This book is aimed at helping media and film studies teachers introduce the basics of feminist film theory. No prior knowledge of feminist theory is required, the intended readers being university undergraduate teachers and students of film and media studies. Areas of emphasis include spectatorship, narrative, and ideology. Many illustrative case studies from popular cinema are used to offer students an opportunity to consider the connotations of visual and aural elements of film, narrative conflicts and oppositions, the implications of spectator 'positioning' and viewer identification, and an ideological critical approach to film. Explanations of key terminology are included, along with classroom exercises and practice questions. Each chapter begins with key definitions and explanations of the concepts to be studied, including some historical background where relevant. Case studies include film noir, Kathryn Bigelow's Strange Days and the work of directors Spike Lee, Claire Denis, and Paul Verhoeven.


Quantum entanglement is the key property that makes quantum information theory different from its classical counterpart and is also a valuable physical resource with massive potential for technological applications. However, our understanding of entanglement is still far from complete despite intense research activities. Like other physical resources, the first step towards exploiting them fully is to know how to quantify. There are many reasons to focus on the entanglement of continuous-variable states since the underlying degrees of freedom of physical systems carrying quantum information are frequently continuous, rather than discrete. Much of the effort has been concentrated on Gaussian states, because these are common as the ground or
thermal states of optical modes. Within this framework, many interesting topics have been studied and some significant progress made. Nevertheless, non-Gaussian states are also extremely important; this is especially so in condensed-phase systems, where harmonic behaviour in any
degree of freedom is likely to be only an approximation. So far, there is little knowledge about the quantification of entanglement in non-Gaussian states.
This thesis aims to contribute to the active field of research in quantum entanglement by introducing a new approach to the analysis of entanglement, especially in continuous-variable states, and shows that it leads to the first systematic quantification of the (local) entanglement
in arbitrary bipartite non-Gaussian states. By applying this local approach, many new insights can be gained. Notably, local entanglements of systems with smooth wavefunctions are fully characterised by the derived simple expressions, provided the wavefunction is known. The local (logarithmic) negativity of any two-mode mixed states can be directly computed from the closed-form formulae given. For multi-mode mixed states, this approach provides a scheme that
permits much simpler numerical computation for quantifying entanglement than is generally possible from directly computing the full entanglement of the system.


Acoustic emission (AE) is an efficient non destructive testing technique for the diagnosis of machine health used in this thesis. The thesis involves using the recorded experimental data obtained from Acoustic emission signals to show how changes over time of different characteristics of acoustics emissions can be used as diagnostic measures of pitting damages on gear teeth. Analysis was done by using wavelet method, presenting results for changes over time in statistical properties of amplitude, frequency change and corresponding energy change. A linear relationship between acoustic emission, gearbox running time and pitting progression was established.


Abstract The Eocene biostratigraphy of the Jabal Qatar area located at the border between UAE and Oman is described. The occurrence of the Late Eocene index fossil Turborotalia cunialensis/Cribrohantkenina inflata Concurrent-Range Zone and the homogeneous biozone P16 is reported for the first time. The presence of the T. cunialensis/C. inflata with its associated taxa permits the tripartite division (P15, P16, P17) of the Upper Eocene at Jabal Qatar. The data obtained were used in correlating the Jabal Qatar sequence with stratigraphically equivalent sequences at Jabal Hafit and Jabal Malaqet, near Al-Ain city. Effects of the previously reported eustatic sea level changes at the close of Chron C15r can be recognized in the facies characteristics of the studied sequences.


Gambling is widespread in modern society and new ways of gaming still keep emerging. However, Lithuania still lacks research on gambling; the prevalence of gambling and the extent of addiction has not been revealled yet. In particular, there is a lack of comparative studies allowing a more accurate assessment of national gambling peculiarities, providing a basis for a foreign know-how application in gambling supervision. The article presents a representative Lithuanian population survey (January-February 2017) data which is compared with the data of the United Kingdom's regular polls. This survey was carried out by a public opinion and market research "Vilmorus" Ltd. in cooperation with Mykolas Riomeris University. The Lithuanian study was performed in line with the UK Gambling Commission's methodology regularly used for researches on gambling reasons, prevalence and consequences, yet adapting it to the Lithuanian conditions. The United Kingdom surveyed 7756 respondents, Lithuania - 1000 respondents. The study shows that the prevalence of gambling in Lithuania and the United Kingdom is significantly different. These differences are most prominent in participation in various forms of lotteries – participation of Lithuanian respondents is obviously higher. Lithuanian gamblers, compared to the United Kingdom, take less interest in casinos, Category A machines in the casino premises and Category B machine halls. They consist only 2 percent of all gamblers. Meanwhile, in the UK almost a quarter of respondents played at casino table games. A number of UK's gamblers at slot machine halls and betting stations significantly exceeds a number of such gamblers in Lithuania either. Gambling reasons can be divided into three larger groups, that can be described as "financial" (striving to improve a financial situation, win money), "emotional" (desire to experience the thrill, feeling of hazard, overcome boredom) and "leisure" (desire to relax, rest, experience an unusual leisure time). Lithuania, same as the United Kingdom, is dominated by "financial" gambling motives. The "leisure" perception of gambling is much more common in the United Kingdom than in Lithuania.


This EBRI Notes article examines the amount of savings Medicare beneficiaries are projected to need to cover program premiums, deductibles, and certain other health expenses in retirement. More specifically, for the purposes of this study, the health expenses for which savings are accumulated are premiums for Medicare Parts B and D, premiums for Medigap Plan F, and out-of-pocket spending for outpatient prescription drugs.
Data come from a variety of sources and are used in a Monte Carlo simulation model that simulated 100,000 observations, allowing for the uncertainty related to individual mortality and rates of return on assets in retirement.
In 2017, a 65-year-old man needs $73,000 in savings and a 65-year-old woman needs $95,000 if each have a goal of having a 50 percent chance of having enough savings to cover premiums and median prescription drug expenses in retirement. If they want a 90 percent chance of having enough savings, the man needs $131,000 and the woman needs $147,000.
A couple with median prescription drug expenses needs $169,000 if they have a goal of having a 50 percent chance of having enough savings to cover health care expenses in retirement. If the couple wants a 90 percent chance of having enough savings, they need $273,000.
For a couple with drug expenses at the 90th percentile throughout retirement who want a 90 percent chance of having enough money saved for health care expenses in retirement by age 65, targeted savings is $368,000 in 2017.
From 2016 to 2017, projected savings targets increased between 1 percent and 6 percent. In contrast, savings targets declined between 2011 and 2014, but then increased from 2014 to 2016 as well. Despite the increase in savings targets since 2014, the 2017 savings targets continue to be lower than they were in 2012 almost across the board.


The gender wage gap within a highly prestigious occupation, the medical profession, is investigated both longitudinally and cross-sectionally using Swedish administrative data. This is done by investigating: to what extent the gender wage gap among physicians varies between fields of medicine (within-occupation segregation) and across family status; whether there is an association between parenthood and wages among physicians and, if so, whether there is a gender difference in this association; and changes in the gender wage gap among physicians over time. The results indicate a large overall gender wage difference for medical doctors. Even when gender differences in specialization are taken into account, men have higher wages than women do. For both men and women physicians, there is a positive association between parenthood and wages. The longitudinal analyses show that the gender wage gap among physicians was greater in 2007 than in 1975.


In any forensic investigation, planning and analysis activities are required in order to determine what digital media will be seized, what types of information will be sought in the examination, and how the examination will be conducted. Existing literature and suggested practices indicate that such planning should occur, but few tools provide support for such activities. Planning an examination may be an essential activity when investigators and technicians are faced with unfamiliar case types or unusually complex, large-scale cases. In complex, large-scale cases it is critical that the investigators provide computer forensics technicians with the appropriate amount of case data supplemented with keyword lists; too much case data or too little case data can make the forensics technician's task very difficult. This paper presents the concept for a novel application of ontology/domain modeling (known as case domain modeling) as a structured approach for analyzing case facts, identifying the most relevant case concepts, determining the critical relationships between these concepts, and documenting this information. This method may be considered as a foundational analytical technique in computer forensics that may serve as the basis for useful semi-automated tools. An example case domain model is presented, the method for constructing a case domain model is described, and applications for case domain modeling are presented.


Colloids play a critical role in the transport of particle-bound contaminants. Knowledge of colloids and their aggregates provides insight into contaminant transport and fate within a given aquatic environment. Here, colloids and aggregates at the sediment-water interface of Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva, Switzerland, were characterized with a combination of analytical techniques to understand their structure, size distribution, concentration, and stability (the potential for aggregation). Vidy Bay is known to be the most contaminated part of Lake Geneva, being influenced by the effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Colloids were a heterogeneous mix of inorganic constituents (diatom fragments, quartz, clay, endogenic calcite, iron oxy-hydroxides) bridged together by rigid biopolymer strands or gels. The presence of rigid biopolymers was quite significant and they were typically found to have iron oxy-hydroxides embedded within their structure. Ion chromatographic data were comparable to previous values attained for the water column of Lake Geneva; however, single particle counting results indicated the presence of a nepheloid layer in Vidy Bay. In such, the stability of colloids was likely influenced by their proximity to the sediment-water interface. Zeta potential results inferred charge neutralization and destabilization of colloids and aggregates. Self-assembly of rigid biopolymers, along with cationic bridging between rigid biopolymers and inorganic constituents readily aggregated colloids. Taken together, colloids at the sediment water interface of Vidy Bay appeared to be unstable and to play a minor role in the transport of contaminants over long distances.


Kelp forests represent some of the most productive and diverse habitats on Earth. Understanding drivers of ecological patterns at large spatial scales is critical for effective management and conservation of marine habitats. We surveyed kelp forests dominated by Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie 1884 across 9° latitude and >1000 km of coastline and measured a number of physical parameters at multiple scales to link ecological structure and standing stock of carbon with environmental variables. Kelp density, biomass, morphology and age were generally greater in exposed sites within regions, highlighting the importance of wave exposure in structuring L. hyperborea populations. At the regional scale, wave-exposed kelp canopies in the cooler regions (the north and west of Scotland) were greater in biomass, height and age than in warmer regions (southwest Wales and England). The range and maximal values of estimated standing stock of carbon contained within kelp forests was greater than in historical studies, suggesting that this ecosystem property may have been previously undervalued. Kelp canopy density was positively correlated with large-scale wave fetch and fine-scale water motion, whereas kelp canopy biomass and the standing stock of carbon were positively correlated with large-scale wave fetch and light levels and negatively correlated with temperature. As light availability and summer temperature were important drivers of kelp forest biomass, effective management of human activities that may affect coastal water quality is necessary to maintain ecosystem functioning, while increased temperatures related to anthropogenic climate change may impact the structure of kelp forests and the ecosystem services they provide.


We calculate the surface dielectric anisotropy (SDA) and the reflectance anisotropy of the relaxed Cu-(110) surface using the ab initio self-consistent full potential linear-muffin-tin orbital method within the local-density approximation. Besides interpreting the spectra in terms of transitions involving surface and/or bulk states, we carry out a depth depending scanning of them, from surface to bulk, with the resolution of one atomic layer. We show that the SDA mainly arises in the vacuum region above the surface and in the first atomic layer.


This paper proposes estimating causalities in bilateral international trade in simultaneous systems, including domestic and foreign GDP as well as mutual trade flows. Conventional macroeconomic theory mainly follows partial approaches like import functions or export-led growth. Focusing on the US relations with Euroland and Canada, cointegration analyses however reveal, that the system dynamics, and so both im- and exports, are simply governed by US GDP shocks. In conclusion, exploring sources and effects of international trade should be seen as an inherently empirical task.


We present a general and uniform method for defining structural operational semantics (SOS) of process operators by traditional Plotkin-style transition rules equipped with orderings. This new feature allows one to control the order of application of rules when deriving transitions of process terms. Our method is powerful enough to deal with rules with negative premises and copying. We show that rules with orderings, called ordered SOS rules, have the same expressive power as GSOS rules. We identify several classes of process languages with operators defined by rules with and without orderings in the setting with silent actions and divergence. We prove that branching bisimulation and eager bisimulation relations are preserved by all operators in process languages in the relevant classes.


The hippocampus, through its mediation of fear responses is thought to play a central role in the onset and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Prevalence of anxiety disorders remains high in older populations; however, little is known about their association with hippocampal changes in this age group. Due to differing levels of cortisol as adults age, age-related decreases in hippocampal volume, and the suggestion that age-related loss of neurogenesis results in anxiety disorders, this area requires investigation. We examined the association between hippocampal volume and anxiety disorders (social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder) in 534 older adults participating in the Enquête de Santé Psychologique-Risques, Incidence et Traitement (ESPRIT) study of late-life neuropsychiatric disorders. Anxiety disorders were diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview MINI, French version 5.00. Cross-sectional analyses adjusted for age, educational level, gender, Mini-Mental State Examination scores, National Adult Reading Test scores, whole brain volume and depression found that a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder was positively associated with larger hippocampal volume. No other anxiety disorder was significantly associated with hippocampal volume. The present study is the first to examine the association between several anxiety disorders and hippocampal volume in an older population and the results highlight the need for further research relating to the relationship between hippocampal volume and anxiety disorders in older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).


We present interferometric measurements of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect toward the galaxy cluster Abell 370. These measurements, which directly probe the pressure of the cluster's gas, show the gas distribution to be strongly aspherical, as do the X-ray and gravitational lensing observations. We calculate the cluster's gas mass fraction in two ways. We first compare the gas mass derived from the SZ measurements to the lensing-derived gravitational mass near the critical lensing radius. We also calculate the gas mass fraction from the SZ data by deprojecting the three-dimensional gas density distribution and deriving the total mass under the assumption that the gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium (HSE). We test the assumptions in the HSE method by comparing the total cluster mass implied by the two methods and find that they agree within the errors of the measurement. We discuss the possible systematic errors in the gas mass fraction measurement and the constraints it places on the matter density parameter, ΩM.


For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, "Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics" is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography. It is written at a mathematical level that is appealing for undergraduates. It provides a useful educational tool via laboratory demonstrations, which can be viewed over the web or on the accompanying CD-ROM. It contains simple and informative experiments.


This paper summarizes the activities carried out in the frame of the data quality activities of the Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) sensor onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). Assessment of the radiometric calibration of the AVNIR-2 multi-spectral imager is achieved via three intercomparisons to currently flying sensors over the Libyan desert, during the first year of operation. All three methodologies indicate a slight underestimation of AVNIR-2 in band 1 by 4 to 7 % with respect to other sensors radiometric scale. Band 2 does not show any obvious bias. Results for band 3 are affected by saturation due to inappropriate gain setting. Two methodologies indicate no significant bias in band 4. Preliminary results indicate possible degradations of the AVNIR-2 channels, which, when modeled as an exponentially decreasing functions, have time constants of respectively 13.2 %.year-1, 8.8 %.year-1 and 0.1 %.year-1 in band 1, 2 and 4 (with respect to the radiometric scale of the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, MERIS). Longer time series of AVNIR-2 data are needed to draw final conclusions.


We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new colorless wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) architecture with the Rayleigh backscattering (RB) interferometric beat noise mitigation by using cross-remodulation architecture. The proposed WDM-PON has a simply configuration by combining two WDM-PONs at two wavelength bands to support twice the number of users. We experiment different m-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) (m = 16, 32 and 64) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) downstream signal and the remodulated on-off keying (OOK) upstream signal by using the 2.5 GHz directly modulated laser (DML) and 1.2 GHz reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) respectively. Hence, the total data rate achieved for the downstream signals are 10 Gb/s, 12.5 Gb/s, and 15 Gb/s respectively for different m -QAM. For the upstream signal, we over-drive the RSOA and 2.5 Gb/s OOK upstream traffic can be achieved. In addition, the proposed PON can also be upgraded to support more wavelength bands to meet the increase demand of capacity.


Objective: To assess the outcome and complications of plasmapharesis in treatment of myasthenia gravis and factors linked to poor outcome at hematology unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital of Pakistan
Study Design: Prospective comparative study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital/Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2018 to Jul 2019.
Methodology: A prospective study was conducted on patients of myasthenia gravis presented at our neurology department. All the complications of the procedure were recorded. Outcomes included recovery, shifting to intensive care unit and death. Pearson chi-square was applied to relate the factors with presence of complications or poor outcome.
Results: Hypotension 3 (6%) was the commonest complication faced by the patients followed by chest discomfort 2 (4%) during or after the plasmapharesis. Out of 50 patients, 47 (94%) recovered, 8 (16%) had minor complications, 2 (4%) were shifted to the intensive care unit and 1 (2%) died. Long duration of time between onset of symptoms and first session of plasmapharesis had a significant relationship (p-value <0.05) with presence of complications or poor outcome among the patients of myasthenia gravis undergoing plasmapharesis.
Conclusion: Plasmapharesis emerged as effective treatment for this immune based neurological disorder with limited side effects. A neurologist should be aware of these common minor and rare major side effects and pay special attention to the patients with generalized myasthenia gravis and those with long duration of time between onset of symptoms and first session of plasmapharesis.Keywords:  ,.


Lattice QCD is an essential complement to the current and anticipated DOE-supported experimental program in hadronic physics. In this paper we address several key questions central to our understanding of the building blocks of nuclear matter, nucleons and pions. Firstly, we describe progress at computing the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon, describing the distribution of charge and current, before considering the role played by the strange quarks. We then describe the study of transition form factors to the Delta resonance. Finally, we present recent work to determine the pion form factor, complementary to the current JLab experimental determination and provding insight into the approach to asymptotic freedom.


Multichannel seismic and bathymetric data from the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JDFR) provide constraints on axial and ridge flank structure for the past 4–8 Ma within three spreading corridors crossing Cleft, Northern Symmetric, and Endeavour segments. Along‐axis data reveal south‐to‐north gradients in seafloor relief and presence and depth of the crustal magma lens, which indicate a warmer axial regime to the south, both on a regional scale and within individual segments. For young crust, cross‐axis lines reveal differences between segments in Moho two‐way traveltimes of 200–300 ms which indicate 0.5–1 km thicker crust at Endeavour and Cleft compared to Northern Symmetric. Moho traveltime anomalies extend beyond the 5–15 km wide axial high and coincide with distinct plateaus, 32 and 40 km wide and 200–400 m high, found at both segments. On older crust, Moho traveltimes are similar for all three segments (∼2100 ± 100 ms), indicating little difference in average crustal production prior to ∼0.6 and 0.7 Ma. The presence of broad axis‐centered bathymetric plateau with thickened crust at Cleft and Endeavour segments is attributed to recent initiation of ridge axis‐centered melt anomalies associated with the Cobb hot spot and the Heckle melt anomaly. Increased melt supply at Cleft segment upon initiation of Axial Volcano and southward propagation of Endeavour segment during the Brunhes point to rapid southward directed along‐axis channeling of melt anomalies linked to these hot spots. Preferential southward flow of the Cobb and Heckle melt anomalies and the regional‐scale south‐to‐north gradients in ridge structure along the JDFR may reflect influence of the northwesterly absolute motion of the ridge axis on subaxial melt distribution.


[1] The warm climates of the early Paleogene and the associated diminished near-surface winds should have resulted in a reduction in near-surface ocean circulation. One check on this deduction is the delineation of biogenic sediments associated with an equatorial current system of the early Eocene Pacific. A latitudinal seismic reflection transect across the tropical Pacific along early Paleogene ocean crust reveals a basal high-amplitude reflection package that we take to be the lower Eocene section. This unit varies in thickness by a factor of about two, with the thickest portion forming a low mound some 3°–4° north of the 56 Ma paleoequator. This mound may represent the position of a divergence generated in the frontal region between two currents flowing in opposite directions, and its position suggests that the wind-driven equatorial circulation of the early Eocene was one without a pronounced equatorial divergence.


In this paper we present a microsimulation model to calculate the effects of hypothetical ex-ante price changes in the Spanish energy domain. The model rests on our prior estimation of a demand system which is especially designed for simultaneous analysis of different energy goods and uses household data from 1973 to 1995. Our objective is to obtain indepth information on the behavioural responses by different types of households, which will allow us to determine the welfare effects of such price changes, their distribution across society and the environmental consequences within the residential sector. Although the model used is able to reproduce any type of price change, we illustrate the paper with an actual simulation of the effects of energy taxes that resemble a 50 Euro tax on CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. The results show a significant response by households, sizeable emission reductions, tax revenues, welfare changes and distributional effects. The simulated policy can thus be considered a feasible option to tackle some of the current and severe inefficiencies in Spanish energy and environmental domains.


Fish production from integrated aquaculture is very low in Africa compared to global output. In countries such as Kenya where some commercialization has been adopted, fish yields are either stagnating or declining. An innovative way aimed at improving production of the catfish could involve mixed culture of catfish and tilapia in rice. With the assumption that production of catfish is not affected by culture type, an experiment was conducted to assess growth and production of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus in different culture systems where growth and production was monitored for 122 days within the Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three treatments and three replicates. The treatments consisted of three culture systems which included catfish-tilapia polyculture in rice as treatment I, catfish mono culture in rice at low stocking density as treatment 2 and catfish mono culture in rice at high stocking density as treatment 3. The fish were stocked as: 4 catfish + 4 tilapia m", 4 fish m-2 and 8 fish m-2 for treatments I, 2 and 3 respectively. The rice variety used in the integrated culture experiment was the Basmati variety IR62032. Measurement of water quality parameters was done in the mornings only, while measurement of fish growth parameters was done monthly. The mean values of all the measured water quality parameters were calculated and reported with their standard errors. Two factor-ANOVA test was used to determine the effects of culture type on growth and production of catfish, and also to determine the effects of period and frequency of water replacement on water quality. One factor-ANOV A test was used to determine the variations in the water quality among the treatments for each DAR and between the DARs for each treatment. Production parameters (length, weight, survival, condition factors, and yield) of the fish in the treatments were compared using one factor ANOV A test. All statistical analyses were performed using MINITAB 13.0 computer software. There was a significant difference in fish weight between the three treatments (F=II.6; P<0.05) with treatment I registering the highest growth in terms of weight. Fish survival was significantly higher (p< 0.05, at 95% CI) in treatment 2 (61.3%) but insignificant between treatments 1 (46.5%) and 3 (42.2%).The general condition of the fish in the treatments was not significantly different (p<0.05) between the three treatments. Fish conditions deteriorated in all the treatments as the days of culture increased, the K-values eventually dropping to less than 1. Yield of fish was higher in treatment 1 (373.16 kg ha") compared to treatments 2 (288.88 kg ha-') and 3 (236.26 kg ha-'), although the values were not significantly different (F=3.l1, P<0.05). Catfish production was positively affected by mixed culture of catfish and tilapia in rice-fish culture while Water quality parameters critical to survival of fish increased with increasing days of culture. Turbidity, nitrites and SRP were the major factors affecting growth and the general condition of the fish.


Studies in new forms of knowledge governance. This report analyzes new forms of knowledge governance in the global economy, using comparative studies of European industries and regions. We discuss how new organisational forms are affected by corporate governance, company culture and institutional constraints. The three core ideas of the report are: • Firms, industries, and clusters who know how to use temporary organisations, in particular projects, for new knowledge generation, and utlization are able to access, transform, and exploit knowledge for economic useful purposes better and faster than those who do not. • Successful utilization of temporary organizations (projects) depends on the knowledge base of firms, industries, and clusters, but also, more importantly, on institutional context (business system), spatial system, and development coalitions within which projects and project ecologies are embedded. • Temporary organizations (projects) are used in increasingly new ways across different industries and clusters, as they become more deeply integrated into the learning processes, transforming the way business systems and their innovation systems operates.


In this paper, we develop a distributed rate-control algorithm for networks with multiple unicast sessions when network coding is allowed across different sessions. Building on recent flow-based characterization of pairwise intersession network coding, the corresponding optimal rate-control problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem. The formulation exploits pairwise coding possibilities between any pair of sessions, where any coded symbol is formed by coding over at most two original symbols. The objective function is the sum of the utilities based on the rates supported by each unicast session. Working on the Lagrangian of the formulated problem, a distributed algorithm is developed with little coordination among intermediate nodes. Each unicast session has the freedom to choose its own utility function. The only information exchange required by the source is the weighted sum of the queue length of each link, which can be piggybacked to the acknowledgment messages. In addition to the optimal rate-control algorithm, we propose a decentralized pairwise random coding scheme that decouples the decision of coding from that of rate control, which further enhances the distributiveness of the proposed scheme. The convergence of the rate-control algorithm is proven analytically and verified by extensive simulations. Simulation results also demonstrate the advantage of the proposed algorithm over the state-of-the-art in terms of both throughput and fairness.


For over one hundred years, the International Critical Commentary series has held a special place among works on the Bible. It has sought to bring together all the relevant aids to exegesis linguistic and textual no less than archaeological, historical, literary and theological with a level of comprehension and quality of scholarship unmatched by any other series.No attempt has been made to secure a uniform theological or critical approach to the biblical text: contributors have been invited for their scholarly distinction, not for their adherence to any one school of thought. The first paperback editions to be published cover the heart of the New Testament, providing a wealth of information and research in accessible and attractive format."


The 300th anniversary of the publication of Isaac Newton's Opticks in 1704 provides an occasion to review the history of its composition and publication. As a preliminary to presenting that history, Newton's attitude to publication and response to criticism are examined. Newton's clashes with Hooke and his presumed role as the cause of the delay in the publication of the Opticks until after his death are also scrutinized. Rather than simply presenting Newton and Hooke as quarrelsome, which they indeed were, they are presented as rivals to be England's leading optical authority. Although Newton announced his intention to publish a book very much like the Opticks in the winter of 1675–76, he did not begin to write it until 1687. It was composed in various stages, including new experimental investigations, by 1692, except for the part on diffraction. A planned, but unfulfilled, revision of the part on diffraction was responsible for delaying its publication for a number of years.


PURPOSE
We aimed to compare the effect of using different embolic agents such as gelfoam and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on survival, tumor response, and complications in transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 38 inoperable HCC patients who underwent TACE between August 1998 and April 2007. A total of 50 TACE sessions were performed using PVA (n=18) or gelfoam particles (n=20), following the application of 60 mg doxorubicin with 10-20 mL lipiodol emulsion. The PVA and gelfoam groups were compared based on clinical, laboratory and demographic variables. Survival rates were calculated starting from the first TACE session using the Kaplan-Meier analysis.

RESULTS
There was no significant difference between the survival rates of PVA and gelfoam groups (P = 0.235). Overall survival rates at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months were 55%, 36%, 15%, 7%, and 5%, respectively. Tumor response, age, lipiodol accumulation type, number of HCC foci, complications and serum alpha-fetoprotein level were significant factors for survival in all patients.

CONCLUSION
Use of gelfoam or PVA as the embolic agent did not have a significant impact on survival. Complete tumor response, intensive lipiodol accumulation in tumor, older age (<60 years), fewer (≤3) HCC foci, low serum alpha-fetoprotein level (≤400 ng/mL) were found to improve cumulative survival significantly.


SETTING
Several non-US-based studies have found seasonal fluctuations in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB).

OBJECTIVE
The current study examined patterns of TB seasonality for New York City verified TB cases from January 1990 to December 2007.

DESIGN
Autocorrelation functions and Fourier analysis were used to detect a cyclical pattern in monthly incidence rates. Analysis of variance was used to compare seasonal mean case proportions.

RESULTS
A cyclical pattern was detected every 12 months. Of the 34,004 TB cases included, 21.9% were in the fall (September-November), 24.7% in winter (December-February), 27.3% in spring (March-May), and 26.1% in the summer (June-August). The proportion of cases was lowest in fall (P < 0.0001) and highest in the spring (P < 0.0002).

CONCLUSION
Possible explanations for seasonal variations in TB incidence include lower vitamin D levels in winter, leading to immune suppression and subsequent reactivation of latent TB; indoor winter crowding, increasing the likelihood of TB transmission; and providers attributing TB symptoms to other respiratory illnesses in winter, resulting in a delay in TB diagnosis until spring. Understanding TB seasonality may help TB programs better plan and allocate resources for TB control activities.


This paper presents an open domain monologue generation method for non-task-oriented dialogue systems to be able to speak their opinions and impressions as a speaker. To generate monologues, we acquire suitable utterances that contain a given topic from Twitter. Our method determines whether utterances have cohesion or not using the support vector machine and concatenate them in a row. It scores the utterance sequences from the aspect of their humor, unexpectedness and speciality in the given topic. We acquire the utterance sequences that ranks high as monologues. Results of an experiment demonstrate that our method can generate amusing and semantically appropriate monologues.


The present work is aimed to study the fatigue behavior of friction stir welding for the similar and dissimilar joints taking into account the effects of welding position, post welding heat treatments, and surface roughness. The materials were used AA2024T3 and AA6061T6. The maximum welding efficiency achieved at friction stir welding process was 62.8 % of the base metal for the similar 2024-T3 joint, and this value was improved by using post welding heat treatments and reach to 67.9%. Results showed that fatigue strength at 10 6 cycles depended strongly on welding line position where for welding line at a distance 0.35L from loading side, the reduction in fatigue limit with respect to 2024T3 base material was 45% for similar joint and 58% for dissimilar joints, and for welding line at a distance 0.7 L, the reduction in fatigue strength was 56% for similar joint and 67% for dissimilar joints. While, it was a large reduction in the fatigue strength reaching to 70% in both similar and dissimilar joint for the welding joint at a distance L (i.e at the fixing end). The heat treatments improved the fatigue strength about 31% more than non heat treatments of the similar 2024T3 joint by fsw at 0.7L in high cycle regime . Finally, the non-finishing samples showed a reduction in fatigue strength reaching to 10% more than the finishing samples of the similar 2024T3 joint at 0.7L .


A method of integral equations (IE) is applied to a simulation of diffraction efficiency (DE) of metal-dielectric and all-dielectric diffraction gratings (DG). Two factors narrowing the spectral band of laser pulse reflection into minus first space harmonics (MFSH) are analyzed. It is found that by using a chirped mirror instead of a multilayer all-dielectric one for non-Littrow mounted DG it is possible to achieve the DE over 95% in 90 nm wide spectral window.


In this article, I present ivtreatreg, a command for fitting four different binary treatment models with and without heterogeneous average treatment effects under selection-on-unobservables (that is, treatment endogeneity). Depending on the model specified by the user, ivtreatreg provides consistent estimation of average treatment effects by using instrumental-variables estimators and a generalized two-step Heckman selection model. The added value of this new command is that it allows for generalization of the regression approach typically used in standard program evaluation by assuming heterogeneous response to treatment. It also serves as a sort of toolbox for conducting joint comparisons of different treatment methods, thus readily permitting checks on the robustness of results.


File lists and checksums for a web crawl of the entire Wing Commander CIC website at www.wcnews.com. The files include content for the CIC site, as well as an online document archive which includes game development documentation collected and digitized by CIC members. The files from the web crawl are packaged in a tar.gz file and is stored securely on tape-- contact the Briscoe Center's digital archivist for information on how to access it.


In the effort to effectively monitor the progress or draw backs in the fight against poverty to formulate more effective poverty reduction programs, the issue on comparability of the official poverty estimates through space and time has been raised. The official estimates are said to be inconsistent across regions because these are based on poverty lines that vary across regions in the country. The differences are due to the use of different menus in calculating the food thresholds for the different regions. The menus are designed to reflect the regional variations in the food consumption patterns of Filipino families. On the other hand, the incomparability of estimates across time has been a hurdle in effectively monitoring progress made over longer period of time. This problem stems from using a changing ratio of food expenditures to total basic expenditures (FE/TBE ratio), an indirect way of estimating the poverty threshold. The ratio changes because the data being used changes each time there is a new FIES dataset. In this paper, Bersales discussed the validity of the current methods, laid out several options and the corresponding merits and/or disadvantages and made several recommendations for future improvement of the current methodology.


As densities of FPGA are increasing day by day, the feasibility of doing floating point calculations on FPGAs has improved. Moreover, recent works in FPGA architecture have changed the design tradeoff space by providing new fixed circuit functions which may be employed in floating-point computations. By using high density multiplier blocks and shift registers efficient computational unit can be developed. This paper evaluates the use of such blocks for the design of floating-point units including adder, subtractor, multiplier and divider.


In this paper I offer a defense of the motivational theory of desire. According to the motivational view, a desire is basically a disposition to bring about the desire's content. First, I argue that two rival views on the nature of desire, the evaluative theory and the deontic theory, fall prey to the problem of the death of desire and that, when one tries to develop a plausible version of these theories which is able to overcome this problem, one ends up with a view that is not relevantly different from the evaluative view. Second, I respond to some objections to the claim that motivations are sufficient for desire, namely, the Radioman objection and the objection that some motivational states like intentions and habits are not desires.


Elongated outer tail streamers in Barn Swallows may play a functional role during the feeding activity, by enhancing manoeuvrability. Here we focus on the relationship between tail length and fat stores in adult male and female Barn Swallows captured during the post-breeding and pre-migratory periods. Fat score was higher among long-tailed males, but no such relationship was evident among females. However, the effect of tail on fat stores did not differ between the sexes. Hence, the relationship between fat and tail may be related both to naturally and sexually selected aspects of tail length, that is considered to be a sexually selected character and indicator of individual quality in males. Our results suggest that long-tailed males, due to their higher quality, may be able to raise their fat stores more than other individuals during the pre-migratory fattening period, and, at the same time, that long-tailed individuals of both sexes may be able to store food faster, according to the aeroelastic properties of outer tail streamers.


In this article I discuss two significant changes to financing statement requirements made by Revised Article 9 and how those changes affect "notice filing." First, Revised section 9-504(2) permits "supergeneric" collateral indications, such as "all assets" or "all personal property," in financing statements. Former section 9 402(1) required that the financing statement "contain a statement indicating the types, or describing the items of collateral," and most cases under Former Article 9 that considered the issue concluded that a supergeneric indication was not permitted by this language. Second, Revised Article 9 does not require the debtor's signature on the financing statement, as did Former section 9-402(1). Instead, under Revised section 9-509, the secured party is authorized to file a financing statement covering the "collateral described in the security agreement" when the security agreement is authenticated by the debtor, or to file an initial financing statement before the debtor has authenticated a security agreement if the debtor has authorized the filing in an authenticated record. This article analyzes these provisions further, considers their possible ramifications in several hypotheticals, reviews in detail one of the few cases discussing these issues, considers what effect these changes could potentially have on how "notice filing" is understood under Revised Article 9, and finally proposes some potential solutions.


The increasing pressure of world population on natural resources has once again given rise to the sepctre of Malthusian stagnation. The purpose of this Artcile is to examine the Malthusian doctrine of diminishing returns to natural resources using the fisheries as a case study. For the ten stocks of fish studied, it was found that Malthusian scarcity is quite prevalent. That is, fishing productivity significantly declined with expansion in effort. This hypothesis was verified for both the steady state and stock adjustment models. Without major discoveries in controlling ocean environment, it is qutie apparent that the sea will be subject to Malthusian scarcity as the pressure of population increases.


It is important to determine the dominant fiscal regime in a country group for policy prevision. This paper examines whether the Ricardian fiscal regime or non-Ricardian fiscal regime is dominant in the Common Wealth of Independent States (CIS). We attempted to show that CIS' behavior after the debt stock increase. Using panel data method, this paper finds that Ricardian regime dominates in Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Moldova and Turkmenistan's fiscal policies.


Laid-back bamboo eater Pandas are members of the order Carnivora but are entirely herbivorous, living almost exclusively on bamboo. Unlike most other herbivorous species, however, their digestive tract has not evolved the long twists and turns that facilitate the slower digestion necessary for cellulose-rich plants. Nie et al. measured energy expenditure in both wild and captive pandas, which was extremely low, relative to other mammals. The pandas' thyroid hormone levels are also a fraction of the mammalian norm. Science, this issue p. 171 Morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations allow pandas to survive on their low-energy bamboo diet. The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda–unique mutation in the DUOX2 gene, critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet.


In this article, the authors describe a field experiment in the classroom where principles of micro- economics students are randomly assigned into homework-required and not-required groups. The authors find that homework plays an important role in student learning, especially so for students who initially perform poorly in the course. Students in the homework-required group have higher retention rates, higher test scores (5 to 6 percent), more good grades (Bs), and lower failure rates. The authors also study the relationship between endogenous homework submission and test performance using instrumental variable estimation and find that homework submission has a large positive effect on test performance.


A data mining based procedure for automated reverse engineering and defect discovery has been developed. The data mining algorithm for reverse engineering uses a genetic program (GP) as a data mining function. A GP is an evolutionary algorithm that automatically evolves populations of computer programs or mathematical expressions, eventually selecting one that is optimal in the sense it maximizes a fitness function. The system to be reverse engineered is typically a sensor that may not be disassembled and for which there are no design documents. The sensor is used to create a database of input signals and output measurements. Rules about the likely design properties of the sensor are collected from experts. The rules are used to create a fitness function for the GP allowing GP based data mining. This procedure incorporates not only the experts' rules into the fitness function, but also the information in the database. The information extracted through this process is the internal design specifications of the sensor. These design properties can be used to create a fitness function for a genetic algorithm, which is in turn used to search for defects in the digital logic design. Significant theoretical and experimental results are provided.


We explore the ways that perceptions of media effectiveness are affected by the societal culture, organizational culture, occupational (professional) culture, individual characteristics, and technology acceptance. This is an important subject to explore, as communication is essential to organizational functioning. The continuous drive for communication to individuals in different national and organizational situations around the world, due in part to globalization, leads us to ask: which medium is perceived as the most effective for each of the tasks a manager may be called upon to perform, particularly in different cultures? In other words, is the receiver getting the message that we intend, when the receiver is not in the same situation (societal, organizational, professional, etc.) as the sender? There are contexts of shared values, rules, and experiences that affect communication; words do not have the same meaning and value across languages and cultures (Macnamara, 2004). This means that the message sent from one context may not be the message received in another. If we are not communicating the messages we intend, then our method of communicating may be efficient, but it is certainly not effective. However, there is little research on the effectiveness of media types. We develop a framework highlighting the intersection of variables salient to effectiveness: societal, organizational, and occupational culture, individual characteristics, and technology the sender? In the conclusion, we suggest future work that might be appropriate, given the increasing interest in global communication.


With the increasing demand for new sources of energy, solar power has become an attractive solution for the current energy crisis. Photovoltaic systems have been increasingly used in the form of solar panel arrays. However, despite the numerous advantages of solar technology, the energy-conversion efficiency of solar panels is low. Since these panels are stationary, they are also difficult to deploy and transport and are prone to damages and hindrance. The portable system prototype proposed in this paper can deploy the solar panels easily and retract them with minimal effort based on the Miura origami folding patterns and mechanical rotation of the panels. An active dual-axis solar tracking system based on tilt-and-swing mechanism is added to the system to maximize the efficiency of the solar energy conversion. This inexpensive solar-tracking system is composed of an Arduino microcontroller, photoresistors, and stepper motors. The mechanism of the proposed system is fully explained in this paper and it is demonstrated how this portable system can maximize the efficiency of the energy conversion.


Coastal valleys in the west part of mid-Wales, such as the Mawddach, Dysynni, Tal-y-llyn and Dyfi, are believed to have acted as corridors for ice which drained the Welsh Ice Cap during the Devensian. Analysis of detailed digital elevation models and interpretation of satellite images and aerial photographs show the existence of large variations in the amount of glacial modification between these valleys. Although all the valleys are glacially over-deepened along Silurian fault lines, only the Dyfi basin exhibits a dendritic pattern, with V-shaped cross profiles and valley spurs typical of valleys formed by fluvial processes. Connectivity analysis of the Dyfi basin shows that it exhibits a nearly dendritic pattern with connectivity α and β values of 0.74 and 1.01 respectively, with little glacial modification of the preglacial fluvial valley pattern in the form of valley breaching. It is proposed that the general river valley morphology of the Dyfi basin is of a pre-Late Devensian age. Several examples have been identified of glacial meltwater incision into a well-developed pre-existing river valley system, causing river capture across watersheds. The degree of preservation of the pre-glacial fluvial valley system within the Dyfi basin indicates limited modification by glacial processes, despite the area being subjected to Late Devensian glacier activity. It is possible that major parts of the basin were covered by cold-based or slow-moving ice close to or under a migrating ice divide, with the major ice drainage occurring along the weaker zone of the Pennal Fault, causing minor adjustments to the surrounding interfluves and uplands.


One of the main challenges in property testing is to characterize those properties that are testable with a constant number of queries. For unordered structures such as graphs and hypergraphs this task has been mostly settled. However, for ordered structures such as strings, images, and ordered graphs, the characterization problem seems very difficult in general.
In this paper, we identify a wide class of properties of ordered structures - the earthmover resilient (ER) properties - and show that the "good behavior" of such properties allows us to obtain general testability results that are similar to (and more general than) those of unordered graphs. A property P is ER if, roughly speaking, slight changes in the order of the elements in an object satisfying P cannot make this object far from P. The class of ER properties includes, e.g., all unordered graph properties, many natural visual properties of images, such as convexity, and all hereditary properties of ordered graphs and images.
A special case of our results implies, building on a recent result of Alon and the authors, that the distance of a given image or ordered graph from any hereditary property can be estimated (with good probability) up to a constant additive error, using a constant number of queries.


Abstract. Anticipation and preparedness for large-scale flood events have a key role in mitigating their impact and optimizing the strategic planning of water resources. Although several developed countries have well-established systems for river monitoring and flood early warning, figures of populations affected every year by floods in developing countries are unsettling. This paper presents the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS), which has been set up to provide an overview on upcoming floods in large world river basins. GloFAS is based on distributed hydrological simulation of numerical ensemble weather predictions with global coverage. Streamflow forecasts are compared statistically to climatological simulations to detect probabilistic exceedance of warning thresholds. In this article, the system setup is described, together with an evaluation of its performance over a two-year test period and a qualitative analysis of a case study for the Pakistan flood, in summer 2010. It is shown that hazardous events in large river basins can be skilfully detected with a forecast horizon of up to 1 month. In addition, results suggest that an accurate simulation of initial model conditions and an improved parameterization of the hydrological model are key components to reproduce accurately the streamflow variability in the many different runoff regimes of the earth.


Designed to protect the best interests of children, the primary instrument known for securing human rights for children internationally is the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), established in 1989. Upon this document, it seemed, rested the hope of children around the world for their provision, protection and participation. The Convention has enjoyed a significant role globally and across particular continental regions, becoming the gold standard for the treatment of children in nations where there was previously a legal void for their protection. It has advanced new research to benefit children, fostering a great deal of good will among professionals working with children toward these objectives, and it has provided for a strong foundation of scholarly dialogue on the participation of children in their individual lives and affairs. With early notice of practical problems with the Convention, however, the lack of scholarly debate about the actual merits of the CRC has been troubling, with little discussion of whether the Convention has actually worked to protect children. But, has the CRC improved the day-to-day lives of children? Has it worked to protect them from basic harms perpetrated against them by adults, such as forced combat, or genital mutilation, or sexual prostitution? Has the CRC been a triumph for children or a victory for international convention law? These questions are challenging to answer. What evidence that does exist regarding children in signatory nations reveals that the CRC has not achieved the desired objective set out 25 years ago – to improve the lives of children around the world. Rather, child victims are increasing. This report first provides a small window of insight regarding the continuation and growth of atrocities experienced by children in numbers large enough to demand attention: child sex trafficking, child slavery, child soldiering, child marriage, and female genital mutilation (FGM). These areas formed the basic core of atrocities which I focused on in a previous publication, yet here at the 25th Anniversary of the CRC current facts and circumstances require now adding child sacrifice to that parade of horribles that march against children regularly within signatory nations. In discussing these issues, the second part of this report challenges not only whether the CRC has been a success for children, but why it has not protected them from such heinous atrocities. The third part of this report discusses what, if anything, can legitimately be done to improve the lives of children in signatory nations away from these atrocities by offering an interdisciplinary approach of legal, governmental, and social professionals toward more than simply CRC implementation, but actual child protection. Creating these connections can work to provide protection to children suffering under such conditions, with the goal of improving the protection of children in their everyday lives.


This paper describes an edge detection method based on surface-derived attributes. The surface-derived attributes are widely used in the interpretation ofseismic datain two main categories: (1) derivative attributes including the dip angle and the azimuth; (2) derivative attributes including curvature attributes. In general, the magnitude of the normal curvature of a surface (curvature attributes) can be expressed in terms of derivatives of that surface which are called the first and second fundamental forms of the surface. For a quadratic surface which fits data, it is shown that the dip-angle equation in the interpretation of the seismic data is similar to the horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM) equation in the interpretation of potential field data. Among the infinite number of curvature attributes, a few of them which are suitable for edge detection are shown. The coefficients of a quadratic surface are calculated using the least square method. At a particular point, the attributes are obtained using these coefficients. Zero contours of most positive curvature and the determinant of the curvature matrix delineate the location of the edges of anomalies. Theshape indexattributequantitatively reflects the local shape of the surface over sources in terms of cap, dome, ridge, saddle, rut, trough and cup.Here, the maximum curvature is introduced as a new technique to detect the horizontal location of anomalies. First, the introduced attributes were applied to the noise-free synthetic data. Then, the data with the noise added were used to check the stability of the method. In the presence of high-level noise, this method was successful in determining boundaries of the anomalies.Zero contoursof the most positive curvature, the determinant of curvature matrix and the maximum curvature properly illustratethe linear features within the mapped surface. The results of using surface-derived attributes were compared with tilt angle and HGM filters. This comparison showed that zero contours of the most positive and maximum curvature attributes are approximately matched with zero contours of the tilt angle and maximum values of HGM. Finally, this method was used for real data from Mobrun massive sulfide ore of Canada.MATLAB softwarewas used for programming and calculating the required parameters of this method.


Low coral islands are heavily dependent on groundwater for freshwater supplies. The declaration by the government of Kiribati of water reserves over privately owned land has led to conflicts, illegal settlements, and vandalism. Also, the water consumption tends to increase toward Western-like standards, and human pollution has already contaminated most freshwater lenses. This project aims to provide relevant information to local stakeholders to facilitate dialogue and devise sustainable water management practices. A computer-assisted role-playing game is implemented to fulfill this aim. The following three-stage methodology is applied: collecting local and expert knowledge, blending the di ferent viewpoints into a game-based model, and playing the game with the di ferent stakeholders to explore di ferent scenarios. Although game sessions delivered successful outcomes, the final stage of the project is characterized by the upheaval of contradictory government stands that undermine the whole process. It is argued that heterogeneous viewpoints may be handled in a satisfactory manner during the gaming sessions but that long-term hidden agendas may override the outcomes. Beyond the inherent question of legitimacy attached to such approaches, some players clearly must deal with constraints that are often genuinely considered external to the ongoing negotiation process.


RAFT polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), leading to relatively well defined poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), is negatively affected by chain inversion resulting in less easily reactivatable PVDFT-XA dormant chains (terminated with the tail end of an inversely added VDF unit; XA = xanthate moiety). Although slow reactivation of these chains by PVDF˙ radicals (in contrast to general belief) was recently demonstrated, slow radical exchange leads to progressive loss of chain growth control. This article deals with the possibility of synthesizing block copolymers from PVDF-XA macroCTAs by sequential addition. The investigations show that only PVDFH-XA (chains terminated with the head end of regularly added VDF) can be reactivated by PNVP˙ (poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)) radicals and that PVDFT-XA chains are completely unreactive in the presence of PNVP˙, PB˙ (poly(butylacrylate)) or PDM˙ (poly(N,N′-dimethylacrylamide)). However, both PVDFH-XA and PVDFT-XA can be reactivated by PVAc˙ (poly(vinyl acetate)) radicals. The reactivation of the PVDFT-XA, albeit slower than that of the PVDFH-XA, is sufficiently fast to allow the synthesis of unprecedented well-defined PVDF-b-PVAc block copolymers with relatively high end-group fidelity. DFT calculations rationalize this behavior on the basis of faster radical exchange in the order PVDFH-XA/VAc > PVDFH-XA/NVP > PVDFT-XA/VAc ≫ PVDFT-XA/NVP. The success of the chain extension also relies on faster activation relative to homopropagation of the chain extending monomer, as well as fast addition of the released and to the monomer.


In order to increase the number of users and data rate, and to reduce the impact of multi access interference (MAI), this study propose the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation (OFDM) based on new zero cross correlation (ZCC) code . The system proposed (OCDMAnew ZCC-OFDM) is compared to the (OCDMA-FCC (Flexible Cross Correlation)-OFDM) in term of SNR and BER. The results showed that the proposed system with the new ZCC code displayed improved performance with an increased number of users up to 120%. The system adopted saved around -3 dBm of power at the receiver. In comparison to (OCDMA-FCC-OFDM) system, this improvement is due to the effect of the good auto/cross correlation properties of new ZCC code. Key-Words: Optical CDMA, OFDM, New ZCC code, Flexible Cross Correlation (FCC) code, (OCDMAFCC-OFDM) systems, (OCDMA-new ZCC-OFDM) systems.


We synthesize mesoporous carbon by using the soft-templated method with pluronic F-127 as a structure-directing agent, and phloroglucinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors. The as-synthesized mesoporous carbon was characterized by using x-ray diffraction, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The as-synthesized mesoporous carbon was activated by using 1M HCl to increase the triethylenetetramine (TETA) as amine group compound loading within mesoporous carbon. Mesoporous carbon and activated mesoporous carbon was modified by using TETA with concentration variations less than 50 wt%. The modified mesoporous carbon was also characterized by using SEM-EDX and FTIR. Adsorption tests were done by using adsorbent mesoporous carbon, activated mesoporous carbon, mesoporous carbon modified by TETA, and activated mesoporous carbon modified by TETA with CO2 gas flow times of 5, l0, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min, a contact time of 15 min, and a flow rate of 20 mL/min. The adsorbed CO2 gas was quantified by using the acid-base titration method. On the basis of the CO2, adsorption test, the acid activation was successfully increased by TETA loading within mesoporous carbon, which increases the ability of the material to adsorb CO2.


While different language models are ubiquitous in NLP, it is hard to contrast their outputs and identify which contexts one can handle better than the other. To address this question, we introduce LMdiff, a tool that visually compares probability distributions of two models that differ, e.g., through finetuning, distillation, or simply training with different parameter sizes. LMdiff allows the generation of hypotheses about model behavior by investigating text instances token by token and further assists in choosing these interesting text instances by identifying the most interesting phrases from large corpora. We showcase the applicability of LMdiff for hypothesis generation across multiple case studies. A demo is available at http://lmdiff.net .


An important review of the clinical anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses is presented by Professor Lang. He has intensively researched the anatomy of these structures for a quarter of a century, with emphasis on exact measurements of these vital structures as they relate to surgical intervention.


A prime focus spectrometer (PFS), along with corrective optics, will mount in place of the secondary mirror of the Subaru telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. This will allow simultaneous observations of cosmologic targets. It will enable large-scale galactic archeology and dark energy surveys to help unlock the secrets of the universe. To perform these cosmologic surveys, an array of 2,400 optical fibers needs to be independently positioned within the 498-mm-diameter focal plane of the PFS instrument to collect light from galaxies and stars for spectrographic analyses. To allow for independent re-positioning of the fibers, a very small positioner (7.7 mm in diameter) is required. One hundred percent coverage of the focal plane is also required, so these small actuators need to cover a patrol region of 9.5 mm in diameter. To optimize the amount of light that can be collected, the fibers need to be placed within 5 micrometers of their intended target (either a star or galaxy). The Cobra Fiber Positioner was designed to meet the size and accuracy requirements stated above. Cobra is a two-degrees-of-freedom mechanism that can position an optical fiber in the focal plane of the PFS instrument to a precision of 5 micrometers. It is a theta-phi style positioner containing two rotary piezo tube motors with one offset from the other, which enables the optic fibers to be placed anywhere in a small circular patrol region. The patrol region of the actuator is such that the array of 2,400 positioners allows for full coverage of the instrument focal plane by overlapping the patrol areas. A second-generation Cobra positioner was designed based on lessons learned from the original prototype built in 2009. Improvements were made to the precision of the ceramic motor parts, and hard stops were redesigned to minimize friction and prevent jamming. These changes resulted in reducing the number of move iterations required to position the optical fiber within 5 micrometers of its target. At the time of this reporting, there are still many tests to be performed that will validate system level performance, but on an individual level, the Cobra positioner demonstrates excellent performance and will enable the PFS instrument to make unprecedented measurements of the universe. What is unique about the upgrades made to the Cobra positioner is the improved performance due to the design changes in the hard stops and the ceramic end caps of the motors. Other changes were made to reduce the unit cost of a Cobra positioner without affecting the performance, since thousands of these devices will have to be built for the PFS instrument.


Two small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, play an important role in the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Let-7 is also highly conserved throughout bilateral animals, including Drosophila and humans. Are there other small regulatory RNAs? Three reports by Lagos-Quintana et al., Lau et al., and Lee et al. indicate that there are a very large number (>60) of these tiny ~22-nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs) and that they have molecular characteristics similar to the two known stRNAs. The miRNAs are developmentally and tissue-specifically expressed and are conserved between different organisms. Some of the RNAs are organized in an operon-like fashion and may be processed from a single precursor. In a Perspective, Ruvkun calls the RNAs the "biological equivalent of dark matter" and suggests that they may provide a potent means for regulating gene expression. M. Lagos-Quintana, R. Rauhut, W. Lendeckel, T. Tuschl, Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science 294, 853-858 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] N. C. Lau, L. P. Lim, E. G. Weinstein, D. P. Bartel, An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 294, 858-862 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] R. C. Lee, V. Ambros, An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 294, 862-864 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] G. Ruvkun, Glimpses of a tiny RNA world. Science 294, 797-799 (2001). [Full Text]


Depression among children and adolescents is common but frequently unrecognized. It affects 2 percent of prepubertal children and 5 to 8 percent of adolescents. The clinical spectrum of the disease can range from simple sadness to a major depressive or bipolar disorder. Risk factors include a family history of depression and poor school performance. Evaluation should include a complete medical assessment to rule out underlying medical causes. A structured clinical interview and various rating scales such as the Pediatric Symptom Checklist are helpful in determining whether a child or adolescent is depressed. Evidence-based treatment guidelines from the literature are limited. Psychotherapy appears to be useful in most children and adolescents with mild to moderate depression. Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are medical therapies that have been studied on a limited basis. The latter agents are better tolerated but not necessarily more efficacious. Because the risk of school failure and suicide is quite high in depressed children and adolescents, prompt referral or close collaboration with a mental health professional is often necessary.


Abstract. This paper introduces and describes the hourly, high-resolution soil moisture dataset continuously recorded by the McMaster Mesonet located in the Hamilton-Halton Watershed in Southern Ontario, Canada. The McMaster Mesonet consists of a network of time domain reflectometer (TDR) probes collecting hourly soil moisture data at six depths between 10 cm and 100 cm at nine locations per site, spread across four sites in the 1250 km2 watershed. The sites for the soil moisture arrays are designed to further improve understanding of soil moisture dynamics in a seasonal climate and to capture soil moisture transitions in areas that have different topography, soil and land cover. The McMaster Mesonet soil moisture constitutes a unique database in Canada because of its high spatio-temporal resolution. In order to provide some insight into the dominant processes at the McMaster Mesonet sites, a spatio-temporal and temporal stability analysis were conducted to identify spatio-temporal patterns in the data and to suggest some physical interpretation of soil moisture variability. It was found that the seasonal climate of the Great Lakes Basin causes a transition in soil moisture patterns at seasonal timescales. During winter and early spring months, and at the meadow sites, soil moisture distribution is governed by topographic redistribution, whereas following efflorescence in the spring and summer, soil moisture spatial distribution at the forested site was also controlled by vegetation canopy. Analysis of short-term temporal stability revealed that the relative difference between sites was maintained unless there was significant rainfall (> 20 mm) or wet conditions a priori. Following a disturbance in the spatial soil moisture distribution due to wetting, the relative soil moisture pattern re-emerged in 18 to 24 h. Access to the McMaster Mesonet data can be provided by visiting www.hydrology.mcmaster.ca/mesonet .


United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserves
(BRs) provide an example of an integrated sustainability framework that allows for connection
between international, national, state / provincial and local levels of conservation and capacitybuilding.
The three major functions of a BR are conservation of biodiversity, sustainable development
and support for logistics. As coupled social-ecological systems, BRs explicitly acknowledge that
human systems and ecological systems are inextricably linked, and have the potential to bridge
ecological and social-political spheres that have been viewed as predominantly disparate entities,
rather than as interconnected or nested systems.
The aim of this thesis is to identify the key features (assets, process and outcome) required to
enhance the fit between governance systems and ecosystems using the UNESCO BR model, and
develop a framework for establishing BRs as resilient working landscapes. By identifying features that
seem critical for linking civil society, institutions and government dynamically across multiple levels,
the research addresses the governance dimension of ecosystem management and the social factors
that enable such management. The scope of the thesis is limited to developed country contexts.
Data are derived from focus groups, site visits, 52 key informant interviews and literature reviews.
The research process utilised an emergent, naturalistic inquiry, characterised by abductive, deductive
and inductive methods. Four Australian and four Canadian qualitative case studies support and
demonstrate the three phases of the BR resilience conceptual framework developed herein.
UNESCO BRs originated in the early 1970s as international examples of biodiversity conservation
and sites of scientific research and monitoring. Since this time, the international program has
broadened to include more complex notions of social-ecological systems, reflecting shifts in
environmental discourse and praxis. The Australian BR Program is characterised by governmentinitiated
BRs and those generated though community-derived stewardship. Over the same period, the
Canadian BR Program has consistently developed through community capacity and the Canadian
Biosphere Reserve Association.
Capital assets and 'new governance' processes are two of the three key phases of developing a
successful (resilient) BR. Adaptive capacity is a key component of the final phase; the achievement of
a resilient working landscape. In the framework, evolution and devolution of a BR occurs in response
to social and ecological variables. However, maintenance and renewal of capital assets are crucial to
sustaining the first and most fundamental phase of BR resilience.
Specific guidelines for the application of the BR resilience conceptual framework are provided to
inform individual BRs and their national programs more generally, and provide any party interested in
the BR concept with a means to develop a resilient BR, from its inception. Avenues for future
research are suggested, with a recommended focus upon harnessing greater understanding of
resilience factors in social-ecological systems, and the relationship of these to BRs.


Structural controls have been recently used to reduce acoustic radiation from vibrating structures. It is well known that in some cases, a control system can reduce the noise and, at the same time, increase the structural vibration. This is one of the concerns with the structural control approach to solve the noise problem. Developing a control system that can reduce the noise and structural vibration at the same time is an important task. This paper proposes one of possible approaches for accomplishing this task. The emphasis of the present approach is not on control strategies, but rather on the design of distributed piezoelectric actuators for the structural control system. In the paper, we study the interior noise radiation and the structural vibrations of uniform cylindrical shells, which are taken as a simplified model of a fuselage section. Two distributed piezoelectric actuators are developed based upon the understanding of the structural-acoustic coupling properties of the system. These actuators can reduce the shell structural vibration and the interior noise at the same time in a wide range of frequencies by using only the acoustic error sensors. Hence, an optimal noise reduction is achieved. Computer simulations and the experiments have shown that the actuators can lead to global noise and vibration reduction. Excellent agreement between the analytical predictions and the experiments strongly supports the theoretical development.


Biosurfactants have been considered as superior alternatives to currently used surfactants as they are generally more biodegradable, less toxic, and better at enhancing biodegradation. However, the application of biosurfactants is limited by the availability of economic biosurfactants and the corresponding producers that can work effectively. Hyperproducers generated by metabolic engineering of biosurfactant producers are highly desired to overcome this obstacle. A Rhodococcus erythropolis SB-1A strain was isolated from offshore oily water samples. One of its mutants derived by random mutagenesis with ultraviolet radiation, producing high levels of biosurfactants, was selected by the oil spreading technique. The mutant produces biosurfactants with critical micelle dilutions approximately four times those of the parent strain. The results obtained with thin layer chromatography indicated the produced biosurfactant remained unchanged between the mutant and the parent strain. In addition, the produced biosurfactants were recovered with solvent extraction and applied as the oil spill response agents. Based on the baffled flask test (BFT) results, the dispersion efficiency of the biosurfactants produced by the mutant is higher than that induced by the parent strain. When compared with Corexit dispersants, it was found that the produced biosurfactants performed better than Corexit 9527 and were comparable with Corexit 9500.


The improvement of harvesting methodologies plays an important role in the optimization of wood production in a context of sustainable forest management. Different harvesting methods can be applied according to forest site-specific condition and the appropriate mechanization level depends on a number of factors. Therefore, efficiency and functionality of wood harvesting operations depend on several factors. The aim of this study is to analyze how the different harvesting processes affect operational costs and labor productivity in typical small-scale Italian harvesting companies. A multiple linear regression model (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been carried out to predict gross time, productivity and costs estimation in a series of qualitative and quantitative variables. The results have created a correct statistical model able to accurately estimate the technical parameters (work time and productivity) and economic parameters (costs per unit of product and per hectare) useful to the forestry entrepreneur to predict the results of the work in advance, considering only the values detectable of some characteristic elements of the worksite.


The performance of Senna auriculata leaves (SCL) extract as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 N HCl was thoroughly investigated by chemical and electrochemical methods. The inhibition efficiency obtained by both these methods has good agreement with each other. The effects of temperature and immersion time on carbon steel in 1 N HCl were also studied. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 75.65% was obtained at the best concentration of 800 ppm of SCL extract. The polarization studies revealed that the inhibition action of SCL extract was under mixed control. The free energy of adsorption and the influence of temperature on the adsorption of SCL extract on carbon steel have also been reported. The adsorption of SCL extract on the surface of carbon steel was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The mechanism of inhibition was confirmed by kinetic and thermodynamic parameters obtained from 303 K to 363 K temperatures using weight loss method. The metallurgical microscope results established the formation of a protective layer on the carbon steel surface.


We investigate the algebraic reasoning of quantum programs inspired by the success of classical program analysis based on Kleene algebra. One prominent example of such is the famous Kleene Algebra with Tests (KAT), which has furnished both theoretical insights and practical tools. The succinctness of algebraic reasoning would be especially desirable for scalable analysis of quantum programs, given the involvement of exponential-size matrices in most of the existing methods. A few key features of KAT including the idempotent law and the nice properties of classical tests, however, fail to hold in the context of quantum programs due to their unique quantum features, especially in branching. We propose Non-idempotent Kleene Algebra (NKA) as a natural alternative and identify complete and sound semantic models for NKA as well as their quantum interpretations. In light of applications of KAT, we demonstrate algebraic proofs in NKA of quantum compiler optimization and the normal form of quantum while-programs. Moreover, we extend NKA with Tests (i.e., NKAT), where tests model quantum predicates following effect algebra, and illustrate how to encode propositional quantum Hoare logic as NKAT theorems.


1. The response of hand blood flow to acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was measured in normal subjects in whom vasomotor tone had been released physiologically by body heating, anatomically by unilateral nerve block and pharmacologically by unilateral intra-arterial infusion of bretylium tosylate or phenoxybenzamine. Five patients who had undergone unilateral cervical sympathectomy were also studied. 2. Under these conditions the usual increase in hand blood flow associated with acute hypoglycaemia was converted into a decrease except during complete unilateral α-adrenergic blockade when hypoglycaemia produced no change in hand blood flow. 3. The possible mechanisms responsible for the vasodilatation associated with hypoglycaemia are discussed. 4. The results suggest that release of vasoconstrictor tone, rather than activation of specific vasodilator mechanisms (neurogenic or humoral), is the principal means whereby acute hypoglycaemia produces increased blood flow in the hand.


In this letter, we apply a new sampling theory named compressed sensing (CS) for aerospace remote sensing to reduce data acquisition and imaging cost. We can only record directly single or multiple pixels while need not the use of additional compression step to improve the problems of power consumption, data storage, and transmission, without degrading spatial resolution and quality of pictures. The CS remote sensing includes two steps: encoding imaging and decoding recovery. A noiselet-transform-based single-pixel imaging and a random Fourier-sampling-based multipixel imaging are alternatively used for encoding, and an iterative curvelet thresholding method is used for decoding. The new sensing mechanism shifts onboard imaging cost to offline decoding recovery. It would lead to new instruments with less storage space, less power consumption, and smaller size than currently used charged coupled device cameras, which would match effective needs particularly for probes sent very far away. Numerical experiments on potential applications for Chinese Chang'e-1 lunar probe are presented.


Geophysical tomographic techniques have the potential to remotely detect and characterize geological features, such as fractures and spatially varying lithologies, by their response to signals passed through these features. Anisotropic behaviour in many geological materials necessitates the generalization of tomographic methods to include anisotropic material properties in order to attain high-quality images of the subsurface. In this paper, we present a finite element (FE) based direct-current electrical inversion method to reconstruct the conductivity tensor at each node point of a FE mesh from electrical resistance measurements. The inverse problem is formulated as a functional optimization and the non-uniqueness of the electrical inverse problem is overcome by adding penalty terms for structure and anisotropy. We use a modified Levenberg–Marquardt method for the functional optimization and the resulting set of linear equation is solved using pre-conditioned conjugate gradients. The method is tested using both synthetic and field experiments in cross-well geometry. The acquisition geometry for both experiments uses a cross-well experiment at a hard-rock test site in Cornwall, southwest England. Two wells, spaced at 25.7 m, were equipped with electrodes at a 1 m spacing at depths from 21–108 m and data were gathered in pole–pole geometry. The test synthetic model consists of a strongly anisotropic and conductive body underlain by an isotropic resistive formation. Beneath the resistive formation, the model comprises a moderately anisotropic and moderately conductive half-space, intersected by an isotropic conductive layer. This model geometry was derived from the interpretation of a seismic tomogram and available geological logs and the conductivity values are based on observed conductivities. We use the test model to confirm the ability of the inversion scheme to recover the (known) true model. We find that all key features of the model are recovered. However, the inversion model is smoother than the true model and the difference in absolute value of anisotropy and conductivity between features is slightly underestimated. Using an anisotropic conductivity distribution aggravates the problem of non-uniqueness of the solution of the inverse electrical problem. This problem can be overcome by applying appropriate structural and anisotropy constraints. We find that running a suite of inversions with varying constraint levels and subsequent examination of the results (including the inspection of residual maps) offers a viable method for choosing appropriate numerical values for the imposed constraints. Inversion of field data reveals a strongly anisotropic subsurface with marked spatial variations of both magnitude of anisotropy and conductivity. Average conductivities range from 0.001 S m−1 (= 1000 Ω m) to 0.003 S m−1 (= 333 Ω m) and anisotropy values range from 0 per cent to more than 300 per cent. As an independent test of the reliability of the structures revealed by anisotropic electric tomography, anisotropic seismic traveltime tomograms were calculated. We find a convincing structural agreement between the two independently derived images. Areas of high electric anisotropy coincide with seismically anisotropic areas and we observe an anticorrelation between electric conductivity and seismic velocity. Both observations are consistent with anisotropy anomalies caused by fracturing or layering.


Governance networks (GNs) are theorized as institutions for state–civil society interaction with important merits as well as shortcomings for effective and democratic governance. Here we compare GNs with a far less researched type of state–civil society interaction, the Swedish governmental commission (GC), critically discussing them in terms of organizational and functional features, the role of the state and democratic anchorage. Drawing on lessons from the institutional design of GCs, we contest the notion that well-functioning GNs require a low level of formal institutionalization and discuss how democratic problems with GNs could be addressed through a formal institutional framework that provides pre-established and generally applied ground rules, ensures elected politicians the final say on policy, and values broad participation and consultation. Recognizing that GNs are not a self-evident form for state–civil society interactions, traditional institutional designs should be more fully considered in the discussion and theorization of the democratic anchorage of GNs.


In 1935, actress Shiga Akiko was arrested for an offense under the Criminal Abortion Law. From 1936 to 1937, her case generated substantial media coverage and public debate. Liberal intellectuals generally viewed Shiga as a victim of the pronatal state; her scandal provided feminists with an opportunity to analyze the relationships among working women, their work environment, and the politics of reproduction. On the pages of women9s magazines, readers avidly followed Shiga9s case because she was caught up in contradictory forces, as most of them were: pride in work, love for movies, fascination with celebrity culture, and normative femininity. This essay contextualizes discursive and filmic responses to the Shiga scandal within historical processes in the late 1930s Japan. The state attempted to fully incorporate women into the nation-state as subjects for the imminent war. In order to mobilize half the population—indispensable for reproduction—without granting them full rights, various forms of negotiations, persuasions, and seductions took place. The Home Ministry increased control over the film industry by tightening censorship, particularly on representations of women. This essay demonstrates the film industry9s response to the scandal, which initially took shape as Shiga9s unsuccessful comeback projects, resulted in the emergence of a cycle of new seduction stories in which a heroine bears an illegitimate child and yet regains personal integrity and economic independence. This example of a compromise among commercial cinema, active women, and the state9s pressure offers a new perspective on wartime Japanese film culture as a field of negotiations.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To (1) perform a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials pertaining to the efficacy of music therapy on disruptive behaviours, anxiety levels, depressive moods and cognitive functioning in people with dementia; and (2) clarify which interventions, therapists and participant characteristics exerted higher and more prominent effects.

BACKGROUND
Present study was the first to perform a meta-analysis that included all the randomised controlled trials found in literature relating to music therapy for people with dementia over the past 15 years.

DESIGN
A meta-analysis study design.

METHODS
Quantitative studies were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library Database, CINAHL, SCOPUS and PsycINFO. A meta-analysis was used to calculate the overall effect sizes of music therapy on outcome indicators.

RESULTS
Music therapy significantly improved disruptive behaviours [Hedges' g = -0·66; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0·44 to -0·88] and anxiety levels (Hedges' g = -0·51; 95% CI = -0·02 to -1·00) in people with dementia. Music therapy might affect depressive moods (Hedges' g = -0·39; 95% CI = 0·01 to -0·78), and cognitive functioning (Hedges' g = 0·19; 95% CI = 0·45 to -0·08).

CONCLUSION
Music therapy exerted a moderately large effect on disruptive behaviours of people with dementia, a moderate effect on anxiety levels and depressive moods, and a small effect on cognitive functioning.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Individual music therapy provided once a week to patients with cognitive functioning and manual guided in music intervention construction is suggested. Group music therapy is provided several times a week to reduce their disruptive behaviours, anxiety levels and depressive moods. Music therapy is a cost-effective, enjoyable, noninvasive therapy and could be useful for clinical nurses in creating an environment that is conducive to the well-being of patients with dementia.