In the southern North Sea, hundreds of mutilated harbour porpoise carcasses (Phocoena phocoena) are found each year on beaches. Recent studies have confirmed that these concern the remains of predation by grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). A retrospective study of post mortem photos helped to further characterise grey seal induced wounds and indicated that grey seal predation is currently one of the main causes of death of harbour porpoises in the Netherlands. In addition to direct mortality, non-lethal interactions also occur. Both outcomes could play a significant role in ecosystem dynamics. The Eastern Scheldt has a resident group of harbour porpoises and also grey seals can be found in this semi-enclosed tidal bay, making this a suitable area for studying interspecific interactions. The Rugvin Foundation collects photographs of harbour porpoises in the Eastern Scheldt in a database for photo-identification purposes. Four individual harbour porpoises within this database presented bilateral tailstock lesions and additional body scarring that matched descriptions of lesions induced by grey seals. These lesions appeared to be completely healed and the sighting of these scarred animals in multiple years demonstrate complete recovery from the attacks. In addition, post mortem research revealed that over the last decade at least ten porpoises found in this tidal bay died from wounds inflicted in grey seal attacks. This apparent predation threat in combination with the scarce food sources available for harbour porpoises imposes significant pressure on the survival of this species in the Eastern Scheldt. Knowledge about the interaction between grey seals and harbour porpoises is currently increasing, mainly through the investigation of stranded harbour porpoises. Our findings demonstrate that the scope of this phenomenon goes beyond direct lethality and that behavioural adaptations in harbour porpoises, aiming to prevent detection, encounter, and, eventually capture by grey seals, are to be expected.


The panel approach provides a forum for sharing ideas, viewpoints, and perspectives. Panel members come with expertise from a variety of case management arenas and have agreed to share their opinions and perspectives in response to specific questions or scenarios. Opinions and perspectives are those of the panel members and do not necessarily represent the views of AAOHN, the Editor, or the Publisher. We encourage readers to submit their questions or scenarios for the panel. This month's panel members include Norman D. Brown, Christine M. Kalina, Annette B. Haag, and Robin Tourigian.


A leading figure among the Chinese artists of his generation, Ai Weiwei creates art that focuses on fundamental questions about the ways in which art and culture interrelate with society or how society interrelates with individual existence. As a result of his internationally acclaimed work and his direct engagement with Chinese policies and politics, Ai Weiwei has been thrust into the global spotlight. Featuring Ai's most significant works since 2000, this catalogue - a revised and updated version of the Japanese publication produced to accompany the Mori Art Museum's 2008 exhibition - offers insight into the artist's use of simple forms and artistic methods reminiscent of conceptual and minimal art, his preoccupation with the traditional design of furniture and other daily objects, and his iconoclastic attitudes towards traditional values and political authority. The title, According to What?, refers to a painting by Jasper Johns, whose work was a catalyst for Ai's entry into the field of contemporary art. Introducing viewers to Ai's enormously diverse oeuvre, this book includes the artist's most significant works in sculpture, photography, video, and site-specific architectural installations, making it an invaluable resource on the artist. The book contains essays by exhibition curator Mami Kataoka, art historian Charles Merewether, and an interview conducted in March 2012 between the Hirshhorn's chief curator Kerry Brougher and the artist.


We propose a new framework, inspired by random matrix theory, for analyzing the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) when both number of samples and dimensions are large. This framework applies to any fixed stepsize and the finite sum setting. Using this new framework, we show that the dynamics of SGD on a least squares problem with random data become deterministic in the large sample and dimensional limit. Furthermore, the limiting dynamics are governed by a Volterra integral equation. This model predicts that SGD undergoes a phase transition at an explicitly given critical stepsize that ultimately affects its convergence rate, which we also verify experimentally. Finally, when input data is isotropic, we provide explicit expressions for the dynamics and average-case convergence rates (i.e., the complexity of an algorithm averaged over all possible inputs). These rates show significant improvement over the worst-case complexities.


OBJECTIVE. This systematic review investigated the role of home modification interventions to improve participation outcomes for community-living adults and older adults. METHOD. Thirty-six articles met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies investigated older adult populations and used occupational therapists as interventionists. RESULTS. Strong evidence was found for home modification interventions to improve function for people with a variety of health conditions and for both single and multicomponent interventions that included home modifications to reduce the rate and risk of falls among older adults. Moderate evidence was found for improved caregiving for people with dementia. CONCLUSION. Comprehensive, higher intensity interventions demonstrated greater efficacy to improve occupational performance. Emerging evidence was also found for the role of occupational therapy in providing effective home modification interventions. Implications for occupational therapy practice, education, and research are discussed.


One of the great concepts in contemporary neuroscience, the Hebbian synapse has been described as 'The hypothesis that memory is associated with use-dependent synaptic modification'1 and 'the seat of plasticity and change', where 'relating specific neural events to the specific processes of learning and memory…' takes place.2 While theories of learning have their origins in 17th century philosophy,3 during the 19th century a more neuroscientific approach developed, and by 1890 the famous American psychologist William James had clearly envisaged the idea of neural learning when he wrote: "When two elementary brain-processes have been active together or in immediate succession, one of them, on re-occurring, tends to propagate its excitement into the other" 4 (James's emphasis). However, the more specific concept that use results in changes in nerve connections, and that these changes in turn form the basis for learning and memory, was first proposed by Tanzi in Italy in 1893, then by Cajal in Spain 2 years later and by Kappers et al after a further 30 years (for reviews see Jacobson3 and Grossman5).

But, aside from these writers, it was another illustrious American psychologist, Donald Hebb, who is considered to have made 'the first explicit statement of the physiological learning rule for synaptic modification that has since become known as the Hebb synapse'.6 In 1949, in his influential book The Organization of Behavior , Hebb summarised his 'neurophysiological postulate': " When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A 's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased "7 (Hebb's emphasis). Later he went on to develop this theory …


IMPORTANCE
An increased understanding of the relationship between subconcussive head impacts and near point of convergence (NPC) ocular-motor function may be useful in delineating traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether repetitive subconcussive head impacts during preseason football practice cause changes in NPC.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This prospective, observational study of 29 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players included baseline and preseason practices (1 noncontact and 4 contact), and postseason follow-up and outcome measures were obtained for each time. An accelerometer-embedded mouthguard measured head impact kinematics. Based on the sum of head impacts from all 5 practices, players were categorized into lower (n = 7) or higher (n = 22) impact groups.

EXPOSURES
Players participated in regular practices, and all head impacts greater than 10g from the 5 practices were recorded using the i1Biometerics Vector mouthguard (i1 Biometrics Inc).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Near point of convergence measures and symptom scores.

RESULTS
A total of 1193 head impacts were recorded from 5 training camp practices in the 29 collegiate football players; 22 were categorized into the higher-impact group and 7 into the lower-impact group. There were significant differences in head impact kinematics between lower- and higher-impact groups (number of impacts, 6 vs 41 [lower impact minus higher impact = 35; 95% CI, 21-51; P < .001]; linear acceleration, 99g vs 1112g [lower impact minus higher impact= 1013; 95% CI, 621 - 1578; P < .001]; angular acceleration, 7589 radian/s2 vs 65 016 radian/s2 [lower impact minus higher impact= 57 427; 95% CI , 31 123-80 498; P < .001], respectively). The trajectory and cumulative burden of subconcussive impacts on NPC differed by group (F for group × linear trend1, 238 = 12.14, P < .001 and F for group × quadratic trend1, 238 = 12.97, P < .001). In the higher-impact group, there was a linear increase in NPC over time (B for linear trend, unstandardized coefficient [SE]:  0.76 [0.12], P < .001) that plateaued and resolved by postseason follow-up (B for quadratic trend [SE]: -0.06 [0.008], P < .001). In the lower-impact group, there was no change in NPC over time. Group differences were first observed after the first contact practice and remained until the final full-gear practice. No group differences were observed postseason follow-up. There were no differences in symptom scores between groups over time.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Although asymptomatic, these data suggest that repetitive subconcussive head impacts were associated with changes in NPC. The increase in NPC highlights the vulnerability and slow recovery of the ocular-motor system following subconcussive head impacts. Changes in NPC may become a useful clinical tool in deciphering brain injury severity.


Forensic age estimation is the medical assessment of age in individuals for legal purposes. In current practice, medical experts use scoring-based methods to assess the most probable age and provide a minimum age estimate, which requires expensive training and is known to have poor inter-rater reliability. As an initial step towards a more objective, quantitative age estimation system, we use Bayesian convolutional neural networks to perform age and uncertainty estimation using a large data set of 12, 000 panoramic radiographs of the upper and lower jaws, orthopantomograms (OPTs), one of the most accurate indicators of age in subadults. Our system achieves a concordance correlation coefficient ccc = 0.91 on the validation set. Importantly, our method provides quantitative estimation of prediction uncertainty, which is imperative within a legal context.


WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PAPERBACK SERIES The Wiley-Interscience Paperback Series consists of selected books that have been made more accessible to consumers in an effort to increase global appeal and general circulation. With these new unabridged softcover volumes, Wiley hopes to extend the lives of these works by making them available to future generations of statisticians, mathematicians, and scientists. "Exploring Data Tables, Trends, and Shapes (EDTTS) was written as a companion volume to the same editors' book, Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis (UREDA). Whereas UREDA is a collection of exploratory and resistant methods of estimation and display, EDTTS goes a step further, describing multivariate and more complicated techniques ...I feel that the authors have made a very significant contribution in the area of multivariate nonparametric methods. This book [is] a valuable source of reference to researchers in the area." -Technometrics "This edited volume ...provides an important theoretical and philosophical extension to the currently popular statistical area of Exploratory Data Analysis, which seeks to reveal structure, or simple descriptions, in data ...It is ...an important reference volume which any statistical library should consider seriously. " -The Statistician This newly available and affordably priced paperback version of Exploring Data Tables, Trends, and Shapes presents major advances in exploratory data analysis and robust regression methods and explains the techniques, relating them to classical methods. The book addresses the role of exploratory and robust techniques in the overall data-analytic enterprise, and it also presents new methods such as fitting by organized comparisons using the square combining table and identifying extreme cells in a sizable contingency table with probabilistic and exploratory approaches. The book features a chapter on using robust regression in less technical language than available elsewhere. Conceptual support for each technique is also provided.


Abstract Background: Effective and easy to implement interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy are needed. Objective: To compare site nurse–initiated adherence and symptom support telephone calls for HIV-positive individuals starting antiretroviral therapy to the study site's standard of care. Methods: A randomized controlled trial of site nurse–initiated adherence and symptom support telephone calls for HIV-positive individuals starting antiretroviral therapy. Subjects were randomized to receive site nurse–initiated telephone calls (intervention) or no additional calls to the site's standard of care (control). Subjects received calls 1 to 3 days after initiating antiretrovirals, on weeks 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26, and every 8 weeks thereafter. Self-reported adherence was captured during study visits. Results: A total of 333 subjects starting antiretrovirals as part of ACTG 384 were co-enrolled into ACTG 5031. Subjects were followed for up to 160 weeks and were contacted for 74% of scheduled calls. There was no significant difference in proportion of patients with >95% mean total adherence (87.9% and 91.2%; P = .34) and mean self-reported total adherence (97.9% and 98.4%) in the intervention and control groups, respectively, or in symptom distress and clinical endpoints. Conclusions: In the context of a clinical trial where self-reported adherence was exceptionally high, the site nurse–initiated telephone calls did not further improve self-reported adherence, symptom distress, or clinical outcomes.


ABSTRACT Introduction: With the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, concerns have been raised about the risk to children with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We aimed to collate global experience and provide provisional guidance for managing paediatric IBD (PIBD) in the era of COVID-19. Methods: An electronic reporting system of children with IBD infected with SARS-CoV-2 has been circulated among 102 PIBD centres affiliated with the Porto and Interest-group of ESPGHAN. A survey has been completed by major PIBD centres in China and South-Korea to explore management during the pandemic. A third survey collected current practice of PIBD treatment. Finally, guidance points for practice have been formulated and voted upon by 37 PIBD authors and Porto group members. Results: Eight PIBD children had COVID-19 globally, all with mild infection without needing hospitalization despite treatment with immunomodulators and/or biologics. No cases have been reported in China and South Korea but biologic treatment has been delayed in 79 children, of whom 17 (22%) had exacerbation of their IBD. Among the Porto group members, face-to-face appointments were often replaced by remote consultations but almost all did not change current IBD treatment. Ten guidance points for clinicians caring for PIBD patients in epidemic areas have been endorsed with consensus rate of 92% to 100%. Conclusions: Preliminary data for PIBD patients during COVID-19 outbreak are reassuring. Standard IBD treatments including biologics should continue at present through the pandemic, especially in children who generally have more severe IBD course on one hand, and milder SARS-CoV-2 infection on the other. Supplemental digital content: An infographic accompanying this article can be found at.


For 700 years, Geoffrey Chaucer has spoken to scholars and amateurs alike. How does his work speak to us in the twenty-first century? This volume provides a unique vantage point for responding to this question, furnished by the pioneering scholar of medieval literary studies, Stephanie Trigg: the symptomatic long history. While Trigg's signature methodological framework acts as a springboard for the vibrant conversation that characterises this collection, each chapter offers an inspiring extension of her scholarly insights. The varied perspectives of the outstanding contributors attest to the vibrancy and the advancement of debates in Chaucer studies: thus, formerly rigid demarcations surrounding medieval literary studies, particularly those concerned with Chaucer, yield in these essays to a fluid interplay between Chaucer within his medieval context; medievalism and 'reception'; the rigours of scholarly research and the recognition of amateur engagement with the past; the significance of the history of emotions; and the relationship of textuality with subjectivity according to their social and ecological context. Each chapter produces a distinctive and often startling interpretation of Chaucer that broadens our understanding of the dynamic relationship between the medieval past and its ongoing reevaluation. The inventive strategies and methodologies employed in this volume by leading thinkers in medieval literary criticism will stimulate exciting and timely insights for researchers and students of Chaucer, medievalism, medieval studies, and the history of emotions, especially those interested in the relationship between medieval literature, the intervening centuries and contemporary cultural change.


Abstract. This paper presents a new approach to recognize individual facade objects and to reconstruct such objects in 3D using MLS point clouds. Core of the approach is a primitive shape based algorithm, which introduces building primitives, to identify the facade objects separately from other irrelevant objects and then to model the correct topology. The primitive shape is identified against defined different primitive shapes by using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm. The advantage of this process is that it offers an ability not only to model correct geometric shapes but also to remove occlusion effects from the final model. To evaluate the validity of the proposed approach, experiments have been conducted using two types of street scene point clouds captured by Optech Lynx Mobile Mapper System and Z+F laser scanner. Results of the experiments show that the completeness, correctness, and quality of the reconstructed building facade objects are well over 90 %, proving the proposed method is a promising solution for modelling 3D facade objects with different geometric shapes.


Metal Building Systems (MBS) make up a substantial portion of nonresidential, low-rise construction in the U.S. Given their wide spread use, it is desirable to understand their performance during a seismic event. Previous pseudostatic, cyclic testing indicates an absence of ductility in these systems. This lack of ductility arises from the inherent design concepts behind using web-tapered frames with no flange or web compactness limits, causing buckling limit states to govern the strength of the frames. In light of the lack of ductility, it is obvious that the current practice of designing MBS moment frames as Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF) systems, with R=3.5, is inappropriate. Also, simple analytical studies suggest that MBS supporting large masses, such as concrete or masonry exterior cladding or interior mezzanines, may be particularly vulnerable to the lack of ductility. For these reasons, it is desirable to develop a safe, economic, and reliable design procedure for MBS. Earthquake simulation testing of MBS has been performed to provide test data to start this development. Three full-scale MBS specimens have been tested on the NEES/UCSD Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table. Specimen 1 consisted of a single story MBS frame with metal side wall panels to represent the majority of MBS buildings. Specimen 2 was similar to the first, except with heavy concrete sidewall panels. Specimen 3 consisted of a MBS frame built with compact flanges, a mezzanine attached to one sidewall, and a concrete wall attached to the other. Results from each battery of tests will be presented in this paper.


This paper investigates by an energetic approach possible new configurations of aircrafts, which can rival in low speed operations against helicopters. It starts from an effective energy balance of helicopters during fundamental operations: takeoff, horizontal flight, hovering, and landing. The energy state of a helicopter can be written as:

E = ½ mV2 + mgh + ½ I ω2 (1)

where m is mass of helicopter, I is total rotor inertia, ω is rotor rotational speed. By taking the partial derivative with respect to time of equation 1, the power is expressed as

dE/dt = ΔP = mV dV/dt + mg dh/dt (2)

By optimizing the energy balance of the helicopter a new aircraft configuration has been obtained that allow a very high lift even at very low speed, but drastically reducing the energy consumption during horizontal flight. The total power required is obtained by rotor power and overall efficiency factor (η) and HPreq total = η HPreq rotor.

By equations (1) and (2) it has been produced a preliminary optimization in different operative conditions considering a speed range from 0.5 (hovering conditions) to 50 m/s. By an accurate balance of the results, it has been identified that the most disadvantageous situation for a helicopter is forward flight. A new powered wing architecture has been specifically studied for replicating the behaviour of helicopters. Preliminary it has been defined by starting from the energy equations the main characteristics of the propelled wing. From those numerical results it has been defined a new configuration of propelled wing and the new aircraft configuration which allow adequate performance against helicopter. Those wings take a large advantage of two not common features: symmetry with respect to a vertical axis and possibility of optimizing the shape for specific missions.

It has been designed and optimized in different configurations by CFD. In particular, an accurate analysis of fluiddynamic of the system allows quantifying the different effects that allows realizing an extraordinary ratio between lift and thrust producing an effective vehicle that can rival against helicopter also at very low speeds with a morphing configuration that will be presented in the final paper because of patenting reasons. Results show that the proposed innovative aircraft configuration allows hovering and very low speed flight. In particular, the conditions and the design for this kind of operation are presented even if still in initial design stage. The presented aircraft architecture can also allow inverting the direction of motion just by inverting the direction of the thrust. In this case, it will allow overcoming completely the performances of helicopters. The energetic balance of flight has been evaluated and the advantages with respect to helicopters have been finally expressed with surprising results.


Technology/Engineering/MechanicalProvides all the tools needed to begin solving optimization problems using MATLAB The Second Edition of Applied Optimization with MATLAB Programming enables readers to harness all the features of MATLAB to solve optimization problems using a variety of linear and nonlinear design optimization techniques. By breaking down complex mathematical concepts into simple ideas and offering plenty of easy-to-follow examples, this text is an ideal introduction to the field. Examples come from all engineering disciplines as well as science, economics, operations research, and mathematics, helping readers understand how to apply optimization techniques to solve actual problems. This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised, incorporating current optimization techniques as well as the improved MATLAB tools. Two important new features of the text are:Introduction to the scan and zoom method, providing a simple, effective technique that works for unconstrained, constrained, and global optimization problems New chapter, Hybrid Mathematics: An Application, using examples to illustrate how optimization can develop analytical or explicit solutions to differential systems and data-fitting problemsEach chapter ends with a set of problems that give readers an opportunity to put their new skills into practice. Almost all of the numerical techniques covered in the text are supported by MATLAB code, which readers can download on the text's companion Web site www.wiley.com/go/venkat2e and use to begin solving problems on their own.This text is recommended for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in all areas of engineering as well as other disciplines that use optimization techniques to solve design problems.


We explored the relationships between diet and morphology in 30 fish species from forested tropical streams of the Bolivian Amazon. These species were first assigned to eight broad trophic guilds based on stomach con- tents analysis. The relationships between diet and morphology were then examined using Redundancy Analysis, after having checked for potential phylogenetical effects. Results show that, independently of any phylogenetic constraints, some of the trophic guilds could be grossly predicted from few relevant morphological attributes (i.e. relative intesti- nal length, standard length and mouth orientation) and thus suggest a significant link between diet and morphology. In other words, species having similar diet tend to converge to some extent on some morphological attributes. This link was nevertheless rather weak, suggesting that even if morphology may set limits to patterns of resource use, these limits are broad enough to allow fishes changing their choice of prey resources to respond to local biotic and/or abiotic conditions.


Book synopsis: The key aim of this volume is to demonstrate ways in which an understanding of history can be used to inform present-day transport and mobility policies. This is not to say that history repeats itself, or that every contemporary transport dilemma has an historical counterpart: rather, the contributors to this book argue that in many contexts of transport planning a better understanding of the context and consequences of past decisions and processes could lead to more effective policy decisions. Collectively the authors explore the ways in which the methods and approaches of historical research may be applied to contemporary transport and policy issues across a wide range of transport modes and contexts. By linking two bodies of academic research that for the most part remain separate this volume helps to inform current transport and mobility policies and to stimulate innovative new research that links studies of both past and present mobilities.


The earliest mainstream examples of the first-person shooter game can be traced to the early to mid 1990s, during which one company above most others cultivated a genre that continues to dominant the global video games market. id Software was founded by John Carmack and John Romero, and of all their video games it is perhaps the 1993 DOOM that has been most influential and celebrated. Advancements in technological game development and creativity afforded DOOM exhilarating gameplay, killing monstrous enemies, spurred on by a synthesized, metal-infused soundtrack by Bobby Prince. The 2016 reboot of the serious, similarly titled DOOM, had one of the strongest legacies to live up to in the gaming world. To both respect the series' lineage and give this new game a distinguishing identity, composer Mick Gordon developed unique technical and musical processes based on a philosophy of energy passing through objects, and so doing, corrupt them.


The economic downturn and recession affects every industry and sector of Ireland. The educational sector is long thought of as being instrumental in developing the minds of the future. This sector has been used in recent years, as a tool for getting Ireland out of this economic depression.
The psychological contract (PC) is a valuable construct which attempts to explain a mutually reciprocal union of promises that exist in the employment relationship (Robinson, Kraatz, & Rousseau 1994; Guest 1998). Research on this topic has increased since the inception of the term in the 1960s, as it is regarded as having a huge bearing on the employment contract.
In recent years the educational sector has undergone significant change and pressure has been placed on teachers to work longer hours, and deal with increased class sizes. They are expected to continue to carry out extra-curricular activities, at no extra benefit to them. The ASTI (Association of Secondary Teachers Ireland), the representative body for secondary teachers in Ireland, has argued that the Croke Park Agreement (CPA) along with other austerity measures taken by the government in an attempt at cost saving and stream lining the sector, has broken promises made to teachers, and consequently breached their PC.
In an attempt to investigate this evidence further, research was carried out in the form of in-depth interviews, to understand the factors that influence a perceived breach of a PC, and what retaliation measures, if any, teachers take against such measures.
Responses gained from the interviews and the literature is used to understand breach and what action is taken against it. Change, support issues, and actions taken by the principal, were the main factors contributing to a perception of breach; while reaction and trust influenced what retaliation the teachers took against this perception of breach.
The author uses this information to then promote recommendations of how to approach addressing the contentious issues that the sector faces.


Empathy and consideration for other people's feelings are at the very heart of our ability to form and maintain social relationships, but this may sometimes demand looking beyond our own emotional perspective. This thesis sought to investigate cognitively-evoked empathy (in the absence of direct cues to other people's emotions), and its modulation. A new behavioural paradigm was first developed to study emotional perspective-taking in situations in which individuals have contrasting emotional experiences. In this paradigm participants were presented with written scenarios featuring them self and/or another person and were asked to imagine how they or the other person would feel in each scenario, making speeded emotion judgments. The scenarios described a wide variety of everyday events that might be expected to elicit positive or negative feelings in the protagonist (s) and involved conflict (contrasting fortune) or no conflict between the perspectives of self and other. Using this paradigm, it was found that individuals were sensitive to another person's conflicting perspective when judging how they would feel in emotional situations, and were particularly sensitive to another person's negative perspective. This was born out in eight further experiments, which revealed a negative-positive asymmetry in empathy, showing empathy for bad fortune to be greater and less dependent on the empathiser's own emotional experience than empathy for good fortune. Low-level accounts of how information about another person's fortune might modulate emotional judgments were discussed in relation to two experiments, but were considered insufficient to explain the data. Evidence for the involvement of higher-level processes was then found in the following five experiments. In the first three of these, participants were found to anticipate empathy in others, but to a lesser extent than in self. Then, in the final two experiments, effects of person appraisals (i.e. the likeability of the other) on empathy for the good and bad fortunes of another were observed, but it was also found that these effects were moderated by individual differences in dispositional empathy and moral attitudes. All these findings are discussed in relation to current theoretical ideas of empathy and mental state understanding.


Most examples of seasonal mismatches in phenology span multiple trophic levels, with timing of animal reproduction, hibernation, or migration becoming detached from peak food supply. The consequences of such mismatches are difficult to link to specific future climate change scenarios because the responses across trophic levels have complex underlying climate drivers often confounded by other stressors. In contrast, seasonal coat color polyphenism creating camouflage against snow is a direct and potentially severe type of seasonal mismatch if crypsis becomes compromised by the animal being white when snow is absent. It is unknown whether plasticity in the initiation or rate of coat color change will be able to reduce mismatch between the seasonal coat color and an increasingly snow-free background. We find that natural populations of snowshoe hares exposed to 3 y of widely varying snowpack have plasticity in the rate of the spring white-to-brown molt, but not in either the initiation dates of color change or the rate of the fall brown-to-white molt. Using an ensemble of locally downscaled climate projections, we also show that annual average duration of snowpack is forecast to decrease by 29–35 d by midcentury and 40–69 d by the end of the century. Without evolution in coat color phenology, the reduced snow duration will increase the number of days that white hares will be mismatched on a snowless background by four- to eightfold by the end of the century. This novel and visually compelling climate change-induced stressor likely applies to >9 widely distributed mammals with seasonal coat color.


The activity of workers' organizations and labour issues is once again on the international relations agenda in fields ranging from labour standards at the WTO, to the terms of regional integration, to corporate codes of conduct, to civil society coalition building. This article argues that the role of the international union movement is transforming from a supporter of US capitalism to a brake on neoliberal industrial relations, to potentially advocating a different form of political economy in alliance with other groups. This transformation has taken place partially because unions have has been expelled from the corridors of power in key states and partially because of their encounter with a series of social movements. The cases of the ICFTU's activity in engaging international organizations and MNCs are used as examples to illustrate this trend. The implications for activity in, and the theory of, the global political economy are potentially significant.


Architecture and urbanism of a community represent the identity of a community, and urban neighborhoods are area for emergence of thisidentity, so designing and creating neighborhoods with Islamic identity in towns can reflect culture, urbanization and thus the identity of that town and society. Therefore, with respect to rich Islamic culture in our country and the necessity of paying attention to it in neighborhood designing, this research is conducted to present Islamic components based on present situations to improve Islamic identity in new neighborhoods. The research method was descriptive – analytical in nature with practical aim. Islamic components were collectedby using documentary and library sources from sayings of Imams, and were divided into 6 main groups. The obtained components were updated based on general principles of urbanism regulations, and then were studied in West Emamieh neighborhood of Mashhad city. Auto Cad and GIS software was used for studyingand analyzing the Islamic components in the studied areas. The results showed that the majority of the presented components (except for mosque-based neighborhood designing) have been considered in designing this neighborhood. Since Islamic identity in neighborhoods of Islamic cities is linked to religious land use (mosque), designing new neighborhoods based on this land use must be given more attention.


Abstract. The U.S Geological Survey is exploring the use of machine learning and geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) for topographic mapping tasks. These automated tasks include extracting topographic features such as hydrography, transportation, vegetation canopy, urban 3D structures, and others from raw data including lidar point clouds, color and near infrared images, historic topographic maps, and Web sources of existing geospatial resources. Current (2020) work includes extracting hydrography from elevation data, and geomorphic features with geographic names from historical topographical maps using Deep Learning. Extracted features are included in a geographic information system (GIS), supporting topographic mapping and modeling activities, and as semantic entities in a graph data model, building a knowledge graph for topographic data. These GIS datasets and topographic knowledge graphs can be used in automated topographic mapping processes and artificial intelligence routines that develop data for hydrologic, biologic, and geologic models that form part of the USGS EarthMap vision.


Aldingham Motte (SD 27795 69876) is a Scheduled Monument (SM 37622), situated
on the north-western edge of Morecambe Bay and now partially lost to the sea.
Originating as a ringwork in the early twelfth century, possibly raised in 1102 by
Roger de Poitou, evidence from the 1968 excavation showed it to have been modified
by the le Fleming family in the late twelfth to early thirteenth century by filling in the
ringwork and raising a motte above it. The motte was raised again shortly before its
abandonment in the late thirteenth century, when the le Fleming family moved to the
nearby moated site at Moat farm. After many years in abeyance, this work is now
being brought to publication by Greenlane Archaeology.
Oxford Archaeology North was commissioned to examine and report on the finds
material stored at Kendal Museum. Examination of the metalwork in March 2013
showed this to have survived in only fair to poor condition, although a range of
medieval iron objects remained recognisable, including arrowheads, horseshoes, and
possible wood-working tools. The animal bone also proved interesting, with a
considerable amount of red deer present, particularly in Period I. Some antlers and
sheep horns also showed clear evidence of being worked.


A M Williams

Dr A M Williams, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; email@example.com

What aspects of the hospital environment affect patients' feelings of personal control and emotional comfort?

Qualitative study using the grounded theory method.

Hospitals in Perth, Western Australia.

56 patients >18 years of age (median age range 54–64 y, 59% women) who had been admitted to hospital for any episode of illness and could converse in English.

Data were collected through 78 hours of field observation and semistructured interviews with patients. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed thematically using the constant comparative method.

Patients identified 3 conditions of the hospital environment that affected their feelings of personal control and emotional comfort. (1) Level of security . Patients' feelings of personal control increased when assistance was available to help them do things they could not do by themselves; they felt insecure and experienced emotional discomfort when assistance was lacking. One patient described being afraid of injury and feeling insecure when he could not get assistance to fix a broken bed. …


It is important to know whether the old age pension eases financial constraints in rural areas, thereby allowing young men to migrate to urban areas for work – or whether these grants encourage idleness and dependency. This study finds no evidence of the latter. Instead, for young rural males there is an increase in their chances of migrating and finding work when a member of the household starts receiving the pension. Notably, these effects are only present for young men with at least a matric.


Combustion of solid propellant composed of energetic materials is the driving thermomechanical force in the operation of a solid rocket motor. Accurate modeling and simulation of the combustion and resulting regression of solid propellants entails research activities in several areas, including the description and propagation of the propellant combustion interface, modeling of solid propellant flames, combustion instability analysis, and constitutive modeling of energetic materials.


The Rad51 protein, a homologue of the bacterial RecA protein, is an essential factor for both meiotic and mitotic recombination. The N-terminal domain of the human Rad51 protein (HsRad51) directly interacts with DNA. Based on a yeast two-hybrid analysis, it has been reported that the N-terminal region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 protein binds Rad52;S. cerevisiae Rad51 and Rad52 both activate the homologous pairing and strand exchange reactions. Here, we show that the HsRad51 N-terminal region, which corresponds to the Rad52-binding region of ScRad51, does not exhibit strong binding to the human Rad52 protein (HsRad52). To investigate its function, the C-terminal region of HsRad51 was randomly mutagenized. Although this region includes the two segments corresponding to the putative DNA-binding sites of RecA, all seven of the mutants did not decrease, but instead slightly increased, the DNA binding. In contrast, we found that some of these HsRad51 mutations significantly decreased the HsRad52 binding. Therefore, we conclude that these amino acid residues are required for the HsRad51.HsRad52 binding. HsRad52, as well as S. cerevisiae Rad52, promoted homologous pairing between ssDNA and dsDNA, and higher homologous pairing activity was observed in the presence of both HsRad51 and HsRad52 than with either HsRad51 or HsRad52 alone. The HsRad51 F259V mutation, which strongly impaired the HsRad52 binding, decreased the homologous pairing in the presence of both HsRad51 and HsRad52, without affecting the homologous pairing by HsRad51 alone. This result suggests the importance of the HsRad51.HsRad52 interaction in homologous pairing.


To investigate the risk factors for man-to-woman sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we carried out a cross-sectional study of 368 women who were steady partners of HIV-infected men attending 16 Italian clinical centers. Information was collected from the medical records of the infected men and by direct interviews with the women. In a logistic regression analysis, the woman's awareness of her partner's seropositivity (odds ratio [OR], 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0 to 1.1), use of condoms (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1 to 1), and oral contraceptive use (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.0) were negatively associated with transmission of the HIV infection. An increased risk was found in women having sexual intercourse more than twice a week (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.9) and in women who had been sexually exposed to HIV for between 2 and 5 years (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.8 to 6.7). The transmission rate was higher in couples who engaged in anal sex (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 6.3); in women reporting vaginitis (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.4 to 10.2) or genital warts (OR, 33.3; 95% CI, 4.5 to 244.1); and in those using intrauterine devices (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.1). The risk for women was also associated with a C D4 cell count lower than 400/mm 3 in their partners. Knowledge of the HIV status of the partner led to increased condom use but did not induce a lower frequency of sexual intercourse or an avoidance of anal sex. ( Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:2411-2416)


Abstract. The Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM-SAF) aims at the provision of satellite-derived geophysical parameter data sets suitable for climate monitoring. CM-SAF provides climatologies for Essential Climate Variables (ECV), as required by the Global Climate Observing System implementation plan in support of the UNFCCC. Several cloud parameters, surface albedo, radiation fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface as well as atmospheric temperature and humidity products form a sound basis for climate monitoring of the atmosphere. The products are categorized in monitoring data sets obtained in near real time and data sets based on carefully intercalibrated radiances. The CM-SAF products are derived from several instruments on-board operational satellites in geostationary and polar orbit as the Meteosat and NOAA satellites, respectively. The existing data sets will be continued using data from the instruments on-board the new joint NOAA/EUMETSAT Meteorological Operational Polar satellite. The products have mostly been validated against several ground-based data sets both in situ and remotely sensed. The accomplished accuracy for products derived in near real time is sufficient to monitor variability on diurnal and seasonal scales. The demands on accuracy increase the longer the considered time scale is. Thus, interannual variability or trends can only be assessed if the sensor data are corrected for jumps created by instrument changes on successive satellites and more subtle effects like instrument and orbit drift and also changes to the spectral response function of an instrument. Thus, a central goal of the recently started Continuous Development and Operations Phase of the CM-SAF (2007–2012) is to further improve all CM-SAF data products to a quality level that allows for studies of interannual variability.


Introduction In this age of heightened accountability, academia is increasingly being asked to link assessment to candidate performance outcomes in multiple ways. Research demonstrates the importance of aligning assessment with content standards but cautions that it is critical that assessments match the content, cover a wide range of knowledge, are cognitively demanding, and avoid irrelevant materials (AERA, 2003). Case-based pedagogy is one way to link program content to classroom practice. Much of the research on case methods calls for the use of cases to "create bridges across the great chasm that divides policy from practice" (Shulman, 2000, p. 2) in order to help teachers understand how practice is constructed in the classroom. Within case-based pedagogy, the cases become teaching tools that serve as a context for making meaning of concepts presented during instruction in a variety of instructional settings, and thus make understanding transparent. In this article we examine the use of candidate-authored case studies as a culminating assessment activity in one Reading and Language Arts Specialist Credential Program (RRLA) in a large, urban public university with a diverse student population in southern California. Candidates in the program earn an M.A. in Education, Option in Reading, along with the state-issued specialist credential. We ask the following research questions in order to examine the use of case-based assessment in the RRLA program: 1. Are case studies an effective way for graduate candidates to demonstrate knowledge and skills learned in the program? 2. Can candidates use case studies to demonstrate what they know about serving culturally and linguistically diverse urban students? Theoretical Framework Much has been written about how assessment practices have and have not changed in the past 100 years (Brown, 1996; Shepard, 2004). While experts argue that there is reciprocity between assessment and instruction, the construction of school practice is often informed by outdated theories that do not consider new understandings from the field (Brown, 1996), frequently creating a disconnect between assessment and instruction. Shepard (2004) argues that "the content of assessments should match challenging subject matter standards and serve to instantiate what it means to know and learn in each of the disciplines" (p.1621) and she proposes a social-constructivist concept of assessment where dynamic, ongoing assessment offers candidates explicit evaluation criteria, in addition to support and assistance as feedback as they progress through the program. Thus the instructional program leads candidates towards the desired competencies that the assessment seeks to measure. The use of case-based methodology to measure teacher competence is one way to link assessment to practice (Shulman, 2002) and to shift from traditional modes of evaluation into a more dynamic and authentic review of learning. While the professional fields of business and law have used cases and case methods for years, the idea of using them in education has emerged over the last 15 years as a promising idea. Merseth (1991) argues that the current move toward a case-based pedagogy is due to a growing interest in teacher knowledge and cognition as well as an acknowledgement of the complexities of teaching. With this growing awareness, the efforts to define case studies have gained prominence. According to Merseth (1994) a case is "a descriptive narrative document that is based on a real life situation or event" (p. 2). The author further describes the case as having three essential elements: a firm base in reality, a reliance on research, and the development of multiple perspectives by those who use them. Complicating these efforts are the various uses of case studies. For example, cases can be used as stimulants for reflection, techniques to enrich field experiences, and tools for professional evaluation. …


In this Essay, I continue my previous analysis of the first sale rule (or principle of exhaustion) in intellectual property law in the context of international trade. In particular, I highlight the differences between the first sale rules in trademark and copyright law — in particular, international first sale in trademark law and national first sale (at least to date) in copyright law — and criticize the corporate trend to invoke copyright protection for incidental product features of otherwise functional and uncopyrightable products in order to restrict the importation of gray market (genuine) products into the United States. During the past decade, corporations have increasingly turned to copyright law to protect the designs used in their labels, logos, products packaging, and so forth. However, I elaborate in this Essay that this trend is frequently finalized at leveraging the copyright protection on these designs to encompass the entire products to which these designs are affixed, and in turn circumvent the rule of trademark law (international first sale) by blocking the importation of gray market products under the more business-friendly rule of national copyright first sale.This Essay proceeds as follows. In Part II, I provide a brief overview of the differences between the first sale rules in trademark and copyright law. In Part III, I criticize the growing practice of corporations leveraging copyright protection for incidental features of otherwise uncopyrightable products in order to invoke the principle of national first sale in copyright law for products in their entirety to prevent the importation of gray market products. In particular, I argue that this practice amounts to copyright misuse, as it has been recently recognized by part of the judiciary, and I call upon the courts to consistently embrace this line of reasoning and curtail this misuse of copyright protection by corporations. In Part IV, I evaluate the possible outcomes of Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, which is currently pending in the Supreme Court on the territorial extent of the copyright first sale rule, and Omega v. Costco Wholesale, which is currently pending before the Ninth Circuit on the issue of gray market products and copyright misuse. I specifically advocate that the Ninth Circuit finds that Omega misused copyright law when it claimed copyright protection for a small design engraved on the back of its watches to prevent the unauthorized importation of these watches into the United States. In this part, I also call upon Congress to consider a legislative amendment to the text of the Copyright Act to formally prohibit the leveraging of copyright protection for incidental product features in the context of international trade, following the examples of other common law jurisdictions. Still, I conclude, in the immediate future the responsibility remains with the courts — the Ninth Circuit in first instance — to prevent corporations from opportunistically exploiting overlapping copyrights and trademarks.


This is the first study in depth of the Royal Navy's vital, but largely ignored small craft. In the age of sail they were built in huge numbers and in far greater variety than the more regulated major warships, so they present a particular challenge to any historian attempting a coherent design history. However, for the first time this book charts the development of the ancillary types, variously described in the 17th century as sloops, ketches, brigantines, advice boats and even yachts, as they coalesce into the single 18th-century category of Sloop of War. In this era they were generally two-masted, although they set a bewildering variety of sail plans from them. The author traces their origins to open boats, like those carried by Basque whalers, shows how developments in Europe influenced English craft, and homes in on the relationship between rigs, hull-form and the duties they were designed to undertake. Visual documentation is scanty, but this book draws together a unique collection of rare and unseen images, coupled with the author's own reconstructions in line drawings and watercolour sketches to provide the most convincing depictions of the appearance of these vessels. By tackling some of the most obscure questions about the early history of small-boat rigs, the book adds a dimension that will be of interest to historians of coastal sail and practical yachtsman, as well as warship enthusiasts.


Electroplating is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid subtrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.


As new technologies are appropriated by researchers, the community must come to terms with the evolving ethical responsibilities we have towards participants. This workshop brings together researchers to discuss the ethical issues of running large-scale user trials, and to provide guidance for future research. Trials of the scale of 10s or 100s of thousands of participants offer great potential benefits in terms of attracting users from vastly different geographical and social contexts, but raise significant ethical challenges. The inability to ensure user understanding of the information required to provide informed consent and problems involved in making users aware of the implications of the information being collected all beg the question: how can researchers ethically take advantage of the opportunities these new technologies afford?


This thesis studies the evolution of the war prerogative in England from 1600-2010. It traces the historical theory and practice of the war prerogative and proposes reform of the constitutional arrangements for its exercise. It addresses three key questions. First, what have writers on political and constitutional theory said about the constitutional arrangements for the war prerogative, and, in particular, what justifications have been advanced for those arrangements? Secondly, in practice, has the executive in fact possessed sole and exclusive powers over war and the deployment of force, or have Parliament and the courts had a role to play in their exercise and scrutiny? Thirdly, are there better ways to organise our constitutional arrangements for the war prerogative, to enable a more substantive role for Parliament (particularly the House of Commons) in its exercise and scrutiny? On the first question, I show that orthodox theoretical and political discourses have continuously asserted the executive's exclusive power over war, but the justifications advanced for that arrangement have changed over time. Those changes reflect the varying influence of different political theories at different times. On the second question, I find that, contrary to orthodox theoretical and political discourses, Parliament has played an active and substantive role in the exercise and scrutiny of the war prerogative. The courts have refused to intervene in the exercise of the war prerogative, but have been more ready to intervene in cases involving the exercise of powers incidental to the war prerogative. On the third question, I argue that reform of the constitutional arrangements for the war prerogative is necessary and desirable. I recommend the use of 'institutional mechanisms', which are small-scale rules and institutional arrangements, within existing institutions, which aim to promote certain normative goals. In particular, I propose a statute which would impose conditions on the executive's exercise of its war prerogative. I argue that these proposals show that, through careful institutional design, democratic values, national security and operational efficiency can each be reconciled and promoted.


In this paper, we aim to learn a low-dimensional Euclidean representation from a set of constraints of the form "item j is closer to item i than item k". Existing approaches for this "ordinal embedding" problem require expensive optimization procedures, which cannot scale to handle increasingly larger datasets. To address this issue, we propose a landmark-based strategy, which we call Landmark Ordinal Embedding (LOE). Our approach trades off statistical efficiency for computational efficiency by exploiting the low-dimensionality of the latent embedding. We derive bounds establishing the statistical consistency of LOE under the popular Bradley- Terry-Luce noise model. Through a rigorous analysis of the computational complexity, we show that LOE is significantly more efficient than conventional ordinal embedding approaches as the number of items grows. We validate these characterizations empirically on both synthetic and real datasets. We also present a practical approach that achieves the "best of both worlds", by using LOE to warm-start existing methods that are more statistically efficient but computationally expensive.


The (M_W 6.1, 7.3, 6.2) 1992 Landers earthquakes began on April 23 with the M_W6.1 1992 Joshua Tree preshock and form the most substantial earthquake sequence to occur in California in the last 40 years. This sequence ruptured almost 100 km of both surficial and concealed faults and caused aftershocks over an area 100 km wide by 180 km long. The faulting was predominantly strike slip and three main events in the sequence had unilateral rupture to the north away from the San Andreas fault. The M_W6.1 Joshua Tree preshock at 33°N58′ and 116°W19′ on 0451 UT April 23 was preceded by a tightly clustered foreshock sequence (M≤4.6) beginning 2 hours before the mainshock and followed by a large aftershock sequence with more than 6000 aftershocks. The aftershocks extended along a northerly trend from about 10 km north of the San Andreas fault, northwest of Indio, to the east-striking Pinto Mountain fault. The M_w7.3 Landers mainshock occurred at 34°N13′ and 116°W26′ at 1158 UT, June 28, 1992, and was preceded for 12 hours by 25 small M≤3 earthquakes at the mainshock epicenter. The distribution of more than 20,000 aftershocks, analyzed in this study, and short-period focal mechanisms illuminate a complex sequence of faulting. The aftershocks extend 60 km to the north of the mainshock epicenter along a system of at least five different surficial faults, and 40 km to the south, crossing the Pinto Mountain fault through the Joshua Tree aftershock zone towards the San Andreas fault near Indio. The rupture initiated in the depth range of 3–6 km, similar to previous M∼5 earthquakes in the region, although the maximum depth of aftershocks is about 15 km. The mainshock focal mechanism showed right-lateral strike-slip faulting with a strike of N10°W on an almost vertical fault. The rupture formed an arclike zone well defined by both surficial faulting and aftershocks, with more westerly faulting to the north. This change in strike is accomplished by jumping across dilational jogs connecting surficial faults with strikes rotated progressively to the west. A 20-km-long linear cluster of aftershocks occurred 10–20 km north of Barstow, or 30–40 km north of the end of the mainshock rupture. The most prominent off-fault aftershock cluster occurred 30 km to the west of the Landers mainshock. The largest aftershock was within this cluster, the M_w6.2 Big Bear aftershock occurring at 34°N10′ and 116°W49′ at 1505 UT June 28. It exhibited left-lateral strike-slip faulting on a northeast striking and steeply dipping plane. The Big Bear aftershocks form a linear trend extending 20 km to the northeast with a scattered distribution to the north. The Landers mainshock occurred near the southernmost extent of the Eastern California Shear Zone, an 80-km-wide, more than 400-km-long zone of deformation. This zone extends into the Death Valley region and accommodates about 10 to 20% of the plate motion between the Pacific and North American plates. The Joshua Tree preshock, its aftershocks, and Landers aftershocks form a previously missing link that connects the Eastern California Shear Zone to the southern San Andreas fault.


&NA; At the practitioner‐practitioner interface, the concepts of teamwork and interprofessional collaboration are of increasing importance. This emphasis has incumbent demands and challenges, not least of which is the necessity to negotiate one's own needs, roles, and responsibilities within the context of optimal patient care. Being able to influence others and persuade them to accept one's point of view will thus be at the heart of effective interprofessional communication. Against this background, this paper presents a description of a communication skills training (CST) course for pharmacists targeting the area of influencing and persuading skills. Starting with a brief overview of the content of the course, where nine specific influencing strategies are elaborated, the article goes on to describe the key instructional techniques used, incorporating both pedagogic and andragogic models of education. Program evaluation is reported through analysis of a postcourse questionnaire designed to assess the perceived effects of the training on participants. Against the stated criteria, the course achieved an overall 86% score. Use of the relationship and logical argument strategies scored highest in terms of skill use outcome, matched by the ability to recognize influence attempts made by others. Conversely, the "negative" influencing techniques of threat/fear and aversive stimulation scored lowest. The implications of these results are discussed together with the advantages and disadvantages of experiential training, with recommendations made as to how this type of training can be optimized.


The gravimetric model of the Moho discontinuity is usually derived based on isostatic adjustment theories considering floating crust on the viscous mantle. In computation of such a model some a priori information about the density contrast between the crust and mantle and the mean Moho depth are required. Due to our poor knowledge about them they are assumed unrealistically constant. In this paper, our idea is to improve a computed gravimetric Moho model, by the Vening Meinesz-Moritz theory, using the seismic model in Fennoscandia and estimate the error of each model through a combined adjustment with variance component estimation process. Corrective surfaces of bi-linear, bi-quadratic, bi-cubic and multi-quadric radial based function are used to model the discrepancies between the models and estimating the errors of the models. Numerical studies show that in the case of using the bi-linear surface negative variance components were come out, the bi-quadratic can model the difference better and delivers errors of 2.7 km and 1.5 km for the gravimetric and seismic models, respectively. These errors are 2.1 km and 1.6 km in the case of using the bi-cubic surface and 1 km and 1.5 km when the multi-quadric radial base function is used. The combined gravimetric models will be computed based on the estimated errors and each corrective surface.


Gap junction channels allow communication between adjacent cells. Hemichannels formed from connexin proteins, one in each cell membrane, come together to allow small molecules, from ions to second messengers and peptides, to pass between cells. Conductance of the channels can be modulated, and mutations in connexin26 are associated with human diseases, including hereditary deafness. Oshima et al. solved the electron crystallographic structure of a mutant connexin26 protein similar to the one that causes the human hearing disorder. They obtained 2D crystals and combined images of them to obtain a 3D density map showing three membranes and two sets of symmetrically related intercellular channels at a resolution of 10 Å in the membrane plane and 14.1 Å perpendicular to the membrane plane. Most striking was a prominent density right in the center of the pore, essentially plugging the pore. Although the structures do not allow tracing of the plug to connect with the primary protein sequence, the authors suspect that the plug represents one of the protein termini, probably the N terminus. The mutant used and the conditions for crystallization should yield channels in a closed conformation. Such a plug would allow conductance of each hemichannel to be independently modulated, with a conducting pore formed only when both hemichannels had their plugs deflected to the cytoplasmic side. A. Oshima, K. Tani, Y. Hiroaki, Y. Fujiyoshi, G. E. Sosinsky, Three-dimensional structure of a human connexin26 gap junction channel reveals a plug in the vestibule. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 10034-10039 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


We derive a scaling ansatz for the mean first passage time (MFPT) τ of a driven polymer chain through a nanopore as a function of the chain length N, the external bias f, and the effective pore-polymer friction η, and demonstrate that the pore-polymer interaction, which we introduce as a correction term to asymptotic scaling, is responsible for the dominant finite-size effect. This ansatz provides a simple procedure to extract the asymptotic τ in the large-N limit from a finite chain length data (obtained either from experiment or simulation) by eliminating the correction-to-scaling term. We validate the ansatz applying it on a large set of data for τ obtained using Brownian dynamics (BD) and Brownian dynamics tension propagation (BDTP) simulation results (Ikonen T. et al., Phys. Rev. E, 85 (2012) 051803; J. Chem. Phys., 137 (2013) 085101) for a variety of combination for N, f, and η. As an important practical application we demonstrate how the rescaling procedure can be used to quantitatively estimate the magnitude of the pore-polymer interaction from simulations or experimental data. Finally, we extend the BDTP theory to incorporate Zimm dynamics and find that the asymptotic results for τ (or the translocation exponent) remains unaltered with the inclusion of the hydrodynamics interactions (HI), although the convergence is slower than what we observe for Rouse dynamics. Using the rescaling ansatz we find that these new findings are in good agreement with the existing experimental results as well as with lattice Boltzmann results for driven polymer translocation (PT) for small N.


German humanism's contribution to national consciousness in the Renaissance has generally been sought in its supposed celebration of ancient German virtues, not least of which was a steadfast opposition to Rome. However, an examination of sixteenth-century translations of classical Roman histories into German reveals the lengths to which German humanists would go to connect, rather than contrast, Germany with Rome. Because humanist techniques also demanded the purge of medieval histories and legends through which such linkages had previously been claimed, the translators had to strain to accommodate these authorized ancient texts to the political and cultural needs of the German present. They failed, and their failure confirms that the humanist agenda based on a rebirth of the modern period through the recovery of the ancient one was inherently fraught with tension.


Samples of green colonial unicellular microalga Botryococcus braunii were collected from Bear Shola Falls at Kodaikanal (latitude 10.31 N and longitude 77.32 E), Tamil Nadu, India. Specimens were isolated, cultured and examined for its hydrocarbon content, morphological features and DNA structural resemblance with the known strain to confirm its identity. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) finger printing revealed strong genetic similarity among the authentic strain ( B. braunii N-836) and the Indian isolated strain ( B. braunii CFTRI- Bb1) from Kodaikanal. The type of hydrocarbons produced by the Kodaikanal isolates were analyzed and identified as saturated hydrocarbons in the range of C 21 to C 33 by GCMS. Tetracosane and octacosane were found as the major components among the saturated hydrocarbons produced by this alga, constituting 17.6% and 14.8% respectively. Hydrocarbon content of the organism was in the range of 13-18% of its dry biomass. The fat content of the organism was found to be 22% (w/w). Palmitic and oleic acids were found to be major fatty acids produced by the alga. Lutein and β-carotene were found to be the major carotenoids and constituted about 64.1% and 25.1% respectively of the total carotenoids. Based on ISSR finger printing and hydrocarbon analyses the new algal strain from Kodaikanal was identified as Botryococcus braunii.


THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCY INVENTORY: SCALE DEVELOPMENT Abstract Current inventories of interpersonal trait dependency are problematic because they are based on theories that fail to recognize the positive aspects of dependency. The main goal of this thesis was to develop a new inventory that takes into account theoretical advances using Robert Bornstein's definitions and identified components of interpersonal dependency. The study was broken into the following three stages: 1. Item and inventory creation, 2. Expert feedback and interrater reliability and 3. Data collection and analysis. Three-hundred fifteen undergraduates completed a questionnaire packet, consisting of a demographics section, a copy of the new inventory, and seven other inventories that measure dysfunction and well-being. Although the original hypotheses in this work were not supported, exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors. These four factors and their relevance to the measurement of interpersonal dependency are discussed and suggestions are made for future studies.


.."."the city's first atlas of historical maps...destined to have a profound and positive influence on twenty-first-century New York."--from the foreword by Tony Hiss" This lavishly illustrated volume explores New York's urban and social history through rare and beautiful maps of the city produced during the past four hundred years and collected from archives and libraries throughout the world. From a crude woodblock engraving depicting Giovanni da Verrazano's first glimpse of New York Harbor in the sixteenth century to the latest satellite photograph of Manhattan, these important documents offer an unprecedented "avenue to New York's past," as the authors write in their preface-- a fascinating collective portrait of the evolution of America's oldest major city. Many of the 65 color plates reproduced here have never been published before, and each is accompanied by an engaging essay on the changing physical and social contours of New York as revealed in the map's details and provenance. Opening with a chapter on the discovery of New York Harbor as depicted in sixteenth-century Italian maps, the book explores the bustling Dutch trading outpost of New Amsterdam (the original name for New York), the city as a British colony in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the rise of New York as a port city in the eighteenth century, the Revolutionary War period, and the development of the Manhattan grid, public squares, and parks in the nineteenth century. The city's myriad "worlds within a world" are shown in unusual maps of such diverse subjects as ethnic neighborhoods, midtown vice, and the subway system. Each entry cites the map's date of creation and publication, cartographer, medium, and the institution or private collection where the map is archived. A bibliography and complete index are also included, making this book an indispensable resource for all those interested in New York history, urban history, and antiquarian maps.


Across African countries, prevention policies are unrelated to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and, even in countries in which they were successful, these policies are often unstable or reversed. To explain these two puzzles, we propose a simple political economy model that examines how prevention policies and the epidemic dynamics are jointly determined. Prevention campaigns affect both citizens' behavior and their perception of the role of public policies in fighting AIDS. The behavioral changes induced by the policy, in turn, reduce the risk of infection for sexually active agents, and this creates political support for future policies. The two-way relationship between prevention policy and awareness generates two stable steady-state equilibria: high awareness/slow prevalence and low awareness/high prevalence. The low-prevalence equilibrium is fragile: the economy can easily drift away towards the high-prevalence equilibrium. Reduced transmission rates have an ambiguous impact on prevalence rates as they also imply less active prevention policies. We then conduct an empirical analysis of the determinants of public support for HIV/AIDS policies using the 2005 Afrobaremeter data. High prevalence rates translate into public support for prevention policies only in countries which carried out active prevention campaigns in the past. The proposed framework extends naturally to a large class of public health policies under which awareness partly follows from the policies themselves.


The purpose of this article is to assist the voice practitioner in their teaching practice. This article will link information relating to source/filter interactions to practical application. Through the understanding and application of these concepts, one can elicit consistent positive change in students' voices. Furthermore, the practices discussed in this article will provide vocalists with a tangible way of repeating optimal voice production. Readers of this article will likely have different levels of familiarity with this information. I aim to persuade the reader that understanding concepts related to vocal resonance can be advantageous to voice practitioners. I hope to convince any sceptics of its importance to reconsider and explore this topic further. Understanding the scientific terminology and how the elements within resonance connect to each other may be an obstacle for some. The theory regarding vocal resonance is a key element in making voice practitioners more effective in their work. This article will provide a starting point for organising this information in a logical way and provide clear strategies for how this information could be used to enhance the teaching of voice.


The curious connection between the spacings of the eigenvalues of random matrices and the corresponding spacings of the non trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function is analyzed on the basis of the geometric dynamical global program of Langlands whose fundamental structures are shifted quantized conjugacy class representatives of bilinear algebraic semigroups.The considered symmetry behind this phenomenology is the differential bilinear Galois semigroup shifting the product,right by left,of automorphism semigroups of cofunctions and functions on compact transcendental quanta.


The concept of sustainable development and the emergent discourse of education for sustainable development (ESD) present both challenges and opportunities for individuals, communities and governments to engage in conscious processes of reassessment of their roles. As an emergent discourse, ESD also raises critical questions on its relationship with environmental education and other parallel traditions. Much as this discourse continues to attract international attention, it is also and rather sadly, a non-issue in some countries. This paper foregrounds learning for sustainable development as an emergent educational discourse that requires urgent political and social attention. It explores the discourse's capacity to make significant contributions to contemporary educational thinking and practice by locating its emergence and development in global environmental politics. Against the background of history and the analysis of major conversation moments, the paper discusses conceptual differences and similarities in parallel traditions such as environmental education, place-based education or community-focused learning. The paper calls for well thought-out pedagogical responses to the diverse challenges of our contemporary times.


The pv systems are designed with transformer for safety purpose with galvanic isolation. However, the transformer is big, heavy and expensive. Also, it reduces the overall frequency of the conversion stage. Generally PV inverter with transformer is having efficiency around 92%–94% only. To overcome these problems, transformer less PV system is introduced. It is smaller, lighter, cheaper and higher in efficiency. However, dangerous leakage current will flow between PV array and the grid due to the stray capacitance. There are different types of configurations available for transformer less inverters like H5, H6, HERIC, H5, and Dual paralleled buck inverter. But each configuration is suffering from its own disadvantages like high conduction losses, shoot-through issues of switches, dead-time requirements at zero crossing instants of grid voltage to avoid grid shoot-through faults and MOSFET reverse recovery issues. The main objective of the proposed transformer less inverter is to address two key issues: One key issue for a transformer less inverter is that it is necessary to achieve high efficiency compared to other existing inverter topologies. Another key issue is that the inverter configuration should not have any shoot-through issues for higher reliability.


Abstract. A new Chemical and Aerosol Lagrangian Model (CALM) has been developed and tested. The model incorporates all central aerosol dynamical processes, from nucleation, condensation, coagulation and deposition to cloud formation and in-cloud processing. The model is tested and evaluated against observations performed at the SMEAR II station located at Hyytiala (61° 51' N, 24° 17' E) over a time period of two years, 2000–2001. The model shows good agreement with measurements throughout most of the year, but fails in reproducing the aerosol properties during the winter season, resulting in poor agreement between model and measurements especially during December–January. Nevertheless, through the rest of the year both trends and magnitude of modal concentrations show good agreement with observation, as do the monthly average size distribution properties. The model is also shown to capture individual nucleation events to a certain degree. This indicates that nucleation largely is controlled by the availability of nucleating material (as prescribed by the [H2SO4]), availability of condensing material (in this model 15% of primary reactions of monoterpenes (MT) are assumed to produce low volatile species) and the properties of the size distribution (more specifically, the condensation sink). This is further demonstrated by the fact that the model captures the annual trend in nuclei mode concentration. The model is also used, alongside sensitivity tests, to examine which processes dominate the aerosol size distribution physical properties. It is shown, in agreement with previous studies, that nucleation governs the number concentration during transport from clean areas. It is also shown that primary number emissions almost exclusively govern the CN concentration when air from Central Europe is advected north over Scandinavia. We also show that biogenic emissions have a large influence on the amount of potential CCN observed over the boreal region, as shown by the agreement between observations and modeled results for the receptor SMEAR II, Hyytiala, during the studied period.


Altogether 13 species of thermophilic fungi were isolated from soil samples collected at 100 sites in six climatic regions in Australia. The range of species was found to be similar to that in soils of other continents. All except two species were common cosmopolitan fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus and Thermomyces lanuginosus were the most common species. being found in more than 60% of soils tested. The widest range of species was found in soils of the cool, moist, south-eastern climatic zone.


In recent years a number of low-crested breakwaters has been built or considered for use at a variety of locations. Most of these structures are intended to protect a beach or reduce the cost of beach maintenance. Other applications include protecting the water intakes for power plants, the entrance channel for small boat harbors, and providing an alternative to revetment for stabilizing an eroding shore line. In situations where only partial attenuation of the waves on the leeside of the structure is required, or possibly even advantageous, a low-crested rubble mound breakwater is a logical selection. Since the cost of a rubble mound increases rapidly with the height of the crest, the economic advantage of a low-crested structure over a traditional breakwater that is infrequently overtopped is obvious. Because the reef type breakwater represents the ultimate in design simplicity it could be the optimum structure for many situations. Unfortunately, the performance of lowcrested rubble mound structures, and particularly a reef type breakwater, is not well documented or understood.


Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures over the past 8000 years have been paced by the slow decrease in summer insolation resulting from the precession of the equinoxes. However, the causes of superposed century‐scale cold summer anomalies, of which the Little Ice Age (LIA) is the most extreme, remain debated, largely because the natural forcings are either weak or, in the case of volcanism, short lived. Here we present precisely dated records of ice‐cap growth from Arctic Canada and Iceland showing that LIA summer cold and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300 AD, followed by a substantial intensification 1430–1455 AD. Intervals of sudden ice growth coincide with two of the most volcanically perturbed half centuries of the past millennium. A transient climate model simulation shows that explosive volcanism produces abrupt summer cooling at these times, and that cold summers can be maintained by sea‐ice/ocean feedbacks long after volcanic aerosols are removed. Our results suggest that the onset of the LIA can be linked to an unusual 50‐year‐long episode with four large sulfur‐rich explosive eruptions, each with global sulfate loading >60 Tg. The persistence of cold summers is best explained by consequent sea‐ice/ocean feedbacks during a hemispheric summer insolation minimum; large changes in solar irradiance are not required.


We present a new algorithm for computational caustic design. Our algorithm solves for the shape of a transparent object such that the refracted light paints a desired caustic image on a receiver screen. We introduce an optimal transport formulation to establish a correspondence between the input geometry and the unknown target shape. A subsequent 3D optimization based on an adaptive discretization scheme then finds the target surface from the correspondence map. Our approach supports piecewise smooth surfaces and non-bijective mappings, which eliminates a number of shortcomings of previous methods. This leads to a significantly richer space of caustic images, including smooth transitions, singularities of infinite light density, and completely black areas. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with several simulated and fabricated examples.


One of the biggest challenges facing robotics is the ability for a robot to autonomously navigate real-world unknown environments and is considered by many to be a key prerequisite of truly autonomous robots. Autonomous navigation is a complex problem that requires a robot to solve the three problems of navigation: localisation, goal recognition, and path-planning. Conventional approaches to these problems rely on computational techniques that are inherently rigid and brittle. That is, the underlying models cannot adapt to novel input, nor can they account for all potential external conditions, which could result in erroneous or misleading decision making.   In contrast, humans are capable of learning from their prior experiences and adapting to novel situations. Humans are also capable of sharing their experiences and knowledge with other humans to bootstrap their learning. This is widely thought to underlie the success of humanity by allowing high-fidelity transmission of information and skills between individuals, facilitating cumulative knowledge gain. Furthermore, human cognition is influenced by internal emotion states. Historically considered to be a detriment to a person's cognitive process, recent research is regarding emotions as a beneficial mechanism in the decision making process by facilitating the communication of simple, but high-impact information.   Human created control approaches are inherently rigid and cannot account for the complexity of behaviours required for autonomous navigation. The proposed thesis is that cognitive inspired mechanisms can address limitations in current robotic navigation techniques by allowing robots to autonomously learn beneficial behaviours from interacting with its environment. The first objective is to enable the sharing of navigation information between heterogeneous robotic platforms. The second objective is to add flexibility to rigid path-planning approaches by utilising emotions as low-level but high-impact behavioural responses.   Inspired by cognitive sciences, a novel cognitive mapping approach is presented that functions in conjunction with current localisation techniques. The cognitive mapping stage utilises an Anticipatory Classifier System (ACS) to learn the novel Cognitive Action Map (CAM) of decision points, areas in which a robot must determine its next action (direction of travel). These physical actions provide a shared means of understanding the environment to allow for communicating learned navigation information.  The presented cognitive mapping approach has been trained and evaluated on real-world robotic platforms. The results show the successful sharing of navigation information between two heterogeneous robotic platforms with different sensing capabilities. The results have also demonstrated the novel contribution of autonomously sharing navigation information between a range-based (GMapping) and vision-based (RatSLAM) localisation approach for the first time. The advantage of sharing information between localisation techniques allows an individual robotic platform to utilise the best fit localisation approach for its sensors while still being able to provide useful navigation information for robots with different sensor types.  Inspired by theories on natural emotions, this work presents a novel emotion model designed to improve a robot's navigation performance through learning to adapt a rigid path-planning approach. The model is based on the concept of a bow-tie structure, linking emotional reinforcers and behavioural modifiers through intermediary emotion states. An important function of the emotions in the model is to provide a compact set of high-impact behaviour adaptations, reducing an otherwise tangled web of stimulus-response patterns. Crucially, the system learns these emotional responses with no human pre-specifying the behaviour of the robot, hence avoiding human bias.  The results of training the emotion model demonstrate that it is capable of learning up to three emotion states for robotic navigation without human bias: fear, apprehension, and happiness. The fear and apprehension responses slow the robot's speed and drive the robot away from obstacles when the robot experiences pain, or is uncertain of its current position. The happiness response increases the speed of the robot and reduces the safety margins around obstacles when pain is absent, allowing the robot to drive closer to obstacles. These learned emotion responses have improved the navigation performance of the robot by reducing collisions and navigation times, in both simulated and real-world experiments. The two emotion model (fear and happiness) improved performance the most, indicating that a robot may only require two emotion states (fear and happiness) for navigation in common, static domains.


Discrete Multitone (DMT)
 modulation is a popular multicarrier technique adopted for wireline
 communication, which offers computationally inexpensive channel
 equalization, based on cyclic prefix, in addition to bit and power
 loading. A cyclic prefix is pre-appended in multicarrier modulated (MCM)
 techniques, that helps mitigate the inter-symbol interference due to
 multipath effect. For channel equalization, a single tap per
 subcarrier is sufficient to compensate for the channel distortion in
 the frequency domain, provided the cyclic prefix length is of the
 order of the channel. This formulates a Zero-Forcing frequency
 domain equalizer, which compensates the channel attenuation with an
 inverse channel response. However, this method has the shortcoming
 of enhancing channel noise, where the channel is of low magnitude,
 in the high frequency range. It has been observed through the
 studies on channel measurements that most channels display the
 characteristics similar to that of a lowpass filter. Therefore, the
 cyclic prefix (CP) based equalization in MCM techniques enhances
 channel noise, which in turn increases the bit error rate and also
 reduces the post equalization signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this
 thesis, as a solution to this problem, hybrid DMT modulation
 techniques, that is the Uniform and Non-Uniform DMT modulation are
 proposed and implemented for the DSL and the power line channels.
 The performance analysis of the proposed modulation techniques in
 the DSL channel and for the various categories of the power line
 channel is presented. Since the Non-Uniform and Uniform modulation
 techniques are hybrid techniques, and their structures are a
 combination of wavelet filter banks and conventional DMT systems,
 therefore, the effect of inter-channel crosstalk and its relation
 with the filter order is also investigated. Computational
 complexity of the hybrid modulation techniques is also derived, and
 it is found to be greater than that of the conventional DMT system.
 Moreover, different methods are adopted for quantization of channel
 noise enhancement. A reconstruction error is derived to ascertain
 the quantity of channel noise enhancement in different subbands of
 the communication channel and also for this purpose, post
 equalization SNR is computed. A modified Non-Uniform DMT transceiver
 was proposed and implemented for the DSL channel. It is depicted
 through simulation results that the Noniii Uniform DMT modulation
 shows some improvement in the post equalization SNR, and its
 modified form gives better performance, however at the cost of
 reduced data rate. The Uniform DMT modulation technique is proposed
 with a power-allocation algorithm for different subchannels of the
 DSL and the power line channels. The Uniform DMT modulation
 performance evaluation through simulation results shows significant
 improvement in SNR in comparison with the conventional DMT system,
 at the cost of greater computational complexity, for the various DSL
 and power line channels.


Abstract. Oxidation processes in Earth's atmosphere are tightly connected to many environmental and human health issues and are essential drivers for biogeochemistry. Until the recent discovery of the atmospheric relevance of the reaction of stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) with SO2, atmospheric oxidation processes were thought to be dominated by a few main oxidants: ozone, hydroxyl radicals (OH), nitrate radicals and, e.g. over oceans, halogen atoms such as chlorine. Here, we report results from laboratory experiments at 293 K and atmospheric pressure focusing on sCI formation from the ozonolysis of isoprene and the most abundant monoterpenes (α-pinene and limonene), and subsequent reactions of the resulting sCIs with SO2 producing sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The measured total sCI yields were (0.15 ± 0.07), (0.27 ± 0.12) and (0.58 ± 0.26) for α-pinene, limonene and isoprene, respectively. The ratio between the rate coefficient for the sCI loss (including thermal decomposition and the reaction with water vapour) and the rate coefficient for the reaction of sCI with SO2, k(loss) /k(sCI + SO2), was determined at relative humidities of 10 and 50%. Observed values represent the average reactivity of all sCIs produced from the individual alkene used in the ozonolysis. For the monoterpene-derived sCIs, the relative rate coefficients k(loss) / k(sCI + SO2) were in the range (2.0–2.4) × 1012 molecules cm−3 and nearly independent of the relative humidity. This fact points to a minor importance of the sCI + H2O reaction in the case of the sCI arising from α-pinene and limonene. For the isoprene sCIs, however, the ratio k(loss) / k(sCI + SO2) was strongly dependent on the relative humidity. To explore whether sCIs could have a more general role in atmospheric oxidation, we investigated as an example the reactivity of acetone oxide (sCI from the ozonolysis of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene) toward small organic acids, i.e. formic and acetic acid. Acetone oxide was found to react faster with the organic acids than with SO2; k(sCI + acid) / k(sCI + SO2) = (2.8 ± 0.3) for formic acid, and k(sCI + acid) / k(sCI + SO2) = (3.4 ± 0.2) for acetic acid. This finding indicates that sCIs can play a role in the formation and loss of other atmospheric constituents besides SO2.


Memory and memory studies have shaped a major site of humanities research over the last twenty years. Examined by ethnographers, archaeologists, social scientists, historians, economists, archivists, art historians, and literary scholars, the theme of memory – individual memory and memoir, collective memory, official memory and oral memory, cultural memory and popular memory – has informed academic discourse and formed institutional structures. Yet, the matter of memory is, paradoxically, under-explored in studies of the 'long nineteenth century' in France. Mapping Memory in Nineteenth-Century French Literature and Culture focuses critical attention on that neglected century when France was struggling to negotiate the serially renewed memory of revolutionary turmoil and socio-cultural redefinition. This volume explores the spaces that the memory process claims and shapes, and it works to identify the crosscurrents that connect those spaces. It asks how memory resists – or cedes to – colonisations by authority, by official discourse, by history, and by aesthetics. It asks how memory-work coincides with or morphs into the processes of the imagination. Eschewing diachronic approaches, the contributors to this volume explore sites around which memory is concentrated or which it shapes and informs: Memory on the Street; Sites of National Memory; Metamorphoses: Memory and Literary Practice; and Memory's Imaginary Spaces.


Summary: Ideally, outlier detection and variable selection should be dealt with at the same time. Literature, however, proposes only a few practical procedures for handling this problem. A procedure is proposed where dummy variables, variable selection, and a simple selection rule are used to find an optimal model which includes the relevant predictors and excludes the outliers influential on the fit.