Controversy regarding the age and character of mineralization in the northern Pennine orefield is reviewed in the context of recent geological and geochronological research in the region, and a number of the unresolved problems are tabulated. A new method of potassium-argon radioisotopic age determination which utilizes the conversion of the natural isotope 39K in a rock or mineral to the isotope 39Ar by neutron irradiation is described in outline. This method avoids some of the limitations of conventional potassium-argon age determination, and, among other advantages, makes the measurement of the radioages of clay minerals possible. A geochronological and petrological investigation of White Whin samples from the northern Pennine orefield is reported in full, and eighteen new age determinations, mostly upon clay mineral concentrates are presented. The conclusions that can be drawn from this work support a hypothesis of repeated hydrothermal mineralizations within the area of the northern Pennine orefield: the first within the period 284 ± 40 My with subsequent maxima of hydrothermal activity occurring at intervals. At least two of these subsequent episodes have been identified: one around a minimum age of 230 My and another, very important episode occurring around 170 My. Comparison of these results with histograms of (1) all radioages of British rocks and (2) radioages from British dolerites and basalts only, suggests that episodic hydrothermal alteration of pre-existing rocks may be a widespread phenomenon in Britain.


Abstract Iron-rich meteorites are significantly underrepresented in collection statistics from Antarctica. This has led to a hypothesis that there is a sparse layer of iron-rich meteorites hidden below the surface of the ice, thereby explaining the apparent shortfall. As standard Antarctic meteorite collecting techniques rely upon a visual surface search approach, the need has thus arisen to develop a system that can detect iron objects under a few tens of centimetres of ice, where the expected number density is of the order one per square kilometre. To help answer this hypothesis, a large-scale pulse induction metal detector array has been constructed for deployment in Antarctica. The metal detector array is 6 m wide, able to travel at 15 km h-1 and can scan 1 km2 in ~11 hours. This paper details the construction of the metal detector system with respect to design criteria, notably the ruggedization of the system for Antarctic deployment. Some preliminary results from UK and Antarctic testing are presented. We show that the system performs as specified and should reach the pre-agreed target of the detection of a 100 g iron meteorite at 300 mm when deployed in Antarctica.


Objective To evaluate the ability of SCAT3 and ChildSCAT3 to discriminate children with concussion from children with upper limb injuries and uninjured children in the emergency department Design Prospective observational study. Setting Tertiary children's hospital emergency department. Participants 264 children presenting to ED with concussion (CONC, n=90) and two control groups (i) upper limb injury (ULI, n=90) and (ii) well children (WELL, n=84) with equal sized subgroups in three age bands of 5–8, 9–12, and 13–16 years. Assessment and outcome Child-SCAT3 was used in 5-12 years, SCAT3 in 13–16 years, administered by trained research assistants. Differences between study groups were analysed using ANOVA. Effect sizes were also assessed. Results The number and severity of child and parent reported symptom scores for SCAT3 and the child-SCAT3 were significantly higher in CONC than either control group (p<0.001). Mean double and tandem stance errors were also significantly higher (p<0.001), and immediate memory and concentration were significantly lower for the CONC group (p<0.01). No group differences were found for orientation and digit backwards.Among SCAT3 symptoms, headache and pressure in head had the highest effect size (0.51 and 0.44 respectively, p<0.001). Among Child SCAT3 symptoms, I have headaches and I feel dizzy had the highest effect size (0.31 and 0.23 respectively, p<0.001). There were no significant differences between ULI and WELL control groups. Conclusions Overall, SCAT3 and child-SCAT3 can differentiate concussed from non-concussed patients, in particular for number and symptom severity. However, some neuropsychological subtests do not differentiate concussed patients and controls. Competing interests GAD is an honorary member of the Australian Football League Concussion Working Group, and has attended meetings organised by sporting organisations including the National Football League (USA), National Rugby League (Australia) and FIFA (Switzerland); however has not received any payment, research funding, or other monies from these groups other than for travel costs. GAD is a member of the International Concussion in Sport group that developed the SCAT3 and ChildSCAT3


Opportunity recognition (OR) is at the very heart of entrepreneurship. However, research on OR in the context of social entrepreneurship is still in its early stages. First, this article identifies, codifies and analyses OR-relevant articles on social entrepreneurship (SE) through the lens of Sarasvathy's three views of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. In the second step, statistical methods are applied on the results to indicate possible correlations among different schools of thought in SE and views on OR. OR in social ventures is found to be a prevalent topic in SE literature and differences in OR between social and commercial ventures are found.


Empirical evidence suggests that even those firms presumably most in need of monitoring-intensive financing (young, small, and innovative firms) have a multitude of bank lenders, where one may be special in the sense of relationship lending. However, theory does not tell us a lot about the economic rationale for relationship lending in the context of multiple bank financing. To fill this gap, we analyze the optimal debt structure in a model that allows for multiple but asymmetric bank financing. The optimal debt structure balances the risk of lender coordination failure from multiple lending and the bargaining power of a pivotal relationship bank. We show that firms with low expected cash-flows or low interim liquidation values of assets prefer asymmetric financing, while firms with high expected cash-flow or high interim liquidation values of assets tend to finance without a relationship bank.


P. Richards writes: Frostick et al. 1992 provide a very readable and concise account of the Triassic evolution of the Beryl Embayment area. The account is an analysis of a sedimentary succession often glossed over by previous workers, and they should be commended for attempting to explain the nature of these sediments. However, I have serious reservations concerning some of their lithostratigraphic correlations, and the assumptions that they make from them and from some of their other data. Most seriously, their correlation of Lomvi Formation sediments appears to lead Frostick et al. to erroneous implications and assumptions. Firstly, I would like to draw attention to Frostick et al.'s misrepresentation of the Triassic lithostratigraphic scheme postulated by Lervik et al. (1989; not 1990 as Frostick et al. quote), since this has profound implications for many other aspects of the paper. In their fig. 2, Frostick et al. depict the Lervik et al. view of Triassic lithostratigraphy as showing two divisions of the Lomvi Formation, labelled Upper Lomvi and Lower Lomvi formations on the figure. Lervik et al. 1989 did not make such a subdivision of the Lomvi Formation. Frostick et al. appear to have erroneously interpreted Lervik et al.'s Unit 4 (on Lervik et al.'s fig. 9) as part of the Lomvi Formation whereas Lervik et al. (p. 182) clearly stated that this unit formed the lowest part of the overlying Lunde Formation. Extending their miscorrelation of the lowermost Lunde Formation with the Lomvi Formation, Frostick et al. depict, on their


Laser-induced cavitation inside model objects--gels with various collagen concentrations (10 - 20%) was studied. Cavitation was produced by thermoelastic pressure waves generated under stress-confined conditions. Gel slabs were irradiated in air by nanosecond laser pulses from both sides. Under these conditions bipolar pressure pulses with compressional and tensile phases were generated on each side of the gel slabs. Due to interaction of these pressure pulses transient compression and tension with the amplitude two times higher are produced in the middle of the gel slabs. The tensile phase can induced cavitation. Two types of cavitation were found: transient (with bubble collapse) and permanent leading to formation of stable bubbles. To measure threshold of transient and permanent cavitation two methods were proposed. Transient cavitation was detected by scattering of a He-Ne probe beam from the cavitation bubbles and observed only for gels with low collagen concentration. Transient cavitation threshold for the gel with 10%-concentration amounts 28 bar. Transient cavitation lasts for approximately 3 microsecond(s) (approximately 1 microsecond(s) --growth for cavitation bubbles and approximately 2 microsecond(s) --collapse). Permanent cavitation threshold and total volume of permanent bubbles were studied by optical microscopy. Permanent cavitation can be divided into three types: cavitation with the following collapse accompanied by rupture and formation of small residual cavitation bubbles for gels with low (approximately 10%) collagen concentration; cavitation without collapse and with coalescence resulting in large bubble formation for gels with approximately 14% collagen concentration; cavitation without coalescence for gels with high approximately 20% collagen concentration.


Background Studies on whether the co-occurrence of psychotic experiences (PEs) and depression confers a more pronounced decrement in health status and function compared with depression alone are scarce in the general adult population. Method Data on 195 479 adults aged ⩾18 years from the World Health Survey were analysed. Using the World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), depression in the past 12 months was categorized into four groups: depressive episode, brief depressive episode, subsyndromal depression, and no depression. Past 12-month psychotic symptoms were assessed using four questions on positive symptoms from the CIDI. Health status across seven domains (cognition, interpersonal activities, sleep/energy, self-care, mobility, pain/discomfort, vision) and interviewer-rated presence of a mental health problem were assessed. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations. Results When compared with those with no depression, individuals with depression had higher odds of reporting at least one PE, and this was seen across all levels of depression severity: subsyndromal depression [odds ratio (OR) 2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.02–2.81], brief depressive episode (OR 3.84, 95% CI 3.31–4.46) and depressive episode (OR 3.75, 95% CI 3.24–4.33). Having coexisting PEs and depression was associated with a higher risk for observable illness behavior and a significant decline in health status in the cognition, interpersonal activities and sleep/energy domains, compared with those with depression alone. Conclusions This coexistence of depression and PEs is associated with more severe social, cognitive and sleep disturbances, and more outwardly apparent illness behavior. Detecting this co-occurrence may be important for treatment planning.


This paper places geographies of responsibility on stolen and occupied Indigenous lands in settler colonial Canada. Responsibilities to Indigenous lands and peoples are contextualized within the spectacle of reconciliation in Canada. In drawing on a range of critical analyses of reconciliation led by Indigenous scholars, I examine how the truth and reconciliation process has naturalized and fetishized Indigenous suffering and trauma while cultivating settler colonial spectacles whereby white settler Canadians engage in hollow performances of recognition and remorse. These spectacular spaces, I argue, become centered and severed from a larger terrain of settler colonial dispossession and violence that Indigenous peoples continue to resist on an everyday basis. I specifically focus on settler colonial spectacles and reconciliation mandates taking shape in Canadian postsecondary institutions. In doing so, I focus on how Canadian universities located on stolen Indigenous lands (actively supportive of the ongoing dispossession of Indigenous lands) continue to be a crucial site of settler colonial relations and a constitutive part of the settler colonial state.


First the Web was all static content (HTML). Then as more was expected of sites, server-side technologies like PHP became necessary. But now Rich Internet Applications (RIA) put a lot of the functionality back in the Web browser, so a server-side technology alone will no longer suffice. Developers who have been doing server-side work for years need to broaden their horizons to provide a rich client-side experience. Enter Effortless Flex 4 Development by bestselling author Larry Ullman. Flash-Flex is a powerful duo for providing a rich, client-side experience. The first third of this book covers the fundamentals of creating Flex apps. The second third is about getting, displaying, validating, and sending data: locally, remotely, and from the user. All server-side code in this book is PHP, and this data-centric view and larger support for PHP is a key focus in Flex 4. The last third is about rounding out the know-how for full application development. Taking advantage of what Flex 4 has to offer, developers can quickly learn how to create RIAs, some of which interact with PHP scripts running on the server. Adobe has open-sourced Flex and made its SDK freely available, so it is becoming more attractive to developers who prefer open-source projects over commercial ones. Since the author is writing this book as a developer/programmer for other developers/programmers (as opposed to a designers), there is a predominance of how-tos and real-world practices.


Mobile edge computing provides the opportunity for wireless users to exploit the power of cloud computing without a large communication delay. To serve data-intensive applications (e.g., video analytics, machine learning tasks) from the edge, we need, in addition to computation resources, storage resources for storing server code and data as well as network bandwidth for receiving user-provided data. Moreover, due to time-varying demands, the code and data placement needs to be adjusted over time, which raises concerns of system stability and operation cost. In this paper, we address these issues by proposing a two-time-scale framework that jointly optimizes service (code and data) placement and request scheduling, while considering storage, communication, computation, and budget constraints. First, by analyzing the hardness of various cases, we completely characterize the complexity of our problem. Next, we develop a polynomial-time service placement algorithm by formulating our problem as a set function optimization, which attains a constant-factor approximation under certain conditions. Furthermore, we develop a polynomial-time request scheduling algorithm by computing the maximum flow in a carefully constructed auxiliary graph, which satisfies hard resource constraints and is provably optimal in the special case where requests have homogeneous resource demands. Extensive synthetic and trace-driven simulations show that the proposed algorithms achieve 90% of the optimal performance.


Today, urban spaces are one of the major elements that define the city"s unique and attractive points. Although comparatively small in scale, street furniture is an element that can play an essential role in developing the quality of urban spaces and add value in representing city identity. Street furniture refers to the objects or facilities that provide various services and functions to the public in the area of urban public spaces. It is a structural element of environment that normally varies depending on the social and cultural features of a city or a country. It helps in contributing to human activities and to surrounding. This research seeks study is to implement the criteria of sustainable design in street furniture. Thus, in this research it is imperative that the sustainable criteria for street furniture design in Malaysia should be assessed. In providing a comprehensive data and background information, a literature search and document analysis was done. The major findings of this research proposed sustainable design criteria based on the literature search and document analysis. This was used to measure each sets of the data collection gathered. Furthermore, interviews with professionals formed part of the author"s in depth method. Data collection of these methods was analysed via the qualitative approach. Links were made between the sustainable street furniture design practised in Malaysia and the practised experiences in the other countries. The question of what is roles street furniture plays and what sustainable design is, are discussed. The criteria for sustainable design were examined and sustainability issues and problems of street furniture design in Malaysia were also analysed. Finally, the study explored the importance and possibilities of adopting sustainable design criteria for street furniture in Malaysia. It is hoped that this study will contribute towards creating awareness of the importance of sustainable design in street furniture in the country which in turn will help in the sustainable development of the urban areas and cities, besides improving the environment and urban living.


The Memphis District Engineering Division is developing a GIS type data base as part of a Geographic Engineering Management System (GEMS) to assist both the District and the Lower Mississippi Valley Division in executing the Master Plan for Channel Improvement on the Lower Mississippi River. The Master Plan includes both construction and maintenance of dikes, revetments, dredging, and numerous miscellaneous structures, along 355 miles of the Mississippi River. The engineering data base will include an aerial photo base map, as-built drawings of existing structures, horizontal and vertical survey control, historical as well as current topographic and hydrographic surveys, a relational data base of existing and planned features as well as budget, environmental, 404 permit information, and real estate data. GEMS will be developed on 3050 and 6040 Intergraph workstations utilizing numerous off-the-shelf Intergraph software packages. With an annual engineering and design budget for the Memphis District project of $4.5 million, the estimated $600,000 developmental cost will be saved from increased productivity and reduced manpower within 3 years after full implementation. In 1989 Intergraph completed a pilot project demonstrating the use and capabilities of an engineering data base on a 3-mile reach of the Mississippi River. This project answered many questions and concerns about data storage, data management, engineering and design, user access, and overall system management. A contract was awarded in September 1990 for an additional pilot project and subsequent full development of the data base.


This paper quantifies the long-run impact of exposure to youth minimum wages and sheds light on its mechanisms. It uses remarkable longitudinal data spanning for twenty years and explores legislative changes that define groups of teenagers exposed for different durations. After controlling for the contemporaneous impact of the minimum wage, its long-run impact translates into: an overall wage premium, consistent with an upgrading in the quality of jobs offered; a flatter tenure-earnings profile, consistent with lower initial investment in firmspecific training. Interestingly, the overall wage premium increases with exposure and the tenure-earnings profile is flatter the longer the exposure.


Statements of facts have been made about Nollywood, a segment of the Nigerian film industry that has in recent times become phenomenal due largely to its quantity of production and specific production style. In the face of recent transformations reshaping the industry, matters have been arising which have not been given due academic attention from an industry player perspective. While re-addressing such issues like structure, policy and informality, this study benefits from a new perspective – that of a community member adopting participant observation to research into a familiar culture. With data drawn from an extensive ethnographic study of the industry, this paper examines these matters with an emphasis on structure and the industry's overall political economy. Drawing from discourses on the new and old Nollywood labels and other current matters arising within the industry such as the MOPICON bill redraft, corporate financing and possibilities of regeneration, this paper examines structure and power struggle within Nollywood. These are championing regenerative processes that bring about formalization, professionalism and the quest for a transnational presence, which have only been superficially evaluated. Focused essentially on Nollywood's political economy, this study critically analyses the transforming face of an informal industry, the consistent quest for structure, quality and standard, and issues of corporate sponsorship as possible trends of regeneration. It evaluates them as indicators of regeneration, questioning the possibilities of their sustenance in an industry experiencing increased interactions with the formal economy and an influx of young professionals. With findings that make sustained regeneration both certain (due to increased formal economy interaction) and uncertain (due to the dysfunctionality of the society and its political system), it concludes that the transforming face of the industry suggests impending gentrification of the industry. Keywords—Formalization, MOPICON, Nollywood, Structure.


INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy (CP) can limit the performance of functional activities and quality of life of these individuals. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the relationship between functional independence and quality of life of children with CP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was composed of 30 children with diagnosis of CP. The Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-PF50) was used to measure the quality of life and the Part I (functional skills) of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (Pedi) was used to evaluate the functionality. The test of correlation Spearman was used to assess the relationship between these variables. RESULTS:Significant correlations were found between the domains of physical function and limitation of daily activities due to emotional and behavioral aspects of all areas of the Pedi (p < 0,05). The domain of limitation of daily activities due to physical and perceived health were associated with areas of self care and social function (p < 0,05). The global function only showed a significant relationship with self-care and mental health presented an inverse relationship with the mobility (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONS:No domain of CHQ-PF50 presented a strong correlation with areas of Pedi, which shows that these questionnaires assess different constructs. These results may help in planning strategies for assessment and intervention for children with CP.


Abnormal brain activity may reflect compensation when observed in patients who perform normally on tests requiring functions usually observed as impaired. Operational criteria defining compensation have been described and aid in distinguishing compensatory from chance events. Here, we tested whether previously published functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired in 15 recovering alcoholics and 15 controls at rest and while performing a spatial working memory task would fulfill criteria defining functional compensation. Multivariate analysis tested how well abnormal activation in the affected group predicted normal performance, despite low or no activation in brain regions invoked by controls to accomplish the same task. By identifying networks that uniquely and positively correlated with good performance, we provide evidence for compensatory recruitment of cerebellar-based functional networks by alcoholics. Whereas controls recruited prefrontal-cerebellar regions VI/Crus I known to subserve working memory, alcoholics recruited 2 other parallel frontocerebellar loops: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-cerebellar VIII system during rest and DLPFC-cerebellar VI system while task engaged. Greater synchronous activity between cerebellar lobule VIII and DLPFC at rest and greater activation within cerebellar lobule VI and DLPFC during task predicted better working memory performance. Thus, higher intrinsic cerebellar activity in alcoholics was an adequate condition for triggering task-relevant activity in the frontal cortex required for normal working memory performance.


Critical analysis of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for recurrent miscarriage An alloimmune abnormality is believed to be the cause of recurrent miscarriage in couples in whom no other cause can be identified. Because of its immunosuppressive properties, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used as a treatment for this disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether IVIG improves the chance of successful pregnancy in women with recurrent miscarriage by using individual patient data from efficacy trials. Detailed information on each patient enrolled in these trials was obtained to evaluate the efficacy of IVIG and investigate the effect of clinical variability on pregnancy outcome. Data from 125 patients in the IVIG group and 115 patients in the placebo group were available for analysis. Although the number of previous miscarriages and female age were both negative prognostic factors for successful outcome, there was no significant improvement in successful pregnancy or live birth rate with IVIG. Subgroup analyses indicated that timing of IVIG administration may be important. The results of the present study highlight the importance of stratification for known confounders, so that the role of IVIG can be evaluated in more detail. The collective evidence thus far indicates that IVIG does not have a therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful.


With the increased amount of on-board electric power driven by the ongoing hybridization, new ways to realize vehicles are likely to occur. This thesis outlines a future direction of vehicle motion control based on the assumptions that: 1) future vehicle development will face an increased amount of available actuators for vehicle propulsion and control that will open up for an increased variety of possible configurations, 2) the onboard computational power will continue to increase and allow higher demands on active safety and drivability that will require a tighter interaction between sensors and actuators, 3) the trend towards more individualized vehicles on common platforms with shorter time-to-market require design approaches that allow engineering knowledge to be transferred conveniently from one generation to the next. A methodology to facilitate the selection of vehicle configurations and the design of the corresponding vehicle motion controllers is presented. This includes a method to classify and map configurations and control strategies onto their possible influence on the vehicle's motion. Further, a structured way of implementing and managing vehicle and subsystem models that are easy to reconfigure and reuse is suggested and realised in the developed VehicleDynamics Library. In addition, generic ways to evaluate vehicle configurations, especially the use of the adhesion potential to identify safety margin and expected limit behaviour are presented. Special attention is given to how the characteristics of a vehicle configuration can be expressed so that it can be used in vehicle motion control design. A controller structure that enables a generic approach to this is introduced and within this structure, two methods for control allocation are proposed, via tyre forces and directly. The first method uses a developed mapping of available actuators as constraints onto the achievable tyre forces and inverse tyre models to calculate the actuator inputs. The second method allocates the actuator inputs directly for an adapted problem that is linearized around the current operating point. It is shown that the methods are applicable to a variety of different vehicle configurations without redesign. Therefore, the same controller can manage a variety of vehicle configurations and there is no need to recognize and treat each different situation separately. Finally, a road map on how to continue this research towards a possible industry implementation is given. Also suggestions on more detailed improvements for modelling and vehicle motion control are provided.


Summary
1Plant species employ several direct and indirect defence strategies to protect themselves against insect herbivores. Most studies, however, have focused on shoot-induced responses. Much less is known about interactions between below- and above-ground herbivores and how these may affect their respective parasitoids.
2Here, we quantify the impact of below-ground induced responses vs. that of above-ground induced responses in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. Jasmonic acid (JA) was applied to induce the plants above- or below-ground. The glucosinolate, sugar and amino acid levels of the leaves were analysed.
3Pieris brassicae larvae grew significantly slower on shoot JA-induced (SJA) plants than on root JA-induced (RJA) and control plants, which were treated with acidic water. On RJA and control plants they showed similar developmental trajectories. Pupal masses, survival till eclosion and egg load, however, were similar on all plants.
4The development of C. glomerata larvae on SJA plants was significantly longer than that on RJA and control plants. In contrast, the parasitoid's pupal stage lasted longer in hosts feeding on control plants. The total developmental times eventually were similar in all groups. However, the masses of male and female C. glomerata adults that developed hosts on control and RJA plants were significantly larger than those from hosts on SJA plants. JA application increased total glucosinolate contents and decreased the sugars and total amino acids levels independent of whether JA was applied. However, the trajectories of herbivore-induced glucosinolate levels differed between RJA and SJA plants.
5These results show that the differential effects of above- and below-ground-induced responses on herbivores also affect higher trophic levels in a nonlinear fashion via differential changes in host plant quality. In particular, the indirect effects that below-ground herbivores have on the performance of above-ground parasitoids may exceed the direct effects of plant chemistry on herbivore performance. Consequently, above-ground and below-ground interactions mediated by induced plant responses have the potential to mediate insect community structure and function in complex ways.


This study investigated the effects of regular physical and visual contacts with human beings on bird-to-bird pecking behaviour, tonic immobility (TI) duration, corticosterone, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (HLR) and growth in commercial broilers (CB) and jungle fowl (JF) raised from hatching as separate and intermingled flocks. On day 0, chicks were randomly assigned to 27 floor pens: nine with CB (20 birds / pen), nine with JF (20 birds / pen) and nine where chicks from the two genotypes were intermingled (10 CB and 10 JF / pen). The following treatments were applied (three pens per treatment) daily from day 1 to 21 to both CB and JF: (1) non-handled controls received no physical or visual contact with humans other than the routine husbandry (control), (2) each chick in the physical contact group were picked up individually, and stroked gently for 30 s once daily (PC), (3) a chick in the visual contact group was randomly caught, picked up and stroked gently for 10 min twice daily (VC). Both PC and VC treatments were done in the chicks' home pens to allow other birds in the flock to view the procedure. On day 42, CB that were raised as separate flocks had significantly greater body weights than those of intermingled flocks, similarly to CB subjected to PC in comparison with controls and VC. However, the body weights of JF were not affected by flock type or human contact. Intermingling increased bird-to-bird pecking activity in JF, and retarded body weight, elevated plasma levels of corticosterone and HLR in CB. Both PC and VC significantly reduced the incidence of harmful pecking and attenuated HLR and TI reactions in CB. Irrespective of flock type, JF, as measured by TI duration, were significantly more fearful than their CB counterparts. Regular physical contact was more effective than visual contact in ameliorating the TI reaction in JF. Regular human contact may attenuate the expression of bird-to-bird pecking and its harmful consequences.


We are pursuing a cellular and computational analysis of odour recognition and odour learning in the terrestrial gastropod Limax maximus. Two design features in the olfactory system of Limax may be common elements of generalist olfactory systems. They are 1) coherent oscillations in the second-order circuitry processing the sensory input and 2) involvement of the intercellular messenger nitric oxide in both sensory responses and the circuit dynamics of the oscillating olfactory network. The procerebral (PC) lobe of the Limax cerebral ganglion contains of order 105 local interneurons and receives direct input from olfactory receptors. Field potential recordings in the PC show a 0.7 Hz oscillation which is altered by odour input. Optical recordings of voltage changes in local regions of the PC show waves of depolarization originating at the distal pole and propagating to its base. Weak odour stimulation transiently switches PC activity from wave propagating mode to a spatially uniform activity mode. Both attractive and repellent odours cause this mode switch in PC activity. The field potential oscillation in the PC lobe depends on intercellular communication via nitric oxide (NO), based on effects of agents which eliminate or increase NO levels in the PC. Application of oxyhemeprotein or NO synthase inhibitor stops the field potential oscillation, reversibly. Application of exogenous NO using several NO donors increases the oscillation frequency. Liberation of caged NO by near UV flashes applied to preparations treated with dipotassium nitrosylpentachlororuthenate (NPR) also speeds the field potential oscillation. Nystatin perforated-patch recordings from the bursting cells in the PC presumed to drive the oscillation show that NO increases the burst frequency in these cells. These design features of the PC lobe odour processing circuitry may relate to the highly developed odour sensitivity and odour learning ability of Limax.


The use of transformed bacteria to stop or kill disease-causing agents in the gut of vector insects is called paratransgenics. Two of the major steps in creating a paratransgenic Anopheles mosquito, unable to spread the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria, are to find a bacterium suitable for the purpose and a way to introduce the transformed bacterium into mosquitoes in the field. In this project, bacteria associated with malaria mosquitoes have been identified by phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA genes. First, the midgut flora of field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes was examined using two pathways, one culture dependent and one culture independent. Second, six bacterial species from an An. gambiae laboratory colony, and third, ten isolates from Anopheles oviposition sites have been identified. Altogether, 32 bacterial species, representing 16 families, seven classes and four phyla were identified. Interestingly, several of them are related to bacteria known to be symbionts in other insects. Two possible ways of introducing bacteria into mosquitoes in the field in a paratransgenic approach were investigated in a laboratory setting. It was shown that sugar solutions with or without bacteria are equally attractive to An. gambiae mosquitoes and that the mosquitoes were able to take up bacteria from the water they emerged from. These results show that it may be possible to use sugar-baits and oviposition sites for distribution of genetically modified bacteria in the field. To facilitate the distribution of the modified bacteria mosquito attractants should be used. We investigated whether the bacterial isolates identified in this project produce attractants affecting mosquito sugar-feeding or oviposition site selection. While no responses were observed from the mosquitoes towards bacteria-containing sugar solutions, seven of the 19 isolates examined mediated positive oviposition responses. In total, 13 putative oviposition attractants were identified among the volatiles emitted by the attractive bacteria.


Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. Stick to Facts, sir! the character of thomas gradgrind; from hard times, by charles dickens


In 1982-83 a small group of Cape Breton landowners and two Indian chiefs, with wide-spread public support took the multi-national forest industry to court in Nova Scotia; and lost Their objective was to obtain an injunction to prevent the spraying of a dioxin-contaminated herbicide on forest plantations near their homes and properties and those of their neighbours The case raised important environmental law issues including the use of class actions, reliance upon common law causes of action, and the availability of injunctive remedies Most significantly, the case brought to the fore the question of how the judicial system should handle the deliberate release of toxic chemicals into the environment when uncertainty existed concerning the impact this activity would have. In this article the author provides background to the case and analyzes the Nova Scotia Supreme Court decision. He concludes that future plaintiffs in a similar position should win on existing legal theory. Finally, Professor Wildsmith suggests an alternative approach that judges could and should within an evolving common law system, take to adjust the burden of proof in cases concerning the use of toxic chemicals. This article is available in Osgoode Hall Law Journal: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol24/iss1/6 OF HERBICIDES AND HUMANKIND: PALMER'S COMMON LAW LESSONS BY BRUCE H. WILDSMITH* In 1982-83 a small group of Cape Breton landowners and two Indian chiefs, with wide-spread public support took the multi-national forest industry to court in Nova Scotia; and lost Their objective was to obtain an injunction to prevent the spraying of a dioxin-contaminated herbicide on forest plantations near their homes and properties and those of their neighbours The case raised important environmental law issues including the use of class actions, reliance upon common law causes of action, and the availability of injunctive remedies Most significantly, the case brought to the fore the question of how the judicial system should handle the deliberate release of toxic chemicals into the environment when uncertainty existed concerning the impact this activity would have. In this article the author provides background to the case and analyzes the Nova Scotia Supreme Court decision. He concludes that future plaintiffs in a similar position should win on existing legal theory. Finally, Professor Wildsmith suggests an alternative approach that judges could and should within an evolving common law system, take to adjust the burden of proof in cases concerning the use of toxic chemicals.


This article explores the interaction of formal and informal attributes of competence‐based assessment. Specifically, it presents evidence from a small qualitative case study of summative assessment practices for competence‐based qualifications within apprenticeships in the motor industry in England. The data are analysed through applying an adaptation of a framework for exploring the interplay of formality and informality in learning. This analysis reveals informal mentoring as a significant element which influences not only the process of assessment, but also its outcomes. We offer different possible interpretations of the data and their analysis, and conclude that, whichever interpretation is adopted, there appears to be a need for greater capacity‐building for assessors at a local level. This could acknowledge a more holistic role for assessors; recognise the importance of assessors' informal practices in the formal retention and achievement of apprentices; and enhance awareness of inequalities that may be reinforced by both informal and formal attributes of assessment practices.


In 1972, three scientists from MIT created a computer model that analyzed global resource consumption and production. Their results shocked the world and created stirring conversation about global 'overshoot, ' or resource use beyond the carrying capacity of the planet. Now, preeminent environmental scientists Donnella Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and Dennis Meadows have teamed up again to update and expand their original findings in "The Limits to Growth: The 30 Year Global Update."Meadows, Randers, and Meadows are international environmental leaders recognized for their groundbreaking research into early signs of wear on the planet. Citing climate change as the most tangible example of our current overshoot, the scientists now provide us with an updated scenario and a plan to reduce our needs to meet the carrying capacity of the planet.Over the past three decades, population growth and global warming have forged on with a striking semblance to the scenarios laid out by the World3 computer model in the original "Limits to Growth." While Meadows, Randers, and Meadows do not make a practice of predicting future environmental degradation, they offer an analysis of present and future trends in resource use, and assess a variety of possible outcomes.In many ways, the message contained in "Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update" is a warning. Overshoot cannot be sustained without collapse. But, as the authors are careful to point out, there is reason to believe that humanity can still reverse some of its damage to Earth if it takes appropriate measures to reduce inefficiency and waste.Written in refreshingly accessible prose, "Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update" is a long anticipated revival of some of the original voices in the growing chorus of sustainability. "Limits to Growth: The 30 Year Update" is a work of stunning intelligence that will expose for humanity the hazy but critical line between human growth and human development.


This book deals with the changes in the legal logic of slavery, race, and gender. In the half-century following the Revolutionary War, the logic of inequality underwent a profound transformation within the southern legal system. Drawing on extensive archival research in North and South Carolina, Laura F. Edwards illuminates those changes by revealing the importance of localized legal practice. Edwards shows that following the Revolution, the intensely local legal system favored maintaining the 'peace', a concept intended to protect the social order and its patriarchal hierarchies. By the 1830s, however, state leaders had secured support for a more centralized system that excluded people who were not specifically granted individual rights, including women, African Americans, and the poor. Edwards concludes that the emphasis on rights affirmed and restructured existing patriarchal inequalities, giving them new life within state law with implications that affected all Americans. Placing slaves, free blacks, and white women at the center of the story, Edwards recasts traditional narratives of legal and political change and sheds light on key issues in U.S. history, including the persistence of inequality - particularly slavery - in the face of expanding democracy.


This study presents a set of two low carbon transportation scenarios, Globalization and Glocalization, where carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions could be heavily reduced in North American and Latin America. The scenarios illustrate how different policy assumptions and energy intensities could reduce emissions through backcasting and long-term projection approaches. Three main policy groups, transportation technologies and strategies, land use planning and pricing instruments design, are assumed to trigger modal shifts and trip reductions. In Globalization, strong international cooperation to decrease CO2 emissions leads to innovations in vehicle technologies and stricter standards, while in Glocalization, local concerns for reducing transportation problems lower distance traveled and create modal shifts to less CO2 intensive modes, through significant changes in land use and transportation planning. Under Glocalization, total transportation CO2 emission in 2050 is approximately 78 percent less than in the "Business as Usual" (BAU) scenario for North America and only 34 percent of 2005 level. For Latin America, CO2 emission in 2050 is 76 percent less than BAU, and 71 percent of 2005 level. The changes envisaged in these scenarios differ for the highly motorized North America and the less motorized Latin America. North America must bring about reductions in total distance traveled by automobiles and air, whereas Latin American is still able to expand automobile use and air travel, yet not at its current rate. Both regions must adopt low-carbon technologies, but this may be easier in Latin America, since there is far less capital sunk in a carbon intensive transportation system.


Although the Free Exercise Clause prohibits governmental interference with religion, American Indians have been unsuccessful in challenging government actions that harm tribal sacred sites located on federal public lands. The First Amendment dimensions of these cases have been well studied by scholars, but this Article contends that it is also important to analyze them through a property law lens. Indeed, the Supreme Court has treated the federal government's ownership of public lands as a basis for denying Indian religious freedoms claims. This Article contends that such holdings rely on an ownership model of property law wherein the rights of the owner trump all other interests and values. As scholars have argued, however, the ownership model represents a view of property law that is neither descriptively accurate nor normatively attractive. In theory and practice, property law also recognizes the rights of nonowners in furtherance of human values and social relations. Accordingly, this Article contends that, even as nonowners, Indians may have enforceable property rights to use, and maintain the physical integrity of, sacred sites. Examining sacred sites problems through common law, federal Indian law, public lands law, and human rights law, the Article identifies and analyzes property rights arguments that may be available to Indian litigants even where the government is the undisputed owner of the land. While this approach will not secure Indian religious freedoms in every case, the Article concludes that Indian nations should consider property rights arguments as part of a multipronged legal strategy in sacred sites cases.


Internet sex addiction typically involves viewing, downloading, and trading online pornography or engagement in adult fantasy role-play rooms. Adult Web sites comprise the largest segment of electronic commerce catering to a wide variety of sexual interests. Given the widespread availability of sexually explicit material online, Internet sex addiction is the most common form of problem online behavior among users. Using research and illustrative case studies, this chapter explores how sexually explicit material enters our homes, schools, and business, and examines the risk factors that lead to addiction. As new users are more at risk to become hooked on online porn or adult sex chat rooms, this chapter presents a model that shows the progressive stages of development underlying Internet sex addiction and how the Internet enables sexually explicit behavior to develop. Finally, this chapter reviews current treatment practices associated with the disorder and the implications of new mobile technologies.


We present a methodology that allows a sea ice rheology, suitable for use in a General
Circulation Model (GCM), to be determined from laboratory and tank experiments on
sea ice when combined with a kinematic model of deformation. The laboratory
experiments determine a material rheology for sea ice, and would investigate a nonlinear
friction law of the form τ ∝ σ
n⅔, instead of the more familiar Amonton's law,
τ = μσn (τ is the shear stress, μ is the coefficient of friction and σ
n is the normal stress).
The modelling approach considers a representative region R containing ice floes (or floe
aggregates), separated by flaws. The deformation of R is imposed and the motion of the
floes determined using a kinematic model, which will be motivated from SAR
observations. Deformation of the flaws is inferred from the floe motion and stress
determined from the material rheology. The stress over R is then determined from the
area-weighted contribution from flaws and floes


Semiparametric doubly robust methods for causal inference help protect against bias due to model misspecification, while also reducing sensitivity to the curse of dimensionality (e.g., when high-dimensional covariate adjustment is necessary). However, doubly robust methods have not yet been developed in numerous important settings. In particular, standard semiparametric theory mostly only considers independent and identically distributed samples and smooth parameters that can be estimated at classical root-n rates. In this dissertation we extend this theory and develop novel methodology for three settings outside these bounds: (1) matched cohort studies, (2) nonparametric dose-response estimation, and (3) complex high-dimensional effects with continuous instrumental variables. After giving an introduction in Chapter 1, we show in Chapter 2 that, for matched cohort studies, efficient and doubly robust estimators of effects on the treated are computationally equivalent to standard estimators that ignore the non-standard sampling. We also show that matched cohort studies are often more efficient than random sampling for estimating effects on the treated, and derive the optimal number of matches for given matching variables. We apply our methods in a study of the effect of hysterectomy on the risk of cardiovascular disease. In Chapter 3 we develop a novel approach for causal dose-response curve estimation that is doubly robust without requiring any parametric assumptions, and which naturally incorporates general off-the-shelf machine learning. We derive asymptotic properties for a kernel-based version of our approach and propose a datadriven method for bandwidth selection. The methods are used to study the effect of hospital nurse staffing on excess readmissions penalties. In Chapter 4 we develop novel estimators of the local instrumental variable curve, which represents the treatment effect among compliers who would take treatment when the instrument passes some threshold. Our methods do not require parametric assumptions, allow for flexible data-adaptive estimation of effect modification, and are doubly robust. We derive asymptotic properties under weak conditions, and use the methods to study infant mortality effects of neonatal intensive care units with high versus low technical capacity, using travel time as an instrument. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Epidemiology & Biostatistics First Advisor Dylan S. Small


Ageing does not have a negative impact on economic growth and welfare per se. Institutional adjustment is possible since ageing is a slow process. At the national level the Nordic populations will continue to grow, while regional population imbalances will be accentuated. To large extent ageing and the troublesome issue of welfare service provision is a regional challenge. Furthermore, labour market institutions in particular will be placed under great stress and adjustments to a new population structure will be needed. Few, if any, long-term policies have been launched to deal will the upcoming challenges of ageing. Short-term policies have, however, been launched, e.g. raising the retirement age, enabling older persons to work longer, changes in labour market legislation to favour older workers and promote labour immigration. As is to be expected, the issue of how to build the post-industrial and ageing society, and to organise its welfare remains highly ideological.


Agriculture is one of Australia's largest rural industries. Oversized and slow moving industry equipment and vehicles, hereafter referred to as large agricultural vehicles (LAVs), use public roads. Restrictions exist regarding their on-road operation, but whether this is a function of the risk that their on-road use represents is unknown. A convenience sample of community members was used to explore perspectives about LAVs' presence on roads. An online survey was used to explore LAV interaction experiences, risk perceptions, and how best to promote safe interactions. Ethics approval was obtained. The participants' (N = 239) exposure to LAVs on roads in the last 12 months was variable, but there were clear seasonal points when encounters could be expected. The participants indicated that LAVs have a right to drive on the road (94.8%), and most interactions were neutral, with four LAV crashes reported. Other vehicle types were perceived as representing a higher risk to rural road safety than LAVs. The use of the driver's license test to increase knowledge about LAVs' presence, how to respond, and the use of signs were suggested in order to improve safety. The participants commonly interacted with LAVs, and rarely experienced negative events such as crashes. Continued communication about LAV presence on rural roads is an important consideration in order to help ensure safe interactions.


The IETF process depends on peer review. However, IETF documents are
generally written to be useful for implementors, not reviewers. In
particular, while great care is generally taken to provide a complete
description of the state machines and bits on the wire, this level of
detail tends to get in the way of initial understanding. This document
describes an approach for providing protocol "models" that allow
reviewers to quickly grasp the essence of a system. This memo provides
information for the Internet community.


CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE
Pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is multifactorial. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection has been proposed to be involved in nongastrointestinal conditions and reported more frequently in ATD adult patients. We evaluated the prevalence of Hp antibodies in young ATD patients and investigated the possibility that a susceptible immunogenetic profile could influence the development of ATD in subjects with Hp infection.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We retrospectively studied 90 children with ATD (median age 11.2 yr), 70 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects as controls, and 65 patients with Turner syndrome (median age 18.8 yr). Antibodies to Hp were determined at diagnosis in ATD patients and, in Turner patients, at the last control in cases without ATD and before the appearance of thyroid autoantibodies in the others. Serological and molecular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing for classes I and II polymorphisms was performed.

RESULTS
Prevalence of positive Hp serology resulted significantly higher in ATD patients than controls (P = 0.032). No association was found between individual HLA alleles and Hp serology. HLA-A1, B8, and DRB1*0301 were found significantly associated with ATD. A significant interaction between HLA-DRB1*0301 and Hp infection was present in ATD patients and not controls (P = 0.007), suggesting that the copresence of these two factors might favor ATD development. A similar phenomenon was observed in Turner syndrome patients (P = 0.02; cumulative Mantel test, P = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Another target of Hp-elicited immune inflammatory response might be the thyroid gland in subjects with a peculiar immunogenetic profile so that ATD may be a consequence. Our findings suggest the opportunity of eradicating Hp infection in children with ATD and/or susceptible HLA alleles.


The function of media information resources and the role of health information specialists continue to change as technology and media revolutionize health information retrieval and utilisation. The desire, tendency and preference to use or not to use a particular information source are affected by the source's information access behaviour. This study investigates the media preference and health information utilisation among university undergraduates. Correlational research design was adopted for this study using descriptive survey method. Questionnaires were designed and used as survey instruments.The target population for this study were young undergraduates within the ages of 16-24 years. Federal University of Agriculture and Crescent Universitywere selected because they are the two universities within the city of Abeokuta. The study used 25% of undergraduate students from each of the 35 departments that made up 8 colleges in the two universities for the study. Hence, the sample size for this study was 1,745 young adults.A total number of 1,745 copies of questionnaire were administered to the respondents.This study finds that television and Internet were the most preferred electronic media for receiving health information by young adults.Friends, parents, relatives and health workers were the sources of health information the respondents have used for health purposes. Health information utilisation through health information resources is effective. There is significant positive relationship between media preference and health information utilisation.Conclusion was drawn based on the findings and recommendations made.


During three years of drilling and sampling in the San Juan Basin, 524 coal core samples were collected from 149 drill sites on approximate 2 mi centers in the Fruitland, Menefee, Crevasse Canyon, and Moreno Hill Formations. Most of these drill sites were placed along the lines parallel to the Late Cretaceous shorelines in areas where thickest coals are at depths of about 200 ft. Eight drill sites in the Chacra Mesa field were drilled on a line perpendicular to the shorelines on 1 mi centers; the Moreno Hill Formation sites in the Salt Lake field and the Fruitland Formation in the Fruitland field were drilled on trends perpendicular to the Late Cretaceous shorelines.The Fruitland Formation coals were from the Fruitland, Bisti, and Star Lake fields; the upper coal member of the Menefee Formation coals were from the Chacra Mesa and La Ventana fields; the Cleary Coal Member of the Menefee Formation coals were from the La Ventana, Chacra Mesa, San Mateo, and Standing Rock fields; and the remaining Menefee coals analyzed were from the Moreno field. Cleary-Gibson, Gibson, and Dilco Coal Member coals of the Crevasse Canyon Formation were cored and analyzed from the Gallup and Crownpoint fields, and coals from the Moreno Hill Formation were collected and analyzed from the Salt Lake field.Significant aspects of chemistry, quality, coal rank, thickness trends, stratigraphic-depositional features, and petrographic composition are presented in this report. Petrographic analyses indicate a difference in maceral content between the Fruitland coals and the other older formations sampled. The Fruitland coals have a higher percentage of liptinite, in particular the resinite constituent of the liptinite group is much higher than for the Menefee and Crevasse Canyon coals. In general, the Fruitland coals have a higher hydrogen/volatile matter ratio which is in part influenced by the resinite content. The Moreno Hill Formation coals in the Salt Lake field have the highest inertinite content of all the formations sampled, indicating oxidation during coal development.The Fruitland coals tend to be the most economically viable because of their thickness, relative continuity, and overall quality, albeit having a high ash yield. The Menefee Formation coals do not have the same degree of bed continuity or thickness as the Fruitland coals, but the ash yield is lower and the rank is equivalent to that of the Fruitland coals in the Bisti and Star Lake fields. Of the Menefee Formation coal fields investigated, the San Mateo field has the best economic potential because of the thickness of the coals and the low sulfur and ash. The Cleary-Gibson coals in the Gallup area have the greatest economic potential of the Crevasse Canyon fields examined. This coal-bearing sequence has both multiple coal beds and relatively thick coals. The Cleary-Gibson coals also have low ash and sulfur, which enhance their economic potential. Of the remaining fields drilled, the upper coal member Menefee coals in the La Ventana field and the Crevasse Canyon coals in parts of the Crownpoint field may be economic. The La Ventana upper member coals are relatively thick and have a low ash yield. In the Crownpoint field the coals are thickest in the area northwest of the town of Crownpoint and near Borrego Pass.


Whey is an abundant effluent in the production of cheese and casein. The biotechnological utilization of this economically important and nutritive source is limited mainly because of the presence of high percentages of lactose. This disaccharide has poor solubility, which can cause crystallization and insufficient sweetness in dairy food; additionally, part of the adult population suffers from associated lactose intolerance diseases. There are several methods to determine lactose such as spectrophotometry, polarimetry, infrared spectroscopy, titrimetry and chromatography. However these methods are tedious and time-consuming due to long sample preparation. These disadvantages stimulated the development of an enzymatic lactose biosensor. It employs two immobilized enzymes, b-galactosidase and glucose oxidase and the quantitative analysis of lactose is based on determination of oxygen consumption in the enzymatic reaction. The influence of temperature on the biosensor signal was experimentally studied. It was observed that a nonlinear relationship exists between the electric response of the biosensor - provided by CAFCA (Computer Assisted Flow Control & Analysis - ANASYSCON, Hannover) - and lactose concentration. In this work, attempts were made to correlate these variables using a simple nonlinear model and multilayered neural networks, with the latter providing the best modeling of the experimental data.


Introduction: We conducted a detailed examination of the Pb particle content of surface media (soils, etc.) from six sites in Mitrovica, Kosovo. The samples were from a small region (approx. 4-km across), and despite the close proximity of the sites, the samples exhibited a range of Pb concentrations, and bioaccessibilities. Electron microscopy methods were used to determine the forms and solubility of the Pb in the samples at the individual particle level. The goal was to attribute the bioaccessible Pb in the soil to the responsible phases.

Materials and Methods: Total Pb content was determined by HNO3 extraction and AAS analysis. Bulk sample Pb bioaccessibility was assessed by the Unified Bioaccessibility Method (UBM). Computer controlled scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to determine the composition of individual Pb particles. Using a hierarchical clustering technique, 18 Pb particle types (classes) were defined for the samples. Individual Pb particle solubility was assessed by Differential Individual Particle Analysis. This involved in situ immersion of Pb particles in a simulated gastric fluid for four sequential periods of 30 minutes, with the particles analyzed by SEM after each immersion.

Results: The samples had a total Pb content of 625 – 47,000 mg/kg, and a bulk bioaccesible Pb content of 3 - 89%. Despite these differences, Pb isotope measurements suggested a similar origin for the Pb in the samples (mean [range]: 206Pb/204Pb 18.66 [0.05], 207Pb/204Pb 15.66 [0.13], 208Pb/204Pb 38.84 [0.47]). However, each sample contained different Pb particles. For example, samples were dominated by particles classified as high-Pb-content, PbMg,- PbFeZn,- and PbFeMn-bearing. Pb solubility at the individual particle level was a function of whether: (i) the Pb was in an isolated particle phase, (ii) the Pb was bound as a matrix element (with sparingly soluble elements, e.g., Fe), (iii) the Pb was in a separate phase locked within an insoluble particle. How the Pb was bound (and hence its solubility) differed radically between samples.

Discussion: The solid Pb phases that control the bioaccessibility of Pb in the samples were site specific. Generalizations across the study area were difficult to make. This speaks to the heterogeneity of Pb speciation often found in soils.


As the Constitution of the United States nears its two hundredth anniversary, there is a frenzy of celebration. However awesome the accomplishment, I submit that it is no slander to recognize that the 1787 document was born of prudent compromise rather than principle, that it derived more from experience than from doctrine, and that it was received with an ambivalence in no small part attributable to its ambiguities. Indeed, its most stalwart supporters doubted its capacity for a long life. It should not be surprising, then, that even today there is disagreement over whether the Constitution of 1787 is now merely an artifact of late eighteenth-century American history or a vade mecum which has, in fact, controlled the allocation of government powers and the restraints on those powers throughout the two centuries since its birth.


[1] Streambed surfaces are typically coarsened, or armored, at low flows, but there is little evidence of their condition during floods, when significant hydraulic and ecologic disturbance occurs. Some flume experiments have been used to conclude that armor layers wash out during floods, although other experiments have produced a persistent armor layer. In the absence of clear field or flume evidence, we use a surface-based transport model in an inverse prediction of surface grain size as a function of transport rates observed in the field. The predicted surface grain size matches that observed at low flow and indicates that low-flow armor layers persist at large flows. In the field, transport grain size increases with transport rate, reducing or eliminating adjustments in bed surface grain size as flow and transport increase. A persistent armor layer considerably simplifies the prediction of sediment transport, hydraulic roughness, and habitat disturbance during floods.


Objective- To determine the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy on bone density in controlled conditions in healthy adult rabbits. Design- Experimental in vivo study.  Animal- 20 healthy, adult New Zealand White rabbits. Procedures- The rabbits were divided into 2 groups; receiving Human GH (0.006 mg/kg/d) and controls; receiving placebo for 3 months. The density of radius and tibia was measured in the proximal epiphysis, mid-shaft, and distal epiphysis while the density of vertebral column was measured in the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) using aluminum step-wedge and appropriate software. Measurements were performed in 5 stages, one before the start of therapy and 4 times after the administration of GH or placebo, with 3 weeks interval. Results- The mean level of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was increased significantly after GH therapy (p<0.05) in the test group (222 ± 51 vs. 270 ± 64 ng/l). The mean level of IGF-I did not change significantly in control group. Densitometric measures in midshaft of radius was increased significantly in test group after GH therapy while it did not have any significant variation in control group (p<0.05). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- The difference between the long bones and vertebrae in terms of GH responsiveness is similar to what was reported in human acromegaly. Decrease in density in the second stage in some regions that followed by increasing in the next stages was similar to what was reported in treatment of patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). This study suggests that rabbits might be a useful model to assay GH effects on bone density in acromegaly, GHD, or healthy human adult.


Given (small amounts of) time-series' data from a high-dimensional, fine-grained, multiscale dynamical system, we propose a generative framework for learning an effective, lower-dimensional, coarse-grained dynamical model that is predictive of the fine-grained system's long-term evolution but also of its behavior under different initial conditions. We target fine-grained models as they arise in physical applications (e.g. molecular dynamics, agent-based models), the dynamics of which are strongly non-stationary but their transition to equilibrium is governed by unknown slow processes which are largely inaccessible by brute-force simulations. Approaches based on domain knowledge heavily rely on physical insight in identifying temporally slow features and fail to enforce the long-term stability of the learned dynamics. On the other hand, purely statistical frameworks lack interpretability and rely on large amounts of expensive simulation data (long and multiple trajectories) as they cannot infuse domain knowledge. The generative framework proposed achieves the aforementioned desiderata by employing a flexible prior on the complex plane for the latent, slow processes, and an intermediate layer of physics-motivated latent variables that reduces reliance on data and imbues inductive bias. In contrast to existing schemes, it does not require the a priori definition of projection operators from the fine-grained description and addresses simultaneously the tasks of dimensionality reduction and model estimation. We demonstrate its efficacy and accuracy in multiscale physical systems of particle dynamics where probabilistic, long-term predictions of phenomena not contained in the training data are produced.


Within the National Weather Service River Forecast System, water supply forecasting is performed through Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). ESP relies both on the estimation of initial conditions and historically resampled forcing data to produce seasonal volumetric forecasts. In the western US, the accuracy of initial condition estimation is particularly important due to the large quantities of water stored in mountain snowpack. In order to improve the estimation of snow quantities, this study explores the use of ensemble data assimilation. Rather than relying entirely on the model to create single deterministic initial snow water storage, as currently implemented in operational forecasting, this study incorporates SNOTEL data along with model predictions to create an ensemble based probabilistic estimation of snow water storage. This creates a framework to account for initial condition uncertainty in addition to forcing uncertainty. The results presented in this study suggest that data assimilation has the potential to improve ESP for probabilistic volumetric forecasts but is limited by the available observations.


ABSTRACT This review of research on estuarine beaches in the USAexamines the linkages between geomorphology and biota and impacts of shore protection strategies. The effects of timing and frequency of storms, wave processes, and tidal range on morphologic response, sediment activation, infiltration and exfiltration of water through the foreshore, and litter distribution on the surface are evaluated along with the impacts of human adjustments, including bulkhead construction and beach nourishment. The effects of these factors on faunal activity are illustrated by evaluating the suitability of beaches as spawning areas for horseshoe crab egg production and the resulting effect on migratory shorebirds. Future research is recommended to: 1) time biological sampling to episodic storm events to evaluate impacts of habitat modification; 2) identify spatial differences in the dimensions of the low tide terrace that control the dynamics and biological functions on the foreshore above it; 3) design biological sampling plans according to geomorphic process regimes rather than static morphologic features on the beach; 4) standardize sampling locations to facilitate comparison among different sites; 5) conduct simultaneous studies of sediment activation by waves and by fauna; 6) determine the role of litter on faunal community structure and function; 7) conduct detailed physical and biological studies at bulkheads to determine the significance of position on the intertidal profile; and 8) determine the significance of nourishing a beach with fill material significantly different from native materials.


Introduction Having a mentally disabled child may bring some challenging situations alongside the caring period. Mothers are affected in most of times due to these experienced difficulties and during this challenging period mothers who couldn't get enough social support can suffer from burnout syndrome. Methods This study was carried out among mothers with mentally disabled children between March and June 2011 to measure level of social support given and fatigueness perceived by mothers. Mothers with mentally disabled children living in city centre of Trabzon who were given special education in primary level of public schools (n = 128) were included in the study. The data was gathered by using mother-and-child introductory forms, Maslach burnout inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results 40.6% of mothers involved in the study were above 40 years old. It was found that average score of emotional exhaustion subscale of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was 14.5 ± 7.6, average low personal accomplishment and depersonalization scores of MBI were 9.7 ± 5.7 and 4.5 ± 3.7 accordingly. Other average significant subscale score of MSPSS was 19.9 ± 8.0, additionally it was found that average friend subscale and family subscale scores of MSPSS were 8.2 ± 8.6 and 20.0 ± 7.9 respectively. MSPSS scores and BMI scores of the mothers was found to be significantly correlated to each other. Conclusion In the study, mothers were found to have moderate level of perceived social support and had burnout feelings. It is advised that mothers with mentally disabled children should get more social support.


This Nutshell provides a quick reference for students and practitioners on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), Mercado Comun del Sur (MERCOSUR), and numerous other free trade agreements in the Americas. No lawyer or business operating in the Americas can escape their significance. They represent the future, a blending of national legal and business cultures and traditions. This book addresses the interests not only of North, South and Central Americans, but also persons located outside the region who worry about the externalities of free trade in the Americas. NAFTA treaties are appended.


The desire or ability of an ISP to provide differentiated service is a current hotly debated topic. In this paper, we quantify the value of having differentiated service (i.e., class-of-service (CoS)) support in an IP backbone. We compare the capacity requirements of a Diffserv environment providing service for applications that require delay or loss assurances in comparison to a network that provides classless (i.e., best-effort) service and still has to meet the same performance assurances. Our modeling framework first develops a link model that quantifies the required extra capacity (REC) in order for a classless link to provide the same level of performance as experienced by premium class traffic passing through a fixed capacity CoS link. We develop the REC calculations for the cases when average delay or the average loss probability is the target performance goal with Poisson or Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP) input traffic. Our primary contribution is in quantifying the value of the CoS support in a network setting.


The main objective of this research was to study the relationship between green density and compaction pressure in powdered metallurgy. Powder metallurgy has gained popularity and importance because of its near net shape, cost effectiveness and its ability to reduce the complexity of multileveled engineering components. However, powder metallurgy poses challenges that are yet to be fully understood. There are many works performed to address challenges such as the effect of friction, the tool kinematics, handling component prior to sintering and fracture under compaction.

This work concentrates on the relationship between green density distribution and compaction pressure. In order to measure the relative density of compacted components, Electron Scanning Microscope was utilized. One can intuitively conceive that the relative density requires more than intuition. It was determined that highest relative density occurs at the center of the specimen and reduces toward the die-powder or punch-powder boundary. For completeness, the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and finite element (FE) model in estimation of green relative density was studied. The results of this research signify that ANN is an excellent technique to determine the relative density distribution of un-sintered compacted specimen. Moreover, finite element method can accurately estimate the average relative density of compacted specimen.


We explore the inductively derived views obtained by players with partial temporal (short-term) memories. A player derives his personal view of the objective game situation from his accumulated (long-term) memories of playing, and uses it for decision making in the objective situation. A salient feature that distinguishes this paper from others on inductive game theory is partiality of a memory function of a player. This creates multiplicity of possibly derived views. Although this is a difficulty for a player in various senses, it is an essential problem of induction. Faced with multiple possible views, a player may try to resolve this multiplicity using future experiences. This creates a two-way interaction between behavior and personal views which is another distinguishing feature of the present paper.


The metabolism of exogenous pyrimidine bases and nucleosides was investigated in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes and Micrococcus luteus with fluorinated analogs and radioactive precursors. Salvage of thymine and thymidine was found in M. luteus, but not in B. ammoniagenes. Exogenous uracil or uracil nucleosides, but not cytosine or cytosine nucleosides, were nucleic acid precursors for both bacteria. By examining the possible nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes, it can be suggested that the pyrimidine salvage pathways in the coryneform bacteria are different from those of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.


Exploration of various features and different structures of data dependent random forests in screening for laryngeal disorders through analysis of sustained phonation recorded by acoustic and contact microphones is the main objective of this study. To obtain a versatile characterization of voice samples, 14 different sets of features were extracted and used to build an accurate classifier to distinguish between normal and pathological cases. We proposed a new, data dependent random forest-based, way to combine information available from the different feature sets. An approach to exploring data and decisions made by a random forest was also presented. Experimental investigations using a mixed gender database of 273 subjects have shown that the Perceptual linear predictive cepstral coefficients (PLPCC) was the best feature set for both microphones. However, the LP-coefficients and LPCT-coefficients feature sets exhibited good performance in the acoustic microphone case only. Models designed using the acoustic microphone data significantly outperformed the ones built using data recorded by the contact microphone. The contact microphone did not bring any additional information useful for classification. The proposed data dependent random forest significantly outperformed traditional designs.


The microbial communities and the physical and chemical environment of the Huon Estuary, Tasmania, Australia, were sampled in an 18 month program. Analysis of field samples, and laboratory experiments were used to examine the characteristics of estuarine and marine bacteria and algae, relationships between bacteria and algae, and their ecological roles. A multidisciplinary approach was used, including morphological, molecular, and chemical techniques. Five new algicidal bacteria strains were isolated from the estuary. The species were identified, based on molecular and phenotypic analyses, as a novel Pseudoalteromonas sp., a novel Planococcus sp., a novel Cellulophaga sp., and two isolates that were closely related to the species Cellulophaga lytica and Bacillus cereus. The bacteria exhibited a powerful lytic effect on the vegetative lifestage of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, an introduced species that blooms intermittently causing shellfish farm closures in the estuary. Excystment or encystment of the cyst lifestage of G. catenatum was unaffected by algicidal activity. The bacteria had no observable effect on rotifer, cyanobacteria and diatom species tested. Algicidal ability of the bacteria varied both in culture and in the environment. These variations depend on environmental conditions or may be due to differences in species-specific modes of action. Antimicrobial brominated compounds, unrelated to the algicidal activity of the bacteria, were also identified in one Pseudoalteromonas species. A novel Shewanella species was isolated that contains the highest proportion of the essential fatty acids 20:5(n-3) reported for a temperate member of this genus. These levels are close to those produced by psychrophilic Shewanella species. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), signature lipid profiling, and morphological data obtained during two Gymnodiniuni catenatum blooms and one diatom bloom, demonstrate that algicidal bacteria can form a major part of the bacterial community. Fatty acid analysis differentiated between different bacterial taxa isolated in this study and between field samples from the estuary. Variation of the branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) reflected the strong association of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteriodes (CFB) cluster with microbial degradation of algal blooms in the estuary. Results from fatty acid analyses indicated that the CFB cluster are more common in the photic zone and during the chlorophyll maximum, while low levels of BCFA indicated that γ proteobacteria may be more abundant in the deeper, marine influenced waters. FISH analysis also showed that the CFB cluster was common in the estuarine community during blooms of the dinoflagellate G. catenatum. Member of the genera Pseudoalteromonas-Colwellia were a significant component during diatom blooms. Alpha (α) and gamma (γ) proteobacteria were common in the estuary, however, beta (β) proteobacteria were not. Throughout the year in the Huon Estuary, dominance of bacterial genera varied demonstrating distinct and systematic progressions related to the progression of algal blooms.


Identity is an urgent and necessary book―a sharp warning that unless we forge a universal
understanding of human dignity, we will doom ourselves to continuing conflict. In 2014, Francis
Fukuyama wrote that American institutions were in decay, as the state was progressively captured
by powerful interest groups. Two years later, his predictions were borne out by the rise to power of
a series of political outsiders whose economic nationalism and authoritarian tendencies threatened
to destabilize the entire international order. These populist nationalists seek direct charismatic
connection to "the people," who are usually defined in narrow identity terms that offer an
irresistible call to an in-group and exclude large parts of the population as a whole.Demand for
recognition of one's identity is a master concept that unifies much of what is going on in world
politics today. The universal recognition on which liberal democracy is based has been increasingly
challenged by narrower forms of recognition based on nation, religion, sect, race, ethnicity, or
gender, which have resulted in anti-immigrant populism, the upsurge of politicized Islam, the
fractious "identity liberalism" of college campuses, and the emergence of white nationalism.
Populist nationalism, said to be rooted in economic motivation, actually springs from the demand
for recognition and therefore cannot simply be satisfied by economic means. The demand for
identity cannot be transcended; we must begin to shape identity in a way that supports rather than
undermines democracy.


Especially the second set of AoIR guidelines for research ethics (Markham and Buchanan 2012) demonstrate that progress can be made in laying out useful approaches for analyzing and resolving at least very many of emerging ethical challenges facing Internet researchers. But of course, new research possibilities, contexts, and approaches continue to issue in sometimes strikingly novel ethical difficulties that may challenge in turn more established frameworks and guidelines. Critical to the ongoing development of Internet Research Ethics (IRE), then, is to bring forward new cases and difficulties that, as in previous cycles of guideline development, will serve as fruitful foci for reflection and deliberation that then contribute to both improving our abilities to respond to such new challenges and, eventually, the articulation of subsequent guidelines. Hence, our roundtable showcases important examples of contemporary research ethics issues – most especially as these are evoked by new research contexts and foci, and, in several instances, new methodological approaches. Our goal is to evoke dialogue and collective reflection on how these issues may be best resolved, and to thereby lift them up as reference points within and constituents of the evolving development of IRE. Following brief presentations from each of our contributors, our two respondents, both long-time and prominent members of the AoIR ethics committee, will offer comments before then opening the roundtable to discussion with the audience.


Person recognition methods that use multiple body regions have shown significant improvements over traditional face-based recognition. One of the primary challenges in full-body person recognition is the extreme variation in pose and view point. In this work, (i) we present an approach that tackles pose variations utilizing multiple models that are trained on specific poses, and combined using pose-aware weights during testing. (ii) For learning a person representation, we propose a network that jointly optimizes a single loss over multiple body regions. (iii) Finally, we introduce new benchmarks to evaluate person recognition in diverse scenarios and show significant improvements over previously proposed approaches on all the benchmarks including the photo album setting of PIPA.


Mutations near the fluorescing chromophore of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) have direct effects on the absorption and emission spectra. Some mutants have significant band shifts and most of the mutants exhibit a loss of fluorescence intensity. In this study we continue our investigation of the factors controlling the excited state proton transfer (PT) process of GFP, in particular to study the effects of modifications to the key side chain Ser205 in wt-GFP, proposed to participate in the proton wire. To this aim we combined mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, steady-state spectroscopy, time-resolved emission spectroscopy and all-atom explicit molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the double mutant T203V/S205A. Our results show that while in the previously described GFP double mutant T203V/S205V the PT process does not occur, in the T203V/S205A mutant the PT process does occur, but with a 350 times slower rate than in wild-type GFP (wt-GFP). Furthermore, the kinetic isotope effect in the GFP double mutant T203V/S205A is twice smaller than in the wt-GFP and in the GFP single mutant S205V, which forms a novel PT pathway. On the other hand, the crystal structure of GFP T203V/S205A does not reveal a viable proton transfer pathway. To explain PT in GFP T203V/S205A, we argue on the basis of the MD simulations for an alternative, novel proton-wire pathway which involves the phenol group of the chromophore and water molecules infrequently entering from the bulk. This alternative pathway may explain the dramatically slow PT in the GFP double mutant T203V/S205A compared to wt-GFP.


Forty years after the adoption of law 194/78 on voluntary termination of pregnancy, Italy still encounters difficulties in ensuring prompt access to abortion services. In particular, heated debates on conscientious objection are still ongoing. Given current discussions in other countries, the article suggests adopting a comparative perspective in order to renew the discussion and to address issues concerning, on the one hand, the extent to which a medical practitioner may refuse to participate in abortion procedures and, on the other hand, the necessity to guarantee full implementation of the law despite a limited number of doctors willing to perform abortions.


The P2 porin protein is the most abundant protein in the outer membrane of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Biochemical and immunochemical techniques were used to characterize the P2 proteins from a number of different Hib strains. P2 proteins from Hib outer membrane vesicles were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose for in situ tryptic digestion. Solid-phase tryptic digests of P2 from eight Hib strains were resolved by high-pressure liquid chromatography and shown to be similar if not identical. Radioimmunoprecipitation analysis involving Hib cells (containing intrinsically radiolabeled proteins or lipooligosaccharide) and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis were used to identify two P2-specific murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These MAbs were shown to be reactive with 120 Hib strains tested in a colony blot radioimmunoassay. One of these MAbs bound to a surface-exposed P2 epitope that was antibody accessible on all Hib strains tested; the other MAb was directed against a P2 epitope that either was not exposed on the cell surface or was otherwise inaccessible to antibody.


OF DISSERTATION AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO MECHANISTIC EMPIRICAL PAVEMENT DESIGN The Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project 1-37A, is a very powerful tool for the design and analysis of pavements. The designer utilizes an iterative process to select design parameters and predict performance, if the performance is not acceptable they must change design parameters until an acceptable design is achieved. The design process has more than 100 input parameters across many areas, including, climatic conditions, material properties for each layer of the pavement, and information about the truck traffic anticipated. Many of these parameters are known to have insignificant influence on the predicted performance During the development of this procedure, input parameter sensitivity analysis varied a single input parameter while holding other parameters constant, which does not allow for the interaction between specific variables across the entire parameter space. A portion of this research identified a methodology of global sensitivity analysis of the procedure using random sampling techniques across the entire input parameter space. This analysis was used to select the most influential input parameters which could be used in a streamlined design process. This streamlined method has been developed using Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) to develop predictive models derived from a series of actual pavement design solutions from the design software provided by NCHRP. Two different model structures have been developed, one being a series of models which predict pavement distress (rutting, fatigue cracking, faulting and IRI), the second being a forward solution to predict a pavement thickness given a desired level of distress. These thickness prediction models could be developed for any subset of MEPDG solutions desired, such as typical designs within a given state or climatic zone. These solutions could then be modeled with the MARS process to produce am "Efficient Design Solution" of pavement thickness and performance predictions. The procedure developed has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of pavement designers by allowing them to look at many different design scenarios prior to selecting a design for final analysis.


The ringed seal (Pusa hispida) is an early immigrant in the Baltic Basin and has since its arrival experienced substantial changes in the climate, salinity and productivity of the Basin. In this paper, we discuss the dispersal and distribution of the ringed seal during different stages of the Baltic Sea in relation to past and ongoing environmental changes. Subfossil ringed seal remains around the Baltic Sea and the Danish Straits were radiocarbon dated in order to map the distribution of the species in different time periods. The δ13C data were used in evaluating the changes in the marine character of the Baltic Basin. The sequence of the dates indicates a continuous presence of the species in the Baltic Basin. The earliest ringed seal finds come from the Skagerrak/Kattegat area (Denmark, Swedish west coast) and date to the full glacial period and Baltic Ice Lake. In the Baltic Basin, the species appears in the subfossil record during the Ancylus period, but the main part of the remains date to the Littorina stage. During the Littorina stage, the distribution of the species was at least periodically wider than today, covering also southern parts of the Baltic. The presence of breeding populations in southern parts of the Baltic during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) indicates that the winters were at least periodically cold enough for winter ice. The changes in the marine influence in the Baltic Basin can be seen in the seal collagen δ13C values, which serve as a proxy for qualitative changes in water mass salinity.


GaAs-based dc high voltage photoguns used at accelerators with extensive user programs must exhibit long photocathode operating lifetime. Achieving this goal represents a significant challenge for proposed high average current facilities that must operate at tens of milliamperes or more. This paper describes techniques to maintain good vacuum while delivering beam, and techniques that minimize the ill effects of ion bombardment, the dominant mechanism that reduces photocathode yield of a GaAs-based dc high voltage photogun. Experimental results presented here demonstrate enhanced lifetime at high beam currents by: (a) operating with the drive laser beam positioned away from the electrostatic center of the photocathode, (b) limiting the photocathode active area to eliminate photoemission from regions of the photocathode that do not support efficient beam delivery, (c) using a large drive laser beam to distribute ion damage over a larger area, and (d) by applying a relatively low bias voltage to the anode to repel ions created within the downstream beam line. A combination of these techniques provided the best total charge extracted lifetimes in excess of 1000 C at dc beam currents up to 9.5 mA, using green light illumination of bulk GaAs inside a 100 kV photogun.


Human Capital Over the Life Cycle synthesises comparative research on the processes of human capital formation in the areas of education and training in Europe, in relation to the labour market. The book proposes that one of the most important challenges faced by Europe today is to understand the link between education and training on the one hand and economic and social inequality on the other. The authors focus the analysis on three main aspects of the links between education and social inequality: educational inequality, differences in access to labour markets and differences in lifelong earnings and training.