We present a fundamental and accurate approach to compute the attenuation of electromagnetic waves propagating in rectangular waveguides with finite conductivity walls. The wavenumbers kx and ky in the x and y directions respectively, are obtained as roots of a set of transcendental equations derived by matching the tangential component of the electric field (E) and the magnetic field (H) at the surface of the waveguide walls. The electrical properties of the wall material are determined by the complex permittivity e, permeability μ, and conductivity σ. We have examined the validity of our model by carrying out measurements on the loss arising from the fundamental TE10 mode near the cutoff frequency. We also found good agreement between our results and those obtained by others including Papadopoulos' perturbation method across a wide range of frequencies, in particular in the vicinity of cutoff. In the presence of degenerate modes however, our method gives higher losses, which we attribute to the coupling between modes as a result of dispersion.


Electricity and district heating are the most important energy carriers for the residential and service sector in Sweden. Today, district heating supplies about half of the total heating requirement of residential and commercial premises in Sweden. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the heating system of a school, placed in Gavle, Sweden. The heat is delivered to the school by a district heating network.First of all, the Heat Balance must be done, with the purpose of obtain the best knowledge of the present situation in the school. The calculations about the transmission and ventilation losses and the internal heating generated have been showed. After this, the point of view has been focused on the district heating system itself. It is means, the distribution pipe system inside the school. The efficiency and accuracy of the net will be analysed and discussed.Three possible ways to improve the net will be showed. The first of all is the most simple: just take the pipe system and try to reduce the waste heat, the heat losses; the second choice is to make a new connection to the district heating network, joining all the buildings with one connection for each building –five more- instead of only the connection that exists at the moment when this paper was written; the third option seems as a different model of the second, it is means to divide all the school in two bigger parts and make another connection to the district heating network with the purpose of dividing the heating system in two equal parts.Thanks to the heat balance done in the school and in the district heating system, it is possible to know the waste of heat. Mainly, these losses are found in the district heating net. The amount of waste is around 17%, a really high amount of energy wasted, which must be reduced. According to the data of the company Gavle Energy, the waste in old buildings like the school which is under study in this paper, usually is between 15% and 20% of the supplied energy. So, this showed the accuracy of the method used to make this paper.According to the possibilities of improvement, it will depend on the ultimate decision of the Gavle Fastigheter, company which owns the school, to choose the way that could be better for their own interest. However, in this paper the prices and possible pay-back times are showed, in order to provide better information.Although the best solution has a total cost of 1750000 Swedish crowns (186289 €) and a pay-back time of 21 years –talking about making five new connections-, another cheaper possibility is also commented: improving the isolation of the pipe system, with a cost of 549000 SEK (58441 €) and a pay-back time near 7 years.


Species are the basis of the taxonomic scheme. They are the universally accepted lowest taxonomic cluster of living organisms; among many uses, they are considered to be the units for measuring biodiversity and evolution. This chapter discusses this unit from a "prokaryotologist" point of view, as prokaryotes may be endowed with the widest diversity among the living organisms. Additionally, microscopic eukaryotes are circumscribed in species whose conception is dependent on the nature of the group they are assigned to and the analysis techniques that taxonomists use to classify them. The currently practiced species concept in microbiology corresponds partially to several concepts designed for eukaryotes. It is phenetic in that the basis for the understanding of the taxon's coherency and internal diversity is based on the numerical analysis of independently covarying characters, which are not necessarily universally present in the taxon. It is phylogenetic in that the members of these units have to show a common pattern of ancestry, i.e., they must be monophyletic. Finally, it is based on a genotypic (genomic) cluster definition in the way that genome comparisons, although indirect, give objective numerical frontiers to the unit circumscription, and guarantee the close genealogical relationship of the strains included in a cluster.


Insertion of bacteriophage coat proteins into the membrane of infected bacterial cells can be studied as a model system of protein translocation across membranes. The coat protein of the filamentous bacteriophage Pf3--which infects Pseudomonas aeruginosa--is 44 amino acids in length and has the same basic structure as the coat protein of bacteriophage M13, which infects Escherichia coli. However, unlike the Pf3 coat protein, the M13 coat protein is synthesized as a precursor (procoat) with a typical leader (signal) sequence, which is cleaved after membrane insertion. Nevertheless, when the gene encoding the Pf3 coat protein is expressed in E. coli, the protein is translocated across the membrane. Hybrid M13 and Pf3 coat proteins were constructed in an attempt to understand how the Pf3 coat protein is translocated without a leader sequence. These studies demonstrated that the extracellular regions of the proteins determined their cellular location. When three charged residues in this region were neutralized, the leader-free M13 coat protein was also inserted into the membrane. Differences in the water shell surrounding these residues may account for efficient membrane insertion of the protein without a leader sequence.


The years of C. Arnold Hanson's term as president at Gettysburg College were years of turbulence, change, and challenge. Rising to the position of president in 1961, in the dawning of a dynamic era of modern American history, C. A. Hanson served well into the middle of the next decade, during which time he helped guide Gettysburg College through some of its most trying and vital changes. This was the era of the hippie and the free thinker, the era of the Women's and Civil Rights Movements, the era of Vietnam and anti-war protests, the era that shaped modern American society and culture. During this period, one of the areas in which the most dramatic changes occurred was in the sphere of Civil Rights; Gettysburg was far from the forefront in dealing with bigotry, but it did confront the race issue. As this occurred on the national scale, efforts were made at Gettysburg to follow suit. Sadly, this was often difficult and unsuccessful, occurring "in fits and starts." During C. A. Hanson's tenure as president, minorities experienced discrimination as they pursued equal opportunities in education, faculty and administrators struggled to construct a successful strategy for integration, students brought down racial barriers through interaction, and above all, many African Americans demonstrated extraordinary strength of character in their fight for equality and acceptance into the Gettysburg College community. [excerpt]


The study analysed the role of Traditional leaders in service delivery within eThekwini Municipality. The study makes an in-depth analysis of both the pre -democratic and post democratic local government dispensation and the role of the Traditional Leadership in the process. The study also covered the historic role of Traditional Leaders dating back from the pre colonial, colonial and apartheid era. The researcher also reviewed the international experience on the role of traditional leaders in service delivery focusing on African countries. The study also covered the role of traditional leaders in Kwa ZuluNatal under apartheid and the post democratic era. The researcher chose three wards which are almost ninety percent rural which is Ward 01,02 and 03.The researcher focused on the municipal budgets for three years which is 2006/2007 , 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 financial years. The researcher analysed budgets allocated to the three wards during the above three years, the Integrated Development Plans and Annual reviews for the above three years. This study makes in-depth analyses of the projects budgeted for and implemented in the three financial years and the role of traditional leaders in the adoption of those budgets and their implementation. The study was conducted through both qualitative and quantitative research methodology. As mentioned above budgets, IDPs' and Annual Reports of the municipality were analysed. Interviews were conducted with ward councillors, traditional leaders, senior municipality staff and senior officials from the Kwa Zulu -Natal Department of Cooperative Governance. Community members from the three wards were also interviewed through a separate questionnaire. Each and every question given by each respondent was analysed either through qualitative or quantitative analysis. The findings of the research revealed that eThekwini Municipality inherited rural areas which were highly under-developed. There were no basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity. The municipality has invested large amount of resources in provision of such basic services.The fact, however, is that the rural areas are still lagging behind in service delivery when compared to urban parts of the municipality. Basic service delivery in urban areas is about ninety five percent whereas in rural areas, it is about seventy five percent. The most important findings of the study is the fact that Traditional Leaders are not playing any significant role in service delivery within the municipality. They do not sit on the highest decision making body of the municipality, the Municipal Council despite the Act (Local Government Municipal Structures Act No.117 of 1998) stating that they should be represented. The Traditional Leaders do not contribute on the IDP, Budget formulation and projects planning. The traditional Leaders are only consulted when the project is to be implemented in their areas. The Traditional Leader's role is purely ceremonial and restricted to sod turning and public mobilization. The researcher hopes that the result of the study will contribute to the municipality rethinking the role of Traditional Leadership and implementing the Local Government Municipal Structures Act, No. 117of 1998 The following are the Recommendations: The implementation of the Local Government Municipal Structures act 177 of 1998 which calls for the representation of the Traditional Leadership in municipalities. Also the Amendment of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, related Municipal and Traditional Leadership legislation in order to provide clarity on the roles of traditional leaders within the municipality is recommended. The researcher further recommends greater involvement of Traditional Leadership in Integrated Development Planning, Budgetary processes, projects planning, projects implementation and annual review processes. Office of Amakhosi to report directly to the Deputy City Manager Governance for speedy implementation of decisions taken by the office. Regular capacity building workshops and study bursaries for both councillors and the Traditional Leadership.


Abstract The chemical speciation of nanoparticles is technically challenging because of the minute mass of the particles. There is a constant need for more sensitive collection methods and chemical analyses. In this study, we demonstrated the applicability of a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique on the rapid and sensitive chemical analysis of individual nanoparticles. SERS technique provides a significant enhancement of the scattering efficiency over traditional Raman spectroscopy. The novelty of the proposed technique is that the SERS substrate is used directly as the sampling substrate of a condensational growth tube (CGT) sampler, which can activate nanoparticles into water droplets and ensure simultaneous inertial sampling and SERS pretreatment. First, we investigated applicability of the method on mono-dispersed (20 nm, 50 nm, or 100 nm) ammonium sulfate (AS) and levoglucosan (LG) particles as model aerosols. The method was then applied to ambient nanoparticles. The successful detection of peaks corresponding to sulfate ν(SO42-) and organics ν(C-H) indicates that our proposed method to combine a CGT sampler and SERS showed a sensitivity high enough to provide deep insights into the chemical speciation of atmospheric nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter.


Human beings may affect the welfare of fish through fisheries, aquaculture and a number of other activities. There is no agreement on just how to weigh the concern for welfare of fish against the human interests involved, but ethical frameworks exist that suggest how this might be approached. Different definitions of animal welfare focus on an animal's condition, on its subjective experience of that condition and/or on whether it can lead a natural life. These provide different, legitimate, perspectives, but the approach taken in this paper is to focus on welfare as the absence of suffering. An unresolved and controversial issue in discussions about animal welfare is whether non-human animals exposed to adverse experiences such as physical injury or confinement experience what humans would call suffering. The neocortex, which in humans is an important part of the neural mechanism that generates the subjective experience of suffering, is lacking in fish and non-mammalian animals, and it has been argued that its absence in fish indicates that fish cannot suffer. However, a strong alternative view is that complex animals with sophisticated behaviour, such as fish, probably have the capacity for suffering, though this may be different in degree and kind from the human experience of this state. Recent empirical studies support this view and show that painful stimuli are, at least, strongly aversive to fish. Consequently, injury or experience of other harmful conditions is a cause for concern in terms of welfare of individual fish. There is also growing evidence that fish can experience fear-like states and that they avoid situations in which they have experienced adverse conditions. 1 The reference of the printed version is: Felicity Huntingford, Colin Adams, Victoria A. Braithwaite, Sunil Kadri, Tom G. Pottinger, Peter Sandøe & James F. Turnbull. (2006): Review paper: Current issues in fish welfare. Journal of Fish Biology 68: 332-372. The definitive version is available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001046.x/abstract Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment This is a post-print version of an article published in Journal of Fish Biology by Wiley-Blackwell For more articles on animal ethics, see www.animalethics.net Human activities that potentially compromise fish welfare include anthropogenic changes to the environment, commercial fisheries, recreational angling, aquaculture, ornamental fish keeping and scientific research. The resulting harm to fish welfare is a cost that must be minimised and weighed against the benefits of the activity concerned. Wild fish naturally experience a variety of adverse conditions, from attack by predators or conspecifics to starvation or exposure to poor environmental conditions. This does not make it acceptable for humans to impose such conditions on fish, but it does suggest that fish will have mechanisms to cope with these conditions and reminds us that pain responses are in some cases adaptive (for example, suppressing feeding when injured). In common with all vertebrates, fish respond to environmental challenges with a series of adaptive neuro-endocrine adjustments that are collectively termed the stress response. These in turn induce reversible metabolic and behavioural changes that make the fish better able to overcome or avoid the challenge and are undoubtedly beneficial, in the short-term at least. In contrast, prolonged activation of the stress response is damaging and leads to immuno-suppression, reduced growth and reproductive dysfunction. Indicators associated with the response to chronic stress (physiological endpoints, disease status and behaviour) provide a potential source of information on the welfare status of a fish. The most reliable assessment of well-being will be obtained by examining a range of informative measures and statistical techniques are available that enable several such measures to be combined objectively. A growing body of evidence tells us that many human activities can harm fish welfare, but that the effects depend on the species and life history stage concerned and are also context-dependent. For example, in aquaculture, adverse effects related to stocking density may be eliminated if good water quality is maintained. At low densities, bad water quality may be less likely to arise whereas social interactions may cause greater welfare problems. A number of key differences between fish and birds and mammals have important implications for their welfare. Fish do not need to fuel a high body temperature, so the effects of food deprivation on welfare are not so marked. For species that live naturally in large shoals, low rather than high densities may be harmful. On the other hand, fish are in intimate contact with their environment through the huge surface area of their gills, so they are vulnerable to poor water quality and water borne pollutants. Extrapolation between taxa is dangerous and general frameworks for ensuring welfare in other vertebrate animals need to be modified before they can be usefully applied to fish. The scientific study of fish welfare is at an early stage compared with work on other vertebrates and a great deal of what we need to know is yet to be discovered. However, it is clearly the case that fish, though different from birds and mammals, are sophisticated animals, far removed from unfeeling creatures with a 15 second memory of popular misconception. A heightened appreciation of these points Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment This is a post-print version of an article published in Journal of Fish Biology by Wiley-Blackwell For more articles on animal ethics, see www.animalethics.net in those who exploit fish and in those who seek to protect them would go a long way towards improving fish welfare.


Abstract/Description The aim of this thesis was to identify breeding objectives of smallholder and pastoral sheep keepers in Ethiopia (Afar, Bonga, Horro and Menz areas) and to design appropriate community-based breeding plans for genetic improvement of four indigenous sheep breeds. Information on genetics of adaptation in farm animals was reviewed. Two live animals ranking experiments approaches, own-flock and groupanimal ranking, were used to identify sheep breeding objectives. In own-flock ranking, owners paid more attention to production and reproduction performances and behavioral traits (e.g. milk yield, temperament, lamb growth, mothering ability, body size, lambing interval). In group-animal ranking, observable attributes like coat color, tail type, ear size, body size, etc. recurred. Afar (pastoral) and Menz (sheepbarley) sheep breeders, coping with more challenging production environments, considered more attributes compared to the two crop-livestock systems (Bonga and Horro). Four scenarios of ram selection and ram use were compared via deterministic simulation of breeding plans for community-based sheep breeding programs considering the top three most important traits identified. The review work revealed the need to identify the most appropriate and adapted genotypes capable of coping with environmental challenges posed by the production systems or, wherever possible, adapt the environments to the requirements of the animals. In conclusion, both own-flock and group-animal ranking experiments can serve as tools in objective traits identification in production systems without recording practices. Strong selection and short use of rams for breeding were the preferred options. Expected genetic gains are satisfactory but rely on continuous recording.


For almost three decades now that the operation of groups and teams became highlighted by scientific examinations and widespread acknowledged leverage for improving corporate efficiency and effectiveness. Much is known about general conditions of operation, still little is known about managerial attitudes, behaviour in operating them. Considering the agribusiness sector, we have hundreds of years of traditions; although operational rules, internal properties, managerial aspects are poorly acknowledged. The Department of Management of University of Debrecen has been conducting research in this field for many years now. Its research program enabled me to work out a questionnaire for surveying agribusiness organizations so that I could identify major and typical characteristics of performance groups. In this article I intend to more precisely describe internal rules, relations and characteristics of this phenomenon.


Comparative analyses of developmental processes across a broad spectrum of organisms are required to fully understand the mechanisms responsible for the major evolutionary transitions among eukaryotic photosynthetic lineages (defined here as the polyphyletic algae and the monophyletic land plants). The concepts of dynamical patterning modules (DPMs) and biogeneric materials provide a framework for studying developmental processes in the context of such comparative analyses. In the context of multicellularity, DPMs are defined as sets of conserved gene products and molecular networks, in conjunction with the physical morphogenetic and patterning processes they mobilize. A biogeneric material is defined as mesoscale matter with predictable morphogenetic capabilities that arise from complex cellular conglomerates. Using these concepts, we outline some of the main events and transitions in plant evolution, and describe the DPMs and biogeneric properties associated with and responsible for these transitions. We identify four primary DPMs that played critical roles in the evolution of multicellularity (i.e., the DPMs responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion, identifying the future cell wall, cell differentiation, and cell polarity). Three important conclusions emerge from a broad phyletic comparison: (1) DPMs have been achieved in different ways, even within the same clade (e.g., phycoplastic cell division in the Chlorophyta and phragmoplastic cell division in the Streptophyta), (2) DPMs had their origins in the co-option of molecular species present in the unicellular ancestors of multicellular plants, and (3) symplastic transport mediated by intercellular connections, particularly plasmodesmata, was critical for the evolution of complex multicellularity in plants.


ABSTRACT Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) respond to viral infection by production of alpha interferon (IFN-α), proinflammatory cytokines, and cell differentiation. The elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in more than 50% of chronically infected patients by treatment with IFN-α suggests that pDCs can play an important role in the control of HCV infection. pDCs exposed to HCV-infected hepatoma cells, in contrast to cell-free HCV virions, produce large amounts of IFN-α. To further investigate the molecular mechanism of HCV sensing, we studied whether exposure of pDCs to HCV-infected hepatoma cells activates, in parallel to interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated production of IFN-α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent pDC responses, such as expression of the differentiation markers CD40, CCR7, CD86, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). We demonstrate that exposure of pDCs to HCV-infected hepatoma cells surprisingly did not induce phosphorylation of NF-κB or cell surface expression of CD40, CCR7, CD86, or TRAIL or secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. In contrast, CpG-A and CpG-B induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 in pDCs exposed to the HCV-infected hepatoma cells, showing that cell-associated virus did not actively inhibit Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation. Our results suggest that cell-associated HCV signals in pDCs via an endocytosis-dependent mechanism and IRF7 but not via the NF-κB pathway. In spite of IFN-α induction, cell-associated HCV does not induce a full functional response of pDCs. These findings contribute to the understanding of evasion of immune responses by HCV.


Extensive changes in the organization of world trade over the last two decades have renewed concerns about countries' ability to compete in export markets. The impact could be especially large in industries that participate in global value chains (GVCs). This study assesses the recent export performance of 56 countries in five industries associated with GVCs using an index of normalised revealed comparative advantage (RCA) that can be compared across industries and countries and new data on the domestic value added in exports from the OECD's Trade in Value-added database. For a number of the GVC industries, countries identified as the most competitive based on gross exports are often found to be less competitive when evaluated in terms of domestic value added. Business services are an important exception; several countries appear more competitive on a value-added basis than based on conventional measures of gross exports. Despite concerns about hollowing out, a number of major industrial countries remain highly competitive in one or more GVC industries, even from the perspective of domestic value added. A value-added approach to RCA provides insights that are not apparent from an exclusive focus on gross exports.


OBJECTIVE
Several studies have investigated the utility of electronic decision support alerts in diagnostic stewardship for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). However, it is unclear if alerts are effective in reducing inappropriate CDI testing and/or CDI rates. The aim of this systematic review was to determine if alerts related to CDI diagnostic stewardship are effective at reducing inappropriate CDI testing volume and CDI rates among hospitalized adult patients.

DESIGN
We searched Ovid MEDLINE and 5 other databases for original studies evaluating the association between alerts for CDI diagnosis and CDI testing volume and/or CDI rate. Two investigators independently extracted data on study characteristics, study design, alert triggers, co-interventions, and study outcomes.

RESULTS
Eleven studies met criteria for inclusion. Studies varied significantly in alert triggers and in study outcomes. Six of eleven studies demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in CDI testing volume, six of six studies evaluating appropriateness of CDI testing found a significant reduction in the proportion of inappropriate testing, and four of seven studies measuring CDI rate demonstrated a significant decrease in the CDI rate in the post- vs pre-intervention periods. The magnitude of the increase in appropriate CDI testing varied, with some studies reporting an increase with minimal clinical significance.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of electronic alerts for diagnostic stewardship for C. difficile was associated with reductions in CDI testing, the proportion of inappropriate CDI testing, and rates of CDI in most studies. However, broader concerns related to alerts remain understudied, including unintended adverse consequences and alert fatigue.


Large-scale bedrock morphology and relief of two key areas, the Jutulsessen Nunatak and the Jutulstraumen ice stream are used to discuss glascial history and landscape development in western and central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Two main landform components were identified: well-defined summit plateau surfaces and a typical alpine glacial landscape. The flat, high-elevation plateau surfaces previously were part of one or several continuous regional planation surfaces. In western Dronning Maud Land, overlying cover rocks of late Palaeozoic age show that the planation surface(s) existed in the early Permian, prior to the break-up of Gondwana. A well-develoment escarpment, a mega landform typical for passive continental margins, bounds the palaeosurface remnants to the north for a distance of at least 700 km. The Cenozoic glacial landscape, incised in the palaeosurface and escarpment, is exemplified by Jutulsessen Nunatak, where a c. 1.2 km deep glacial valley system is developed. However, the prominent Penck-Jutul Trough represents some of the deepest dissection of the palaeosurface. This originally tectonic feature is today occupied by the Jutulstraumen ice stream. New topographic data show that the bed of the Penck-Jutul Trough is situated 1.9±1.1 km below sea level, and that the total landscape relief is at least 4.2 km. Today's relief is a result of several processes, including tectonic faulting, subaerial weathering, fluvial erosion, and glacial erosion. It is probable that erosion by ice streams has deepened the tectonic troughs of Dronning Maud Land since the onset of ice sheet glaciation in the Oligocene, and continues today. An attempt is made to identify major events in the long-term landscape development of Dronning Maud Land, since the break-up of the Gondwana continent.


Sports participation provides many health benefits to young athletes of both sexes. However, a subset of male athletes may suffer from unrecognised low bone density and impaired skeletal health, predisposing them to an increased risk of fracture. The effects of delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatment of low bone density among male athletes may have severe consequences in future longevity in sport as well as long-term bone health. It has been well described that low energy availability alters the neuroendocrine axis, resulting in menstrual dysfunction, low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk for bone stress injury (BSI) in female athletes.1 ,2 However, male athletes may also experience an analogous process that parallels the female athlete triad (Triad).3 As childhood and adolescence represent a critical time for accruing peak bone mass, identifying modifiable risk factors for impaired skeletal health is important to ensure the long-term health in athletes of both sexes.

Similar to female athletes,4 there appear to be cumulative risk factors for low BMD (Z-scores <−1.0) in the young male athlete. A prior investigation in 42 male runners identified BMI ≤17.5 kg/m2 and a belief that being thinner leads to faster running performances as risk factors for having lower BMD.5 Risk factors in the young male athlete obtained from anthropometric measures and self-report questionnaires include low body weight (<85% expected weight), stress fracture history, average …


Machine learning approaches like deep neural networks have proven to be very successful in many domains. However, they require training on a huge volumes of data. While these approaches work very well in a few selected domains where a large corpus of training data exists, they shift the bottleneck in development of machine learning applications to the data acquisition phase and are difficult to use in domains where training data is hard to acquire. For sensor fusion applications in coalition operations, access to good training data that will be suitable for real-life applications is hard to get. The training data sets available are limited in size. For these domains, we need to explore approaches for machine learning which can work with small amounts of data. In this paper, we will look at the current and emerging approaches which allow us to build machine learning models when access to the training data is limited. The approaches examined include statistical machine learning, transfer learning, synthetic data generation, semi-supervised learning and one-shot learning.


Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2015.


An important transformation is reshaping once-distinct social structures, such as charitable and religious groups, family firms, and government agencies, into more analogous units called organizations. We use the ideas of sociological institutionalism to build a cultural explanation for the blurring between traditional sectors. In contrast to mainstream theories of power or functionality, we argue that it is increasingly difficult to distinguish between these historically separate entities because of global cultural shifts characterized by a growing emphasis on science, which renders the world subject to systematic principles, and the expansion of individual rights, responsibilities, and capacities. Focusing mainly on nonprofits, our approach explains two important features of contemporary blurring that are overlooked in current explanations: that the practices associated with becoming more like business or government in the nonprofit sector spread beyond known instrumental utility and the demands of funders or clients, and that sector blurring is not simply a transfer of new practices into the world of nonprofits and government. All sectors are changing in similar ways in the current period.


Abstract. The sampling artifacts (both positive and negative) and the influence of thermal-optical methods (both charring correction method and the peak inert mode temperature) on the split of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were evaluated in Beijing. The positive sampling artifact constituted 10% and 23% of OC concentration determined by the bare quartz filter during winter and summer, respectively. For summer samples, the adsorbed gaseous organics were found to continuously evolve off the filter during the whole inert mode when analyzed by the IMPROVE-A temperature protocol. This may be due to the oxidation of the adsorbed organics during sampling (reaction artifact) which would increase their thermal stability. The backup quartz approach was evaluated by a denuder-based method for assessing the positive artifact. The quartz-quartz (QBQ) in series method was demonstrated to be reliable, since all of the OC collected by QBQ was from originally gaseous organics. Negative artifact that could be adsorbed by quartz filter was negligible. When the activated carbon impregnated glass fiber (CIG) filter was used as the denuded backup filter, the denuder efficiency for removing gaseous organics that could be adsorbed by the CIG filter was only about 30%. EC values were found to differ by a factor of about two depending on the charring correction method. Influence of the peak inert mode temperature was evaluated based on the summer samples. The EC value was found to continuously decrease with the peak inert mode temperature. Premature evolution of light absorbing carbon began when the peak inert mode temperature was increased from 580 to 650 °C; when further increased to 800 °C, the OC and EC split frequently occurred in the He mode, and the last OC peak was characterized by the overlapping of two separate peaks. The discrepancy between EC values defined by different temperature protocols was larger for Beijing carbonaceous aerosol compared with North America and Europe, perhaps due to the higher concentration of brown carbon in Beijing aerosol.


Proposed models and analytical solutions of steady one‐ and three‐dimensional (3D) air flow in partially saturated soil enable estimating air‐injection sources in unsaturated soils and optimizing their application. The 3D modeling offers six solutions for air injection from a point source located in a: (i) laterally unconfined domain and (ii) at the center of a cylindrically confined domain, in (a) an infinite, vertically unconfined domain, (b) a vertically semi‐infinite domain with a surface of constant pressure above the source, representing the effect of the atmosphere on air flow, and (c) with an impermeable surface below the source, representing the effect of a water table on the air flow. The 3D models were formulated using known mathematical solutions for water flow and adjusting them to describe air flow, assuming full analogy between the effect of gravitation on water flow to the effect of buoyancy on air flow. One‐dimensional air injection simulations based on two types of air‐permeability functions (a concaved exponential and a convex exponential) result in similar distributions of air pressure and capillary heads. Thus, the error caused by using the convex (of positive curvature) exponential function for linearizing the flow equation and for obtaining the 3D solutions is bounded, which justifies use of this function. Air flow patterns depend on a single soil characteristic parameter (α), indicative of the ratio between effects of buoyancy and capillary forces driving the air; high values indicate more upwardly oriented flow. The proposed analysis can be used for decision making regarding locations and depths of air‐injection sources for aeration in the vadose zone. Based on the air pressure distribution and the streamlines outlined by the relevant solutions we conclude that the effect of the water table below the source on air flow is negligible, especially in cylindrical confinements. Furthermore, the effect of the atmosphere on air flow in a cylindrical domain is also negligible. The proposed models are applicable especially when the air‐pressure gradient in the soil is relatively small, and the effect of air compressibility is negligible.


In this study consistency of measurement results obtained for one base station in Ordu city and COST-231 Walfisch-Ikegami method is investigated. It is observed that this method and measurement results are consistent when base station antenna height is higher than building height and when the distance between buildings is regular. Measurement result are plotted and tabulated by using MATLAB. All measurements are taken in case of non line of sight.


The severe and fast-evolving Ukraine crisis has required a great concentration of Russia's political efforts and is having a massive impact on Russian policymaking, including in the Middle East. This region provides the best opportunity for Moscow to reassert its status as a key player in the global arena, and the deep fall of oil prices makes Russia particularly attentive to regional conflict developments. One of the main motivations for Russia is the pronounced desire to demonstrate its capacity to thwart US policy, but another is to prove its value to China as a strategic partner. Russia's reach remains limited but it will continue to look for opportunities to make a difference.


Abandoning the Black Hero is the first book to examine the postwar African American white-life novel-novels with white protagonists written by African Americans. These fascinating works have been understudied despite having been written by such defining figures in the tradition as Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, James Baldwin, Ann Petry, and Chester Himes, as well as lesser known but formerly best-selling authors Willard Motley and Frank Yerby. John C. Charles argues that these fictions have been overlooked because they deviate from two critical suppositions: that black literature is always about black life and that when it represents whiteness, it must attack white supremacy. The authors are, however, quite sympathetic in the treatment of their white protagonists, which Charles contends should be read not as a failure of racial pride but instead as a strategy for claiming creative freedom, expansive moral authority, and critical agency. In an era when "Negro writers" were expected to protest, their sympathetic treatment of white suffering grants these authors a degree of racial privacy previously unavailable to them. White writers, after all, have the privilege of racial privacy because they are never pressured to write only about white life. Charles reveals that the freedom to abandon the "Negro problem" encouraged these authors to explore a range of new genres and themes, generating a strikingly diverse body of novels that significantly revise our understanding of mid-twentieth-century black writing.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Filial Therapy training in increasing teachers of deaf and hard of hearing preschool students': 1) empathic responsiveness with their students; 2) communication of acceptance to their students; 3) allowance of self-direction by their students. A second purpose was to determine the effectiveness of Filial Therapy training in reducing experimental group students': 1) overall behavior problems; 2) internalizing behaviors; and 3) externalizing behavior problems. Filial Therapy is a didactic/dynamic modality used by play therapists to train parents and teachers to be therapeutic agents with their children and students. Teachers are taught primary child-centered play therapy skills for use with their own students in weekly play sessions with their students. Teachers learn to create a special environment that enhances and strengthens the teacher-student emotional bond by means of which both teacher and child are assisted in personal growth and change. The experimental group (N=24) consisted of 12 teachers, who participated in 11 weekly Filial Therapy training sessions (22 total instructional hours) during the fall semester at the preschool of a center for communications disorders, and 12 students chosen by the teachers as their student of focus. Teachers and students met once a week during the training for 30 minute teacher student play sessions in a room specified for this purpose. The non-treatment comparison group received no training during the 11 weeks. Teacher participants completed two written instruments: the Child Behavior Checklist/Caregiver-Teacher Report Form and the Meadow-Kendall Social-Emotional Assessment Inventory for Deaf and Hearing Impaired Students. Teachers who received Filial Therapy training were videotaped during student teacher play sessions. The videotaped sessions were used for pretest and posttest evaluation for the Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction. Analysis of covariance revealed the children in the experimental group significantly decreased overall behavior problems. Teachers in the experimental group increased communication of empathy with their students of focus, significantly increased their attitude of acceptance with their students, and significantly increased in their ability to allow the students appropriate self-direction. This study supports Filial Therapy as an effective method of training teachers of deaf and hard of hearing preschool children to be therapeutic agents of change with their students.


In this study, we examined the usefulness of various markers on blood cell populations in the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). We also evaluated bone marrow specimens, which generally are considered less suitable than blood owing to variable expression of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked antigens during hematopoietic cell differentiation. All 15 patients in our cohort had subpopulations of CD16/CD55-deficient granulocytes and CD14/CD55-deficient monocytes ("PNH clones"). The PNH clone size of granulocytes and monocytes was greater than that of erythrocytes or lymphocytes in the majority of the cases. It is interesting that CD59 showed limited usefulness for detecting PNH+ monocytes. Normal monocytes exhibited significantly dimmer CD59 expression than normal granulocytes. PNH-deficient monocytes expressed only marginally lower CD59, making it a less robust marker for highlighting PNH+ monocytes compared with CD14 or CD55. Finally, our study demonstrated the definitive usefulness of a limited combination of markers (CD16/CD55/CD45/CD14) in detecting GPI-deficient monocytes and granulocytes in bone marrow specimens submitted for flow cytometric evaluation of cytopenias.


Petroleum is the lifeblood of the chemical industry. It is the raw material for basic chemicals and is used to produce a tremendous wealth of products. Growing demand and dwindling resources mean that the chemical industry is increasingly focusing on renewable resources. Lignin is a wood component that is proving to be a particularly promising resource. It is currently almost exclusively used for generating energy, although it could also be used for many other purposes. In Baden-Württemberg, a research consortium is specifically focused on exploring the potential of this wood component.


Network robustness plays an important role in biological, social, and technological systems whose dynamics are influenced by the network structure. The most common robustness measure is given by the inverse percolation method which considers a critical fractional threshold of node or link failure for a given network. In most cases, such measure is either impractical if not possible.Here, we propose a measure of robustness based on more practically measurable quantities: network load and link capacity. As most common measures of robustness assumes that the network activity is random, the choice of the type of randomness is crucial for the accuracy of such measure. We then investigate the effect of burstiness to the proposed measure of robustness and discuss the implications in real-life situations minimizing network failure and even market dynamics such as utility costing.


Background Direct observation has been widely used to assess interactions between healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients but is time-consuming and feasible only over short periods. We used a Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) system to automatically measure HCW-patient interactions. Methods We equipped 50 patient rooms with fixed sensors and 111 HCW volunteers with mobile sensors in two clinical wards of two hospitals. For 3 months, we recorded all interactions between HCWs and 54 patients under airborne precautions for suspected (n = 40) or confirmed (n = 14) tuberculosis. Number and duration of HCW entries into patient rooms were collected daily. Concomitantly, we directly observed room entries and interviewed HCWs to evaluate their self-perception of the number and duration of contacts with tuberculosis patients. Results After signal reconstruction, 5490 interactions were recorded between 82 HCWs and 54 tuberculosis patients during 404 days of airborne isolation. Median (interquartile range) interaction duration was 2.1 (0.8–4.4) min overall, 2.3 (0.8–5.0) in the mornings, 1.8 (0.8–3.7) in the afternoons, and 2.0 (0.7–4.3) at night (P<10−4). Number of interactions/day/HCW was 3.0 (1.0–6.0) and total daily duration was 7.6 (2.4–22.5) min. Durations estimated from 28 direct observations and 26 interviews were not significantly different from those recorded by the network. Conclusions The RFID was well accepted by HCWs. This original technique holds promise for accurately and continuously measuring interactions between HCWs and patients, as a less resource-consuming substitute for direct observation. The results could be used to model the transmission of significant pathogens. HCW perceptions of interactions with patients accurately reflected reality.


This article proposes and evaluates a large chiastic structure for Matthew 11:2–17:13, leading to a discussion about the one Messiah, his two advents, and three forerunners, namely John the Baptist, the prophet Elijah, and another forerunner, the Apostle Peter, during the Inter-Advent Period. The structure emphasises God's kingdom programme, the Inter-Advent Period and the parables of Matthew 13. What may be theologically significant about this chiastic structure is that it may link Matthew 13 to the typological fulfilment of the feasts of the  Lord by the Lord Jesus Christ and it also focuses attention on the roles of three forerunners.


Background Stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms is an efficient alternative treatment to surgical clipping but requires prolonged antiplatelet therapy. Some patients are non-responsive to aspirin and/or clopidogrel. Objective To analyze the implications of this assessment using the 'whole blood aggregometry (WBA) by impedance' technique. Materials and methods The Southwestern Tertiary Aneurysm Registry was reviewed between 2002 and 2012 for patients with unruptured aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling. The study population was divided into patients who were tested preoperatively for platelet responsiveness to aspirin and clopidogrel ('tested' patients) and those who were not ('non-tested'). Where necessary, tested patients received additional doses of antiplatelet drugs to achieve adequate platelet inhibition. Endpoints included the incidence of non-responsiveness, the rates of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, and the rates of permanent morbidity and mortality. Results A total of 266 patients fulfilled our selection criteria: 114 non-tested patients who underwent 121 procedures, and 152 tested patients who underwent 171 procedures. The two groups did not vary significantly in patient age, gender, and aneurysms location. Aspirin non-responsiveness was detected in 3 patients (1.75%) and clopidogrel non-responsiveness in 21 patients (12.3%). Non-tested patients had an 11.6% rate of thrombotic complications with a 4.1% permanent morbidity or mortality rate versus 2.3% and 0.6% in tested patients (p=0.0013). The incidence of hemorrhagic complications was similar between the two groups. Conclusions Preoperative platelet inhibition testing using WBA can be useful to assess and correct antiaggregant non-responsiveness, and may reduce postoperative mortality and permanent morbidity.


Summary. An advantage of randomization tests for small samples is that an exact P‐value can be computed under an additive model. A disadvantage with very small sample sizes is that the resulting discrete distribution for P‐values can make it mathematically impossible for a P‐value to attain a particular degree of significance. We investigate a distribution of P‐values that arises when several thousand randomization tests are conducted simultaneously using small samples, a situation that arises with microarray gene expression data. We show that the distribution yields valuable information regarding groups of genes that are differentially expressed between two groups: a treatment group and a control group. This distribution helps to categorize genes with varying degrees of overlap of genetic expression values between the two groups, and it helps to quantify the degree of overlap by using the P‐value from a randomization test. Moreover, a statistical test is available that compares the actual distribution of P‐values with an expected distribution if there are no genes that are differentially expressed. We demonstrate the method and illustrate the results by using a microarray data set involving a cell line for rheumatoid arthritis. A small simulation study evaluates the effect that correlated gene expression levels could have on results from the analysis.


The aim of this study was to analyse the concentration of mercury (Hg) in the muscle of a common littoral, omnivorous fish such as the white seabream, Diplodus sargus , and to evaluate its relationship with the age and size of the specimens. Large, older predatory fishes have typically been the main target species for risk assessment of Hg intake in humans. The white seabream is neither a big fish nor a predator, but all sizes of NW Mediterranean specimens of this species showed high levels of Hg, with clear increases in older specimens. In addition, although the Se:Hg molar ratio was high and could reduce the impact of high concentrations of Hg in smaller fishes, it could not in the older specimens of D. sargus analysed because it decreased with age. This is not a major concern for human health because the white seabream is not a widely consumed species. However, in special situations involving toddlers, children and women of childbearing age, problems might arise if the white seabream or similar species are consumed in place of those that current recommendations advise against eating. In these cases it is very important to consider the species of fish consumed in each country and carefully assess the risk of Hg intake.


1. Synthetic angiotensin I1 was infused chronically through catheters implanted into a vertebral artery and an external jugular vein of unanaesthetized dogs. Arterial pressure was recorded daily from an indwelling catheter in the abdominal aorta before, during and after the infusions. 2. Infusion of angiotensin 1 pg kg-' day-' into a vertebral artery caused mean arterial pressure to increase by an average of 12 mmHg in five dogs, and the rise was sustained throughout the infusion period of 7 days in all dogs. 3. When the infusion rate of angiotensin was increased to 10 pg kg-' day-', arterial pressure during vertebral artery infusion rose initially to a slightly greater extent but decreased at the end of the infusion, indicating tachyphylaxis. 4. During infusion of angiotensin into the vertebral circulation, arterial pressure rose rather than fell during sleep; awakening was accompanied by sharp fall in pressure. 5 . It is concluded that there is an area in the central nervous system responsive to angiotensin that can cause a sustained rise in arterial pressure.


This paper addresses identification and robust control of vibration of a flexible plate attached to the upper side of an enclosure. The frequency domain subspace methods and minimax-linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control are utilized to identify the model and to control the vibration of the flexible plate, respectively. In order to identify the model of the flexible plate, several frequency domain subspace identification algorithms with Instrumental Variable idea are used. Considering the fact that the flexible plate system is stable by nature, all identified unstable models are passed through a stabilized process using an iterative algorithm with different initial values. The first three modes of the plate are selected for control purposes, and the other modes are chosen as uncertainty term. To design the weighting function for the minimax-LQG controller, Chebychev and Yule–Walker filters are utilized to consider the effect of modeling uncertainty. These weights have a great effect on robust stability and performance of the control system. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the designed controllers for the reference model. Results confirm that some indexes that show the quality of the identified models can be used as suitable measures to predict performance of the designed controller.


We explore the connection between new decentralised data infrastructure and the spatial organisation of cities. Recent advances in digital technologies for data generation, storage and coordination (e.g. blockchain-based supply chains and proof-of-location services) enables more granulated, decentralised and tradeable data about city life. We propose that this new digital infrastructure for information in cities shifts the organisation and planning of city life downwards and opens new opportunities for entrepreneurial discovery. Compared to centralised governance of smart cities, crypto-cities are more emergent orderings. This paper introduces this research agenda on the boundaries of spatial economics, the economics of cities, information economics, institutional economics and technological change.


Endowed with abundant supply of raw materials and low labor cost Asian countries have become the world's largest exporters of apparel products for the past few decades. In 2007, the value of Asian suppliers' total apparel exports to the world amounted to US$ 165 billion which represented 52% of the world's total apparel exports. The gravity trade model is utilized with an exploration at the aggregate level. Analyzing the data for fourteen exporting countries and their sixteen importing partners from 2000 to 2007, the country-specific, economic, social factors, in additional to logistics performance are analyzed statistically to identify the major determinants that have influenced the apparel trading of Asian countries to the EU-15, and American markets. Taking the robustness advantage of the gravity model, the analytical results indicate strong support for the model with parameters including GDP, per capita GDP, population size, female employment, value added factors and logistics performance. All these show statistically significance and positive effects. In contrast, distance, real exchange rates and wages have negative impacts on apparel trading. An important finding is that new variables, namely exporting countries' logistics performance can derive competitive advantage, otherwise, it erects a trade barrier in its own right in apparel exports.


Objectives The British Association of Spinal Surgeons recently called for updates in consenting practice. This study investigates the utility and acceptability of a personalised video consent tool to enhance patient satisfaction in the preoperative consent giving process. Design A single-centre, prospective pilot study using questionnaires to assess acceptability of video consent and its impacts on preoperative patient satisfaction. Setting A single National Health Service centre with individuals undergoing surgery at a regional spinal centre in the UK. Outcome measure As part of preoperative planning, study participants completed a self-administered questionnaire (CSQ-8), which measured their satisfaction with the use of a video consent tool as an adjunct to traditional consenting methods. Participants 20 participants with a mean age of 56 years (SD=16.26) undergoing spinal surgery. Results Mean patient satisfaction (CSQ-8) score was 30.2/32. Median number of video views were 2–3 times. Eighty-five per cent of patients watched the video with family and friends. Eighty per cent of participants reported that the video consent tool helped to their address preoperative concerns. All participants stated they would use the video consent service again. All would recommend the service to others requiring surgery. Implementing the video consent tool did not endure any significant time or costs. Conclusions Introduction of a video consent tool was found to be a positive adjunct to traditional consenting methods. Patient–clinician consent dialogue can now be documented. A randomised controlled study to further evaluate the effects of video consent on patients' retention of information, preoperative and postoperative anxiety, patient reported outcome measures as well as length of stay may be beneficial.


The paper presents the results from analysis of long-term (100-year) time series of freezing, fast ice formation, disappearance of fast ice, break-up and ice thickness for eight stations situated along the Estonian coast in the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Riga. Most of the data have not been published yet. Basic statistics: average, standard deviation, maximum, minimum and frequency histograms are given. On average ice has formed in the Gulf of Finland three weeks later compared with the Gulf of Riga. The range of variation of the freezing date is very large, 3-4 months, with maximum value of standard deviation 29 days (Tallinn). The average ice seasons last 4-5 months; the range is 0- 7 months. Statistically significant trends are found in time series of date of freezing for Sorve and Virtsu and in time series of ice break-up for Kihnu and Virtsu, both trends toward shorter ice seasons. Correlation coefficients of different time series are varied through 0.03-0.90.


Inner-city living is a hot topic in Germany. Policy-makers long for new middle- and upper-class residents; evidence of urban in-flight has been documented by scholars, and debates on reurbanisation are in full swing. This trend has also led to the emergence of a new housing product in German metropolises: high-priced, centrally located and newly built apartment and townhouse developments. In this paper, these luxury developments are analysed as part of a general process of urban restructuring and a focus is on the contradictions inherent to the idea of urbanity taking shape here. Guided by Foucault's governmentality approach, new luxury developments are understood as a powerful reworking of how the city, its uses and users are imagined and governed. In doing so, the paper aims to show that the concept of governmentality enables a critique of current processes of urban restructuring that may enrich the on-going debates on gentrification.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To survey nurses about their knowledge of cancer survivorship care.

DESIGN
Descriptive, cross-sectional.

SETTING
Midwestern comprehensive cancer center.

SAMPLE
223 registered and advanced practice nurses.

METHODS
Online survey of survivorship knowledge using a 50-item questionnaire derived from the Institute of Medicine report and related publications.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Concepts of survivorship care and common long-term symptoms.

FINDINGS
Most nurses reported having knowledge about healthy lifestyle habits; more than 50% of nurses reported having knowledge about chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy, as well as side effects of fatigue, depression, limitations of daily activities, and weight gain; less than 50% of nurses reported having knowledge of impact on family, biologic agents, lymphedema, immunizations or vaccinations, and osteoporosis screening; less than 40% of nurses reported having knowledge about marital and partner relationships, osteoporosis prevention and care, sexuality, side effects of bone marrow transplantation, employment issues, and angiogenesis agents; and less than 25% of nurses reported having knowledge on genetic risks, as well as fertility, financial, and insurance issues.

CONCLUSIONS
Oncology nurses at an academic comprehensive cancer center reported gaps in knowledge consistent with previous studies about knowledge of survivorship care.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
The Institute of Medicine has challenged oncology providers to address cancer survivorship care planning. Gaps in cancer survivorship knowledge are evident and will require focused education for this initiative to be successful.


Volume 22 published quarterly in 2004 was comprised of 48 articles from a variety of topic areas as defined by the Journal of Economic Literature classification system. Table 1 provides a distribution of articles via JEL topic area. Journal Statistics Active participation in the annual conferences of the Western Economic Association International is encouraged by editors and members of the editorial board. Table 2 provides information on the number of sessions that were sponsored by CEP at the annual meeting in Vancouver in 2004 and the Pacific Rim conference in Hong Kong in 2005. CEP sponsored 32 sessions in Vancouver (14% of the total sessions) and 12 sessions in Hong Kong (23% of the sessions). The WEAI conferences provided approximately 40% of our total manuscript submissions for the 2004-2005. During the 2004-2005 publishing cycle 144 manuscripts were submitted for review to CEP. There were 58 manuscripts submitted from the two conferences as well as 86 nonconference submissions. At this time, 7 manuscripts have been accepted for publication, 49 rejected with 88 decisions pending. These figures are consistent with the more recent acceptance rates ranging from 23% in 1999-2000 to 30% in 2002-2003 (see Table 2). An important contribution to enhancing the quality of the journal is the refereeing process. CEP uses a double-blind process with the objective of obtaining 3 referee reports for each manuscript. As Table 2 demonstrates we are making a significant effort to contact referees and make sure that the editorial team has well grounded input in order to make informed decisions regarding the manuscripts. During 2004-2005 we received 332 referee reports that have helped to provide constructive input to improve accepted manuscripts as well as input for authors of rejected manuscripts. Individuals that have generously provided there contribution as referees for the journal are listed in Table 3. The time to decision for authors is a critical variable for most journals but is particularly important for CEP since the objective is to inform current policy debates. The editorial team is working hard to reduce the time to first decision so that important contributions to the policy debates are available as soon as possible. The most recent statistics indicate that a first decision is made in 34 weeks on average. Our objective is to reduce the average to 25 weeks as soon as possible. In order to achieve this objective we have modified our manuscript processing procedures. We have increased the use of electronic media to circulate the manuscripts to co-editors and referees. Also, we contact potential referees in order to receive a commitment to referee prior to sending the manuscript. These changes are beginning to show positive results and reducing the time to first decision on a manuscript. Changes at the Journal The WEAI Board approved the reappointment of the editorship for CEP at California State University, Long Beach for another five year term. Therefore, the current editorial team's term will expire with the October 2011 issue of volume 29. The current editorial team is committed to continuing to improve the quality of the journal and enhance its relevance to the myriad of policy issues faced by decision makers today. To move forward with this task the contribution of the editorial board, authors, referees and the editorial team is essential. During the coming year there will be at least two significant changes to the editorial team. First, after 16 years with the journal (15 as editor) Darwin Hall will step down as a coeditor. Although Darwin Hall is leaving the journal he will still be available to the editorial team as a resource for continuing to move the journal forward. Also, another co-editor, Jane Hall, will step down. Jane Hall's expertise and contribution will be missed. Professor Victor Brajer of California State University, Fullerton will replace Jane Hall as a co-editor. …


The poet, essayist, novelist, and playwright Sarah Pogson Smith, born in England in 1774, spent portions of her life in a number of Atlantic port cities, including Charleston, New York, Hartford, and Philadelphia. This experience added depth and thematic interest to her writing, but it also meant that when her short and troubled marriage to a New Yorker ended in 1826, the network of friends and relations she could petition for support was geographically scattered. As a single woman who spent most of her early life in Charleston, Pogson Smith also faced particular obstacles in claiming the domestic credibility or northern sympathies that characterized the most commercially successful women writers of her era. She could not realistically expect to live off the profits of her writing, but she recognized that nonmonetary forms of profit, including what Mary Kelley calls "tokens of friendship" in the form of social and material support, might accrue to the savvy woman writer who wrote in support of a charitable cause (388). In 1826, the year her marriage failed, she donated the profits raised by selling a collection of her poems called Daughters of Eve to the New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb via the New York Female Association, a women's charity created to support the school. The New York Institution, based near the home Pogson Smith briefly shared with her husband, developed a practical curriculum that attracted local students as well as students from Charleston and other southern cities. By linking her poetry with the school through the donation, Pogson Smith thus aligned herself with a national Deaf community that cut across regional sympathies, found authority to write in a concerned maternal voice for a group of people infantilized by disability, and ingratiated herself with print professionals eager for the New York Institution to produce both cheap labor and a steady stream of customers for their schoolbooks. (1) In this essay, I will first examine the history and especially the curriculum of the New York Institution and other early American schools for the Deaf, which taught skills of broad applicability in both northern and southern seaports and thus helped to create a national Deaf community that spanned the North and South. I will then show how this transnational appeal created opportunities not only for deaf students but also for the charitable women (including Pogson Smith) who organized to support the schools. Pogson Smith enjoyed modest success as a writer, but she was able to enjoy remarkable social comfort, given her status as a single, childless, and itinerant woman. She also garnered support and donations for a school that would enable the development of a thriving Deaf World in America, especially in its maritime urban centers. I argue that Pogson Smith figures as an early and important example of the charitable woman writer, the literary and social force that would increasingly shape literature and American life over the course of the nineteenth century. Her success in melding the profits of writing with the profits of charity in the 1820s presages, and perhaps helped make possible, the great success ambitious charitable women writers like Sarah Josepha Hale would have in effectively merging the two professions over the next several decades. MORE THAN "INTERESTING COINCIDENCE": THE RISE OF DEAF EDUCATION IN MARITIME COMMUNITIES In just two years, from 1817 to 1819, schools for the deaf sprang up in Hartford, Philadelphia, and New York City. Each was situated on a major waterway, and not coincidentally. (2) Maritime centers were logical sites for the schools. Their large populations naturally included correspondingly high numbers of deaf and other disabled individuals; furthermore, maritime laborers and their families were at high risk of injury and illnesses that could cause deafness. Although the growing body of scholarship on Deaf education in the United States has not yet taken up the relationship of these schools to their maritime surroundings, that inquiry is overdue. …


Polly Hill's provocative book examines the disastrous gulf that separates development economics from its sister discipline, economic anthropology. Working with material from the rural tropical world, much of it collected at first hand in West Africa and South India, Dr Hill demonstrates in the first, polemical part of her book, how unreliable and western-biased assumptions most development economists base their theoretical work. She shows in particular that misleading official statistics are handled uncritically, that the significance of innate rural inequality is consistently ignored and the revered concepts such as the 'population explosion' are in anthropological terms largely meaningless. The longer, second part of the book illustrates the enormous relevance and potential of economic anthropology for economists by looking in turn at the true complexity of farming households, labour and inheritance; at debt, social stratification and economic inequality, and at problems connected with the sale of land, the role of women and migration. Taken overall, Development Economics on Trial represents a powerful and urgent plea for co-operation.


Purpose: Ovarian cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy often develop acquired cisplatin resistance and, consequently, cancer recurrence. The precise nature of chemoresistance remains unclear. In this study, a protein identified to be associated with cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells was investigated in ovarian cancer tissues to address its clinical significance. Experimental Design: Antibody microarrays were used to identify proteins consistently differentially expressed across three pairs of cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. Immunoblotting was used to confirm observed alteration of protein expression. The protein expression was further evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using tissue microarrays containing various human normal and malignant tissues and 164 surgical specimens derived from primary and recurrent ovarian cancer patients who underwent primary debulking surgery followed by standard chemotherapeutic regimen. Results: Annexin XI was down-regulated in all three cisplatin-resistant cell lines as compared with their parent cells. Annexin XI expression was observed in the majority of human normal organs and decreased in some of the most common human malignancies. The expression level of Annexin XI in first recurrent ovarian cancers was much lower than that in primary ovarian cancers (P = 0.0004). Increased Annexin XI immunoreactivity in ovarian cancers seemed to prolong the disease-free interval of patients (P = 0.03). Annexin XI immunoreactivity inversely correlated with in vitro cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancers (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Decreased expression of Annexin XI is characteristic for cisplatin-resistant cancer cells and may contribute to tumor recurrence. Annexin XI may be a potential marker for chemoresistance and earlier recurrence of ovarian cancer patients.


In the wake of World War I, a community of expatriate American writers established itself in the salons and cafes of 1920s Paris. They congregated at Gertrude Steins select soirees, drank too much, married none too wisely, and wrote volumes--about the war, about the Jazz Age, and often about each other. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda, were part of this gang of literary Young Turks, and it was while living in France that Fitzgerald began writing Tender Is the Night. Begun in 1925, the novel was not actually published until 1934. By then, Fitzgerald was back in the States and his marriage was on the rocks, destroyed by Zeldas mental illness and alcoholism. Despite the modernist mandate to keep authors and their creations strictly segregated, its difficult not to look for parallels between Fitzgeralds private life and the lives of his characters, psychiatrist Dick Diver and his former patient turned wife, Nicole. Certainly the hospital in Switzerland where Zelda was committed in 1929 provided the inspiration for the clinic where Diver meets, treats, and then marries the wealthy Nicole Warren. And Fitzgerald drew both the European locale and many of the characters from places and people he knew from abroad. In the novel, Dick is eventually ruined--professionally, emotionally, and spiritually--by his union with Nicole. Fitzgeralds fate was not quite so novelistically neat: after Zelda was diagnosed as a schizophrenic and committed, Fitzgerald went to work as a Hollywood screenwriter in 1937 to pay her hospital bills. He died three years later--not melodramatically, like poor Jay Gatsby in his swimming pool, but prosaically, while eating a chocolate bar and reading a newspaper. Of all his novels, Tender Is the Night is arguably the one closest to his heart. As he himself wrote, Gatsby was a tour de force, but this is a confession of faith.


Atovaquone is a front-line antimalarial drug that functions by competitively inhibiting binding of coenzyme Q10 to the cytochrome bc1 complex. Atovaquone is administered orally, but has low solubility and is poorly absorbed with high variability in bioavailability. In vivo binding of human serum albumin has been cited as the major transporter of atovaquone in plasma. The research presented herein demonstrates that saposin B, a known binder/transporter of coenzyme Q10, also binds to atovaquone in a 1 : 1 ratio and with comparably high affinity at pH 5.5.


Introduction. Since the publication of the report of Emmons on the geology of the second district of New York, the northern and western portions of the Adirondack region have received little more than casual mention in geologic literature. This is even more markedly true than in the case of the eastern counties, though little enough has been done there until quite recently. Having spent some time in the contiguous portions of Saint Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties,, the writer has ascertained certain facts which may be taken as a starting point for an inquiry into the geologic relations of the region. Although but little more than a beginning has been made, it seems expedient to present some of these facts with the conclusions drawn from them, particularly to establish a basis of comparison between the phenomena exhibited in different portions of the Adirondack region. With this end in view it . . .


—Protein kinase (PK)C (cid:1) , PKC (cid:2) , and PKC (cid:3) comprise the conventional PKC isoform subfamily, which is thought to regulate cardiac disease responsiveness. Indeed, mice lacking the gene for PKC (cid:1) show enhanced cardiac contractility and reduced susceptibility to heart failure. Recent data also suggest that inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms with Ro-32-0432 or Ro-31-8220 enhances heart function and antagonizes failure, although the isoform responsible for these effects is unknown. Here, we investigated mice lacking PKC (cid:1) , PKC (cid:2) , and PKC (cid:3) for effects on cardiac contractility and heart failure susceptibility. PKC (cid:1) (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice, but not PKC (cid:2)(cid:3) (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice, showed increased cardiac contractility, myocyte cellular contractility, Ca 2 (cid:2) transients, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2 (cid:2) load. PKC (cid:1) (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice were less susceptible to heart failure following long-term pressure-overload stimulation or 4 weeks after myocardial infarction injury, whereas PKC (cid:2)(cid:3) (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice showed more severe failure. Infusion of ruboxistaurin (LY333531), an orally available PKC (cid:1) / (cid:2) / (cid:3) inhibitor, increased cardiac contractility in wild-type and PKC (cid:2)(cid:3) (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice, but not in PKC (cid:1) (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice. More importantly, ruboxistaurin prevented death in wild-type mice throughout 10 weeks of pressure-overload stimulation, reduced ventricular dilation, enhanced ventricular performance, reduced fibrosis, and reduced pulmonary edema comparable to or better than metoprolol treatment. Ruboxistaurin was also administered to PKC (cid:2)(cid:3) (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice subjected to pressure overload, resulting in less death and heart failure, implicating PKC (cid:1) as the primary target of this drug in mitigating heart disease. As an aside, PKC (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3) triple-null mice showed no defect in cardiac hypertrophy following pressure-overload stimulation. In conclusion, PKC (cid:1) functions distinctly from PKC (cid:2) and PKC (cid:3) in regulating cardiac contractility and heart failure, and broad-acting PKC inhibitors such as ruboxistaurin could represent a novel therapeutic approach in treating human heart failure. ( Circ Res . 2009;105:194-200.)


IT'S HARD TO BELIEVE THAT A FULL YEAR has passed since the first installment of this series. During that time, it has been my pleasure to serve as a panelist for several presentations on the topic of voice teacher/choir conductor interactions. Two such sessions were on the program at the American Choral Directors Association national conference last March in Chicago, moderated by Allen Henderson, Executive Director of NATS. Another took place at the Phenomenon of Singing international symposium in St. John's, Newfoundland (part of Festival 500), moderated by Caroline Schiller, a NATS member who serves on the voice faculty of Memorial University. Additional panel presentations are scheduled for several regional ACDA conferences in the coming year, and I'm sure the issue will be broached again in Orlando at the upcoming national NATS conference. Clearly, this is a hot topic. Each of the panels I've cited included a mix of singing teachers and conductors, who spoke to capacity crowds. We panelists acknowledged strong differences of opinion and ongoing conflicts that exist between our two disciplines; curiously, however, there were no significant disagreements among those of us sharing the dais. Perhaps we all were on our best behavior? I think not. An honest exchange of ideas occurred, demonstrating that we share more common ground than might often be perceived. As I noted in this column a year ago, the key to cooperation is communication. The better we understand the concerns, ideas, and vocal expectations of our colleagues on both sides of the aisle, the more our students will benefit. The remainder of this article will focus primarily on choral and solo singing in colleges and universities, but many of the ideas are equally applicable to other situations. WHAT WE SING How do you select the repertoire you assign to your voice students? Many of us in the academy work under the umbrella of a jury system, which often includes explicit requirements that direct our choices. Dr. Christopher Arneson, Associate Professor of Voice at Westminster Choir College in Princeton, New Jersey, presented a marvelous session on the topic of repertoire selection from a developmental perspective at the 2011 NATS Intern Program. As he noted, the repertoire we select is of vital importance; it becomes the voice teacher when the student is in the practice room, away from our direct oversight. Chosen wisely, repertoire encourages healthy vocal development. But inappropriate repertoire will inhibit development and easily can become injurious. Of course, a major consideration in the assignment of repertoire relates to the issue of Fach. In spite of all that has been written on this topic over the years, I'm still perplexed when I hear young singers performing literature that clearly is beyond their present level of vocal development. More unfortunate, the errors usually push younger singers into repertoire that is too heavy. A young tenor whose voice is suited to sing Des Grieux's lovely "Dream" aria from Massenet's Manon will not grow into the character with the same name in Puccini's version of the story by singing "Donna non vidi mai"-but he might well hurt himself. (One could also speak to the merit-or folly-of assigning "La reve" to a tenor who cannot also survive "Ah, fuyez, douce image," but that will be left for another discussion.) In the professional world, casting choices are dominated by Fach. With few exceptions, singers are cast in roles that best suit their voices. Brunhilde is unlikely to be offered a contract to sing Bach's Matthauspassion, just as the Evangelist in that work probably will never sing Cavaradossi. Of course, there always are examples of singers who are successful singing outside their expected comfort zone, as when Placido Domingo sang the title role of Simon Boccanegra as a baritone. We, along with our students, must remember that this type of exceptional casting is outside the norm. …


This report provides policy suggestions for how the design industry in the Nordic countries can be helped and supported. While the design industry is a cultural industry with many societal benefits beyond the purely economic, the report takes an economic standpoint. The measures it suggests are about how increased Nordic coordination of policies, and ultimately of the design industry itself, may enhance the economic effects of the industry.


Despite its systematic presence in state‐of‐the‐art seasonal forecasts, the model drift (leadtime‐dependent bias) has been seldom studied to date. To fill this gap, this work analyzes its spatiotemporal distribution, and its sensitivity to the ensemble size in temperature and precipitation forecasts. Our results indicate that model continues to drift well beyond the first month after initialization, leading to significant, highly space‐ and time‐varying drifts over vast regions of the world. Nevertheless, small ensembles (less than 10 members) are enough to robustly estimate the mean model drift and its year‐to‐year fluctuations in skillful regions. Differently, in regions of low model skill, larger ensembles are required to appropriately characterize this interannual variability, which is often larger than the drift itself. This points out a necessity to develop new strategies that allow for efficiently dealing with model drift, especially when bias correcting seasonal forecasts—most of the techniques used to this aim rely on the assumption of stationary model errors. We demonstrate here that the use of moving windows can help to remove not only the mean forecast bias but also the unwanted effects coming out from the drift, which can lead to important intraseasonal biases if it is not properly taken into account. The results from this work can help to identify the nature and causes of some of the systematic errors in current coupled models and can have large implications for a wide community of users who need long, continuous unbiased seasonal forecasts to run their impact models.


Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of morbidity and mortality for both men and women, occur uncommonly in premenopausal women, but their incidence rises sharply after the menopausal transition. Cardiovascular gender differences are apparent long before CVDs appear in men and women, and improved understanding of the biology underlying these differences has the potential to advance the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs in both sexes. This review considers gender differences in the molecular and cellular physiology of the heart and blood vessels in health and disease, highlighting understudied areas that can help resolve the current controversy regarding hormone replacement therapy and improve cardiovascular health in women.


tinuous glucose monitoring by a glucose sensor inserted in the subcutaneous tissue of the forearm or abdomen of healthy and six diabetic volunteers revealed that glucose concentrations in subcutaneous tissue were 10% lower than, but highly correlated with, blood glucose concentrations in the range of 49-388 mg/dl. Glycemic control was established in diabetic patients by intravenously infusing insulin in response to measured glucose concentrations on a minute-to-minute basis for a period of six days. By comparing the glycemic control obtained in each patient treated with multiple insulin injections or open-loop subcutaneous insulin infusion, the superiority of feedback control with the system was demonstrated. During continu-


A Bayesian method is described for reconstruction of high-resolution 3D images from the microPET small-animal scanner. Resolution recovery is achieved by explicitly modelling the depth dependent geometric sensitivity for each voxel in combination with an accurate detector response model that includes factors due to photon pair non-collinearity and inter-crystal scatter and penetration. To reduce storage and computational costs we use a factored matrix in which the detector response is modelled using a sinogram blurring kernel. Maximum a posteriori (MAP) images are reconstructed using this model in combination with a Poisson likelihood function and a Gibbs prior on the image. Reconstructions obtained from point source data using the accurate system model demonstrate a potential for near-isotropic FWHM resolution of approximately 1.2 mm at the center of the field of view compared with approximately 2 mm when using an analytic 3D reprojection (3DRP) method with a ramp filter. These results also show the ability of the accurate system model to compensate for resolution loss due to crystal penetration producing nearly constant radial FWHM resolution of 1 mm out to a 4 mm radius. Studies with a point source in a uniform cylinder indicate that as the resolution of the image is reduced to control noise propagation the resolution obtained using the accurate system model is superior to that obtained using 3DRP at matched background noise levels. Additional studies using pie phantoms with hot and cold cylinders of diameter 1-2.5 mm and FDG animal studies appear to confirm this observation.


Experiments are underway along the coast of North Carolina using sand fences and dune grasses to create and stabilize a barrier dune line parallel to and behind the existing beaches of low lying barrier islands. Several miles of experimental sections have been established, and their effectiveness in trapping wind-blown sand has been analyzed. Results to date (1968) show that sand fences and dune grasses will trap wind-blown sand and create a barrier dune. A vigorous, rapidly-growing strip of American beachgrass, 90 feet wide, will trap and retain all of the sand being transported by the wind in the area. Thus, a stabilized dune can be "grown" in the area using American beachgrass. Sand fences have been shown to be effective sand traps and can be used where satisfactory plants are not available or where it may not be feasible to await the establishment of vegetation. Two methods of using sand fences to create large dunes have been investigated; both are workable. The use of fabrics as sand fences has been investigated; their effectiveness varies with the porosity of the fabric.


With the development of advanced technology, intelligent voice assistants (IVAs) have emerged as popular service devices. In the hospitality industry, major hotel chains have installed 'Alexa for Hospitality', a representative of IVAs, in guestrooms for customer service. Although the voice-based technology obtained huge attention of the public, there is little understanding of the factors that motivate people to use IVAs in hotel rooms. Additionally, mature travelers' viewpoints towards this technology got less concern in the academic field, though the rapid growth of aging population makes mature adults a big part of guests staying at hotels.Considering the forever evolving technology and the especially affected group – mature travelers, traditional technology acceptance theories may not be sufficient to achieve the goal of this study, an updated model is needed. Therefore, a mixed method approach including a qualitative interview and a quantitative study of an online survey is applied. The first stage is the qualitative interview which aims to improve the proposed conceptual model for a comprehensive understanding of mature travelers. An online survey is utilized to assess the conceptual model and the consequent hypotheses. The final model includes five determinants: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, self-efficacy and anxiety, as well as the mediator of trust that is discovered from the qualitative interview. The findings of the quantitative study show that mature travelers' intention to use the IVAs at hotels is motivated by performance expectancy and social influence. Trust and behavioral intention partially mediate the relationship between these two variables. Effort expectancy and anxiety show no significant effect on mature travelers' behavioral intention. This research contributes to the service technology literature with empirical evidences to delineate the behavioral pattern of this customer group. Managerially, the current research provides practical guidelines to the hospitality practitioner for a better understanding of a particular market segmentation: mature travelers.


Prototype acoustic 'business card' (BC) tags were deployed on 4 free-swimming Gala- pagos sharks Carcharhinus galapagensis associated with a shark ecotourism operation near Haleiwa, Hawaii, USA. These transmitter/receiver tags employed mobile peer-to-peer (MP2P) technology that allowed the tagged sharks to exchange codes among each other and to detect other sharks implanted with standard one-way coded acoustic transmitters. Two tags were recovered (after 20 and 132 d); both tags had multiple detections of all other BC tags, and a comparison of detections made by these tags to those made by a fixed array of standard VR2 receivers indicated that the BC tags accurately captured the 'presence-absence' patterns of the other tagged sharks. Importantly, the BC tags detected sharks that were beyond the range of the fixed receiver array. The results indicate that the BC tag/MP2P approach can elucidate important inter-and intra-specific interactions among individ- uals in areas remote from traditional fixed receiver arrays.


Public ownership has been the preferred model of organization of Australian sport. Some sports have private franchises and some have experimented with different levels of privatization, but the single most powerful challenge to public ownership has come from Rupert Murdoch's purchase of one half of the sport of rugby league in Australia. Murdoch's revolution in rugby league, "Super League", is based on private franchises and centralized marketing. This article examines the potential impact of such a system on the two most pupular spectating football codes (different varieties) of Australian football and rugby league. It examines current organizational structures and responses to the introduction of North American styles of owenership and marketing and discusses how these developments have threatened traditional suburban-based clubs in the major cities. Private ownership has failed in most cases and is often successfully opposed by fans who have ownership stakes and democratic rights with their clubs.


Mobile learning (M-learning) is a new wave in the era of educational technology that provides informal, personal, voluntary and situated learning opportunities for both learners and educators. Mobile-based assessment is one of the emerging technologies that attract many scholars to investigate its effectiveness due to the wide spectrum of its features like portability, interactivity, flexibility, and ubiquity. Based on the surveyed literature, we noticed that there is a lack of studying the students' attitudes towards the utilization of mobile technologies in the context of e-Evaluation. The present study attempts to investigate the students' attitudes towards the utilization of mobile technologies in the e-Evaluation system of instructors. The data was collected through a questionnaire survey from Al Buraimi University College (BUC) in Oman. The total number of participants is 354 students. Findings indicated that 99% of the students own a mobile phone or tablet. Moreover, results indicated a statistically significant difference among the students' attitudes in terms of their gender where the differences were in favor of male students. In contrast, results revealed no statistically significant differences among the students' attitudes in terms of their age, degree, and department. Furthermore, other implications and future work are also reported in the study.


We have previously used high resolution scanning laser Doppler
imaging [LDI] to quantify spatial and temporal changes in vascular
perfusion following dermal provocation with vasoactive mediators
[Clough et al., B J Dermatol 1998;138:806-814]. We used the LDI in
repeat mode with scans of 30 sec duration and ?4000 pixel density,
giving a spatial resolution of ?0.6 mm² per pixel over an area of 5 x 5
cm². Peak responses were seen within 2-3 min of agonist
administration. These studies also reveal heterogeneity of perfusion
response that was suggestive of selective recruitment of vessels in
relation to the underlying dermal vasculature architecture. We have now
explored this further using FLPI: this imaging technique was used at
frame rates between 5 Hz and 0.2 Hz and spatial resolutions between
0.017 and 0.52 mm² per pixel over areas of 2 x 2.7 cm² and 6.7 x 9 cm²,
respectively. Preliminary results suggest that the rate of the linear phase
of the increase in blood flux adjacent to the site of provocation is of the
order of 1.8 PU [laser Doppler perfusion units]/sec. At more distant sites
[17 mm] blood flux appears to rise more slowly [0.6 PU/sec at] with a
latency of between 20 – 40 sec. Peak responses were seen within 3
minutes of provocation. The propagation of the dilatation response away
from the site of provocation was of the order of 0.5 mm/sec. The FLPI
imager is now being used to explore further the development of the
vasodilator response in healthy skin in order to study both normal
physiological mechanisms and the mechanisms underlying pathological
skin disorders in which the microvasculature plays a predominant role.


Abstract : This bibliography supports the Civil-Military Relations special theme of the U.S. Army War College's curriculum. It focuses on the principle of civilian control over the military in the United States, but also includes a wide range of references for topics directly related, such as the military profession, strategy, policy, homeland defense, civil support, and the use of force. We have also provided a section about the civil-military relations of other countries. Not a comprehensive listing, this selected bibliography is intended to be a starting point for research.


This paper proposes a class-based spectral estimation method for high-resolution red, green, and blue (RGB) images and corresponding low-resolution spectral data. Each spectrum in the low-resolution data is assumed to be a mixture of spectra of different classes. Then, the spectral estimation matrix for every class is derived using a regression approach, in which the clustering results of the high-resolution RGB image are used to incorporate spectral unmixing. Experiments confirm reduced normalized root mean squared error for the spectral images if the number of classes in the clustering is appropriately selected. In addition, the experimental results show that the spectra are accurately reconstructed even when they are observed as mixed spectra in the low-resolution data.