Sleep is quite a popular activity, indeed most humans spend around a third of their lives asleep. However, cultural, political, or aesthetic thought tends to remain concerned with the interpretation and actions of those who are awake. How to Sleep argues instead that sleep is a complex vital phenomena with a dynamic aesthetic and biological consistency.

Arguing through examples drawn from contemporary, modern and renaissance art; from literature; film and computational media, and bringing these into relation with the history and findings of sleep science, this book argues for a new interplay between biology and culture. Meditations on sex, exhaustion, drugs, hormones and scientific instruments all play their part in this wide-ranging exposition of sleep as an ecology of interacting processes.

How to Sleep builds on the interlocking of theory, experience and experiment so that the text itself is a lively articulation of bodies, organs and the aesthetic systems that interact with them. This book won't enhance your sleeping skills, but will give you something surprising to think about whilst being ostensibly awake.


The effect of three-dimensional geometry on the seismic response of open-top rectangular concrete water tanks is investigated. In this study, the fluid-structure interaction is introduced incorporating wall flexibility. Numerical studies are done based on finite element simulation of the tank-liquid system. The ANSYS finite element program is used. The liquid-tank system is modelled assuming both 2D and 3D geometries. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of water level, tank plan dimensions and the nature of the ground motion on the dynamic response. Due to three-dimensional geometry, amplification of the dynamic response in the form of sloshing height, hydrodynamic pressures and resultant forces is observed. The results show that, at the corner of the tanks, the interaction of the waves generated in longitudinal and transverse directions initiates greater wave amplitude. Sensitivity of the sloshing response of the tank to the frequency content of the ground motion is observed.


The paper offers an alternative description of a Phillips curve for the Israeli economy in the last decade. We use a structural model, based on the micro-founded "New Keynesian" relationship between marginal costs and inflation along the lines of the approach presented in Gali and Gertler (1999) and Sbordone (2001) and following the extension for an open economy by Balakrishnan and Lopez-Salido (2002). The estimation results show that the frequency of price adjustments in Israel was relatively high–updating prices every 2 to 3 quarters on average, but in the magnitude of the results for other countries. We also found that the share of price adjustments which is based on backward looking considerations is, on the background of Israel's inflationary history, low - only about 0.2 to 0.5 of price updates.


The increase of soil and water contamination, caused by oil leakages during transportation and storage of petroleum components, present serious threat to human health and the environment. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is a commonly used gross parameter for quantifying environmental contamination that is originated by various petroleum hydrocarbons. The characterization of the petroleum contaminated soils will enable the selection of the most appropriate methods for bioremediation and rehabilitation of theses soils. Qatar's economic boom, based on the hydrocarbon industry, is putting a strain on other scarce resources. Due to the increase of industrial activates; several environmental issues arose in the recent years, putting at risk the natural and cultural resources of Qatar. Soil in Qatar is in general shallow sandy calcareous, overlying rocky bedrock. The available nutrition is poor with salty soil; they are adapted and tolerate different physical and chemical factors. In areas with long history of oil spells, it's important to conduct large-scale study in which oil weathering in the sediments is evaluated in terms of toxicity to the environment. Rehabilitation of lands should be further developed to preserve agricultural soils, and to prevent the spread of harmful molecules and their infiltration into the groundwater and in the food chain. Solvent extraction is a promising technology for degrading polluted soil. Consequently, several solvent has been researched; namely methanol, hexane, dichloromethane and acetone. The solvent mixture [hexane: dichloromethane (50:50)] efficiently extracts the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds. The solvent extraction methods are useful to identify the composition of soil contamination which would assist in the treatment and remediation. Accelerated solvent extraction has been applied to extract of wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons, including aliphatic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to quantify the hydrocarbon compound in environmental samples. In this study, Total petroleum hydrocarbons was extracted and quantified in several samples collected from aged contaminated sites. The analytical results, indicated that the quantitative determination of the PAH was depended strongly on the sample preparation, and solvents The data collected in this baseline study should be further validated and incorporated with other studies that would guide the future remediation strategies.


Mutation analysis is a powerful technique for software testing but it is also known to be computationally expensive. The main reason for the high computational cost is that many of the mutants are redundant and thus, do not contribute to the quality of the test suite. One of the most promising approaches to avoid producing redundant mutants is to identify subsumption relations among mutants, preferably before these are generated. Such relations have for example, been identified at an operator level for mutants created by the ROR operator. This reduced set of non-redundant mutants has been used in several recent studies and is also the default option in at least one mutation testing tool that supports strong mutation. This raises questions on whether the identified subsumption relations between the mutants hold in a context of strong mutation or variants of weak mutation that require some limited error propagation (firm mutation). We have conducted an experimental study to investigate the subsumption relations in the context of strong or firm mutation. We observed that it is possible to create a test suite that is 100% adequate for the reduced set of mutants while not being 100% adequate for the complete set. This shows that the subsumption relations do not hold for strong or firm mutation. We provide several examples on this behavior and discuss the root causes. Our findings are important since strong and firm mutation both are frequently used to evaluate test suites and testing criteria. The choice of whether to use a reduced set of mutants or an entire set should however, not be made without consideration of the context in which they are used (i.e., strong, firm or weak mutation) since the subsumption relations between ROR mutants do not hold for strong or firm mutation. Just as redundant mutants can give an overestimation of the mutation score for a test suite, using the reduced set of mutants can give an underestimation if used together with strong or firm mutation. Results reported from such studies should therefore, be accompanied by information on whether the reduced or complete set of mutants was used and if the researchers used strong, firm or weak mutation.


At a time when COVID-19 is sweeping the world, farmland abandonment is obviously not conducive to solving food security problems. Since the formal institutions of local government in China have not been effective in the reduction of farmland abandonment, this study aims to explore whether informal institutions can help mitigate this problem. Based on big survey data from 8031 farmer households in 27 provinces in mainland China, this study uses an econometric model to investigate the quantitative impact of social capital on farmland abandonment, and to analyze the channels through which that impact manifests itself. The empirical results point to the following conclusions: (i) Social capital, as a key informal institution, can help reduce farmland abandonment. More specifically, after controlling for other variables, for every unit increase in social capital, the proportion of farmland abandonment can be predicted to drop by 7.17 percentage points. (ii) Both off-farm employment and farmland rent are channels for the impact of social capital on farmland abandonment. However, social capital's effect on increasing farmland abandonment via the promotion of off-farm employment is small when compared with its effect on reducing farmland abandonment via the promotion of farmland rent. This study's conclusions may help generate new ideas for reducing farmland abandonment. At the same time, the study may provide a sound, empirical basis for policies aimed at reducing the negative impact of COVID-19 on food security while also revitalizing rural areas.


Cross‐well ground penetrating radar (GPR) data sets were collected in the vadose zone of an ice‐contact delta near Oslo's Gardermoen Airport (Norway) before, during, and after snowmelt in 2005. The observed travel times were inverted using curved‐ray travel time tomography. The tomograms are in good agreement with the local geologic structure of the delta. The tomographic results were confirmed independently by surface GPR reflection data and x‐ray images of core samples. In addition to structure, the GPR tomograms also show a strong time dependency due to the snowmelt. The time‐lapse tomograms were used to estimate volumetric soil water content using Topp's equation. The volumetric soil water content was also observed independently by using a neutron meter. Comparison of these two methods revealed a strong irregular wetting process during the snowmelt. This was interpreted to be due to soil heterogeneity as well as a heterogeneous infiltration rate. The geologic structure and water content estimates obtained from the GPR tomography can be used in forward and inverse flow modeling. Finally, the water balance in the vadose zone was calculated using snow accumulation data, precipitation data, porosity estimates, and observed changes in the groundwater table. The amount of water stored in the vadose zone obtained from the water balance is consistent with the amount estimated using GPR tomography. Alternatively, the change in water storage in the vadose zone can be estimated using GPR tomography. This may then permit estimates of evapotranspiration to be made, provided other components of the water balance are known.


The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using DNS85 (ethanol 79.3%+water 5.7%+gasoline 15%) as fuel in a four cylinder four strokes SI engine. In the process of investigation, the performance tests were conducted on the engine to analyze volumetric efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, brake power, engine torque and brake specific fuel consumption. Exhaust emissions were also investigated for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Experiments are conducted at 50% throttle opening position at different engine speeds ranging between 2500 rpm to 4500 rpm. The results of the experiments revealed that, blending the unleaded gasoline with denatured spirit increases the brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake power, engine torque and brake specific fuel consumption. The CO, HC, NOx and CO2 emissions in the exhaust decrease. The DNS85 as fuel produced the encouraging results in engine performance and reduced exhaust emissions for all the tested speeds and measured performance parameters.


ON 21 OCTOBER OF LAST YEAR, a variety of major websites—including those of Twitter, PayPal, Spotify, Netflix, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal—stopped working. The cause was a distributed denial-of-service attack, not on these websites themselves but on the provider they and many others used to support the Domain Name System, or DNS, which translates the name of the site into its numerical address on the Internet. The DNS provider in this case was a company called Dyn, whose servers were barraged by so many fake requests for DNS lookups that they couldn't answer the real ones.


If you thought Angelina Jolie was responsible for Lara Croft's curves, think again! Long before the Hollywood actress brought the Tomb Raider heroine to life, Alias' 3D modeling software Maya was used to create the lovely Lara; Ms. Jolie simply filled in her curves! When you're ready to start creating equally compelling characters of your own, you need this comprehensive volume! In these pages, gaming-industry veteran Antony Ward uses a combination of informative narrative, hands-on tutorials, and a slew of illustrations and screen shots to show you how to use Maya to address the most complex element of game creation-developing great characters! As you follow along, Antony uses the development of two diverse characters-a female figure and a fantastical character with outrageous proportions, wings, and a demon-like face-to demonstrate the techniques involved in modeling detailing, optimizing, texturing, rigging, binding, and animating characters with Maya. The companion CD includes lesson files, scripts, an automatic rigging tool, demo software, and more!


Defective Ras signaling contributes to T cell anergy, which occurs when T cells are presented with antigens in the absence of costimulatory signals and leads to T cells' unresponsiveness to subsequent stimulation. T cell anergy is a key mechanism by which inappropriate immune responses are prevented. Previous work had shown that diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated signaling was defective in anergic T cells and that abundance of the transcript encoding diacylglycerol kinase α (DGK-α) was decreased in activated T cells and increased in anergic T cells. Two groups (Zha et al. and Olenchock et al.) extend these observations and show that DGK-α, an enzyme that converts DAG to phosphatic acid, contributes to T cell anergy. Zha et al. showed that introduction of constitutively active Ras, one of the components downstream of DAG, restored T cell responsiveness [interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation] to cells previously rendered anergic. Expression of the Dgka gene was increased in anergic T cells in the system used by Zha et al., and overexpression of DGK-α in resting T cells diminished recruitment of the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 to the plasma membrane, decreased IL-2 production, and decreased MAPK activation in response to stimulation. Olenchock et al. used cells from Dgka−/− mice to show that T cells from these animals failed to undergo anergy in response to T cell receptor activation in the absence of costimulatory signals. Together, these two reports demonstrate a key role in DAG metabolism in promoting T cell anergy (see Mueller). What remains to be determined is how DGK activity is regulated to prevent excessive activity in cells that receive an activating signal and to promote activity in cells that receive a signal that produces anergy. Y. Zha, R. Marks, A. W. Ho, A. C. Peterson, S. Janardhan, I. Brown, K. Praveen, S. Stang, J. C. Stone, T. F. Gajewski, T cell anergy is reversed by active Ras and is regulated by diacylglycerol kinase-α. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1166-1173 (2006). [PubMed] B. A. Olenchock, R. Guo, J. H. Carpenter, M. Jordan, M. K. Topham, G. A. Koretzky, X.-P. Zhong, Disruption of diacylglycerol metabolism impairs the induction of T cell anergy. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1174-1181 (2006). [PubMed] D. L. Mueller, Linking diacylglycerol kinase to T cell anergy. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1132-1134 (2006). [PubMed]


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Disinterred manures from dumpsites in the cities are believed to be readily available source for soil nutrient for backyard farming. Health hazards posed on human due to labile metals contaminants are not considered or evaluated before consumption. Three major municipal dumpsites from Okitipupa (Waste Management (OKA), Igodan (OKB), and Okitipupa Oil Mill Road (OKC)) were analyzed for the concentrations, forms of labile metals in the soil and also concentration in green vegetables from the sites. The objectives of the research were to investigate the labile metal concentration, forms of the labile metals in the soil and their accumulation in plants from these major urban dumpsites. METHODS: Dried and digestedSoil and vegetable samples from the sites were analyzed for total concentration of labile metals and their forms through speciation in the soil were equally quantified. Concentrations from sample solutions were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. FINDING: Labile metals concentrations from the soilof Waste Management Dumpsite (OKA), IgodanDumpsite (OKB) and Okitipupa Oil Mill Road Dumpsite (OKC) indicated that Cadmium (Cd) values range from87.453mg/kg -106.500mg/kg). Copper (Cu) in the three samples ranged between 3.100-5.510mg/kg, which are significantly low and beyond the toxicity level as well as cobalt (Co). Chromium (Cr) was higher in OKA (22.980mg/kg) and OKC (10.560mg/kg) and least in OKB (2.900mg/kg).Iron was the most abundant ranging from 3690.000-6780.000mg/kg, followed by zinc ranging from385.000-2880.000mg/kg. Speciation of the labile metal indicate that the metal exist mostly in the inert fraction and easily absorbed by plant. CONCLUSION: The concentrations of the most labile metals in soil samples were high and majorly exist in inert fraction after speciation. Also, the concentrations in the plants were almost half of the concentration in the soil which indicated that they are not desirable for human consumption due to their toxicity level. =============================================================================================== COPYRIGHTS: ©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. ===================================================================================================


Over the past few years, the number of socially responsible companies has been increasing significantly throughout the world and predominantly in Europe. This trend has accelerated the need to provide credibility, and also to create legislation that supports the information provided. As a result, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) was created with the aim of helping organisations to provide information about sustainability, as well as to assist stakeholders in interpreting it. However, the publication of social responsibility reports represents an additional cost and effort for the companies since it is necessary to provide extra resources and, for this reason, not all companies adopt this measure. Moreover, social responsibility can be a mandatory or voluntary requirement, depending on the country and the rules imposed by the government where the companies operate. In this context, the aim of this study is two-fold. Firstly, we provide a deep analysis about the evolution as well as the similarities and differences among European countries in terms of sustainability reporting over the 20012013 period following the GRI criteria. Secondly, we provide evidence about the value relevance of this practice for European firms.


INTRODUCTION
Antipsychotic drugs exert antipsychotic effects by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, effects of D2 receptor blockade on neurocognitive function still remain to be elucidated. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate impacts of estimated dopamine D2 receptor occupancy with antipsychotic drugs on several domains of neurocognitive function in patients with schizophrenia in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials in Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) trial.

METHODS
The dataset from the CATIE trial was used in the present analysis. Data were extracted from 410 subjects who were treated with risperidone, olanzapine, or ziprasidone, received assessments for neurocognitive functions (verbal memory, vigilance, processing speed, reasoning, and working memory) and psychopathology, and provided plasma samples for the measurement of plasma antipsychotic concentrations. D2 receptor occupancy levels on the day of neurocognitive assessment were estimated from plasma antipsychotic concentrations, using population pharmacokinetic analysis and our recently developed model. A multivariate general linear model was used to examine effects of clinical and demographic characteristics, including estimated D2 occupancy levels, on neurocognitive functions.

RESULTS
D2 occupancy levels showed significant associations with the vigilance and the summary scores. Neurocognitive functions, including vigilance, were especially impaired in subjects who showed D2 receptor occupancy level of >77%.

DISCUSSION
These findings suggest a nonlinear relationship between prescribed antipsychotic doses and overall neurocognitive function and vigilance. This study shows that D2 occupancy above approximately 80% not only increases the risk for extrapyramidal side effects as consistently reported in the literature but also increases the risk for cognitive impairment.


The 2019/2020 academic year marks the 20th anniversary of the ETC. To celebrate, we've reached out to ETC alumni to capture their stories. We talked with alums about their experiences at the ETC, how it helped shape their work and career after they left, and how it has impacted the work they have done, and are doing.As a professional degree, the proof of ETC's continued success is our amazing alumni, and we've tried to get a nice mix across the years and industries to help highlight the range of their work and accomplishments. This book captures twenty interviews, and we plan to continue talking with alumni to help share their stories.


The aim of the thesis is to investigate vocabulary learning strategies that are used and perceived to be helpful by English learners while communicating online. The participants of the study are 20 young Lithuanian English learners (23-28 years old) who use online communication on a weekly basis. The method of the research is a combination of a questionnaire and a follow-up email interview. The questionnaire items are based on Schmitt's taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies (1997), while the interview questions deal both with certain choices in the questionnaire and general attitudes towards online communication. The results of the study show that an overwhelming majority of the respondents are experienced users of a number of online communication types and mostly interact via emails and short messages about leisure and work issues. The most used vocabulary strategies are different from the ones perceived to be most helpful. Although the respondents tend to choose individual determination strategies to discover a new word's meaning, they believe social strategies to be highly beneficial. A conclusion might be made that as long as language learners are provided with instructions, socializing on the Internet might be a tool of English vocabulary learning.


This paper addresses the need for computer support in aerospace design. A review of current design methodologies and computer support tools is presented and the need for further support in aerospace design, particularly in the early formative stages of the design process, is discussed. A parameter-based model of design, founded on the assumption that a design process can be constructed from a predefined set of tasks, is proposed for aerospace design. This is supported by knowledge of possible tasks in which the confidence in key design parameters is used as a basis for identifying, or signposting, the next task. A prototype implementation of the signposting model, for use in the design of helicopter rotor blades, is described and results from trials of the tool are presented. Further areas of research are discussed


With highly accelerated developments in computing and communications technology, society's overall dependence on this equipment is becoming increasingly acute. In areas such as critical electronic data processing centres and telecommunication hubs, one of the main protection objectives is to achieve minimum operational disruption, as
downtime resulting from a fire condition could lead to huge financial losses. Minimising negative impact on an organization and the need for a sound basis in the decision making process are the fundamental reasons why companies implement fire risk management for their essential information technology systems. For many years a key element used to protect these critical assets was the installation of a fixed Halon 1301 gas extinguishing system. Often, the mere presence of a computer was sufficient justification to install such a system and little thought was given to any systematic fire risk assessment of the installation. This led to the use of Halon 1301 where other fire extinguishing systems and protection techniques could have been applied with equal effectiveness and at comparable costs.
The cessation of production of halon as a result of the Montreal Protocol gave fresh impetus to the development of suitable alternative fire extinguishing agents. It also offered fire protection engineers an opportunity to re-evaluate existing loss control techniques and to examine alternative fire protection strategies. However, it is argued in this study, that an appropriate level of automatic fire protection can only be determined by the use of a suitable quantitative risk assessment and a number of such methodologies are critically examined. There are a significant number of contributing factors that must be considered when deciding which fire suppression system to select for a new installation or whether to retrofit fire suppression on a legacy platform.
Consequently, it is necessary to develop a methodology to quantify any fire suppression technology by its life cycle cost and then to apply informed technical opinion into this system. The results of this assessment procedure offer a number of
possible fire engineering solutions including a quite diverse range of automatic fire extinguishing techniques and these are discussed and evaluated in detail. Inevitably, a high proportion of such critical risks will require the installation of an automatic fire suppression system. The main halocarbon and inert replacement extinguishing agents are therefore critically compared and contrasted for their suitability in protecting these facilities. A complete review of these extinguishing agents was conducted which focused on suppression mechanisms; quantification of their performance and qualities;
interaction with a fire and potential damage to electrical equipment from the release of a given agent. It is shown that all the post-halon extinguishing agents are deficient in some important areas. Major issues such as the formation of thermal decomposition products, the protection of continuously energized electrical circuits and the adequacy of the specified design and extinguishing concentrations have generally not been adequately addressed. Unfortunately, some of these issues are not even resolved in the current gaseous fire extinguishing standards which offer minimal advice from either a design or installation standpoint. This study demonstrates that existing international design standards are deficient in some fundamental areas and that, in a number of circumstances, systems installed to these standards are inadequate to fully protect the hazard in question. A number of recommendations are presented to address some of these deficiencies. Finally, a semi-quantitative risk assessment methodology for the selection of suitable extinguishing agents is proposed. Initially, this attempts to synthesize the results derived from the critical extinguishing agent review and then applies an application weighting factor based on expert consensus to provide a final score for a particular suppression mechanisms suitability to protect a given application.


Human beings are unique in their possession of language and symbolic consciousness. Yet there is no doubt that modern Homo sapiens is descendedfrom a nonlinguistic, nonsymbolic ancestor. How might this extraordinary transition have occurred? Slow fine-tuning over the eons is not the answer: the apparent steadiness in hominid brain enlargement over the past two myr is probably an artifact of inadequate systematics, while behavioral innovation was highly episodic in human evolution, and nonsynchronic with anatomical innovation. Evidence for expression of symbolic behaviors appears only very late – substantially after Homo sapiens had arrived as an anatomical entity. Apparently the major biological reorganization at the origin of Homo sapiens involved some neural innovation that "exapted" the already highly evolved human brain for symbolic thought. This potential then had to be "discovered" culturally, plausibly through the invention of language. Emergence rather than natural selection is thus implicated in the origin of human symbolic consciousness, a chance coincidence of acquisitionshaving given rise to an entirely new and unanticipated level of complexity. This observation may undermine claims for "adaptedness" in modern human behaviors.


With the intricate day-to-day lives of the modern people, simple and time-efficient accessories are always needed to make their daily routine more convenient and comfortable. When it comes to the garment materials, it would be particularly important to have low energy and less time consuming ways to turn them cleaner. Herein, this work has introduced a novel method to manufacture multi-functional textiles, possessing antimicrobial, self-cleaning and super-hydrophobic properties via a nano-technological approach. Titanium dioxide nano-rods and Zinc oxide nanoparticles together with self-assembled stearic acid molecules had been used as the nano-technological components to give these multi-functional properties for cotton fabric. The method was very simple and low cost, which makes it up-scalable and reliable in the industrial avenue. In order to characterize those nanomaterials, X-Ray diffractometry, X-Ray Fluoresce, Scanning Electron microscopy, UVVisible spectroscopy and FT-IR methods were used. Conventional microbiological methods were used to investigate their antimicrobial properties. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used to test the antimicrobial property as they represent, respectively, Gram-negative and Gram-positive Bacteria. The water contact angles were measured with optical imaging to determine the super-hydrophobicity. As a photo-catalyst, TiO2 nano-structures has an excellent ability to digest many organic substances by making reactive oxygen species produced by excited electrons in the conduction band and through highly oxidizing holes remaining in the valence band. ZnO nanoparticles also act in a similar manner through photo-catalysis and kill the microbial cells by destroying the organic components in the cell membrane. The protrude-like structures of these modified ZnO nano-structures can penetrate the bacterial cells and destroy them even in the dark. Likewise, the entire system made a better platform to turn a regular textile material into a super-hydrophobic, self-cleaning and anti-microbial fabric with a simple modification. As such, these textiles were capable of performing multiple functions due to this surface modification without losing its typical properties such as comfort for wear and hand feel.


Glutamine is the preferred source of nitrogen of Neurospora crassa. In its presence and that of the gene product of MS5 (nmr-1), the fungus represses the assimilation of less preferred forms of nitrogen, such as nitrate. In the absence of glutamine and the presence of the product of gene nit-2, less preferred forms of nitrogen are assimilated as long as a specific pathway for their assimilation is induced. We report here the isolation, from a cosmid bank, of a gene that complements MS5 and can also complement nit-2. We speculate that this result suggests an interaction between the MS5 and nit-2 gene products and that this is important in the regulation of nitrate assimilation.


We introduce a Ramsey growth model with incomplete markets, decentralized production, and idiosyncratic technological risk. The combination of uninsurable shocks with the precautionary motive can slow down capital accumulation or give rise to persistent fluctuations even when agents are very patient and technology is strictly convex. The model generates closed-form expressions for the equilibrium dynamics under a finite or infinite horizon. Multiple steady states and poverty traps can arise from the endogeneity of the interest rate instead of the usual wealth effect. Depending on the economy's parameters, the local dynamics around a steady state are locally unique, totally unstable or locally undetermined, and the equilibrium path can be attracted to a limit cycle. In calibrated examples, financial incompleteness substantially slows down convergence to the steady state and thus increases the persistence of aggregate shocks.


Audit quality has gained intensive attention since the cascade of audit failures in the concluding years of the last century and the first few years of our new century. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 [hereafter identified as the Act] introduced a new oversight strategy to enhance the quality of audits. To assure the performance of quality audits, the PCAOB was charged with responsibility for inspecting registered public accounting firms that perform financial audits for publicly-owned companies in the United States. To date, however, this process has not resulted in measurement of audit quality. Since 2002, there have been two additional significant initiatives related to audit quality. One was the Federal Government's Single Audit Sampling Project which was reported in 2007; the other, the establishment of the Center for Audit Quality, as an affiliate of the American Institute of CPA (AICPA) in early 2007. From a reading of these three initiatives, it was evident that while each makes a contribution none is sufficient to determine audit quality of publicly owned entities. This paper includes a review of these initiatives, as well as a general structure for undertaking an objective statistical study to measure audit quality. The task is feasible, but will require several years of well designed efforts. The development of criteria and of their measurement is not a one-step research effort. Several years of experience of data gathering and careful statistical testing are necessary. Over time, criteria identified must be tested for reliability and validity. The initial years of efforts at objective measurement should be considered experimental; such efforts will not result in ranking or rating particular accounting firms. Only after validity and reliability of measurement are assured will there be a basis for measurement of individual firms. (Note: An earlier draft of this Working Paper was presented at a session of the American Accounting Association: Mid-Atlantic Region Meeting April 24-26, 2008, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Penn's Landing, Philadelphia, PA).


This paper demonstrates a two-stage optimisation for a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) electromagnetic vibration energy harvester under a harmonic base excitation vibration. In this paper, a designed cantilever beam was used to verify the optimisation methods. The dynamics of the beam was modelled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. By deriving the exact expression of the power output under the optimum load resistance condition, the correct electromagnetic coupling coefficient was determined. The first optimisation stage involves maximising this coefficient by considering several coils and magnet parameters, allowing at this stage to define the electrical efficiency of the harvester which is described as the ratio of the harvester's power output to its power limit. The experimentally determined power output for this stage was 3.51 mW. The structural aspects of the harvester were then optimised by considering the addition and placement of proof masses and the structural dimensions of the harvester. This part represents the second optimisation and determines the power limit of the harvester. An experimental power output of 7.95 mW was achieved in this stage. All experimental results displayed a good agreement with the derived theoretical model, recording an error of less than 10.0%, hence validating the theoretical model. The first optimisation stage presented here can be applied to any linear electromagnetic SDOF harvester whereas the second optimisation stage can be easily modified to suit different structural considerations. Additionally, both stages can also be slightly modified to account for rotational systems.


Traditional methods of synthesis of metal-oxide gas sensing materials for semiconductor sensors are based on wet sol-gel processes. However, these processes lead to the formation of hydroxyl groups on the surface of oxide particles being responsible for the strong response of a sensing material to humidity. In this work, we investigated the possibility to synthesize metal-oxide materials with reduced sensitivity to water vapors. Dry synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles was implemented in the gas phase by spark discharge, which allowed us to produce powder with specific surface area of about 40 m/g after additional annealing at 610°C. The drop of sensor resistance does not exceed 20%, when air humidity increases from 40 to 100%, whereas the response to 100 ppm of hydrogen is of a factor of 8 with very short response time of about 1 s.


Ventricular arrhythmias are among the most severe complications of heart disease and can result in sudden cardiac death. Patients at risk currently receive implantable defibrillators that deliver electrical shocks to terminate arrhythmias on demand. However, strong electrical shocks can damage the heart and cause severe pain. Therefore, we have tested optogenetic defibrillation using expression of the light-sensitive channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in cardiac tissue. Epicardial illumination effectively terminated ventricular arrhythmias in hearts from transgenic mice and from WT mice after adeno-associated virus-based gene transfer of ChR2. We also explored optogenetic defibrillation for human hearts, taking advantage of a recently developed, clinically validated in silico approach for simulating infarct-related ventricular tachycardia (VT). Our analysis revealed that illumination with red light effectively terminates VT in diseased, ChR2-expressing human hearts. Mechanistically, we determined that the observed VT termination is due to ChR2-mediated transmural depolarization of the myocardium, which causes a block of voltage-dependent Na+ channels throughout the myocardial wall and interrupts wavefront propagation into illuminated tissue. Thus, our results demonstrate that optogenetic defibrillation is highly effective in the mouse heart and could potentially be translated into humans to achieve nondamaging and pain-free termination of ventricular arrhythmia.


Tropical moist forests provide a range of goods and services to society. Traditionally, decisions regarding tropical forest land use have been made on the basis of major direct uses of forest land that generate local and national benefits. Typically, this has meant timber extraction and the conversion of forest to agricultural or livestock uses. In recent years increasing attention has been given to the important economic role non-market benefits may play in providing incentives for the conservation of tropical forests. A number of studies have explored the local, national and global benefits generated by non-timber forest products, ecotourism, pharmaceutical prospecting and carbon storage. Another important ecological service that is often cited as an economic justification of conservation activities is the watershed protection function provided by tropical forests. Soil and water conservation may yield benefits to land-owners and alleviate damage to downstream economic activities. Nevertheless efforts to conserve watersheds are plagued by the difficult nature of the externalities involved. The off-site nature of many of the benefits of conservation activities makes both valuation and internalization of these externalities difficult, thereby preventing the development of 'sustainable' watershed protection programs. This is even the case in areas where pristine, mountainous forests provide downstream national benefits to hydroelectricity and irrigation schemes. The establishment of incentive systems that solve market, policy and institutional failures impeding watershed protection in such areas remains a vexing problem for policy-makers, scientists and communities in developing countries. Drawing on the literature and on-going research in Costa Rica, the paper outlines a collaborative research project investigating the potential for economic incentives for watershed protection in the Arenal region of Costa Rica.


As organizations and government agencies work diligently to detect financial irregularities, malfeasance, fraud and criminal activities through intercepted communication, there is an increasing interest in devising an automated model/tool for deception detection. We build on Pennebaker's empirical model which suggests that deception in text leaves a linguistic signature characterised by changes in frequency of four categories of words: first-person pronouns, exclusive words, negative emotion words, and action words. By applying the model to the Enron email dataset and using an unsupervised matrix-decomposition technique, we explore the differential use of these cue-words/categories in deception detection. Instead of focusing on the predictive power of the individual cue-words, we construct a descriptive model which helps us to understand the multivariate profile of deception based on several linguistic dimensions and highlights the qualitative differences between deceptive and truthful communication. This descriptive model can not only help detect unusual and deceptive communication, but also possibly rank messages along a scale of relative deceptiveness (for instance from strategic negotiation and spin to deception and blatant lying). The model is unintrusive, requires minimal human intervention and, by following the defined pre-processing steps it may be applied to new datasets from different domains. i


Presented in this paper is a feedforward fueling controller identification methodology for the transient fueling control of spark ignition (SI) engines. The proposed transient feedforward controller is identified and executed in the crank angle domain, and operates in tandem with a steady state fueling controller. The hypothesis is that the feedforward fueling control of SI engines can be separated into steady state and transient phenomena, and that the majority of the nonlinear behavior associated with engine fueling can be captured with nonlinear steady state compensation. The proposed transient controller identification process is built from standard nonparametric identification techniques using spectral density functions where crank angle serves as the independent variable. Two separate system identification problems are solved to identify the air path dynamics and the fuel path dynamics. The transient feedforward controller is then calculated as the ratio of the air path-over-the fuel path dynamics so that the fuel path dynamics match the air path dynamics. Consequently fueling is coordinated with the fresh air charge during transient conditions. It will be shown that a linear transient feedforward-fueling controller operating in tandem with a nonlinear steady state fueling controller can achieve air-fuel ratio (AFR) regulation comparable to a production controller without the extensive controller calibration process. The engine used in this investigation is a 1999 Ford 4.6L V-8 fuel injected engine.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


The role of aldosterone suppression in mediating the natriuresis of water immersion was assessed in six normal male subjects. All subjects were studied on four occasions while they were in balance on a diet containing 150 mEq of sodium and 100 mEq of potassium daily: during a control period, following deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) treatment for 24 hours (Cont+ DOCA), during water immersion to the neck (immersion), and during water immersion following DOCA treatment (Imm + DOCA). Immersion resulted in highly significant increases in the rates of sodium and potassium excretion compared with control beginning in the first hour. Although treatment with DOCA decreased the natriuresis of immersion (P<0.01) , the rate of sodium excretion was still threeto fourfold greater during Imm + DOCA than it was during the comparable Cont + DOCA periods (P < 0.01). Cessation of water immersion resulted in a marked decrease in urine flow and free water clearance occurring within the initial 30 minutes of recovery (P < 0.005). Although the rate of sodium excretion also decreased following cessation of immersion, it continued to exceed both preimmersion values (P<0.01) and the comparable control values throughout the recovery hour (P<0.01) . These observations suggest that the natriuresis of immersion cannot be completely accounted for by immersion-induced suppression of aldosterone. The continuing natriuresis occurring despite the progressive volume contraction induced by immersion suggests that the natriuretic stimulus is sufficiently potent to override the compensatory mechanisms which are known to participate in defense of volume homeostasis. Furthermore, the delay in the disappearance of the natriuresis suggests that a humoral factor rather than more rapidly acting hemodynamic and neural mechanisms may mediate the natriuresis.


Abstract Hydraulic characteristics inside two research circular tanks (1.5-m and 1.2-m diameter) with the same volume of water were studied to understand how they might affect experimental bias by influencing the behavior and development of juvenile fish. Water velocities inside each tank were documented extensively and flow behavior studied. Surface inflow to the 1.5-m tank created a highly turbulent and aerated surface, and produced unevenly distributed velocities within the tank. A low-flow velocity, or "dead" zone, persisted just upstream of the surface inflow. A single submerged nozzle in the 1.2-m tank created uniform flow and did not cause undue turbulence or introduce air. Flow behavior in the 1.5-m tank is believed to have negatively affected the feeding behavior and physiological development of a group of juvenile fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A new inflow nozzle design provided comparable flow behavior regardless of tank size and water depth. Maintaining similar hydraulic conditions inside tanks used for various biological purposes, including fish research, would minimize experimental bias caused by differences in flow behavior. Other sources of experimental bias are discussed and recommendations given for reporting and control of experimental conditions in fishery research tank experiments.


— As the current status and growth of Indian automobile industry is remarkable, transportation sectors are the main concern in terms of energy security and climate change. Due to rising demand of fuel and its dependency on foreign countries that affects the GDP of nation, suggests that penetration of electrical vehicle will increase in near future. So in this context analysis is done if the 10 percent of conventional vehicles including cars, three wheelers and two wheelers becomes electrical vehicles in near future which is also a part of Nations Electric Mobility Mission Plan then the saving which improves the nation's economy is analyzed in detail. Whether the Indian electricity grid is capable of taking this load with current generation and demand all over the country is also analyzed in detail. Current situation of Indian grid is analyzed and how the gap between generation and demand can be reduced is discussed in terms of increasing generation capacity and energy conservation measures. Electrical energy conservation measures in Industry and especially in rural areas have been analyzed to improve performance of Indian electricity grid in context of electrical vehicle penetration in near future. Author was a part of Vishvakarma yojna in which energy losses were measured in 255 villages of Gujarat and solutions were suggested to mitigate them and corresponding reports was submitted to the authorities of Gujarat government.


Abstract Vasile Băncilă is a thinker to be placed where he fits in the hierarchy of values of Romanian philosophers. Therefore, this text invokes some "start-up frames", through which we offer a range of accents of the reception of the intellectual and philosophical dowry left by the author. Vasile Băncilă left posterity printed texts, but also thousands of sheets written over four decades of life, unfinished and not ready to be printed. Some of them are from his youth; on some of these focuses this text, namely on what meant for the young philosophy professor Vasile Băncilă the act or the process of philosophizing.


A partially melted pelitic xenolith, Wehr volcano, East Eifel, Germany, contains staurolite porphyroblasts pseudomorphed by a hercynite-rich assemblage that includes ferrogedrite, sillimanite-mullite ss , quartz and siliceous, peraluminous glass, which can be schematically represented by the reaction, staurolite → hercynite + gedrite + Al-silicate + quartz + melt. Minerals and glass of the pseudomorph are a disequilibrium breakdown assemblage that represents a time-temperature-transformation of staurolite during short-term heating and cooling. Microstructural evidence indicates the hercynite formed first together with melt, followed by ferrogedrite, and crystallization of Al-silicate and quartz from the melt. The absence of cordierite, the presence of ferrogedrite (a possible metastable intermediate phase to formation of almandine) in the staurolite breakdown assemblage and evidence for melting of muscovite + quartz and plagioclase (An 20 ) + quartz in the xenolith indicates minimum pressure conditions of 0.35 GPa at ca . 665–700 °C with probable overstepping of staurolite stability by 40–95 °C. Such conditions were kinetically favourable for the formation of the metastable breakdown assemblage that was preserved by quenching on eruption.


Styrene-based peroxotungstate-modified polymer immobilized ionic liquid phase catalysts [PO4{WO(O2)2}4]@ImPIILP (Im = imidazolium) are remarkably efficient systems for the selective oxidation of sulfides under mild conditions both in batch and as a segmented or continuous flow process using ethanol as the solvent and mobile phase, respectively. The performance of these styrene-based systems has been compared against their ring opening metathesis polymerisation derived counterparts to assess their relative merits. A comparative survey revealed the catalyst supported on N-benzyl imidazolium decorated polymer immobilised ionic liquid to be the most efficient and a cartridge packed with a mixture of [PO4{WO(O2)2}4]@ImPIILP and silica operated as a segmented or continuous flow system giving good conversions and high selectivity for sulfoxide. The immobilised catalyst remained highly active for the sulfoxidation of thioanisole in ethanol with a stable conversion–selectivity profile for up to 8 h under continuous flow operation; for comparison conversions with a mixture of [NBu4]3[PO4{WO(O2)2}4] and silica dropped dramatically after only 15 min as a result of rapid leaching while [PO4{WO(O2)2}4]@ImPIILP prepared from commercially available Merrifield resin also gave consistently lower conversions; these benchmark comparisons serve to underpin the potential benefits of preparing the polymer immobilized ionic liquid supports.


Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves are widely considered as a possible source of heating for various parts of the outer solar atmosphere. Among the main energy dissipation mechanisms which convert the energy of damped MHD waves into thermal energy are collisional dissipation (resistivity) and viscosity. The presence of neutral atoms in the partially ionized plasmas of the solar photosphere, chromosphere and prominences enhances the efficiency of both these energy dissipation mechanisms. A comparative study of the efficiency of MHD wave damping in solar plasmas due to collisional and viscous energy dissipation mechanisms is presented here. The damping rates are taken from Braginskii 1965 and applied to the VAL C model of the quiet Sun (Vernazza et al. 1981). These estimations show which of the mechanisms are dominant in which regions. In general the correct description of MHD wave damping requires the consideration of all energy dissipation mechanisms via the inclusion of the appropriate terms in the generalized Ohm's law, the momentum, energy and induction equations. Specific forms of the generalized Ohm's Law and induction equation are presented that are suitable for regions of the solar atmosphere which are partially ionised.


Mozzarella cheese making involves losses of milk constituents, especially during plasticizing stage of cheese curd. Buffalo milk is considered more suitable than cow milk for Mozzarella cheese making, especially in terms of colour, yield and stretch property of resultant product. Homogenization of milk reduces the losses of milk constituents, increases its whiteness and is expected to render superior flavor to cheese. The fat globule size for buffalo milk is larger and the cheese tends to be firmer and chewy as compared to cow milk counterpart. Homogenization of buffalo milk is of significance in this regard since it can improve the color, recovery of milk constituents culminating in higher cheese yield, a mellower product with lower tendency to oil-off during baking applications. Since the conditions of homogenization affects the recovery of milk constituents, it was decided to study temperature and pressure of homogenization on such aspect including cheese yield. Homogenization of standardized buffalo milk at 55 or 65 o C and 4.90 MPa (P 2 ) pressure is found beneficial with regard to recovery of milk fat, while use of lower pressure i.e. 2.45 MPa (P 1 ) at above temperatures is found beneficial for protein and TS recoveries. P 2 pressure is more beneficial than P 1 pressure in improving the fat recovery in buffalo milk Mozzarella cheese. There is an improvement in the yield of Mozzarella cheese with an increase in homogenization pressure. The yield of Mozzarella cheese prepared using buffalo milk homogenized at P 2 and P 1 pressure (at 65 o C) was 17.00% and 16.10% respectively. The recoveries of milk fat, protein and TS and per cent yield for control cheese was 83.68%, 84.10%, 56.74% and 14.53% respectively.


A virtual collaborative environment was created at East Carolina University, using videoconference technology via regular internet to bring students from 18 different countries, 2 at a time, to the same classroom in real time to learn about each otherâ??s culture. Students from two countries are partnered one on one,, they meet for 4-5 weeks, and submit a joint paper. Then the same process is repeated for two other countries. Lectures and student discussions are managed with pre-determined topics and questions. Classes are conducted in English and reading assignments are placed on the website. Administratively all partners are independent, students pay fees and get credits at their home institution. Familiarity with technology, knowledge in cultural understanding and attitude change were assessed, only attitude changes are reported in this paper.


Sean Wallis Survey of English Usage, UCL firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract A key challenge in corpus linguistics concerns the difficulty of operationalising linguistic questions in terms of choices made by speakers or writers. Whereas lab researchers design an experiment around a choice, comparable corpus research implies the inference of counterfactual alternates. This non-trivial requirement leads many to rely on a per million word baseline, meaning that variation separately due to opportunity and choice cannot be distinguished. We formalise definitions of mutual substitution and the true rate of alternation as useful idealisations, recognising they may not always hold. Analysing data from a new volume on the verb phrase, we demonstrate how a focus on choices available to speakers allows researchers to factor out the effect of changing opportunities to draw conclusions about choices. We discuss research strategies where alternates may not be easily identified, including refining baselines by eliminating forms and surveying change against multiple baselines. Finally we address three objections that have been made to this framework, that alternates are not reliably identifiable, baselines are arbitrary, and differing ecological pressures apply to different terms. Throughout we motivate our responses by evidence from current research, demonstrating that whereas the problem of identifying choices may be 'vexed', it represents a highly fruitful paradigm for corpus linguistics.


Genotoxic agents that cause double-strand breaks (DSBs) often generate damage at the break termini. Processing enzymes, including nucleases and polymerases, must remove damaged bases and/or add new bases before completion of repair. Artemis is a nuclease involved in mammalian nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), but in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the nucleases and polymerases involved in NHEJ pathways are poorly understood. Only Pol4 has been shown to fill the gap that may form by imprecise pairing of overhanging 3′ DNA ends. We previously developed a chromosomal DSB assay in yeast to study factors involved in NHEJ. Here, we use this system to examine DNA polymerases required for NHEJ in yeast. We demonstrate that Pol2 is another major DNA polymerase involved in imprecise end joining. Pol1 modulates both imprecise end joining and more complex chromosomal rearrangements, and Pol3 is primarily involved in NHEJ-mediated chromosomal rearrangements. While Pol4 is the major polymerase to fill the gap that may form by imprecise pairing of overhanging 3′ DNA ends, Pol2 is important for the recession of 3′ flaps that can form during imprecise pairing. Indeed, a mutation in the 3′-5′ exonuclease domain of Pol2 dramatically reduces the frequency of end joins formed with initial 3′ flaps. Thus, Pol2 performs a key 3′ end-processing step in NHEJ.


Changes in the immediate, underlying and basic determinants of nutritional status at the communityand household-level are a logical and empirical prerequisite to reducing high levels of undernutrition in high burden countries. This paper considers these factors directly from the perspective of community members and frontline workers interviewed in six countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In each country, in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers, other community members and health workers to understand changes in health and nutrition practices, nutrition-specific interventions, underlying drivers and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and life conditions. Overall, the need for basic improvements in livelihood opportunities and infrastructure are solidly underscored. Nutrition-specific and -sensitive changes represented in most cases by deliberate government or NGO supported community interventions are rolling out at a mixed and uneven pace, but are having some significant impacts where solidly implemented. The synthesis presented here provides an invaluable source of information for understanding how community-level change occurred against a wider backdrop of national level progress.


Reflective amplification attacks are a powerful tool in the arsenal of a DDoS attacker, but to date have almost exclusively targeted UDP-based protocols. In this paper, we demonstrate that non-trivial TCP-based amplification is possible and can be orders of magnitude more effective than well-known UDP-based amplification. By taking advantage of TCP-noncompliance in network middleboxes, we show that attackers can induce middleboxes to respond and amplify network traffic. With the novel application of a recent genetic algorithm, we discover and maximize the efficacy of new TCP-based reflective amplification attacks, and present several packet sequences that cause network middleboxes to respond with substantially more packets than we send. We scanned the entire IPv4 Internet to measure how many IP addresses permit reflected amplification. We find hundreds of thousands of IP addresses that offer amplification factors greater than 100×. Through our Internet-wide measurements, we explore several open questions regarding DoS attacks, including the root cause of so-called "mega amplifiers". We also report on network phenomena that causes some of the TCP-based attacks to be so effective as to technically have infinite amplification factor (after the attacker sends a constant number of bytes, the reflector generates traffic indefinitely). We have made our code publicly available.


The diffusion of the neoliberal Silicon Valley venture capital ("VC") model seems to be another case of convergence on neoliberal orthodoxy as the spread of Silicon Valley replication ambitions is ubiquitous. But, when looking under the veneer of the Silicon Valley VC policy diffusion trend, I find that VC policy diffusion is not a story of "universal convergence." Though more than 40 states deployed VC policies in an attempt to create local Silicon Valleys, the policies they implemented took different, and interventionist, forms. This thesis seeks explain why variance, rather than convergence, characterizes the diffusion of this clear, successful model.
Diffusion scholarship has made initial attempts at theorizing why and how diffusion does not lead to complete convergence. This thesis contributes to this growing body of work by conceptualizing and investigating how bounded rationality drives incomplete convergence. To do this, the thesis extends Kurt Weyland's work on cognitive biases to by testing how five economic management norms shape the Silicon Valley VC policy diffusion: (1) pre-existing norms guiding state intervention, (2) private sector financing norms, (3) preferences for supporting large or small companies, (4) international versus local company support preferences and (5) bank or capital market preferences. The five economic management norms are drawn on to develop East Asian comparative typologies (Nightwatch-man State, Private Sector Promoter, Financier and Director and Command Economy) to test the impact of the norms in specific cases. This thesis also tests state-of-the-art diffusion literature's hypotheses about the sources of variance in the diffusion process, namely: the impact of multiple diffusion items, diffusion items' levels of specificity and diffusion mechanisms.
Empirically, this thesis provides a large-N dataset of forty-six countries' VC policies and four East Asian case study analyses (Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Vietnam). The case studies reveal how, in the face of competitive pressures, three of the five economic management norms propelled policymakers to choose unique policy formula. As a result, this thesis concludes that Tip O'Neill's presumption that "all politics is local" rings true in policy diffusion.


Locating scientific instruments in remote regions of the planet poses many common problems beyond just logistics, in particular when these instruments are to function autonomously or semiautonomously. In seismology, this is particularly prevalent for seismic stations located in the polar regions of the planet. Extremely cold, but also variable temperature, wind, and sunlight conditions as well as general inaccessibility hamper both operation and maintenance of equipment in such regions (Gill, 1974; Holcomb, 1982). The search for a reliable source of electrical power for the continuous operation of sensors and digitizing equipment continues to be one of these concerns. Many technologies have been investigated including radioisotope thermoelectric generation (e.g., Lamp, 1994), thermal electric generators (TEGs) (e.g., Holcomb, 1982), diesel engines, chemical batteries, wind and solar power generation (Anandakrishnan et al. , 2000), and more recently, fuel‐cell technology (e.g., Stehle et al. , 2011). Each technology has its own pros and cons, and in general, the technology that is chosen is based on which best suits the application, its requirements, and stresses of the station and its operators. For seismic instruments, this often requires that any noise generated by this choice does not adversely affect the operation or observations of ground motion the instrument is trying to measure. Such is the case at the Yellowknife teleseismic array in Canada's Northwest Territories.

Commissioned in 1962, the role of the Yellowknife seismic array (YKA) was to investigate the capabilities of distributed arrays of seismometers to monitor for the tell‐tale ground motions from explosions of nuclear weapons testing by the then nuclear‐capable countries of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the former Soviet Union. In one of the eventually five similar arrays constructed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), the research was to determine if small numbers of seismic arrays could be …


1. Recruitment order of motor units in self-reinnervated medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles was studied in decerebrate cats 16 mo after surgical reunion of the cut MG nerve. Pairs of MG motor units were isolated by dual microelectrode penetration of ventral roots to measure their recruitment sequence during cutaneous reflexes in relation to their physiological properties. 2. Physiological properties of reconstituted motor units appeared normal, as expected. Also normal were the relationships among these properties: twitch and tetanic tension tended to increase with axonal conduction velocity and decrease with twitch contraction time. A small fraction of motor units (10/116) in reinnervated muscles produced either no measurable tension or unusually large amounts of tension compared with controls. This was the only distinct feature of the sample of reconstituted units. 3. In muscles reinnervated after nerve section, stretch was notably ineffective in eliciting reflex contraction of MG muscles or their constituent motor units (only 5/116 units). Incomplete recovery from nerve section was probably the cause of this impairment, because stretch reflexes were readily evoked in adjacent untreated muscles and in one reinnervated MG muscle that was studied 16 mo after nerve crush. In contrast with the ineffectiveness of muscle stretch, sural nerve stimulation succeeded in recruiting 49/116 units, a proportion fairly typical of normal MG muscles. 4. The contractions of the first unit recruited in cutaneous reflexes tended to be slower and less forceful than those of the other unit in a pair. By these measures, recruitment obeyed the size principle. This recruitment order with respect to unit contractile properties was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between untreated and reinnervated muscles but was significantly (P < 0.005) different from random order in both groups. The same recruitment pattern was observed for pairs of motor units sampled from the muscle reinnervated after nerve crush, whether units were recruited by muscle stretch or sural nerve stimulation. 5. The usual tendency for motor units with slower conduction velocity (CV) to be recruited in sural nerve reflexes before those with faster CV was not strong in reinnervated muscles. After nerve section the proportion of units exhibiting the usual recruitment pattern was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from a random pattern for CV. 6. The central finding is that the normal recruitment patterns recover from nerve injury in a muscle that is reinnervated by its original nerve. By contrast, stretch reflexes do not recover well from nerve section, and this deficiency may contribute to motor disability.


The object of this study is the analysis of the sanctuary with a double cella or double temple (ἱeρὸν διπλοῦν) dedicated to Aphrodite and Ares in the periurban area north-west of Argos. Within the context of studies on Greek architecture, a specific analysis of the typology of cult structures with a double cella is still lacking, since the attestations have hitherto been considered too limited. The present study, still ongoing, has uncovered a complex situation and the archaeological attestations recovered are not as limited as thought in the past. Hitherto, around twenty examples have been collected, without considering uncertain cases, for which the limited data available have rendered a precise interpretation impossible. The only direct source on the Argive sanctuary of Aphrodite and Ares is the short description provided by Pausanias (2.25.1), whilst its location, ground plan, elevation, chronology and architectural and sculptural decoration remain essentially unknown. New observations may help clarify some of the issues that remain unresolved. The closest archaeological parallel, at least from the point of view of the ground plan, in the absence of information on the dimensions of the monument, is without doubt the temple of Venus and Roma in Rome, built by the emperor Hadrian (AD 117-138), with which the Argive temple also shares the same east-facing orientation of the cella dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite-Venus.


The intention of this paper was to demonstrate the principle and usefulness of computed tomography for concentration field measurements. Radial extinction coefficient profiles have been reconstructed using the LTD approach in the transition region of an isothermal jet of air at Reynolds number of 2 600. Reconstructed profiles were compared against velocity profiles at axial distances ranging from 2 to 20 nozzle diameters downstream. Results indicate that the width parameter of the reconstructed scalar distribution is around 23 % larger than the velocity distribution for distances between 10 and 20 nozzle diameters downstream. This finding is in good agreement with the results of other investigators. This technique has evidently yielded an accurate description of the scalar field of the round isothermal free jet. The quality of the reconstructions is very promising considering the relatively few measurement data, projection angles and low pixel resolution used in this study. Ccomputed tomography is superior for monitoring chemical concentrations over larger areas (whole room) when PMS and PLIF are unfeasible.


Around the world, The Act of Killing (TAOK) has deeply affected its viewers, especially non-Indonesians, and has the potential to make a greater impact on Indonesia's historiography. However, it has also raised ill-fitting expectations and generated several misplaced criticisms. While some criticize the film for what it does not show, or does not show enough, others have raised high expectations for what the film will do to alter the status quo in Indonesia. I will respond briefly to a few examples of the former, but will discuss at greater length, the problematics of the latter.


We develop a methodology for detecting asset bubbles using a neural network. We rely on the theory of local martingales in continuous-time and use a deep network to estimate the diffusion coefficient of the price process more accurately than the current estimator, obtaining an improved detection of bubbles. We show the outperformance of our algorithm over the existing statistical method in a laboratory created with simulated data. We then apply the network classification to real data and build a zero net exposure trading strategy that exploits the risky arbitrage emanating from the presence of bubbles in the US equity market from 2006 to 2008. The profitability of the strategy provides an estimation of the economical magnitude of bubbles as well as support for the theoretical assumptions relied on.


The role of nutrition against oxidative stress is increasingly debated in the literature. Much of the traditional food in Mediterranean diet are claimed to possess antioxidant properties but are in need of greater empirical support. This study was designed to test the putative protective effect of 3% and 5% bitter apricot kernel containing food (frequently consumed in Mediterranean diet) treated with amygdalin on apoptosis and oxidative stress in a preclinical model: carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage in Sprage Dawley rats. The animals (n = 64) were divided into eight groups as follows: (i) control, (ii) CCl4; (iii) Amygdalin, (iv) Amygdalin and CCl4, (v) Bitter Apricot Kernel (3%), (vi) Bitter apricot kernel (5%), (vii) CCl4 +Bitter apricot kernel (3%), (viii) CCl4 and bitter apricot kernel (5%). Chronic liver injury was induced by intraperitoneally administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (1 mg/kg body weight for 3 d at the end of 28 days) to rats. The area of liver injury was found significantly decreased with 5% bitter apricot kernel feeding. Serum AST, ALT, TOS activities and hepatic Bcl 2 and NFƙB levels were elevated following CCl4 administration. However, their activities were markedly reduced by supplementation with the bitter apricot kernel (P < 0.05). Serum TAS and hepatic Bax, Caspase 3, Nrf2 levels were decreased by CCl4 admistration. However, they increased in the bitter apricot kernel group versus CCl4 groups. Histopathological examination revealed massive necrosis in the centrilobular area and degenerative changes caused by CCl4 were ameliorated by dietary supplementation with bitter apricot kernel concentrates. These results suggest that bitter apricot kernel concentrates have hepatoprotective effects and may improve the symptoms of liver injuries.


In this paper, we propose a novel recursive recurrent neural network (R 2 NN) to model the end-to-end decoding process for statistical machine translation. R 2 NN is a combination of recursive neural network and recurrent neural network, and in turn integrates their respective capabilities: (1) new information can be used to generate the next hidden state, like recurrent neural networks, so that language model and translation model can be integrated naturally; (2) a tree structure can be built, as recursive neural networks, so as to generate the translation candidates in a bottom up manner. A semi-supervised training approach is proposed to train the parameters, and the phrase pair embedding is explored to model translation confidence directly. Experiments on a Chinese to English translation task show that our proposed R 2 NN can outperform the stateof-the-art baseline by about 1.5 points in BLEU.


Codes and regulations regarding large technological systems of growing complexity should take into account the increasingly sophisticated analysis tools that have been and are being developed in order to judge the reliability or risk associated with complex technology. PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment) as an extension of system reliability analysis is a powerful means of supporting this aim by providing an integrative and quantitative information basis for decision making. PSA has to date been successfully applied in various branches of technology. Experience has shown that observed time dependencies agree well with assumed component failure rate models and that CMF (Common Mode Failure) assessment is an essential part of PSA. Importance calculations are shown to provide valuable guidance in the search of improved system reliability. Model uncertainties and operator performance are increasingly receiving attention and the importance of interaction between system and structural reliability experts is stressed. Four examples from various industrial branches are given as illustrations of recent efforts in the field of PSA.


To achieve acceptable performance for AI tasks, one can either use sophisticated feature extraction methods as the first layer in a two-layered supervised learning model, or learn the features directly using a deep (multi-layered) model. While the first approach is very problem-specific, the second approach has computational overheads in learning multiple layers and fine-tuning of the model. In this paper, we propose an approach called wide learning based on arc-cosine kernels, that learns a single layer of infinite width. We propose exact and inexact learning strategies for wide learning and show that wide learning with single layer outperforms single layer as well as deep architectures of finite width for some benchmark datasets.


"Policies built on presumptions of separateness or on traditional notions of urban and rural livelihoods diminish the possibilities for economic growth and poverty reduction. More effective policies will take the diversity of livelihoods along the continuum into account and also appreciate the differences among urban and rural areas and the links between them. Focusing on the connections between urban and rural areas can help to reframe our understanding of development in these areas. We can see that rural and urban lives and livelihood strategies span rural and urban geographies in integrated and interdependent ways.With better understanding of the current reality of urban and rural areas and the connections between them, policies will better reflect the ways people actually live. Policies will take into account the different livelihood strategies, links, and localities that exist across "urban" and "rural." And they will be able to promote synergies—such as market exchange—that benefit all, no matter where they live." from Text


This paper considers the Lithuanian constructions with the Dative and Genitive marking of direct objects of transitive verbs in purpose infinitival clauses, studied in Franks and Lavine (2006). I adduce empirical evidence and conceptual arguments both speaking against the analysis proposed by Franks and Lavine (2006), and argue for a different account based on recent "non-orthodox" proposals in case theory. My analysis of the Lithuanian constructions is inspired by a typological comparison with Australian languages possessing "complementizing" and "associating" case marking and morphological case-stacking. I propose that the mechanism of multiple case assignment in syntax is operative in Lithuanian and show how it can naturally account for the Dative-plus-Infinitive and Genitive-plus-Infinitive constructions.


Despite the importance of progesterone on the fertility of lactating dairy cows, the factors that affect post ovulatory progesterone concentration are still unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify factors associated with the post ovulatory progesterone rise following 1 st insemination in lactating dairy cows. Data collected across a number of complimentary studies were compiled to produce a single database of 168 lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cows maintained under commercial conditions. In all animals a number of variables were measured during the insemination period and related to milk progesterone measured on day 5 following 1 st artificial insemination (AI). Overall, 44% of cows conceived to 1 st AI and while mean day 5 progesterone was not significantly higher in these cows, there was a significant quadratic relationship between milk progesterone concentration and conception rate. While a number of variables showed some association with progesterone concentration, the only variable showing a strong and repeatable relationship was plasma leptin concentration. We conclude that adequate but not excessive progesterone levels on day 5 bring about a better fertility, and plasma leptin concentration may be a much better indicator of metabolic status in lactating dairy cows. Keywords: Conception rate, dairy cow, leptin, metabolic variables, milk progesterone


Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by aqueous chemical growth technique. The above mentioned synthesized materials were characterized by applying scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction for confirmation of morphological analysis, compositional purity, and crystalline property and emission characteristics as well. In order to fabricate the urea biosensor (potentiometric), a solution of deionized water and chitosan was prepared having Ag NPs. The said solution was dropped on the glass fiber filter having diameter of 2 cm. A wire of copper having thickness of approximately 500 pm was used for the voltage signal to pull out from the said working nanoparticles (NPs). To improve the strength, sensitivity and the quality of the potentiometric urea biosensor, a specific functional surface of Ag NPs was attained by electrostatic restrained of an enzyme (urease) onto the chitosan-Ag (a nanobiocomposite). The potentiometric reaction was measured via electrochemical detection technique. The potentiometric urea biosensor illustrates significant sensibility at room temperature with approximate to 42 mV as per span. Furthermore, the said biosensor showed an appropriate stable response within 7 sec.


The article analyzes the legal consequences of concluding a labor contract and a contract for the provision of services. The need for such an analysis is due to the fact that employers often prefer to conclude civil law contracts with employees instead of labor contracts, since the latter are less beneficial for them. At the same time, for an employee, the conclusion of a contract for the provision of services instead of an employment contract entails the deprivation of all guarantees provided for by labor legislation. The historical prerequisites for the existence of similarities between labor and civil contracts are examined in the article. In order to distinguish between these types of contracts, a comparative analysis of the legal nature and consequences of the conclusion of an employment contract and a contract for the provision of services is carried out. The article analyzes the guarantees that are provided for by labor legislation and are aimed at ensuring the human right to work. It is concluded that when concluding civil contracts, these guarantees are lost, which significantly worsens the position of the employee. In this regard, the article analyzes the recommendations of the International Labor Organization aimed at distinguishing between civil and labor legal relations. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to consider these recommendations in the national legislation of all Member States.


This article addresses R. O'Keefe's 1999 publication entitled 'The Meaning of "Cultural Property" under the 1954 Hague Convention'. There the author made two points regarding the protection of 'cultural objects and places of worship' in the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 that have been commonly shared by legal scholarship and practice. First, he claimed that despite the divergences between the definitions of cultural property in the 1954 Hague Convention and the 1977 Additional Protocols, the spectrum of cultural property they covered was exactly the same. Secondly, he held that the Additional Protocols awarded a higher regime of protection to cultural property for not being subject to imperative military necessity. This article reconsiders and qualifies these statements. It argues that while both instruments tackle objects which represent each party's national heritage, their scope of application differ since the 1954 Hague Convention cannot cover places of worship that constitute the spiritual heritage of peoples per se. This, we will see, has resulted in its own different consequences in international practice. It also aruges that it is erroneous to maintain tout court that the 1954 Hague Convention offers a weaker regime of protection for cultural property. From a closer look at the relationship between the concepts of 'military objectives' and 'imperative military necessity', a distinct and more nuanced conclusion follows: the 1954 Hague Convention offers stricter guarantees against the likelihood of acts of hostility aimed at cultural property. This article continues a scholarly debate initiated by O'Keefe, casts some clarity on issues that seem to trouble the ICTY, and challenges the mainstream interpretation given to the protection of cultural property under the two Additional Protocols.


Background: With the development of more rapid and sensitive detection methods based on PCR techniques, the contributions of respiratory viral infections to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adult patients are being more and more recognized. Yet, up to now, there has been a lack of synthetic data that clearly demonstrates the incidence of respiratory viral infections in adult patients with CAP. Objectives: We intended to demonstrate the incidence of respiratory viral infections detected by PCR and real-time PCR in adult patients with CAP. Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase for studies providing the incidence of respiratory viral infections in adult patients with CAP. We investigated potential sources of heterogeneity by a univariant metaregression analysis and calculated the combined incidence of viral infections, viral infections mixed with other pathogens and individual respiratory virus species. Results: We eventually identified 23 eligible reports with a total number of 6,404 patients. Incidences ranged from 8.6 to 56.2% for overall respiratory viral infections. We noted significant heterogeneity in incidence estimates for the incidence of viral infections (Cochran's χ2 = 269.9, p < 0.0001, I2 = 91.8%). The combined incidence of viral infections was 22.4% (95% CI = 19.0-25.7). Incidences of viral coinfections with other pathogens ranged from 3 to 28%. A high level of heterogeneity was identified as well during the estimates for incidences of coinfections (χ2 = 200.9, p < 0.0001, I2 = 91.5%). The combined incidence of viral coinfections with other pathogens was 12.4% (95% CI = 9.7-15.0). Our heterogeneity analyses suggested that a lower respiratory tract sample was associated with higher overall viral incidence. Moreover, the influenza virus, rhinovirus and coronavirus were the 3 most frequently detected viral pathogens in adult patients with CAP according to our study. Conclusions: Respiratory viruses are probably crucial pathogens of adult patients with CAP, with the influenza virus being the most frequent viral pathogen identified. More than half of the viral infections are characterized as mixed infections with other pathogens.


The main topic of this thesis is the study of many-body effects in strongly correlated one- or quasi one-dimensional condensed matter systems. These systems are characterized by strong quantum and thermal fluctuations, which make mean-field methods fail and demand for a fully numerical approach. Fortunately, a numerical method exist, which allows to treat unusually large one -dimensional system at very high precision. This method is the density-matrix renormalization group method (DMRG), introduced by Steve White in 1992. Originally limited to the study of static problems, time-dependent DMRG has been developed allowing one to investigate non-equilibrium phenomena in quantum mechanics.

In this thesis I present the solution of three conceptionally different problems, which have been addressed using mostly the Krylov-subspace version of the time-dependent DMRG. My findings are directly relevant to recent experiments with ultracold atoms, also carried out at LMU in the group of Prof. Bloch.

The first project aims the ultimate goal of atoms in optical lattices, namely, the possibility to act as a quantum simulator of more complicated condensed matter system. The underline idea is to simulate a magnetic model using ultracold bosonic atoms of two different hyperfine states in an optical superlattice. The system, which is captured by a two-species Bose-Hubbard model, realizes in a certain parameter range the physics of a spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain, where the spin exchange constant is given by second order processes. Tuning of the superlattice parameters allows one to controlling the effect of fast first order processes versus the slower second order ones. The analysis is motivated by recent experiments,
%\cite{Folling2007,Trotzky2008}
where coherent two-particle dynamics with ultracold bosonic atoms in isolated double wells were detected. My project investigates the coherent many-particle dynamics, which takes place after coupling the double well. I provide the theoretical background for the next step, the observation of coherent many-particle dynamics after coupling the double wells. The tunability between the Bose-Hubbard model and the Heisenberg model in this setup could be used to study experimentally the differences in equilibration processes for non-integrable and Bethe ansatz integrable models. It turns out that the relaxation in the Heisenberg model is connected to a phase averaging effect, which is in contrast to the typical scattering driven thermalization in nonintegrable models

In the second project I study a many-body generalization of the original Landau-Zener formula. This formula gives the transition probability between the two states of a quantum mechanical two-level system, where the offset between the two levels is varying linearly in time. In a recent experiment this framework has been extended to a many-body system consisting of pairwise tunnel-coupled one-dimensional Bose liquids. It was found that the tunnel coupling between the tubes and the intertube interactions strongly modify the original Landau-Zener picture. After a introduction to the two-level and the three-level Landau-Zener problem I present my own results for the quantum dynamics of the microscopic model and the comparison to the experimental results. I have calculated both Landau-Zener sweeps as well as the time-evolution after sudden quenches of the energy offset. A major finding is that for sufficiently large initial density quenches can be efficiently used to create quasi-thermal states of arbitrary temperatures.

The third project is more mathematical and connects the fields of quantum computation and of quantum information. Here, the main purpose is to analyse systematically the effects of decoherence on maximally entangled multi-partite states, which arise typically during quantum computation processes. The bigger the number of entangled qubits the more fragile is its entanglement under the influence decoherence.
As starting point I consider first two entangled qubits, whereby one qubit interacts with an arbitrary environment. For this particular case I have derived a factorization law for the disentanglement. Next, I calculate the decrease of entanglement of two , three and four entangled qubits, general $W$- and general $GHZ$-state, coupled to a global spin-$1/2$ bath or several independent spin-$1/2$ baths , one for each qubit. Although there is no appropriate entanglement measure for three and more qubits, it turns out that this decrease is directly related to the increase of entanglement between the central system and the bath. This implies the formation of a much bigger multipartite entangled network. Thus, using the von Neumann entropy and the Wootters concurrence, I derive a simple upper bound for the bath-induced entanglement breaking power of the initially maximally entangled multi-partite states.


ABSTRACT Three species of dasycladalean algae are described: Petrascula piai Bachmayer, 1944, P. bursiformis (Etallon, 1859) and Steinmanniporella kapelensis (Sokač & Nikler, 1973). Two of them, Petrascula piai and Steinmanniporella kapelensis, are relatively seldom reported and consequently poorly known algae. They were found at two locations in the Apuseni Mountains: Sănduleşti quarry (Trascău Mountains) and Şerbota Hill (near Aştileu, Pădurea Craiului Mountains). The two species of Petrascula were essentially identified from sections of the stalk. Their study provides, especially for P. piai, useful supplementary data related to the morphology of the laterals and the structure of the stalk. Regarding Steinmanniporella kapelensis, Sănduleşti is only the second locality (after the type locality) where this alga is known to occur as numerous well preserved specimens. Microfacies and sedimentological data suggest that these algae were restricted to micro-environments within the external part of the carbonate platforms.


The use of carsharing vehicles over a period of 16 months in 2006-07 was compared to built environment and demographic factors in this GIS-based multivariate regression study of an urban U.S. carsharing operator. Carsharing is a relatively new transportation industry in which companies provide members with short-term vehicle access from distributed neighborhood locations. The number of registered carsharing members in North America has doubled every year or two to a current level of approximately 320,000. Researchers have long supposed that public transit access is a key factor driving demand for carsharing. The results of this study, however, find an ambiguous relationship between the activity at carsharing locations and public transit access. Light rail availability is found to have a significant and positive relationship to carsharing demand. Regional rail availability is found to be weakly and negatively associated with carsharing demand, although limitations in the available data make it impossible to ascribe the observed difference to user demand, random variation, or other factors specific to the industry.


To survey the quality of SNP genotyping, a joint Nordic quality assessment (QA) round was organized between 11 laboratories in the Nordic and Baltic countries. The QA round involved blinded genotyping of 47 DNA samples for 18 or six randomly selected SNPs. The methods used by the participating laboratories included all major platforms for small‐ to medium‐size SNP genotyping. The laboratories used their standard procedures for SNP assay design, genotyping, and quality control. Based on the joint results from all laboratories, a consensus genotype for each DNA sample and SNP was determined by the coordinator of the survey, and the results from each laboratory were compared to this genotype. The overall genotyping accuracy achieved in the survey was excellent. Six laboratories delivered genotype data that were in full agreement with the consensus genotype. The average accuracy per SNP varied from 99.1 to 100% between the laboratories, and it was frequently 100% for the majority of the assays for which SNP genotypes were reported. Lessons from the survey are that special attention should be given to the quality of the DNA samples prior to genotyping, and that a conservative approach for calling the genotypes should be used to achieve a high accuracy. Hum Mutat 27(7), 711–714, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Thresholds were determined with a square test field subtending a visual angle of 0.3° and an exposure time of 0.04 sec, for the right eye, the left eye, and both eyes. The test field was presented at 21 retinal points between 30° to the left and 30° to the right of fixation on the horizontal meridian and on a parallel line 1.5° below the meridian. In the binocular curves the thresholds are high at the center, drop to low levels between 5° and 20°, and then gradually rise farther in the periphery. The monocular curves are asymmetrical due to the blind spot in the left field for the left eye, and in the right field for the right eye. Thresholds measured in the blind spot areas are attributed to excitation of marginal elements by scatter of light in the ocular media. Corresponding to the lack of sensitivity occasioned by the blind spot in one eye is a region of enhanced sensitivity in the other eye as if in compensation. The binocular thresholds are lower than the monocular thresholds, indicating slight binocular summation.


With recent advancements in measurement technologies, many multi-way and tensor datasets have started to emerge. Exploiting the natural tensor structure in the data has been shown to be advantageous for both explorative and predictive studies in several application areas of bioinformatics and computational biology. Therefore, there has subsequently arisen a need for robust and flexible tools for effectively analyzing tensor data sets. We present the R package tensorBF, which is the first R package providing Bayesian factorization of a tensor. Our package implements a generative model that automatically identifies the number of factors needed to explain the tensor, overcoming a key limitation of traditional tensor factorizations. We also recommend best practices when using tensor factorizations for both, explorative and predictive analysis with an example application on drug response dataset. The package also implements tools related to the normalization of data, informative noise priors and visualization. Availability: The package is available at https://cran.r-project.org/package=tensorBF.