The affinity of Tullimonstrum gregarium, a pincer‐mouthed, soft bodied bilaterian, has been subject to debate since its recovery from Carboniferous coal deposits at Mazon Creek, Illinois. After decades of impasse focused on mollusc, arthropod and annelid attributes, two recent, yet conflicting, high‐profile studies concluded that the 'Tully Monster' is a vertebrate, a relative of lampreys or jawed fishes. Here, we find that structures described as supporting vertebrate, and particularly crown vertebrate, affinity face significant challenges from biological, functional and taphonomic perspectives. Problems with comparator choice, interpretation of taphonomic processes at Mazon Creek and estimation of convergence within the bilaterian tree may have misled these recent studies, leading to conclusions which do not accommodate current understanding of the vertebrate record. For example, the absence of taphonomically‐expected synapomorphies in Tullimonstrum (e.g. otic capsules, body pigment) calls into question vertebrate identity and implies that convergence or deeper origins are responsible for vertebrate‐like traits. Further, phylogenetic placement within vertebrates is only made possible by the constraints of a chordate‐only dataset with limited outgroups and use of selective characters. Long‐discussed alternative placements among molluscs (e.g. heteropod gastropods), arthropods (e.g. anomalocarids) or elsewhere within non‐vertebrate deuterostomes are more congruent. Indeed, many of these lineages independently evolved vertebrate‐like traits, including complex eyes and 'teeth'. Thus, given the totality of evidence, Tullimonstrum should be excluded from the vertebrate crown. Potential assignments for aberrant bilaterians, common throughout the Palaeozoic fossil record, need to be considered in light of the number and likelihood of required exceptions to established schemes.


Brice Bosnich, an Australian inorganic chemist, graduated from the University of Sydney and obtained his PhD at the Australian National University, Canberra. He then worked successively at University College London, the University of Toronto and the University of Chicago. He had an abiding interest in stereochemistry and its relationship with chemical reactivity, and in the chirality and optical activity of coordination and organometallic complexes, mainly those of the d-block elements. His early studies concerned the topological and conformational behaviour of classical coordination compounds, mainly of cobalt(III), and made extensive use of the technique of circular dichroism. He put this background to elegant use in perhaps his most distinctive work, namely, the design and synthesis of a C2-symmetric ditertiary phosphine, (S,S)-chiraphos, the rhodium(I) complex [Rh{Ph2PCH(CH3)CH(CH3)PPh2}]+ of which catalysed efficiently the homogeneous hydrogenation of prochiral enamides to amino acids in high optical purity. Bosnich traced the high enantioselectivity to the chiral array of P-phenyl substituents that is generated on coordination of (S,S)-chiraphos. In principle, catalytic enantioselective synthesis represents a powerful and economic method of introducing chirality into the synthesis of biologically active molecules, which, since the thalidomide tragedy, are required to be marketed only in optically pure forms. Dissymmetric ligands similar to (S,S)-chiraphos are now routinely employed in this type of synthesis. Bosnich developed several other enantioselective processes based on organo-transition metal chemistry. He also had several quasi-theoretical interests, including the possible use of circular dichroism to determine the absolute configuration of chiral metal complexes, and the development of a molecular mechanics force field for metallocenes. He maintained a strong interest in the properties of multimetallic proteins and devoted much effort to the construction of chiral binucleating ligands. During the 7–8 years before his retirement from the University of Chicago in 2006, he shifted his research to supramolecular recognition by suitably designed metal complexes.


The relationship between consumers' decision-making styles and their choice between domestic and imported brand clothing is investigated using a sample of Indian consumers. The objective of this paper is to gauge the factors affecting purchase decision taking gender perspective as base. Empirical findings are calculated using survey technique and chi square test with a sample of 320 participants in Delhi and NCR. The objective of this paper is to analyze the significance of demographic profile of consumers affecting the purchase decision of branded garments and to observe from gender perspective the consumer awareness about different apparel brands available in the Indian market and also to find out whether there is a significant difference in total expenditure on branded apparels done by males vis- a - vis females. The results exhibit no significant differences in the brand awareness, shopping frequency and shopping expenditure between males and females.


Recent gains in life expectancy in the United States are threatened by high rates of obesity. Substandard diets and low levels of physical activity have been identified as key determinants of overweight, obesity, and many other chronic conditions (1–3). Fundamental to preventing and treating obesity and its concomitant conditions is the adoption and maintenance of healthful dietary and physical activity habits. However, adherence to obesity interventions, especially over the long term, is low due to patient-, provider-, and systems-related factors (4–6). The problem is particularly evident in vulnerable and underserved populations, including racial/ethnic minorities (7), some low-income groups (7–10), and children (11,12). In light of the broad scope and serious health effects posed by the obesity problem, new and potentially more potent interventions for reducing obesity and obesity-related behaviors are needed, especially in high-risk populations.

Recognizing the need for more effective approaches to reduce obesity, especially in high-risk populations, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2008 issued a funding opportunity announcement (FOA),"Translating Basic Behavioral and Social Science Discoveries into Interventions to Reduce Obesity: Centers for Behavioral Intervention Development (U01)" (3). The FOA solicited research applications to translate insights from the basic and behavioral sciences into clinical, community, and population interventions to reduce obesity (3). Cooperative agreement grants were awarded to 7 project teams and 1 Resource and Coordination Unit (RCU) in September 2009. These research teams, along with representatives from the 5 cosponsoring NIH institutes, centers, and offices (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Cancer Institute; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; and the NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research) constitute the Obesity Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) initiative (www.nihorbit.org).

The primary goal of the ORBIT initiative is to use the knowledge, skills, and efforts of diverse teams of basic and applied behavioral science researchers in the development of effective obesity prevention and obesity reduction strategies. Targeted groups include high-risk populations, such as black and Hispanic adolescents and adults, premenopausal women, and low-income pregnant women. All ORBIT projects follow a pre-specified, 3-phase approach for intervention development. Research teams first conduct qualitative, observational, and laboratory studies to clarify and refine insights from basic behavioral or social science research to support the development of components of dietary or physical activity interventions. This initial phase is followed by "proof of concept" and small-scale efficacy studies to characterize and provide preliminary efficacy testing of the proposed interventions. The final phase involves pilot studies to refine the interventions, test their feasibility, and obtain information to guide the planning and design of randomized controlled trials. All ORBIT studies have completed at least 1 of the first 2 phases of the intervention development process.

This progressive, phased approach is intended to produce a set of innovative, well-defined, and effective obesity-related interventions that are ready for efficacy and effectiveness testing. The approach has also proven useful in the early identification of recruitment and retention challenges, potentially leading to an improved ability for eventual translation of these interventions into real-world settings. The studies highlighted here exemplify some of the unique challenges faced and attendant solutions engaged in the process of developing obesity-related behavioral interventions.

In the first project — the Maternal Adiposity, Metabolism and Stress (MAMAS) Study (13) — researchers from the University of California, San Francisco, are developing intervention strategies to reduce stress-induced, nonhomeostatic eating (eating reflexively in response to factors other than caloric need or hunger) in low-income pregnant women, focusing on the reward and stress response systems that may influence eating behaviors and abdominal fat deposition. This project required the recruitment of low-income women at a prespecified gestational stage, which posed problems for recruiting adequate numbers of participants. In response, the investigators developed and implemented a set of innovative strategies that are outlined in detail in "Recruitment and Retention of Pregnant Women for a Behavioral Intervention: the Maternal Adiposity, Metabolism, and Stress (MAMAS) Study" (13). For example, investigators gave timely and detailed feedback to their recruitment sources about referral yields. This feedback supports future recruitment efforts by allowing the identification and recognition of high-yield sources and by informing low-yield sources of opportunities for improvement or a change in strategy.

The Small Changes and Lasting Effects (SCALE) project (14), conducted by researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College, aims to refine and pilot test a "small change" eating and physical activity intervention on eating behaviors and weight loss in black and Latino adults in 3 different settings: individual, family, and faith-based settings in Harlem and the South Bronx. In the accompanying article, "Developing Faith-Based Research Partnerships: Recruitment, and Retention Techniques" (14), the authors describe processes that enable successful partnerships with faith-based organizations to support the adequate recruitment and retention of participants and describe considerations for researchers working in settings where faith-based organizations are the main source of research participants.

These 2 ORBIT studies highlight different approaches to the issue of recruitment and retention of research participants in behavioral intervention development studies. Each study encountered unique challenges and applied solutions specific to the research question, population of interest, and research context. The successes described and lessons learned from these formative and early experimental studies convey insights into how characteristics of target populations can influence recruitment outcome (eg, pregnant women in the MAMAS study) and how the settings and organizations in which interventions are to be delivered and from which participants originate (eg, SCALE study) can be best engaged for effective recruitment and retention. The knowledge gained from these studies is primarily useful for improving the quality and practicality of the interventions developed by the ORBIT initiative. However, it can also facilitate the use of more effective approaches for recruitment in the later phases of the intervention development process and can aid in the design of randomized clinical trials to test these and similar interventions.


Under field conditions, insect parasitoids probably experience lower rates of host encounter and life expectancy than under optimal conditions in laboratory studies. We examined the clutch size response of Mastrus ridibundus, a gregarious idiobiont parasitoid of codling moth, Cydia pomonella, cocoons, to variation in both host encounter rate and life expectancy as possible explanatory variables in a comparison of brood size in the field and laboratory. Under laboratory conditions, mean clutch size (number of eggs laid) declined from 5.8 to 3.4 as host encounter rate increased from one to eight cocoons per day. In contrast, when we reduced life expectancy by withholding honey as a food source, females did not adjust clutch size. Mean brood size (number of progeny surviving to pupation) of females foraging in walnut orchards (3.9) was significantly greater than that under laboratory conditions with excess hosts (3.1). Brood size also increased with host size in the field, but not under laboratory conditions. Brood size fitness curves were derived using both host-finding ability in the field and lifetime fecundity under laboratory conditions as indices of female fitness. Host-finding ability increased exponentially with body size, generating an estimated Lack brood size of 4.3, but lifetime fecundity increased linearly with body size, giving a Lack brood size estimate of 5.5. Under field conditions, female M. ridibundus produced brood sizes that closely approximated the Lack brood size estimated from host-finding ability, but that were significantly smaller than that estimated from lifetime fecundity. These observations suggest that, in contrast to lifetime fecundity measures from the laboratory, host-finding ability in the field provides a more accurate estimate of lifetime reproductive success for parasitoids with a low expectation of future reproduction.


This article provides an overview of America's urban population based on the 2000 Census and the implications of increasing cultural diversity for urban public schools. It addresses three basic questions: 1. What does America's population look like at the beginning of the 21st century? 2. What challenges do children and their families face in this time of rapid demographic change? 3. What role can communities play in helping culturally diverse children do well in school? Current demographic trends indicate that ethnic minorities, especially immigrant groups, not only grow rapidly, but are also increasingly concentrated in urban areas, and that the level of residential segregation by race and class in 2000 remains as high as in 1990. Demographic shifts create new challenges for the education of racial minority and immigrant children. At issue is not whether children are able to advance beyond their parents' status—many do so because their parents are insufficiently educated and are struggling at the society's bottom—but whether they can move up to and secure a position in the ranks of the American middle class. Research has shown that certain children living in the inner city are able to do well, despite adversarial conditions. A key difference is the availability and accessibility of community-based resources, such as after-school tutoring and other educationally oriented programs, that serve children.


The ultimate goal of government health systems is to provide highly effective equitable services that save lives and reduce morbidity and mortality. The pressure to conform to duplicative global and donor initiatives compounds existing challenges to health systems strengthening such as shortages of human resources for health, weak supply chains, inadequate laboratory services and parallel data management systems. This article illustrates how primary health care, as the point of entry into the health care system for the majority of individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, should be strengthened to ensure that individuals and their communities receive essential, holistic care.


Theoretical results regarding the propagation of intense light through a two-component medium are presented. The light-induced scattering from such a medium can compensate for the usual linear scattering under certain conditions, thus giving rise to the so-called self-transparency effect (suppression of the scattering). The theoretical model is based on the flux theory of light scattering. It is also shown that the equation obtained through flux theory can also be derived by using the wave equation when the medium is treated as a composite (effective) medium and when the dispersion and Kerr-type nonlinear terms for such a composite medium are neglected. The complete equation without neglecting these two terms is solved numerically in order to study the effect of nonlinear scattering on soliton propagation. The problem of two oppositely traveling waves in such a composite medium without dispersion and Kerr-type terms is also discussed.


Strategic alliances are a prevalent form of business organization. The critical
characteristics of strategic alliances are detailed using Coase (1937) and the resulting
definition tested through primary research and the alternative form, the infrastructure
alliance posited. The thesis examines whether strategic alliances add value in the
European banking sector through four types of analysis at two levels of engagement - a
23 historical review (at industry level); a review of over 400 papers in the academic
literature; a questionnaire survey (at firm level) and in-depth interviews (at firm level).
Bankers high pre-existing propensity to enter into strategic alliances is determined and
three lifecycles, and the underpinning, conditions identified - Clubs and Consortium
Banks, Bankassurance and the Virtual bank - the latter involving a fundamental change in
Coase (1937) enabled by the underpinning technology. Bankers were found to be
followers of potential business steams and the strategic alliance was one form of market
entry. The questionnaire research, however, identified European bankers prefer to enter
into alliances (as opposed to own branch or M&A) only in countries which had the
appropriate supporting conditions such as definable, enforceable and terminable
contracts, the provision of accounting information, stable governments and economic
freedom. Direct discussions with senior bankers resulted in a number of valuable insights
into the conceiving, forming, organizing evolving and dissolving of alliances.
Further research into the infrastructure alliance, including 'oscillation' between
infrastructure and strategic forms is proposed. The Co-Evolution Model of Strategic
Alliances is proposed and taxonomy consisting of parallel co-evolution, convergent coevolution,
divergent co-evolution and the subsidiary taxonomy of differential parallel coevolution,
differential convergent co-evolution and differential divergent co-evolution
detailed and further research suggested.
Strategic alliances are found to add value in European banking but this value is
contingent on the strength of the business stream, the global, national and industry
conditions and the nature of managerial decisions and drive.


Context. Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) represent the most prominent population of Galactic very-high-energy gamma-ray sources and are thought to be an efficient source of leptonic cosmic rays. Vela X is a nearby middle-aged PWN, which shows bright X-ray and TeV gamma-ray emission towards an elongated structure called the cocoon.
Aims. Since TeV emission is likely inverse-Compton emission of electrons, predominantly from interactions with the cosmic microwave background, while X-ray emission is synchrotron radiation of the same electrons, we aim to derive the properties of the relativistic particles and of magnetic fields with minimal modelling.
Methods. We used data from the Suzaku XIS to derive the spectra from three compact regions in Vela X covering distances from 0.3 to 4 pc from the pulsar along the cocoon. We obtained gamma-ray spectra of the same regions from H.E.S.S. observations and fitted a radiative model to the multi-wavelength spectra.
Results. The TeV electron spectra and magnetic field strengths are consistent within the uncertainties for the three regions, with energy densities of the order 10−12 erg cm−3. The data indicate the presence of a cutoff in the electron spectrum at energies of ~ 100 TeV and a magnetic field strength of ~6 μG. Constraints on the presence of turbulent magnetic fields are weak.
Conclusions. The pressure of TeV electrons and magnetic fields in the cocoon is dynamically negligible, requiring the presence of another dominant pressure component to balance the pulsar wind at the termination shock. Sub-TeV electrons cannot completely account for the missing pressure, which may be provided either by relativistic ions or from mixing of the ejecta with the pulsar wind. The electron spectra are consistent with expectations from transport scenarios dominated either by advection via the reverse shock or by diffusion, but for the latter the role of radiative losses near the termination shock needs to be further investigated in the light of the measured cutoff energies. Constraints on turbulent magnetic fields and the shape of the electron cutoff can be improved by spectral measurements in the energy range ≳ 10 keV.


ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 06 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com The influences of tillage systems on soil carbon (C) stocks have been studied extensively, but the distribution of soil C within aggregate fractions is not well understood. This review study was to determine the influences of various tillage systems on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated C under rice-wheat rotation in North India. The NT and RT treatments significantly increased the proportion of macro-aggregate fractions (>2000 and 250-2000μm) compared with the MP-R and MP+R treatments. Averaged across all depths, mean weight diameters of aggregates (MWD) in NT and RT were 47 and 20% higher than that in MP+R. The difference of total SOC stocks between NT and CT decreased with soil depth, confirming that the SOC benefits of NT are concentrated to the immediate topsoil still subject to direct seeding. The topsoil achieved maximum SOC stocks after about 10 years of NT. In surface soil, the maximum (19.2%) and minimum (8.9%) proportion of total aggregated carbon was retained with >2 mm and 0.1–0.05 mm size fractions, respectively. DSR combined with zero tillage in wheat along with residue retention (T6) had the highest capability to hold the organic carbon in surface (11.57 g kg-1soil with the highest stratification ratio of SOC (1.5). A considerable proportion of the total SOC was found to be captured by the macro-aggregates (>2– 0.25 mm) under both surface (67.1%) and sub-surface layers (66.7%) leaving rest amount in microaggregates and silt + clay sized particles. However increasing the quantity of C input could enhance soil C sequestration or reduce the rate of soil C loss, depending largely on the local soil and climate conditions. SOC can be best preserved by crop rotations with conservation tillage practices such as no or reduced tillage, and with additions of residues, chemical fertilizers and manure SOC change was significantly influenced by the crop residue retention rate and the edaphic variable of initial SOC content. Soil disturbance by tillage leads to destruction of the protective soil aggregate. This in turn exposes the labile C occluded in these aggregates to microbial breakdown. A higher amount of macro-aggregates along with greater accumulation of particulate organic C indicates the potential of conservation tillage for improving soil carbon over the long-term in rice-wheat rotation in North India. K e y w o r d s Tillage systems, Aggregateassociated C, Soil organic carbon, Aggregate stability Accepted: 10 May 2019


The initial cell surface interaction between legumes and rhizobia during infection, is believed to be mediated by legume seed lectins. The specificity and host-recognition are the two important prerequisites for the successful infection of legumes by rhizobia. The present study deals with the involvement of soybean lectin in the interaction between soybean and Rhizobium japonicum. -- Using biochemical and cytological techniques, soybean lectin binding properties of a non-mucoid strain of R. japonicum under two different laboratory culture conditions were studied. The primary lectin binding sites were localized in the capsular extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) of the bacteria using ferritin and colloidal gold labeled soybean lectin at the ultrastructural level. It was also possible to show the secondary soybean lectin binding sites to be the outer cell wall of the bacterial cells. Further, the lectin specific cells were characterized as coccoid forms embedded in a capsular matrix and rod forms having a polar capsule. In experimental studies both capsulated coccoid and rod forms were found to attach to the root hair surface with the rod forms showing distinct polar attachment. -- Differential centrifugation was used to fractionate the rod and coccoid forms which were then further characterized. Both the forms were clearly distinguishable at the light and electron microscope levels. The rods were often found aggregated by their polar ends to form 'stars'. The coccoid forms were found to be either capsulated or non-capsulated. The coccoid and rod cells when allowed to grow separately in fresh nutrient medium were shown to undergo interconversion. The lectin binding kinetics of both the types of cells were studied. The nodulation capacity of these two types against soybean were carried out. -- Gas chromatographic analyses of EPS and LPS fractions of the bacteria grown in yeast extract mannitol medium did not reveal any detectable quantity of lectin specific receptors (galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine). However, when the bacteria were grown in soil extract medium, galactose, a soybean lectin specific sugar, was found to be one of the components in both EPS and LPS. This induction of galactose synthesis was accompanied by increases in cell size, percentage of coccoid forms and in the amount of lectin bound to the bacterial cells. These results indicate that more lectin binding receptors can be induced in rhizobia grown in soil extract medium. -- The study leads to the following conclusions: (1) the lectin binding sites are located in the capsular extracellular polysaccharide (primary lectin binding site) and in the lipopolysaccharide of the outer cell wall envelope (secondary binding site) of the bacteria; (2) there are distinct rods and coccoid forms of bacteria in the broth culture reflecting the different phases of growth; and (3) that the lectin receptor sites are induced in Rhizobium when culture conditions simulate the natural environment (soil) of the bacteria.


This memo defines a set of extensions that instrument RADIUS
authentication server functions. These extensions represent a portion
of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network
management protocols in the Internet community. Using these
extensions, IP-based management stations can manage RADIUS
authentication servers. This memo obsoletes RFC 2619 by deprecating
the MIB table containing IPv4-only address formats and defining a new
table to add support for version-neutral IP address formats. The
remaining MIB objects from RFC 2619 are carried forward into this
document. This memo also adds UNITS and REFERENCE clauses to selected
objects. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


Clinical treatment with glucocorticoids (GC) can be complicated by cytokine-induced glucocorticoid low-responsiveness (GC-resistance, GCR), a condition associated with a homogeneous reduction in the expression of GC-receptor- (GR-) driven anti-inflammatory genes. However, GR level and phosphorylation changes modify the expression of individual GR-responsive genes differently. As sustained IL-1β exposure is key in the pathogenesis of several major diseases with prevalent GCR, we examined GR signaling and the mRNA expression of six GR-driven genes in cells cultured in IL-1β and afterwards challenged with GC. After a GC challenge, sustained IL-1β exposure reduced the cytoplasmic GR level, GRSer203 and GRSer211 phosphorylation, and GR nuclear translocation and led to selective GCR in the expression of the studied genes. Compared to GC alone, in a broad range of GC doses plus sustained IL-1β, FKBP51 mRNA expression was reduced by 1/3, TTP by 2/3, and IRF8 was completely knocked down. In contrast, high GC doses did not change the expression of GILZ and DUSP1, while IGFBP1 was increased by 5-fold. These effects were cytokine-selective, IL-1β dose- and IL-1R1-dependent. The integrated gain and loss of gene functions in the "split GCR" model may provide target cells with a survival advantage by conferring resistance to apoptosis, chemotherapy, and GC.


Despite the regularity with which governments confront the need to make fiscal adjustments, voter attitudes toward competing consolidation strategies are still not well understood. For example, an influential literature finds that voters prefer public spending cuts to tax increases, but little is known about how these preferences depend on the particular taxes and spending categories that politicians choose or on voter characteristics such as income, ideology and trust. Our analysis of experimental data from 8,000 survey respondents across Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru confirms that, at the aggregate level, individuals prefer spending-based to tax-based fiscal adjustments. However, these preferences change dramatically depending on which tax and spending adjustments individuals are asked to make. Respondents strongly oppose increases in the personal income tax, but they support or are indifferent toward higher corporate income or value-added taxes. They strongly support public employment cuts but oppose cuts in social assistance. Responses also indicate that a wide range of voter motivations, beyond their pecuniary interests, shape their preferences over fiscal adjustment strategies. Their support not only varies with income, but significantly depends on such non-pecuniary characteristics as ideology and trust in government.


In recent years, with the progress of offshore wind technology, the possibility of integrating other marine renewables with offshore windmills has arisen. Hybrid, or multiplatform, solutions leading to economies in the construction and installation of the devices and a lesser occupation of marine space are sought. In particular, this research deals with a hybrid system that integrates an Oscillating Water Column (OWC) device into the typical monopile foundation of an offshore windmill. A prototype and a model of the hybrid energy converter have been proposed. Furthermore, an experimental set-up was designed, built and tested at the wave flume of the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC). The Air pressure inside the chamber and the air-flux at the orifice are the main parameters that define the OWC performance. The first was directly measured and the air-flux was determined by the free surface level inside the chamber. Furthermore, the influence of the turbine damping on the OWC performance was studied considering different turbine specifications. Finally the proof of concept of this new wave energy converter has been successfully carried out.


The aim of this study was to develop a rubric as a measurement tool for experiential educators and with this purpose, we investigated a group of the participants on it. Assessing whether the experiential training process follows all four steps of the experiential learning cycle and determining correct or incorrect applications of the experiential learning theory will be functional to improve the quality of the implementation of the theory. The Rubric for Experiential Training has two main components. One of these components is the concept of Learning Spaces and the other is the concept of Educator Role Profiles. A phenomenological research design was chosen for this study to investigate the experiences of participants with the rubric. The participants of the study were 8 volunteers who took part in a training of trainers at the Experiential Training Center in Istanbul, Turkey. Data of the study was obtained through a focus group interview and analyzed through content analysis and interpreted holistically. According to the views of participants, The Rubric for Experiential Training has important functions such as increasing the level of awareness of planning and implementation processes of experiential training and enabling to receive feedback on the quality of the implementations.


Information on past earthquakes in the Dead Sea basin and the adjacent region was recovered from seismites and faults in lake sediments. Seismites are found in the 70- to 15-ka Lisan formation (Marco et al. , 1996) and in the subsequent Dead Sea deposits (Ken-Tor et al. , 2001; Migowski et al. , 2004; Kagan et al. , 2011). Other sources for palaeoseismic data came from damaged speleothems in caves some 40 km west of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) (Kagan et al. , 2005; Braun et al. , 2009). The present work aims at recovering the earthquake record from the ancient settlement of Jericho (Palestine), renowned as the archaeological site of Tell es-Sultan, inhabited in a period in which we have no local geological information. Tell es-Sultan is suitable for archaeoseismic investigations because (1) it is located in a seismically active area (Fig. 1); (2) it was inhabited continuously during the last 11,000 yr; and (3) the history of the site was repeatedly studied by archaeologists, providing abundant documentation.

Starting from the early nineteenth century to the modern expeditions, archaeologists have associated peculiar damaging, fracturing, and human remains discovered at the ancient Jericho site to repeated seismic shaking events during the whole Neolithic history of the site, that is, from approximately 11,000 B.C. up to 6,000 B.C. (Tables 1 and 2). Prof. J. Garstang and Dame K. Kenyon led the two main archaeological teams that considered earthquake effects in this period (Garstang et al. , 1935; Garstang and Garstang, 1948; Kenyon, 1957, 1981). Both renowned for their precious work on the Levant sites, in particular, Dame K. Kenyon was the first to apply the concept of archaeological stratigraphy and to define the still-used chronology for the Levantine Neolithic culture. The analysis in this …


General movement patterns for North Atlantic right whales are known, but quanti- tative season-specific estimates of individual movements and the resultant distributions do not exist. We use a Brownian Bridge movement model to estimate individual movement patterns and spatial probability distributions using time- and location-specific photo-identified right whales from 1978 through 2007 to produce monthly estimates of movement and distribution patterns for the population in the NW Atlantic, from Cape Cod northward. For comparative purposes we also estimate right whale transition probabilities among ocean regions to estimate rates of emigration and immigration, likely destinations, and monthly regionally specific population estimates. Areas were identified that right whales may frequent and that are potential locations of the regularly unaccounted proportion of the population. These areas, requiring additional survey effort, include the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Scotian Shelf, Columbia Ledges and western Jordan Basin. Our results show that along the northeast Atlantic coasts of Canada and the USA, right whales annually migrate in a general counter-clockwise pattern; north and east along the continental shelf in the spring and summer, and south and west along the coast during autumn and winter. The results also provide quantitative spatio-temporal estimates of right whales for all regions, including those that are rarely or never surveyed. The spatial probability distributions that we provide can be used in the future to quantitatively evaluate risks to right whales from human activities, particularly vessel traffic and commercial fishing, and thereby increase our ability to manage the risks and improve right whale conservation.


I use bilateral import data to test for and quantify the importance of trade costs and asset market frictions in explaining the failure of perfect international consumption risk sharing. I find that while frictions in international asset markets significantly impede optimal consumption risk sharing between developed and developing countries over the period 1970-2000, developed countries are close to optimal risk sharing with each other. Trade costs, in contrast, significantly impede risk sharing for all countries. (JEL E21, E44, F14, F41, G15)


The paper summarizes all papers published by Bulgarian scientists in the field of archaeometry, issued in the last decade. The archaeometric investigations in Bulgaria cover the analyses of chemical composition of bronze, gold, silver, lead, glass, glaze, pottery, mortar, amber, resin and other archaeological objects. For their characterization many instrumental techniques such as AAS, ED-XRF, ICP-AES, INAA, LA-ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, etc. are used. These techniques, together with geophysical methods, archaeomagnetic investigations, dendrochronology and the various dating methods are all covered by the umbrella term 'archaeometry'. MA programme in archaeometry has been offered in Sofia University 'St. Kl. Ohridski' in the last 10 years, whose graduates have been joining archaeological investigations professionally. In this way, archaeology is enriched with new understanding of the role of physics, chemistry, biology and geology.


Just as the Internet promises to change the delivery of instruction, it challenges as well the administration of school discipline. In a recent wave of cases, lower federal courts have reached contradictory conclusions about school officials' authority to punish students' speech in social media, raising difficult questions about the applicability of today's First Amendment doctrine to online speech. The Supreme Court has declined three times to review off-campus speech cases but is likely to be drawn in eventually. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] At work are two doctrinal impulses pulling in opposite directions. Under Tinker v. Des Moines (1969), still the lodestar for school discipline cases, schools can punish student speech only if it will cause a substantial disruption or violate the rights of others. But the trend of federal courts since the 1980s has been to give school officials more authority in judging what would cause a substantial disruption, as well as allowing them to punish and censor vulgar speech, school-sponsored speech, and pro-drug speech. The obvious question is whether schools can punish off-campus speech that they believe can cause an on-campus disruption. Students have always said unflattering things about teachers and classmates, but, prior to the Internet, for such speech to reach enough people to cause a significant disruption it had to be uttered on campus or brought there. With the Internet, entire student bodies, if not the whole world, can receive slanderous gossip or obscene speech without anyone setting foot on campus. So far schools have punished students for, among other things, tweeting vulgarities on a school-provided laptop, creating fake Myspace pages that imply their principals are drunk and have hit on students and their parents, and for using a personal blog to encourage fellow students to call school officials "douchebags" for canceling a "jamfest." In the Myspace cases, appellate courts held that the fake pages did not create a substantial disruption and thus couldn't be punished. But in the jamfest case, the appellate court held that the student could be punished, since she was a member of student government and her blog post was "potentially disruptive to student government functions." And in the case of a student who had used a Myspace profile to mock another girl as a slut who had herpes, the Fourth Circuit upheld the school's decision to suspend the student for violating a policy against harassment and bullying. …


This collection brings together recent scholarship that examines how understandings of honor changed in Latin America between political independence in the early nineteenth century and the rise of nationalist challenges to liberalism in the 1930s. These rich historical case studies reveal the uneven processes through which ideas of honor and status came to depend more on achievements such as education and employment and less on the birthright privileges that were the mainstays of honor during the colonial period. Whether considering court battles over lost virginity or police conflicts with prostitutes, vagrants, and the poor over public decorum, the contributors illuminate shifting ideas about public and private spheres, changing conceptions of race, the growing intervention of the state in defining and arbitrating individual reputations, and the enduring role of patriarchy in apportioning both honor and legal rights.

Each essay examines honor in the context of specific historical processes, including early republican nation-building in Peru; the transformation in Mexican villages of the cargo system, by which men rose in rank through service to the community; the abolition of slavery in Rio de Janeiro; the growth of local commerce and shifts in women's status in highland Bolivia; the formation of a multiethnic society on Costa Rica's Caribbean coast; and the development of nationalist cultural responses to U.S. colonialism in Puerto Rico. By connecting liberal projects that aimed to modernize law and society with popular understandings of honor and status, this volume sheds new light on broad changes and continuities in Latin America over the course of the long nineteenth century.

Contributors. Jose Amador de Jesus, Rossana Barragan, Sueann Caulfield, Sidney Chalhoub, Sarah C. Chambers, Eileen J. Findley, Brodwyn Fischer, Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha, Laura Gotkowitz, Keila Grinberg, Peter Guardino, Cristiana Schettini Pereira, Lara Elizabeth Putnam


ABSTRACTPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants, but are of concern due to their potential health risks. PBDEs are ubiquitous in the environment and their occurrence in polar regions highlights the importance of atmospheric transport. As yet, most researches emphasized evaporative and fugitive releases of PBDEs during production, use and waste management phases. However, the recent studies have uncovered the importance of the combustion sources when considering the release of PBDEs into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, complete PBDE emission inventories are lacking, and no global PBDE emissions from combustion sources have been estimated. Therefore, this study estimated the global PBDE emissions from combustion sources and illegal open burning of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and e-waste, as well as evaporative and fugitive releases from commercial PBDE mixtures. We found that combustion sources and illegal open burning of e-waste globally emit PBDEs at 6.75 and 0.255–5.56 tonnes year–1, and are important PBDE emitters. The effectiveness of reducing human exposure to PBDEs will be minimized and delayed if mitigation of PBDE emissions from combustion sources is ignored. Control of PBDE emissions from combustion sources should be taken along with the ban of commercial PBDE mixtures.


This paper is a critical view to two mainstream approaches to technology regulation and their sufficiency in providing functional models for policy-making in this field. On the one hand, the literature on innovation and its special attention to the role of new technologies and how to regulate them is putting forward different perspectives. On the other hand, the extensive discussion on managing the risk of new technologies through government regulation represents another major approach to technology regulation. The present critical appraisal shall reveal that both of them are confronting serious shortcomings in providing functional policy models and in guiding the real decisions of policy makers; this is mainly because of their restrictive assumptions. While policy makers need models to help them in assessing the risks and benefits of technologies simultaneously, the innovation models are merely focused on the beneficial aspects of technology as opposited to the risk models that are mainly conceraed with the risk of new human products. Then, the discussion leads to the epistemological difficulties inherent in developing such models that pave the way for suggesting a new model at the end of the paper


We tested the hypotheses that the heart rate (HR) response to muscle metaboreflex activation induced by postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) varies considerably among subjects and that individual differences in the HR response are associated with differences in cardiac autonomic tone and/or arterial baroreflex function during PEMI. Fifty-one healthy subjects (36 men and 15 women) performed a 1-min isometric handgrip exercise at 50% maximal voluntary contraction, which was followed by a 3.5-min period of imposed PEMI. We estimated cardiac autonomic tone using spectral analysis of beat-to-beat variation in the R-R interval (RRI). In addition, the sensitivity of the arterial baroreflex control of HR (BRS) was evaluated using transfer function analysis of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and RRI. Although the mean RRI during the PEMI and subsequent recovery period did not differ from the resting value, the variance among the individual differences in RRI between the rest and PEMI periods was significantly greater than between the rest and recovery periods. The changes in RRI elicited by PEMI correlated significantly with changes in the spectral power of the RRI variability in the high-frequency range and the BRS. By contrast, no significant correlation was observed between changes in RRI and changes in mean arterial pressure or the power of the RRI variability in the low-frequency range. This suggests that, in humans, the HR response to PEMI-induced activation of muscle metaboreflex varies considerably from individual to individual and that these differences reflect changes in cardiac parasympathetic tone and spontaneous BRS during PEMI.


We have entered the age of big data. Massive datasets are now common in science, government and enterprises. Yet, making sense of these data remains a fundamental challenge. Where do we start our analysis? Where to go next? How to visualize our findings?
We answers these questions by bridging Data Mining and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) to create tools for making sense of graphs with billions of nodes and edges, focusing on:
(1) Attention Routing: we introduce this idea, based on anomaly detection, that automatically draws people's attention to interesting areas of the graph to start their analyses. We present three examples: Polonium unearths malware from 37 billion machine-file relationships; NetProbe fingers bad guys who commit auction fraud.
(2) Mixed-Initiative Sensemaking: we present two examples that combine machine inference and visualization to help users locate next areas of interest: Apolo guides users to explore large graphs by learning from few examples of user interest; Graphite finds interesting subgraphs, based on only fuzzy descriptions drawn graphically.
(3) Scaling Up: we show how to enable interactive analytics of large graphs by leveraging Hadoop, staging of operations, and approximate computation.
This thesis contributes to data mining, HCI, and importantly their intersection, including: interactive systems and algorithms that scale; theories that unify graph mining approaches; and paradigms that overcome fundamental challenges in visual analytics.
Our work is making impact to academia and society: Polonium protects 120 million people worldwide from malware; NetProbe made headlines on CNN, WSJ and USA Today; Pegasus won an open-source software award; Apolo helps DARPA detect insider threats and prevent exfiltration.
We hope our Big Data Mantra "Machine for Attention Routing, Human for Interaction" will inspire more innovations at the crossroad of data mining and HCI.


2013–2014 was a stage of organizational transformation of the Russian postalsystem, which caused disruption of the organizational structure and doublingof its operational elements. This article begins by exploring the resultingsituation of ambiguity and uncertainty caused by this disruption. Under theseconditions, according to K. Weick, the sensemaking process should play anessential role in organizational performance. This research project aims to identify the structural features of the Russian postal system during the reorganization stage, as well as at defining the meanings which employees gave to ongoing changes. The data was collected through participant observation from the position of Moscow Central Office postal employee from June 2013 to September 2014; fourteen interviews of employees and document analysis were conducted as well. Information was recorded in field notes and diary and analyzed with open and axial coding according to the procedures of grounded theory. The main findings presented in this article are the disruption of structure and the following complexities in its functional performance and the coexistence of two organizational images between more experienced workers affected by organizational change and the newcomer employees with brand new ideas. Employees' perception of the Russian postal system is presented as simultaneously government and commercial, profitable and detrimental, typical and specific organization. These dual images can cause difficulties both in employees' communication and organizational performance.


Spatial Regulation of Defense- Related Genes Revealed by Expression Analysis using Dissected Tissues of Rice Leaves Inoculated with Magnaporthe oryzae
Gene expression profiles in response to inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae at infected and adjacent cells obtained by microarray coupled with laser microdissection (LMD) were compared with results of microarray expression profiling using RNAs from pathogen infected whole leaves (WL). Genes whose expression was up-regulated following inoculation with the fungus were classified into two categories: group A indicates those whose increased expression was detected both in LMD- and WLmicroarrays, while group B indicates genes of which the expression was detected at significantly higher levels in WL-microarray than LMD-microarray. Interestingly, genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of diterpenoid phytoalexins were exclusively found in group A, while pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were found in both groups A and B.


One of the outstanding scholars of the field of Moroccan travel literature was Muh?ammad b. Muh?ammad al-T?ayyib b. Muh?ammad b. Musa b. Muh?ammad al-Sharqi al-Sumayli, al-Fasi al-Madani. Born in the city of Fez in 1110/1698. He studied with some of the most known scholars of Morocco at that time including Abu al-cAbbas Ah?mad al-Misnawi, Abu cAbdullah Muh?ammad al-Misnawi, Abu al-cAbbas Ah?mad al-Fasi and Abu T?ahir Muhammad al-Kurani. Having acquired his early education in his home country he emigrated eastward to Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and finally to Medinah where he died in 1170/1756 after living and teaching there for many years.

It is not surprising then that this great scholar left behind him a treasure of works in a variety of fields; indeed we find Ibn al-T?ayyib wrote many works, including four in jurisprudence, three in h?adith and sixteen in grammar and in linguistics. Despite this however many of his academic contributions remain in manuscript form and therefore are inaccessible to the greater majority.

One such work is "Rih?lah il a al-H?ijaz," which is particularly important to the field of travel literature as it represents a major contribution. This is because Ibn al-T?ayyib came relatively late, historically, compared to other travel writers. In addition, it contains many minute details, which the author took care to record during his journey from place to place. It also contains accounts of everything he saw and his comments regarding the social, economic and political conditions of the countries he visited, as well as comments about the scholars whom he was able to meet. This work is important also because it is considered the most important reference for the author's life, culture and is an important literary reference in terms of the poetry and prose, classical and modern, eastern and western, that it contains. In addition it accounts for both literary and religious scholars, the linguistic derivations of geographical names and draws attention to the mistakes of those who wrote about them before him. Bearing in mind the great significance of this work from a variety of aspects this thesis involves the complete revision, editing, annotation and authentication of the manuscript including the correction of missing characters and providing available information and biographical notes on the text.


Demonstrate your expertise with Microsoft Office 2010! This all-in-one guide is designed to help you practice and prepare for the four core Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS) exams. With the MOS 2010 Study Guide, you get full, objective-by-objective coverage for:Exam 77-881: Microsoft Word 2010 Exam 77-882: Microsoft Excel 2010 Exam 77-883: Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 Exam 77-884: Microsoft Outlook 2010 Use the books easy-to-follow procedures and illustrations to review the essential skills measured by the MOS exams. And you can apply what youve learned hands-onusing the downloadable files for all the books practice tasks.


Neutron-deficient 177−185Hg isotopes were studied using in-source laser resonance-ionization spectroscopy at the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion-beam facility in an experiment combining different detection methods tailored to the studied isotopes. These include either α-decay tagging or multireflection time-of-flight gating for isotope identification. The endpoint of the odd-even nuclear shape staggering in mercury was observed directly by measuring for the first time the isotope shifts and hyperfine structures of 177−180Hg. Changes in the mean-square charge radii for all mentioned isotopes, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments of the odd-A isotopes and arguments in favor of I=7/2 spin assignment for 177,179Hg were deduced. Experimental results are compared with density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo shell model (MCSM) calculations. DFT calculations using Skyrme parametrizations predict a jump in the charge radius around the neutron N=104 midshell, with an odd-even staggering pattern related to the coexistence of nearly degenerate oblate and prolate minima. This near-degeneracy is highly sensitive to many aspects of the effective interaction, a fact that renders perfect agreement with experiments out of reach for current functionals. Despite this inherent difficulty, the SLy5s1 and a modified UNEDF1SO parametrization predict a qualitatively correct staggering that is off by two neutron numbers. MCSM calculations of states with the experimental spins and parities show good agreement for both electromagnetic moments and the observed charge radii. A clear mechanism for the origin of shape staggering within this context is identified: a substantial change in occupancy of the proton πh9/2 and neutron νi13/2 orbitals.


This article reviews three of the most widely-known guiding philosophies of student affairs for the past 65 years. The article analyzes the rise, dominance, and fall of the student services and student development philosophies and then explores the emergence of student learning as a guiding philosophy. The results of two research studies on the successful integration of student learning within student affairs are used to examine challenges and priorities for student affairs in coming years. For most student affairs practitioners, the daily challenges of solving problems and supporting students takes precedence over philosophical issues surrounding the profession of student affairs. However, it is the understanding of student affairs theories that will best guide student affairs professionals in their problem-solving and relationship-forming. This article examines three of the most prominent student affairs philosophies of the past 65 years, including an in-depth analysis of student affairs' integration of the current philosophy of student learning. The first part of this article traces the progression of student affairs guiding philosophies from the 1937 Student Personnel Point of View to the introduction of the student learning philosophy in 1994. The second half of the article explores some of the research on the integration of student learning as a guiding philosophy and summarizes a few of the challenges lacing student affairs professionals as they attempt deeper integration of the student learning philosophy. The Historical Foundations of Learning in Student Affairs The work of student affairs has existed as long as has higher education in the United States. In the first 200 years of American higher education, professors, tutors, and presidents served in the role currently implemented by student affairs (Rudolph, 1990). The faculty was responsible not only for students' intellectual development, but also for their moral development. Tutors often lived with students and served as mentors and counselors (Blimling & Alschuler, 1996). Blimling and Alschuler note, "What are today separated as academics and student affairs were once a seamless integrated responsibility of all people holding positions in colonial colleges" (p. 204). In the second half of the 19th century, however, the role of faculty in American higher education began to change, reflecting the influence of the German model for higher education that emphasized the search for "pure knowledge" through empirical inquiry and basic research. As faculty members became more invested in their research and scholarly work, they were less interested in investing in their students' learning. "If investigation was the principal aim of the university, then giving one's energy to immature and frequently mediocre students could seem an irritating irrelevance" (Veysey, 1905, p. 144). According to Rudolph (1990), "What now mattered was intellectual performance in the classroom, not model behavior in the dormitory or the village tavern" (p. 348). The solution for many colleges and universities was to hire a dean or other student services specialists (e.g. registrars, chaplains, house mothers) who would monitor and discipline the students for their behavior outside of class (Boyer, 1987; Loy & Painter, 1997). Thus began the growing distinction between students' learning and growth inside and outside of class. Eventually, one dean was not enough for most colleges, due to the exponential growth of the student population and students' growing interest in extracurricular activities (Rudolph, 1990). In 1899, William Rainey Harper recognized the importance of understanding students' development and predicted the rapid growth of a field focused on student issues: In order that a student may receive the assistance so essential to his highest success, another step in the onward evolution will take place. This step will be the scientific study of the student himself. …


Metropolitan State University of Denver (MSU Denver) Immigrant Services program enlists the support of peer mentors to provide holistic support to the institution's immigrant, refugee, and English Language Learner (ELL) populations. These peer mentors are highly specialized in their student employee role and are trained to provide academic and personal support. Peer mentors support students with such issues as English writing support, scholarship applications, and connection to immigration resources. The Immigrant Services program at MSU Denver could not function without this student employment position. The Student Academic Success Center at the Metropolitan State University of Denver (MSU Denver) hosts a variety of programs that support students in persisting through college. These programs scale from supporting the student population at-large to targeting specific populations that have been identified to need specialized support. The Immigrant Services Program provides support to a specific population of students at MSU Denver that includes immigrants, refugees, undocumented and Deferred Action Childhood Arrival (DACA) students, and English Language Learners (ELL). Highly trained peer mentors work with students individually and as a group to support their transition to college and onward through graduation.


Loss of dietary proteins through microbial fermentation in the rumen may deprive the ruminant animals of valuable supply of amino acids at the intestinal level. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of three treatment methods (heat, formaldehyde, and tannic acid) in protecting dietary protein in soybean meal (SBM) from excessive microbial degradation in the rumen to extrapolate its bypass protein potential. The treated SBM samples were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hr in rumen–fistulated cattle. Results showed that the different treatment methods significantly reduced the rumen degradation of dry matter (DM) in SBM for 24-hr (p<0.01), 48-hr (p<0.01) and 72-hr (p<0.05) incubation, with tannic acid treatment showing the least. In terms of crude protein (CP) degradation, all the treatment methods showed significant reduction in 24-hr (p<0.01) while heat and formaldehyde in 48-hr (p<0.05) incubation, while tannic acid treatment did not differ significantly with that of the untreated, indicating their greater potential than tannic acid in protecting dietary protein from microbial degradation in the rumen. A similar pattern of differences were observed as that of actual values in terms of rates of DM and CP degradation. Overall, heat and formaldehyde treatments can effectively increase the potential of dietary protein to supply the needed amino acids in the intestines.


This project explores first person DV documentary filmmaking practice in China in the
first decade of the twenty-first century. Building on existing studies of first person
filmmaking in the West, which predominantly analyse filmic self-representation on the
textual level, this study addresses two themes: the film text as an aesthetic and cultural
object that constructs a self; and the filmmaking as a practice and a form of social
participation, through which individual filmmakers as agents actively construct
representations of their own selves and their subjectivities.
Focusing on the work of nine filmmakers, including Yang Lina, Shu Haolun, Hu Xinyu,
Wu Haohao, and Ai Weiwei, I argue that these films illustrate the makers' individual
selves as multi-layered and conflicted, situated in complex familial and social
relationships, and in the changing relations between individuals and the state. In
addition, this practice can be seen as a form of provocative social participation in the era
of 'depoliticised politics', that stimulates important individual critical thinking and
helps to form a new kind of political subjectivity, to reconstruct political value and
reactivate the political space in China. These films and the filmmaking practice not only
reflect some aspects of the changing concept of individual self in contemporary China,
but can be seen as a generative and constructive process, that further contribute to the
changing constitution of the individual subject in China.
Through close textual analysis of this body of first person films and this filmmaking
practice, I demonstrate features of the complex changing relations between the public
(gonggong) and the private (siren) space, between the collective (jiti) and the personal
(geren), and between the individual (geti) and the party-state (dangguo) in post-socialist
China. The project aims to contribute to current debates in the international field of first
person filmmaking, and to studies of contemporary China.


As one of the fundamental structures in Smartgrid concept, Microgrid has critical effort on maintaining user's power quality and efficiency therefore reduce energy consumption and carbon emission. Harmonic environment of an electric network means the characteristic of distribution of the harmonic energy, voltage and current, in the network. Harmonic environment of Microgrid is complicated due to nonlinear equipments, e.g. thyristor based power converter. The nonlinear equipments are both harmonic source and harmonic vulnerable, so that the assessment of Microgrid harmonic environment is very necessary for programming construction and operation of Microgrid. The modal analysis is able to figure out the paths harmonic spread and element effecting spread, but the method can not deal with nonlinear equipments properly, even those equipments are playing main role in harmonic problem in Microgrid. In this paper a maturity nonlinear equipment model is introduced in modal analysis for fully Microgrid harmonic assessment. According to the assessment results, proper measures can be taken place to improve the construction and operation of Microgrid. The method proposed in this paper has been approved to be rational and effective by the simulation test results.


It has been said that people need the confidence, continuity and trust in the world which comprise ontological security in order to lead happy and fulfilled lives, and furthermore that ontological security can be attained more through owner occupied than rented housing. Ontological security, however, can be elusive both in a real sense and in empirical research terms. As part of a study of the relationships between housing tenure and health, we explored through in-depth interviews with 43 adults the extent to which home owners and social renters in the West of Scotland obtained psycho-social benefits from their homes. It is important to acknowledge the regional context of the study, in particular the residualised state of social rented housing in the UK and the problematic, post-industrial nature of the Scottish regional economy. Interviewees felt protected by their homes when they were in a low crime area which was more likely to be in an area of owner occupied housing. For some interviewees owner occupation provided less protection than social renting from the threat of losing the home because of the risk of repossession. Inhabiting a house rather than a flat could promote autonomy over the home, as could having skills or income to carry out repairs and maintenance. Owner occupation was thought to be more prestigious than social renting, but whether being prestigious was desirable was sometimes contested. Interviewees also talked about ontological security in terms of the home being a site of constancy but this runs counter to the restless tendency to move house in order to progress in society and move up the housing ladder.


The poor can and do save, but often use formal or informal instruments that have high risk, high cost, and limited functionality. This could lead to undersaving compared to a world without market or behavioral frictions. Undersaving can have important welfare consequences: variable consumption, low resilience to shocks, and foregone profitable investments. We lay out five sets of constraints that may hinder the adoption and effective usage of savings products and services by the poor: transaction costs, lack of trust and regulatory barriers, information and knowledge gaps, social constraints, and behavioral biases. We discuss each in theory, and then summarize related empirical evidence, with a focus on recent field experiments. We then put forward key open areas for research and practice.


Context: Believers, fasting is decreed for you as it was decreed for those before you; perchance you will be cautious (Surah Al-Baghara, 183). The holy Prophet (SAW) also stated: "Fast and stay healthy". Islamic fast is an exquisite and especial method for proper planning to develop mental and physical health in fasting person. Fasting for a month, especially in the holy Ramadan, is the specific model for twelve month of life that can insure the health of fasting person for one year, because researches show that biological clock of the brain needs to be adjusted, annually. According to the holy Quran introductions and the traditions of holy Prophet, the biological clock of the brain should be adjusted within this month, since in this holy month the doors of God`s mercy are open to his servants, and implying the specific model in this month may cause physiological and psychological coordination. Hence, biological clock of the brain will be adjusted by fasting and energy turns the light of physical and mental health for the next eleven months. Evidences Acquisitions: Reports over the last decade show that any change in the lifestyle of patient can accelerate the treatment progress. Results: Although Islamic fasting is not in available in all religions, the principle of fasting exists in all religions which represents the domination of documented procedures on the human nature. Results of the current study showed that Islamic fast can be considered as the best model to improve physical health and relaxation; and reduction of crimes and violations in this month is derived from the relaxation that is naturally resulted from the adjusted basis of physiological and psychological homeostasis. Conclusions: Personal and psychological arrangements can play an important role to adjust strong homeostasis in the physiological systems. This stable procedure or homeostasis helps physiological procedures to be stable and integrated even if any problems occur, and physiological stability cannot be replaced easily by pathologic factors; hereby the illness is prevented. Regulating the release of brain neurotransmitters, hormones secretion, and metabolic processes are the most important achievements of Islamic fasting that result in mental and physical health.


We propose Coactive Learning as a model of interaction between a learning system and a human user, where both have the common goal of providing results of maximum utility to the user. Interactions in the Coactive Learning model take the following form: at each step, the system (e.g. search engine) receives a context (e.g. query) and predicts an object (e.g. ranking); the user responds by correcting the system if necessary, providing a slightly improved - but not necessarily optimal - object as feedback. We argue that such preference feedback can be inferred in large quantity from observable user behavior (e.g., clicks in web search), unlike the optimal feedback required in the expert model or the cardinal valuations required for bandit learning. Despite the relaxed requirements for the feedback, we show that it is possible to adapt many existing online learning algorithms to the coactive framework. In particular, we provide algorithms that achieve O(1/√T) average regret in terms of cardinal utility, even though the learning algorithm never observes cardinal utility values directly. We also provide an algorithm with O(log(T)/T) average regret in the case of λ-strongly convex loss functions. An extensive empirical study demonstrates the applicability of our model and algorithms on a movie recommendation task, as well as ranking for web search.


It is estimated that one third of the world's population are infected with the bacterium M. tuberculosis and approximately 9.4 million new cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed globally in 2008. Molecular tools, developed over the previous two decades, have allowed further in-depth study of this historic disease. Genotyping M. tuberculosis allows the study of evolutionary relationships and well as the routes of transmission of the organism between hosts. The pairing of genotyping with demographic data allows the analysis of the current trends of disease within a given patient population. Two genotyping methodologies (IS6110 RFLP and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units – Variable Number Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR)), alongside patient demographic data have been utilised for the TB population at the Royal Free Hospital, London. The data shows a patient population that is largely concordant with that seen in London as a whole; with the majority of TB patients being born outside of the UK and drug resistance rates that are higher than the national average.
The acquisition of drug resistance-conferring mutations by M. tuberculosis is often presumed to be associated with a fitness cost. Here we investigate the fitness of isolates from two outbreaks involving large numbers of drug resistant strains. The first group of strains was found to be part of the ongoing north London isoniazid resistant outbreak. The data suggests that this outbreak consists of successful, closely related, circulating strains with heterogeneous resistance profiles and mutations and little or no associated fitness cost. The relationship between the biology of the organisms isolated from a cohort of TB patients who underwent a novel diagnostic interferon gamma release assay was investigated. Genotyping, ESAT-6 gene sequencing and gene expression assays suggest that varying immune response between individuals is driven by host factors rather than a characteristic of the strain of M. tuberculosis.
This study shows that this geographic location in London is home to a diverse population of M. tuberculosis with a low rate of transmission. The demographic characteristics of the TB patients are largely concordant with the UK as a whole. These findings show that M. tuberculosis genotyping is critically important in the identification of suspected outbreaks and contamination events as well as the investigation of successful related strains and characteristic disease phenotypes. Genotyping can augment classic epidemiology and clinical practice to provide a holistic approach in the investigation, treatment and control of the global health problem. Understanding the biology and genomics of M. tuberculosis is how the enormous disease burden will be tackled.


The overall objective of this study was to develop an analytical method to contribute to the assessment of the exposure of humans to plastic additives based on the use of a new polydimethylsiloxane-based stir bar extraction method. The method focuses on a list of 21 contaminants, including 18 plastic additives and 3 degradation products. They are analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) after a stir bar sorptive extraction from urine using a home-made stir bar. Thus, the paper focuses on the optimisation of the extraction method. The limits of quantification are variable from one substance to another, but they fall between 0.1 and 305 ng mL−1. The sample preparations lead to recoveries of up to 90% in water and 80% in urine. The method was successfully applied to 15 human urine samples. Among the targeted plastic additives and their degradation products, 7 compounds were quantified in samples at concentrations ranging from 0.3 ng mL−1 to 42.7 ng mL−1.


While a number of scholars have offered a variety of constitutional critiques and political analyses for the 2008 prorogation of Parliament, to date no comprehensive theoretical exploration has been attempted. In addition to the widespread agreement that the use of prorogation to avoid a potential non-confidence vote was problematic, some have acknowledged that efforts to undermine the role of Parliament in Canada have become routine. Combined with the role nationalistic tensions played in justifying such a profound departure from the principles of responsible government, this paper accepts and better explicates the view that the 2008 decision to prorogue Parliament constituted a 'harm.' Using Routine Activities Theory it explores the events before during and after prorogation based on the confluence of a motivated actor, a suitable target, and the lack of a capable guardian. While this theory frames past events in a new way, of specific value is how the theory can be used to begin to chart a course to correct what has been called a dangerous constitutional precedent.


In third person fiction, if the narrator makes his or her presence felt in the text, the reader may embody the narrator as part of a naturalisation process. What happens then, if a third person narrator appears unsure of the facts or events in the story world, or if it becomes unclear whether it is the narrator or a character who is telling the story? The reader must engage with some misgiving. However, if we consider the narrator that discloses their unreliability and appears to have good reason to be unreliable, the reader must first decide if the narrator is telling the story to the best of his or her ability: if s/he is being as accurate as possible and not withholding information about the story world. If the reader perceives the narrator as telling the story in the best way s/he can, then the reader is less likely to doubt the narrator. With disclosure and acceptance of unreliability, the narrator continues to be unreliable but s/he can also be described as "uncertain". In narratology, "uncertainty" constitutes a different form of unreliability. With an uncerain narrator the reader and the narrator must work together in order to uncover the truth of the story. In the case of an uncertain narrator, the reader returns to the "natural state" of trusting the narrative voice, but with the awareness that s/he may also have a role in meaning making. This thesis hypothesises that the use of overt narratorial uncertainty in heterodiegetic fiction develops a reader-narrator relationship based on trust, rather than suspicion, as found in other types of unreliable heterodiegetic text: that is to say, the disclosure of uncertainty by the narrator, together with an awareness of narratorial uncertainty by the reader, changes the way in which the reader relates to the narrator. Springett 08410119 1 -


Decision‐makers in organisations and businesses make numerous decisions every day, and these decisions are expected to be based on facts and carried out in a rational manner. However, most decisions are not based on precise information or careful analysis due to several reasons. People are, e.g., unable to behave rationally as a result of their experiences, socialisation, and additionally, because humans possess fairly limited capacities for processing information in an objective manner. In order to circumvent this human incapacity to handle decision situations in a rational manner, especially those involving risk and uncertainty, a widespread suggestion, at least in managerial decision making, is to take advantage of support in the form of decision support systems. One possibility involves decision analytical tools, but they are, almost without exception, not efficiently employed in organisations and businesses. It appears that one reason for this is the high demands the tools place on the decision‐maker in a variety of ways, e.g., by presupposing that reliable input data is obtainable by an exogenous process. Even though the reliability of current decision analytic tools is highly dependent on the quality of the input data, they rarely contain methods for eliciting data from the users. The problem focused on in this thesis is the unavailability and inefficiency of methods for eliciting decision information from the users. The aim is to identify problem areas regarding the elicitation of decision data in real decision making processes, and to propose elicitation methods that take people's natural choice strategies and natural behaviour into account. In this effort, we have identified a conceptual gap between the decision‐makers, the decision models, and the decision analytical tools, consisting of seven gap components. The gap components are of three main categories (of which elicitation is one). In order to study elicitation problems, a number of empirical studies, involving more than 400 subjects in total, have been carried out in Sweden and Brazil. An iterative research approach has been adopted and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been used. Findings made in this thesis include the fact that decision‐makers have serious problems in many decision situations due to not having access to accurate and relevant data in the first place, and secondly, not having the means for retrieving such data in a proper manner, i.e. lacking elicitation methods for this purpose. Employing traditional elicitation methods in this realm yield results that reveal an inertia gap, i.e. an intrinsic inertia in people's natural behaviour to shift between differently framed prospects, and different groups of decisionmakers displaying different choice patterns. Since existing elicitation methods are unable to deal with the inertia, we propose a class of methods to take advantage of this natural behaviour, and also suggest a representation for the elicited information. An important element in the proposed class of methods is also that we must be able to fine‐tune methods and measuring instruments in order to fit into different types of decision situations, user groups, and choice behaviours.


Abstract During the past three decades, internal fixation has become increasingly popular for fracture management and limb reconstruction. As a result, during their training, orthopaedic surgeons receive less formal instruction in the art of extremity immobilization and cast application and removal. Casting is not without risks and complications (eg, stiffness, pressure sores, compartment syndrome); the risk of morbidity is higher when casts are applied by less experienced practitioners. Certain materials and methods of ideal cast and splint application are recommended to prevent morbidity in the patient who is at high risk for complications with casting and splinting. Those at high risk include the obtunded or comatose multitrauma patient, the patient under anesthesia, the very young patient, the developmentally delayed patient, and the patient with spasticity.


Objectives Cognitive impairment is known to have a significant impact on the quality of life of individuals and their caregivers, yet it is often underdiagnosed. The objective of this study is to assess the extent of cognitive impairment among elders visiting primary healthcare (PHC) practice settings, to explore associated risk factors and discuss current care challenges for PHC providers. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2013 and May 2014. Setting Fourteen PHC units located in rural and urban areas of the Heraklion district in Crete, Greece. Participants Consecutive visitors aged at least 60 years attending selected PHC practices. Primary and secondary outcome measures The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to indicate cognitive status. Associations of low MMSE scores (≤23/24, adjusted for education level) with 12 socio-demographic factors, comorbidities and lifestyle factors were assessed. Results A total of 3140 PHC patients met inclusion criteria (43.2% male; mean age 73.7±7.8 years). The average MMSE score was 26.0±3.8; 26.7±3.5 in male and 25.4±3.9 in female participants (p<0.0001). Low MMSE scores were detected in 20.2% of participants; 25.9% for females vs 12.8% for males; p<0.0001. Female gender (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.72; 95% CI 2.31 to 3.47), age (AOR=1.11; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.13), having received only primary or no formal education (AOR=2.87; 95% CI 2.26 to 3.65), alcohol intake (AOR=1.19; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.37), reporting one or more sleep complaints (AOR 1.63; 95% CI 1.14 to 2.32), dyslipidaemia (AOR=0.80; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.98) and history of depression (AOR=1.90; 95% CI 1.43 to 2.52) were associated with low MMSE scores. Conclusions This study identified a relatively high prevalence of low MMSE scores among persons attending PHC practices in a southern European community setting and associations with several known risk factors.


The discovery of otoacoustic emissions (OAE) has advanced our understanding of cochlear mechanics and the efferent auditory system. OAE are sounds generated within normal cochlea either spontaneously or in response to stimulation. The ability to measure OAE non-invasively, objectively and quickly makes a powerful tool to probe cochlear mechanics. Stimulation of the efferent auditory system causes changes in cochlear amplification processes and hence changes characteristics of OAE. Contralateral acoustic stimulation, commonly called OAE suppression, provides an index of the efferent auditory system (specifically, medial olivocochlear bundle) functioning. OAE is also a sensitive tool to demonstrate subtle changes in cochlear functioning caused by various pathological (e.g., noise exposure, aspirin toxicity, etc.) and non-pathological (e.g.,posture, efferent stimulation) factors. Although OAE are frequently used in both clinic and laboratory, their generation mechanism was not clearly understood until recently. It is currently accepted that distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) are composed of two separate components, named wave- and place-fixed emissions. They not only arise from two different cochlear locations but also from two fundamentally different processes. Wave-fixed components arise from distortion sources and manifest a phase that is almost independent of frequency, where as, place-fixed components arise from reflection sources and have a phase that increases systematically with frequency. The overall aim of the work presented in this thesis was to use various OAE methods to examine cochlear function and the efferent auditory system. A related objective was to substantiate the functional relevance of the efferent auditory system in speech-in-noise perception, in order to address the clinical significance of measuring OAE suppression. Cochlear functioning was potentially manipulated by three treatments separately: one extrinsic (electromagnetic radiation exposure from mobile phone) and two intrinsic (posture and efferent activation). Potential changes in auditory function due to mobile phone exposure were evaluated in a within-subject study in a double-blind design (n=35).A comprehensive examination of the auditory system was conducted using audiometry,OAE and auditory event related potentials (ERP). The second experiment used mechanism-based DPOAE to investigate posture-induced changes in cochlear functioning (n=15). Similar DPOAE measurements were performed to evaluate the effect of contralateral acoustic stimulation on cochlear functioning (n=14). The last experiment examined the relationship between contralateral suppression of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and recognition of speech in noise (n=13). Results indicate that (i) acute exposure to mobile phone radiation does not cause any significant changes in auditory functions measured by TEOAE suppression, DPOAE or ERP (however, there were changes in auditory thresholds at 6 and 8 kHz), (ii) posture induced cochlear changes and contralateral acoustic stimulation cause significantly greater reduction in place-fixed components than wave-fixed components, and (iii) the efferent auditory system plays an anti-masking role in speech-in-noise recognition. It appears that wave- and place-fixed components are differentiallysensitive to changes in cochlear functioning. Collectively, the present results provide emerging empirical support for the need to separate the wave- and place-fixed components in DPOAE measurements. Because of inherent differences in the generation of wave- and place-fixed components, it is suggested that the separation of the components may improve the efficiency of DPOAE-based measures of cochlear dysfunction and also, of the efferent auditory system function.


On the basis of existing literature and newly collected empirical evidence this article discusses the theoretical, empirical, research methodological and policy implications of a recently introduced knowledge taxonomy, the so-called Differentiated Knowledge Bases model (Asheim et al., 2011), which distinguishes between three epistemologically different approaches that are summarized in the notions of analytical (theoretically understanding), synthetic (instrumentally solving problems) and symbolic (culturally creating meanings). The article suggests that these differentiated knowledge bases, though ideal-typical constructs, seem applicable to micro-level, intra- or inter-organizational modes and communities of learning involved in firm innovation but that firms and meso- and macro-level social systems (sectors, clusters, regions, etc.) rarely rely on one single knowledge base but coordinate its actions in more learning modes and communities. The potentials for innovation research of this particular knowledge taxonomy are mainly connected with its integrative and wide perspective on the identification of the types of knowledge, modes of learning and institutional contexts that are relevant for firm innovation and regional economic development and that exceed the sectoral divides and production bias often characterizing innovation research. For innovation policy, this integrative perspective may provide new opportunities for encouraging the development, diffusion and use of economically valuable knowledge of different kinds and from varying societal spheres in ways that truly break with one-size-fits-all policies.


Cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and water vapor transported into the stratosphere have significant impacts on the global radiation budget and circulation patterns. Climate models, however, have large uncertainties in representing dehydration and cloud processes in the TTL, and thus their feedback on surface climate, prohibiting an accurate projection of future global and regional climate changes. Here we use unprecedented airborne measurements over the Pacific to reveal atmospheric waves as a strong modulator of ice clouds in the TTL. Wave‐induced cold and/or cooling conditions are shown to exert a nearly ubiquitous influence on cirrus cloud occurrence at altitudes of 14–18 km, except when air was very recently influenced by convective hydration. We further observe that various vertical scales of cloud layers are associated with various vertical scales of waves, suggesting the importance of representing TTL waves in models.


Nutrient excretion by consumers can alter ecosystems by changing the availability of limiting nutrients. Understanding controls on nutrient excretion is thus necessary to predict ecological dynamics. Ecological stoichiometry predicts nutrient excretion rates based on the principles of homeostasis and mass balance, and this theoretical framework effectively explains variation in excretion among fish species. It fails, however, to explain the substantial variation in excretion within species. This dissertation uses a model species for trait variation, the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), to explore why ecological stoichiometry has fared so poorly in explaining intraspecific variation in excretion. I first used a lab study to assess traditional stoichiometric predictions for nutrient excretion. This study found the expected stoichiometric patterns for phosphorus excretion, but not for nitrogen excretion. A field survey supported these results, and it indicated that the presence of a predatory fish, Crenicichla frenata, explained variation in guppy nitrogen excretion. In ensuing lab studies, I sought to isolate the influence of predation risk on nitrogen excretion by rearing guppies with or without the chemical cues of this predatory fish. This approach highlighted that predator cues reduced guppy nitrogen excretion by nearly 40%, primarily by reducing food intake. Standardizing for food intake, however, revealed that predator cues reduced guppy excretion more than food consumption. Guppies with predator cues thus excreted a smaller fraction of consumed nitrogen, retaining nitrogen more efficiently. We suggest that reduced nitrogen excretion under predation risk reflects a wasteminimizing physiology similar to that caused by extended food deprivation. We show, however, that food deprivation takes up to 14 days to change guppy physiology, while predation risk induces even greater metabolic change within just 24 h. This result raises the possibility that guppies use predation risk as a signal of impending food restriction, immediately inducing metabolic changes to increase retention of nutrients for future needs. In summary, this dissertation highlights that ecological stoichiometry can explain variation in phosphorus excretion but not nitrogen. Nitrogen excretion is better described by models incorporating causes of variation in metabolism. Predation risk, a major influence on consumer metabolism, is likely central to intraspecific variation in nitrogen excretion.


Case-based reasoning addresses new problems by remembering and adapting solutions previously used to solve similar problems. Pulled by the increasing number of applications and pushed by a growing interest in memory intensive techniques, research on case-based reasoning appears to be gaining momentum. In this article, we briefly summarize recent developments in research on case-based reasoning based partly on the recent Twenty Fourth International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning.


We study the problem of estimating at a central server the mean of a set of vectors distributed across several nodes (one vector per node). When the vectors are high-dimensional, the communication cost of sending entire vectors may be prohibitive, and it may be imperative for them to use sparsification techniques. While most existing work on sparsified mean estimation is agnostic to the characteristics of the data vectors, in many practical applications such as federated learning, there may be spatial correlations (similarities in the vectors sent by different nodes) or temporal correlations (similarities in the data sent by a single node over different iterations of the algorithm) in the data vectors. We leverage these correlations by simply modifying the decoding method used by the server to estimate the mean. We provide an analysis of the resulting estimation error as well as experiments for PCA, K-Means and Logistic Regression, which show that our estimators consistently outperform more sophisticated and expensive sparsification methods.


Background: The reasons for the increasing incidence of and strong male predominance in patients with oesophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma remain unclear. The authors hypothesised that airborne occupational exposures in male dominated industries might contribute. Methods: In a nationwide Swedish population based case control study, 189 and 262 cases of oesophageal and cardia adenocarcinoma respectively, 167 cases of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and 820 frequency matched controls underwent personal interviews. Based on each study participant's lifetime occupational history the authors assessed cumulative airborne occupational exposure for 10 agents, analysed individually and combined, by a deterministic additive model including probability, frequency, and intensity. Furthermore, occupations and industries of longest duration were analysed. Relative risks were estimated by odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Tendencies of positive associations were found between high exposure to pesticides and risk of oesophageal (OR 2.3 (95% CI 0.9 to 5.7)) and cardia adenocarcinoma (OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.0 to 4.6)). Among workers highly exposed to particular agents, a tendency of an increased risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma was found. There was a twofold increased risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma among concrete and construction workers (OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.2)) and a nearly fourfold increased risk of cardia adenocarcinoma among workers within the motor vehicle industry (OR 3.9 (95% CI 1.5 to 10.4)). An increased risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR 3.9 (95% CI 1.2 to 12.5)), and a tendency of an increased risk of cardia adenocarcinoma (OR 2.8 (95% CI 0.9 to 8.5)), were identified among hotel and restaurant workers. Conclusions: Specific airborne occupational exposures do not seem to be of major importance in the aetiology of oesophageal or cardia adenocarcinoma and are unlikely to contribute to the increasing incidence or the male predominance.


The federalization of criminal law arguably threatens the states' traditional police powers. Congress has criminalized myriad activities the states condone (or at least tolerate); it has denied federal criminal defendants rights they would enjoy in state proceedings; and it has imposed harsher punishments for crimes proscribed by both levels of government. In many instances, Congress's decision to supplant the policy choices made by the states appears unjustified by any legitimate federal interest. The conventional wisdom suggests there is very little the states themselves can do to stop the federalization of criminal law and the resultant diminution of state prerogatives. The states, of course, have no authority to nullify federal law, nor can they interfere with the enforcement of federal law. But the conventional wisdom has overlooked a tactic that the states could adopt — and at least once did adopt — to take some of the bite out of federal criminal laws they deem objectionable. Namely, the states could indemnify the legal expenses of residents caught in the crosshairs of federal law enforcement agents. Indemnification could lessen the federal government's appetite for and success at enforcing certain federal criminal laws. This essay, prepared for a Symposium on the Future of Federalism, briefly discusses how and why state indemnification could help protect state prerogatives across a variety of issues ranging from marijuana to abortion to gambling to firearms.