Study Design: Propensity score matched retrospective study using a nationwide longitudinal database. Objective: To quantify the longitudinal economic impact of venous thromboembolism (VTE) complications in spinal fusion patients. Summary of Background Data: VTE is a rare and serious complication that may occur after spine surgery. The long-term socioeconomic impact understanding of these events has been limited by small sample sizes and a lack of longitudinal follow-up. We provide a comparative economic outcomes analysis of these complications. Methods: We identified 204,308 patients undergoing spinal fusion procedures in a national billing claims database (MarketScan) between 2006 and 2010. Cohorts were balanced using 50:1 propensity score matching and outcome measures compared at 6, 12, and 18 months postoperation. Results: A total of 1196 (0.6%) patients developed postoperative VTE, predominantly occurring following lumbar fusion (69.7%). Postoperative VTE patients demonstrated an increase in hospital length of stay (7.8 vs. 3.3 d, P<0.001) and a decreased likelihood of being discharged home (71% vs. 85%, P<0.001). A $26,306 increase in total hospital payments (P<0.001) was observed, with a disproportionate increase seen in hospital payments ($22,103, P<0.001), relative to physician payments ($1766, P=0.001). At 6, 12, and 18 months postfusion, increased rates of readmission and follow-up clinic visits were observed. Delayed readmissions were associated with decreased length of stay (3.6 vs. 4.6 d, P<0.001), but increased total payments, averaging at $21,270 per readmission. VTE patients generated greater cumulative outpatient service payments, costing $8075, $11,134, and $13,202 more at 6, 12, and 18 months (P<0.001). Conclusions: VTEs are associated with longer hospitalizations, a decreased likelihood of being discharged home, and overall increases of hospital resource utilization and cost in inpatient and outpatient settings. VTE patients generate greater charges in the outpatient setting and are more likely to become readmitted at 6, 12, and 18 months after surgery, demonstrating a significant socioeconomic impact long after occurrence. Level of Evidence: Level III—therapeutic.


The thin film transistor (TFT) is one of the most important fundamental building blocks in modern electronic devices. Examples of TFT applications are in integrated circuits (ICs), amplifiers, addressing of flat panel displays, and also as chemical sensors, e.g. as ion- selective field effect transistors (ISFETs). Although the most common semiconductor materials used in thin film transistors (TFTs) is silicon (Si), the versatility of TFTs allows other semiconductors to be used instead of Si-based materials. Recent research effort has been directed towards alternative TFT semiconductors, for example solution-processable semiconductors that enable new manufacturing options. Since the 1990s, soluble semiconducting polymers have been intensely researched for TFT applications. The possibility to engineer their transport (HOMO/LUMO) levels via chemical synthesis, their low temperature processing from solution, and their mechanical flexibility offers the potential for economical device production, as well as large-area and flexible applications.
In the last view years, the interest as promising materials for the next generation of TFTs has shifted towards oxide based semiconductors such as ZnO due to their high performance and relative stability to ambient conditions. The potential of ZnO was boosted by the discovery that it can derived by pyrolysis of an organic precursor that is soluble in polar organic solvents (e.g. alcohols, ketones) thus enabling solution processing of ZnO TFTs and other devices.
In addition, it has been demonstrated that both organic thin films and ZnO films can be gated by a field effect with very low threshold using deionized (DI) water as an electrolytic gate medium, leading to the 'water- gated thin film transistors' (WGTFTs). This discovery marks the beginning of a new method for the sensing of waterborne analytes, which differs from the classic ISFET in one significant point: Here, the aqueous sample under test is an active portion of the transducer. A number of works have since been undertaken using this discovery as a novel sensor concept for detecting waterborne analytes. Such sensors rely in the integration of analyte- specific sensitisers into the TFT architecture. For the selective sensing of ions, one of the most prominent families of water- insoluble ion sensitisers ('ionophores') are the calixarenes, a family of organic macrocycles. Calixarenes can be designed to selectively to complex specific cations, anions and neutral molecules.


Biological materials can actively participate in the formation of bioactive organs and can even control cell fate to form functional tissues that we name as the smart regenerative medicine (SRM). The SRM requires interdisciplinary efforts to finalize the pre-designed organs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as an additive manufacturing technology, has been widely used in various fields due to its high resolution and individuation. In SRM, with the assistance of 3D printing, cells and biomaterials could be precisely positioned to construct complicated tissues. This review summarizes the state of the SRM advances and focuses in particular on the 3D printing application in biofabrication. We further discuss the issues of SRM development and finally propose some approaches for future 3D printing, which involves SRM.


In response to predation pressure by raptors, snakes, and carnivores, primates employ anti-predator behaviours such as avoiding areas of high predation risk, cryptic behaviour and camouflage, vigilance and group formation (including mixedspecies associations), and eavesdropping on other species' alarm calls. After detecting a predator, primates can produce alarm calls, show predator-specific escape strategies or even mob the predator. It remains unclear how solitary nocturnal primates respond to diurnal predation pressure while they sleep or rest. The aim of this study was to investigate the diurnal anti-predator behaviour of the nocturnal and solitary Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, which regularly rests in exposed locations. We observed the responses of 32 Sahamalaza sportive lemurs to playbacks of territorial calls of an aerial predator (Madagascar harrier hawk), mating calls of a terrestrial predator (fossa), and the contact calls of a medium-sized bird (crested coua) as a control, at different diurnal sleeping sites. Lemurs never showed a flight response after replays of predator or control calls, but regularly froze after harrier hawk calls. Lemurs scanned the sky immediately after playback of harrier hawk calls, and the ground or trees after fossa calls. Lemur vigilance increased significantly after both predator calls. After crested coua calls the animals became significantly less vigilant, suggesting that contact calls of this bird serve as indicators of predator absence. We found no response differences between different types of sleeping sites. Our results show that resting Sahamalaza sportive lemurs recognise predator vocalisations as indicators of increased predation risk, discern vocalizations of different predators, and employ anti-predator behaviours specific for different predator classes. Their behavioural responses while resting or sleeping are comparable to those of active primates, and their response rate of 80% shows that this solitary and nocturnal primate is constantly aware of its environment.


Fluorescence based sensing is a versatile approach for the trace analysis outside of the laboratory, requiring suitable sensor materials and their integration into sensing devices. The versatility of fluorophores as probes, especially in terms of the possibility to tailor their optical as well as their recognition properties by synthetic modifications in a wide range, renders them a superior active component for the preparation of optical sensor devices. Recent works at BAM in this field include, for example, the detection of nerve gas agents, illustrating impressively the aforementioned benefits of fluorophores in optical sensing applications.
In the interdisciplinary approach presented here, we target hazardous gases such as ammonia, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide, next to others, which pose a major threat to human health and environmental safety and for which the availability of a sensitive and reliable detection method is highly desirable.
The dyes presented follow a "turn-on" fluorescence schematic which allows for the selective and sensitive detection of the respective gaseous analyte. The immobilization of the probe in polymeric matrices is then the next step toward the fabrication of a prototype device for molecular sensing.


The morphology of synapses is of central interest in neuroscience because of the intimate relation with synaptic efficacy. Two decades of gene manipulation studies in different animal models have revealed a repertoire of molecules that contribute to synapse development. However, since such studies often assessed only one, or at best a few, morphological features at a given synapse, it remained unaddressed how different structural aspects relate to one another. Furthermore, such focused and sometimes only qualitative approaches likely left many of the more subtle players unnoticed. Here, we present the image analysis algorithm 'Drosophila_NMJ_Morphometrics', available as a Fiji-compatible macro, for quantitative, accurate and objective synapse morphometry of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a well-established glutamatergic model synapse. We developed this methodology for semi-automated multiparametric analyses of NMJ terminals immunolabeled for the commonly used markers Dlg1 and Brp and showed that it also works for Hrp, Csp and Syt. We demonstrate that gender, genetic background and identity of abdominal body segment consistently and significantly contribute to variability in our data, suggesting that controlling for these parameters is important to minimize variability in quantitative analyses. Correlation and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to investigate which morphometric parameters are inter-dependent and which ones are regulated rather independently. Based on nine acquired parameters, we identified five morphometric groups: NMJ size, geometry, muscle size, number of NMJ islands and number of active zones. Based on our finding that the parameters of the first two principal components hardly correlated with each other, we suggest that different molecular processes underlie these two morphometric groups. Our study sets the stage for systems morphometry approaches at the well-studied Drosophila NMJ.


More details/abstract: Pre-submitted version of article for IDS Bulletin 45.5. This paper is about decentralisation and social cohesion in religiously heterogeneous communities in times of political transition. Post-Mubarak Egypt is taken as a case study involving the informal devolution of power in managing sectarian relations between the majority Muslim and minority Christian populations between February 2011 and June 2013. On the surface, the process had features of a political decentralisation of power which holds promise of downward accountability. The Supreme Council of Armed Forces delegated the governance of local sectarian conflict to religious community leaders enjoying high popularity, a policy that was subsequently followed by the Muslim-Brotherhood led government. However, the process of local leaders assuming the power to govern was also an unintended consequence of the collapse of rule of law in a context of extreme political volatility associated with a country in revolt.


The title of an invention allows the reader to understand the significance of a patent claim, and the wording of the title recurs throughout the subsequent patent documentation. If the translation of the title is erroneous, the quality of the translation in other parts of the patent documentation also suffers. This research involved using linguistic evaluation to identify common translation errors in Chinese–English machine translations of patent titles and examine the quality of machine-translated patent titles. Special focus was placed on orthographic, morphological, lexical, semantic, and syntactic errors found in patent titles. We sought to answer the following questions: (1) What are the trends in the application of machine translation in the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO)? (2) How is the quality of machine translation controlled at TIPO? (3) What are common errors in machine-translated patent titles? Through analysis of our findings, it is possible to estimate the level of effort required from a posteditor following translation, and to suggest methods of improving machine translations of patent titles. This study also generates information applicable to the training of patent translators and posteditors.


The effect of addition and/or dropping of wavelength-multiplexed channels in a network comprising three concatenated lumped Raman fiber amplifiers (LRFAs) have been analyzed by numerical simulation and verified experimentally. The first LRFA in the cascade is gain clamped using a ring-laser configuration, and the lasing power propagates through the cascade. A large-signal numerical model that incorporates time variation effects and the downstream propagation of signal, upstream propagation of pumps, and downstream and upstream propagation of amplified spontaneous emission spectral components has been used for the theoretical analysis. The LRFAs consist of 16 km of dispersion-compensating fiber counterdirectionally pumped at 1455 nm by a Raman fiber laser. Channel addition/removal is simulated by propagating through the cascade of LRFAs optical power from two laser diodes. One of them is square-wave modulated at 500 Hz, and power fluctuations of the second continuous-wave signal caused by the cross-gain saturation effect in LRFAs are monitored.


Outdoor navigation on sidewalks in urban environments is the key technology behind important human assistive applications, such as last-mile delivery or neighborhood patrol. This paper aims to develop a quadruped robot that follows a route plan generated by public map services, while remaining on sidewalks and avoiding collisions with obstacles and pedestrians. We devise a two-staged learning framework, which first trains a teacher agent in an abstract world with privileged ground-truth information, and then applies Behavior Cloning to teach the skills to a student agent who only has access to realistic sensors. The main research effort of this paper focuses on overcoming challenges when deploying the student policy on a quadruped robot in the real world. We propose methodologies for designing sensing modalities, network architectures, and training procedures to enable zero-shot policy transfer to unstructured and dynamic real outdoor environments. We evaluate our learning framework on a quadrupedal robot navigating sidewalks in the city of Atlanta, USA. Using the learned navigation policy and its onboard sensors, the robot is able to walk 3.2 kilometers with a limited number of human interventions.


OBJECTIVE
To derive indexes for muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity from the measurement of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 155 subjects of Mexican-American origin (58 male and 97 female, aged 18-70 years, BMI 20-65 kg/m(2)) with normal glucose tolerance (n = 100) or impaired glucose tolerance (n = 55) were studied. Each subject received a 75-g OGTT and a euglycemic insulin clamp in combination with tritiated glucose. The OGTT-derived indexes of muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity were compared with hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity, which was directly measured with the insulin clamp, by correlation analysis.

RESULTS
The product of total area under curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin during the first 30 min of the OGTT (glucose(0-30)[AUC] x insulin(0-30)[AUC]) strongly correlated with the hepatic insulin resistance index (fasting plasma insulin x basal endogenous glucose production) (r = 0.64, P < 0.0001). The rate of decay of plasma glucose concentration from its peak value to its nadir during the OGTT divided by the mean plasma insulin concentration (dG/dt / I) strongly correlated with muscle insulin sensitivity measured with the insulin clamp (P = 0.78, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Novel estimates for hepatic and muscle insulin resistance from OGTT data are presented for quantitation of insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic subjects.


In this paper we analyze the relationship between faithfulness and the more recent condition of algorithmic Independence of Conditionals (IC) with respect to the Conditional Independencies (CIs) they allow. Both conditions have been extensively used for causal inference by refuting factorizations for which the condition does not hold. Violation of faithfulness happens when there are CIs that do not follow from the Markov condition. For those CIs, non-trivial constraints among some parameters of the Conditional Probability Distributions (CPDs) must hold. When such a constraint is defined over parameters of different CPDs, we prove that IC is also violated unless the parameters have a simple description. To understand which non-Markovian CIs are permitted we define a new condition closely related to IC: the Independence from Product Constraints (IPC). The condition reflects that CIs might be the result of specific parameterizations of individual CPDs but not from constraints on parameters of different CPDs. In that sense it is more restrictive than IC: parameters may have a simple description. On the other hand, IC also excludes other forms of algorithmic dependencies between CPDs. Finally, we prove that on top of the CIs permitted by the Markov condition (faithfulness), IPC allows non-minimality, deterministic relations and what we called proportional CPDs. These are the only cases in which a CI follows from a specific parameterization of a single CPD.


Objective To determine whether classes of diabetes medications are associated with cognitive health and dementia risk, above and beyond their glycemic control properties. Research design and methods Findings were pooled from 5 population-based cohorts: the Framingham Heart Study, the Rotterdam Study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, the Aging Gene-Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study (AGES) and the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA). Differences between users and non-users of insulin, metformin and sulfonylurea were assessed in each cohort for cognitive and brain MRI measures using linear regression models, and cognitive decline and dementia/AD risk using mixed effect models and Cox regression analyses, respectively. Findings were then pooled using meta-analytic techniques, including 3,590 individuals with diabetes for the prospective analysis. Results After adjusting for potential confounders including indices of glycemic control, insulin use was associated with increased risk of new-onset dementia (pooled HR (95% CI) = 1.58 (1.18, 2.12);p = 0.002) and with a greater decline in global cognitive function (β = -0.014±0.007;p = 0.045). The associations with incident dementia remained similar after further adjustment for renal function and excluding persons with diabetes whose treatment was life-style change only. Insulin use was not related to cognitive function nor to brain MRI measures. No significant associations were found between metformin or sulfonylurea use and outcomes of brain function and structure. There was no evidence of significant between-study heterogeneity. Conclusions Despite its advantages in controlling glycemic dysregulation and preventing complications, insulin treatment may be associated with increased adverse cognitive outcomes possibly due to a greater risk of hypoglycemia.


Density functional theory (DFT) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing (bio-)organic and organometallic systems and proved remarkably accurate in computing the small free energy differences that underpin many chemical phenomena (e.g. regio- and stereoselective reactions). We show that the lack of rotational invariance of popular DFT integration grids reveals large uncertainties in computed free energies for some isomerizations, torsional barriers, and regio- and stereoselective reactions. The result is that predictions based on DFT-computed free energies for systems with very low-frequency vibrational modes can change qualitatively depending on molecular orientation. For example, for a metal-free propargylation of benzaldehyde, predicted enantioselectivities based on B97-D/def2-TZVP free energies using a popular pruned (75,302) integration grid can vary from 62:38 to 99:1 by simply rotating the transition state structures. Relative free energies for the regiocontrolling transition state structures for an Ir-catalyzed C–H functionalization reaction computed using M06/6-31G(d,p)/LANL2DZ and the same grid can vary by more than 5 kcal/mol, resulting in predicted regioselectivities that range anywhere from 14:86 to >99:1. Errors of these magnitudes occur for different functionals and basis sets, are potentially widespread among modern applications of DFT, and can be reduced by using much denser integration grids than commonly employed.


This review discusses the collection of articles edited by J. Beckert and C. Musselin, Constructing Quality: The Classification of Goods in Markets. The collection is focused on the processes of social construction of criteria for the quality of market goods in modern consumer markets. It is intended to contribute to the body of literature on the mechanisms for evaluation, classification, and commensuration, a request for which surfaces in a whole variety of social areas in a modern society (characterized by the rise of calculation and managerialism). This review covers both the main problems emerging in this thematic field and the answers suggested by the authors of the articles in this volume. Thus, the reader is encouraged to think about the ways in which social values are translated into market categories, which actors contribute to this process, which tools are used for consolidating the criteria of quality, where the conditions of confidence in these criteria are hidden, why there may be discrepancies and how they can be overcome, as well as a number of other issues. The common theme of the volume and the review is the idea that the quality of market goods is a relatively fluid polyvalent category, and interpretations of this term are often diverse depending on the type of good, the degree of its social entanglement, the institutional and socio-cultural environment of the market, as well as value-oriented attitudes and the structural positions of the subjects who must make judgments and evaluations of the market commodity. The problem of the quality of market goods is interesting for sociologists not as a practical problem, but as another angle which makes it possible to see the mechanics of the social order of the market in action. The market consensus concerning the quality of the goods exchanged for money conceals both the observance of the typical social norms of the given historical period and the adherence to the principle of parity of the parties, that is, the mutual recognition of the fairness of market transaction by the buyer and the seller. Thus, an issue which seemed secondary, how the social attitudes are formed with respect to the quality standards of market goods, has instead a central place among the dilemmas of how modern consumer markets function and reproduce.


AIMS
The chronically infarcted rat heart has multiple defects in metabolism, yet the location of the primary metabolic abnormality arising after myocardial infarction is unknown. Therefore, we investigated cardiac mitochondrial metabolism shortly after infarction.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Myocardial infarctions (n = 11) and sham operations (n = 9) were performed on Wistar rats, at 2 weeks cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography, and rats were grouped into failing (ejection fraction < or =45%), moderately impaired (46-60%), and sham-operated (>60%). Respiration rates were decreased by 28% in both subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria isolated from failing hearts, compared with sham-operated controls. However, respiration rates were not impaired in mitochondria from hearts with moderately impaired function. The mitochondrial defect in the failing hearts was located within the electron transport chain (ETC), as respiration rates were suppressed to the same extent when fatty acids, ketone bodies, or glutamate were used as substrates. Complex III protein levels were decreased by 46% and complex III activity was decreased by 26%, in mitochondria from failing hearts, but all other ETC complexes were unchanged. Decreased complex III activity was accompanied by a three-fold increase in complex III-derived H(2)O(2) production, decreased cardiolipin content, and a 60% decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome c levels from failing hearts. Respiration rates, complex III activity, cardiolipin content, and reactive oxygen species generation rates correlated with ejection fraction.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a specific defect in complex III occurred acutely after myocardial infarction, which increased oxidative damage and impaired mitochondrial respiration. The extent of mitochondrial dysfunction in the failing heart was proportional to the degree of cardiac dysfunction induced by myocardial infarction.


A major complication of advanced breast cancer is the frequent formation of bone metastases. To our knowledge, however, the information on the phenotypic properties of cancer cells able to survive and colonize the bone tissue is still fragmentary. We report here a proteomic study of breast cancer cells (SKBR3) collected after a colonization of bone fragments in a special model of co-culture, used to simulate the phenotype of breast cancer metastasizing cells. The scanning electron microscopy of the seeded cancer cells into the bone fragments, showed their peculiar traits of multilayered growth and spiny surface, typical of a very aggressive phenotype. The comparative proteomic profiling of the bone-conditioned cells (SKBR3-B1) versus the parental cell line (SKBR3-WT), performed by applying two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D-IPG) and mass spectrometry (Maldi / TOF) revealed the existence of an interesting differential proteomic profiling. Within this pattern, an increase of several members of the S100 protein family, not described before in relation to bone metastasis from breast cancer, was observed in the SKBR3-B1. Other up-regulated proteins belong to protein classes involved mainly in cytoskeleton dynamics, chaperone / folding, negative regulation of apoptosis and cell metabolism. These results suggest that, rather than individual proteins, a coordinated network of strategic proteins is able to determine or drive the invasive and metastatic phenotype of breast cancer cells, namely: proteins primarily strategic for the cell penetration and homing into the bone, and proteins coming into play to satisfy the modified metabolic needs of the cells. We believe that the present study represents an innovative approach of co-culture with fresh human bone fragments, and that it may contribute greatly to improve the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the propensity of breast cancer cells to colonize, survive and proliferate into the bone microenvironment.


Abstract In this review paper, we critically examine the evidence base relating to engagement within the public sector given a wide range of public services have faced acute human resource challenges over recent years. Our review of 188 empirical studies reveals that much of the evidence focuses attention on individual and job level factors, such that specific public sector contextual contingencies have rarely been considered. Through identifying significant 'context gaps', we present a future research agenda addressing the following key areas: i) clarifying the relationship between engagement and public service motivation, ii) further contextualizing general engagement models, iii) exploring cultural, socio-political, and institutional factors in more depth, iv) encouraging a more critical perspective on engagement, v) understanding the variation in the experience of engagement across different public services/delivery models, and vi) connecting more strongly with practical concerns and initiatives within public organizations. In presenting this agenda, we highlight how engagement and HRM scholars can more strongly embed their research within a sectoral context.


Worldwide, sexual dysfunction is common among men regardless of age, ethnicity or cultural background therefore it is not unreasonable to assume such a problem exists within Jordan, despite the limited evidence available. This research examines the role of nurses in
practice, nursing education and the impact of the Jordanian culture on the care of men with sexual dysfunction.
The case study, using quantitative and qualitative mixed methods, questionnaires and semistructured interviews, explored in-depth the interplay of three key concepts: nurses' experiences, education and culture. Study instruments were translated, back-translated to establish semantic equivalence, then administered in Arabic or English (as preferred) to 462 nurses in the target population. Of these, 261 (58%) nurses completed the questionnaire, 17 of which agreed to take part in an interview. The findings identified that sexual health care and assessment for men was not an integral part of nursing practice with only 16 out of 261 nurses (6%) identifying having cared for and assessed the sexual health care needs of a male patient. Although, the majority of nurses (65%) recognised sexual health care was important for patients' health outcomes. Similar to other studies worldwide barriers to sexual health care included a lack of time to perform sexual health assessments due to a shortage of nurses and increased workload. However, both male and female nurses reported being openly discouraged by managers not to discuss sexual health with patients, even of the same sex, as this was culturally unacceptable. This
was compounded by a medically dominated health profession, in which nurses identified a lack of autonomy to deliver sexual health care. Sexual dysfunction was perceived to be a
hidden and unresolved problem within Jordan as a result of cultural and societal expectations, masculinity and perceived men's health beliefs, religious beliefs, lack of
nursing confidentiality and trust. Only 30% of nurses felt equipped with the knowledge and skills to provide sexual health advice, with communication skills being identified as equally important. Nurses identified that gender based nursing education particularly for sensitive topics such as sexual health could definitely be delivered (either within the curriculum or through on-site specialist courses) to male and female nurses separately. The lack of sexual health care in nursing practice in Jordan could be an indicator of the low state of men's health services. In the context of improving men's sexual health a comprehensive strategy is necessary using education, awareness and developing appropriate gender sensitive health services congruent with the culture of Jordan.


Abstract. Lateral carbon flux through river networks is an
important and poorly understood component of the global carbon budget. This
work investigates how temperature and hydrology control the production and
export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Susquehanna Shale Hills
Critical Zone Observatory in Pennsylvania, USA. Using field measurements of
daily stream discharge, evapotranspiration, and stream DOC concentration, we
calibrated the catchment-scale biogeochemical reactive transport model
BioRT-Flux-PIHM (Biogeochemical Reactive
Transport–Flux–Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model, BFP), which met the satisfactory standard of a Nash–Sutcliffe
efficiency (NSE) value greater than 0.5. We used the calibrated model to estimate
and compare the daily DOC production rates (Rp; the sum of the local DOC
production rates in individual grid cells) and export rate (Re; the
product of the concentration and discharge at the stream outlet, or load). Results showed that daily Rp varied by less than an order of magnitude, primarily depending on seasonal temperature. In contrast, daily Re
varied by more than 3 orders of magnitude and was strongly associated with
variation in discharge and hydrological connectivity. In summer, high
temperature and evapotranspiration dried and disconnected hillslopes from
the stream, driving Rp to its maximum but Re to its minimum. During
this period, the stream only exported DOC from the organic-poor groundwater
and from organic-rich soil water in the swales bordering the stream.
The DOC produced accumulated in hillslopes and was later flushed out during the
wet and cold period (winter and spring) when Re peaked as the stream
reconnected with uphill and Rp reached its minimum. The model reproduced the observed concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationship
characterized by an unusual flushing–dilution pattern with maximum
concentrations at intermediate discharge, indicating three end-members of source waters. A sensitivity analysis indicated
that this nonlinearity was caused by shifts in the relative contribution of
different source waters to the stream under different flow conditions. At low
discharge, stream water reflected the chemistry of organic-poor groundwater;
at intermediate discharge, stream water was dominated by the organic-rich
soil water from swales; at high discharge, the stream reflected uphill soil
water with an intermediate DOC concentration. This pattern persisted regardless
of the DOC production rate as long as the contribution of deeper groundwater
flow remained low (<18 % of the streamflow). When groundwater
flow increased above 18 %, comparable amounts of
groundwater and swale soil water mixed in the stream and masked the high DOC concentration from swales. In that case, the C–Q patterns switched to a
flushing-only pattern with increasing DOC concentration at high discharge.
These results depict a conceptual model that the catchment serves as a
producer and storage reservoir for DOC under hot and dry conditions and
transitions into a DOC exporter under wet and cold conditions. This study
also illustrates how different controls on DOC production and export –
temperature and hydrological flow paths, respectively – can create temporal
asynchrony at the catchment scale. Future warming and increasing
hydrological extremes could accentuate this asynchrony, with DOC production
occurring primarily during dry periods and lateral export of DOC dominating
in major storm events.


We describe a supervised learning procedure for estimating the relation between a set of local image features and the local optimal parameters of an adaptive bilateral filter. A set of two entropy-based features is used to represent the properties of the image at a local scale. Experimental results show that our entropy-based adaptive bilateral filter outperforms other extensions of the bilateral filter where parameter tuning is based on empirical rules. Beyond bilateral filter, our learning procedure represents a general framework that can be used to develop a wide class of adaptive filters.


It is an important issue to determine amino acid requirement in human in nutritional science. The indicator amino acid oxidation technique is often employed to the issue. An indicator amino acid is measured repeatedly from each participant at intake of various dosage of the target amino acid to determine the requirement. Change-point models are often employed to determine the requirement. Carry-over effects due to repeated measurement may influence on estimation of the change-point. In this paper, a model is introduced to evaluate the carry-over effect and to estimate the change-point adjusting for the carry-over effect. A simple inference procedure is introduced based on an approximation of the change-point model. It can be easily executed using a standard software for the non-linear mixed effect models. We apply the model to a dataset analyzed in a previous study to estimate the requirement of lysine in human. A simulation study is also conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method with small sample size.


BACKGROUND
Spatiotemporal objects are those whose parts become visible only gradually through motion and dis-occlusion, and must be integrated to form perceptual units. Rather than representational invariance, the perception of spatiotemporal objects requires precise positional and velocity information about fragments in order to accurately align them across space and time. The data we present here suggests that intermediate and dorsal visual areas may be critical for their perception.

DESIGN
Spatiotemporal objects were defined by spatiotemporal boundary formation (SBF; Shipley & Kellman, 1993, 1994, 1997). An invisible object expanded and contracted on a background of randomly oriented Gabor elements. Whenever the object came into contact with an element, that element rotated in place by a random amount or was displaced in a random direction. Even though only a few elements changed between frames, the percept was of an expanding global form with clear boundaries. fMRI data were collected while subjects passively viewed expanding and contracting and squares, circles, or radial frequency (RF) patterns defined by elements that either rotated or displaced (6 conditions). RF patterns did not produce clear global forms and were used as a control condition. In separate scanning sessions, we functionally identified 20 topographically organized ROIs in early, intermediate, dorsal, and ventral visual areas.

RESULTS
An SVM classifier was able to distinguish between shape (circle/square) and no-shape (RF patterns) conditions as well as between circles and squares throughout visual cortex including areas not commonly identified in shape-representation studies including: V3A,V3B, LO1, LO2, TO1, TO2, IPS0-IPS5.

CONCLUSIONS
Spatiotemporal object identity is represented not only in ventral, but also in intermediate and dorsal visual areas. Dynamic perceptual units formed from object fragments distributed in space and time may first arise in dorsal and parietal areas and then be passed on to ventral ones for recognition. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Satellite altitude (400 km) and aeromagnetic anomaly data have been analyzed over the Kiruna, Sweden iron mining district. A nearly circular-well-defined magnetic anomaly (> 9 nT) is located just south of the city of Kiruna, Sweden. Despite the fact that the satellite anomaly is rather simple the geology and genesis of the ore deposit are complex and controversial. This large anomaly has been mathematically modeled by a rectangular (40 by 70 km) block 20 km deep and 20 km thick having a very high magnetization (11 A/m). In addition the regional fracture pattern is located directly over this block model. We propose a relationship between this fracture pattern, the highly magnetic anomalous mass causing the satellite altitude magnetic signature and the iron ore body with the fracture pattern localizing the mineralization.


Since their introduction a year ago, distributional approaches to reinforcement learning (distributional RL) have produced strong results relative to the standard approach which models expected values (expected RL). However, aside from convergence guarantees, there have been few theoretical results investigating the reasons behind the improvements distributional RL provides. In this paper we begin the investigation into this fundamental question by analyzing the differences in the tabular, linear approximation, and non-linear approximation settings. We prove that in many realizations of the tabular and linear approximation settings, distributional RL behaves exactly the same as expected RL. In cases where the two methods behave differently, distributional RL can in fact hurt performance when it does not induce identical behaviour. We then continue with an empirical analysis comparing distributional and expected RL methods in control settings with non-linear approximators to tease apart where the improvements from distributional RL methods are coming from.


Drought is still limited in most crops is produced. Morphological and physiological knowledge to improve drought resistance under drought conditions created problems important is the fact each of these genetic relationships and processes associated with the exact amount of important plant and grain yield is unknown. The other hand, heritability of grain yield under water is reduced. Improve the performance of drought tolerant cultivars based on morphological and physiological components of plant modification as an important solution is proposed. One of the key predictions of climate change is that, in some regions, droughts are likely to increase in frequency and severity. This will have significant implications for the long-term viability of plant populations, especially where water availability plays a key role in delineating species ranges. However, while drought and overall aridity are known to be strong determinants of plant species distributions at the landscape level, much less is known about the ways in which plant populations respond to changes in drought regime, or the long-term impacts that extreme droughts have on plant community composition, structure, and function. While it is known that drought can cause significant re-structuring of plant communities, relatively few studies have quantified the environmental and biological factors that promote plant survivorship under acute moisture stress, especially in topoedaphically heterogeneous landscapes. The capacity for evolution to rescue plant populations faced with increasingly severe drought from extinction is also poorly understood. This places severe restrictions on our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on plant populations in many environments worldwide. In this paper a review Effects of climate change and Drought-stress on plant physiology.


How can you overcome JavaScript language oddities and unsafe features? With this book, youll learn how to create code thats beautiful, safe, and simple to understand and test by using JavaScripts functional programming support. Author Michael Fogus shows you how to apply functional-style concepts with Underscore.js, a JavaScript library that facilitates functional programming techniques. Sample code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/funjs/book-source. Fogus helps you think in a functional way to help you minimize complexity in the programs you build. If youre a JavaScript programmer hoping to learn functional programming techniques, or a functional programmer looking to learn JavaScript, this book is the ideal introduction.Use applicative programming techniques with first-class functions Understand how and why you might leverage variable scoping and closures Delve into higher-order functionsand learn how they take other functions as arguments for maximum advantage Explore ways to compose new functions from existing functions Get around JavaScripts limitations for using recursive functions Reduce, hide, or eliminate the footprint of state change in your programs Practice flow-based programming with chains and functional pipelines Discover how to code without using classes


Michael Mallett's classic study of Renaissance warfare in Italy is as relevant today as it was when it was first published a generation ago. His lucid account of the age of the condottieri - the mercenary captains of fortune - and of the soldiers who fought under them is set in the wider context of the Italian society of the time and of the warring city-states who employed them. A fascinating picture emerges of the mercenaries themselves, of their commanders and their campaigns, but also of the way in which war was organized and practised in the Renaissance world. The book concentrates on the fifteenth century, a confused period of turbulence and transition when standing armies were formed in Italy and more modern types of military organisation took hold across Europe. But it also looks back to the middle ages and the fourteenth century, and forward to the Italian wars of the sixteenth century when foreign armies disputed the European balance of power on Italian soil. Michael Mallett's pioneering study, which embodies much scholarly research into this neglected, often misunderstood subject, is essential reading for any one who is keen to understand the history of warfare in the late medieval period and the Renaissance.


We show how it is possible to generate multivariate data which has moments arbitrary close to the desired ones. They are generated as linear combinations of variables with known theoretical moments. It is shown how to derive the weights of the linear combinations in both the univariate and the multivariate setting. The use in bootstrapping is discussed and the method is exemplified with a Monte Carlo simulation where the importance of the ability of generating data with control of higher moments is shown.


The accumulation of Gordon–Haus jitter can be effectively suppressed by the use of periodic dispersion compensation and in-line optical filters. The feasibility of 20-Gbit/s soliton-based transoceanic systems has been confirmed through 1000-km loop transmission experiments and 8100-km straight-line transmission experiments that employed periodic dispersion compensation. For a 20-Gbit/s, 9000-km transmission system, a Q2 of 19 dB, a sufficient power window of 2.5 dB, and robustness to repeater output power reduction have been demonstrated, as has compatibility with the conventional supervision scheme. A dramatic increase in system capacity can be expected from soliton wavelength-division multiplexing with periodic compensation of dispersion and its slope.


The efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is still limited by poor light outcoupling. In particular, the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at metal-organic interfaces represents a major loss channel. By combining optical simulations and experiments on simplified luminescent thin-film structures we elaborate the conditions for the extraction of SPPs via coupling to high-index media. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the possibility to extract light from wave-guided modes and surface plasmons in a top-emitting white OLED by a high-index prism.


After more than a year of negotiations with the IMF, the Argentine government got an agreement signed on January 24th, 2003. It was obtained in spite of great opposition on the part of the directorship of the IMF and of several of the members of its advisory council. The reason for the change in position of the IMF were three. First, some of the main shareholders of the IMF (US, Spain, Italy and France) pushed for an agreement to secure the investment positions in Argentina ; second, the improvement in economic performance of Argentina during the second half of 2002 took away the arguments from the IMF and the US and European press that no negotiation was possible with a country on a free fall ; and third, the IMF itself was in risk of having a US$1bn loan defaulted by Argentina (plus a US$680m. default to the IADB and a US$800m to the World Bank). Therefore, the combination of these three factors pushed the IMF to sign an agreement with Argentina.


A partially distributed team is a virtual team, in which two or more co-located subteams use communication technology to collaborate across distance. Due to factors such as globalization and mergers, an increasing number of IT projects are conducted in partially distributed teams (PDTs). However, students lack experience in how to work effectively in such situations. This field study involved more than 500 students from seven U.S. and seven international universities, working together in PDTs. Through the lens of the Fit-Appropriation Model, quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted regarding three emergent communication structures (hub-and-spoke, moderate network, and high-network) Findings indicate significant differences in terms of communication technology usage and self-reported learning outcomes. The communication structures differed along two appropriation dimensions -- inclusivity and adaptiveness -- which mediated learning outcomes.


The present study aimed to determine the degree to which pre-service teachers are familiar with and use the course equipment required for teaching mathematics in elementary schools. It was carried out with 196 pre-service teachers who completed an undergraduate programme for elementary mathematics teacher education. The study employed case study as a qualitative research method. A five-point Likert-type scale of 24 items was used as the data collection instrument. Furthermore, interviews were held with 32 pre-service teachers. The results revealed that the pre-service teachers did not sufficiently use the course equipment required for teaching mathematics during their preservice period. The pre-service teachers stated that they would compensate for their inadequacy during their in-service period.


"Is this the right time or is it still too early?" Dick Costolo wondered as he reflected on the latest acquisition offer. He had been building FeedBurner with his three co-founders for almost four years and was staring at the details of an acquisition offer from Google. He and his co-founders had founded three prior ventures together, each of which had had increasingly attractive outcomes, but none of which had reached their full potential. The number on the table from Google was a big one. Should the deal be completed, it would be the biggest win the founding team had ever had. However, was this the right time to exit? If Costolo didn't think so, would he be able to convince his co-founders who all had different personal risk profiles? This was going to be the biggest decision in the life of FeedBurner and its co-founders. Learning Objective: To examine the lessons learned by serial entrepreneurs during their early ventures, regarding building strong founding teams, hiring and incenting employees, dealing with investors, and making exit decisions.


The preoccupations about conceiving and promoting efficient anti-corruption strategies exist in most states, especially in the developing countries. The opportunity of such strategies derives from the direct link, demonstrated theoretically and empirically, between the effects of the anti-corruption strategies and government performance, translated both in the economic and social results and living standard, welfare etc. In the last decades, the transnational actors – UN, World Bank, OECD, EU etc. - have affirmed as promoters of own anti-corruption strategies, directing the states' efforts, conferring adequate levels of relevance, effectiveness, efficiency or sustainability. The South-Eastern European states incorporate own anti-corruption strategies in the framework of general strategies, aiming the government reform in the context of the European integration process. Strengthening the public integrity, reducing corruption, developing a genuine climate of economic freedom become important objectives concerning the impact on government performance. The paper incorporates briefly the main characteristics of anti-corruption strategies, developed by transnational actors and it aims to shape theoretical and empirical frameworks for the impact of anti-corruption strategies. The focus on some South-Eastern European states has a demonstrative character, as the presented analyses may be extended to various geo-political areas.


This volume contains fifteen articles on the communal, social, and intellectual life of medieval Jewry in Islamic lands. The book is divided into three parts. Part I, 'Communities and Their Leaders' is devoted to the old Babylonian center in the East and the Andalusian community in the West. Part II, 'Self-Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Others' investigates the ways in which medieval Jews living under Islam viewed their gentile neighbours and expressed their own identity. Part III, 'Religious Philosophy, Mysticism, and Spirituality in Islam and Judaism' explores the impact of Islamic thought on the Jewish intellectual tradition. The collection depicts a civilization at once unified and diverse, revealing both consistent patterns of leadership and scholarship as well as distinctively local identities and collective memories.


Polyurethanes are an important class of polymers that have wide application in a number of different industrial sectors. Their versatile chemistry enables researchers to design novel materials ranging from liquid, soft and rubbery solids to rigid thermoplastic and thermoset polymer for elastomeric materials, coating and adhesive. The present study focuses on synthesizing waterborne, branched and chemically functional polyurethanes with unique architectures via novel methodologies for coating and adhesive applications using the oligomeric A2 + Bn strategy where a multifunctional isocyanate Bn (n>2) was polymerized with an A2 oligomer or an A2 monomer. In order to prepare these novel polyurethanes in the form of waterborne dispersions, novel polyurethane ionomer architectures were designed with ionic groups either pendant along the polymer chain or placed at the chain end-groups. The effect of functionality, type and content of soft segment and type and location of emulsifying agent were critical parameters that were investigated in this study. The A2 + Bn strategy used in this study also permitted the control of the molar mass between branch points which led to interesting macromolecular properties, such as tunable mechanical properties, improved processibility, and a multitude of functional blocked isocyanate end-groups. Highly functional polyurethanes were formulated with hydroxyl functional components and model self-standing thermoset films were obtained, which showed interesting thermomechanical properties. Dynamic mechanical analyses demostrated that higher functionality increased the storage modulus by increasing crosslink density at equivalent soft segment molar mass whereas higher soft segment content decreased the storage modulus yet increased the elastic nature ofthese films. These characterizations results clearly revealed that novel synthethic approaches developed in this study were useful to prepare highly functional waterborne polyurethanes that could be used as a new component to prepare one component formulations with shelf-life stability to obtain thermoset films and coatings with tunable mechanical properties.


In the 1880s the research on the theory of integration was focused mainly on the properties of infinite sets. The development of nowhere dense sets with positive outer content, known nowadays as nowhere dense sets with positive measure, allowed the construction of general functions with the purpose of extending Riemann's definition of integral. Vito Volterra provided, in 1881, an example of a differentiable function whose derivative is bounded but not Riemann integrable. In this article we present and discuss Volterra's example.


BAL, E. and S. CELIK, 2010. The effects of postharvest treatments of salicylic acid and potassium permanganate on the storage of kiwifruit. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 16: 576-584 Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) was used to investigate the effects of salicylic acid (0.5 mM, 1 mM) and potassium permanganate treatments on fruit quality and storage life during storage for two years. After treatments, kiwifruits were stored in MAP at 0°C with 85-95% RH for 200 days. At certain intervals, samples were collected from each treatment for physical and chemical analysis (e.g. flesh firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acid, total chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content, reduction sugar content and degustation test). Salicylic acid treatment has been found to delay the ripening of kiwifruits. In salicylic acid and salicylic acid with potassium permanganate treated fruits, fruit softening, titratable acids, total chlorophyll concentration, ascorbic acid content decreased and total soluble solid, reducing sugar content and degustation test score increased slowly than control fruits during storage. Control fruits decreased faster than other treatments. At end of the 200 days in both years, in these treatments were also found moderate (marketable) in taste assessment.


We introduce a large-scale dataset of the complete texts of free/open source software (FOSS) license variants. To assemble it we have collected from the Software Heritage archive-the largest publicly available archive of FOSS source code with accompanying development history-all versions of files whose names are commonly used to convey licensing terms to software users and developers. The dataset consists of 6.5 million unique license files that can be used to conduct empirical studies on open source licensing, training of automated license classifiers, natural language processing (NLP) analyses of legal texts, as well as historical and phylogenetic studies on FOSS licensing. Additional metadata about shipped license files are also provided, making the dataset ready to use in various contexts; they include: file length measures, detected MIME type, detected SPDX license (using ScanCode), example origin (e.g., GitHub repository), oldest public commit in which the license appeared. The dataset is released as open data as an archive file containing all deduplicated license files, plus several portable CSV files for metadata, referencing files via cryptographic checksums.


This paper provides a system level perspective of the contextual pressures facing designers, engineers and businesses today. In it, we challenge negative creative norms and we champion positive 'postnormal' creativity to enable a sustainable future. We hypothesise that organisations working towards creative sustainable solutions are driven by a purpose designed to respond to the current and contextual pressure faced by the Earth's systems, a global society and a global economy. Developing motivations within a sustainable system will require instilling a long-term world-view perspective in all learners—and in this we include international leaders and industrialists, business owners, academic teachers and pupils. A regenerative mind-set must be encouraged across the collective of engineers, designers and business leaders—so that humanity can realise ecological, social prosperity and financial prosperity. 'Business as normal' must come to an end. We must enable an industrialised humanity to design its way out of unsustainable times. Across undergraduate and postgraduate education, through to Continued Professional Development and lifelong learning, the impact of design and business decisions must be qualified and quantified with respect to the three pillars (people, planet and profit). The consequences must be recognised, discussed, measured and used to productive and healthy advantage. By generating and adopting a more holistic view of impact, we have the potential for making real time measurement in a clean Fourth Industrial Revolution. With tangible measures of impact across full project lifecycle and the full supply and distribution chain, designers and engineers will be better informed to make sustainable decisions. This new measurement and value system must consider both good and bad impact to enable us to develop a moral compass to measure the creative impact of a product, project, system or business venture as we transition into a new sustainably minded norm.

Development that minimises negative environmental impact and even seeks to replenish previous damage caused, whilst enhancing the human experience as well, is crucial. This must be considered across the supply and distribution chain, and the standards of one population should not adversely affect or cost another segment of society. It is possible to achieve all this, whilst still securing financial growth, and this is considered the sought-after 'sweet-spot' of creativity. Successfully achieving this sweet-spot requires complex collaboration. Balancing concerns for financial growth with positive social and environmental impacts must be considered across the whole of a project's lifecycle, and this must be a cornerstone of product design education.


For the noninvasive diagnosis of heart disease based on the acoustic characteristics of the heart muscle, it is necessary transcutaneously to measure small velocity signals, including components with an amplitude of less than 100 μm/s, and to measure them continuously for periods of more than several heartbeats in a wide frequency range up to 1 kHz. Such measurement, however, has not been realized by any ultrasonic diagnostic method to date. By introducing the constraint least‐squares approach, this paper proposes a new method for accurately tracking the movement of the heart wall based on both the phase and magnitude of the demodulated signal to determine the instantaneous position of the object so that the velocity of the moving object can be accurately estimated. By this method, a small velocity of the heart wall with small amplitudes less than 100 μm/s on the motion resulting from a heartbeat with large amplitude of 10 mm can be successfully detected, with sufficient reproducibility in the frequency r...


ABSTRACT Apios priceana (Fabaceae) is a rare herbaceous perennial vine. Seed collection for ex situ conservation is difficult because seed production is sporadic. We investigated propagation by cuttings of A. priceana at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. Two experimental factors were investigated: donor plant size (small vs. large) and month of cutting (May vs. June 2013). We also documented impact of cutting collection on donor plants by recording size and reproductive variables from both cut and uncut (control) plants. About one-third of cuttings formed tubers by May 2014; success did not differ due to donor plant size or month of cutting. However, May cuttings produced two-fold more tubers and had five-fold greater total tuber mass. Large donor plants grew more, and produced significantly more inflorescences and legumes than small donors. Cutting treatment alone did not significantly affect any donor plant variable, showing that donor plants recovered quickly after cuttings were taken. Significant interactions (for stem diameter and inflorescence production of donor plants) suggested that cutting more greatly stimulated regrowth of large plants cut in June. We conclude that propagation by cuttings can rapidly produce plants of this species for ex situ conservation, but there are trade-offs in outcomes. Cuttings taken in May have an advantage for tuber production (producing more tubers and greater tuber mass), whereas cuttings taken in June affect donor plants less (although this effect was modest). Overall, propagation by cuttings is a useful technique for this rare species as it produces new plants yet minimally impacts wild populations.


Financial market imperfections can have significant impact on employment decisions of firms. We illustrate the economic importance of this channel by demonstrating that the responsiveness of employment decisions to firms' financial health is quantitatively similar to the much-studied responsiveness of investment decisions to cash-flows. We use a collage of three 'quasi-experiments' used previously in the investment-cash flow and finance-growth literatures to trace the effects of finance on employment. Our results suggest that financial constraints and the availability of credit play an important role in firm-level employment decisions, as well as aggregate unemployment outcomes. JEL classification:


This article focuses on the phenomenon of pregnant women not acknowledging their pregnancies. Such women typically enter the health care system at a late stage and thus get little or no prenatal care. The phenomenon of undisclosed pregnancy is explored by focusing on two case studies of pregnant research participants in a project concerned with the psychological distress of female farm workers in the Western Cape. These two pregnant women were interviewed for a total of ten hours about topics such as psychological distress and well-being, coping and resilience, family and personal history, physical health, interpersonal relationships, reproductive issues (specifically pregnancy and motherhood), and sexuality and body, but did not reveal to their interviewers that they were pregnant. Follow-up interviews were conducted with the participants in an attempt to form a psychological understanding of their failure to disclose their pregnancies during the interviews. In the follow-up interviews, it became clear that the participants also did not reveal that they were pregnant to their families, their friends, their employers, or any health care workers. The interview data suggested that these two participants construed pregnancy as something to feel guilty, ashamed, and anxious about. Their conscious or unconscious response to this material bodily event was to not recognise or acknowledge it, neither to others nor to themselves. This finding is analysed in the context of the literature concerning the subjective experience of and psychological responses to pregnancy, with specific reference to reports of 'motivated unawareness' or 'denial of pregnancy' in the pregnancy literature. The question of how to understand the participants' experiences and response to pregnancy is then analysed within a postmodern paradigm, using a feminist psychoanalytic perspective.


From the Publisher:

New to Python? This is the developer's guide to Python development!
Learn the core features of Python as well as advanced topics such as regular expressions, multithreaded programming, Web/Internet and network development, GUI development with Tk(inter) and more
Also includes features found in the new Python 1.6 and 2.0 releases
CD-ROM: Complete Python distributions (source code, documentation, and various binaries) plus all example scripts in the book

Python is an Internet and systems programming language that is soaring in popularity in today's fast-paced software development environment, and no wonder: it's simple (yet robust), object-oriented (yet can be used as a procedural language), extensible, scalable and features an easy to learn syntax that is clear and concise. Python combines the power of a compiled object language like Java and C++ with the ease of use and rapid development time of a scripting language. In fact, it's syntax is so easy to understand that you are more likely to pick it up faster than any of the other popular scripting languages in use today!

In Core Python Programming, Internet software engineer and technical trainer Wesley Chun provides intermediate and experienced developers all they need to know to learn Python-fast. Like all Core Series books, Core Python Programming delivers hundreds of industrial-strength code snippets and examples, all targeted at professional developers who want to leverage their existing skills! In particular, Core Python Programming presents numerous interactive examples that can be entered into the Python interpreter right in front of you!Finally, we present a chapter that shows you step-by-step how to extend Python using C or C++.

Python syntax and style
Development and Run-time Environments
Objects and Python memory management
Standard data types, methods, and operators
Loops and conditionals
Files and Input/Output
Exceptions and error handling
Functions, scope, arguments, and functional programming
Importing modules and module attributes
Object-oriented Programming with classes, methods, and instances
Callable Objects
Extending Python

Coverage of the Python standard module library and client-server application development includes comprehensive introductions to the following topics in Python programming:

Regular expressions
TCP/IP and UDP/IP Network programming using sockets
Operating system interface
GUI development with Tk using Tkinter
Multithreaded programming
Interactive Web/CGI/Internet applications
Executing code in a restricted environment
Inheritance, type emulation, operator overloading, and delegation in an OOP environment

Finally, we provide an introduction to the new features introduced in Python 1.6. These include Unicode string support, the new function invocation syntax which lets the caller provide a tuple of positional arguments and/or a dictionary of keyword arguments, and the new string methods. We also provide a glimpse into features that will only be found in the newer 2.0 release.

Every Core Series book:

DEMONSTRATES how to write commercial-quality code
FEATURES dozens of programs and examples!
FOCUSES on the features and functions most important to real developers
PROVIDES objective, unbiased coverage of cutting-edge technologies-no
hype!

Core Python Programming delivers:

Coverage of the core parts of the Python language
Real-world insights for developing Web/Internet, network, multithreaded and GUI applications
Tables and charts detailing Python modules, built-in functions, operators, and attributes
Code snippets to try live with Python's interactive interpreter, hammering the concepts home
Extensive code examples-including several complete sample applications

CD-ROM includes complete Python source code and documentation distributions for Unix/Linux along with binaries for Windows and Macintosh platforms plus source code for all examples in the book.


Real estate investments usually have long investment horizons and involve large transaction volumes. There is a substantial need for data about the structure, condition, equipment, operation and contractual relationships pertaining to a building. Data are essential to gain information and, ultimately, knowledge, competence and competitive advantages.Investors require that all relevant information is sought, proved, saved, processed and made accessible efficiently from anywhere and anytime over the entire lifecycle of a building. However, due to the lack of widely acknowledged standards (e.g. methods, tools, structures) for managing real estate data, the structuring, providing and managing of a lifecycle-oriented building documentation still remains challenging. A recent survey of real estate practitioners (n=108) has shown, that the processes for filing and structuring documents are based on a multitude of policies and company-specific guidelines. This complicates data migration and data exports in real estate transactions as well as exports for audits or certifications of buildings (Bodenbender/Kurzrock 2015).This paper highlights the relevant documents and information for specific cases in real estate investment (e.g. due diligence, building management). In particular, the focus is on the consistent structuring of an information inventory, on determining information sources and on the identification/standardization of relevant information and their underlying data in unstructured documents (e.g. service provider contracts, maintenance protocols, planning documents etc.). This will provide the basis for software systems to process relevant data and create timely information and knowledge over the entire lifecycle of a building. In particular, the completeness and accuracy of data can be improved from the perspectives of all participating parties even in partial processes. The paper presents a model that will unify existing approaches for the structuring, storing and exchange of documents and lead to the development of a document classification standard. This consistent, unambiguous and overlap-free document standard shall make possible the migration of documents and data across building lifecycles when different parties, structures and software systems are involved.


An important component to the nanocell, among other self-assembled networks, is the fabrication of a framework by which molecular elements can be interconnected. This framework must be nanometric in scale, created in a material suitable for attachment chemistries and remain electrically discontinuous until molecular attachment. Utilizing the Volmer-Weber mechanism by which gold grows on silicon dioxide surfaces, nanometric islands of gold are fabricated to provide this framework. Using standard photolithography techniques, the regions where these islands are located are well defined. A two-layer photoresist stack is developed that prevents edge shorting around the boundaries of each region. The discontinuous gold films fabricated in this study are repeatable, offer a fill factor of 63%, and are easily patterned down to the onemicron scale.


This study aims to analyze sosiokultur Madurese migrants in Sombo kampong, nurture their early childhood, and the construction of meaning model of early childhood care are regarded as unique. This research approach is qualitative case study type. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings show that  Madurese socioculture migrants in Sombo kampong can be seen from several aspects of life, that they are people who: (1) obey the teachings of Islam; (2) very obedient, submissive, and resigned and hierarchically to Buppa, '(father), Babbu (mother), teachers or Kyai, and Rato (government leaders); (3) has a uniqueness in maintaining kinship, (4) in an effort to establish kinship done by following the recitation, tiba'an, and arisan; (5) irritable, loud, temperamental, vindictive, irritable, and easily suspicious of other people who were suspected; (6) to migrate to survivalitas and dignity; (7) working any lawful as long as it gets results; (8) live in rented rooms, a densely populated neighborhood, slum, and difficult access to clean water; (8) have the courage, firmness, and self-confidence to survive; (9) often received threats of physical violence from colleagues who continues with carok and mostly peacefully; (10) has the openness and honest; (11) said the language is straightforward and rugged; and (12) if receiving insults almost certainly upset with the various levels and forms.


Game-theoretic methods are not widespread in finance. One reason is that practitioners do not see straightforward applications of game theory to core investment problems. To that end, in this article the author describes two novel portfolio construction applications of the game-theoretic solution concept known as the Shapley value. In the first, the Shapley value is used as a type of shrinkage operator to blend the allocation weights generated by two different portfolio selection frameworks. In the second, the Shapley value is used to build a unique approach to portfolio selection using what the author calls an optimization game. In both applications, asset classes are assumed to be the players who are bargaining over representation in a portfolio. As the article shows, the Shapley value naturally facilitates the construction of well-diversified portfolios that can satisfy specific investor goals without the need for additional formal constraints. TOPICS: Portfolio construction, portfolio theory, portfolio management/multi-asset allocation


We propose a four-tiered parallelization model for acceleration of the secure multiparty computation (SMC) on the CUDA based Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) cluster architecture. Specification layer is the top layer, which adopts the SFDL of Fairplay for specification of secure computations. The SHDL file generated by the SFDL compiler of Fairplay is used as inputs to the function layer, for which we developed both multi-core and GPU based control functions for garbling of various types of Boolean gates, and ECC-based 1-out-of-2 Oblivious Transfer (OT). These high level control functions invoke computation of 3-DGG (3-DES gate garbling), EGG (ECC based gate garbling), and ECC based OT that run at the secure protocol layer. An ECC Arithmetic GPU Library (EAGL), which co-run on the GPU cluster and its host, manages utilization of GPUs in parallel computing of ECC arithmetic. Experimental results show highly linear acceleration of ECC related computations when the system is not overloaded; When running on a GPU cluster consisted of 6 Tesla C870 devices, with GPU devices fully loaded with over 3000 execution threads, Fastplay achieved 35~40 times of acceleration over a serial implementation running on a 2.53GHz duo core CPU and 4GB memory. When the execution thread count exceeds this number, the speed up factor remains fairly constant, yet slightly increased. Keywordssecure multiparty computation (SMC), Oblivious Transfer (OT), ECC, Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)


Abstract The Maptaphut Industrial Estate is located on the Gulf of Thailand, Rayong Province. The area, which has been designated as a main centre for the petrochemical industry currently occupies 16 sq km and comprises petrochemical plants, chemical and fertilizer plants, refineries, construction plants, and steel industry; there are also residential and commercial areas (IEAT, 2004). There is a significant population around the site, with 24,000 inhabitants in the immediate vicinity according to Jadsri et a/ (2006). The estate has been held responsible for deaths and hospital admissions due to leaks and accidents dating back as far as 1997. Whilst the environmental and health and safety performance of the estate as a whole has significantly improved over recent years, there are still significant outpatient admission rates to Maptaphut hospital for respiratory illness, as recently reported by Jadsri et al. (2006), raising the question of whether local emissions are significantly contributing to ill health, or whether general background concentrations of pollutants from nearby road sources and from Rayong City are the main contributions. The main aim of this research, therefore, was to accurately model the dispersion of pollutants from the estate, and to attempt to quantify the health impacts of these emissions. The specific objectives of this study were to (a) to characterise meteorological conditions in the Maptaphut area; (b) to develop a multiple linear regression statistical model to characterise and predict atmospheric pollutant concentrations in Maptaphut; (c) to investigate the relationship between air pollution and ill health in Maptaphut using a multiple linear regression statistical model; (d) to evaluate the effectiveness of Gaussian and Computational Fluid Dynamics atmospheric dispersion modelling software packages in predicting ground level pollutant concentrations at points around the industrial estate and (e) to use the results of the dispersion modelling studies to assess the contribution of the industrial estate to the overall atmospheric pollutant load in the Maptaphut area, and from published health impact factors, to assess the overall health impact of the estate. The first objective was to characterise the environmental status, trend, and impacts of air pollution during the period 1998 to 2007. The estate is located in the coastal area; thus, the role of the sea-land breeze has a significant role in the dispersion of air pollutants harmfulness. Data collected for the Maptaphut Industrial Estates area, including regional, temporal and spatial considerations included: meteorological data from 100-metres tall meteorological mast; ambient air quality data from three ambient air quality monitoring stations; industrial emissions data; traffic volume on nearby major roads; and outpatient admissions data at the Maptaphut and Rayong hospitals. Comparisons with the ambient air quality in the Bangkok area were made, and the daily and yearly trends in concentrations of the main air pollutants were analysed. Multiple linear regression models correlating pollutant concentrations with respiratory outpatient admissions rates showed that 03, PMio and NO were statistically significant determinants. The overall correlation had a coefficient of Determination (R2) of 41.4% for one week average data, increasing to 51.2% when air temperature and %RH were included. Accumulation effect of pollutants up to four weeks period exposure does not appear to have an effect. A basic health impact analysis study using the ADMS modelled concentrations and the WHO AirQ tool, along with default risk factors, showed that emissions from the Maptaphut industrial estate account for almost all of the NO2 and SO2 related respiratory illness and between 10 and 27% of the PMio related admissions; this actually represents less than 2% of the total respiratory admissions for this area. Furthermore, statistic models were developed to predict da...


Wireless sensor networks for industrial automation applications must offer timely, reliable, and energy efficient communications at both low and high data rate. While traditional communication technologies between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz are sometimes incapable to efficiently achieve the aforementioned goals, new communication strategies are emerging, such as millimeterWave communications. In this overview paper, the general requirements that factory and process automation impose on the network design are reviewed. Moreover, this paper presents and qualitatively evaluates the 60 GHz millimeterWave communication technology for automation. It is argued that the upcoming 60 GHz millimeterWave technology brings an enormous potential and can influence the design of the future communication infrastructures in factory and process automation.


We present an approach to effectively use millions of images with noisy annotations in conjunction with a small subset of cleanly-annotated images to learn powerful image representations. One common approach to combine clean and noisy data is to first pre-train a network using the large noisy dataset and then fine-tune with the clean dataset. We show this approach does not fully leverage the information contained in the clean set. Thus, we demonstrate how to use the clean annotations to reduce the noise in the large dataset before fine-tuning the network using both the clean set and the full set with reduced noise. The approach comprises a multi-task network that jointly learns to clean noisy annotations and to accurately classify images. We evaluate our approach on the recently released Open Images dataset, containing ~9 million images, multiple annotations per image and over 6000 unique classes. For the small clean set of annotations we use a quarter of the validation set with ~40k images. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach clearly outperforms direct fine-tuning across all major categories of classes in the Open Image dataset. Further, our approach is particularly effective for a large number of classes with wide range of noise in annotations (20-80% false positive annotations).


PurposeSchools are complex and imperfect organizations; thus, it is not possible for school leaders to completely avoid failures. The capacity to learn from failure is essential to the effectiveness of teachers as individuals and for teams and schools. However, it is hardly practiced in most schools. The present theoretical article seeks to offer an integrative conceptual framework in which intelligent failure is conceptualized as an organizational learning process. The purpose is twofold: first, to address the question of why school faculty fails to learn from failure; second, to show how learning from intelligent failure in the school context can be framed as a resource for school improvement.Design/methodology/approachThe present theoretical article seeks to offer an integrative conceptual framework in which intelligent failure is conceptualized as an organizational learning process.FindingsThe present study draws upon the social capital theory as an overarching framework to develop a conceptual model that incorporates the learning settings and a leadership tolerant of "intelligent failure" that might enable us to identify the root causes of failure and the kinds of lessons that can be drawn from failure analysis. In the proposed conceptual model, school organizational features combine with a leadership tolerant of intelligent failures to enhance opportunities to analyze, manage and learn from intelligent failures in school settings.Originality/valueAn important lacuna in educational scholarship is that although detecting and correcting school failures is normal, investigating the root causes of these failures or pinpointing the behaviors necessary to avoid their reoccurrence is often neglected in both theory and practice. By integrating research from both non-educational and educational literature, this study may provide a new perspective for school management, since it emphasizes the reframing of intelligent failure as an organizational asset for school improvement. The present study broadens the literature on educational management and organizational learning and provides a new approach for school failures and failure management.


This study investigates teachers' views on the concept of learner autonomy, including the aspects of learning most suited to the fostering of learner autonomy, challenges to its development and its contribution to the foreign language proficiency. Participants in this study are 40 English teachers working in 9th and/or 10th Grades in Anatolian High Schools in Turkey. In this study the data collection methods used are questionnaire survey administered online and follow-up interviews conducted face-to-face with three questionnaire respondents individually. The findings indicated that the majority of the participants had positive dispositions towards the concept of learner autonomy. For them, however some areas of teaching and learning were more suited to the fostering of the concept in their classrooms than others. These were; encouraging learners to find their own explanations of classroom tasks, encouraging them to explore learning styles and procedures, assessing one's progress weekly, assessing one's progress monthly, deciding the course topic, establishing short-term objectives and selecting audio-visual resources, respectively. A number of challenges to the fostering of learner autonomy were reported by the teachers. These were leamer-related, institutional and socio-cultural. Finally, it was found that the majority of the participants agreed that learner autonomy could result in higher degrees of foreign language proficiency. Thus this study suggests that in-service teacher training should be arranged to support teachers in their classroom practices in relation to the fostering of learner autonomy. It also seems important that schools and teachers should be given more flexibility for making their own choices by the Ministry of National Education.


This is the first work to note a similarity in increment patterns between otoliths and scales up to maturation, helping to understand better the biological and physical mechanisms guid- ing otolith and scale growth and increment formation. We demonstrate, with returning 1- and 2-sea winter Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, that transverse otolith thin sections to the core expose increments that represent seasonal growth during the marine phase. These increments are similar to those that form on scales, albeit with greater increment-width variability. From cage-reared fish, we noted that the number of increments on otoliths and scales formed during the period of marine residence is the same, and that the average mean deposition-time is slightly over 1 wk in the first year and ca. 2 wk in the second year.


Fischer 344 male rats were treated with cyclophosphamide (10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) for 5 weeks and subsequently mated to females previously treated with saline or cyclophosphamide. The F1 progeny of the cyclophosphamide-treated males exhibited behavior deficits when compared to controls. These data could indicate a chemically induced genetic effect manifested by behavioral alterations.


We consider a generalization of stochastic bandits where the set of arms, X, is allowed to be a generic measurable space and the mean-payoff function is "locally Lipschitz" with respect to a dissimilarity function that is known to the decision maker. Under this condition we construct an arm selection policy, called HOO (hierarchical optimistic optimization), with improved regret bounds compared to previous results for a large class of problems. In particular, our results imply that if X is the unit hypercube in a Euclidean space and the mean-payoff function has a finite number of global maxima around which the behavior of the function is locally continuous with a known smoothness degree, then the expected regret of HOO is bounded up to a logarithmic factor by √n, that is, the rate of growth of the regret is independent of the dimension of the space. We also prove the minimax optimality of our algorithm when the dissimilarity is a metric. Our basic strategy has quadratic computational complexity as a function of the number of time steps and does not rely on the doubling trick. We also introduce a modified strategy, which relies on the doubling trick but runs in linearithmic time. Both results are improvements with respect to previous approaches.


The founder's syndrome is considered a management weakness and leadership dis- order affecting every entrepreneur envisioning and planning a long-term journey for his/her established business. The challenge, with expanding companies, is that the big- ger they become, the more re-organization they require through re-design, processes re-engineering, restructuring, reforming corporate governance structure and more innovation plans and strategies they would need to withhold the complexities and un-certainties of their external environments they are exposed to. Therefore, re-organizing growing businesses can become very difficult if the decision-making process remains caught at the upper level of hierarchy. The major risk factor in a business-growing journey is to be confronted with the founder's syndrome. A growing company led by an entrepreneur suffering from the founder's syndrome who is afraid to let go and resist organizational re-alignment, development of strategies and introduction of advanced management systems, can never survive the complex external environmental challenges due to the excessive lack of innovation. Business innovation in complex and uncertain environments requires innovative strategy setting which, if applied, should be complemented by a re-organizational structure and design compatible with the roadmap of strategy innovation. In fact, to support and stand for innovation, the business corporate leadership culture should not be contaminated with the effect of founder's syndrome. On the contrary, the founder should have enough creativity and empowerment skills to accept the compromise of power and control with more open communication and information sharing combined with lean orga- nizational design, to facilitate and encourage innovation for an extended long term organizational survival.


Schiff bases are an important class of organic compounds, which play and an important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. The synthesized compounds, 1-(4-butoxy-2hydroxyphenyl) ethylidenebenzohydrazide (I), 1-(4-butoxy-2-hydroxy phenyl) ethylidene-4-chloro benzohydrazide (II) and 1-(4-butoxy-2-hydroxy phenyl) ethylidene-4-methyl benzohydrazide (III) have been characterized by FTIR, H and C NMR. The structural characterizations of synthesized compounds (I, II and III) have been estimated by analyzing powder X-ray diffraction technique. It is observed that samples I and III have crystallized in triclinic system with Pī space group and sample II in monoclinic system with P21/n space group. The synthesized compounds have been screened for its antimicrobial and antifungal activities against different panel of organisms.


Abstract. Dynamic changes of aeolian landforms and desertification under global warming in a middle-latitude desert belt, the Hexi Corridor in China, considered to be one of the source and engine area of sandstorms in China and Northern Hemisphere (NH), is a typical problem of climate change and landscape response, which need a comprehensive understanding of the history and forcing mechanisms of recent landform and environmental changes in the region. Based on the existing high-resolution satellite image interpretations, field investigations and observations, comprehensive evidences from geomorphological, aeolian-physical, granulometrical and geochemical analysis, this study discussed the formation of dune landforms, the mechanism of desertification and their environmental implications in the Hexi Corridor. The analytical results show that 80 % of the sand particles flow within a height of 20–30 cm near the surface, and about half of the sand particles flow within a height of 0.3–0.5 cm near the surface in the Hexi Corridor. The average height of the typical crescent-shaped dunes is about 6.75 m, and the minimum and maximum values are between 2.6 and 11.2 m. On the inter-annual and multi-year time scales, only the crescent-shaped dunes and chains of barchan dunes are moving or wigwagging in the study area, while the parabolic and longitudinal dunes did not move. Under the influence of wind speed, strong wind days and other factors, the dunes at the edge of the Minqin Oasis move the fastest, with a moving speed of about 6.2 m/a. Affected by the main wind direction and other factors, the dunes at the edge of the Dunhuang Oasis move the slowest, with a moving speed of about 0.8 m/a. The main factors affecting the dynamic changes of sandy dunes in the Hexi Corridor are the annual precipitation, the annual average wind speed and the number of annual strong wind days, of which the annual precipitation contributes the largest, indicating that the climate factors have a most important impact on the dynamic change of sand dunes. The cumulative curve of particle size frequency of dune sediments in the Hexi Corridor basically presents a three-segment model, indicating a saltation mode dominated under the action of wind, but superimposed with a small amount of coarser and finer particles dominated by the creeping and suspension models, which is obviously different from that of the Gobi sediments with a dominant two-segment mode. The palaeo-geographical, sedimentological and geochemical evidences indicate that dune sediments in the Hexi Corridor are mainly derived from locally or in-situ raised sandy sediments, which are mainly come from alluvial plains and ancient fluvial sediments, as well as ancient lake plains and lacustrine deposits, aeolian deposits in the piedmont denudation zones of the north and south mountains and modern fluvial sediments in the corridor. In geochemical compositions of major and trace elements, the dunes in the Hexi Corridor have certain similarities and differences to other sandy dunes in the northwest and northern deserts of China or aeolian loess in the Loess Plateau. Sandy dunes in the Hexi Corridor are relatively rich in iron and Co. Considering the proportion of fine particles on the surface, the coverage rate of surface salt crust, and the potential migration of erodible sandy materials, it can be concluded that the Gobi area in the west Hexi Corridor is not the main source area of sandstorms in the middle and east of the corridor, but the north probably is. In the past half century, the warming and humidification of local climate is the main cause of the reduction of sandstorms in the study area, and the Hexi Corridor has a potential trend of anti-desertification, which is mainly controlled by climate change but not human activities. For the oasis areas of the corridor, however, the effective measures to restrict desertification depend on human activities. Restriction of the decline of groundwater is the key to preventing desertification in oases, rather than water transfer from outer river basins.


We report for the first time on the elaboration of a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) based on the electropolymerization of p-phenylenediamine on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and dedicated to acetaminophen control in commercialized tablets. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) electrochemical technics are exploited to elaborate a low-cost, reproducible and very simple methodology for the determination of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical tablets. A linear evolution between the response currents at Ep=+0.52 V/SCE and acetaminophen concentration ranging from 01 mg/L to 500 mg/L is determined for MIP sensor elaborated with a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 μg/L at a signal to noise ratio (S/N) of 3. An excellent selectivity for the paracetamol vs p-nitrophenol, dopamine and dopac interferents molecules is demonstrated and recovery values obtained between 97.4% and 101.4% indicating the accuracy and repeatability of the proposed method dedicated to the quality control of commercialized tablets.


We examine upper-mantle seismic anisotropy beneath the cordillera and craton of northwestern Canada using the multi-event station averages of shear-wave splitting of SKS, SKKS, and sSKS phases recorded during the Canadian Northwest Experiment (CANOE). Splitting times derived from multi-event averaging at each station range from 0 to 1.4 s, with an array average of ∼0.65 s. Over broad portions of the array, fast directions are coherent and roughly consistent with the direction of absolute plate motion in a hotspot reference frame, suggesting that coherent asthenospheric fabric underlies the plate in much of the region. Within this broad framework, fast directions and splitting times show marked variability over length scales of 50–200km, and are generally correlated with surface and/or crustal tectonics. Anomalous splitting is observed across an ancient suture within the cratonic lithosphere, apparently associated with complex dipping fabric produced during continental assembly. The deformation front of the Canadian Rockies correlates with a significant change in splitting behavior, consistent with the front range demarking the craton-cordillera transition within the mantle. Splitting times are small across much of the cordillera, indicating that lithospheric and/or asthenospheric fabric is weaker or less coherent than beneath the craton. In the western cordillera, fast directions rotate abruptly to parallel the plate boundary, implying that fabric associated with plate-boundary deformation extends ∼200km into the North American continent.