During the period 1973 to 1985, the U.S. economy saved energy in virtually every sector. Much of this period of energy saving was also marked by a significant drop in the ratio of energy use to GDP. However, since 1985 there has been a slowdown in the rate of energy saving, as key energy intensities (space heating, automobile driving, etc.) have declined less rapidly since 1985 than before. This paper examines delivered (or final) energy consumption trends from the early 1970s to 1994 and provides a framework for measuring key changes that affect U.S. energy use. Starting with estimates of outputs or activity levels for thirty major energy end uses, and energy intensities of each end use, we use the Adaptive Weighted Divisia decomposition to measure the impact of changes in the structure of the U.S. economy. In contrast to many similar decomposition studies, we define measures of structural changes for both households and branches of transportation. We find that between 1973 and 1985, lower energy intensities (corrected to average winter heating demand) reduced U.S. energy uses by about 1.7% per year, while structural changes reduced energy uses by 0.4% per year. After 1985, when oil prices declined markedly, intensities fell by only 0.8% per year and structural changes actually increased energy use by 0.4% per year. In the 1990s energy intensities in some industries have even edged upward. Changes in the ratio of energy to GDP (E/GDP) are affected both by intensities and the changes in the demand for energy services relative to GDP. During the first period, from 1973 to 1985, GDP increased faster than the growth in key structural and activity parameters that determine demand for energy services (such as home area, appliance ownership, and motor vehicle use) by 1.5% per year. From 1985 to 1994 the difference dropped to less than 0.3% per year, largely due to the reversal of structural trends. Thus, the sharp fall in the rate of decline in E/GDP from -3.1% to -1.1% per year was due almost as much to structural changes as it was to the slowdown in energy intensity reduction. The analysis presented here shows why the E/GDP is an increasingly unreliable yardstick for making measurements of how the energy-economy relationship is changing: effects not related to energy efficiency per se may have roughly the same impact on that ratio as energy saving itself. Since these effects have different causes, and potentially different impacts over the long run, looking at them in the aggregate by considering only the ratio of energy use to GDP is misleading.


Although peer influence is a salient predictor of delinquency, how it operates in the etiology of runaway behavior is not fully understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study demonstrates the importance of taking peers into account in understanding the etiology of running away. The findings suggest that peer deviance is strongly associated with adolescents' decision to run away, independent of social network characteristics and their own deviant and conventional behavior, parental attachment, and school bonding. However, the causal process that links peer characteristics and running away remains unclear. More studies are needed to disentangle the underlying reciprocal and interactional relationships among peers, individual behavior, and social contexts such as family and school.


Antitrust law's "rule of reason," first endorsed by the Supreme Court in its 1911 Standard Oil decision, has evolved from a potentially wide-ranging and relatively unstructured inquiry limited in application to cases brought under Section 1 of the Sherman Act into a group of "rules of reason" that are used today to evaluate many different kinds of competitively sensitive conduct. Although still derided by critics as unstructured and error-prone, these rules of reason are instead structured and guided by core economic principles that focus on specific conduct's pro and anti-competitive effects. The burdens imposed on plaintiffs, public and private are demanding, and defendants win the overwhelming proportion of the time. Indeed, today's antitrust rules are the most business-friendly in the history of American antitrust law.In this article, I trace the intellectual history of the modern rule of reason from Standard Oil and Chicago Board of Trade to the more contemporary Supreme Court and appellate court decisions. Under the modern rule of reason that emerges, the instinct to categorize conduct as fitting into seemingly distinct categories subject to either the "per se rule" or the "rule of reason" has been supplanted by the view that the rule of reason is a single standard that is subject to varying modes of application -- a sliding-scale continuum that is focused on the nature and extent of the evidence of competitive effects. The article specifically revisits the origins of the "quick look" approach to applying the rule of reason and finds fault in the association of the quick look with evidence of "actual" anti-competitive effects. The quick look was rooted in a confidence that courts could, through rudimentary economic reasoning, easily discern the anti and pro-competitive potential of conduct in many cases short of "elaborate inquiry." "Economic reasoning" not "actual effects" is the foundation of a useful quick look. The article concludes by suggesting three reforms that might improve the application of the modern rules of reason, including a revitalized quick look that would integrate a more symmetrical plausibility screen. That screen would simultaneously evaluate the economic basis for both the plaintiff's case of anti-competitive effect and the defendant's assertion of efficiencies or other cognizable justifications.


In 1976, five years after his death, serious charges were leveled against the distinguished British scientist Sir Cyril Burt. His research on the nature of intelligence was challenged as fraudulent by a number of respected commentators, among them Leon Kamin, Oliver Gillie, Ann and Alan Clarke, and Leslie Hearnshaw. The evidence they marshaled, and the charges themselves are examined here in scrupulous detail. Written as a straightforward defense of Burt, this volume also tells a second story: the intrusion of the mass media into science, the power of the new media, and the success of this invasion, which threatens to replace intellectual authority. Convinced that a great injustice had been done, Fletcher examines each of the charges in detail, subjecting each of Burt's detractors to a symbolic cross-examination. He exposes carelessness and errors of interpretation, and reveals areas of evidence the critics failed to take into account. Each interrogation ends with a list of questions that call for clear public answer. Fletcher's closing argument calls for the restoration of Burt's reputation, so that justice is done. The broader significance of this case study goes far beyond the Burt controversy itself, and has implications for the conduct of science in an increasingly contentious social environment. Fletcher describes how ideology, in alliance with a receptive popular journalism and the media, is able to establish itself as a powerful third force in scientific discourse. The Burt Affair demonstrates what happens when the media establish a viewpoint that permeates not only the scientific community, but also entrenches that perspective so thoroughly in public understanding that its assumptions are not even questioned.


Air toxic emissions and associated human health risk at wastewater treatment plants can be reduced with a phased implementation strategy. An evaluation of major conventional secondary wastewater treatment processes at various Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) identified the major 'bad actor' air toxic compounds, the priority and rank of wastewater treatment processes according to mass emissions, and the relative human health risk of treatment processes. This evaluation involved four POTWs, ranging from 3 to 34 million gallons per day (mgd) which serve primarily residential and light industrial communities. A phased strategy, to implement the most cost-effective air toxic emission reduction methods available, evolved based on case studies of air toxic emission tests and analyses of several POTWs, relative ranking of potentially high-risk processes, and identification of potential control technologies.


To test the hypothesis that the major irrational evaluative beliefs postulated by Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy are related to marital conflict, 15 married couples participated in a thought-listing procedure. During this procedure, three idiosyncratic scenes portraying marital conflict and three control scenes free of conflict were identified for and presented to each member of the dyad. Analysis indicated that the conflict-portraying scenes were associated with significantly more irrational evaluative beliefs and significantly fewer rational cognitions than the control scenes.


With the objective of minimizing the total cost, which includes both sensor and congestion costs, the authors adopted a novel sampling theorem approach to address the problem of sensor spacing optimization. This paper presents the analysis and modeling of the power spectral density of traffic information as a 2-D stochastic signal using highly detailed field data. The field data were captured by the next-generation simulation (NGSIM) program in 2005. To the best knowledge of the authors, field data with such a level of detail were previously unavailable. The resulting model enables the derivation of a characterization curve that relates sensor error to sensor spacing. The characterization curve, concurring in general with observations of a previous work, provides much more detail to facilitate sensor deployment. Based on the characterization curve and a formulation relating sensor error to congestion cost, the optimal sensor spacing that minimizes the total cost can be determined.


1. Demographic models are assuming an important role in management decisions for endangered species. Elasticity analysis and scope for management analysis are two such applications. Elasticity analysis determines the vital rates that have the greatest impact on population growth. Scope for management analysis examines the effects that feasible management might have on vital rates and population growth. Both methods target management in an attempt to maximize population growth. 2. The Seychelles magpie robin Copsychus sechellarum is a critically endangered island endemic, the population of which underwent significant growth in the early 1990s following the implementation of a recovery programme. We examined how the formal use of elasticity and scope for management analyses might have shaped management in the recovery programme, and assessed their effectiveness by comparison with the actual population growth achieved. 3. The magpie robin population doubled from about 25 birds in 1990 to more than 50 by 1995. A simple two-stage demographic model showed that this growth was driven primarily by a significant increase in the annual survival probability of first-year birds and an increase in the birth rate. Neither the annual survival probability of adults nor the probability of a female breeding at age 1 changed significantly over time. 4. Elasticity analysis showed that the annual survival probability of adults had the greatest impact on population growth. There was some scope to use management to increase survival, but because survival rates were already high (> 0.9) this had a negligible effect on population growth. Scope for management analysis showed that significant population growth could have been achieved by targeting management measures at the birth rate and survival probability of first-year birds, although predicted growth rates were lower than those achieved by the recovery programme when all management measures were in place (i.e. 1992-95). 5. Synthesis and applications. We argue that scope for management analysis can provide a useful basis for management but will inevitably be limited to some extent by a lack of data, as our study shows. This means that identifying perceived ecological problems and designing management to alleviate them must be an important component of endangered species management. The corollary of this is that it will not be possible or wise to consider only management options for which there is a demonstrable ecological benefit. Given these constraints, we see little role for elasticity analysis because, when data are available, a scope for management analysis will always be of greater practical value and, when data are lacking, precautionary management demands that as many perceived ecological problems as possible are tackled.


Increased incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) as co-infection is observed due to rise in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the precise diagnosis of EPTB is faced with difficulty due to the lack of tissue biopsy or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) facilities in rural hospitals. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) will be simple, convenient and doesn't require sophisticated laboratory. Mycobacterial antigens ES-31, ES-43 and EST-6 antigens were isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) H37Ra bacilli by affinity chromatography. Cocktail of these antigens and their affinity purified antibodies were explored for detection of antibody and antigen by Indirect and Sandwich ELISA respectively. In a preliminary study with bacteriologically confirmed EPTB cases (n=32), assay of antibody/free antigen/immunecomplexed (IC) antigen showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90%. Based on this study, sera from suspected EPTB patients (n=164) diagnosed by clinical and other laboratory investigations, non-tubercular disease patients (n=75) and healthy controls (n=75) were screened. A sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 91% for antibody detection, 70% and 94% for circulating free antigen and 63% and 98% for circulating IC antigen detection were observed. On combining the positivity of antibody, circulating free and IC-antigen, overall sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 91% were observed in EPTB. Tuberculous antibody detection to cocktail antigen was found to be useful in detection of EPTB. However, circulating free and IC-antigen detection may be a better marker for detection of different groups of EPTB.


Herein, highly efficient and rapid solid-phase extraction technique was used for preconcentration of ultra-trace levels of lead (Pb2+) followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Tannic acid-coated graphene oxide (TA-GO) was used as a powerful adsorbent in solid-phase extraction for the first time. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the TA-GO adsorbent was synthesized successfully. To optimize the experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) with four factors, i.e. pH, amounts of adsorbent, extraction time, and desorption time, was used. Based on the results of central composite design (CCD), pH 5.2, 4.2 mg of TA-GO adsorbent, 12.05 min extraction time, and desorption time of 2 min were selected as the optimum conditions. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.05–1.5 ng mL−1 Pb2+. The relative standard deviation (RSD) based on six replicate analyses of 0.4 ng ml−1 Pb2+ and limit of detection (LOD) were 3.8% and 0.015 ng mL−1, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was checked by analyzing the certified reference material CRM-TMDW. Finally, this technique was applied for the determination of ultra-trace levels of Pb2+ in various real samples.


Summary and Conclusions
In order to evaluate the two methods, a total of 658 intradermal and 161 complement fixation tests was conducted on onchocercosis patients in endemic areas and on control individuals in other areas.
A single skin biopsy on 81 individuals with Onchocerca nodules disclosed microfilariae in 40 per cent of the cases, whereas O. volvulus antigen in a dilution of 1:8,000 gave a positive reaction in 78, or 96.2 per cent, of the individuals when the reading of the reaction was based on an antigen wheal greater by 3 mm. or more than the control wheal. In a dilution of 1:8,000, antigens prepared from Dirofilaria immitis, Setaria equina, and Litomosoides carinii gave a lower percentage of positives; the efficacy of these antigens was exceeded by a 1:16,000 dilution of O. volvulus material.
The O. volvulus antigen was more specific than the other antigens. In a series of 50 patients (Morganton, N. C.) who had never been exposed to O. volvulus infection but who harbored other helminth parasites, false positive reactions were obtained with a 1:8,000 dilution in the following number of cases: D. immitis 10, S. equina 11, L. carinii 6, and O. volvulus 2. In a Mexico City group of 209 individuals not exposed to O. volvulus but of whom 92 were infected with intestinal helminths, twice as many false positive reactions were obtained with D. immitis and S. equina antigens than with the O. volvulus material.
Complement fixation reactions with O. volvulus antigen proved positive in all of 60 individuals with Onchocerca nodules; D. immitis antigen gave positive reactions in 49 of 53 of these cases. In a control group of 43 persons infected with helminth parasites other than O. volvulus, D. immitis material gave positive complement fixation tests in 4 cases, a doubtfully positive reaction in 1 case, and a negative reaction in 39 cases.
Intradermal and complement fixation tests on a series of school children at Tamazunchale, Mexico, not supposed to be within the endemic area of onchocercosis, gave a higher percentage of positive reactions than obtained in individuals in any other control group. At the present time no satisfactory explanation can be given for the significant difference in the number of positives obtained in the control individuals at Tamazunchale and Mexico City.
From the results in all series, it appears that the O. volvulus antigen is more specific and sensitive than the other three antigens employed in the intradermal tests. The second best antigen appears to be that from D. immitis. The O. volvulus antigen is also superior to the D. immitis antigen when employed in the complement fixation test. Because of the lack of material, judgment on the comparative value of L. carinii antigen in complement fixation tests must await further work. Antigen prepared from S. equina invariably gave anticomplementary reactions.
Quantitative complement fixation tests are suggested as a method of measuring the efficacy of drugs in studies on the chemotherapy of onchocercosis.


Background: The sustenance of reproductive potential of patients seeking contraceptive options is essential. The risk of bacterial vaginosis is increased by the choice of contraceptive options, which may affect postcontraception fertility. Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of bacterial vaginosis in a cohort of women seeking child spacing services. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study of women seeking fertility regulation services was conducted in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria between March and September 2014. Interviews were conducted to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, characteristics of vaginal discharge, and sexual practices engaged by these women. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed using the Amsel criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to assess the predisposing factors. Results: One-hundred seventy-eight clients were recruited. Bacterial vaginosis was noted in 7.87% of these women. Patients had increased risk of bacterial vaginosis when they were of low socioeconomic class (OR 8.17; 95% CI 2.30–29.81), used vaginal drying agents (OR 9.70; 95% CI 2.35–46.15), had an early sexual debut (OR 9.56; 95% CI 2 54–38.92), a history of previous sexually transmitted infections (OR 21.39; 95% CI 4.99–105.30), and practiced vaginal douching (OR 19.23; 95% CI 3.82–130.43). Conclusion: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in this cohort raises the need for a high index of clinical suspicion in patients seeking fertility regulation services in the presence of notable risk factors. Avoidance of contraceptive methods that may increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis and the need for treatment to maintain reproductive potentials is advised.


This paper proposes the utilization of a DC-DC boost converter as a mediator between a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) array and the Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) in an SPV array powered air cooling system to attain maximum efficiency. The boost converter, over the various common DC-DC converters, offers many advantages in SPV based applications. Further, two Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are employed in the proposed air cooling system: one to run the centrifugal water pump and the other to run a fan-blower. Employing a BLDC motor is found to be the best option because of its top efficiency, supreme reliability and better performance over a wide range of speeds. The air cooling system is developed and simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment considering the steady state variation in the solar irradiance. Further, the efficiency of BLDC drive system is compared with a conventional Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motor drive system and from the simulated results it is found that the proposed system performs better.


The development of plasma-sprayed protective layers to enhance the surface properties of critical engineering components represents one of the most promising achievements of materials technology in recent times. The important aspects associated with plasma spraying of ceramic powders are discussed and the influence of the powder characteristics on the quality of sprayed coatings is highlighted. The advantages of the sol-gel technique for preparing spray grade powders are briefly outlined. The sol-gel synthesis of a Yttria-stabilized-zirconia powder is discussed as a case study. Results of powder characterization studies and evaluation of its plasma sprayed coating are also presented.


Spray formation occurring at the outlet of short micro/mini-ori ces due to the cavitation phenomenon is of great importance in biomedical and engineering applications. Recent studies show the destructive effect of the energy released from the collapse of cavitation bubbles, which are generated in micro domains, on the targeted surfaces. The cavitation phenomenon occurs at low local pressures within ow restrictive elements and strongly affects uid ow regimes inside micro-channels which results in spray formation. Extended cavitation bubbles toward the outlet of the micro-channel, droplet evolution, and spray breakup are among crucial mechanisms to be considered in spray structure. In this study, spray formation and atomization, bubble and droplet evolution, break-up, and corresponding cavitating ow at the outlet of short micro/mini-channels are discussed at different physical and thermo-dynamical conditions. Cavitation phenomenon inside micro/mini-channel configurations are numerically investigated in detail. The results of this study show that the static pressure drops down to a very low magnitude (tensile stress) in microchannels while the minimum static pressure in mini-channels is found to be equal to vapor saturation pressure, and higher velocity magnitudes particularly at the outlet are visible in the micro-channels. It is shown that for higher upstream pressures, the cavitating ow extends over the length of the micro/mini-channel thereby increasing the possibility of collapse at the outlet. A detailed study on the effect of energy associated with turbulence is investigated at high Reynolds numbers for both micro/mini-channels and its impact is analyzed using wall shear stress, turbulence kinetic energy and mean velocity at various locations of the channels. We find that there is a considerable difference on the ow regime between the emerging sprays at the outlet of the channels in micro and mini/macro scales. The spray at the outlet of nozzle has a conical shape with separated droplet/bubbles, however, interestingly the spray shape entirly differs in macro scale presenting spray jet ow regime at the same thermo-physical conditions. We showed that with the aid of the hydrodynamic cavitation in a low-cost and clean system, the spray jet has the capability of heat generation in contrast to the common use of spray jet in the cooling applications. The emerging spray is under the effect of the micro scale cavitating ow inside the micro/mini-channels which is much more intense in comparison to its correspondence at macro scale. The temperature measurements on a black-covered aluminum plate subjected to the spray interestingly show a considerable increase for a specific micro-channel. This temperature rise would be potentially utilized as a power source in miniature electric appliances with a simple energy conversion device. Herein, we present a complete set of numerical and experimental results on the micro/mini scale cavitating ow, spray emergence and its interaction with a solid body which will increase our understanding about the physics of the cavitating ow inside the micro/mini-channel and its relation with the emerging spray structure.


Background Public involvement, both in the National Health Service (NHS) and in clinical research, is promoted as an important democratic principle. The declared aims are to reduce professional autocracy and allow a broader ownership of the research agenda; also to improve the design of, and recruitment and retention of patients to, clinical studies. There have been a number of national initiatives in the UK to improve public input to clinical research activities, but very few reports of effective and sustainable partnerships over time. This study reports the evaluation of one example, which is embedded in the NHS and university partnerships in the Norfolk area of England. Objectives Evaluate: • Putting principles into practice of public involvement in research over a 5 year period for one specific project (Patient and Public Involvement in Research). • How the model contributes to, and impacts upon, all stages of the research process. • Attitudes of the research community and lay volunteers to their mutual experiences of public involvement. • Key factors and strengths of this project, and areas for improvement. Methods A mixed methods approach related to the 5 years from start of 2003 to end of 2007. This used descriptive statistics of volunteer activity, interviews with key stakeholders (13), questionnaires (53% response rate), and focus group with 10 volunteers to explore emergent themes. We analysed findings using a policy framework approach. Results About 47 of the original 55 volunteers remained on the panel after 5 years. All have undertaken training, 38% have been involved in the full range of research activities offered, and 75% have attended at least one research project meeting. Some are active in governance, ethics, and advisory committees. Both the research community and the volunteers are very positive about the project. The researchers find it provides well prepared personnel, and gives a speedy and efficient way of fulfilling the expectations of funders for lay input. The volunteers find it gives them important opportunities to influence the quality of research and thus support improvements in patient care. Areas for improvement include increasing social diversity among the volunteers, and improving feedback on input from volunteers, without which volunteers tend to lose confidence and motivation. Conclusion Long-term sustainable and valuable public input to research is possible. Key factors are committing resources, embedding the service in the infrastructure of a research consortium, and ongoing responsiveness by NHS staff and researchers. Additional activity to recruit and support access may be needed to attract people from a broad range of sociodemographic backgrounds. Some volunteers want more involvement than this model currently offers.


This Note argues that revocation of a driver's license under ALS proceedings is not a bar to subsequent criminal prosecution by the state. It discusses the potential double jeopardy implications surrounding ALS that is followed by criminal proceedings, as well as the reasoning employed by a majority of the courts that hold that an ALS is remedial and, therefore, not punishment for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause. It argues that with regard to determining whether an ALS is punitive, the appropriate test should balance the effect of the statute on the driver against the state's interest in protecting the public safety. This Note concludes that the punitive effects on drunken drivers by the imposition of a 90-day driver's license suspension and a moderate reinstatement fee is not disproportionate to the perceived risk drunken drivers pose to society while they await trial, and thus the presumption that the government is acting in a non-punishing capacity is not rebutted. Thus, the typical 90-day ALS is not punitive and may be accompanied by subsequent criminal prosecution.


In this investigation, we demonstrated a controlled electrodeposition method by varying the current density to generate hierarchical structures of zinc (Zn) on a carbon steel surface, which serves as a hydrophobic and anticorrosion coating when further modified by stearic acid to form a covalently bonded layer that offers low surface energy. The chemical composition, surface morphology and roughness of the modified Zn coatings were analyzed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The water contact angle and wettability tests have shown that the modified Zn coating with a micro/nanostructure displayed a water contact angle of 158.7° and a sliding angle of 6.4°, indicating strong superhydrophobicity. Interestingly, the modified Zn coating with a micro/nanostructure exhibited strong mechanical stability during knife scratching and adhesive tape peeling tests. In addition, the modified superhydrophobic Zn coating showed improved corrosion resistance that provided protection to the carbon steel. The protection mechanism can be attributed to the hierarchical micro/nanostructure of the Zn surface itself and the formation of a hydrophobic zinc stearate complex compound. The superhydrophobic Zn coating has good application prospects in a neutral corrosion environment, where it retards corrosion and reduces the adhesion of water.


Recently, there has been increasing interest in the development of covalent surface supported polymeric networks. This is attributed to the fact that they are thermally, mechanically and chemically more stable than those based on hydrogen bonded or metalorganic
frameworks. The formation and characterization of organic nano-networks on metal surfaces is important for applications such as gas sensors, catalysis and molecular
templates. In this thesis, strategies for the formation of covalent networks of 5,10,15,20- tetrakis(4 aminophenyl)-porphyrin (TAPP) and 1,3,5 tris(4aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB), both of which have amine groups that are attached to phenyl rings, were extensively
investigated on Au(111), Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. The strategies employed to form covalently bonded networks are based on reactions between the amine groups on the TAPP
or TAPB molecules. An investigation of the self-assembly of these molecules, deposited at room temperature, on different metal surfaces was carried out to investigate the effect of intermolecular and molecule-surface interactions. The surface elevated at different temperature was employed to investigate the formation of networks through the
polymerization of these molecules at various substrate temperatures. Polymerisation of the TAPP molecules is expected to form networks with a four-fold symmetry networks
whereas the reaction among TAPB molecules would gave three-fold symmetry networks. Further investigations were carried out on a polyimidisation reaction between the amine
molecules and the anhydride groups present on 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). All samples were studied in detail using scanning tunneling
microcopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements to investigate the structural and chemical properties of the networks. In addition, ultraviolet
photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and synchrotron based techniques were utilized in some of these studies. The ordering observed in the resulting structure is largely determined by the initial molecular coverage, substrate temperature, type of single crystal used and the
deposition rate.


With his original reflection—deeply influenced by many important Arabic thinkers—Gundissalinus wanted to renovate the Latin debate concerning crucial aspects of the philosophical tradition. Among the innovative doctrines he elaborated, one appears to be particularly problematic, for it touches a very delicate point of Christian theology: the divine creation of the human soul, and thus, the most intimate bond connecting the human being and his Creator. Notwithstanding the relevance of this point, Gundissalinus ascribed the creation of the human soul to the angels rather than God. He also stated that the angels create the souls from prime matter, and through a kind of causality which cannot be operated by God. What are the sources of this unusual and perilous doctrine? And what are the reasons which led Gundissalinus to hold such a problematic position? This article thoroughly examines the theoretical development and sources of Gundissalinus's position, focusing on the correlations between this doctrine, the overall cosmological descriptions expounded by Gundissalinus in his original works, and the main sources upon which this unlikely doctrine is grounded: Avicenna and Ibn Gabirol.


This book provides a fundamental understanding of global illumination algorithms. It discusses a broad class of algorithms for realistic image synthesis and introduces a theoretical basis for the algorithms presented. Topics include: physics of light transport, Monte Carlo methods, general strategies for solving the rendering equation, stochastic path-tracing algorithms such as ray tracing and light tracing, stochastic radiosity including photon density estimation and hierarchical Monte Carlo radiosity, hybrid algorithms, metropolis light transport, irradiance caching, photon mapping and instant radiosity, beyond the rendering equation, image display and human perception. If you want to design and implement a global illumination rendering system or need to use and modify an existing system for your specific purpose, this book will give you the tools and the understanding to do so.


Cloud technology is moving towards multi-cloud environments with the inclusion of various devices. Cloud and IoT integration resulting in so-called edge cloud and fog computing has started. This requires the combination of data centre technologies with much more constrained devices, but still using virtualised solutions to deal with scalability, flexibility and multi-tenancy concerns. Lightweight virtualisation solutions do exist for this architectural setting with smaller, but still virtualised devices to provide application and platform technology as services. Containerisation is a solution component for lightweight virtualisation solution. Containers are furthermore relevant for cloud platform concerns dealt with by Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) clouds like application packaging and orchestration. We demonstrate an architecture for edge cloud PaaS. For edge clouds, application and service orchestration can help to manage and orchestrate applications through containers. In this way, computation can be brought to the edge of the cloud, rather than data from the Internet-of-Things (IoT) to the cloud. We show that edge cloud requirements such as cost-efficiency, low power consumption, and robustness can be met by implementing container and cluster technology on small single-board devices like Raspberry Pis. This architecture can facilitate applications through distributed multi-cloud platforms built from a range of nodes from data centres to small devices, which we refer to as edge cloud. We illustrate key concepts of an edge cloud PaaS and refer to experimental and conceptual work to make that case.


This paper describes a research method used to develop criminal personas for use by designers in a process called Cyclic Countering of Competitive Creativity (C4). Personas rather than profiles are developed to encourage designer ownership, to improve the level of engagement with countering the criminal mind, and encourage the responsibility to keep the personas live and developing, rather than be adopted as simple checklists built from available criminal profile data. In this case study indirect access to offender details was used to develop the personas. The aim was to give particular focus to the offenders' 'creative prompts', which enable designers to more effectively counter their own design solutions, by a role-play approach to critical review and counter design. The C4 process enables learning through failure, and strengthens the development and selection that takes place within the design process, but C4 does rely upon the development of relevant and engaging personas to be effective.


Demilitarization is one of the biggest problems that the Aquino government must resolve as it was the same institution that supported the Marcos dictatorship. The February uprising saw the shifting of the military's loyalty from Marcos to Aquino and from oppressors to heroes of democracy. Main issues confronting the Aquino government are the human rights violations. The military became deeply involved in the violation of human rights during the Marcos dictatorship and violence became a structural phenomenon and the military is perceived by the people as the main purveyor. The budget allocation as well will remain an issue as the threat of coups and the use of insurgency as a reason to maintain the current military budget. In order to demilitarize, the government should look at vital issues and such as broadening the meaning of national defense, ending military dependence on the United States, and institutionalizing civilian hegemony over the professional standing army. There is also the alternative of creating civilian army as an alternative.


Objectives To determine whether educational attainment is a causal risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease. Design Mendelian randomization study, where genetic data are used as proxies for education, in order to minimize confounding. A two-sample design was applied, where summary level genetic data was analysed from two publically available consortia. Setting In the main analysis, we analysed genetic data from two large consortia (CARDIoGRAM and SSGAC), comprising of 112 cohorts from predominantly high-income countries. In addition, we also analysed genetic data from 7 additional large consortia, in order to identify putative causal mediators. Participants The main analysis was of 589 377 men and women, predominantly of European origin. Exposure A one standard deviation increase in the genetic predisposition towards higher education (i.e. 3.6 years of additional schooling). This was measured by 162 genetic variants that have been previously associated with education. Main outcome Combined fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (63 746 events). Results 3.6 years of additional education lowered the risk of coronary heart disease by a third (odds ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.77, p=0.01). Equivalent increases in education were also causally associated with reductions in smoking, BMI and improvements in blood lipid profiles. Conclusions More time spent in education is causally associated with a large reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease. This may be partly explained by changes to smoking, BMI and a blood lipids. These findings offer support for policy interventions that increase education, in order to also reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.


Overview of library collections and services to maximize research efficiency. Research strategies and tools, including the online library catalog, periodical and reference databases, and Web resources. Open to all students. Recommended for freshmen and so


This is the sixth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. This summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Task Force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews include cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport; approach to resuscitation after drowning; passive ventilation; minimizing pauses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; temperature management after cardiac arrest; use of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound during cardiac arrest; use of vasopressin and corticosteroids during cardiac arrest; coronary angiography after cardiac arrest; public-access defibrillation devices for children; pediatric early warning systems; maintaining normal temperature immediately after birth; suctioning of amniotic fluid at birth; tactile stimulation for resuscitation immediately after birth; use of continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress at term birth; respiratory and heart rate monitoring in the delivery room; supraglottic airway use in neonates; prearrest prediction of in-hospital cardiac arrest mortality; basic life support training for likely rescuers of high-risk populations; effect of resuscitation team training; blended learning for life support training; training and recertification for resuscitation instructors; and recovery position for maintenance of breathing and prevention of cardiac arrest. Members from 6 task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and generated consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections, and priority knowledge gaps for future research are listed.


This text aims to summarize the state of scientific knowledge on the drylands of the globe. It explores the current stage of understanding of desertification as well as its extent and possible solutions. The book argues that desertification is one of the world's most pressing environmental problems and that it is a global issue which is accelerating. This edition has been revised and expanded to include updated computer images of desertification, as well as fuller descriptions and explanations of the issues concerned. Using detailed data of the physical and chemical status of soil degradation provided by the Global Assessment of Soil Degradation, the book is fully referenced and covers topics including: desertification and global warming; monitoring on the ground and by remote sensing; vegetation and degradation; local action; cultural factors; financial issues; land reclaimations; the political economy and desertification; and desertification and refugees.


Over the last two decades, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ("FWS") has come to define its conservation mission in the context of species protection. The concept of "trust species" is now a common focal point for the myriad responsibilities of the FWS. This has become problematic for one of the major programs of the agency: management of the world's largest biodiversity conservation network, the national wildlife refuge system ("NWRS"). A major legislative overhaul of the NWRS charter and the imperatives of climate change adaptation have weakened the concept as a reliable touchstone for NWRS management and expansion. The FWS should build on its culture and history to respond to new challenges that the conservation network cannot meet with the "trust species" concept alone. While management to benefit specific species offers a simple measure of accomplishment, as a policy tool it creates more problems than it solves. Adherence to the "trust species" theme limits full engagement with, and abdicates the FWS' leadership role in, contemporary conservation challenges and science. This article makes the case for alternative measures of NWRS conservation success that move beyond just counting populations.We begin in Part I by tracing the rise of the trust concept to prominence as the dominant FWS conservation theme. We illustrate how the idea works in practice with three examples. In Part II we proceed to analyze what the "trust species" theme offers for conservation objectives and what problems it presents for the NWRS. We conclude that, on balance, its strengths do not justify its predominance. In particular, the trust concept has four problems. First, it fails to capture the full, systemic statutory mandate, and thus neglects an important part of Congress' instructions. Second, it invites confusion with real federal trust duties pertaining to natural resources damages and relations with Indian tribes. Third, it risks conflation with state public trust doctrines, and therefore blurs the distinction between the FWS' functions and the state role in wildlife management. Fourth, it narrows the FWS' conservation vision to only a few elements of the broader ecological concerns animating landscape-level nature protection. Part III shows how climate change, ecosystem management, and land acquisition would be better addressed through a broader approach. We conclude with some suggestions for alternatives to the reductive "trust species" focus. Ecological integrity offers a more accurate theme for the NWRS goals, a more robust tool for adapting to climate change, and a concept that the scientific literature recognizes and quantifies.


Science and art can mix. That synergy can create clinical care that is both excellent and deeply instructive, as Lenore Terr demonstrates in this wise, humane, and scientific book. Dr. Terr is well known as a good writer and an expert on children's reactions to trauma. She is also clearly a caring, disciplined, prepared, tough, playful, and imaginative biopsychosocial clinician. With help from many pithy vignettes from colleagues, she has written a new book that is a great gift to clinicians in child psychiatry and all related fields. Sometimes particularly valuable and lasting contributions to psychiatry get taught one-on-one or appear in books rather than (or better than) in journals or online. I believe Magical Moments is a case in point, though its central report of a longterm child psychiatry case study has partly appeared in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1). In this era—when clinicians have to deal with too much to read; biological optimism, exuberance, and reductionism; imaging and genetics; wobbly and often shallow statistics and behaviorism; wayward insurers; and huge pressure to medicate symptoms rather than to treat the whole child— excellent integrated child psychotherapy and psychiatric care is at risk, probably rather rare, and for various reasons not often written about in journals. Magical Moments is a breath of good air. Its structure is a bit odd but not difficult; it contains small essays and frequent sensible phrases, labels, and summaries on some essences of child psychiatry (e.g., how to prepare oneself and the setting to be therapeutic or how to trust one's playfulness). It contains effective and sometimes surprising neatly described vignettes from 33 distinguished colleagues, usually with commentary from the contributing author and Dr. Terr on what was done and how one might understand it (sometimes there is also a useful bit of follow-up from many years later). It contains some notes on Dr. Terr herself as a clinician and a person. In addition, as a sort of structural backbone of the book, it contains many pieces of Dr. Terr's diagnostic and therapeutic work with her deservedly well-known patient Cammie, a devastatingly traumatized child Dr. Terr has treated (usually once a month, because of distance) for about 15 years, starting when Cammie was 2 years old. Cammie was drastically sicker than most of the varied and more ordinary children discussed in the book's vignettes. As described evocatively by Dr. Terr, Cammie arrived as a wild 2year-old girl, who others thought was perhaps extremely mentally retarded or autistic; she growled in a startling voice, spat, sniffed sex organs, hissed, hit, and promptly enucleated the glass eye from a stoneware cat in Dr. Terr's office. It turned out that before Cammie was 13 months old, her parents had murdered her 3-week-old sister by shaking and biting her; bite marks on the infant were determined to be adult and of both sexes. Cammie too had been bitten all over, shaken, and sexually abused. Could anyone reach Cammie? Could anyone help? Dr. Terr did and describes some of what she did in ways that test and demonstrate a cornucopia of usual, unusual, and magical moments of patient and tenacious child psychiatry. Magical moments are, as Dr. Terr knows, rather rare. Clinicians often wish they were more regularly possible and young clinicians often expect them to be present every day. But rare or common, let us look at them carefully and learn from them (2). Several of the magical moments described in the book involve Cammie, but most deal with far more ordinary child psychiatric patients and problems. The doctors in the varied vignettes allow themselves to be in turn spontaneous, playful, honest, expressive of feeling, and realistic and to acknowledge their limits and even potential loss of dignity in connecting and responding and trying to help a child to change. Examples include a bowel movement interchange and a ride in a car; both may strike some colleagues as amusing and risky, but they were, as it turned out, in touch with the child and useful for healing. Verbal brevity can help magical moments, as in one comment from a therapist whose adolescent male patient was being bribed away from therapy by a parent's offer of a sports car: "I can't beat that." Listening to the child is essential. Being willing and able to be there with the child is also essential. Dr. Terr's use of some relevant psychiatric literature is sensible. She now and then refers to an aptly brief list of child and adult clinicians and theoreticians, such as Selma Fraiberg, Donald Winnicott, Daniel Stern, Saul Harrison, Ethel Person, and Sigmund and Anna Freud, and even to Malcolm Gladwell's recent nonclinical book on change, Blink. She briefly discusses roles for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication, but also limitations for both. Although this book is not specifically about trauma and recovery, magical therapeutic moments often have much to do with trauma and recovery, and there is much to be said for careful study of not just brief events that hurt but also brief events that help. Dr. Terr weaves into the book her general and widely useful scheme of "abreaction, finding context, and correction" and uses that scheme to buttress the clinical vignettes of change that give the book its special richness. I think some of the vignettes and clinical thoughtfulness in Magical Moments are much needed and will be of lasting use to child psychiatry. I hope all child psychiatrists, and also child psychologists and social workers and students in those disciplines, will read the book. It is a memorable book.


Synthesis of super-hydrophobic carbonaceous materials is gaining a broader interest by the research community due to its versatile application in separation processes, special coating technologies, and membrane distillation. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) may exhibit stable super-hydrophobic character due to their unique physio-chemical features which can be further controlled based on customer requirements by optimizing the process variables. This study deals with the application of a bimetallic catalyst composed of iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) to synthesize CNMs from powder activated carbon as a precursor. The process parameters were optimized to ensure super-hydrophobic surfaces. Chemical vapor deposition was utilized for the growth of carbon nanomaterials. The impact of input variables on the desired output of yield and contact angle was analyzed. The chemical vapor deposition process was optimized using the response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design. The proportion of the catalysts and reaction time were the three input explanatory variables whereas the desired response variables were selected as the carbon yield (CY) and contact angle (CA). The synthesized super-hydrophobic materials were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle analysis. The comprehensive statistical study of the results led to a significant model and optimization. The highest CY (351%) and CA (173°) were obtained at the optimal loading of 2.5% Fe and 2% Mo with a reaction time of 60 min. The images obtained from FESEM and TEM revealed the presence of two types of CNMs including carbon nanofibers and multiwall carbon nanotubes. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to observe the temperature degradation profile of the synthesized sample. Raman spectroscopic analysis was also used to observe the proportion of ordered and disordered carbon content inside the synthesized samples. The improved catalytic super-hydrophobic carbon nanostructured materials production process proposed by this study assures the stability and high yield of the product.


This essay addresses an important intersection between attorney regulation and free speech that has received little attention by the legal academy - the question of whether the First Amendment protects the professional speech of lawyers when they give advice. Two cases heard by the United States Supreme Court during the 2009-10 term raised this very issue. Both cases tested Congress's efforts to constrain the advice lawyers may provide to clients and the public. In Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A., et al. v. United States, lawyers and their clients challenged a bankruptcy regulation that bans lawyers from offering advice about the accumulation of additional debt in contemplation of filing for bankruptcy. In Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, a retired administrative law judge and others argued that a federal anti-terrorism statute unconstitutionally prohibits the offering of legal expertise and advocacy for nonviolent and lawful peacemaking activities. This essay presents an overview of the cases and contends that they serve as a wake-up call for scholars and practitioners alike to focus on the consequences of federal legislative interference in the attorney-client relationship and the free speech rights of attorneys and their clients.


"By emphasizing history and geography and offering more in-depth thought-provoking units, California educators hope to enrich students, understanding of our nation and the world." (Alexander and Crabtree, 1988, p. 10). This was the vision embodied in California's new History-Social Science Framework adopted on July 9, 1987- and published in 1988. Now- seven years later -- it seems appropriate to revisit this framework that has been described by many as a landmark document. California's History-social Science Framework "returns history to the core of the social studies curriculum ... increases the number of years devoted to the study of the United States and world history ... deepens the study of history through the rich use of literature ... and celebrates throughout the multicultural pluralistic nature of American society ..." (Alexander & Crabtree (1988). Throughout these studies three major goals are integrated within the framework: (1) The Goal of Knowledge and Cultural Understanding, (2) The Goal of Democratic Understanding and Civic Values, and (3) The Goal of Skills Attainment and Social Participation. The new framework embodies ideas dating back to early committees of distinguished university historians and teachers- The Committee of Ten (1892), the Committee of Seven (1899),-and culminates in the national Bradley Committee on History in Schools. The recommendations of these committees "call for a history and geography-centered social studies program for the early grades, emphasizing lively, engaging readings from history, mythology, biography, legend, and literature ...", and lengthens the amount of time students study history in specified grade levels (Gagnon, 1988, p. 38) Even though Paul Gagnon (1988), a noted historian, viewed the new framework as the first attempt to put these ideas into action, he raised questions related to its implementation. He envisioned, a long road to travel before the superb body of learning prescribed by the California Framework is translated into effective daily lessons for the huge and highly varied population in the state's classrooms." (p. 48). This paper focuses on a portion of his questions that include the following: "Will the California framework be successfully implemented? Can its subject matter be well taught without improvement in teacher education ...?" (p. 48). This article addresses these questions -- based on the experiences and observations of an educator of teachers. Frequent classroom visits reveal the successes of experienced teachers as they implement goals sets forth in the California framework, however, the focus of this article is on the successes of new and prospective teachers. A brief discussion outlining the elements necessary for successful framework implementation is followed by a glimpse into selected elementary classrooms. Elements of Successful Framework Implementation Traditionally, implementation successes have been dependent on the level of program knowledge possessed by those involved, and by the quality of support provided during implementation. Successful implementation of the California History-Social Science Framework is directly related to improvement in teacher education programs. The focus must be on providing prospective teacher with the knowledge skills, and a repertoire of strategies that will enable them to implement those meaningful goals set forth in the state framework. The need for prospective teachers to become knowledgeable about stated framework goals has not gone unheeded. A major mission of large urban universities -- such as California State University, Los Angeles -- is to prepare prospective teachers to meet the needs of a diverse student population. The goals embodied in the current framework are emphasized in teacher preparation courses that focus on the social sciences. As prospective teachers progress through their methods classes, they develop skills in analyzing, developing, applying, and evaluating strategies embodied in the current History-Social Science Framework. …


The complexity of current Internet applications makes understanding network traffic a challenging task. By providing larger-scale aggregates for analysis, unsupervised clustering approaches can greatly aid in the identification of new applications, attacks, and other changes in network usage patterns. In this paper we introduce ADHIC, a new algorithm that clusters similar network traffic together without prior knowledge of protocol structures. Packet similarity is determined through comparisons of substrings within packets at distinguishing offsets. ADHIC is notable in that it 1) produces a hierarchical decomposition of network traffic in the form of a cluster-identifying decision tree, 2) needs only a small fraction of packets to generate the tree, and 3) clusters packets at wire speeds. We find that ADHIC appropriately segregates well-known protocols, clusters together traffic of the same protocol running on multiple ports, and segregates traffic from applications, such as p2p, that do not use standard ports. Potential applications include network performance analysis, real-time alerts of flash crowds or worm activity, and dynamic DoS-resistant bandwidth management. NetADHICT, our implementation of ADHIC, is available for download and is licensed under the GNU GPL license.


"Europe in the Eighteenth Century" is a social history of Europe in all its aspects: economic, political, diplomatic military, colonial-expansionist. Crisply and succinctly written, it describes Europe not through a history of individual countries, but in a common context during the three quarters of a century between the death of Louis XIV and the industrial revolution in England and the social and political revolution in France. It presents the development of government, institutions, cities, economies, wars, and the circulation of ideas in terms of social pressures and needs, and stresses growth, interrelationships, and conflict of social classes as agents of historical change, paying particular attention to the role of popular, as well as upper- and middle-class, protest as a factor in that change.


Bordetella holmesii can cause invasive infections but can also be isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with whooping-cough like symptoms. For the first time, we describe the lipid A structure of B. holmesii reference strain ATCC 51541 (alias NCTC12912 or CIP104394) and those of three French B. holmesii clinical isolates originating from blood (Bho1) or from respiratory samples (FR4020 and FR4101). They were investigated using chemical analyses, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS). The analyses revealed a common bisphosphorylated β-(1→6)-linked d-glucosamine disaccharide with hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkages. Similar to B. avium, B. hinzii and B. trematum lipids A, the hydroxytetradecanoic acid at the C-2′ position are carrying in secondary linkage a 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residue resulting of post-traductional biosynthesis modifications. The three clinical isolates displayed characteristic structural traits compared to the ATCC 51541 reference strain: the lipid A phosphate groups are more or less modified with glucosamine in the isolates and reference strain, but the presence of 10:0(3-OH) is only observed in the isolates. This trait was only described in B. pertussis and B. parapertussis strains, as well as in B. petrii isolates by the past. The genetic bases for most of the key structural elements of lipid A were analyzed and supported the structural data.


In this technical brief we characterize the programmatic energy efficiency financing market from a quantitative perspective. Financing in this report refers to provision of capital—which is paid back over time—to cover upfront costs of energy efficiency. It does not refer to rebates and other types of incentives. We gather and report data on the volume of capital for energy efficiency financing that originated from five programmatic sources: on-bill programs; other utility financing programs; property assessed clean energy (PACE) programs; state energy office (SEO) revolving loan funds (RLF); and energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) programs. We estimate the amount of investment moving through EE financing programs, the sources of capital they employ, and program availability and activity by geography and market sector (residential and non-residential). We also present information on trends in investment by program type, and on the presence or absence of certain program design features, such as credit enhancements and interest


The standardisation of the 10 GB-capable passive optical network (XG-PON) system is accompanied by a rigorous set of recommendations. Power reduction in XG-PONs is considered a quite important topic by the telecommunication standardisation sector (ITU-T), thus, with importance of energy saving, XG-PON recommendation describes power management processes in detail. The core power management process comprises distinct states representing the desired power management transitions, while two modes: namely, the doze and the cyclic sleep mode, are defined. This study provides an analytical model for power consumption computation of an optical network unit (ONU), assuming that the two modes are enabled in the ONU operation. The presented analytical findings are verified by conducting extensive simulation experiments. Concurrently, the average time spent on doze and cyclic sleep states is provided.


The ICIS 2009 Call for Papers states that "[o]ur discipline faces an unprecedented challenge as we struggle for relevancy in the face of changing demographics and world events. More to the point, much of our research is being questioned in terms of impact, both real and potential". Such an assessment, if true, suggests a dangerous situation for the IS field, and significant challenges for its future. This panel session proposes to bring together a group of highly acclaimed practice-oriented IS researchers to share their reactions to the above assessment, offer their perspectives on a series of provocative propositions about doing IT research that matters to practice, and engage in an animated debate with each other and with the audience on their positions.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of the locally developed universal Down syndrome screening programme.

DESIGN
Population-based cohort study in the period July 2010 to June 2011 inclusive.

SETTING
Four Hong Kong Hospital Authority Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and a central university-based laboratory for maternal serum processing and risk determination.

PARTICIPANTS
Women were offered either a first-trimester combined test (nuchal translucency, free beta human chorionic gonadotropin, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A) or nuchal-translucency-only test, or a second-trimester double test (alpha-fetoprotein and total human chorionic gonadotropin) for detection of Down syndrome according to their gestational age. Those with a trisomy 21 term risk of 1:250 or higher were offered a diagnostic test.

RESULTS
A total of 16 205 pregnancies were screened of which 13 331 (82.3%) had a first-trimester combined test, 125 (0.8%) had a nuchal-translucency test only, and 2749 (17.0%) had a second-trimester double test. There were 38 pregnancies affected by Down syndrome. The first-trimester screening tests had a 91.2% (31/34) detection rate with a screen-positive rate of 5.1% (690/13 456). The second-trimester test had a 100% (4/4) detection rate with a screen-positive rate of 6.3% (172/2749). There were seven (0.9%) pregnancies that miscarried following an invasive diagnostic test. There were two Down syndrome-affected live births, both with an estimated first-trimester trisomy 21 term risk lower than 1:250.

CONCLUSION
The universal screening programme offered at the four units was effective and achieved the expected detection rates and low false-positive rates, and to maintain these, the current emphasis on training, quality control, and regular auditing must continue.


There has been much debate about the place of origin of the Hermeneumata Pseudodositheana, a large collection of bilingual language-learning materials found in papyri and medieval manuscripts: do they come from the centre, being created to teach Greek in Rome, or from the periphery, being created to teach Latin to Greek speakers? Evidence from their contents suggests a composite origin, with a core of early material from the centre to which has been added much material from the Greek-speaking periphery during the Roman Empire followed by a little material from late antique Gaul. When the Hermeneumata are compared with other Latin-learning materials from the Eastern Empire (i.e. papyri), they turn out to provide only one component of a large and varied group of materials; on their own they provide a rather misleading view of what ancient Latin-learning texts were like, though the descriptions of schools in the schoolbook sections of the colloquia give a more comprehensive impression. But what kind of schools do those descriptions really focus on: the Roman schools about which they were originally written, or the Greek schools in which they were used? The Colloquium Stephani may offer an answer to this question, for it appears to have remained in the centre and does not contain material from the periphery. In terms of content this version is very close to the others, suggesting that the others have not been significantly altered, but in tone it is very different, being full of moral exempla of a type characteristic of Roman education. Thus it is likely that the school descriptions in the other colloquia have been significantly altered in tone, but not in content.


Migration has become a global phenomenon because the modern means of transportation has reduced the time of travel. It has not only been soaring globally but also it has been becoming intense in Nepal as well. In the context of Nepal, migration from village towards frontier proximities, towns and city centers has been increasing on everyday basis, which is a stumbling block for sustainable future of both origin and recipient communities because it is associated with social, economic, environmental and institutional attributes of the origin and recipient communities. In this field, very few attempts have been made by academia, professional and concerned authorities focusing on the effects of migration for sustainable future. Considering this reality, I attempted to explore the twofold effects of migration in both origin and recipient communities pleading the stories of three research participants such as one non-migrant and two migrants. In this paper, I implanted ethnographic methods to inscribe the stories of research participants. For this, I employed conversational interview and observation techniques. In addition to this, I put my theoretical positionality on the side of the migration pessimistic school of thought putting the migration optimistic school of thought away to reveal the negative results of migration. Thus, the stories of both non-migrant and migrants have been implored in informal settings. From the sustainable point of view, the departure of people created social, economic, environmental and institutional threats in the origin as well as recipient communities.


for nighttime fixation) recorded in the Vapor cave differed considerably due to the energy reserves stored during photosynthesis being exhausted and used in the dark phase. The most influential environmental parameter for nitrogen fixation in the Vapor cave is temperature in the daytime and nighttime fixations. Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria may contribute considerably to the overall nitrogen cycle in harsh environments such as caves. Nitrogenase activity in Scytonema julianum was roughly 30 times higher than that of Scytonema mirabile, which also grew in cave environments, which is due to the characteristics of each site. The entrance of Vapour cave (Spain) faces SE, measures 0.75 x 0.6 m and opens to shafts of a total depth of 80 m. Its dimensions and environmental conditions (relative humidity up to 100%; maximum temperature, 43oC) imply that it is isolated from external influences, and that the microclimate differs substantially from that experienced externally. Nitrogen fixation, photon flux density, relative humidity and temperature in the Vapor cave were taken hourly over a 24-hour period in winter.


Drs H C MASHETER and M ST G WHEELEY (Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Staines, Middx TW18 4SX) write: Information on drug sales should always be taken into account to give a denominator by which the incidence ofeffects can be judged. The 103 cases of skinreactionstoterfenadinereportedtotheCommittee on Safety ofMedicines, ofwhich 89 are analysed in the paper by Dr B H C H Stricker and colleagues (30 August, p 536), should be seen against use of over 160 million patient days. The 12 cases reported in Holland arise from over 13 million patient days. Had we been approached these figures would have been made available. These ratios, about one report per million patient days, are even lower in the three other countries mentioned in the paper. Therefore, even if the reported cases are an underestimate and all the events are indeed attributable to terfenadine, the true incidence of such effects is still extremely small. Most drugs will produce rashes in some individuals, through idiosyncratic, immune, or other mechanisms. In 1979, 390/o of 6082 yellow card reports concerned with major organ systems received by theCSM related to the skin. Skin abnormalities are readily apparent to doctors and patients alike and are associated in the minds of both with drug side effects, which may contribute to the high rate of reporting.


In this book, Robert Israel considers classical and quantum lattice systems in terms of equilibrium statistical mechanics. He is especially concerned with the characterization of translation-invariant equilibrium states by a variational principle and the use of convexity in studying these states. Arthur Wightman's Introduction gives a general and historical perspective on convexity in statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Professor Israel then reviews the general framework of the theory of lattice gases. In addition to presenting new and more direct proofs of some known results, he uses a version of a theorem by Bishop and Phelps to obtain existence results for phase transitions. Furthermore, he shows how the Gibbs Phase Rule and the existence of a wide variety of phase transitions follow from the general framework and the theory of convex functions. While the behavior of some of these phase transitions is very "pathological," others exhibit more "reasonable" behavior. As an example, the author considers the isotropic Heisenberg model. Formulating a version of the Gibbs Phase Rule using Hausdorff dimension, he shows that the finite dimensional subspaces satisfying this phase rule are generic.Originally published in 1979.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Consumers have access to an ever increasing inventory of video content choices as a result of technological innovations, more readily available broadband, new business plans, inexpensive high capacity storage and the Internet's ability to serve as a single medium for a variety of previously standalone services delivered via different channels. Access to video content is becoming a matter of using one of several software-configured interfaces capable of delivering live and recorded content anytime, anywhere, to any device and via many different transmission and presentation formats. This means that content creators and packagers can no longer rely on a single linear model of program delivery that locks viewers to channel-based distribution technologies. Instead consumers increasingly expect to have access at their convenience and on more flexible terms and conditions. Platform access offers many legitimate, questionable and absolutely illegal opportunities to access both amateur and professional video content via the transmission of video files for subsequent replay, via real time streaming of files and even the retransmission of live programming, including pay television sporting events. Because of the great potential for piracy content providers and broadcast, satellite and cable intermediaries have grave concerns whether and how to provide new access options. This paper will examine the ongoing migration from channels to software-configured platforms for accessing video content. It will assess strategies of both market entrants and incumbents to use technological innovations for acquiring, or maintaining market share. The paper also will consider whether incumbents may overcome competitive threats by devising new ways to lock down content and prevent consumers from fully exploiting new options, even for lawful content sharing and recording.


We propose a variable metric framework for minimizing the sum of a self-concordant function and a possibly non-smooth convex function, endowed with an easily computable proximal operator. We theoretically establish the convergence of our framework without relying on the usual Lipschitz gradient assumption on the smooth part. An important highlight of our work is a new set of analytic step-size selection and correction procedures based on the structure of the problem. We describe concrete algorithmic instances of our framework for several interesting applications and demonstrate them numerically on both synthetic and real data.


Suicide is having a devastating impact on remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) communities in Australia. In 2002, the Hunter Institute of Mental Health first distributed a set of resources on the reporting of mental illness and suicide to Australian journalists. Funded under the Mindframe National Media Initiative, this study investigates why Australian journalists decide to report or avoid the coverage of issues related to the social and emotional well-being of ATSI Australians and what barriers journalists face, particularly those of ATSI descent, in generating coverage of these sensitive issues. Participants raised serious concerns about the social and cultural responsibilities of covering issues related to mental health, mental illness and suicide in an informed way. They further highlighted the need for specific training of journalists and the need to create new resources to help journalists generate informed coverage of ATSI mental health issues. This study examines the possibility for ATSI and mainstream media to contribute to improved mental health among its target audience. In order to do so, the study examines: how mental health is promoted currently; whether barriers to positive coverage might exist; and if so, to suggest ways that such barriers might be overcome.


An improved venturi apparatus for facilitating the mixture of fluid substances. The apparatus preferably comprises a first funnel section operative to receive a fluid and channel the same through a first cylindrical section or passageway. The first cylindrical section is fluidly connected to an intermediate passageway having a diameter larger than the first cylindrical section. At least one sidearm passageway is fluidly connected to the intermediate passageway into which at least one second fluid is introduced. The at least one sidearm passageway is preferably configured to fluidly interconnect with the intermediate passageway at approximately the medial portion of the intermediate passageway. Fluidly connected to the intermediate passageway is a second cylindrical section that is operative to direct the flow of the intermixed fluids to a second exit funnel section. The improved venturi apparatus is exceptionally efficient at drawing in a second fluid and effective in facilitating the mixture of two or more gasses, liquids or combinations thereof. ® KIPO & WIPO 2009


Explicitness or implicitness as assumed properties of translated texts and other texts in multilingual communication have for some time been the object of speculation and, at a later stage, of more systematic research in linguistics and translation studies. This paper undertakes an investigation of explicitness/implicitness and related phenomena of translated texts on the level of cohesion. A corpus-based research architecture, embedded in an empirical research methodology, will be outlined, and first results and possible explanations will be discussed. The paper starts with a terminological clarification of the concepts of 'explicitness' and 'explicitation' in terms of dependent variables to be investigated. The two terms — and their usage by other scholars — will be discussed. An electronic corpus will then be described which provides the empirical data and techniques for information extraction. For the investigation carried out using our corpus, indicators will then be derived on the basis of which operationalizations and hypotheses can be formulated for patterns of explicitation occurring between source and target texts. Some initial results relating to cohesive explicitness and explicitation in the data will be presented and discussed, with particular attention being paid to the areas of 'reference', 'substitution', 'ellipsis', 'conjunction', and 'lexical cohesion'. First attempts will also be made at explaining the findings.


During the last years, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) reflectometry (GNSS-R) receivers have proven in several field experiments that GNSS signals reflected and scattered from the Earth's surface can be used in passive remote sensing applications. In ground based GNSS-R receivers, when the line-of-sight (LOS) signal coherently combines at then antenna with the reflected signal, the measured signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) will slowly fluctuate with the change of the GNSS satellite elevation. The Interference Pattern Technique (IPT) was proposed in order to use these SNR fluctuations to infer the distance between the antenna and the ground, as well as some of the geophysical properties of the nearby reflecting surface. The IPT implies little or no modification on the GNSS receiver, but it usually requires fairly long observation periods leading to a poor spatial resolution. Using the existing models, it is possible to express the reflected signal amplitude as a function of the height of the receiver antenna, the surface relative permittivity, and a surface roughness coefficient. Using the output of the receiver's prompt correlators, we propose a new computationally efficient optimization algorithm, the segmented maximum likelihood (SML), that makes use of the particular properties of the likelihood/cost function under consideration to obtain the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). We also show, by computing the estimator's root-mean-square error and comparing it with the Cramer-Rao lower bound, how the obtained estimator can be efficient even for relatively short observation times.


Abstract Three types of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) exist that are distinguished by presence and severity of impairment in cognitive and everyday functioning. Although well-validated neurocognitive measures exist, determining impairment in everyday functioning remains a challenge. We aim to determine whether Self-Report measures of everyday functioning are as effective in characterizing HAND as Performance-Based measures. We assessed 674 HIV-infected participants with a comprehensive neurocognitive battery; 233 met criteria for a HAND diagnosis by having at least mild neurocognitive impairment. Functional decline was measured via Self-Report and Performance-Based measures. HAND diagnoses were determined according to published criteria using three approaches to assess functional decline: (1) Self-Report measures only, (2) Performance-Based measures only, and (3) Dual-method combining Self-Report and Performance-Based measures. The Dual-method classified the most symptomatic HAND, compared to either singular method. Singular method classifications were 76% concordant with each other. Participants classified as Performance-Based functionally impaired were more likely to be unemployed and more immunosuppressed, whereas those classified as Self-Report functionally impaired had more depressive symptoms. Multimodal methods of assessing everyday functioning facilitate detection of symptomatic HAND. Singular Performance-Based classifications were associated with objective functional and disease-related factors; reliance on Self-Report classifications may be biased by depressive symptoms. (JINS, 2012, 18, 79–88)


Learning word alignments between parallel sentence pairs is an important task in Statistical Machine Translation. Existing models for word alignment have assumed that word alignment links are untyped. In this work, we propose new machine learning models that use linguistically informed link types to enrich word alignments. We use 11 different alignment link types based on annotated data released by the Linguistics Data Consortium. We first provide a solution to the sub-problem of alignment type prediction given an aligned word pair and then propose two different models to simultaneously predict word alignment and alignment types. Our experimental results show that we can recover alignment link types with an F-score of 81.4%. Our joint model improves the word alignment F-score by 4.6% over a baseline that does not use typed alignment links. We expect typed word alignments to benefit SMT and other NLP tasks that rely on word alignments.


Chicken and the heart banana is a resource with the possibility of producing a new food products that rich in proteins contained from chicken meat and crude fiber contained in the heart of the banana favorable economic value and high, because the consumption of plant fibers directly even less attractive company. This study aims to analyze the influence of the proportion of the chicken (Gallus gallus) and banana (Musa paradisiaca) on the content of protein, crude fiber, the water and acceptability of shredded. This study was experimental with randomized design. This study used four treatments and three times replication for analyze content of protein, fiber, and 2 times replication for the water content. Test methods for acceptability were hedonic organoleptic method (hedonic test). Method for analyze protein contents was Kjedahl, while crude fiber and the water content was the gravimetric method, statistical tests for acceptability using Friedman test. Data content of protein, crude fiber, and water content is one way ANOVA. Search results obtained any influence between the proportion of chicken and bananas in the protein shredded (p = 0.049) in the treatment p0 (43.05%) and p3 (30.45%), crude fiber content (p = 0.007) in the treatment p0 (6.66%), p3 and (13.72%) and water levels p = 0.000 for treatment p0 (5.82%) and p3 (30.85%). There is influence of color acceptability p = 0.001 in p0 treatment: 3,08 and 72% p3, there is no effect on the treatment p0 p1 p2 and p3 aroma (p = 0.188) , texture (p = 0.501), and taste (p = 0.138) shredded. Referring to the ISO standard on quality required of proteins are already qualified, while the crude fiber and the water do not meet the quality requirements.


This cross‐cultural study examined the career choices of Asian, black and white students at the University of Pretoria to identify the factors motivating Accountancy students to become chartered accountants (CAs), as only 2.5 per cent (609) of 24 308 registered CAs in South Africa in 2005 were black, and only 6 per cent (1573) were Indian. Understanding the attitudes and the perceptions of CA first‐year students (identifying key career choice factors) can help course administrators/curriculum designers (the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) and the Public Accountants and Auditors' Board (PAAB)) to align marketing and recruiting strategies with specific personal occupational preferences of different racial groups enrolled for local CA courses. Factors such as decision time‐frame of career choice, socio‐economic background, students' perceptions of the benefits/constraints of the CA profession, and other jobrelated factors, were analysed. Students attributed their career choice to their school Accounting performance. Most chose this career in Grades 8 to 11. All three groups like the availability of employment as a CA. Constraints were the cost of qualifying (according to black students), and the difficulty of qualifying (Asian and white students).


The present study entitled as the AƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'ÂœNational Liberation Struggle of Kashmiris in the Regional and Global SettingAƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A' is aimed at an understanding of the basics of the Kashmir problem which has been hanging fire for the last fifty three years. It revolves round the fact that at the time of independence of the sub-continent, the Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, having approximately 80% Muslim population, like 565 other Princely states was given a right choice to accede either to India or Pakistan. But the Dogra Maharaja Sir Hari Singh signed a Treaty of Accession with India, under strong Indian pressure. As a result of accession the Indian forces invaded Kashmir and war broke out between the Indian forces and freedom fighters of Kashmir. However, sensing a military defeat, India took the problem to the United Nations Organization, where it was decided that this problem would be resolved according to the wishes of the people of the State through plebiscite under the auspices of UN, India initially agreed to the conduct of plebiscite but after some prevarication categorically refused to abide by its commitment, thus denying the people of Kashmir the right to self-determination. This was a prelude to the annexation of the state by India.

Since then India has been occupying on major portion of the State illegally and against the wishes of the people. The people of the State have fought a silent war for their freedom from 1947 to 1989. However, from 1990 onwards the Kashmiris have taken to arms to wrest their right of self-determination from India, a mini Super Power of South Asia. India, instead of accepting the UN resolutions resorted to repressive methods and major atrocities on the helpless Kashmiris. And to suppress the uprising it has deployed more than six hundred thousand armed forces in the disputed territory. The United Nations Organization, the USA and the world community (including 55 Muslim Countries) are witnessing the killings of helpless Kashmiris at the hands of the Indian occupation forces.

1National Liberation Struggle of Kashmiris from the early 20th Century till to-date.

2Validity / Legality of the Indian claim on Kashmir and her accusation of the liberation movement as terrorism sponsored from across the border (Pakistan).

3Role played by the United Nations Organization (UNO) to solve the issue.

4OICAƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'™s point of view on Kashmir.

5World, specially the Western response to the Kashmir issue.

6Kashmir issue, the main cause of nuclearization of South Asia.

7Atrocities being committed by the Indian occupation forces on Kasmiris to suppress their struggle for independence specially in the wake of the uprising since 1989/90.

8Foreign policy and diplomatic stand of Pakistan on Kashmir.

9Options available for the solution of the Kashmir issue according to the wishes of people of the State under the United NationAƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'™s resolutions.

The State of Jammu and Kashmir, popularly known as AƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'˜KashmirAƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'™ comprises of an area of 84471 square miles. It is situated in the extreme north of the Indo-Pak sub-continent. Touching the heights of Pamir, it is surrounded by India, Pakistan Afghanistan, Tajikistan and China. For the last half a century, India has been illegally occupying a major portion of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and has been committing untold excesses upon the helpless Kashmiris. Being a most dangerous flashpoint in South Asia, Kashmir is the core security issue between Pakistan and India. The unresolved dispute is a bane for peace in the region and it has been a chronic source of three wars and bilateral tension between Pakistan and India. Nevertheless, this dispute has created bitterness and mistrust between the two countries and it has proved a stumbling block to normalization of the India-Pakistan relations. The issue of Kashmir has been the main factor scutting the whole process of economic development can be carried on without resolving the critical issue of Kashmir. This problem has been forcing both the countries to spend large sums of money on defence, instead o welfare of the poor populace of the region.

India gained independence in 1947 under the Indian Independence Act of 17 July 1947, passed by the British parliament, creating two independent sovereign states of India and Pakistan as from 15 August 1947, under article 1 of this Act. However, Article 7 of the Act clearly states that AƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'Âœfrom the appointed day i.e. 15th August 1947, the suzerainty of his Majesty over the Indian princely States (including the State of Jammu and Kashmir) lapses and with it lapse all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His majesty and the rulers of the Indian States, all functions exercisable by his Majesty on that date with respect to India States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, all powers, rights, authority or states by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise,AƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A' It is therefore correct to say that on the 15th day of August 1947, the Maharaja Sir Hari Singh, ceased to be the ruler of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This title to the State was granted to him by the British Government under the Treaty of Amritsar signed on 16 March 1846 and lapsed on 15 August 1947. This act of accession of India signed by Maharaja Sir Hari Singh on 27 October 1947, is therefore not tenable in law as he was not the ruler of the State any more. This fact must have been known to Lord Mountbatten and his Staff, yet he endorsed this fraudulent act along with the Congress Government.

There have been three wars between India and Pakistan besides a lot of clashes on the LoC since the last fifty three years over the root cause i.e. Kashmir, but the problem remained unsettle. Though Kashmiris started their freedom struggle in the early half of 20th Century in order to get rid of the Dogra rule, yet its actual phase came with the division of the sub-continent in 1947. The Kashmiri leadership itself remained divided on the future of the State at the time of independence of the Indo-Pak sub-continent in 1947. Majority of its population had the strong desire to accede to Pakistan right from the outset due to geographical, religious and cultural similarities. A portion of the State though got freedom in 1947 (Present Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas) but the major portion remained under the Indian occupation. India continued its repressive movement against Kashmiris over the years, which forced Kashmiris to renew their national freedom struggle in 1989/90 as a final round for the independence, which is still on. During this process thousands of innocent people were killed by Indian occupation forces. World Community, UNO, OIC ad Sole Super Power USA, failed to check the Indian atrocities on Kashmiris. The issue was discussed in UNO, Human Rights Commission, OICAƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'™s Conferences etc, without any positive outcome. It appears that the world community is helpless in the favour of Indian obduracy


Proponents of proportionality argue that it is the best approach to determining whether or not limits on rights are justified and the best means of protecting constitutional rights, and a good deal of work has gone into developing the various steps in the proportionality analysis. For all of the pretense, however, proportionality suffers from the same basic problem as all other approaches to judicial review: it cannot provide answers that cannot reasonably be denied. Judicial review is problematic no matter what approach to rights analysis is adopted and proportionality analysis gives rise to a unique range of problems that must be overcome. The problems begin with the rigid bifurcation of definition and justification on which proportionality analysis is premised. Rights must be defined before justification for limits on them can be assessed, but no matter how broadly a particular right is defined the real protection it affords depends on how easy or difficult it is to justify the establishment of limits on the right. The importance of the justificatory inquiry establishes an incentive for courts to minimize or even avoid difficult questions of constitutional interpretation. As the focus of judicial review shifts from interpretation to justification, the scope of rights expands and so too does the scope of judicial review, as more and more state action is found to establish limits on the rights the courts have expanded. But while proportionality analysis leads to an expansion of rights and broadens the scope of judicial review, it limits the bases on which limits on rights may be justified. It prescribes an ostensibly objective, evidence-based assessment that all but bars the state from defending rights limitations on moral bases. Proportionality proponents may be comfortable with this state of affairs but there is no reason the rest of us should. It is nothing to which we agreed – or would have agreed – in establishing a democratic constitutional order. This is a review essay of Aharon Barak's contribution to the debate, Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and their Limitations (Cambridge University Press, 2012). I argue that Barak fails to resolve the most serious problems posed by proportionality analysis and downplays the significant expansion of judicial power proportionality analysis occasions.