibition of tumor growth in treated mice that was dependent on the presence of CD8+ T cells. My findings have important implications in cancer therapy as they demonstrate that suppression mediated by regulatory T cells can present a major roadblock for the successful implementation of immunotherapeutic approaches to treat cancers.


This paper focuses on the strategies developed by the Iquito Language Documentation Project (ILDP) to involve community members in the documentation and revitalization of Iquito, a highly endangered language of Peruvian Amazonia. As a five-year, team-based project, the ILDP was designed around a central goal: to involve members of the heritage language community in both documentation and revitalization work. To meet this goal, the ILDP deployed various strategies. First, the research team included several Community Linguists (CLs), literate adults trained by the ILDP's coordinators in basic linguistic description, text transcription and translation, and lexicography. The CLs became active participants in the research process; made concrete decisions about orthography and other aspects of language policy; and played an active role in language teaching and the design of pedagogical materials. These CLs (literate, but not fluent speakers of Iquito) worked year-round with a core group of older Language Specialists (LSs), all native speakers of Iquito. The CLs and LSs were paired together from the outset to give the project local continuity and stability; and to enable them to contribute consistently to the project's concrete documentation goals. The longer-term goal was to create independent local experts who could serve the community beyond the life of the ILDP. Second, the ILDP developed mechanisms for accountability to the community at large. These included making periodic reports at public meetings and establishing a supervisory committee, which, for example, chose the CLs and LSs. Third, the ILDP's products include pedagogical and textual materials designed for local use. Some of these materials are already in use by the community's school teachers; in addition, the CLs and LSs have participated in Iquito language teaching in the classroom. This paper describes and evaluates the ILDP's strategies in terms of their degree of success and their potential replicability in other language documentation contexts. These strategies were most successful at the level of language revalorization within the community. In addition, the CLs developed lasting skills in text transcription and translation, and lexicography; while the LSs greatly increased their fluency. The greatest challenges were cultivating individual long-term commitments to documentation beyond the ILDP; and developing the CLs' skills in grammatical description. In hindsight, the CLs needed more focused training; however, the participants' low level of literacy became a serious obstacle as the difficulty of their work increased. Synthesizing these observations, this paper concludes with concrete recommendations for improving upon the ILDP's strategies.


Versatile templates were fabricated using plant-derived nanomaterials, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TEMPO CNF) for the efficient and sustainable production of biofuels from cyanobacteria and green algae. We used three different approaches to immobilize the model filamentous cyanobacteria or green algae to the TEMPO CNF matrix. These approaches involved the fabrication of: (A) a pure TEMPO CNF hydrogel; (B) a Ca2+-stabilized TEMPO CNF hydrogel; and (C) a solid TEMPO CNF film, which was crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The different immobilization approaches resulted in matrices with enhanced water stability performance. In all cases, the photosynthetic activity and H2 photoproduction capacity of cyanobacteria and algae entrapped in TEMPO CNF were comparable to a conventional alginate-based matrix. Green algae entrapped in Ca2+-stabilized TEMPO CNF hydrogels showed even greater rates of H2 production than control alginate-entrapped algae under the more challenging submerged cultivation condition. Importantly, cyanobacterial filaments entrapped within dried TEMPO CNF films showed full recovery once rewetted, and they continued efficient H2 production. The immobilization mechanism was passive entrapment, which was directly evidenced using surface sensitive quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The results obtained demonstrate a high compatibility between CNF and photosynthetic microbes. This opens new possibilities for developing a novel technology platform based on CNF templates with tailored pore-size and controllable surface charges that target sustainable chemical production by oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms.


When Corner described the genus Dacrydium in Malaya in 1939 he recognized four kinds, three species and a marked variety, but he expressed considerable doubt about their distinctiveness because the available specimens showed all degrees of variation of leaves between one species and another. He finally concluded that D. comosum was, in fact, unmistakable, because of its large needles, but that his variety subelatum of D. beccarii lay exactly between that species and D. elatum. During a recent collecting trip to Malaya, I was able to distinguish four distinct species and to identify the cause of the confusion which Comer described. The confusion in distinguishing Malayan species of Dacrydium results primarily from a misinterpretation of the form of D. elatum. This species is characterized by imbricate scale leaves in the adult form but with spreading acicular leaves in the juvenile form. Before I had seen living specimens of this species I was under die impression that the change in leaf form was abrupt and stated this in print (1969). There are many herbarium specimens with sharply contrasting juvenile and adult branches often actually attached to one another. In fact, there is a gradual change as a plant matures to shorter more adpressed leaves and different individuals mature at different rates. Trees with mature leaves, however, frequently bear occasional shoots with juvenile leaves making possible the collection of both juvenile and mature leaves attached on the same specimen. I myself collected specimens of this type before I realized what this collection strategy suggests to the herbarium user. Not only is there a gradual change in leaf form as a plant matures, but it is also common for a plant to become fertile before the transition is complete. Fertile specimens with spreading needles are well known throughout the range of this species including areas where it is the only Dacrydium species present. A male specimen, for example, Balansa 596 (K), comes from Tonkin; both male and female with spreading leaves as well as scale-leaved specimens were carefully assembled by Abbe & Smitinand (9459, 9460, 9461, A) from Phu Kradang in Thailand; and I myself collected a female specimen, de Laubenfels P532 (A, L, SING), at Ulu Kali in Malaya.


The 21st Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC in 2015 saw international consensus on climate action through the adoption of the Paris Agreement. Article 9 focuses on mobilization and disclosure of climate finance. Drafting the rules for climate finance reporting has remained a contentious issue that has created a divide between developed and developing countries. According to data compiled by UNFCCC, the face value of climate finance flows from developed to developing countries was at 75 billion USD in 2016. Developed and developing countries have, at times taken quite different views on definitions and best practices for categorizing and tracking climate finance. For example, a 2015 OECD and Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) report estimated climate finance from developed to developing countries at 62 billion USD in 2014. This estimate was strongly contested by an Indian report, which countered that new and additional finance was limited to 2.2 billion USD. This report argued that the methodologies used by OECD and CPI are inconsistent and lack transparency, with no independent verification or consultations with the developing country parties. This exchange sheds light on some of the key challenges faced by stakeholders hoping to track and report on climate finance. With this context, the report aims to draw out some of the major challenges faced in tracking climate finance flows and discuss the major arguments in favour and against different positions, put in an Indian context. The report tries to compile this overview with the hope that it serves as a useful reference for government, policy makers and climate finance experts on recent developments and barriers for tracking climate finance. Language of Report: English Cover picture by Peter Mollinga


In this paper, we propose an opportunistic user selection criterion to obtain a multiuser diversity gain for secure communication. At the same time, we also propose a strategy for utilizing a small base station in heterogeneous networks as a helper or a jammer adaptively. Our approach is to maximize the secrecy achievable rate based on an analytically derived lower bound instead of the original objective function due to its complexity. Based on a simple proposed user selection criterion considering both macro and small base stations, we propose two jamming strategies according to knowledge of eavesdropper's channel: adaptive jamming and probabilistic jamming strategies. Through simulations in two scenarios, it is shown that our proposed user selection and jamming schemes provide a good performance gain in terms of secrecy achievable rate.


Competing in the world economy does not automatically boost a nation's productivity and restructure its economy. Such progress requires mobilizing capital, employment, technology and knowledge. Opportunities beyond the business realm must be fully exploited to the benfit of society as a whole. The Report provides clear policy guidelines and priorities for both government and the private sector to foster competitiveness. It identifies each country's strengths and weaknesses and proposes strategies to increase productivity and improve access by businesses to productive resources.


This paper investigates the impact of outsourcing on the labor productivity of firms in a specific local production system. A number of hypotheses about the location-specific effects of outsourcing are put forward and tested on a sample of firms in the province of Reggio Emilia (within the Emilia-Romagna region, in North-East Italy). The relationship between outsourcing and productivity turns out positive only if considering the externalization of high value-added activities. On the contrary, it is negative in the case of low value-added activities. This occurs to a greater extent for firms in mature industrial districts, whose socio-economic conditions however do not arrive to magnify the productivity premium of externalizing high value-added ones. The technological innovativeness of the firms instead helps with that, pointing to a developmental use of outsourcing in the area.


Clinicians and researchers are increasingly using the term integrative medicine to refer to the merging of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) with conventional biomedicine. However, combination medicine (CAM added to conventional) is not integrative. Integrative medicine represents a higher-order system of systems of care that emphasizes wellness and healing of the entire person (bio-psycho-socio-spiritual dimensions) as primary goals, drawing on both conventional and CAM approaches in the context of a supportive and effective physician-patient relationship. Using the context of integrative medicine, this article outlines the relevance of complex systems theory as an approach to health outcomes research. In this view, health is an emergent property of the person as a complex living system. Within this conceptualization, the whole may exhibit properties that its separate parts do not possess. Thus, unlike biomedical research that typically examines parts of health care and parts of the individual, one at a time, but not the complete system, integrative outcomes research advocates the study of the whole. The whole system includes the patient-provider relationship, multiple conventional and CAM treatments, and the philosophical context of care as the intervention. The systemic outcomes encompass the simultaneous, interactive changes within the whole person.


The selection of allowable pressure is one of the major problems in the foundation design process. Plate load tests are considered the most reliable sources for the determination of that parameter. This paper addresses the interpretation technique of plate load test results accepted in Eastern Europe/CIS (former USSR). The "four-point" method of the proportionality limit evaluation for a plate load-settlement curve is presented and analyzed. A simple formula describing bearing plate displacements under applied loads has been developed. A new approach for the selection of allowable pressure values is proposed, and a formula for allowable pressure calculations is derived. The values of soil allowable pressure calculated using the proposed formula are compared with proportionality limits found with the traditional "four-point" method.


HEALTH POLICY AND POLITICS: NETWORKS, IDEAS AND POWER Jenny Lewis East Hawthorn, Victoria: IP Communications 2005, 210 pp, AUD 44.95 ISBN 0 9752374 5 6The framework which Jenny Lewis develops in this book, allows health decision-making to be viewed from a new perspective. Conventional political science studies tend to focus on the centrality of power, especially that of organised medicine, as a policy determinant, thus emphasising the controversy and clash of interests which characterise the field. Drawing on existing scholarship, but including new ideas from governance and network studies, the author constructs a non-hierarchical portrayal of health decision-making as 'a complex network of continuing interactions between groups of policy actors' (2005:13) which operates within existing structures and discourses.Five basic elements of the health policy framework are identified: institutions, governance, power and influence, the professions and ideas. Chapter two argues that institutions establish a series of circuits along which policy travels, and that even after radical change, health systems retain many of their pre-existing features because 'a significant amount of the circuitry remains hardwired into them' (2005:39). Readers will find little discussion, however, of the issues raised by institutionalism and path dependence theory. New modes of governance, including managerial and market methods and network governance are examined in Chapter three. It is argued that government has moved from relatively direct, command mode intervention in policy to a more arm's length approach. Chapter four deals with power and influence in policymaking and the roles of actors in networks. Network theories and methods are used to provide 'new insights into which individuals and groups have different types of influence in health policy and how influence is structured through connections' (2005:71). The expertise and authority of the professions is explored in chapter five. There are useful discussions of the conditions giving rise to professional authority and autonomy but the conclusions are probably not generalisable outside the health professions. Health policy discourses are examined in Chapter six, where the concept of 'ideation', discussed further below, is introduced.The opening chapters are followed by studies which examine selected aspects of selected health systems. The first explores government-profession relations, on the premise that health governance involves coordination, cooperation and joint action. Studies of the medical and nursing professions in Australia, the UK and the Netherlands show a strong relationship between medicine and the state. In Australia and the UK, nursing occupies an inferior, 'culturally gendered' position in the hierarchy, whereas it has a place at the policy table in the Netherlands.Managed networks in action are the focus of second study. The main premises are that hierarchical approaches to governance have given way to networks and partnerships; and that these newer forms, based on trust, empathy and reciprocity, offer a better way of managing complex policy problems. Local partnerships in the UK are examined, along with Primary Care Partnerships, which were introduced in Victoria, Australia, in 2001. The findings support the claims of the literature that there has been a shift away from both government direction and market mechanisms towards partnerships. …


Background: The placement of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in schools and public sporting venues is a growing national trend. Objective: To determine the prevalence and use of AEDs in Washington State high schools and to examine the existing emergency preparedness for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: High schools in Washington State. Participants: The principal at each high school in the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association (n = 407) was invited to complete a web-based questionnaire using the National Registry for AED Use in Sports (http://www.AEDSPORTS.com). Main outcome measurements: The primary outcome measures studied included AED prevalence and location, funding for AEDs, AED training of school personnel, coordination of AED placement with local emergency response agencies, and prior AED use. Results: 118 schools completed the survey (29% response rate). 64 (54%) of the schools have at least one AED on school grounds (mean 1.6, range 1–4). The likelihood of AED placement increased with larger school size (p = 0.044). 60% of AEDs were funded by donations, 27% by the school district and 11% by the school or athletic department itself. Coaches (78%) were the most likely to receive AED training, followed by administrators (72%), school nurses (70%) and teachers (48%). Only 25% of schools coordinated the implementation of AEDs with an outside medical agency and only 6% of schools coordinated with the local emergency medical system. One school reported having used an AED previously to treat SCA in a basketball official who survived after a single shock. The estimated probability of AED use to treat SCA was 1 in 154 schools per year. Conclusions: Over half of Washington State high schools have an AED on school grounds. AED use occurred in <1% of schools annually and was effective in the treatment of SCA. Funding of AED programmes was mostly through private donations, with little coordination with local emergency response teams. Significant improvement is needed in structuring emergency response plans and training targeted rescuers for an SCA in the high-school setting.


Henry James's phrase, `white, marmorean flock', has become the defining image for the American women sculptors who worked in Rome in the midnineteenth century at the height of neoclassicism, subsuming their works and histories under the connotations of its words. Instead of simply permitting us to name these sculptors, `white, marmorean flock' raises both a problem of historiography, as a study of the exclusion of the women sculptors from questionable canons, and, more importantly, a problematic of the feminine
and subjectivity in the context of artistic Symbolic activity.

Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1860 novel about expatriate artists in Rome, The Marble Faun, is a primary site for the excavation of the foundations of our contemporary understanding of the American women sculptors in Rome in
the mid-nineteenth century. Conflated with the objects of her creative production in a `Pygmalion effect', the woman sculptor is figured in Hawthorne's novel as a limit, embodying an impossible (for phallic cultural discourses) coincidence of femininity and creativity. Read through a matrixial lens, sculptures by Edmonia Lewis intrude uncannily in these canonical narratives of the nineteenth century, as the woman sculptor of colour in the studio destabilises and unfixes gender, race, and class identities. Here too the Sadean `nothingness' of the neoclassical sculpture emerges as a limit in
our understanding of nineteenth century modes of seeing -a limit which is perhaps best approached `through the defiles of the signifier', photography. For although the flat, white, ideologically-laden surfaces of American history
sculpture are now articulated by the spaces of the modernist white cube gallery, the woman sculptor remains a `strange and estranged' stain on the screen of American art, `rather out of place in the picture'. By focussing on the margins of American art history, this study deploys the anamorphic effect in an attempt to `hallow the hollow and to hollow the hallow': to move towards reading the works and histories of the American women sculptors who worked in Rome in the mid-nineteenth century in a symbolic register in which white is also black, and sculptors are also women.


Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We previously demonstrated upregulation of the transcription factor MafB in AMs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles of MafB in the development of pulmonary emphysema. Porcine pancreatic elastase was administered to wild-type (WT) and dominant-negative (DN)-MafB transgenic (Tg) mice in which MafB activity was suppressed only in macrophages. We measured the mean linear intercept and conducted cell differential analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, surface marker analysis using flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical staining using antibodies to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-12. Airspace enlargement of the lungs was suppressed significantly in elastase-treated DN-MafB Tg mice compared with treated WT mice. AMs with projected pseudopods were decreased in DN-MafB Tg mice. The number of cells intermediately positive for F4/80 and weakly or intermediately positive for CD11b, which are considered cell subsets of matured AMs, decreased in the BAL of DN-MafB Tg mice. Furthermore, MMP-9 and -12 were significantly downregulated in BAL cells of DN-MafB Tg mice. Because MMPs exacerbate emphysema, MafB may be involved in pulmonary emphysema development through altered maturation of macrophages and MMP expression.


Background: Opioid analgesics used for analgesia are associated with sedation, respiratory depression and post-operative nausea and vomiting. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac are a safe and effective alternative with opioid-sparing effect. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of pre-operative rectal diclofenac suppository (1 mg/kg) in cleft palate repair for post-operative analgesia and reduction in post-operative opioid requirements. Study Design: A randomized clinical trial. Methods: After obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee, 60 children were allocated by a computer-generated randomisation into two groups of 30 each; group D (Diclofenac group) and group C (Conventional group). Children in group D and group C were similar in all aspects except for the fact that group D children received 1 mg/kg diclofenac suppository after induction. Pain was evaluated using modification of the objective pain scale by Hannallah and colleagues for 6 h post-operatively by an anaesthesiology resident or nursing staff who was blinded to the group. If the pain score was more than 3, rescue analgesic I.V. fentanyl 0.5 μgm/kg was administered. The pain scores at different intervals, number of doses and quantity of rescue analgesic required were noted. Results: We observed that pre-operative rectal diclofenac provided effective analgesia in the immediate post-operative period, as evidenced by reduced pain scores and reduced opioid requirement (P=0.00002). There was no evidence of any increased perioperative bleeding in the diclofenac group. Conclusion: Pre-operative rectal diclofenac reduces opioid consumption and provides good post-operative analgesia.


BACKGROUND & AIMS
Raf-1 kinase is a key regulator of a number of cellular processes, which promote the maintenance of a healthy colon epithelium. This study addresses the role of Raf in epithelial cell survival in response to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced injury and inflammation.

METHODS
Inducible intestinal epithelium-specific Raf knockout mice were generated and subjected to acute colitis followed by a short recovery period. Colon sections were analyzed by in situ oligo ligation or immunostaining for Ki67, phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB p65. Western blot analysis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling assays were performed on Raf small interfering RNA-transfected young adult mouse colon cells following DSS treatment.

RESULTS
We report that Raf protects against epithelial injury and inflammation and promotes recovery from acute DSS-induced colitis by both MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-dependent and -independent pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Raf induces novel cell survival responses through activating nuclear factor-kappaB in a MEK-independent manner.

CONCLUSIONS
These novel findings indicate a protective role for Raf in colon epithelium following ulcerative damage through inhibiting cell apoptosis and promoting proliferation with important implications for responses such as inflammation-associated carcinogenesis.


ABSTRACT The complexity of linear mixed-effects (LME) models means that traditional diagnostics are rendered less effective. This is due to a breakdown of asymptotic results, boundary issues, and visible patterns in residual plots that are introduced by the model fitting process. Some of these issues are well known and adjustments have been proposed. Working with LME models typically requires that the analyst keeps track of all the special circumstances that may arise. In this article, we illustrate a simpler but generally applicable approach to diagnosing LME models. We explain how to use new visual inference methods for these purposes. The approach provides a unified framework for diagnosing LME fits and for model selection. We illustrate the use of this approach on several commonly available datasets. A large-scale Amazon Turk study was used to validate the methods. R code is provided for the analyses. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.


To provide effective representation, search and retrieval of digital artworks, their semantics, context and symbolism should be considered. Existing metadata schemas were designed for other specific purposes and are too cumbersome to be modified to express these abstract concepts of digital artworks. We have designed a new metadata wrapper schema suitable for digital artworks and a Digital Artwork Expression Language (DAEL) based on this schema. This paper focuses on the requirements and features of DAEL, and how it can be used to express basic metadata as well as to generate more complex and abstract metadata via a Transformation Engine. A use case is presented to illustrate the usefulness of this language.


The scene for environmental performance and disclosures is changing rapidly from that of a voluntary state to one where both are being mandated. One such regulatory initiative is that of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), under which all firms within certain industries have to comply with similar environmental performance and disclosure requirements. The imposition of such requirements can have both adverse and beneficial effects on firm value. The purpose of this study is to examine how EU ETS membership affects the market value of European firms. Using a sample of 1,985 firm-year observations from Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain and Italy, I find that joining the EU ETS has a positive impact on firm value, and this impact is larger for firms with high price elasticity of demand (PED). These findings suggest that a regulated environmental performance and environmental disclosure setting is likely to reduce uncertainties pertaining to externalities, in particular, for firms which are unable to shift their externality costs to their consumers.


Abstract Weeds remain the most commonly cited concern of organic farmers. Without the benefit of synthetic herbicides, organic farmers must rely on a host of ecological weed management (EWM) practices to control weeds. Despite EWM's ability to improve soil quality, the perceived rate of integrated EWM strategy adoption remains low. This low adoption is likely a result of the complexity in designing and evaluating EWM strategies, the tendency for outreach to focus on the risks of EWM strategies rather than their benefits, and a lack of quantitative measures linking the performance of EWM strategies to farmers' on-farm objectives and practices. Here we report on the development and deployment of an easy-to-use online decision support tool (DST) that aids organic farmers in identifying their on-farm objectives, characterizing the performance of their practices, and evaluating EWM strategies recommended by an expert advisory panel. Informed by the principles of structured decision making, the DST uses multiple choice tasks to help farmers evaluate the short- and long-term trade-offs of EWM strategies, while also focusing their attention on their most important objectives. We then invited organic farmers across the United States, in particular those whose email addresses were registered on the USDA's Organic Research Integrity Database, to engage the DST online. Results show considerable movement in participants' (n = 45) preferences from practices focused on reducing weeding costs and labor in the short term to EWM strategies focused on improving soil quality in the long term. Indeed, nearly half of those farmers (48%) who initially ranked a strategy composed of their current practices highest ultimately preferred a better-performing EWM strategy focused on eliminating the weed seedbank over 5 yr.


Supplying power: Right time, right place Cell membranes are very flexible and easily molded to shape; however, to physically pinch off a membrane vesicle from a membrane tube still requires power. A type of molecular machine known as dynamin is involved in this sort of membrane remodeling. Dynamins use guanosine triphosphate (GTP) rather than the more commonly used cellular energy source adenosine triphosphate to work. Boissan et al. now show that two separate dynamins found in the cytoplasm or the mitochondria both use the same sort of enzyme—nucleoside diphosphate kinases—to provide GTP at just the right time and the right place to power membrane fission. Science, this issue p. 1510 During membrane fission, molecular motors are provided with a local energy source. Dynamin superfamily molecular motors use guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy for membrane-remodeling events. We found that knockdown of nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) NM23-H1/H2, which produce GTP through adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–driven conversion of guanosine diphosphate (GDP), inhibited dynamin-mediated endocytosis. NM23-H1/H2 localized at clathrin-coated pits and interacted with the proline-rich domain of dynamin. In vitro, NM23-H1/H2 were recruited to dynamin-induced tubules, stimulated GTP-loading on dynamin, and triggered fission in the presence of ATP and GDP. NM23-H4, a mitochondria-specific NDPK, colocalized with mitochondrial dynamin-like OPA1 involved in mitochondria inner membrane fusion and increased GTP-loading on OPA1. Like OPA1 loss of function, silencing of NM23-H4 but not NM23-H1/H2 resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation, reflecting fusion defects. Thus, NDPKs interact with and provide GTP to dynamins, allowing these motor proteins to work with high thermodynamic efficiency.


The zebrafish is a useful model organism for developmental and genetic studies. The morphology and function of zebrafish myeloid cells were characterized. Adult zebrafish contain 2 distinct granulocytes, a heterophil and a rarer eosinophil, both of which circulate and are generated in the kidney, the adult hematopoietic organ. Heterophils show strong histochemical myeloperoxidasic activity, although weaker peroxidase activity was observed under some conditions in eosinophils and erythrocytes. Embryonic zebrafish have circulating immature heterophils by 48 hours after fertilization (hpf). A zebrafish myeloperoxidase homologue (myeloid-specific peroxidase; mpx) was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis suggested it represented a gene ancestral to the mammalian myeloperoxidase gene family. It was expressed in adult granulocytes and in embryos from 18 hpf, first diffusely in the axial intermediate cell mass and then discretely in a dispersed cell population. Comparison of hemoglobinized cell distribution, mpx gene expression, and myeloperoxidase histochemistry in wild-type and mutant embryos confirmed that the latter reliably identified a population of myeloid cells. Studies in embryos after tail transection demonstrated that mpx- and peroxidase-expressing cells were mobile and localized to a site of inflammation, indicating functional capability of these embryonic granulocytes. Embryonic macrophages removed carbon particles from the circulation by phagocytosis. Collectively, these observations have demonstrated the early onset of zebrafish granulopoiesis, have proved that granulocytes circulate by 48 hpf, and have demonstrated the functional activity of embryonic granulocytes and macrophages. These observations will facilitate the application of this genetically tractable organism to the study of myelopoiesis.


Abstract Dialogue is promoted as a key strategy to 'solve' the 'problem' of diversity in educational settings. Yet, "[w]hen we select words … We usually take them from other utterances, and mainly from utterances that are kindred to ours in genre, that is in theme, composition or style" (p. 87, emphasis in the original). This article problematises the complexities of dialogic engagements with foreigner teachers in educational encounters. Bakhtin's treatment of polyphonic dialogic encounters provides an analytical frame for explicating the intertextuality of foreigner teacher engagements as not only temporally and culturally, but also individually volatile. The article suggests that dialogic encounters are unpredictably complex, alive and never neutral, and that dialogic engagements can be so fraught with fear that verbal or cross cultural engagements with teacher foreigners must be recognised as risky and dangerous, and not always smooth 'solutions' to a 'problem'. A dual Bakhtinian/Kristevan lens expands the analysis to expose the vulnerability of dialogue, through unconscious revelations of teacher subjects that are forever in process. The article culminates in an argument for the crucial importance of a receptive, attentive ethics of care in dialogic engagements with cultural foreigners in educational relationships, to avoid fearful exposure, lifeless dialogue and silence.


An ambiguity averse decision maker evaluates plans under a restricted family of what we call structured models and unstructured alternatives that are statistically close to them. The structured models can include parametric models in which parameter values vary over time in ways that the decision maker cannot describe probabilistically. Because he suspects that all parametric models are misspecified, the decision maker also evaluates plans under alternative probability distributions with much less structure.