This article documents the contributions of an Ohio music educator who served in the military during WWII, Joan A. Lamb. Primary and secondary sources revealed that she was born and educated in Ohio, and taught public school music there prior to enlisting. She held an assortment of music positions in the Women's Army Corps (WAC)-all of which were significant firsts for women. She performed in an all-female military band, graduated from the Army Music School, directed the 400th WAC Band, started an African American WAC Band, and performed in the Armed Forces Radio Orchestra under the direction of Meredith Wilson. After the war she had a thirty-year career in education teaching instrumental music, and serving as an administrator in the Los Angeles public schools. Researchers acknowledge that there are gaps in music history that need to be filled; one of these gaps is the untold story of women and their contributions to music education and music history in general. In a 1997 article, Jere Humphreys reported that, "two leading music education history books provide inequitable sex and regional representations of historic music education activities in the United States.1 In the same article, Humphreys added, "Organizations and professional leaders tend to leave voluminous readily accessible written records, whereas more ordinary people, including most music teachers, do not . . . . Clearly, the top-down approach to history contributed to the inequitable representation of women."2 In 1992, George Heller and Bruce Wilson, in their "Historical Research" chapter in the Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning wrote, "Gaps remain in the present story of people, places, and ideas associated with music teaching and learning. New interpretations of old subjects are needed, especially to discover the roles of ethnic and racial populations and women."3 Ten years later, a similar conclusion was drawn by Roberta Lamb, Lori-Anne Dolloff, and Sondra Howe in their chapter on "Feminism, Feminist Research, and Gender Research in Music Education" in The New Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning. They concluded, "Much research still desperately needs to be done in order to add all of the facts that could be discovered about women in music and music education."4 It is the aim of this article to help fill this gap in knowledge by documenting the contribution made by one woman music educator while serving in the military during World War II. Women Needed to Serve On December 8, 1941, the day after the Japanese attacked and destroyed a substantial portion of the American Pacific Fleet docked at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the United States declared war on Japan. Immediately, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler declared war on the U.S., and America became engaged in the global conflict.5 Consequently, military leaders knew they would need more personnel to help win the war. Because of this, women were needed to assume new roles in society, with the idea of keeping the home front economy, industry, and military thriving. In 1943, Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War, called upon the women of America to join the labor force, "The War Department must fully utilize, immediately and effectively, the largest and potentially the finest single source of labor available today-the vast reserve of woman power."6 With the understanding that women would take over on the home front, in the fall of 1942 U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed a proclamation that decreed "that the draft would be the sole source of military manpower."7 Therefore, with men being drafted into the military to fight a war abroad, six million women entered America's workforce during World War II, garnering the nickname "Rosies" after a fictional character, Rosie the Riveter, who first appeared in song lyrics composed by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb in 1942.8 The Four Vagabonds, a male quartet, performed the song that popularized this icon. …


Transient activation of biochemical reactions by visible light and subsequent return to the inactive state in the absence of light is an essential feature of the biochemical processes in photoreceptor cells. To mimic such light-responsiveness with artificial nanosystems, polymersome nanoreactors were developed that can be switched on by visible light and self-revert fast in the dark at room temperature to their inactive state. Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs), with their ability to isomerize upon irradiation with visible light, were employed to change the permeability of polymersome membranes by switching polarity from a nonpolar triene-enol form to a cyclopentenone with increased polarity. To this end, amphiphilic block copolymers containing poly(pentafluorophenyl methacrylate) in their hydrophobic block were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization and functionalized either with a DASA that is based on Meldrum's acid or with a novel fast-switching pyrazolone-based DASA. These polymers were self-assembled into vesicles. Release of hydrophilic payload could be triggered by light and stopped as soon as the light was turned off. The encapsulation of enzymes yielded photoresponsive nanoreactors that catalyzed reactions only if they were irradiated with light. A mixture of polymersome nanoreactors, one that switches in green light, the other switching in red light, permitted specific control of the individual reactions of a reaction cascade in one pot by irradiation with varied wavelengths, thus enabling light-controlled wavelength-selective catalysis. The DASA-based nanoreactors demonstrate the potential of DASAs to switch permeability of membranes and could find application to switch reactions on and off, on demand, e.g., in microfluidics or in drug delivery.


Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) continue to make headway in the undersea world as efficient and durable light sources. Previous papers by the authors have discussed differences and advantages over gas discharge lamps [1], [2], [3]. Undersea lighting designers continue to follow the rapid development of LEDs for general commercial illumination. In addition to improvements in LED technology, electronic drivers have become more compact and increasingly efficient, providing options to end users for thermal roll-back, dimming, AC/DC, or variable voltage input with constant current output. DeepSea Power & Lightreg (DSPL) engineers have devised techniques to pressure compensate both the LEDs and the driver electronics, successfully testing LED arrays and drivers to 20,000 psi. Using a component integration matrix, new configurations of light systems are rapidly emerging for many diver, manned submersible and unmanned vehicle applications. This paper will summarize advances in High Brightness LED lighting systems, in-house and field testing methods, and suggest where ongoing developments will take us next. Recent at-sea experiences are discussed. DeepSea Power & Lightreg (DSPL) has been involved in advanced underwater lighting since the company's inception 25 years ago, and with applications of LED lighting in harsh environments for over 10 years in a line of Pipe Inspection Video Cameras.


This video teaching course presents several patterns of frontal lobe seizures recorded in a number of Italian Epilepsy Centers*. The general features of frontal lobe seizures are outlined in the introduction. Sixteen video-EEG sequences involving 10 different patients are shown. A short presentation of the clinical history precedes each case report. The electroclinical characteristics of seizures implicating the frontal lobe are extremely variable. According to the literature, general characteristics allowing differentiation between seizures of different topography include: appearance of seizures in clusters; seizures predominantly nocturnal or while the patient is falling asleep; short duration of each episode (approximately 30 s); abrupt onset and end; relatively short post-ictal phase, when present; frequent secondary generalization and falls; frequent subjective sensations, usually difficult to describe; impairment of consciousness is not a constant feature; episodes of status are frequent; differentiation from pseudo-seizures may prove to be difficult. When confirmation of the epileptic nature of paroxysmal phenomena is needed, video-EEG recordings may be of some help. Possible subjective manifestations are: cephalic and neuro-vegetative (even epigastric) manifestations, as well as "pensee forcee", fear, olfactory hallucinations, non-lateralized visual disturbances. Motor manifestations include tonic, dystonic, postural, oculocephalic deviations and falls. Verbal and more often gestural automatisms can be complex, very brief and often violent, but elementary automatisms, such as automatic hand and mouth movements, or bimanual and pedaling movements, are also frequent. In this video teaching course, we first present seizures featuring minimal motor signs, followed by seizures with a more complex semiology. The most significant clinical and EEG features are discussed. (Published with videosequences.)


It has long been appreciated that some immunoglobulin (and T-cell receptor) gene segments are used much more frequently than others. The VHsegment V81x is a particularly striking case of overusage. Its usage varies with the stage of B-cell development and with the strain of mice, but it is always high in B cell progenitors. We have found that the coding sequence and the recombination signal sequences (RSS) are identical in five mouse strains, including CAST/Ei, a strain derived from the species Mus castaneus. Thus, the strain differences cannot be attributed to sequences within V81x itself. V81x RSS mediated recombination at rates significantly higher than another VHRSS. Although the V81x nonamer differs at one base pair from the consensus sequence, an RSS with this nonamer and a consensus heptamer recombines as well as the consensus RSS. When the V81x spacer is replaced by that of VA1, the frequency of recombination decreases by approximately 5-fold; thus, the contribution of variation in natural spacers to variability in VHusage in vivo is likely to be more than has been previously appreciated. Furthermore, the contribution of the heptamer and nonamer to differential VHusage in our assay is correlated inversely with their conservation throughout the VHlocus.


Climate litigation has become very popular in recent years. Increasing numbers of citizens are taking their governments to court for their lack of action to combat climate change. Many of these lawsuits are (partly) based on human rights law. Surely, climate change can, already has and will continue to have a massive impact on the lives and living conditions of people and thus also on the protection of their human rights. Using human rights as a basis for a climate change claim against a government is not waterproof, however. It is not that easy to attribute climate-change related harm to acts or omissions of specific states and classify these impacts as human rights violations. There are also issues of admissibility and justiciability. This dissertation therefore examines which human rights obligations states exactly have in the context of climate change, and whether or not this entails an obligation to limit greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, the obligations that have been established on the United Nations level (with soft law status), and under the European Convention on Human Rights (with hard law status) are discussed. This thesis further assesses whether or not these obligations can be used successfully in climate change cases. Different lawsuits, brought by citizens against their governments, that seek to increase the governments' mitigation ambitions or hold them accountable for already existing climate commitments by using existing human rights provisions, are examined. It is assessed how human rights law is used within the claims and/or the verdicts of these different cases, and how certain legal hurdles are being dealt with. The research findings indicate that there is growing consensus on the fact that there is a human rights obligation to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Still, this only has soft law status, and the exact implications of this obligation need to be fine-tuned. It is also possible to use human rights law as the basis of a climate claim successfully, but multiple difficulties remain. The success rate will depend, inter alia, on what the factual situation of the case is, what the national provisions on admissibility are, which human treaties the state has ratified, and which constitutional provisions can be invoked. Even when these things work in the applicant's favour, it will often still be necessary for the judge to be a bit inventive, as the current human rights mechanisms are not well-suited to the complex collective problem of climate change. This thesis can be a first step towards a more structured comparison of the use of human rights law within climate litigation. The verdict of many currently pending cases will allow a more in-depth and systematic analysis of this topic.


ABSTRACT While the call for interdisciplinary studies has been loud and clear over the last decade or so, the number of interdisciplinary publications in sport sciences is rather limited. One of the reasons for this scarcity is the complexity of the research process itself. Still, the combination and integration of information from different scientific disciplines seems to be important to better explain how elite performance comes about. In this article, we focus on this issue and discuss the advantages of interdisciplinary research for understanding how elite athletes are able to achieve such high-proficiency levels. The first section provides an overview of the studies that investigated elite performance in sports. In the second section, we focus on the issue of interdisciplinarity and illustrate how the ecological–dynamical approach and the concept of dimensional reduction can be used to explain how elite performers cope with the complex nature of sport skills. In the last section, we present a research outline and some practical considerations that can be helpful for researchers who aim to study sport skills from an interdisciplinary perspective.


The acute gastroenteritis (AGE) of viral origin is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old, and rotavirus, norovirus and astrovirus are indicated as the main viruses. This study aimed to verify the knowledge available to the doctors and nurses of neonatal and pediatric sectors of a referral maternity and child health hospital in Pará State, Brazil, about viruses related to the AGE, its mode of transmission, and main prevention and control. It was conducted a descriptive exploratory survey in 2011, using a questionnaire involving questions related to the profile of participants and about the proposed topic. After applying statistical test, a random selection of 60 participants was done. It was found that, during the presence of diarrhea, hand washing and the hydration therapy are already well established by professionals, as well as isolation of patients affected by AGE. It was found that most of the participants has knowledge about the rotavirus vaccine, the number of doses and age of application. Among the procedures to be performed in case of nosocomial outbreak, the collection of samples for etiological definition and the use of personal protection were the most mentioned procedures. Fecal-oral route and manipulation of fomites were most mentioned main sources of transmission of these viruses. Whereas AGE is a major cause of medical consultations, hospitalization and infant mortality, it is essential the awareness of health professionals about the easy transmission of these viruses to prevent their dissemination, contributing to morbidity reduction caused by these pathogens.


The brevinin-1 family peptides obtained from different frog skins have great potency against bacterial and fungal infections. Their biological activities are significantly affected by mutations especially at positions 11 and 14. However, despite having great medicinal potential, the detailed information regarding their three-dimensional structures is still not fully known. In the present study, the conformational profiles of two brevinin peptides (Brevinin 1-Ya and Brevinin 1-Yb) were explored at molecular mechanics level using molecular dynamics (MD) method. Specifically, four MD simulations (Brev1_Ya(E), Brev1_Yb(E), Brev1_Ya(H), Brev1_Yb(H)) were performed starting from extended as well as helical conformations of both peptides under implicit solvent conditions. The analysis of the results indicated that both peptides have a strong tendency to attain α-helical character, preferably from their central residues extending towards their C-terminals12-23, whereas their N-terminal residues stay either in β-turn or extended forms. However, the extent of helicity was comparatively lower in Brevinin 1-Ya, irrespective of its starting structure in the simulations, and like other factors such as cationicity and hydrophobicity, could be related to the biological activity profiles of these peptides.


We consider the problem of evaluating in streaming (i.e. in a single left-to-right pass) a nested word transduction with a limited amount of memory. A transduction T is said to be height bounded memory (HBM) if it can be evaluated with a memory that depends only on the size of T and on the height of the input word. We show that it is decidable in coNPTime for a nested word transduction defined by a visibly pushdown transducer (VPT), if it is HBM. In this case, the required amount of memory may depend exponentially on the height of the word. We exhibit a sufficient, decidable condition for a VPT to be evaluated with a memory that depends quadratically on the height of the word. This condition defines a class of transductions that strictly contains all determinizable VPTs.


The paper provides an attempt to direct the research in the area of venture capitalists and the board of directors in SMEs. Issues about boards in venture capital-backed technology based industrials are explored, and various research designs are used to meet different research questions. Empirical results indicate that venture capital firms purposefully use boards in the portfolio firm, and boards in venture capital-backed firms are more active than boards in other firms. The venture capitalist and the entrepreneur/owner-manager of the portfolio firm may have diverging expectations to board roles. In this setting the board becomes an interesting meeting place for studying the processes and the dynamics between external and internal stakeholders. Future research in this area should integrate board role theories and board process theories.


The paper analyses the problem of workload quotas for district court judges in relation to the standard statutory work time duration. The problem is set against the general tendency of increase in the number of cases brought before courts each year. District courts as the courts of first instance are faced with an ever growing flow of cases. With regard to civil cases, the numbers are increasing especially in the field of the law of obligations (disputes in relation to sale, loan, credit, consumer credit, lease contracts, as well as contracts for the provision of services, etc.). As far as criminal cases are concerned, the numbers are increasing especially in the fields of robbery, theft, in particular car theft, disturbance of public order and other crimes. In these circumstances, it is extremely important to conduct the analysis of the activity of courts in order to obtain a picture of the current situation with regard to the workload of courts and judges. District courts deserve special attention. Uneven distribution of workload among courts and judges is often the reason for the increase of the number of cases where a final decision (judgement) is reached later than 6 months after the start of proceedings. This was pointed out in the Overview of Activities of the Lithuanian Courts and their Self-Governance Institutions (2009–2010), as well as in the report of the National Courts Administration (2010). Those documents underline the importance to analyse the workload of district court judges for the purposes of optimising work organisation, setting the number of judges, distribution of resources, evaluation of judges' activity, etc. The said analysis is crucial in order to avoid exceeding working time quotas and excessive workload of judges. At present, the workload of district court judges is calculated in accordance with the regulation adopted by the Courts Council in 2004 (as amended in 2005) and it reflects the number of standard cases (civil, criminal cases and cases of administrative offences) as well as other types of procedural documents dealt with by a judge within a period of one month. However, there are no quotas set for judge's workload with regard to the duration of the statutory work time. The quotas for separate procedural stages (preparation for hearings, hearings, adoption of decision (judgement), other procedural actions that a judge performs while administering justice) are inexistent. The calculation does not take into account whether those standard cases are heard by a single judge or by a panel of judges, the complexity of a particular case is neither reflected. Establishing quotas for district court judges and other court clerks (judge assistants, secretaries, etc.) should consist of legal, organisational-procedural and technical-economical activity. The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania, the National Courts Administration, the Courts Council as well as chairmen and experienced judges of district courts should play an active part in the process of establishing quotas. A special role should be assumed by the General Assembly of Judges.


In December 2008, as televisions worldwide lit up with footage from the Israeli assault on Gaza, protestors next door in Amman, Jordan shouted their support for Hamas, their opposition to Fatah, and their frustration with conciliatory Arab regimes. The sentiments were not new, but the fact that demonstrations were permitted at all in a country as controlling of public opinion as Jordan indicates the state's shifting attitude toward the Israeli -Palestinian conflict. Jordan's monarchy has long walked a fine line between pro-Arab rhetoric and the pro-negotiation policy demanded by its US sponsorship. Increasing tensions within Arab politics, however, threaten to destabilize Jordan's delicate balancing act. Jordan's Hashemite monarchy has taken care not to ruffle feathers in its foreign policy dealings since the state first gained independence in 1946. As a reward for its consistently pro-Western behavior, the United States has granted Jordan over US$500 million in annual aid. At the same time, Jordan has maintained good relations with its Arab neighbors through support for the Palestinian cause and a commitment to the Arab-Israeli peace process. To complicate matters, West Bank refugees of the conflict have flocked to Jordan over the last several decades and may now constitute a demographic majority in the country. The refugees' subsequent entrepreneurial and economic success has not endeared them to longstanding residents who accuse the newcomers of usurping jobs and resources. In recent years, Jordan's King Abdullah II has found it increasingly difficult to uphold even a vaguely defined "Arab consensus." During Israel's war with Hezbollah in 2006, for example, about half the Arab regimes openly supported Hezbollah, while Jordan, Egypt, and the Gulf states took a more moderate stance consistent with their ties to the United States and Israel. Abdullah faced much criticism for this decision at home, as public sentiment in Jordan and in the greater Arab world is overwhelmingly pro-Hezbollah. Since the beginning of the Gaza conflict, pressure to reject Israel has mounted. Twenty-four Jordanian MPs called for the kingdom to expel the Israeli ambassador and cut off all relations with this neighbor state. Though Abdullah did not attend the summit of "rejectionist" Arab states in Doha, Qatar in January, he mindfully refrained from explicitly criticizing Hamas in the manner of fellow absentees Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Much of the debate over policy toward Israel has unfolded in the realm of domestic politics. Jordan's monarchy brooks no debate over the composition of its executive but permits some competition for (relatively powerless) parliamentary positions. This compromise between autocracy and democracy has permitted representation of Islamist parties such as the Islamic Action Front, the political wing of Jordan's chapter of the pan-Arab Muslim Brotherhood, which has served as a vehicle for popular discontent. The Brotherhood's parliamentary representatives were instrumental in organizing protests both against the violence in Gaza and against Jordan's complacency. There has been some rapprochement between government and Islamist forces in the past year. In August 2008, Jordan's intelligence chief, Mohammed Dhahabi, initiated talks with senior Hamas officials. …


Measurement error introduced by mismatches of scale and location between response and predictor variables is one of the major sources of error in forest structure mapping. It affects the evaluation of analytical models, compromises the results of accuracy assessments, and reduces the accuracy of mapping products. Using forest structure attributes measured in a specifically-designed ground plot system, we isolated the measurement error from the total mapping errors that are related to multiple factors, and examined the distribution and magnitude of this error caused by a scale mismatch between a relatively larger forest unit and a relatively smaller forest unit, as well as location mismatch of a specific distance between two forest units of the same size. We demonstrated the effects of measurement error on the analytical models and resulting maps for three common mapping scenarios linking ground data with remote sensing imagery. Our results indicated that this scale- and location-related error can be analyzed using the Classical and Berkson error models in most practical mapping exercises involving data measured on-ground and remotely-sensed imagery, and that the distinct error pattern of each type of measurement error can be used to identify the major error source. Based on this analysis, we can adjust the plot design or adjust the resolution of imagery, and select the optimal analytical method to achieve the best mapping result.


We present three cases of cardiac arrest at different stages of pathology. Acute myocardial infarction and resulting heart failure is emerging as the leading cause of mortality. In the long run, acute episodes and cardiac remodelling can cause considerable damage and result in heart failure. In these cases, individualized homeopathic therapy was instituted along with the conventional medicines and the results were encouraging. The changes in the laboratory diagnostic parameters (single-photon emission computed tomography, electrocardiograph, echocardiography and ejection fraction as the case may be) are demonstrated over time. The key result seen in all three cases was the preservation of general well-being while the haemodynamic states also improved. While the three cases provide evidence of positive outcomes for homeopathic therapy, more extensive studies are required in a hospital setting to establish the real extent to which this therapy may be employed.


Online Material: Additional point‐source mechanisms for mainshock/aftershocks listed in table 2; snapshots, movie of bodywave finite‐fault model; additional information on source modeling.

A large M w 7.1 earthquake struck the area north of the city of Van in easternmost Turkey on 23 October 2011. The mainshock epicenter and most of the aftershocks were located south of the eastern arm of Lake Van (Fig. 1), and extensive damage was reported in the city of Van, the city of Ercis, and many smaller towns nearby. The Lake Van region has suffered from a large number of historical earthquakes, with many causing significant damage in the last 2000 years (Table 1; Ergin et al. , 1967; Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998; Albini et al. , 2012). The region is near the center of the elevated Turkish–Iranian Plateau (also called the Anatolian Plateau) in the collision zone between the Arabian and Eurasian plates, and is well to the east of the escape tectonics exhibited along the major strike‐slip North Anatolian and East Anatolian faults (e.g., Jackson and McKenzie, 1984; Taymaz et al. , 1991, 2007; Yolsal‐Cevikbilen et al. , 2012). The plateau has an average elevation around 2000 m (Copley and Jackson, 2006; Tan and Taymaz, 2006; Podgorski et al. , 2007), and Lake Van has an elevation of about 1650 m above sea level. The Moho depth in the Van area, inferred from receiver‐function and surface‐wave analysis, is approximately 43 km, in the middle of a Moho gradient from about 40 km in the south to 50 km under the Pontides Mountains at the northern edge of the plateau (Gok et al. , 2011; Vanacore et al. , 2013). There are many Quaternary mafic volcanoes in the area (Fig. 1), which likely result from elevated temperatures in the upper mantle and possible delamination of part of the subducted …


Infectious bursa1 disease (IBD) is an acute viral disease of young chicken and
causes serious treat in poultry industry worldwide due to high mortality and
immunosuppression. The disease is caused by IBD virus (IBDV), which belongs
to the genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae. Two distinct serotypes of
IBDV are serotype 1 and 2. Serotype 1 is pathogenic to chicken and classified as
the classical (ca), very virulent (vv) and variant (va) IBDV. The objectives of this
study were to isolate, identify, characterise and determine the pathogenicity of
IBDV isolated in Malaysia. IBDV isolates namely UPM03 11 and UPM03292
were obtained from field IBD outbreaks in Selangor in 2003. The IBDV isolates
were inoculated in specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs and
resulted 100% embryonic mortality within day 3 post inoculation (pi). Acute
severe necrotising bursitis was observed in SPF chicken inoculated with the IBDV
isolates. The IBDV was detected in lymphoid cells of bursa of Fabricius using
immunoperoxidase staining (IPS).The hypervariable region of VP2 gene of UPM0311 and UPM03292 was
amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The
sequence were aligned, analysed and subjected to restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP). A phylogenetic tree was constructed. The study showed
that the UPM0311 and UPM03292 isolates were characterised as wIBDV and
caIBDV, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of UPM03292 and UPM0311
IBDV isolates were submitted to Genbank with the accession number of
DQ074690 and DQ074691, respectively. The UPM03 1 1 shared the same amino
acid molecular marker for vvIBDV at positions 222(A), 242(1), 253(Q), 256(1),
284(A) and 294(I) of the hypervariable region of VP2. Meanwhile UPM03292 has
amino acid substitutions at (A222P), (1242V), (1256V), and (1294L) and unique
for caIBDV. The nucleotide sequence for UPM0311 and UPM03292 IBDV
isolates were successfully cut by restriction enzyme at BspM, Ssp I, Sty I, Tag I
and BstNI, SyI, Sad, MboI, respectively. UPM03 1 1 showed highest homologous
similarity in nucleotide and amino acid to the reported Malaysian wIBDV.
However, UPM03292 have identical with caIBDV STC and highest similarity
with classical hot vaccine (Bursavac). The phylogenetic tree showed that the
UPM03292 IBDV isolate located in the same group of the caIBDV and formed
subranch with American caIBDV (STC) and American classical hot vaccine
(Bursavac). Meanwhile UPM03 11 IBDV isolate was group together with vvIBDV
and has shared a common evolutionary origin with other Malaysian wIBDV.
The UPM0311 was inoculated into 28-day-old SPF chickens to determine the
response of the bursa of Fabricius, bone marrow and blood to the VVIBDV. The
chickens were inoculated with the virus titer of 106.2 EIDso via oral route. The chickens were sacrificed at various intervals through 14 days of the trial period.
Samples of blood, bone marrow and bursa of Fabricius were collected, processed,
examined and analysed. The study showed that the pack cell volume (PVC) and
thrombocyte decreased at 2 to 5 days pi. In contrast, the basophil, heterophil,
monocyte and lymphocytes were increased at 4 to 12 hours, 3 hours to 2 days, 12
hours to 2 days and 15 minutes to 12 hours pi, respectively. However, the total
lymphocyte count was decreased at 1 day to 14 pi. Overall leukocyte was
increased at 6 to 12 hours and decreased at 3 to 14 days pi. Histologically, acute
moderate to severe cellular degeneration and necrosis were observed in bone
marrow at day 2 to 5 pi, but the organ recovered at the late stage of infection.
Severe acute necrotising bursitis was recorded at day 2 to 5 pi, whilst at the later
stage of infection severe chronic bursitis with severe follicular atrophy was
observed. By using immunoperoxidase staining (IPS), the virus was detected in
the blood, bone marrow and bursa of Fabricius at 6 hours to 5 days pi, 3 to 5 days
pi and 1 to 10 days pi, respectively.


Intellectually, no less than economically, politically, and socially, globalization challenges an operational system or organized group with two key testing demands. One is the swift enlargement of production scale, such as by means of robotic production of cars, and the other is the speedy expansion of marketing scope, such as through multi-national marketing for the manufactured cars. Jim Huang's recent work on 'macro-parameters' promises to overcome these two challenges to the Generative Grammar. To assess Huang's program, four pairs of macro-parameters were examined: (i) synthesis and analysis, (ii) temporal sequencing and finite-verb hierarchy, (iii) the unergative and the unaccusative structures, and (iv) satelliteframing and verb-framing. Together they seem to provide a strong support for the viability and utility of Huang's innovation as one potential avenue leading to a fruitful adaptation of the Generative Grammar to globalization.


On December 31, 1862, some 10,000 Confederate soldiers streamed out of the dim light of early morning to stun the Federals who were still breakfasting in their camp. Nine months earlier the Confederates had charged the Yankees in a similarly devastating attack at dawn, starting the Battle of Shiloh. By the time this new battle ended, it would resemble Shiloh in other ways it would rival that struggle s shocking casualty toll of 24,000 and it would become a major defeat for the South. By any Civil War standard, Stones River was a monumental, bloody, and dramatic story. Yet, until now, it has had no modern, documented history. Arguing that the battle was one of the significant engagements in the war, noted Civil War historian James Lee McDonough here devotes to Stones River the attention it ahs long deserved. Stones River, at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, was the first big battle in the union campaign to seize the Nashville-Chattanooga-Atlanta corridor. Driving eastward and southward to sea, the campaign eventually climaxed in Sherman s capture of Savannah in December 1864. At Stones River the two armies were struggling desperately for control of Middle Tennessee s railroads and rich farms. Although they fought to a tactical draw, the Confederates retreated. The battle s outcome held significant implications. For the Union, the victory helped offset the disasters suffered at Fredericksburg and Chickasaw Bayou. Furthermore, it may have discouraged Britain and France from intervening on behalf of the Confederacy. For the South, the battle had other crucial effects. Since in convinced many that General Braxton Bragg could not successfully command an army, Stones River left the Southern Army torn by dissension in the high command and demoralized in the ranks.One of the most perplexing Civil War battles, Stones River has remained shrouded in unresolved questions. After driving the Union right wing for almost three miles, why could the Rebels not complete the triumph? Could the Union s Major General William S. Rosecrans have launched a counterattack on the first day of the battle? Was personal tension between Bragg and Breckenridge a significant factor in the events of the engagement s last day? McDonough uses a variety of sources to illuminate these and other questions. Quotations from diaries, letters, and memoirs of the soldiers involved furnish the reader with a rare, soldier s-eye view of this tremendously violent campaign. Tactics, strategies, and commanding officers are examined to reveal how personal strengths and weaknesses of the opposing generals, Bragg and Rosecrans, shaped the course of the battle. Vividly recreating the events of the calamitous battle, Stones River Bloody Winter in Tennessee firmly establishes the importance of this previously neglected landmark in Civil War history. James Lee McDonough is professor of history at Auburn University, and author of Shiloh In Hell before Night, Chattanooga A Death Grip on the Confederacy, and co-author of Five Tragic Hours: The Battle of Franklin."


Results of a search for supersymmetry via direct production of third-generation squarks are reported, using 20 . 3 fb − 1 of proton-proton collision data at ffiffiffi s p ¼ 8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2012. Two different analysis strategies based on monojetlike and c -tagged event selections are carried out to optimize the sensitivity for direct top squark-pair production in the decay channel to a charm quark and the lightest neutralino ( ~ t 1 → c þ ~ χ 01 ) across the top squark – neutralino mass parameter space. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in the context of direct pair production of top squarks and presented in terms of exclusion limits in the ( m ~ t 1 , m ~ χ 01 ) parameter space. A top squark of mass up to about 240 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for arbitrary neutralino masses, within the kinematic boundaries. Top squark masses up to 270 GeV are excluded for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV. In a scenario where the top squark and the lightest neutralino are nearly degenerate in mass, top squark masses up to 260 GeV are excluded. The results from the monojetlike analysis are also interpreted in terms of compressed scenarios for top squark-pair production in the decay channel ~ t 1 → b þ ff 0 þ ~ χ 01 and sbottom pair production with ~ b 1 → b þ ~ χ 01 , leading to a similar exclusion for nearly mass-degenerate third-generation squarks and the lightest neutralino. The results in this paper significantly extend previous results at colliders.


The Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica is in a prominent location for a series of tectonic and magmatic events from Paleozoic to Cenozoic times. It played a central role in the rifting and break-up of greater New Zealand from West Antarctica as it is the location where the junction of Chatham Rise and Campbell Plateau (New Zealand) lies conjugate to the West Antarctic margin. New seismic, magnetic and gravity data from the Amundsen Sea Embayment and Pine Island Bay reveal the crustal thickness and tectonic lineations. The Moho is 24-22 km deep on the shelf. NE-SW trending magnetic and gravity anomalies and the thin crust indicate a former rift zone that was active during or in the run-up to breakup between Chatham Rise and West Antarctica before or at 90 Ma. NW-SE trending gravity and magnetic anomalies, following a prolongation of Peacock Sound between Thurston Island and Ellsworth Land, indicate the extensional southern boundary to the Bellingshausen Plate which was active between 79 and 61 Ma. However, both lineation trends, NE-SW and NW-SE, seem to be observed over broad regions. This infers stepwise and multiple rift and extension phases over a wide period of time before, during and after the break-up between New Zealand and West Antarctica.


Murdoch University's School of Engineering and Information Technology has a plan to develop the stand-alone inverter efficiency test setup for the laboratory exercise of the unit ENG421 Renewable Energy Systems Engineering. The laboratory exercise, which identified Inverters for Stand-Alone PV Systems, aims at helping students gain an understanding of the principles of operation, efficiencies and output current and voltage wave shapes at various loadings of two inverter types used in stand-alone PV systems.

This report focuses on the development of the previous setup of ENG421 laboratory at Building 190 on the Murdoch University Campus. The aim of the development is to work out some issues with the existing system including an ageing battery bank which is expensive to replace and the replacement of the inverters that they are expected to meet Australian Standards: AS5603 Stand-alone Inverters - Performance requirements and AS4763:2011 Safety of Portable Inverters. Moreover, the aim is to determine the uncertainty in measurement by undertaking the uncertainty analysis of the efficiency test results.

The stand-alone inverter efficiency test setup consists of power source, digital power analyzer, hall effect sensor circuit to supply isolated signals for viewing AC voltage and current, differential probe, oscilloscope, various load banks and two types of stand-alone inverters (sine wave inverter and modified square wave inverter) for comparing efficiency test results and output waveforms.

 The design work and implementation of the development is complete now. The Agilent DC power supply (0-60V, 0-11A, 6.6kW) is used to replace the battery bank due to its good ability to simulate the batteries and high-quality performance during long period. Moreover, the Protek multimeters of previous setup are replaced by YOKOGAWA WT2030 digital power meter to achieve more accurate measurements. Two stand-alone inverters are selected and used in the new setup so far, they are Selectronic Sine Wave Inverter 350VA and Suntron Power Inverter 350VA (modified square wave inverter). However, all of these inverters were manufactured before 2011. To meet the requirement of AS4763:2011 Safety of Portable Inverters, a new stand-alone inverter manufactured after 2011 should be purchased for the setup in the future work.
In this project, several specific tasks were also carried out including the review of the previous work, redesign and implementation of the test setup, documentation and analysis of the stand-alone inverter efficiency test, and the determination of the uncertainty in measurement. Also, the background information relating to the stand-alone inverter is provided and discussed. The maximum efficiency of Selectronic 350VA sine wave inverter is 88.8% when there is 104 watts loading. The maximum conversion efficiency of Suntron 350VA modified square wave inverter is higher which is 92.9% when there is approximately 150 watts loading. The final expanded uncertainty for measurement of the peak efficiency point of Suntron 350VA modified square wave inverter is 0.072%.

The work is completed now and ready to be used in the laboratory exercise of unit ENG421 Renewable Energy Systems Engineering. But the test setup requires new stand-alone inverters and improvement of measuring equipment for future work. The ultimate purpose of the test setup is to provide future students a safe, informative and reasonable experiment exercise.


Tenerife is a remarkable island, dominated by Mount Teide, an active volcano higher than any mountain in mainland Spain. The island has extraordinary volcanic landscapes, and thousands of species of plants and animals that are found only there.

 The authors' love of Tenerife stems from its enormous variety of habitats with their complex plant and animal communities. They have explored the island from the laurel forests of eastern Anaga to the cliffs of Los Gigantes in Teno, from the semi-deserts of the extreme south to the richly vegetated slopes along the north coast, and from remote black sand beaches to the lavas of Las Canadas and the craters of Teide and Pico Viejo. Local Spanish experts have guided them to remote places and have contributed accounts of their own special interests.

 Introductory chapters discuss the extinct mammals, birds and reptiles, the island's ecology and the impact of people. The five main types of landscape (ecosystems) are then considered; coastal and lowland shrubland; dry woodland remnants; laurel forest; pine forest and high mountain shrubland. Some special habitats are also described including the lava flows and volcanic caves, with their unique highly adapted invertebrate animals.

 Both vertebrates and invertebrates are treated systematically while photographs and brief descriptions of hundreds of endemic species of plants are included enabling easy identification. The island's geology is also featured, in an account that covers both the oceanic context of the Canaries archipelago and the complex history of Tenerife itself, one of the most intriguing and most studied of all volcanoes.

 This comprehensive text provides a readily accessible and full account of an extraordinary island, referred to by Charles Darwin as 'perhaps one of the most interesting places in the world'.


AbstractAll essential information needs to be available for the decision-maker to make a well-founded business decision (Svedin 1992). An auditor is necessary for the information to be considered reliable (Moore & Ronen 1990). The audit requirement was abolished November 1st 2010 for small businesses, which gives them the opportunity to opt out the auditor (SOU 2008:32).The study aims to investigate whether a credit is facilitated when the borrower hire an auditor. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate whether the choice of auditor is relevant, because previous research has demonstrated that the quality of auditing differ depending on the choice of audit firm (Moore & Ronen 1990).This studies purpose was answered by implementing and analyzing eight semi-structured interviews, which were asked to creditors that works at various banks in Varmlands County.The results of the study indicate that previous research do not correspond to the actual facts that were emerged from the interviews. The creditors found the auditor less important, since they believed that the trust of the owner which would run the company were more important to analyze. Furthermore, there were differences in opinion among the respondents, regarding the importance of choice of auditor. Some respondents found the firm of accountants more relevant than others.It could be interesting to examine the auditor's role in the granting of credit again in a few years when the audit requirement abolition possibly has resulted in a greater impact on lending.Key words: Auditor, Borrowers, Creditor, Asymmetric information, Agency theory, Lending process


Gain the full understanding of today's digital world with the cohesive framework and logical organization found only in NEW PERSPECTIVES ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS 2016, ENHANCED, INTRODUCTORY. This dynamic book provides the latest updates on emerging technology with engaging learning features, informative visuals and hands-on activities proven to increase your understanding. An insightful introduction highlights today's digital evolution, while coverage of social media and online security examines concepts behind today's important trends in technology. You gain insights into the underlying principles supporting the wide scope of digital devices in use today with an emphasis on the connectivity that pervades modern life. This Enhanced Edition includes a new hands-on programming chapter that teaches you how to program using Python.


Artist Statement My video shows a young woman boxing toward the camera and a man and woman speaking. They are both saying the same thing, but in different languages: " The wind doesn't change, bit by bit I learned, the wind doesn't change. " Gradually, the black-and-white image acquires colored spots, evidence of an invisible fight. A poetic fight. I combined modern technical effects with an old-fashioned monochrome film style to create a particular mood. This manipulation of colors and style challenges the viewer's perception. The video consists of two versions of images: coloured and monochrome. Different masks let the coloured video appear as stains in the beginning and in the end. Every frame of the coloured video is arranged using several edited layers. The coloured stains surface in conjuction with the sound: while the sound of beating is audible, the coloured stains appear on the woman's face.


Celiac disease is being recognized and diagnosed more frequently with the help of improved serologic indicators and biopsy techniques. With dietary intervention being the only definitive treatment, more research is needed to define the potentially toxic threshold of gluten marking the amount that prevents intestinal histological recovery. In addition, with a dietary noncompliance rate estimated at greater than 50%, more research needs to be done on influencing factors and issues surrounding the difficulties of dietary compliance. Background: Celiac disease (CD) has an intensely complex pathophysiology that involves both environmental factors and genetic components. It is identified by the inability to ingest gluten without having an immune response in genetically susceptible patients. Research has indicated that genetic susceptibility alone does not result in CD, that there is a certain environmental aspect that must be present as well. With the right genetics and environmental exposure, gluten ingestion will cause intestinal inflammation, villous atrophy, and flattening of the intestinal mucosa. There are many approaches to diagnosing celiac disease. While small bowel biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, serologic tests are still the initial part of the evaluation. The most sensitive and specific tests currently available are the immunoglobulin A anti tissue transglutaminase (IgA tTG) and IgA endomysial antibody (IgA EMA). In the rare circumstance that a patient is IgA deficient, however, these serologies are unreliable and an IgG based assay must be used. The only definitive treatment for celiac disease is to remove gluten from the diet. The problem is there is no defined threshold of gluten contamination and the potential toxicity of even trace amounts remains unclear. Patients need to first understand which products contain gluten, maintain strict adherence to the diet, and continue periodic follow up with both a celiac trained registered dietitian and their primary care provider. As more people are being diagnosed with celiac disease, more gluten free products are becoming available. Additionally, more research is being done on the effects of the gluten free diet with regards to its effect on intestinal mucosa as well as its psychosocial effect on the patient. Codex Alimentarius was established in the 1960's by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a way of formulating and implementing food safety standards worldwide. A Spanish doctor devised and presented to the organization an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method of detecting gluten levels as low as 3.2 parts per million (ppm). And while more studies are needed, current research can be used to temporarily deduce a safe daily gluten threshold. Exposure to gluten on a gluten free diet (GFD) is not as easily measured as there is limited data available on the consumption of gluten free products as well as to what degree patients substitute traditional bread, pasta, and other cereal based products for the their gluten free alternatives. Objective: To establish an upper limit of potentially toxic gluten levels for celiac patients and to uncover the factors that negatively impact gluten free dietary compliance. Methods: An extensive online search was done using Ovid, PubMed, and UpToDate. Search terms used were Celiac disease, gluten-free diet, gluten threshold, quality of life, dietary compliance. Articles were limited to human subjects and those written in English and published within the last five years. This capstone project is available at CommonKnowledge: http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/185 Results: Studies continue to have varying results but current research suggests that 30-50 mg of ingested gluten per day can be considered safe clinically and histologically for people who suffer with Celiac disease. This is roughly 100-160 parts per million of gluten. Even if celiac patients tried to abide by the most recent findings however, there are no current guidelines in the United States regulating labeling indicating gluten content. The only safe approach is to consume fruits, vegetables, and meat while adding moderate 'gluten-free' products as the gluten content is not yet regulated. Dietary compliance was shown to be difficult for a multitude of reasons. Women tend to adhere to the required diet more often than men, but also have been found to have higher rates of anxiety, depression, and lower self-rated quality of life scores. Cost analysis indicated that gluten-free products cost approximately three times their regular wheat-based counterpart. Conclusion: Maintaining a gluten-free diet is difficult and can be costly. Maintaining gluten intake between 30-50 mg per day appears to be safe. Insuring gluten intake remains at that level, consumption should be mostly fruits, vegetables, and meat with minimal addition of store bought gluten-free products. No study has been done evaluating the effect of gluten-free product cost on dietary compliance but with the results of the cost analysis, it can be implied that this added burden would likely have a negative impact. Increased product availability at more reasonable prices would likely improve adherence. Finally, there is an increased need for improved dietary instruction as well as support for celiac patients in order to help ease or even alleviate anxiety and other issues surrounding dietary compliance. Degree Type Capstone Project


Abduction, defined as the stating and entertaining of a hypothesis, is addressed. The Red system for blood antibody identification, which comprises the authors' primary domain for research into abductive problem solving, is described. How viewing it and other abductive systems in terms of the goals is aiding in understanding abduction in general and allows experimentation with abduction techniques is discussed. A description is also given of Peirce, a tool providing a programmable interface between the goals of abduction and the abductive-assembly method for meeting those goals. Peirce's simple interface allows knowledge engineers to determine when a method is appropriate for invocation and how the process selects a method for invocation.<<ETX>>


The aim of this thesis is to reassess Cain and Hopkins' gentlemanly capitalist explanation of British imperialism in Asia during the first half of the nineteenth century through examining the lobbying activities of provincial mercantile and manufacturing interests against the renewal of the East India Company's charter during the periods 1812-1813 and 1829-1833. This thesis particularly has focused on Glasgow's lobbying activities although Liverpool and Manchester's cases have also been examined.

In Cain and Hopkins' model, the position of provincial manufacturing interests was outside from the gentlemanly capitalists' circle consisting of non-industrial capitalists based in London and South-east England, such as the landed aristocracy, the merchants and bankers of the City and professions. Economically, there was a split between these gentlemanly capitalists and the provincial manufacturing interests, and politically, the provincial interests could exercise minor influence on the national politics. This thesis has contributed to three issues related to Cain and Hopkins' gentlemanly capitalist thesis. The firs issue is the degree of influence of provincial commercial and manufacturing interests on the formation of Britain's imperial policy. The second issue is the relationship between the gentlemanly capitalists in London and the provincial mercantile and manufacturing interests. The third issue is the Scots contribution to the formation of the British Empire, to which they failed to give their attention.

Regarding the first issue, this thesis has demonstrated that the provincial mercantile and manufacturing interests organised effective lobbying activities for the opening of the East India and China trades and succeeded in exerting undeniable influence over the state's decisions in both the first and second campaigns through well-organised lobbying strategies, powerful lobbing means, and their access to the centre of the national politics through their influential parliamentary supporters. In this thesis, the provincial lobbyists' economic interests and political backgrounds have closely been examined. Although the provincial lobbyists' economic and political interests were varied and they split up over some economic and political issues, these did not affect their unity in their challenge against the London merchants' dominance in the East India trade. This contrasts with Cain and Hopkins' argument on the gentlemanly capitalists' superior influence on the national politics. In terms of the second issue, this thesis has shown that there is no evidence for the collaboration between the provincial interests and the London merchants during the 1812-1813 campaign. Nevertheless, as the connection between the provincial manufacturing interests and the London agency houses grew after the opening of the India trade, in the 1829-1833 campaign, the provincial lobbyists and some of the London mercantile interests showed their collaboration. Therefore, this thesis supports the application of Webster's more complex model than Cain and Hopkins' original model to British imperialism in Asia during this period. Finally, in respect of the Scots contribution to the formation of British Empire, during these two national campaigns for the opening of the East India trade, the Glasgow lobbyists were very active and the GEIA played a significant role in their lobbying activities.


Abstract This study focuses on the modelling and simulation of local mechanical properties of compacted graphite iron cast at different section thicknesses and three different levels of silicon, ranging from about 3.6% up to 4.6%. The relationship between tensile properties and microstructure is investigated using microstructural analysis and statistical evaluation. Models are generated using response surface methodology, which reveal that silicon level and nodularity mainly affect tensile strength and 0.2% offset yield strength, while Young′s modulus is primarily affected by nodularity. Increase in Si content improves both the yield and tensile strength, while reduces elongation to failure. Furthermore, mechanical properties enhance substantially in thinner section due to the high nodularity. The obtained models have been implemented into a casting process simulation, which enables prediction of local mechanical properties of castings with complex geometries. Very good agreement is observed between the measured and predicted microstructures and mechanical properties, particularly for thinner sections.


years, there has been an increasing interest in web service composition due to its importance in practical applications. At the same time, cloud computing is gradually evolving as a widely used computing platform where many different web services are published and available in cloud data centers. The issue is that traditional service composition methods mainly focus on how to find service composition sequence in a single cloud, but not from a multi-cloud service base. It is challenging to efficiently find a composition solution in a multiple cloud base because it involves not only service composition but also combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we first propose a framework of service composition in multi-cloud base environments. Next, three different cloud combination methods are presented to select a cloud combination subject to not only finding feasible composition sequence, but also containing minimum clouds. Experimental results show that a proposed method based on artificial intelligence (AI) planning and combinatorial optimization can more effectively and efficiently find sub-optimal cloud combinations.


This thesis asserts that pottery is art because of the relationships people form with it. These formations occur on three levels. The first is the human response to the form of the pot. In this case a cup and a plate serve different functions and we choose the form that corresponds with our need: a cup for liquid, a plate for food. Secondly, we form relationships with pots through an aesthetic response. Formal elements and principles such as color, size, profile, texture, imagery, etc., lead us to admire a particular pot. And thirdly, we form relationships because of emotional attachment. This can be due, for instance, to knowing the potter or because the pot represents and reminds us of events in our lives. In this case our attachment to a particular pot is not necessarily based upon the pot's quintessential form for the given function; nor is it necessarily reliant upon its aesthetic appeal – though both of these usually figure into one's relationship with any pot. This thesis also explores the role of Zen thought in both the making and using of pots. In both cases the pot acts as a pathway to the considered moment whereby the ordinary and even the mundane can be seen in a new light and appreciated. A section is dedicated to the process of making and firing salt-glazed stoneware. A final section details the physical and philosophical nature of the thesis exhibit.


As a classical and ever reviving topic, change point detection is often formulated as a search for the maximum of a gain function describing improved fits when segmenting the data. Searching through all candidate split points on the grid for finding the best one requires $O(T)$ evaluations of the gain function for an interval with $T$ observations. If each evaluation is computationally demanding (e.g. in high-dimensional models), this can become infeasible. Instead, we propose optimistic search strategies with $O(\log T)$ evaluations exploiting specific structure of the gain function.
Towards solid understanding of our strategies, we investigate in detail the classical univariate Gaussian change in mean setup. For some of our proposals we prove asymptotic minimax optimality for single and multiple change point scenarios. Our search strategies generalize far beyond the theoretically analyzed univariate setup. We illustrate, as an example, massive computational speedup in change point detection for high-dimensional Gaussian graphical models. More generally, we demonstrate empirically that our optimistic search methods lead to competitive estimation performance while heavily reducing run-time.


In 2007, 2.7 million vertebrates were used for animal experiments and other scientific purposes in Germany alone. Since 1998 there has been an increase in the number of animals used for research purposes, which is partly attributable to the growing use of transgenic animals. These animals are, for instance, used as in vivo models to mimic human diseases like diabetes, cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Here, transgenic model organisms serve as valuable tools, being instrumental in facilitating the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases, and might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Due to variable and, sometimes low, efficiency (depending on the species used), however, the generation of such animals often requires a large number of embryo donors and recipients. The experts evaluated methods that could possibly be utilised to reduce, refine or even replace experiments with transgenic vertebrates in the mid-term future. Among the promising alternative model organisms available at the moment are the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Specific cell culture experiments or three-dimensional (3D) tissue models also offer valuable opportunities to replace experiments with transgenic animals or reduce the number of laboratory animals required by assisting in decision-making processes. Furthermore, at the workshop an in vitro technique was presented which permits the production of complete human antibodies without using genetically modified ("humanised") animals. Up to now, genetically modified mice are widely used for this purpose. Improved breeding protocols, enhanced efficiency of mutagenesis as well as training of laboratory personnel and animal keepers can also help to reduce the numbers of laboratory animals. Well-trained staff in particular can help to minimise the pain, suffering and discomfort of animals and, at the same time, improve the quality of data obtained from animal experiments. This, in turn, can lead to a reduction in the numbers of animals needed for each experiment. The experts also came to the conclusion that the numbers of laboratory animals can be reduced by open access to a central database that provides detailed documentation of completed experiments involving transgenic animals. This documentation should not be restricted to experiments with substantial scientific results that warrant publication, but should also include those with "negative" outcome, which are usually not published. Capturing all kinds of results within such a database provides added value to the respective scientists and the scientific community as a whole; it could also help to stimulate collaborations and to ensure funding for future research. An important aspect to be considered in the generation of this kind of database is the quality and standardisation of the information provided on existing in vitro models and the respective opportunities for their use. The experts felt that the greatest potential for reducing the numbers of laboratory animals in the near future realistically might not be offered by the complete replacement of transgenic animal models but by opportunities to examine specific questions to a greater degree using in vitro models, such as cell and tissue cultures including organotypic models. The use of these models would considerably reduce the number of in vivo experiments using transgenic animals. However, the overall number of experimental animals may still be increasing or remain unaffected, e.g. when transgenic animals continue to serve as the source of primary cells and organs/tissues for in vitro experiments.


Regardless of their origin or pathology, many, if not all, diseases have long been regarded as complex. Yet, despite the progression in the understanding of complexity and the development of systems biology, the majority of biomedical research has been derived from qualitative principles. In comparison to the ethical, temporal and logistical limitations of human experimentation, in vivo animal models have served to provide a more advantageous means to elucidate the underlying disease mechanisms. However, given the additional limitations presented by such models, in silico models have emerged as an effective complement, and, in some cases, a replacement for in vivo experimentation. The in silico models presented in this thesis were developed using mathematical and computational methods to investigate the evolution of two complex, diverse diseases from a systems biology perspective: allergic asthma and cancer. We generated two novel in silico models of allergic asthma aimed at clarifying some dynamic aspects of allergic responses. Experimentally, we utilized an in vivo murine model of chronic exposure to the most pervasive aeroallergen worldwide, house dust mite (HDM), for up to 20 weeks, equivalent to at least 20 human years. Using a range of HDM concentrations, experimental data were collected to study local and systemic effects. The first model applied empirical mathematical techniques to establish equations for airway inflammation and HDM-specific immunoglobulins using an iterative approach of iii experimentation and validation. Using the equations generated, we showed that the model was able to accurately predict and simulate data. The model also demonstrated the non-linear relationship between HDM exposure and both airway inflammation and allergic sensitization and identified system thresholds. The second model used mechanistic mathematical techniques to investigate the trafficking of eosinophils as they migrated from bone marrow to the blood and, ultimately, to the lungs. Making use of a limited data set, the model determined the effect of individual processes on the system. We identified eosinophil production, survival and death as having the greatest impacts, while migration played a relatively minor role. Furthermore, the model was used to simulate knockout models and the use of antibodies in silico. In the context of cancer growth and metastasis, we developed a theoretical model demonstrating the spatio-temporal development of a tumour in two-dimensions. The model was encoded to create a computer graphic simulation program, which simulated the effects of various parameters on the size and shape of a tumour. Through simulations, we demonstrated the importance of the diffusion process in cancer growth and metastasis. Ultimately, we believe the greatest benefit of each in silico model is the ability to provide an understanding of each respective disease recognized as dynamic and formally complex, but predominantly studied in reductionist, static or un-integrated approaches.


The jet-black to streaked ebony wood produced by the African ebony (Diospyros crassiflora Hiern, Ebenaceae) is exploited in Central and West Africa. A conservation effort is currently underway in Cameroon to propagate the tree through seedlings and cuttings. However, the intermittent availability of its seeds and the long time required for rooting formation of cuttings are limiting its propagation. This study aims to develop a successful protocol for ebony micropropagation. In vitro culture of nodal segments from seedlings was performed in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with either zeatin (0.0, 2.3, 4.6, 9.1, 13.7, 18.2, 22.8, and 27.4 µm) or 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8, 13.3, 17.8, 22.2, and 26.6 µm). After 12 weeks, all media allowed shoot budbreak. Shoots displaying the greatest budbreak were observed with 22.8 µm zeatin and 22.2 µm BAP. The shoots were then transferred to a medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and phloroglucinol (PG) at different concentrations for root induction. Root induction was observed on the shoots initially induced in the medium with BAP, but not in those grown in the medium with zeatin. In half-strength MS supplemented with 396.5 µm PG plus 14.2 µm IBA, the formation of a single tap root was observed on 79% of shoots, with an average root length of 2.8 ± 0.18 cm. Rooted plants were successfully acclimatized to the greenhouse, with a 50% survival rate. This is the first report on Diospyros crassiflora micropropagation, which paves the way for rapid ebony multiplication to respond to needed conservation efforts.


This paper presents a novel economic model to regulate capacity sharing in a federation of hybrid cloud providers (CPs). The proposed work models the interactions among the CPs as a repeated game among selfish players that aim at maximizing their profit by selling their unused capacity in the spot market but are uncertain of future workload fluctuations. The proposed work first establishes that the uncertainty in future revenue can act as a participation incentive to sharing in the repeated game. We, then, demonstrate how an efficient sharing strategy can be obtained via solving a simple dynamic programming problem. The obtained strategy is a simple update rule that depends only on the current workloads and a single variable summarizing past interactions. In contrast to existing approaches, the model incorporates historical and expected future revenue as part of the virtual machine (VM) sharing decision. Moreover, these decisions are not enforced neither by a centralized broker nor by predefined agreements. Rather, the proposed model employs a simple grim trigger strategy where a CP is threatened by the elimination of future VM hosting by other CPs. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed model in terms of the increased profit and the reduction in the variance in the spot market VM availability and prices.


The shift to consumer-centric marketing accentuates the need for a more comprehensive understanding of consumer desires, including how consumers manage their resources to satisfy these desires. However, the complexity of the resource concept combined with a fragmented research stream thus far provides a limited understanding of consumer resources and their effect on consumer well-being. The purpose of this article is to encourage continued research into consumer resources, including resource exchange, to gain a more complete understanding of the concept and to facilitate the development of a unified theory of consumer resources. To accomplish our objective, resource theories proposed in different disciplines (economics, management/marketing, psychology, and social psychology) are summarized and used to provide research direction into a wide variety of consumer behavior issues related to consumer resource management and resource exchange behavior.


A study of the freshwater discharge into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) has been carried out. Using available streamgage data, regression equations were developed for monthly flows. These equations express discharge as a function of basin physical characteristics such as area, mean elevation, and land cover, and of basin meteorological characteristics such as temperature, precipitation, and accumulated water year precipitation. To provide the necessary input meteorological data, temperature and precipitation data for a 40 year hind-cast period were developed on high-spatial-resolution grids using weather station data, PRISM climatologies, and statistical downscaling methods. Runoff predictions from the equations were found to agree well with observations. Once developed, the regression equations were applied to a network of delineated watersheds spanning the entire GOA drainage basin. The region was divided into a northern region, ranging from the Aleutian Chain to the Alaska/Canada border in the southeast panhandle, and a southern region, ranging from there to the Fraser River. The mean annual runoff volume into the northern GOA region was found to be 792 ± 120 km3 yr−1. A water balance using MODIS-based evapotranspiration rates yielded seasonal storage volumes that were consistent with GRACE satellite-based estimates. The GRACE data suggest that an additional 57 ± 11 km3 yr−1 be added to the runoff from the northern region, due to glacier volume loss (GVL) in recent years. This yields a total value of 849 ± 121 km3 yr−1. The ease of application of the derived regression equations provides an accessible tool for quantifying mean annual values, seasonal variation, and interannual variability of runoff in any ungaged basin of interest.


While the surge in 501(c)(4)s that led to the current IRS scandal is widely attributable to Citizens United, it was a very deliberate IRS action – the decision to exempt donations to 501(c)(4)s from gift tax – that was equally responsible for the unprecedented spending by 501(c)(4)s in the 2012 election.This paper describes the history of the gift tax as applied to donations to 501(c)(4)s, discusses the policy implications, and then proposes a legislative solution. First, under a "disclosure or tax" rule, donations to a tax-exempt organization that engages in any substantial amount of lobbying or campaigning would be exempt from gift tax only if the organization discloses the name of the donor in accordance with the rules in section 527. Second, any organization that engages in any substantial amount of lobbying or campaigning would be taxable on all its investment income. And finally, appreciated property donated to any organization that engages in a substantial amount of lobbying or campaigning would be treated as sold. The effect of these provisions would be an extension of the section 527 rules to organizations that substantially lobby or campaign, except that (i) any organization that substantially lobbies or campaigns would be subject to tax on all of its investment income (and not only the lesser of investment income and the amount spent on campaigning, as is the case today under section 527(f)), and (ii) the organization could keep the name of a donor anonymous if the donor were willing to be subject to gift tax.


This research was prepared to draw public attention to the effects of violence containing television programs on preschool period children, the views of parents regarding such effects and suggestions for their solution. Even though there are many researches in relation to this matter all over the world when reviewing literature, the scarcity of researches focusing on solution suggestions draws the attention. The problem phrase of the research was determined as "how the effect of violance containing television programs is observed in preschool children?". The study is a qualitative one and the research design is determined as case study. The study group consists of the parents of students participating in private preschool institutions. Semi-structured interview form was used as data collection tool, and the analyses were realized through descriptive analysis. The following findings were obtained from the study: It was detected that the rate of students to be affected by the violance in television depends much on the programs viewed and daily television watching hours. It was also seen that reflection of television violence to the children depends on the viewpoint of parents against the violence on that program. One of the outstanding findings is that it is frequently pointed out by parents that programs for children are focused on increasing the ratings rather than being instructive.


Based on a recently proposed novel optical-signal-modulation technique of adaptively modulated optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (AMOOFDM), numerical simulations of the transmission performance of AMOOFDM signals are undertaken in directly modulated DFB laser (DML)-based single-mode-fiber (SMF) links without optical amplification and dispersion compensation. It is shown that a 30-Gb/s transmission over a 40-km SMF with a loss margin of greater than 4.5 dB is feasible in the aforementioned simple configuration using intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD). In addition, the DFB-laser frequency chirp and the transmission-link loss are identified to be the key factors limiting the maximum achievable transmission performance of the technique. The first factor is dominant for transmission distances of < 80 km and the second one for transmission distances of > 80 km. It is also observed that fibers of different types demonstrate similar transmission performances, on which fiber nonlinear effects are negligible.


Multi-touch input using multiple fingertips or hands has become the de-facto standard for the interaction with interactive surfaces such as tablets, tabletops or interactive walls. For single touch input, the addition of synchronous tactile feedback has shown to be beneficial in terms of reducing error-rates, increasing interaction speed and minimizing visual load. However, to this day, the nonvisual communication of form, state and function of interactive elements has only been analyzed for single touch surfaces. We incorporate the notion of remote tactile feedback, i.e., the spatial separation of touch input and resulting tactile output on the user's body to provide several synchronous haptic stimuli for users of multi-touch surfaces. In the paper, we present the results of a preliminary study and an ongoing study in which we analyze the role of remote tactile feedback for quantitative and qualitative metrics of multi-touch interactions.


The class of nonlinear systems treated in this technical note consists of the discrete time nonlinear systems that are formed by the interconnection of linear systems through static nonlinearities with few inputs. This special structure is exploited to reduce the dimension of the integrals involved in the propagation of mean values and covariances, thus permitting accurate calculations. Furthermore, a new quadrature scheme suitable for nonlinear Kalman filtering is introduced. The proposed techniques are applied to a seven-dimensional numerical example. The results show that they can increase the performance significantly.


Abstract: Burnout Syndrome is a psycho-emotional syndrome that affects workers in any activity or profession. In recent years, veterinarians have been described as one of the most affected professionals, which has motivated the development of this research. The primary objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in veterinarians working in Chile. We evaluated the possible correlation of Burnout Syndrome with socio-demographic variables. The Socio-Demographic Characterization Survey and the Maslach Burnout Syndrome Inventory-General Survey (MBI) were applied to 521 participants, who were contacted through the Veterinary Medical Association of Chile (COLMEVET) and social networks. Fisher and Chi-square statistical tests and correspondence analysis were used to determine the association among variables. The prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in Chilean veterinarians was 24% (124/521). There was statistical significance between Burnout Syndrome and the variables 'years in employment' and 'monthly salary'. There is a high prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in veterinarians working in Chile that was related to the variables 'years in employment' and 'monthly salary'. Prevention using psychological therapy could reduce the incidence of symptoms linked to adaptive difficulties, cognitive discrepancies, psychological discomfort, and emotional regulation, promoting health improvement and resistance to Burnout Syndrome in Chilean veterinarians. This research corresponds to the first exploratory study related to the subject in Chile.


Objective:To investigate the significance of functional polymorphisms of inflammatory response genes by analysis of a large population of patients, both with and without severe sepsis, and representative of the diverse populations (geographic diversity, physician diversity, clinical treatment diversity) that would be encountered in critical care clinical practice. Design:Collaborative case-control study conducted from July 2001 to December 2005. Setting:A heterogeneous population of patients from 12 U.S. intensive care units represented by the Genetic Predisposition to Severe Sepsis archive. Patients:A total of 854 patients with severe sepsis and an equal number of mortality, age, gender, and race-matched patients also admitted to the intensive care unit without evidence of any infection (matched nonseptic controls). Measurements and Main Results:We developed assays for six functional single nucleotide polymorphisms present before the first codon of tumor necrosis factor at −308, IL1B at −511, IL6 at −174, IL10 at −819, and CD14 at −159, and in the first intron of LTA (also known as tumor necrosis factor-B) at +252 (LTA[+252]). The Project IMPACT critical care clinical database information management system developed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and managed by Tri-Analytics and Cerner Corporation was utilized. Template-directed dye-terminator incorporation assay with fluorescence polarization detection was used as a high-throughput genotyping strategy. Fifty-three percent of the patients were male with 87.3% and 6.4% of Caucasian and African American racial types, respectively. Overall mortality was 35.1% in both severe sepsis and matched nonseptic control patients group. Average ages (standard deviation) of the severe sepsis and matched nonseptic control patients were 63.0 (16.05) and 65.0 (15.58) yrs old, respectively. Among the six single nucleotide polymorphisms, LTA (+252) was most overrepresented in the septic patient group (% severe sepsis; AA 45.6: AG 51.1: GG 56.7, p = .005). Furthermore, the genetic risk effect was most pronounced in males, age >60 yrs (p = .005). Conclusions:LTA(+252) may influence predisposition to severe sepsis, a predisposition that is modulated by gender and age. Although the genetic influences can be overwhelmed by both comorbid factors and acute illness in individual cases, population studies suggest that this is an influential biological pathway modulating risk of critical illnesses.


In the theoretical assumption of informational cascades, private signals and predecessors' actions are equivalently informative before informational cascades, but are not once informational cascades have started. This experimental study tests this assumption by measuring the informativeness of private signals and predecessors'' actions for human subjects in and out of informational cascades. We observed that subjects in informational cascades do not extract much information from predecessors'' actions, indicating that they recognize other subjects'' cascading behaviors, that subjects rely more on their private signals than on predecessors'' actions even when both of them are equivalently informative, and that subjects cannot estimate posterior beliefs precisely in a Bayesian way due to cognitive biases such as anchoring and adjustment or conservatism.


The ability to read and understand what is read is an essential aspect in learning, as it plays an integrative significant role in disseminating information through other skills of speaking, listening and writing. However, the issue of students' weak performance in English today is said to be caused by their inability to understand their reading. Due to that, improvement in the areas of teaching strategies is often debated. This research is an effort to investigate the teachers' perceptions and readiness to adapt a reading strategy named chunking. A sample group which consisted of 17 English teachers of Sek. Men. Kebangsaan Seksyen 16, Shah Alam was asked to answer a survey questionnaire and attend a workshop on chunking. Using a quantitative approach, the data were analysed to look into the insights of the strengths and weaknesses of the teachers' reading strategies on the students, their hopes, beliefs and willingness to adapt to changes in teaching pedagogy such as chunking. An informal interview was conducted to get further elaboration or
information on certain issues pertaining to the survey questions.
The findings showed that the students' weak performance in English is due to the weak teaching strategies practiced by the teachers. In teaching reading, most of the activities were teacher-centred approaches. This kind of dominant role played by the teachers affected the students to be over-dependent learners. As a result, they failed to perform satisfactorily in their academic achievement. Nevertheless, the teachers show positive beliefs towards chunking strategies which offered better student-centred learning and they are willing to adapt the strategies to their
weak learners. The research also concludes by highlighting factors that influenced teachers' performance and discussing the ways to improve teachers' pedagogical skills.


The Qattara Depression in Egypt has been suggested to be used for hydropower production. This paper investigates the possibility of having a Hydropower plant in this location to solve the current energy problem in the region, by providing the most updated results that would be used in such a project compared to previous studies. Hydrological elements affecting the water balance of the Qattara Depression region are studied, as by predicting the level of the water with time, the nature of the operation of the station can be chosen efficiently. Salinity concentration, evaporation rate of the formed lake, and the water channel formed that leads to the lake, and inward and outward seepage are all factors that had either been neglected in previous studies or not studied in the level of detail necessary for an accurate estimation of the lifetime, energy and economic feasibility of the plant. Metrological data obtained from weather stations surrounding the region were used in the calculations. Also we needed information about the nature of the region's soil and the hydraulic conductivity and studied the surrounding aquifers to obtain the best estimates when modelling the seepage values along with the years. The detailed calculation of the seepage and salinity have never been done and incorporated in the results making the results in this paper the most updated results. The results showed the lifetime of the Qattara Depression and the increase in the level of the water level with time.


Recently, many dynamic spectrum allocation schemes based on economics are proposed to improve spectrum utilization in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). However, existing mechanisms do not take into account the economic efficiency and the spatial reusability simultaneously, which leaves room to further enhance the spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we introduce the coalition double auction for efficient spectrum allocation in CRNs, where secondary users (SUs) are partitioned into several coalitions and the spectrum reusability can be executed within each coalition. The partition formation process is not only related to the interference condition between SUs, but also the expected economic goals. Therefore, we propose a fully-economic spatial spectrum allocation mechanism by incorporating the coalition formation approach with auction theory. With the proposed scheme, the primary operator acts as an auctioneer, who performs multiple virtual auctions to form a stable partition of SUs and conducts a final auction to decide the winning SUs. Moreover, we propose a possible operation rules for the primary operator to iteratively change the partition, and prove that the virtual auctions could converge in finite time. Comprehensive theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented to show that our scheme can satisfy the crucial economic robustness properties of double auction, and outperform existing mechanisms.


In 2012, the federal government implemented changes to Old Age Security (OAS), one of three key income programs for seniors. While the main reform — an increase in the age of eligibility — is a positive first step in reforming programs for seniors in the face of historic demographic change, it is only a first step.The most prominent reform announced in the 2012 Budget concerning OAS is an increase in the age of eligibility to receive full OAS benefits. The announced changes will not affect anyone born before March 1958. Specifically, the age of eligibility will be increased to 67 years of age from its current level of 65 years of age starting in 2023, with the change fully implemented by January 2029.It is worth noting the modest nature of the two year increase in the age of eligibility. Consider that every year that life expectancy increases, the total benefits paid under senior programs also increase but without any specific action on the part of the government. In other words, these benefit increases occur automatically as a function of increases in life expectancy. If, however, the government had indexed the age of eligibility to life expectancy in say 1966, when the CPP was introduced, the age of eligibility for OAS today would be 74 years of age.While the federal government should be applauded for its willingness to tackle a sensitive and controversial issue, the changes made to OAS are a first step in what needs to be a much larger process.


Jean-Pierre Armand MD, MSc, certified in Medical Oncology, is senior consultant at Institute Gustave Roussy and Institute Curie in Paris (Figure 1). He was the General Director of the Institute Claudius Regaud the comprehensive cancer center in Toulouse and was in charge of the construction of a new cancer center (institute universitaire cancer) in a European research hub created in the Toulouse cancer campus. He is an active member of the Medical Oncology Community. Previously Head of Early Clinical New Drugs Programs and Medical Director Research and development at the Institute Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, Prof. Armand is involved in Phase I II and III studies for the treatment of solid tumors. Prof. Armand is active at ESMO, EORTC and at EMEA French agency (AFSSAPS). In CSCO 2013 in Xiamen, China, professor Armand gave a presentation on personalized medicine in France and here we are honored to have an interview with Prof. Armand to detail the recent update in drug development.


Sampling theory studies the equivalence between continuous and discrete representations of information. This equivalence is ubiquitously used in communication engineering and signal processing. For example, it allows engineers to store continuous signals as discrete data on digital media. The classical sampling theorem, also known as the theorem of Whittaker-ShannonKotel'nikov, enables one to perfectly and stably reconstruct continuous signals with a constant bandwidth from their discrete samples at a constant Nyquist rate. The Nyquist rate depends on the bandwidth of the signals, namely, the frequency upper bound. Intuitively, a signal's 'information density' and 'effective bandwidth' should vary in time. Adjusting the sampling rate accordingly should improve the sampling efficiency and information storage. While this old idea has been pursued in numerous publications, fundamental problems have remained: How can a reliable concept of time-varying bandwidth been defined? How can samples taken at a time-varying Nyquist rate lead to perfect and stable reconstruction of the continuous signals? This thesis develops a new non-Fourier generalized sampling theory which takes samples only as often as necessary at a time-varying Nyquist rate and maintains the ability to perfectly reconstruct the signals. The resulting Nyquist rate is the critical sampling rate below which there is insufficient information to reconstruct the signal and above which there is redundancy in the stored samples. It is also optimal for the stability of reconstruction. To this end, following work by A. Kempf, the sampling points at a Nyquist rate are identified as the eigenvalues of self-adjoint extensions of a simple symmetric operator with deficiency indices (1, 1). The thesis then develops and in a sense completes this theory. In particular, the thesis introduces and studies filtering, and yields key results on the stability and optimality of this new method. While these new results should greatly help in making time-variable sampling methods applicable in practice, the thesis also presents a range of new purely mathematical results. For example, the thesis presents new results that show how to explicitly calculate the eigenvalues of the complete set of self-adjoint extensions of such a symmetric operator in the Hilbert space. This result is of interest in the field of functional analysis where it advances von Neumann's theory of self-adjoint extensions.


'I have lately written...a tale, to illustrate an opinion of mine, that a genius will educate itself.' Mary Wollstonecraft is best known for her pioneering views on the rights of women to share equal rights and opportunities with men. Expressed most forcefully in her Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), her forthright opinions also inform her two innovative novels, Mary and The Wrongs of Woman, a fictional sequel to the Vindication. In both novels the heroines have to rely on their own resources to establish their independence and intellectual development. Mary learns to take control of her destiny and become a social philanthropist, while Maria, in The Wrongs of Woman, fights imprisonment and a loveless marriage to claim her rights. Strongly autobiographical, both novels powerfully complement Wollstonecraft's non-fictional writing, inspired by the French Revolution and the social upheavals that followed. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


This paper is part of a series of papers towards a European Core Curriculum in Cariology for undergraduate dental students. The European Core Curriculum in Cariology is the outcome of a process starting in 2006 and culminating in a joint workshop of the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) together with the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) which was held in Berlin from 27 to 30 June 2010. The present paper covers decision-making and treatment with respect to surgical intervention. In particular, it will provide some background information on this part of the European Core Curriculum. Undergraduate dental education should enable the student to become a competent, skilful and caring dentist who is able, upon graduation, to take professional responsibility for diagnosis, as well as effective safe, and long-lasting care in the best interests of the patient. With respect to decision-making around surgical intervention for dental caries, several factors have to be considered. These include, patient needs, preventive strategies, tooth preservation, caries management success and failure rates, as well as short-term and long-term treatment costs. With respect to surgical intervention, manual skills at a high level are required. This is of crucial importance for the graduating dentist allowed to practise dentistry in many EU countries.


Extracted from text ... JG Horn, Department of Private Law, Vista University (Bloemfontein).
AM Janse van Rensburg, Faculty of Law, Rand Afrikaans University.
Kronieke / Chronicles
Non-recognition?: Lobolo as a
requirement for a valid customary
marriage*
1. Introduction
In traditional African societies marriage is one of the factors taken into
account when determining the rights, duties and obligations of an individual
in society, in other words to determine the status of the individual in that
particular societal grouping.1 It is common cause that there is a perceived
inequity between men and women in African society. This becomes apparent
when taking into account the ..