For more than 80 years, many macroeconomic analyses have been premised on the assumption that workers' nominal wage rates cannot be cut. Contrary evidence from household surveys reasonably has been discounted on the grounds that the measurement of frequent wage cuts might be an artifact of reporting error. This article summarizes a more recent wave of studies based on more accurate wage data from payroll records and pay slips. By and large, these studies indicate that, except in extreme circumstances (when nominal wage cuts are either legally prohibited or rendered beside the point by very high inflation), nominal wage cuts from one year to the next appear quite common, typically affecting 15–25 percent of job stayers in periods of low inflation.


The largest galaxies acquire their mass early on, when the Universe is still youthful. Cold streams violently feed these young galaxies a vast amount of fresh gas, resulting in very efficient star formation. Using a well resolved hydrodynamical simulation of galaxy formation, we demonstrate that these mammoth galaxies are already in place a couple of billion years after the big bang. Contrary to local star-forming galaxies, where dust re-emits a large part of the stellar ultraviolet (UV) light at infrared and sub-millimetre wavelengths, our self-consistent modelling of dust extinction predicts that a substantial fraction of UV photons should escape from primordial galaxies. Such a model allows us to compute reliably the number of high-redshift objects as a function of luminosity, and yields galaxies whose UV luminosities closely match those measured in the deepest observational surveys available. This agreement is remarkably good considering our admittedly still simple modelling of the interstellar medium physics. The luminosity functions of virtual UV luminous galaxies coincide with the existing data over the whole redshift range from 4 to 7, provided cosmological parameters are set to their currently favoured values. Despite their considerable emission at short wavelengths, we anticipate that the counterparts of the brightest UV galaxies will be detected by future sub-millimetre facilities like ALMA.


Identifying high accident rate locations and determining that they have an overrepresented type or pattern of accidents is an important first step in the safety improvement process. However, selecting the proper countermeasure (or determining if, in fact, there is an appropriate one) is even more critical. A case in point is a group of intersections in Illinois that were improved under the Federal Hazard Elimination (HES) safety program. Various types of signalization improvements were made at the locations studied. They can be generally categorized as: (1) signal installation, (2) signal upgrading only, and (3) signal upgrading with intersection improvements. This paper discusses the relative effectiveness of these three types of improvements in terms of before and after accident experience (two years of before and two years of after data).


When the overall food demand of the young increases, parents can either increase their effort to feed the brood, potentially reducing their residual reproductive value, or alternatively maintain their effort, leading to offspring mortality. In long-lived species where fitness is related to the number of breeding attempts, life-history theory suggests that parents should restrict any increase of reproductive effort in a current brood so as not to compromise their survival prospects. We investigated this hypothesis in the Barn Owl Tyto alba by performing brood size manipulations. We enlarged or reduced broods by two nestlings to create some broods requiring more parental investment and others requiring less. We monitored the effect on the parents and the offspring. Total body mass gained by all nestmates from the 24th to the 25th day after the first hatching, a measure correlated with parental feeding rate, was not significantly different between enlarged and reduced broods. Body mass and body condition of male and female parents during the manipulation, renesting rate and their reproductive success measured the year after the manipulation were not significantly affected by the experiment. Nestling mortality was higher, and body mass of the surviving male and female nestlings was lower in enlarged than reduced roods. In conclusion, we detected an effect of brood size manipulations on nestlings but not on parents. In the Barn Owl, this suggests that when broods require extra parental effort, parents do not jeopardize their future reproductive success, and brood reduction occurs.


A nuclear hormone receptor directly regulates transcription of microRNAs to affect a developmental transition in C. elegans. In insects and nematodes, global hormone signals coordinate tissue-specific morphological and physiological changes to affect developmental transitions such as progression from one larval stage to another. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, mutations in genes encoding microRNAs (miRNAs) often yield heterochronic phenotypes in which the developmental progression of specific tissues fails. In the absence of the steroid hormone Δ4-DA (dafachronic acid), animals enter diapause at the third larval stage (L3), but in the absence of the Δ4-DA receptor DAF-12, animals show heterochronic phenotype in which there are extra hypodermal seam cells, specialized epithelial cells that exhibit stage-specific patterns of proliferation, due to repetition of the L1 cell division program during L2. Because animals lacking the three let-7 miRNA family members mir-48, mir-241, and mir-84 show a phenotype similar to that of the daf-12 null mutants, Bethke et al. tested whether these miRNAs were targets of DAF-12 transcriptional regulation. Through genetics experiments, reporter expression, and gel mobility shift assays, the authors demonstrated that unliganded DAF-12 bound to these promoters to repress their transcription in all tissues during developmental arrest, whereas liganded DAF-12 bound to and activated the promoters of mir-241 and mir-84 in distinct subsets of tissues where they were required to repress the previous developmental program. Thus, nuclear hormone receptor signaling stimulated developmental progression by activating tissue-specific expression of miRNAs that repressed earlier programs. A. Bethke, N. Fielenbach, Z. Wang, D. J. Mangelsdorf, A. Antebi, Nuclear hormone receptor regulation of microRNAs controls developmental progression. Science 324, 95–98 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In 2000, the average driver in US metropolitan areas endured 27 hours of traffic delays, a rise from 7 hours in 1980. In many other countries, traffic delays are considerably worse than in the United States, and in developing countries urban traffic congestion is increasing with alarming rapidity. For fifty years, economists have been advocating congestion pricing as the way to deal with urban traffic congestion; but today, even after some successes, congestion pricing is encountering considerable political resistance. The authors of Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion advocate active consideration of more microscopic policies that attack the problem at the scale at which actual policy decisions are made. Microscopic models, rather than macroscopic models that are too simplified and too aggregated, they argue, will lead to the analysis of a wider and more creative range of policies, at least some of which should work well and be politically acceptable. After developing the themes of the book, the authors illustrate them by examining some areas of urban transport policy that have been neglected by the macroscopic approach. These include downtown parking policy, the encouragement of bicycling, the staggering of work hours by dominant employers, and the use by medium-sized cities of a "multimode" ticket that charges cars entering the city center a toll equal to the transit fare. The reorientation of urban transport analysis that they advocate will by no means eliminate traffic delays but should speed up the adoption of a richer, more flexible, and ultimately more effective set of policies to alleviate urban traffic congestion.


Over the last two decades, the analysis of DNA traces found at a crime scene have expanded the already established forensic DNA analysis for identification to include new techniques intended to predict a criminal suspect's externally visible characteristics, such as eye, hair and skin colour ('forensic DNA phenotyping'), or his or her ethnic, continental or regional origin ('biogeographical ancestry'). In this paper, we conduct a dispositive analysis to investigate how extended DNA analysis in forensics catalyses inherent processes of racialization at three different levels: 1) in the categorizations that are integral to this technology, 2) in the images of the 'dangerous other' combined with inflated expectations regarding these technologies' effectiveness that have framed discourses regarding the legalization of this technology, and 3) in the biases and stereotypes which often guide investigative practices using these technologies. We demonstrate that this is an example par excellence of how the interaction between different practice dimensions can exacerbate unintended discriminating, racialising and racist effects.


Despite on-going debate about credibility, and reported limitations in comparison to other approaches, case study is an increasingly popular approach among qualitative researchers. We critically analysed the methodological descriptions of published case studies. Three high-impact qualitative methods journals were searched to locate case studies published in the past 5 years; 34 were selected for analysis. Articles were categorized as health and health services (n=12), social sciences and anthropology (n=7), or methods (n=15) case studies. The articles were reviewed using an adapted version of established criteria to determine whether adequate methodological justification was present, and if study aims, methods, and reported findings were consistent with a qualitative case study approach. Findings were grouped into five themes outlining key methodological issues: case study methodology or method, case of something particular and case selection, contextually bound case study, researcher and case interactions and triangulation, and study design inconsistent with methodology reported. Improved reporting of case studies by qualitative researchers will advance the methodology for the benefit of researchers and practitioners.


In this paper we study the financial repercussions of the destruction of two fully armed and operational moon-sized battle stations ("Death Stars") in a 4-year period and the dissolution of the galactic government in Star Wars. The emphasis of this work is to calibrate and simulate a model of the banking and financial systems within the galaxy. Along these lines, we measure the level of systemic risk that may have been generated by the death of Emperor Palpatine and the destruction of the second Death Star. We conclude by finding the economic resources the Rebel Alliance would need to have in reserve in order to prevent a financial crisis from gripping the galaxy through an optimally allocated banking bailout.


This thesis explores the interaction between well-being and environmental volunteering. Focusing on five case study groups across Scotland, the emotional, social and physical well-being impacts of active environmental volunteer work are examined. Through an extensive ethnographic approach incorporating in-depth interviewing, participant observation and focus group work the thesis highlights the importance of studying the initial and continuing motivations for individuals to participate in environmental volunteering. This retains a particular focus on emotional and embodied volunteer experiences, exploring the importance of tasks and landscapes on the volunteering encounters. In considering the meaning of volunteering, the thesis also explores linkages of community and citizenship and how individuals frame and understand their volunteering, especially in relation to the environmental aspects of the work. This speaks directly to academic themes of embodiment, human-nature interactions, emotional geographies and social capital. The studentship was an ESRC-CASE funded project, with the CASE partner being Forestry Commission Scotland. The research takes place within a dynamic political context that encompasses current research and work on volunteering and natural environment encounters within Scotland and the UK as a whole. The thesis looks to inform ongoing policy relevant debates on environmental volunteering within both the Forestry Commission Scotland and the Scottish Government.


BACKGROUND
Dietary iron absorption from a meal is determined by iron status, heme- and nonheme-iron contents, and amounts of various dietary factors that influence iron absorption. Limited information is available about the net effect of these factors.

OBJECTIVE
The objective was to develop an algorithm for predicting the effects of factors known to influence heme- and nonheme-iron absorption from meals and diets.

DESIGN
The basis for the algorithm was the absorption of iron from a wheat roll (22.1 +/- 0.18%) containing no known inhibitors or enhancers of iron absorption and adjusted to a reference dose absorption of 40%. This basal absorption was multiplied by the expected effect of different amounts of dietary factors known to influence iron absorption: phytate, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, meat, fish and seafood, calcium, egg, soy protein, and alcohol. For each factor, an equation describing the dose-effect relation was developed. Special considerations were made for interactions between individual factors.

RESULTS
Good agreement was seen when measurements of iron absorption from 24 complete meals were compared with results from use of the algorithm (r(2) = 0.987) and when mean iron absorption in 31 subjects served a varied whole diet labeled with heme- and nonheme-iron tracers over a period of 5 d was compared with the mean total iron absorption calculated by using the algorithm (P = 0.958).

CONCLUSIONS
This algorithm has several applications. It can be used to predict iron absorption from various diets, to estimate the effects expected by dietary modification, and to translate physiologic into dietary iron requirements from different types of diets.


We consider a confidence parametrization of binary information sources in terms of appropriate likelihood ratios. This parametrization is used for Bayesian belief updates and for the equivalent comparison of binary experiments. In contrast to the standard parametrization of a binary information source in terms of its specificity and its sensitivity, one of the two confidence parameters is sufficient for a Bayesian belief update conditional on a signal realization. We introduce a confidence-augmented receiver operating characteristic for comparisons of binary experiments for a class of "balanced" decision problems, relative to which the confidence order offers a higher resolution than Blackwell's informativeness order.Where observation is concerned, Chance favors only the prepared mind.—Louis Pasteur (1822–1895).


This study has argued that conventional microfinance has failed to serve a large number of Muslim consumers worldwide, which provided an opportunity to interest free microfinance to emerge as a subsector within the microfinance industry to serve this unserved target market. In the last few years, it has acquired particular recognition in Pakistan; however, there is lack of evidence to suggest that interest free microfinance is more successful than conventional microfinance. In this context, this study investigates the influence of interest free microfinance on empowerment of the women borrowers, which is one of the two main objectives of microfinance interventions.
This study has also highlighted that extant microfinance literature has ignored the contextual and subjective nature of women empowerment in conceptualising the impacts of microfinance on women empowerment, which may significantly misrepresent the potential of microfinance. This study has attempted to fill the knowledge gap by employing interpretative phenomenology as a research methodology to achieve two specific research objectives: (a) to explore, in the microfinance context, women borrowers' perceptions on what empowerment means in their respective lives to identify empowerment indicators; and (b) to explore women's experiences of participation in interest free microfinance programmes to study the influence of interest free microfinance on women's perceived empowerment.
Applying theoretical lens of capability approach, this study has used in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation to gain insights from women's perceptions and lived experiences of participation in interest free microfinance programmes. The study has been carried out in Pakpattan district of Pakistan in the context of Akhuwat foundation, which is the largest interest free microfinance organisation in Pakistan. Akhuwat offers a range of small-scale financial products and services to the poor throughout Pakistan.
Consistent with the research methodology, interpretative phenomenological analysis has been used to analyse the data collected from 29 purposefully selected women borrowers of Akhuwat in Pakpattan district. This study has identified eight empowerment indicators from local women's perspective, which have been organised under three superordinate themes: personal empowerment, financial empowerment, and socio-cultural/political empowerment. Based on research findings, this study has found no major influence on women's perceived levels of empowerment, although, majority of the research participants experienced improvements in their financial circumstances at household and business level. The study findings show that the many of the research participants experienced improved self-confidence, greater sense of financial stability, improved relationships and a sense of control on life. A significant and unique finding of this study is that empowerment indicators are not only context specific but person specific as well; since empowerment indicators did not mean or signify empowerment for research participants collectively.


Retinal inflammatory diseases induced by cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are associated with an up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPECs). Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of epithelial cells that forms the outer blood-retinal barrier in the posterior segment of the eye, and is also implicated in the pathology of, such as neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the detailed mechanisms of TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression are largely unclear in human RPECs. We demonstrated that in RPECs, TNF-α could induce ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression and promoter activity, and monocyte adhesion. TNF-α-mediated responses were attenuated by pretreatment with the inhibitor of PKCs (Ro318220), PKCδ (Rottlerin), MEK1/2 (U0126), JNK1/2 (SP600125), or AP-1 (Tanshinone IIA) and transfection with siRNA of TNFR1, TRAF2, JNK2, p42, or c-Jun. We showed that TNF-α could stimulate the TNFR1 and TRAF2 complex formation. TNF-α-stimulated JNK1/2 was also reduced by Rottlerin or SP600125. However, Rottlerin had no effect on TNF-α-induced p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation. We observed that TNF-α induced c-Jun phosphorylation which was inhibited by Rottlerin or SP600125. On the other hand, TNF-α-stimulated ICAM-1 promoter activity was prominently lost in RPECs transfected with the point-mutated AP-1 ICAM-1 promoter plasmid. These results suggest that TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion is mediated through a TNFR1/TRAF2/PKCδ/JNK1/2/c-Jun pathway in RPECs. These findings concerning TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in RPECs imply that TNF-α might play an important role in ocular inflammation and diseases.


Should images simply reveal the world we live in, or provoke us to think, act, and react? A visually arresting reference, 1001 Photographs You Must See Before You Die is an invaluable guide to the history and practice of photography. Sweeping through the arts, fashion, society, war, peace, science, and nature, the images in this enticing book are as eye-catching as the commentary is engaging. Some you have seen, others will be unfamiliar, but what all the photographs have in common is their ability to move you, shock you, and open up the notion of what it is to be human. Organised chronologically by the date that each image was made, and featuring a reproduction of each photograph, the selection provides some fascinating and unexpected juxtapositions. Insightful text uncovers the creative process behind each image, revealing its visual, aesthetic, and historic significance, Why was the photograph taken? Was it set up? What was the intention? How did the world react? From Fox Talbot to Nick Knight, from Roger Fenton to William Eggleston, and from Cartier Bresson to Diane Arbus, all the photographers featured in this book transgressed the boundaries of the camera with a skill and spirit that helped to develop their field into a highly evocative art form. In a world where millions of snapshots are taken every day, these exquisite images stand out for their eye-catching content and technical prowess, provoking reactions that range from joy, exasperation, and horror to fascination, repulsion and ecstasy. Uncovering the compelling tales behind the lens, this comprehensive global encyclopaedia reveals how this powerful art form has shaped the modern world.

I was the general editor and contributed to the entries and wrote the introduction


In this paper, a method for the aerosol application of polymers to fabric surfaces is discussed. A lot of thermoplastic polymer materials during application have the property of hardening and the formation of glue lumps. This leads to a decrease in the quality of the coating applied. In view of the fact that aerosol coating is undoubtedly advantageous, it required improvement. Modeling of polymer flow through the nozzle was perform to determine the optimal application distance. The experimental part consisted of applying a solution of a polyvinyl chloride polymer to a fabric using an ultrasonic radiator on a diffuser. Just for comparison, samples without the connection of the radiator were perform. Politec 3D scanner equipment used to determine deformation changes. This study has a weight for the further development and improvement of coating devices. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.24.1.20215


Literature Material appearing below is thought to be of particular interest to Linacre Quarterly readers because of its moral, religious, or philosophic content. The medical literature constitutes the primary, but not the sole source of such material. In general, abstracts are intended to reflect the substance of the original artic/e. Contributions and commentsfrom readers are invited. (E. G. LAforet, M. D. , 170 Middlesex Rd. Chestnut Hill, MA 02167.)


Community and technical colleges have long been sites for educating two groups of students: those going on to baccalaureate education and those seeking degrees in vocational-technical fields. If there are specialized programs of information literacy instruction for these divergent groups, they have not been described in the literature. This article examines prior relevant literature and empirical evidence from focus groups and a survey to provide a brief outline of the vocational/technical information literacy programs in community college libraries and makes recommendations for reassessing the priority assigned to these activities.


This article explores the interrelation between the availability of no-fault divorce and the enforceability of premarital contracts, exemplified by American and German law. The traditional common law doctrines in the USA and - at least with regard to spousal support - the German civil code of 1900 were similarly hostile towards premarital contracts. In both legal systems divorce was fault based. Conventional wisdom tells us that no-fault divorce and the enforceability of premarital contracts emerged together out of a spirit of liberalization. Yet, by reconstructing the history of both legal institutions, one may observe a more subtle interrelation. The vast majority of jurisdictions in the USA responded to the availability of no-fault divorce with the enforceability of premarital contracts, which reveals a causal relationship. In the case of Germany, it was already in 1938 when the lawmaker introduced through the Ehegesetz (Statute on Marriage) 'irretrievable breakdown of marriage' as grounds for divorce, and at the same time legalized premarital contracts on permanent maintenance. From today's perspective, a functional understanding of the interrelation of both legal institutions seems to be the most promising. Family law, criminal law, and tort law are in retreat as protective mechanisms against risks of opportunistic behaviour and hold-ups that may arise through the availability of no-fault divorce. Premarital contracts on the financial consequences of divorce may be apt as an instrument to protect the interests of spouses against such risks. This finding provides a sound justification for contractual freedom in this field and shows that the availability of premarital contracts should be understood as a logical corollary of the availability of no-fault divorce.


This thesis started life as a short, illustrated dissertation on early Christian inscriptions in
Wales for a lettering and graphics course at Newport College of Art in 1965. In 1995 I
returned to research on the subject for an M. Phil. under the supervision of Miranda Aldhouse
Green at the University of Wales, Newport, into which the Art College had been absorbed,
and of John Higgitt at the University of Edinburgh. I was very grateful to UWCN to be
awarded a bursary to enable me to undertake my M. Phil. Both my supervisors helped me to
formulate and improve the ideas that had absorbed me since I was an art student.
In the early sixties as a pre-diploma student at Cardiff College of Art I was fortunate to
come under the influence of the lettering historian J. C. Tarr and went on to specialise in
lettering at Newport under Harry Meadows who had been a pupil of M. C. Oliver -a pupil of
Edward Johnston's. I was again fortunate, working as a book designer in Ireland, to be
befriended by Rene Hague, the son-in-law of Eric Gill, with whom I learned brush lettering on
fabric and cut lettering in wood, using Gill's chisels. Rene Hague was at that time writing his
memoir of David Jones and encouraged me to look closely at his inscriptional work. Both
David Jones and J. C. Tarr were fascinated by the fate of the Roman alphabet in the Dark
Ages. With Thomas Charles-Edwards from 1975 a shared interest has been the early Christian
inscriptions of Britain and Ireland.
Very aware of the fact that there might be bonds between young apprentices and old
masters, this thesis operates chronologically within the Group I and II time spans used by V.
E. Nash-Williams. It is convenient that these spans are loosely defined; unless some new find
with a specific dating fix appears, closer dating would seem speculative. The scribe of the
manuscript known as the Cathach was of some age, with failing sight, but greatly venerated as
a scribe. We know that apprentice scribes were youths with sharp sight. The scribe of the
Cathach, who is writing in a primitive, prototype `half-uncial', with many features unstabilised
that would be stabilised later in canonical half-uncial, would have trained up young scribes in a
version of his own hand. There might have been half a century discrepancy in their ages. In any
ll
craft, this discrepancy in age between master and apprentice clearly blurs the edges of any
layering of chronology based on stylistic features; in Britain and Ireland during the Group I
period, additionally, there is the problem that for a period of time scripts could have fossilised
or deteriorated in the event of a decrease in literacy and the circulation of books. Therefore it
seemed prudent to remain within the looser chronology of Nash-Williams.


Primary systemic vasculitis is associated with a high mortality if left untreated and it is essential to make the diagnosis before permanent organ damage has occurred. In this thesis the diagnostic and prognostic significance of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in systemic vasculitis is investigated.

The clinical significance of a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the monoclonal antibody 4A3 for detection of antibodies against proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) was evaluated and found to have a high sensitivity and specificity. It was shown that patients with high levels of PR3-ANCA as measured by the capture ELISA have a poorer survival and worse renal outcome and are more prone to relapse. In comparison the symptoms, signs and clinical course of a cohort of patients with vasculitis but without ANCA, with the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa, were described.

Recombinant chimeric molecules were produced in order to map epitopes of monoclonal antibodies to PR3. The clinical utility of these chimeric proteins in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with PR3-ANCA positive vasculitis was studied and these chimeric molecules were not found to be better than capture ELISA using native PR3. It was observed that samples from the same patient during one exacerbation episode always exhibited a similar pattern of reactivity and that some patients exhibited the same pattern at diagnosis and subsequent flares, while in many patients the pattern changed considerably over time indicating epitope shift during the course of disease.


The work described in this report is part of a programme of research into the design and behaviour of embedded retaining walls which is being carried out by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) on behalf of the Department of Transport. During the design of the cut and cover tunnel at Bell Common, Epping, Essex for the M25 London orbital motorway, several geotechnical problems emerged with respect to the design of the in-situ retaining walls. This led to theoretical investigations of the stability, ground displacements and working stresses in the structure, (see IRRD 281207 and 271617). A small section of the Bell Common walls has been jointly monitored by the TRRL and the Building Research Establishment. This report describes a series of laboratory tests on samples of Claygate Beds and London Clay from Bell Common. The objective of the work was to use the most up to date laboratory techniques to measure the appropriate stiffness and strength parameters. These have since been used for further finite element analyses to obtain revised predictions of the Bell Common Tunnel and the results compared with the field observations (see IRRD 822044).


The burgeoning interest in "spirituality" is too obvious to be missed. Alongside tendencies towards a New Age1 there is a genuine revival of classical Christian spirituality. This more focused movement can be seen in new seminary courses, training programs at diocesan and local levels, and new scholarship embodied in the formation of the Society for the Study of Christian Spirituality and a number of scholarly journals devoted to the subject. Seemingly endless debates about what "spirituality" means as practice and as an academic discipline have arisen.2 Nevertheless, both studies and pastoral practice have flourished in four areas: (1) resources for introducing people to the disciplines and traditions of the spiritual life;3 (2) courses, programs, and literature on the theory and practice of spiritual direction/spiritual formation;4 (3) recovery of the history and literature of classical Christian spirituality;5 and (4) a hermeneutical or phenomenological approach, highly interdisciplinary, relating Christian spirituality to philosophy of religion, psychology, and non-Christian religious traditions.6 Missing from this blossoming resurgence, until recently, has been spiritual theology, that is, disciplined Christian theological reflection on the source, nature, and shape of the Christian life in the Holy Spirit. Important recent works have explored the territory and offered powerful suggestions for moving forward;7 but as far as I know there has been no attempt in this new situation to provide a systematic spiritual theology of the sort that was ubiquitous in Catholic (including some Anglo-Catholic) circles for the two centuries preceding Vatican II.8 There are a number of reasons for this, including a deep sense that there has been too vast a shift in world-horizon for the older manuals to have much relevance, even while many of us recognize real wisdom in what they contain.9 It seems terribly difficult to get started today on such a project, because the old foundations of the discipline do not provide a place to begin, and the current discussions on "spirituality" do not further the conversation. There are many tasks relevant to making a new beginning for the discipline. In this essay, I want to suggest a systematic and construetive contribution: one of the difficulties we have in getting started or restarted is that the Western theological tradition has saddled us with a wrong systemic location for the discipline, and current discussions have not really resolved that difficulty. I propose to do three things here to contribute to a new start: (1) to provide a quick review of the reasons for the collapse of the tradition of spiritual theologies; (2) to note briefly the current discussions about approaches to the study of Christian spirituality and the place of theology in that study; and (3) to articulate three propositions for moving forward: (a) the proper subject of a theology of the Christian life is the Holy Spirit and herl mission; (b) more immediately, the object of study of spiritual theology is primarily the movement of the Holy Spirit in the Missio Spiritus, and only secondarily the impact on the human community or individual life; and (c) the proper locus for spiritual theology, therefore, as a theology of the Christian life in the Holy Spirit, is pneumatology. More precisely, I propose that spiritual theology proper is structurally to pneumatology as soteriology is to Christology. These propositions, taken together, at least provide us with a place to restart the discipline. The Rise and Decline of the Classic Model The rise and precipitous decline of spiritual theology as a discipline has been well documented in recent years, most especially by Philip Sheldrake and Eugene Megyer, from whose accounts the following summary is largely drawn. 11 It is generally agreed that in early patristic times there was no separation of theology and spirituality, a characteristic that remains true of Eastern Orthodoxy to this day. …


The push to incorporate more renewable sources of generation into electricity grids is forcing a sea change in how grids are composed and managed. The operational task of balancing an electricity grid has grown from a relatively simple, solvable problem to one of great complexity, involving widespread prediction and coordination backed with substantial computational resources. New types of electric resources, particularly on the demand-side, are emerging in order to accommodate the fluctuations from this groundswell of renewable generation. In addition to the massive amount of capacity being added to utility electricity generation fleets, large amounts of distributed generation are being added on the customer side of electricity meters with unclear effects on grids as a whole. In this work, we assess the impact on the requirements for demand-side electricity resources from growth in both utility-scale and distributed renewable generation fleets. To do this, we construct models of the California electricity grid, both now and in a future scenario with 50% renewables penetration, as well as a model that incorporates data on over 125,000 rooftop photovoltaic installations. We then examine the context of these scenarios to understand the role and range of demand-side resources on these future, more renewable electricity grids. From this analysis, we show that a future grid for the state of California with 50% renewable generation and 5 times the distributed generation capacity of the current grid would reduce the overall fraction of total electricity delivered from thermal (natural gas) generation by over two-thirds, but would increase the frequency of large (±2GW) hourly ramps in thermal generation by a factor larger than five. Combating this enormous increase in ramps is a prime opportunity for demand-side management to increase the proportion of renewables as well as reduce the cost of electricity in future electric grids.


Training workshops are a popular means to transfer knowledge of lean construction principles to industry stakeholders. Although numerous workshops are being offered by various members of the lean construction community, the amount of understanding that has been successfully transferred to participants during a workshop is not always measured or known, making it difficult to assess success. The purpose of this research is to develop and test an assessment instrument to indicate the level of understanding that was transferred during a three-day lean construction workshop. Drawing on published and unpublished case studies, we developed lean construction teaching materials for a three-day workshop and tested them on a healthcare facility owner and its most frequently engaged architects, engineers, general contractors and trade partners. To test the effectiveness of the teaching materials, we developed an anonymous, paired, pre-and post-workshop assessment survey instrument. Participants were asked to (a) rate their level of confidence in their understanding of lean construction principles, and (b) provide specific examples of potential application of the named principles. Participants rated their confidence levels in understanding of specific lean principles higher after the workshop than before (all comparisons of means were statistically significant to p<=0.05). Also, participants described twice as many potential construction applications of lean principles after the workshop than before, implying an increased level of understanding which translated into actionable items. Results from this research suggest that the lean workshop format delivered was relatively effective in transferring basic knowledge and application of lean principles. However, there is also clear need to continually improve our workshop teaching materials.


Applications of lubricants and greases based on vegetable or animal sources route back to horary past. Until the beginning of the 19th Century, lubricants were reported to be primarily based on beef tallow and vegetable oils. However, advances in petroleum derived mineral oils led to the replacement of these greases with mineral oil based lubricants. The reasons for their dominance may basically be attributed to high performance compared to vegetable oil based lubricants and greases and also their cheaper cost. Environmental consciousness and the speeding race for green lubricants has once again revived vegetable oil based lubricants. Compatibility of greases is an important property of greases that plays a crucial role in some applications like centralized lube system. As the base oil composition of mineral/synthetic oils is significantly different than vegetable oils, it might considerably influence the compatibility of the greases. In view of this, compatibility studies of vegetable oil based greases with mineral oil based greases have been carried out. The vegetable oil based greases formulated with lithium complex, lithium–calcium, and aluminum complex thickeners have been studied to determine the compatibility with non-vegetable oil based greases having lithium, lithium complex, aluminum complex, polyurea, calcium sulfonate thickeners, etc. However, the various greases covered in this paper are just base greases and do not contain any performance additives considering the fact that additives may significantly influence the compatibility of finished grease with other greases under investigation. It is interesting to note that the vegetable oil based greases evaluated so far have either been found incompatible or just borderline compatible.


Background: Bone marrow is a frequent site of metastatic tumors, especially from breast, lung, and prostate cancers.  Metastatic tumor in the bone marrow may influence the response to treatment, overall survival, and resulting decreased hematopoiesis. Diffusely and homogenously bone marrow uptake in 18F-FDG PET/CT scan is frequently observed which can caused by many conditions. Material and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the consecutive records of F-18 FDG PET scans performed from April 2011 to August 2013 at Mochtar Riady Comprehensive Cancer Center Siloam Hospital, A total of 2952 result were reviewed. 16 patients with diffusely and homogenously bone marrow uptake in F-18 FDG PET/CT whole body scan between January 2012 and December 2013 were evaluated to find out the etiology. Results: From 2952 patients performed 18F-FDG-PET/CT there are 16 patients (5 men, 11 women) with diffusely and homogenously increased FDG uptake in bone marrow, mean age: 52 years, range 5 - 82 years. It was found that 6 of 16 FDG PET/ CT positive patient with solid tumors and 10 of 16 FDG PET/CT with non solid tumors.  Malignancy was observed in 14 patients and benign in 2 patients. Diffusely and homogenously uptake due to 1 patiets with Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) , 6 patient with anaemia, 7 patients with chemotherapy, 1 patients with Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) and 1 patients with extra-nodal non-hodgkin lymphoma were observed. Conclusion: Diffusely and homogenously increase bone marrow on 18F FDG PET/ CT whole body scan uptake can be seen in malignant or benign disease and history of treatment. Spleen uptake are observed at the initial imaging than bone marrow involvement while spleen uptake more frequently reflects disease involvement.


As is widely suspected, lysolipid dissociation from liposomes contributes to the intravenous instability of ThermoDox (lysolipid liposomes), thereby impeding its antitumor efficacy. This work evaluates the feasibility of a thermoresponsive bubble-generating liposomal system without lysolipids for tumor-specific chemotherapy. The key component in this liposomal formulation is its encapsulated ammonium bicarbonate (ABC), which is used to actively load doxorubicin (DOX) into liposomes and trigger a drug release when heated locally. Incubating ABC liposomes with whole blood results in a significantly smaller decrease in the retention of encapsulated DOX than that by lysolipid liposomes, indicating superior plasma stability. Biodistribution analysis results indicate that the ABC formulation circulates longer than its lysolipid counterpart. Following the injection of ABC liposome suspension into mice with tumors heated locally, decomposition of the ABC encapsulated in liposomes facilitates the immediate thermal activation of CO2 bubble generation, subsequently increasing the intratumoral DOX accumulation. Consequently, the antitumor efficacy of the ABC liposomes is superior to that of their lysolipid counterparts. Results of this study demonstrate that this thermoresponsive bubble-generating liposomal system is a highly promising carrier for tumor-specific chemotherapy, especially for local drug delivery mediated at hyperthermic temperatures.


It is increasingly common to combine Microarray and Quantitative Trait Loci data to aid the search for candidate genes responsible for phenotypic variation. Workflows provide a means of systematically processing these large datasets and also represent a framework for the re-use and the explicit declaration of experimental methods. In this article, we highlight the issues facing the manual analysis of microarray and QTL data for the discovery of candidate genes underlying complex phenotypes. We show how automated approaches provide a systematic means to investigate genotype–phenotype correlations. This methodology was applied to a use case of resistance to African trypanosomiasis in the mouse. Pathways represented in the results identified Daxx as one of the candidate genes within the Tir1 QTL region. Subsequent re-sequencing in Daxx identified a deletion of an amino acid, identified in susceptible mouse strains, in the Daxx–p53 protein-binding region. This supports recent experimental evidence that apoptosis could be playing a role in the trypanosomiasis resistance phenotype. Workflows developed in this investigation, including a guide to loading and executing them with example data, are available at http://workflows. mygrid.org.uk/repository/myGrid/PaulFisher/.


In this paper we analyze a class of trace finite element methods for the discretization of vector-Laplace equations. A key issue in the finite element discretization of such problems is the treatment of the constraint that the unknown vector field must be tangential to the surface ('tangent condition'). We study three different natural techniques for treating the tangent condition, namely a consistent penalty method, a simpler inconsistent penalty method and a Lagrange multiplier method. The main goal of the paper is to present an analysis that reveals important properties of these three different techniques for treating the tangent constraint. A detailed error analysis is presented that takes the approximation of both the geometry of the surface and the solution of the partial differential equation into account. Error bounds in the energy norm are derived that show how the discretization error depends on relevant parameters such as the degree of the polynomials used for the approximation of the solution, the degree of the polynomials used for the approximation of the level set function that characterizes the surface, the penalty parameter and the degree of the polynomials used for the approximation of the Lagrange multiplier.


ABSTRACT As the public health importance of depression grows in low-income countries, development of culturally relevant and valid measurement tools is increasingly necessary to inform effective interventions. This research was embedded within the Family Health and Wealth Study, an ongoing multi-country cohort study. We use mixed methods to assess the reliability and various aspects of validity, including cultural relevance, of a 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D 10) Scale among men and women of reproductive age in Kumasi, Ghana. The scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability, and factor analysis supported a one-factor model for both men and women in the study setting. However, qualitative findings highlighted several additional relevant symptom groups in the study population that were not included in the scale: loss of concentration, loss of appetite, suicidal ideation and becoming quiet or withdrawn. Although quantitative analyses indicated that the CES-D 10 scale demonstrated adequate reliability and validity as a measure of depressive symptoms, qualitative analyses revealed that this scale failed to fully capture depression as it is conceptualized in the study community. Our results underline the importance of integrating culturally-specific information on mental health when developing and adapting measurement tools in new settings.


The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) classifies ecological status of a waterbody by the determination of its natural reference state to provide a measure of perturbation by human impacts based on taxonomic composition and abundance of aquatic species. Ruse (2010; 2011) has provided methods of assessing anthropogenic perturbations to lake ecological status, in terms of nutrient enrichment and acidification, by analysing collections of floating pupal exuviae discarded by emerging adult Chironomidae. The previous nutrient assessment method was derived from chironomid and environmental data collected during 178 lake surveys of all WFD types found in Britain. Canonical Correspondence Analysis provided species optima in relation to phosphate and nitrogen concentrations. Species found in less than three surveys were excluded from analysis in case of spurious association with environmental values. Since Ruse (2010) an additional 72 lakes have been surveyed adding 31 more species for use in nutrient status assessment. These additional scoring species are reported here. The practical application of the Chironomid Pupal Exuvial Technique (CPET) to classify WFD lake nutrient status is demonstrated using CPET survey data from lakes in Poland.


Key-words. - Fluorite, Barite, Hydrothermal processes, Early Jurassic, Isotopes, Chaillac Abstract. - During the earliest Jurassic, a widespread hydrothermal event occurred in western Europe producing large veins and stratiform F-Ba-Pb-Zn ore deposits. Previous work argued about genetic processes involving circulation of mineralising brines. Two main alternative genetic models are proposed. The first one proposes a convection of brines through the crust to produce ore deposits, the second an early infiltration of brine in the basement followed by expulsion during Mesozoic extension. In the northern French Massif Central, new data on the F-Ba Chaillac deposit suggest that the genesis of these mineralising brines requires a new discussion. Located in the northern French Massif Central, the Chaillac barite and fluorite ore deposit is an exceptional site where a stratiform deposit is rooted onto a vein. The ore deposition is split in two stages: 1) precipitation of green and purple fluorite within the vein (Fg-p stage), with associated fluid inclusions indicating 135 o C for deposition from a low salinity fluid, and 2) yellow fluorite and barite stage (Fy-Ba) filling the vein and forming the stratiform deposit. Fluid inclusions depict a mineralising brine at 110 o C. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd isotopic ratios measured in the fluorite are compared to those of French Massif Central rocks. The ratios in green and purple fluorite are similar to those of monzogranite and granodiorite of the basement; those measured in yellow fluorite involve the granulites and other meta- morphic rocks of the basement. Measurements of the Sr isotopic ratio and 34 SCDT in barite and D in fluorite fluid in- clusions suggest a deposition process by the mixing of a hydrothermal fluid with meteoric water. At the scale of the northern Massif Central district, the successive hydrothermal fluid salinities are highly con- trasted as in Chaillac deposit. We propose that the two types of hydrothermal fluids have been produced by the boiling of a single fluid at depth.


Background: Infant's transition is a challenge for parents and the health system that requires ongoing assessment and management to improve each newborn`s growth and development. The purpose of this study was to explore the management of infant` transition from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to home.Materials and Methods: We used a grounded theory study to explore and describe the management of infants' transition from the NICU to the home. Interviews were conducted with 31 professionals and 20 family members, and participant observations were made in hospitals, clinics, and one physician office. MAXQDA was utilized for coding and categorizing data.Results: The theory illustrated six phenomena: An unexpected separation; A crisis situation; Mother-infant rebonding; Protection of the infant's health; Promotion of growth and development; and Inadequate management causing disability. Together, these formed a three-phase process consisting of: A threat to the infant's life, Efforts to save the infant's life, and Continuation of life. Conclusion: Development of the theory of  infants transition provides a three phases process ( A threat to the infant's life, Efforts to save the infant's life, and Continuation of life), that  can yield   guidelines to  manage  the infant` transition in prevent mother–infant separation, support parents in their role as primary caregivers, and follow up with individual home visits by nurses.


This paper provides an analysis of two relative clause constructions in the Gabonese Bantu language Orungu that are in complementary distribution. The choice between them is determined by the target of relativisation in a typologically interesting way, in that it involves the combination of the criteria of the syntactic relation, thematic role and referential properties of the target. The construction that targets most types of objects is formally nearly identical to relative clauses that target the subject of a passive clause and we argue that it originates in the syntactic reanalysis of such subject relatives. That is, relative clauses that targeted the subject of a passive clause have been reanalysed as relative clauses that target the object of an active clause. This shows a rare type of change in relative clause constructions, which is unique in Bantu, but grounded in the universal tendencies captured by the accessibility hierarchy.


Abstract. Extreme wind speeds and related storm loss potential in Europe have been investigated using multi-model simulations from global (GCM) and regional (RCM) climate models. Potential future changes due to anthropogenic climate change have been analysed from these simulations following the IPCC SRES A1B scenario. The large number of available simulations allows an estimation of the robustness of detected future changes. All the climate models reproduced the observed spatial patterns of wind speeds, although some models displayed systematic biases. A storm loss model was applied to the GCM and RCM simulated wind speeds, resulting in realistic mean loss amounts calculated from 20th century climate simulations, although the inter-annual variability of losses is generally underestimated. In future climate simulations, enhanced extreme wind speeds were found over northern parts of Central and Western Europe in most simulations and in the ensemble mean (up to 5%). As a consequence, the loss potential is also higher in these regions, particularly in Central Europe. Conversely, a decrease in extreme wind speeds was found in Southern Europe, as was an associated reduction in loss potential. There was considerable spread in the projected changes of individual ensemble members, with some indicating an opposite signature to the ensemble mean. Downscaling of the large-scale simulations with RCMs has been shown to be an important source of uncertainty. Even RCMs with identical boundary forcings can show a wide range of potential changes. The robustness of the projected changes was estimated using two different measures. First, the inter-model standard deviation was calculated; however, it is sensitive to outliers and thus displayed large uncertainty ranges. Second, a multi-model combinatorics approach considered all possible sub-ensembles from GCMs and RCMs, hence taking into account the arbitrariness of model selection for multi-model studies. Based on all available GCM and RCM simulations, for example, a 25% mean increase in risk of loss for Germany has been estimated for the end of the 21st century, with a 90% confidence range of +15 to +35%.


It is well known that the large-scale inclusions in steel act as the destruction starting point of the material. The labor is extremely necessary for investigating the maximum inclusions that have been distributed in the matrix of a large volume. The statistics of extreme value method is an excellent technique that can be applied for that case. When a material such as steel is opaque to visible light, the electron beam, and so on, the evaluation of the internal inclusions as three-dimensional (3D) information is presumed from the two-dimensional (2D) information observed under a microscope in respect of sample cross section. It is expected that this presumption error margin is large. It is almost impossible to verify 2D data by 3D one in a real material because the true value is uncertain, especially concerning the information of the tail of the size distribution. The purpose of the present work is to offer statistical information necessary to presume 3D characteristic value from 2D measurement data with respect to the maximum extreme value. The simulation whose 3D characteristic value is already-known is effective to this. Some 3D size distributions such as the exponential, log-normal, pseudo-normal, and Rayleigh distribution is set here, and how the 2D maximum extreme-value distribution (MED) changes into the measured number of sections is shown. The result gives a number of sections necessary to gather data with few error margins directly. Further, some findings of the relation between 3D-MED and 2D-MED are given. The overarching point is a type of the MED and conversion of the dimension.


The suitability of Musa paradisiaca (banana) peel extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic medium (1 M HCl) was investigated using factorial method of the design of experiment. The effects of two independent variables (concentration of banana peel extract and temperature) on the corrosion inhibition efficiency were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the extract such as surface tension, viscosity, flash point, and specific gravity were determined using standardized methods provided by the American System of Testing Materials (D-971). The relationship between the independent variables and the inhibitor efficiency was modeled by gasometric and thermometric methods. The statistical analysis of the inhibition efficiency was carried out using the "Fit Regression Model" of Minitab ® 17.0, while the fitness of the models was assessed by the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). From the results obtained, gasometric method achieved a maximum inhibition efficiency of 66.83%, with an R 2 of 90.76%, whereas thermometric method gave a maximum inhibition efficiency of 65.70%, with an R 2 of 95.56%. This study shows that banana peel extract has the capacity to prevent the corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium.


With User Mode Linux you can create virtual Linux machines within a Linux computer and use them to safely test and debug applications, network services, and even kernels. You can try out new distributions, experiment with buggy software, and even test security. Now, for the first time, the creator and maintainer of User Mode Linux shows how to put it to work hands-on. Jeff Dike covers everything from getting started through running enterprise-class User Mode Linux servers. You'll find authoritative advice on bootup, compilation, administration, specialized configurations, and much more.Coverage includes What User Mode Linux is, how it works, and its uses in Linux networks Key applications, including server consolidation, development, and disaster recovery Booting and exploration: logins, consoles, swap space, partitioned disks, and more Copy-On-Write (COW): UML's efficient approach to storing filesystem changes In-depth discussion of User Mode Linux networking and security Centrally managing User Mode Linux instances, and controlling their hardware resources Implementing clusters and other specialized configurations Setting up User Mode Linux servers, step-by-step: small-scale and large-scale examples The future of virtualization and User Mode LinuxWhether you're a netadmin, sysadmin, teacher, student, or programmer, User Mode Linux®--the technology and this book--is indispensable.


Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global public health problem. Lack of adherence to medication causes suboptimal glycemic control increasing complication rates, costs and mortality. The objective of the study was to determine current antidiabetic medication adherence in Botswana and assess associated factors so as to direct potential future interventions. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study among 376 randomly selected diabetic patients attending a leading clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. Eight item Morisky Medication adherence questionnaire was used to assess antidiabetic medication adherence. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect information on factors influencing adherence including age, gender, education, type and duration of diabetes, treatment, complications and HIV status. Data were entered and analyzed using STATA Version 14, and logistic regression performed. Results: Over forty percent (41.8%) of patients were non-adherent to antidiabetic medications. Studied sociodemographic characteristics and clinical variables did not affect adherence. HIV positive status was associated with a statistically significant better adherence at multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Adherence to antidiabetic medication was found to be suboptimal in a setting where medicines are provided free of charge. Only HIV positivity was found to be significantly associated with better adherence, probably due to effect of greater psychosocial support and counselling as part of HIV treatment. There is a need to carry out studies to further improve understanding of factors associated with medication adherence that are pertinent to Botswana and similar settings given the growing prevalence of diabetes.


Convex sparsity-inducing regularizations are ubiquitous in high-dimensional machine learning, but solving the resulting optimization problems can be slow. To accelerate solvers, state-of-the-art approaches consist in reducing the size of the optimization problem at hand. In the context of regression, this can be achieved either by discarding irrelevant features (screening techniques) or by prioritizing features likely to be included in the support of the solution (working set techniques). Duality comes into play at several steps in these techniques. Here, we propose an extrapolation technique starting from a sequence of iterates in the dual that leads to the construction of improved dual points. This enables a tighter control of optimality as used in stopping criterion, as well as better screening performance of Gap Safe rules. Finally, we propose a working set strategy based on an aggressive use of Gap Safe screening rules. Thanks to our new dual point construction, we show significant computational speedups on multiple real-world problems.


The positioning capability is a crucial property for safe and reliable operations of a dynamically positioned (DP) offshore vessel. The limiting factor in such is the vessels thruster configuration and the maximum resultant forces and turning moment this can produce in all directions. Based on the vessels position and velocity deviations, the DP control law computes a desired resultant load set as correction. This is distributed by the DP thrust allocation algorithm to individual thruster forces based on rated power, thruster type (force direction capability), and hull position. In this paper, a novel and computationally light constrained thrust allocation algorithm which offers eased thruster weighting and prioritization between the degrees of freedom (surge, sway, and yaw), is developed. It is motivated by the importance of maintaining the heading directly against the ice drift, such that the projection of the vessel in the ice is minimized. Thus, first the yaw moment is allocated to the thrusters with a given fraction of the capability at its disposal. Then, the total remainder is distributed to surge and then sway. If the loads on the vessel are beyond the capability of the thrusters, then sway is affected first, then surge, and last yaw. Due to its simplicity, this method provides a convenient tool to evaluate and compare ice loads from model testing with the thrust capability of the DP vessel. In order to enable a DP-ice capability analysis, the quantification of loss of capability is investigated. This introduces three descriptive measures of the ice loads of a given ice condition; peak load, significant load, and mean load. As a case study, a towing tank dataset of an experimental intervention vessel (the CIVArctic vessel) in broken ice is investigated and discussed.


We discuss femtosecond Raman-type techniques to control molecular vibrations, which can be implemented for internal-state cooling from Feshbach states with the use of optical frequency combs (OFCs) with and without modulation. The technique makes use of multiple two-photon resonances induced by optical frequencies present in the comb. It provides us with a useful tool to study the details of molecular dynamics at ultracold temperatures. In our theoretical model we take into account decoherence in the form of spontaneous emission and collisional dephasing in order to ascertain an accurate model of the population transfer in the three-level system. We analyze the effects of odd and even chirps of the OFC in the form of sine and cosine functions on the population transfer. We compare the effects of these chirps to the results attained with the standard OFC to see if they increase the population transfer to the final deeply bound state in the presence of decoherence. We also analyze the inherent phase relation that takes place owing to collisional dephasing between molecules in each of the states. This ability to control the rovibrational states of a molecule with an OFC enables us to create deeply bound ultra-cold polar molecules from the Feshbach state.


Coalitional games serve the purpose of modeling payoff distribution problems in scenarios where agents can collaborate by forming coalitions in order to obtain higher worths than by acting in isolation. In the classical Transferable Utility (TU) setting, coalition worths can be freely distributed amongst agents. However, in several application scenarios, this is not the case and the Non-Transferable Utility setting (NTU) must be considered, where additional application-oriented constraints are imposed on the possible worth distributions.

In this paper, an approach to define NTU games is proposed which is based on describing allowed distributions via a set of mixed-integer linear constraints applied to an underlying TU game. It is shown that such games allow non-transferable conditions on worth distributions to be specified in a natural and succinct way. The properties and the relationships among the most prominent solution concepts for NTU games that hold when they are applied on (mixed-integer) constrained games are investigated. Finally, a thorough analysis is carried out to assess the impact of issuing constraints on the computational complexity of some of these solution concepts.


Abstract The La Laja Formation (Early to Middle Cambrian) is one of the oldest units exposed at the base of the lower Paleozoic carbonate platform of the Argentina Precordillera. This is a key unit regarding the hypothesis of the Precordillera as a Laurentia-derived allochthonous terrane currently located in the south-central Andes. According to the faunal affinity and stratigraphic development of the thick Cambrian carbonate bank, the Argentine Precordillera would have been attached to Laurentia. The La Laja Formation contrasts with the rest of the overlying units of the Cambro-Ordovician carbonate platform by being partly mixed carbonates–siliciclastics. This dominantly shallow subtidal unit is internally arranged into several Grand Cycles indicating a complex environmental mosaic, probably with local depocenters related to variable subsidence. This unit records the stabilization of the rifted margin of the Precordillera terrane, prior to the broadening of the carbonate sedimentation during the passive-margin drifting stage. A high-resolution δ13C and δ18O isotope study, in concert with a detailed paleoenvironmental analysis, was carried out to better understand both environmental and chronostratigraphic evolution of the La Laja Formation. Three δ13C positive excursions were recorded; the first one at the Glossopleura biozone within the Soldano Member, the second beginning at the base of the Rivadavia Member, and the third during deposition of the Las Torres Member. Comparisons with other Middle Cambrian curves, in the Precordillera and elsewhere (Rocky Mountains and Great Basin, U.S.A., the western Hunan Province in south China, and the Amadeus, Georgina, and Daly basins in Australia) suggest a global control on these excursions. Mechanisms to produce these positive excursions could be related to high bio-productivity and increased burial of Corg (organic carbon) produced by high nutrient influx to the ocean associated with a relative sea-level fall. Local environmental controls could have in part altered the original isotopic signal.


This paper explores the relationship between openness to trade, immigration, and income per person across countries. To address endogeneity concerns we extend the instrumental-variables strategy introduced by Frankel and Romer (1999). We build predictors of openness to immigration and to trade for each country by using information on bilateral geographical and cultural distance (while controlling for country size). Since geography may affect income through other channels, we also control for climate, disease environment, natural resources, and colonial origins. Most importantly, we also account for the roles of institutions and early development. Our instrumental-variables estimates provide evidence of a robust, positive effect of openness to immigration on long-run income per capita. In contrast, we are unable to establish an effect of trade openness on income. We also show that the effect of migration operates through an increase in total factor productivity, which appears to reflect increased diversity in productive skills and, to some extent, a higher rate of innovation.


Until recently, information systems have been designed around different business functions, such as accounts payable and inventory control. Object-oriented modeling, in contrast, structures systems around the data--the objects--that make up the various business functions. Because information about a particular function is limited to one place--to the object--the system is shielded from the effects of change. Object-oriented modeling also promotes better understanding of requirements, clear designs, and more easily maintainable systems.This book focuses on recent developments in representational and processing aspects of complex data-intensive applications. The chapters cover "hot" topics such as application behavior and consistency, reverse engineering, interoperability and collaboration between objects, and work-flow modeling. Each chapter contains a review of its subject, followed by object-oriented modeling techniques and methodologies that can be applied to real-life applications.Contributors : F. Casati, S. Ceri, R. Cicchetti, L. M. L. Delcambre, E. F. Ecklund, D. W. Embley, G. Engels, J. M. Gagnon, R. Godin, M. Gogolla, L. Groenewegen, G. S. Jensen, G. Kappel, B. J. KrA?mer, S. W. Liddle, R. Missaoui, M. Norrie, M. P. Papazoglou, C. Parent, B. Perniei, P. Poncelet, G. Pozzi, M. Schreft, R. T. Snodgrass, S. Spaccapietra, M. Stumptner, M. Teisseire, W. J. van den Heuevel, S. N. Woodfield.


This book is for Web Developers who want to learn how to use Linux & Apache for Website Hosting. The first chapters will teach you how to install Linux and Apache 2.0 on a home or office machine for testing purposes. Then you'll learn how to perform dozens of common tasks including: Updating server software Setting up new Websites, Email Accounts and Subdomains Configuring various Linux & Apache files related to performance and security Install spam filtering software Perform automatic backups and crash recoveries And much more. This is the ideal book for anyone who wants to run Websites using a leased or co-located Linux server, without having to spends thousands of dollars annually on third party support and management.


This paper describes the changes of water content and the kinetics of water flow under infiltration, redistribution, evaporation, transpiration and freeze and thaw of water in top soils of a landfill, which are needed for the assessment of contaminant transfer. The discussion focuses on (a) infiltration in layered soil and sloping layered soil, and one caused by water flow through channels in soils, (b) the changes of water content under evaporation, which occur in different water flow modes under different evaporation conditions, and (c) water depression due to transpiration, in which water flow originates from a deeper layer below the root zone of vegetation. It is concluded that the theoretical prediction of the changes of water content profiles requires (a) a full understanding of the characteristics of individual water flow in cyclic water transfer and (b) a careful setting of the boundary conditions specified at the soil surface since soil properties such as soil structure and especially unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at surface will easily change over the course of time.


BACKGROUND
The Active Healthy Kids Canada (AHKC) Report Card consolidates and translates research and assesses how Canada is being responsible in providing physical activity opportunities for children (3- to 11-years-old) and youth (12- to 17-years-old). The primary aim of this article is to summarize the results of the 2014 AHKC 10th Anniversary Report Card.

METHODS
Ten physical activity indicators were graded using the AHKC Report Card development process, which includes a synthesis of the best available research, surveillance, policy and practice findings, and expert consensus.

RESULTS
Grades assigned were for: 'Behaviors that Contribute to Overall Physical Activity Levels' (Overall Physical Activity Levels, D-; Organized Sport Participation, C+; Active Play, INCOMPLETE; Active Transportation, D; Sedentary Behaviors, F), 'Settings and Sources of Influence' (Family and Peers, C; School, C+; and Community and the Built Environment, B+), and 'Strategies and Investments' (Government Strategies and Investments, C; and Non-Government Strategies and Investments, A-).

CONCLUSIONS
Despite good availability of policies, programs, and infrastructure, the overall physical activity levels of Canadian children and youth remain low while sedentary behavior levels remain high. As with many nations, there is room for improvement in most physical activity behaviors and some sources of influence.


The goal of optimum longwall ventilation design can be seen as an integral part of the success and continuation of entire mining operations. The process of longwall ventilation design is ideally an integral process to the overall mine design development and implementation. To develop optimized longwall ventilation designs in this context an economic basis has been established to evaluate and undertake further design iterations to achieve the goal of design optimisation. Fundamental economic consideration of longwall ventilation design characteristics and operation through the analysis of current longwall ventilation practices is used to outline the basis for a generic economic longwall ventilation model. Some of these issues include gateroad development, sealing practices, labour utilisation, ventilation infrastructure, operational delay costing and consideration of alternate ventilation techniques such as booster fans and bleeder ventilation. The economic investigation of longwall ventilation draws on aspects of the established longwall ventilation practices from North America, Europe and Australia.


ABSTRACT The performed cross-national tests with negative binomial regression models support the presence of a curvilinear relationship between the quantitative expansion of education (measured with mean years of schooling) and terrorist attack intensity. Growth of schooling in the least educationally developed countries is associated with a significant tendency towards the growth of terrorist attack intensity. This tendency remains significant when controlled for income level, type of political regime, unemployment, inequality, and urbanization; wherein the peak of the terrorist attack intensity is observed for a relatively low, but not zero level of the quantitative expansion of formal education (approximately three to six years of schooling). Further growth of schooling in more developed countries is associated with a significant trend toward the decrease of terrorist attack intensity. This tendency remains significant after being controlled for income level, political regime, unemployment, inequality, and urbanization. The most radical decrease is observed for the interval between seven and eight mean years of schooling. In addition, this quantitative analysis indicates the presence of a similar curvilinear relationship between GDP per capita and terrorist attack intensity with a wide peak from $4000 to $14,000. The explanation of a curvilinear relationship between GDP per capita and terrorist activity through mean years of schooling intermediary can only be partial. The regression analysis suggests that the growth of mean years of schooling with economic development of middle and high income countries may really be one of the factors accounting for the decrease of terrorist attacks in countries with GDP per capita growth. However, this regression analysis indicates that a partial role in the explanation of negative correlation between GDP per capita and terrorist attack intensity for middle and high income countries is also played by a lower level of unemployment rate in the high income countries, as well as by a very high share of consolidated democracies and an extremely low share of factional democracies among the high income states. It is especially worth noting that after the introduction of all controls, the coefficient sign for per capita GDP changes from negative to positive, i.e., GDP growth in middle and high income countries after the introduction of controls for inequality, education, unemployment, type of regime, etc. turns out to be a factor of increase rather than decline of the intensity of terrorist activity. On the one hand, this suggests that the negative correlation between per capita GDP and the level of terrorist activity in these countries is actually explained to an extremely high degree by the fact that per capita GDP growth here tends to be accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the population, a decrease in unemployment, a reduction in inequality, a decrease in the number of factional democracies, and an increase in the number of consolidated democracies. On the other hand, the positive sign (with a statistically significant correlation) indicates here that if in the middle and high countries economic growth is not accompanied by an increase in economic equality and education of the population, a decrease in unemployment, a decrease in the number of unstable factional democracies, and an increase in the number of consolidated democracies (that is, if in fact all the fruits of economic growth are captured by the elites, and almost nothing gets from this growth to the commoner population), then such economic growth would tend to lead to an increase in terrorist activity (and not to its reduction).


In the present work, the relative effects of the season (early vs . late summer), site (Gulf vs . Pacific study sites), the population of origin (Gulf vs . Pacific) and associated abiotic variables were determined in two geographically-separated Nodipecten subnodosus populations and their reciprocal transplants, through the scope for growth (SFG) and net growth efficiency (K2) using a portable open-flow system. Results indicate that both energy acquisition and expenditure were significantly affected by season, site, and population factors. Scallop energy acquisition and growth efficiency were highest during the earlier, cooler part of the summer and higher at the Pacific site where food availability was highest. Significantly higher respiration rates were measured for the Pacific scallop population, leading to significantly lower net growth efficiency than scallops of Gulf origin, which indicates a physiological advantage for Gulf scallops during the suboptimal growth conditions present during summer months on both coasts of the Baja California peninsula. It may have important implications for aquaculture enterprises in this region, and may also confirm the genetic divergence between these two geographically separated populations. The advantages of the open-flow system for in situ ecophysiological studies in aquatic organisms are discussed.


We introduce the Xpuck swarm, a research platform with an aggregate raw processing power in excess of two teraflops. The swarm uses 16 e-puck robots augmented with custom hardware that uses the substantial CPU and GPU processing power available from modern mobile system-on-chip devices. The augmented robots, called Xpucks, have at least an order of magnitude greater performance than previous swarm robotics platforms. The platform enables new experiments that require high individual robot computation and multiple robots. Uses include online evolution or learning of swarm controllers, simulation for answering what-if questions about possible actions, distributed super-computing for mobile platforms, and real-world applications of swarm robotics that requires image processing, or SLAM. The teraflop swarm could also be used to explore swarming in nature by providing platforms with similar computational power as simple insects. We demonstrate the computational capability of the swarm by implementing a fast physics-based robot simulator and using this within a distributed island model evolutionary system, all hosted on the Xpucks.


Abstract Background: The technology to recognize nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) automatically has only recently been developed. Modern hematology analyzers allow for rapid and accurate NRBC counts. The goal of our study was to evaluate NRBC counts and the concentrations of serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) in patients affected by different thalassemia syndromes and hereditary spherocytosis. We wished to gain a better understanding of the meaning of the presence of NRBC in peripheral blood and the relationship of the two parameters with effective and ineffective erythropoiesis in the different thalassemia syndromes. Methods: NRBC counts in peripheral blood were evaluated in a large group of patients with thalassemia (36 thalassemia major, 55 thalassemia intermedia and 61 Sβ-thalassemia patients) and compared with data from 29 patients with hereditary spherocytosis; in all the patients the concentration of sTfR was evaluated as an index of global erythropoiesis. Results: The NRBC count showed a good relationship with ineffective erythropoiesis: highest counts were observed in the thalassemia syndromes characterized by almost completely ineffective erythropoiesis. NRBCs were absent in patients affected by hereditary spherocitosis, a disease characterized by effective erythropoiesis. Conclusions: The NRBC count can be useful for better defining ineffective erythropoiesis in patients with thalassemia, and can help optimize transfusion therapy in severe thalassemia syndromes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:1539–42.


Sub-Recent ostracod valves of Bradleytriebella lineata (Victor & Fernando, 1981) were recorded in Nahal Bokek only in 2008 but not during subsequent surveys in 2010 and 2013. Nahal Bokek, a stream entering the Dead Sea from its western escarpment, represents the species' single record in Israel, far away from its main Afrotropical and South to East Asia distribution. The temporary colonization of Nahal Bokek by B. lineata probably resulted from the suitability of the thermal stream waters for occupation and the subsequent termination of the population only six days after the collection of the sub-Recent valves during a flood on 24 October 2008. The preceding flood on 30 February 2008 restricts the period of possible stream inhabitation by B. lineata to a duration of eight months. Thus, the record of sub-Recent valves of B. lineata in Nahal Bokek represents an exceptional example of short-term occupation of a hydrologically dynamic flood-controlled water body by a species far away from its main geographical distribution. The recognition of Nahal Bokek as a stream fed mainly by thermal waters shows that the documentation of the abiotic habitat characteristics is a prerequisite for the understanding of the occurrence of a species outside its proper range of distribution.


In the past decade there has been a rapid increase in the study of the ecological consequences
of marine invasions, but we still have data for only a small proportion of established marine
invaders. This is exemplified by Port Phillip Bay, Australia, for which we have quantitative data on
the impacts of only a handful of the >160 introduced and cryptogenic species present. Some of the
most conspicuous of these invaders are the large epibenthic suspension feeders living on soft sediments.
In this study, we examined the impact of 2 of the most common epibenthic suspension feeders
in Port Phillip Bay, the introduced polychaete Sabella spallanzanii and an introduced solitary ascidian,
Styela clava, by manipulating their densities in the field across the range of naturally occurring
densities. Because of their physical presence at the sediment–water interface and suspension feeding
activities, we predicted varying impacts across different macrofaunal groups (suspension feeders,
deposit feeders, recruits and mobile species). These predictions were not supported for either introduced
species despite good power. For individual taxa, there was a significant negative relationship
between Sabella density and the abundance of lumbrinerid polychaetes and gammarid amphipods,
and between Styela density and the abundance of lumbrinerids, tanaids, crustaceans as a group, and
the bivalve Laternula rostrata. Nonetheless, these taxa only represent a small proportion of those present,
and importantly, the effects generally emerged at Sabella and Styela densities (>1 to 2 ind. m–2)
greater than those typically recorded on Port Phillip Bay sediments. Therefore, we suggest that
the effects of Sabella and Styela on soft sediment assemblages in Port Phillip Bay are likely to be
negligible.


Adverse effects associated with the long-term, lowdose regimens of retinoids used in cancer chemoprevention studies are not well described. In order to examine the clinical and laboratory adverse effects of 3 years of intervention with isotretinoin (10 mg/day) and to assesspotential risk factors for developing these, we collected adverse effect data on patients participating in a randomized, placebocontrolled trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of isotretinoin in preventing the subsequent occurrence of new basal cell carcinoma. Our results showed a significantly higher incidence of adverse mucocutaneous effects and serum triglyceride elevations in the isotretinoin group (P < 0.001). Associated risk factors included male gender, very fair skin, and elevated pretreatment triglyceride levels. The toxicity observed, although less severe and less frequent, was similar to that seen with higher doses


One of the fundamental questions in the social sciences is whether modern welfare states can be sustained as countries welcome more immigrants. On theoretical grounds, the relationship between immigration and support for redistribution is ambiguous. Immigration may increase ethnic diversity, which may reduce the support for redistribution. On the other hand, natives may demand more redistribution as an insurance against labour market risks brought by immigration. In this chapter, we review the theoretical and empirical literature on immigration and redistribution from across the social sciences. We focus on two themes, namely the effect of immigration on natives' support for redistribution, and the effect on the actual setting of tax and spending policies. Recent empirical evidence suggests that immigration lowers the support for redistribution and leads to lower taxation and spending. However, the magnitude of these effects appears to be highly context-dependent.


The phenomenon of live music performance spaces is both enigmatic and enticing. While few would disagree that there appears to be a different set of priorities and protocols operative in these spaces, there has been little investigation of how socio-cultural theory might be useful in exploring the nature and significance of these spaces. This paper seeks to remedy that, drawing on detailed data compiled from participant observation over three years at the West Coast Blues & Roots festival in Fremantle, Western Australia. The relationship of the live music performance space, or "realm" is explored using three paradigms: charisma, carnival and communitas. The paper concludes with reflections on how the unique experience of music within these realms may interact and change the outside "real" world beyond the festival.


Multimodal approaches combining drugs that differentially function is the most popular regimen for treating human cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic, potentiative, and antagonistic effects of drug combinations could facilitate the discovery of novel efficacious combinations. We previously showed that telomerase-specific replication-competent adenovirus (Telomelysin, OBP-301), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter controls the adenoviral E1 gene expression, induces a selective antitumor effect in human cancer cells. Here, using E1-deleted replication-deficient adenovirus expressing the p53 tumor suppressor gene (Advexin, Ad-p53) and OBP-301, we investigate how these adenoviruses that kill tumor cells with different mechanisms could work in combination on human cancer. We found that E1-deficient Ad-p53 could kill cancer cells more efficiently in the presence of OBP-301 than Ad-p53 alone or OBP-301 alone, because Ad-p53 could become replication-competent by being supplied adenoviral E1 from coinfected OBP-301 in trans. Ad-p53 plus OBP-301 induced high levels of p53 protein expression without p21 induction, resulting in apoptotic cell death documented by active caspase-3 expression with a cytometric bead array and an increased subdiploid apoptotic fraction of the cell cycle. For in vivo evaluation, nude mice xenografted with human lung tumors received intratumoral injection of OBP-301 and/or Ad-p53. Analysis of the growth of implanted tumors showed an enhanced antitumor effect in combination therapy. Our data show that Ad-p53 in combination with OBP-301 induces not only oncolytic but also apoptotic cancer cell death and enhances antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, providing potential merits as a multimodal treatment for human cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(6); 1884–93. ©2010 AACR.


The focus of this article is on the areas wherein the Indian GCP (Good clinical Practice) interface core themes of Clinical Data Management (CDM). In particular, it highlights evolving trends in CDM and emphasizes the increased necessity to focus on data from a regulatory requirements perspective. To this end, contemplations with respect to CDM activities in context of Indian GCP are reported.


Abstract. Detailed uncertainty budgets of three major ultraviolet (UV) ozone absorption cross-section datasets that are used in remote sensing application are provided and discussed. The datasets are Bass–Paur (BP), Brion–Daumont–Malicet (BDM), and the more recent Serdyuchenko–Gorshelev (SG). For most remote sensing application the temperature dependence of the Huggins ozone band is described by a quadratic polynomial in temperature (Bass–Paur parameterization) by applying a regression to the cross-section data measured at selected atmospherically relevant temperatures. For traceability of atmospheric ozone measurements, uncertainties from the laboratory measurements as well as from the temperature parameterization of the ozone cross-section data are needed as input for detailed uncertainty calculation of atmospheric ozone measurements. In this paper the uncertainty budgets of the three major ozone cross-section datasets are summarized from the original literature. The quadratic temperature dependence of the cross-section datasets is investigated. Combined uncertainty budgets is provided for all datasets based upon Monte Carlo simulation that includes uncertainties from the laboratory measurements as well as uncertainties from the temperature parameterization. Between 300 and 330 nm both BDM and SG have an overall uncertainty of 1.5 %, while BP has a somewhat larger uncertainty of 2.1 %. At temperatures below about 215 K, uncertainties in the BDM data increase more strongly than the others due to the lack of very low temperature laboratory measurements (lowest temperature of BDM available is 218 K).


In this paper we introduce a generative parametric model capable of producing high quality samples of natural images. Our approach uses a cascade of convolutional networks within a Laplacian pyramid framework to generate images in a coarse-to-fine fashion. At each level of the pyramid, a separate generative convnet model is trained using the Generative Adversarial Nets (GAN) approach [11]. Samples drawn from our model are of significantly higher quality than alternate approaches. In a quantitative assessment by human evaluators, our CIFAR10 samples were mistaken for real images around 40% of the time, compared to 10% for samples drawn from a GAN baseline model. We also show samples from models trained on the higher resolution images of the LSUN scene dataset.


This study examines whether accounting comparability is associated with the contracting cost of private loans. Using a sample of U.S. public firms from the years 1982 to 2009, we find strong evidence that accounting comparability is significantly negatively associated with private loan interest spread, consistent with the view that accounting comparability facilitates information processing by lenders. The findings are robust to alternative model specifications and estimation methods. We also find that the negative association between comparability and private loan spread is stronger for borrowers without Standard & Poor's credit ratings and borrowers with non-collateralized loans. Further analyses show that accounting comparability is significantly positively associated with the number of lenders and negatively associated with the share of loan held by lead lender(s), confirming our main evidence of the relationship between accounting comparability and loan contracting cost. JEL Classification: G12, G14, M41.


This article addresses the question of whether one needs to be LGBTQ+ or queer-identifying in order to engage in queer studies in theology and biblical studies. In surveying the popularity of queer as cultural currency in the media and the academy, I express concern with queer studies being undertaken as if it were one approach among others, arguing that it is an "anti-approach". In directly responding to the question, "do you have to be queer to do this?" I argue that one does not need to be queer identified to engage with queer theologies or queer biblical studies. Four points are made about the engagement of heterosexual identifying intellectuals in queer studies: i) queer theory reveals how all identities are unstable, including heterosexuality; ii) heterosexuality is not the site of disruption for queer studies—it is patriarchy, cisnormativity and heteronormativity that require dismantling; iii) queer is about the production of antinormative knowledge, a practice that anyone can engage in; iv) where queer studies are also done in conjunction with nonnormative gender and sexualities, researchers must incorporate voices from those individuals or communities. The article concludes that there should be no concern about straight-identifying individuals doing queer studies, but we should be careful that queer theologies and queer biblical studies do not become "straight" and normative.


Many authors discuss judicial oversight of agency actions. Our subject, which is less well examined, is agencies' role in modulating that oversight. We consider cases in which the timing or form of an agency action has curtailed judicial review of the agency's policy choices. In some such cases, the agency's choice of form deprived the court of statutory or Article III jurisdiction; in others, the court chose to delay or deny review to avoid interfering with agency policy development. Despite these differences, though, all such "reviewability" cases pose important constitutional questions about the degree to which an agency should be able to limit judicial oversight of its activities. We argue that courts pay too little attention to these questions, instead focusing solely on the reviewability objections raised in each case. When a party challenges a broad agency program that has not yet been implemented, for example, the court typically dismisses the challenge as unripe. But the agency may have structured the program, or the rollout of the program, to achieve large practical effects with little judicial oversight. We suggest courts should ask whether constitutional principles permit an agency to thwart review in this way. We first identify the separation of powers and due process issues lurking in many reviewability cases. We then turn our attention to two recent Supreme Court cases and a D.C. Circuit case in which the defendant agencies argued their actions were unreviewable. These cases well illustrate some of the concrete implications of our broader argument: By elevating the importance of the timing and form of agency actions, reviewability doctrines give agencies the power to limit court oversight, and this power may, in turn, encroach on congressional authority and undermine the constitutional legitimacy of the governing statutory regime.


Jim Menter was a man of many parts: he excelled as a scientist, industrialist and academic administrator. He was well read and hadwide ranging interests in the Arts—in the words of one of his colleagues at Queen Mary College, he was a true Renaissanceman. His most important scientific contributions were the first direct observations of crystal lattices by transmission electron microscopy and the first observation of an edge dislocation within such a lattice. The work was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society in 1956 (11)*. This paper had a profound impact on electron microscopy of crystals and, by virtue of the direct observation of dislocations, made an important contribution to the general acceptance of the dislocation theory of crystal plasticity.