This article focuses on the advancements in and limitations of international criminal law to address the range of harms experienced by women in times of armed conflict. International criminal law is an important tool, but not the only relevant structure or institution that has a role to play in addressing the underlying conditions and causes that produce systematic violence for women. The long-term success of post-conflict reconstruction rests upon understanding and legally articulating what women truly perceive as generally harmful to them, and then remedying those harms in the broadest possible sense. In assessing the influence and value of international and domestic criminal accountability for violations experienced by women, it is also important that we acknowledge law's limits. Criminal accountability has both symbolic and practical importance, but it must be combined with policy-making focused on the deep inequalities and disadvantages experienced by women in order to fundamentally transform women' lives in post-conflict societies. Feminists should be suspicious when law only addresses a fraction of transgressive sexual acts and fails to engender equality and nullify discrimination. Both are central to changing women's lives.


This thesis contributes to institutional theories about European business systems through the analysis of one case study: the French asset management industry in the period 1984-1999. It asks how firms in a given business system adapt to changes in their economic and societal environment. The thesis declines the usual focus on issues of convergence and divergence, and suggests investigating organisational adaptation as a key dynamic process within business systems, and it develops a theoretical framework for this purpose. It presents the French model of asset management in the mid-1980s and contrasts it with the Anglo-Saxon model. It then shows that by 1999 French firms had for the most part adopted the dominant patterns of the Anglo-Saxon model. It then explains that if companies can stimulate the constitution of a new organisational field operating with different rules and institutional arrangements, they can depart from the dominant patterns and behaviours of their national environment. In this process, such institutional agents as regulators, professionals, market leaders and consultants, and such calculation tools as performance measurement, benchmark, rating and invitations to tender play a key part in establishing the new rules. Instead of focusing on convergence or on persisting diversities among national business systems, the thesis suggests further investigating the constitution of trans-national entities.


Testing systems-on-a-chip involves applying huge amounts of test data, which is stored in the tester memory and then transferred to the circuit under test during test application. Therefore, practical techniques, such as test compression and compaction, are required to reduce the amount of test data in order to reduce both the total testing time and the memory requirements for the tester. Test-set relaxation can improve the efficiency of both test compression and test compaction. In addition, the relaxation process can identify self-initializing test sequences for synchronous sequential circuits. In this paper, we propose an efficient test-relaxation technique for synchronous sequential circuits that maximizes the number of unspecified bits while maintaining the same fault coverage as the original test set.


Broadband changes everything. Or so we are told. But does it? There is only one way to find out – follow people who move from narrowband to broadband internet access and see what changes. This paper reports exactly this kind of analysis using data from a two wave European panel study (e-Living) and the lagged endogenous regression approach to see if switching to broadband increases the time spent online, the use of online communication services, the breadth of internet activities and the amount of online spend, and whether it decreases the time spent watching TV and the level of social leisure activities. The results suggest, in the main, that switching to broadband made little difference for this group of early broadband adopters who were already heavy internet users. There was no evidence of an online spend or social leisure substitution effect although there was evidence of a reduction in time spent watching television, and an increase in email in use, time spent online and breadth of internet use. In all cases however it was the previous levels of behaviour that were the most significant and switching to broadband was, in general, one of the least strong effects.


This paper aims at presenting a novel way of predicting and analyzing air traffic delays using publicly available data from social media with a focus on Twitter data. Three different machine learning regressors have been trained on this
2017 passenger-centric dataset and tested for the prediction up to five hours ahead of air traffic delays and cancellations for the first two months of 2018. Comparing and analyzing different accuracy measures of their prediction performances show that this dataset contains useful information about the current state and short-term future state of the air traffic system. The resulting methods yield higher prediction accuracy than traditional state-of-the-art and off-the-shelf time-series forecasting techniques performed on flight-centric data. More over a post-training feature importance analysis conducted on the Random Forest regressor allowed a simplification and a refining of the model, leading to a faster training time and more accurate predictions. This paper is a first step in predicting and analyzing air traffic delays leveraging a real-time publicly available passenger-centered data source. The results of this study suggest a method to use passenger-centric data-sources both as an estimator of the current state of air traffic delays as well as an estimator of the short-term state of air traffic delays in the United States in real-time.


Although information on variations in healthcare utilisation is increasingly available, its constructive use to improve health systems is often hindered by the lack of a clear standard to evaluate what is "good" and "poor" performance. This thesis investigates how regulators and managers of the system might address this lack of a standard. The thesis distinguishes between the purpose (to manage ambiguity in the absence of a standard or to determine a meaningful standard) and the approach used to achieve either purpose (socio-political or technical-evidential). The resulting four types of strategies are examined by drawing on concepts and methods from public health and epidemiology, health economics, operations research and public administration and empirical evidence from England and Scotland.
To manage ambiguity in the absence of a standard using a socio-political approach, the thesis finds that one must overcome a series of barriers including awareness, acceptance, perceived applicability and capacity of potential users. Clinical and managerial leadership appear to be enabling factors for the use of information on variations for strategic problem framing and stakeholder engagement.
To manage ambiguity in the absence of a standard using a technical-evidential approach, the use of ranking intervals and dominance relations obtained from ratio-based efficiency analysis can help to avoid the forced assignment of a single, potentially controversial ranking to each organisation under scrutiny.
To determine a standard using a technical-evidential approach, estimating capacity to benefit in populations provides a theoretically sound and feasible benchmark to assess the appropriateness of service utilisation against population needs. However, uncertainty about criteria of capacity to benefit and lack of epidemiological data remain practical challenges.
To determine a standard using a socio-political approach, an experimentalist governance logic focused on learning and dialogue between central government and local organisations can complement a hierarchist logic focused on accountability when both the ideal ends and the means for attainment are ambiguous.
As a whole, the thesis reinforces the insight that both improved technical tools and social and political processes are required to make information on variations useful to decision-makers


Transient stability investigations consist of studying the rotor oscillations of generators (electro-mechanic oscillations, 0.1-2 Hz) after the occurrence of a fault of large amplitude, e.g. a short circuit. The goal is to indicate if the generators are capable to stay synchronous after a fault has occurred. The fault duration is one of the most important factors to be determined. In fact, the shorter the fault, the more the maintaining of synchronisation can be guaranteed. Now in case of a fault, a fault current limiter has an extremely fast current transition in comparison to electromechanical time constants. This implies a quasi-instantaneous elimination of the fault through a limitation of the current and consequently a better ability to maintain the synchronisation of the system. The authors recall that in a classic system, the elimination of a fault, by opening a circuit breaker, is carried out in two or three cycles in the best case. They have studied a simple, radial electric network configuration with a machine and an infinite network. The study covers simulations of a fault that can occur in a network and the consequences of the recovery time of the fault current limiter.


When the disease made by virus  becomes a threat to life or organs blood circulation decreases, Temperature of fever will emerge to increase prevailing blood circulation. And it acts as a protective covering of the body to sustain life.

When blood flow decreases to the brain, the patient becomes fainted-delirious. If we try to decreases the temperature of fever, the blood circulation will further be reduced. Blood circulation never increases without temperature increase. Delirious can never be cured without an increase in blood circulation.

The temperature of fever  is not a surplus temperature or it is not to be eliminated from the body. During fever, our body temperature increases like a brooding hen`s increased body temperature.

The actual treatment to fever is to increase blood circulation. Two ways to increase blood circulation. 1. Never allow body temperature to lose 2. Apply heat from outside to the body. When the temperature produced by the body due to fever and heat which we applied on the body combines together, the blood circulation increases.

Then the body will stop to produce heat to increase blood circulation. And the body will get extra heat from outside without any usage of energy.

How can we prove that the temperature of fever in Covid -19  is to increase blood circulation?

If we ask any type of question-related to fever by assuming that the temperature of fever is to increase blood circulation we will get a clear answer. If avoid or evade from this definition we will never get a proper answer to even a single question

If we do any type of treatment by assuming that the temperature of fever is to increase blood circulation, the body will accept, at the same time body will resist whatever treatment to decrease blood circulation.

 If we measure the heat energy used for which activities in fever, we will know the purpose of the temperature of fever.

No further evidence is required to prove the temperature of fever in Covid -19  is to increase blood circulation.


Saliency methods have emerged as a popular tool to highlight features in an input deemed relevant for the prediction of a learned model. Several saliency methods have been proposed, often guided by visual appeal on image data. In this work, we propose an actionable methodology to evaluate what kinds of explanations a given method can and cannot provide. We find that reliance, solely, on visual assessment can be misleading. Through extensive experiments we show that some existing saliency methods are independent both of the model and of the data generating process. Consequently, methods that fail the proposed tests are inadequate for tasks that are sensitive to either data or model, such as, finding outliers in the data, explaining the relationship between inputs and outputs that the model learned, and debugging the model. We interpret our findings through an analogy with edge detection in images, a technique that requires neither training data nor model. Theory in the case of a linear model and a single-layer convolutional neural network supports our experimental findings.


Background: The Okeover stream was originally spring-fed but now primarily receives aquifer water used to cool buildings at the University of Canterbury. The lowered water table and displaced stream source results from nearby urbanisation. While its perennial reach was the focus of restoration efforts since 1998, it is classified as a highly disturbed ecosystem. The upper ephemeral section located offcampus relies on >60 variable stormwater discharge conduits for flow. Water quality and in-stream fine sediments are believed to inhibit biota recovery in this ecosystem. We quantified key metal contributions to the Okeover and its current chemical signature to prioritise recovery options.


Over the last decade, the intersections between 3D shape analysis and image processing have become a topic of increasing interest in the computer graphics community. Nevertheless, when attempting to apply current image analysis methods to 3D shapes (feature-based description, registration, recognition, indexing, etc.) one has to face fundamental differences between images and geometric objects. Shape analysis poses new challenges that are non-existent in image analysis. The purpose of this tutorial is to overview the foundations of shape analysis and to formulate state-of-the-art theoretical and computational methods for shape description based on their intrinsic geometric properties. The emerging field of diffusion geometry provides a generic framework for many methods in the analysis of geometric shapes and objects. The tutorial will present in a new light the problems of shape analysis based on diffusion geometric constructions such as manifold embeddings using the Laplace-Beltrami and heat operator, heat kernel local descriptors, diffusion and commute-time metrics. c © The Eurographics Association 2012.


A diffusion-controlled electrochemical mass transfer technique has been employed in making local measurements of shell-side coefficients in segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers. Corresponding heat transfer data are predicted through the Chilton and Colburn heat and mass transfer analogy. Mass transfer coefficients were measured for baffle spacing lengths of individual tubes in an internal baffle compartment. Shell-side pressure measurements were also made. Baffle compartment average coefficients derived from individual tube coefficients are shown to be in good agreement with reported experimental bundle average heat transfer data for a heat exchanger model of similar geometry. Mass transfer coefficients of individual tubes compare favourably with those obtained previously by another mass transfer technique. Experimental data are reported for a variety of segmental baffle configurations over the shell-side Reynolds number range 100 to 42 000. Baffles with zero clearances were studied at three baffle cuts and two baffle spacings. Baffle geometry is shown to have a large effect on the distribution of tube coefficients within the baffle compartment. Fluid "jetting" is identified with some baffle configurations. No simple characteristic velocity is found to correlate zonal or baffle compartment average mass transfer data for the effect of both baffle cut and baffle spacing. Experiments with baffle clearances typical of commercial heat exchangers are also reported. The effect of leakage streams associated with these baffles is identified. Investigations were extended to double segmental baffles for which no data had previously been published. The similarity in the shell-side characteristics of this baffle arrangement and two parallel single segmental baffle arrangements is demonstrated. A general relationship between the shell-side mass transfer performance and pressure drop was indicated by the data for all the baffle configurations examined.


Boundary effects for invasion percolation are introduced and discussed here. The presence of boundaries determines a set of critical exponents characteristic of the boundary. In this paper we present numerical simulations showing a remarkably different fractal dimension for the region of the percolating cluster near the boundary. In fact, near the surface we find a value of $D^{sur}=1.65\pm 0.02$,(for IP with trapping $D_{tr}^{sur}=1.59\pm 0.03$), compared with the bulk value of $D_{sur}=1.88\pm 0.02$ ($D_{tr}^{sur}=1.85\pm 0.02$). We find a logarithmic
crossover from surface to bulk fractal properties, as one would expect from the finite-size theory
of critical systems. The distribution of the quenched variables on the growing interface near
the boundary self-organizes into an asymptotic shape characterized by a discontinuity at a value $x_c=0.5$, which coincides with the bulk critical threshold. The exponent $\tau^{sur}$ of the boundary
avalanche distribution for IP without trapping is $\tau^{sur}=1.56\pm 0.05$; this value is very near
to the bulk one. Then we conclude that only the geometrical properties (fractal dimension) of
the model are affected by the presence of a boundary, while other statistical and dynamical
properties are unchanged. Furthermore, we are able to present a theoretical computation of the
relevant critical exponents near the boundary. This analysis combines two recently introduced
theoretical tools, the fixed scale transformation and the run time statistics, which are particularly
suited for the study of irreversible self-organized growth models with quenched disorder. Our
theoretical results are in rather good agreement with numerical data.


The German election of 2017 has produced an unstable government
which is unlikely to offer the kind of leadership in foreign and security
policy that Europe and the larger West need in a turbulent time. Chancellor
Angela Merkel will be in a weaker position than before with the loss of key
cabinet positions to the Social Democrats and the Bavarian Christian Social
Union. Many will be looking past her as the struggle to succeed her will in -
crease. The key foreign policy agenda will include Europe and the Franco-
German relationship, Russia, Turkey and Transatlantic relations. Merkel 4.0 is
likely to be a transitional and unruly government that will bridge the end of
the Merkel era and the start of one led by a new generation of leaders.


We study the following game on a finite graph $G = (V, E)$. At the start, each edge is assigned an integer $n_e \ge 0$, $n = \sum_{e \in E} n_e$. In round $t$, $1 \le t \le n$, a uniformly random vertex $v \in V$ is chosen and one of the edges $f$ incident with $v$ is selected by the player. The value assigned to $f$ is then decreased by $1$. The player wins, if the configuration $(0, \dots, 0)$ is reached; in other words, the edge values never go negative. Our main result is that there is a phase transition: as $n \to \infty$, the probability that the player wins approaches a constant $c_G > 0$ when $(n_e/n : e \in E)$ converges to a point in the interior of a certain convex set $\mathcal{R}_G$, and goes to $0$ exponentially when $(n_e/n : e \in E)$ is bounded away from $\mathcal{R}_G$. We also obtain upper bounds in the near-critical region, that is when $(n_e/n : e \in E)$ lies close to $\partial \mathcal{R}_G$. We supply quantitative error bounds in our arguments.


This study examines an aspect of competitive interactions that has attracted increasing research attention: the relationship between deterrence and competitive reputations. We build a conceptual model of the antecedents and consequences of a firm's reputation for being a credible defender of its markets. Theory and limited empirical evidence suggests a firm with this reputation should deter competitive attacks against it. We explore how a manager's competitive cognition about her opponents' (1) patterns of activity in the marketplace and (2) previous success can lead her to perceive a competitor as a credible defender. We test the framework using MBA students in a quasi-field setting, the Markstrat2 simulation game. The results of this study suggest that reputation deters attack only when the potential attacker considers the target firm a minor competitor. Managers consider defenders that have previously been successful as credible defenders of their markets. They also weigh consistency of activity relative to industry average in making inferences about credibility. The study indicates that the deterrence-reputation link is more complex than previous theory and evidence might imply, and suggests considerable promise for a psychological approach to examining competitive interactions.


The measurement of quality of life in the context of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is challenging. This is because the disease is experienced by children and is rare, which makes data collection difficult. This Briefing reports on a symposium that outlined some lessons that can be learnt from the SMA context that might be more widely applicable. Where evidence is lacking for new treatments, because of practical or methodological difficulties, there is a risk that patients remain unable to access cost-effective care. We identify a variety of ways in which current approaches to the measurement of quality of life in SMA may be inadequate. For example, it is unlikely that existing measures of health-related quality of life capture all that is important to patients and caregivers. Based on the discussion, we highlight four possible strategies for improving the quantity and quality of data available to inform decisionmakers in the context of rare diseases - - Bespoke data collection which is relevant to HTA decisionmakers; - Simple economic modelling methods, which reflect the evidence available at thetime of the assessment; - Collaboration among the different parties involved; and - Identifying what is 'good enough' to inform decisionmaking on use at the time oflaunch or of the health technology assessment process. New approaches to research could facilitate health technology assessment processes and improve patients' access to cost-effective treatments for rare diseases.


We discuss time series of ocean bottom pressure (OBP) computed by the Finite Element Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM) driven by realistic forcing. The influence of atmospheric pressure and mesoscale eddies on the OBP and surface height anomalies on time scales up to years was investigated. Also, we estimated space and time scales of mass variability simulated by both climate-type (resolution about 1 degree) and eddy resolving (down to about 10 km) versions of the model. We analyze the African sector of the Southern Ocean. A part of the OBP variance there is associated with eddy activity (especially in the Agulhas region) and explore its respective contribution. Assessment of averaging interval of simulated data for the purpose of minimizing aliasing in variability of OBP is additionally carried out. An important aspect of this study is the comparison of modeled and in situ OBP records. High frequency measurements of OBP with sub-daily resolution available from Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) used to infer temporal co-spectra of OBP variability. The PIES are placed along the prime meridian south of Africa can be used to evaluate variations of both barotropic and baroclinic geostrophic transport fluctuations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and verify corresponding GRACE estimates. The distance between PIES stations is chosen to resolve the major oceanic fronts for this region, which allows us to compare co-spectra of observed and simulated OBP variability.

Variability of the oceanic bottom pressure from sensor observations and ocean models. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316789208_Variability_of_the_oceanic_bottom_pressure_from_sensor_observations_and_ocean_models [accessed May 10, 2017].


1. The effects of the hypoglycaemic compound, pent-4-enoic acid, and of four structurally related non-hypoglycaemic compounds (pentanoic acid, pent-2-enoic acid, cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyclobutanecarboxylic acid), on the oxidation of saturated fatty acids by rat liver mitochondria were determined. 2. The formation of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]palmitate was strongly inhibited by 0.01mm-pent-4-enoic acid. 3. The inhibition of oxygen uptake was less than that of (14)CO(2) formation, presumably because fumarate was used as a sparker. 4. The oxidation of [1-(14)C]-butyrate, -octanoate or -laurate was not strongly inhibited by 0.01mm-pent-4-enoic acid. 5. The other four non-hypoglycaemic compounds did not inhibit the oxidation of any saturated fatty acid when tested at 0.01mm concentration, though they all inhibited strongly at 10mm. 6. The oxidation of [1-(14)C]-myristate and -stearate, but not of [1-(14)C]decanoate, was strongly inhibited by 0.01mm-pent-4-enoic acid. 7. The oxidation of [1-(14)C]palmitate was about 50% carnitine-dependent under the experimental conditions used. 8. The percentage inhibition of [1-(14)C]palmitate oxidation by pent-4-enoic acid was the same whether carnitine was present or not. 9. Acetoacetate formation from saturated fatty acids was inhibited by 0.1mm-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid to a greater extent than their oxidation. 10. The other compounds tested inhibited acetoacetate formation from saturated fatty acids proportionately to the inhibition of oxidation. 11. Possible mechanisms for the inhibition of long-chain fatty acid oxidation by pent-4-enoic acid are discussed. 12. There was a correlation between the ability to inhibit long-chain fatty acid oxidation and hypoglycaemic activity in this series of compounds.


Public administration is in a state of identity distress. Whereas for many years the questions of politics and policy were those which unconditionally ruled the discipline, at present public administration as a science, art, and profession is undergoing far-reaching transformations. Two major forces of re ctification have increasingly augmented the conservative ones to create a more interdisciplinary orientation of the field. These are cultural and social inputs and organizational, managerial, and economical influences. This merger began many years ago, but only recently has it attained sufficient critical mass to direct the public sector through various necessary changes. This paper accordingly suggests a revision of the evolution of public administration in the modern era, and argues that interdisciplinary reflections may be beneficial for the healthy development of the field in the years to come. Based on relevant literature the paper explains how a multi -level, multi-method, and multi-system approach may revitalize our understanding of a scholarly domain that is currently in a state of some perplexity and in search of the way forward


To solve problems associated with conventional 2D fingerprint acquisition processes including skin deformations and print smearing, we developed a noncontact 3D fingerprint scanner employing structured light illumination that, in order to be backwards compatible with existing 2D fingerprint recognition systems, requires a method of unwrapping the 3D scans into 2D equivalent prints. For the latter purpose of virtually flattening a 3D print, this paper introduces a fit-sphere unwrapping algorithm. Taking advantage of detailed 3D information, the proposed method defuses the unwrapping distortion by controlling the distances between neighboring points. Experimental results will demonstrate the high quality and recognition performance of the 3D unwrapped prints versus traditionally collected 2D prints. Furthermore, by classifying the 3D database into high- and low-quality data sets, we demonstrate that the relationship between quality and recognition performance holding for conventional 2D prints is achieved for 3D unwrapped fingerprints.


Abstract An important question for central banks is how they should report the uncertainty of their forecasts. This paper discusses a way in which a central bank could report the uncertainty of its forecasts in a world in which it used a single macroeconometric model to make its forecasts and guide its policies. Suggestions are then made as to what might be feasible for a central bank to report given that it is unlikely to be willing to commit to a single model. A particular model is used as an illustration.


We present spectra of the DAB white dwarf PG 1115+166. Radial velocity measurements of the Balmer lines and the HeI 6678˚A line show that this is a binary white dwarf with a period of 30.09d in which the Balmer lines move in anti-phase to the HeI line, i.e., PG 1115+166 is a DA+DB binary. The minimum masses of the stars are M DA = 0 . 43 ± 0 . 15M ⊙ and M DB = 0 . 52 ± 0 . 12M ⊙ . The separation of the stars is about 45R ⊙ , which is much smaller than a typical AGB progenitor of a white dwarf, imply-ing that there has been at least one common envelope phase in this binary. Indeed, it is possible that this binary may have suffered up to three mass transfer episodes – two associated with the red giant phase prior to the formation of each white dwarf and a third associated with the "born-again" red giant phase of the DB white dwarf. PG 1115+166 has the longest orbital period of any post common envelope white dwarf – white dwarf binary found to date. Published models for the formation of white dwarf – white dwarf binaries do not predict any white dwarfs with the combination of long orbital period and high mass found in PG 1115+166. We conclude that PG 1115+166 is a key object for testing models of binary star evolution and it may also be a key object for our understanding of the formation of DB white dwarfs. We outline the observational tests which can be applied to scenarios for the formation of PG 1115+166 and apply them to the simplest case of a single common envelope phase. This suggests that some part of the internal energy stored in the envelope of the AGB star, e.g., as ionized hydrogen, may have contributed to the ejection of the common envelope, but there are several unanswered questions concerning this simple scenario.


Cuttings transportation from the bit up the annulus to the surface is one the essential functions that are performed by drilling fluid. Predication of drilling fluid efficiency to transport cuttings in the annulus is very complicated due to numerous parameters that have affected drilling operations. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely used as a numerical technique in handling complex multiphase flow problems in different operational conditions. The present work has taken the advancement of CFD to computationally analyse the influence of the effects of various parameters like drilling fluid rheology, flow rate, pipe rotation, cuttings density, shape, concentration and drilling fluidcuttings particle coupling regimes on the cuttings transport in a vertical wellbore. The CFD simulation was carried out by using transient solver of ANSYS-FLUENT CFD commercial code. The dense discrete phase model (DDPM) is suggested in this work to overcome the main shortcomings of Eulerian–Eulerian and CFD-DEM approaches in simulating drilling fluid-cuttings flow. Also, some of the experimental investigations were involved in determining the fluid physical properties and essential input data to perform the CFD simulations. Regarding the results validation and verification, well agreement has been achieved between results obtained in this study with those reported in other studies.


In A Textual-Historical Theory of the Ninth Amendment, 60 Stanford Law Review (forthcoming 2008), I explain how some of the most common theories of the Ninth Amendment either have nothing to do with the actual text of the Amendment or place the text in conflict with similar terms in the Tenth Amendment. Focusing on the actual words of the Amendment, I argue that the text of the Ninth point towards a federalist rule of construction in which the people's retained rights are necessarily left to the control of the collective people in the several states. I also explain how this reading fits with the available historical evidence and reconciles the people of the Ninth with the people of the Tenth Amendment. At the invitation of the Stanford Law Review, Ninth Amendment scholar Professor Randy Barnett has now written a response to this piece. In his essay, Kurt Lash's Majoritarian Difficulty, Professor Barnett characterizes my approach to the Ninth Amendment as majoritarian and argues that the Ninth was intended to reflect the distinctly antimajoritarian views of Madison and the First Congress. Instead of protecting the collective rights of the people in the states, Barnett maintains that Ninth Amendment protects only individual rights and cites as critical support the opposition views of the antifederalist Virginia Senate and the majority opinion in Chisholm v. Georgia. In this brief reply essay, I clarify the distinction between individual, majoritarian and collective rights and explain how all were likely among the rights retained by the people under the Ninth Amendment. This federalist (as opposed to majoritarian) reading of the Ninth Amendment was expressly embraced by participants in the drafting and ratification of the Ninth Amendment, in particular James Madison, the drafter of the Amendment. In a major speech which he delivered while the Ninth Amendment remained pending in the states (a speech which Barnett does not mention), Madison explained how the Ninth Amendment was drafted in response to concerns emanating from the state ratifying conventions and that both the Ninth and Tenth Amendments were intended to preserve the retained powers and rights of the people in the states. Although the Chisholm majority presented a distinctly non-federalist vision of the people, had this been the common reading of the Ninth and Tenth in 1791, this would have ensured the defeat of the Bill of Rights - an outcome Virginia antifederalists desperately but unsuccessfully sought to achieve.


As physician assistant (PA) programs developed in the 1960s, curriculum models emerged around the central themes of physician-dependent practice and competency-based education. By 2007, there were 136 accredited programs in the United States, with 108 (79%) offering a master-degree curriculum. PA program preclinical and clinical curricula are typically evenly divided in length, and the typical U.S. PA program has a full-time attendance curriculum of 26.5 continuous months. In academic year 2005-2006, the typical PA student was a 27-year-old white woman with a 3.4 overall grade point average and 29 months of prior health care experience who matriculated with a baccalaureate degree into a master-degree PA program. In the 2005 application cycle, the number of applicants per available seat was 2.25 for both allopathic medical schools and PA programs. The transition to a predominately master-degree curriculum resulted in new challenges for PA faculty development, and the number of PA educators with terminal academic degrees continues to lag behind the educational needs of training programs. The topic of PA specialty training and recognition remains controversial. Although the PA profession has prospered since inception, concerns exist regarding workforce issues such as the appropriate balance of autonomy and supervision, role delineation, and the continuing trend toward specialization. The omission or inaccurate classification of PAs within U.S. health care access and workforce literature projects an incomplete picture, and it is important to consider the contributions PAs have made and will continue to make in addressing the nation's health care needs.


CEPS established a template for EU strategy towards the Balkans already during the Kosovo war, and this was refined in the Ljubljana Declaration by the think tanks of the region (with CEPS) in July before the Sarajevo Summit. The subsequent evolution of policy in the region and of the EU and Stability Pact is compared with these proposals. Some parts of the CEPS proposals are developed further. Implications for the rest of the wider Europe are also examined, in search for the defining concepts and mechanisms of an order for the entire European space.


To develop a measurement scale that would lead to valid and reliable results is a challenging process in any research field. The aim of this paper is to propose guidelines for scale development in entrepreneurship research. We build from theoretical findings that are advanced in the measurement and scale development theory and from a research on measurement issues in entrepreneurship journals. In doing so we review scale development procedures of measures reported in top-tier entrepreneurship journal during the last two years. The in-depth review showed that not all steps in scale development in entrepreneurship research are always accomplished although every step is crucial when aiming for a sound measure. Additionally, the study showed that all too often measures, that have not been validated, are being used. These findings serve as the basis for proposing a ten-step methodology for scale development in entrepreneurship research.


An acoustooptic output coupler (cavity-dumper) is employed to intensity modulate the radiation produced by argon ion or dye lasers. By using an amplitude modulated rf carrier, heterodyning two acoustically upshifted beams, heterodyning one upshifted beam against the unshifted beam, or heterodyning an upshifted beam against a downshifted beam, a continuous range of frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 1.2 GHz could be generated. Phase fluorimetric determinations of subnanosecond lifetimes demonstrate the utility of the source.


Integrated reservoir management is an attractive process to add value to the oil companies' assets. Indeed, increasing the reserves of their reservoirs already in production through an improved development strategy constitutes for the oil companies a real opportunity and an economic alternative to costly and risky exploration surveys. Integrated reservoir management is basically a way of combining complementary approaches and techniques such as reservoir characterization, use of complex well architecture, special core analysis design of recovery processes, reservoir monitoring and reservoir simulation, and creating a positive synergy between them. Thanks to the advances that have been observed in the domain of the computer science, reservoir management means also real time management. Thus, the large amount of data acquired can be while producing a reservoir used to develop the knowledge of the reservoir, update the reservoir model, reduce the underlying uncertainties, design the most suitable production architecture, ensure the productivity and the injectivity of the wells, target bypassed zones, select the most appropriate recovery process, and hence, increase the overall recovery. Most of the ingredients of such a strategy are already available. What still needs to be developed is a productive way of linking those ingredients together to build an integrated system. Such a system, when made available will constitute a major toolkit in the toolbox of the production engineers. In this paper, we review and illustrate the different ingredients that have to be included in such an integrated system.


The generation of electricity by nuclear power and the manufacturing of atomic weapons have created a large amount of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. There is a world-wide consensus that the best way to protect mankind and the environment is to dispose of this waste in a deep geologic repository. Initial efforts focused on salt as the best medium for disposal, but the heat generated by the radioactive waste led many earth scientists to examine other rock types. In 1976, the director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) wrote to the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), predecessor agency of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), suggesting that there were several favorable environments at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), and that the USGS already had extensive background information on the NTS. Later, in a series of communications and one publication, the USGS espoused the favorability of the thick unsaturated zone. After the passage of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982), the DOE compiled a list of nine favorable sites and settled on three to be characterized. In 1987, as the costs of characterizing three sites ballooned, Congress amended the Nuclear Waste Policy Act directing the DOE to focus only on Yucca Mountain in Nevada, with the proviso that if anything unfavorable was discovered, work would stop immediately. The U.S. DOE, the U.S. DOE national laboratories, and the USGS developed more than 100 detailed plans to study various earth-science aspects of Yucca Mountain and the surrounding area, as well as materials studies and engineering projects needed for a mined geologic repository. The work, which cost more than 10 billion dollars and required hundreds of man-years of work, culminated in a license application submitted to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in 2008.


In this paper, we study a two-category classification problem. We indicate the categories by labels Y=1 and Y=-1. We observe a covariate, or feature, X ∈ X ⊂ ℜd. Consider a collection {ha} of classifiers indexed by a finite-dimensional parameter a, and the classifier ha* that minimizes the prediction error over this class. The parameter a* is estimated by the empirical risk minimizer ân over the class, where the empirical risk is calculated on a training sample of size n. We apply the Kim Pollard Theorem to show that under certain differentiability assumptions, ân converges to a* with rate n-1/3, and also present the asymptotic distribution of the renormalized estimator.For example, let V0 denote the set of x on which, given X=x, the label Y=1 is more likely (than the label Y=-1). If X is one-dimensional, the set V0 is the union of disjoint intervals. The problem is then to estimate the thresholds of the intervals. We obtain the asymptotic distribution of the empirical risk minimizer when the classifiers have K thresholds, where K is fixed. We furthermore consider an extension to higher-dimensional X, assuming basically that V0 has a smooth boundary in some given parametric class.We also discuss various rates of convergence when the differentiability conditions are possibly violated. Here, we again restrict ourselves to one-dimensional X. We show that the rate is n-1 in certain cases, and then also obtain the asymptotic distribution for the empirical prediction error.


Objective To provide aggregate data regarding the ability of functional rhinoplasty to improve nasal obstruction as measured by the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane databases. Review Methods A search was performed with the terms "nasal obstruction" and "rhinoplasty." Studies were included if they evaluated the effect of functional rhinoplasty on nasal obstruction with the NOSE score. Case reports, narratives, and articles that did not use the NOSE score were excluded. Functional rhinoplasty was defined as surgery on the nasal valve. This search resulted in 665 articles. After dual-investigator independent screening, 16 articles remained. Study results were pooled with a random effects model of meta-analysis. Change in NOSE score after surgery was assessed via the mean difference between baseline and postoperative results and the standardized mean difference. Heterogeneity was assessed and reported through the I2 statistic. Results Patients in the included studies had moderate to severe nasal obstructive symptoms at baseline. The NOSE scores were substantially improved at 3-6, 6-12, and ≥12 months, with absolute reductions of 50 points (95% CI, 45-54), 43 points (95% CI, 36-51), and 49 points (95% CI, 39-58), respectively. All of these analyses showed high heterogeneity. Conclusions Nasal obstruction as measured by the NOSE survey is reduced by 43 to 50 points (out of 100 points) for 12 months after rhinoplasty. Our confidence in these results is limited by heterogeneity among studies, large variability in outcomes beyond 12 months, and the inherent potential for bias in observational studies.


(6R)-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is synthesized intracellularly from GTP, caused a concentration-dependent increase in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell proliferation when added exogenously. Incubation with sepiapterin, which is converted enzymatically to BH4 within cells, also increased PC12 cell proliferation and BH4 levels concomitantly. These sepiapterin effects were mediated by BH4 as inhibition of sepiapterin conversion to BH4 by a sepiapterin reductase inhibitor, N-acetyl-serotonin, blocked the increase in proliferation and the elevation of BH4 levels. 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) also increased BH4 levels and PC12 cell proliferation, both of which were reversed by methotrexate, which blocks the conversion of BH2 to BH4 by dihydrofolate reductase. The BH4-induced increase in PC12 cell proliferation was not related to elevated catecholamine or nitric oxide synthesis as inhibitors of tyrosine hydroxylase or nitric oxide synthase did not reduce the BH4 effect. BH4 and its precursors did not alter intracellular cAMP levels, suggesting that this second messenger is not involved in the enhancement of PC12 cell proliferation by BH4. Sepiapterin and BH4 also enhanced the proliferation of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts and rat C6 glioma cells, indicating that the stimulatory effect of BH4 on cell proliferation is not restricted to PC12 cells.


Abstract. We investigate the response of stratospheric water vapor
(SWV) to different forcing agents within the Precipitation Driver and
Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP) framework. For each model
and forcing agent, we break down the SWV response into a slow response, which is
coupled to surface temperature changes, and a fast response, which is the
response to external forcing but before the sea surface temperatures have
responded. Our results show that, for most climate perturbations, the slow
SWV response dominates the fast response. The slow SWV response exhibits a
similar sensitivity to surface temperature across all climate perturbations.
Specifically, the sensitivity is 0.35 ppmv K−1 in the tropical lower
stratosphere (TLS), 2.1 ppmv K−1 in the northern hemispheric lowermost
stratosphere (LMS), and 0.97 ppmv K−1 in the southern hemispheric LMS.
In the TLS, the fast SWV response only dominates the slow SWV response when
the forcing agent radiatively heats the cold-point region – for example,
black carbon, which directly heats the atmosphere by absorbing solar
radiation. The fast SWV response in the TLS is primarily controlled by the
fast adjustment of cold-point temperature across all climate perturbations.
This control becomes weaker at higher altitudes in the tropics and altitudes
below 150 hPa in the LMS.


Most people in areas surrounding Nairobi use untreated underground waters for their domestic chores. A study was carried out during the wet season (April-June) and the dry season (September-November) of the year 1994 to find out if these untreated underground waters contain dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and coliform bracteria. Out of the 40 sites sampled during both the wet and dry seasons, 11 contained colifrorm bacteria during the wet season, while only 2 contained the microbes during the dry season. The microbes were detected only in the wells. DOC was detected in 37 sites during the wet season and in 31 sites during the dry season within a range of 2.0-30.8 mg L(-1 ). DOC which mainly consists of humic and fulvic acids was quantified by measuring their absorbance at 360nm by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The presence of coliform bacteria was detected by use of microbiological techniques.


Aim: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pre-game to post-game changes in creatine kinase concentration (Δ[CK]) and impact-related game statistics in elite rugby union players. Methods: Twenty-three elite male rugby union players each provided interstitial fluid samples obtained via electrosonophoresis (ESoP) 210 min before and within a maximum time of 30 min after up to five rugby union games. Specific game statistics that were deemed to be important in determining the relationship between impact and [CK] were obtained from AnalyRugby software for each individual player. Regression equations to predict Δ[CK] from game statistics were created using a backwards random-effects maximum likelihood regression. Results: The Δ[CK] (mean (SD)) from pre-game to post-game was 926.8 (204.2) IU. Game time and time defending were significantly correlated to Δ[CK] in both the forwards and backs. The predicted Δ[CK] (mean (95% confidence limit)) was 1439.8 (204.9) IU for the forwards and 545.3 (78.0) IU for the backs and was significantly correlated with the actual Δ[CK] (r = 0.69 and r = 0.74). Conclusions: CK increased from pre-game to post-game in a position-specific manner. A large proportion of the Δ[CK] can be explained by physical impact and thus can be predicted using a prescribed number of game statistics. As the Δ[CK] is an indicator of muscle damage, the prediction of Δ[CK] provides a theoretical basis for recovery strategies and adjustment of subsequent training sessions after rugby union games.


This essay will explore the presence of Germany as a key trope of Bengali nationalist discourse in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth. It will problematize the exhaustiveness of a conventional spectrum of interpretation in the analysis of colonial intellectual history that has been defined at one extreme by the cultural violence of colonial interpellation and at the other by a hermeneutic conception of authentic intercultural encounter across the limits of great traditions. When Bengalis actually began to interact directly with Germans and German thought, it was an encounter whose parameters had already been deeply determined in the course of the preceding forty or fifty years. But I shall also argue that this appeal to the trope of Germany emerged from within a more complex, multilateral configuration in which "Germany" was itself a key figure of Victorian discourses in Britain itself.


In June 2008 one of the biggest and most popular sports tournaments took place in Austria and Switzerland, the European football championship 2008 (UEFA EURO 2008). Before the tournament started millions of football supporters throughout the world were asking themselves, just as we did: "Who is going to win the EURO 2008?". We investigate a method for forecasting the tournament outcome, that is not based on historical data (such as scores in previous matches) but on quoted winning odds for each of the 16 teams as provided by 45 international bookmakers. By using a mixed-effects model with a team-specific random effect and fixed effects for the bookmaker and the preliminary group we model the unknown "true" log-odds for winning the championship. The final of the EURO 2008 was played by the teams Germany and Spain. This was exactly the fixture that our method forecasted with a probability of about 20.2%. Furthermore, estimated winning probabilities can be derived from our model, where team Germany, the runner-up of the final had the highest probability (17.6%) to win the title and team Spain the winner of the tournament had the second best chance to win the championship (12.3%). To adjust for effects of the tournament schedule including the group draw, we recovered the latent team strength (underlying the bookmakers' expectations) to answer the question: Will the "best" team win? An ex post analysis of the tournament showed that our method yields good predictions of the tournament outcome and outperforms the FIFA/Coca Cola World rating and the Elo rating.


The temporary employment of Yugoslav citizens in Western countries was one of the most important migration phenomena in socialist Yugoslavia. In the early 1970s, one in every four Yugoslavs employed outside of agriculture and craft work was a Gastarbeiter. Yet, while the study of the Yugoslav Gastarbeiter emigration has received much scholarly attention, the overall numbers and dynamics of Gastarbeiter return migration have remained under-researched.
This book offers a major contribution to fill this gap. It draws on fresh political documents from the archives, the press, statistical data, contemporary sociological research, audio-visual materials, novels, and oral history interviews. It shows that the impact of the Gastarbeiter return migration on development policies, social change, and narratives of identity was much more extensive than what has been recognised so far. In particular, analysing changes in migration patterns and policies in the period 1965-1991, this book argues that the return and reintegration of Gastarbeiter generated political divisions and social tensions on a much larger scale than had their employment abroad. It maintains that, during the crisis period of the 1980s, the increase of return migration put strains on the domestic labour market, contributing to the crisis of the federal system, and the 'ethnicisation' of migration policies.


The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the various pressures in late Victorian and Edwardian society which contributed to the genesis of the pension and national insurance legislation of 1908 and 1911. Many aspects of the social and political environment around the turn of the century are, therefore, outlined and discussed - the growth of 'awareness' about the social gulf in society and the state of those in, or on the brink of poverty; economic problems; political circumstances and pressures; and prevailing ideologies and philosophies. The relationship between these considerations and policy-making is the crux of the matter and this is elaborated by the study of private and official papers and contemporary speeches. Although it is vital to ascertain the relative importance of the multitudinous factors to decision-making, we can never say anything absolutely definite about the relationship because it is the human mind with which we are concerned, complicated by the time factor. Conclusions are, nevertheless, essential and are valid if based on informed speculation, although may vary according to the predilections of the individual politicians. Conclusions about the genesis of social reform in Edwardian Liberalism necessitate the erection of a three-tier structure. There were the preconditions of a social policy - the existence of an urban industrial society and its concomitant evils. There were opinion-creating factors such as social revelations, national efficiency and social imperialist ideologies and the existence of foreign examples of state-sponsored social security schemes. Finally, there were catalytic pressures within the Edwardian period, such as economic depression and the threat of Tariff Reform. The whole cumulative pressure made pension and national insurance policies a political and social necessity.


Abstract Uncertainty in economics is generated by "nature" but also by the model we use to "produce the future". The production of the future comprises besides the allocation of resources on different instruments (technologies, financial products) also the design of the instruments. Specialization and diversification considerations point to the advantages of targeting instruments to a rich set of possible future states. But, if a rich state space comes with unreliable probability measures, the actions based on such a set will be unreliable, too. The proliferation of financial products is a salient example. This paper argues that an appropriate model for dealing with uncertainty keeps the knowledge required by the model from its user in line with the available knowledge. In particular, it proposes to order state spaces by their "granularity" and "coverage". Appropriate upper bounds are derived for these characteristics. A practical implication of the presented approach would be to limit financial product innovation.


Objectives To explore the effectiveness of a theory-based behavioral lifestyle intervention on health behaviors and quality of life in endometrial cancer survivors.' Methods This was a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled pilot trial conducted in two UK hospitals enrolling disease-free stage I-IVA endometrial cancer survivors. Participants were allocated to an 8-week group-based healthy eating and physical activity intervention or usual care using 1:1 minimization. Participants were followed up at 8 and 24 weeks, with the 8-week assessment being blinded. Diet, physical activity, and quality of life were measured with the Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, Stanford 7-Day Physical Activity Recall, and the EORTC Quality of life Questionnaire Core 30, respectively. We analyzed all eligible participants using the intention-to-treat approach in complete cases, adjusting for baseline values, body mass index, and age. Results We enrolled 60 of the 296 potentially eligible endometrial cancer survivors (May - December 2015). Fifty-four eligible participants were randomized to the intervention (n=29) or usual care (n=31), and 49 had complete follow-up data (n=24 in the intervention and n= 25 in usual care). Intervention adherence was 77%. At 8 weeks, participants in the intervention improved their diet compared to usual care (difference in Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 score 7.5 (95% CI: 0.1 to 14.9), P=0.046) but not their physical activity (0.1 metabolic equivalent-h/day 95% CI: (-1.6 to 1.8), P=0.879), or global quality of life score (5.0 (95% CI: -3.4 to 13.3), P=0.236). Global quality of life improved in intervention participants at 24 weeks (difference 8.9 (95% CI: 0.9 to 16.8), P=0.029). No intervention-related adverse events were reported. Conclusions The potential effectiveness of the intervention appeared promising. A future fully-powered study is needed to confirm these findings. Trial registration number NCT02433080.


This article introduces relational ethnography as a form of inquiry which emphasizes reflexive dialogical aspects of research relationships. I have found the use of autoethnography inspiring in speaking from within my practice as a therapist and teacher however it has limited my focus on areas of relationality in research relationships. In developing a relational ethnography, I have been able to show how all areas of ethnographic research involve relationality. I draw on systemic and social constructionist theory in understanding relational activities. I offer illustrations of reflexive, dialogical relationships between the voices of inner dialogue, the voices of outer dialogue—and between the two. By making available description of reflexive inner dialogue to readers and participants in research relationships, we increase opportunities for transparent communication and collaboration in those relationships. First, I write about the relationships between researcher and texts reframing reading as dialogical activity. Afterwards, I explore the emergent relationship between writers and readers as they enter into an anticipatory-responsive dialogue with each other. Finally, I discuss how reflexivity is always relational and informs a relational ethics, and offer some ideas for an ethics of care and for an aesthetics of care as guiding principles for relational ethnography. I have found that teaching relational ethnography has improved students' reflexivity in their research and has enhanced the relational and aesthetic quality of their research writing URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs130147


Over the past two decades, researchers and tool vendors have introduced techniques and tools to improve software engineering processes. Most of these are host-centered systems with closed architectures, fixed database drivers, specific network requirements, and platform-dependent client and server software. These restrictions make sharing information difficult, complicate tool integration, and limit global user access from diversified software environments. These are the major obstacles in global software production. Today's Internet technology provides a powerful and cost-effective means of overcoming these obstacles. Internet technologies allow distributed networking, global access, platform independence, information sharing, and internationalization. The Internet provides a nearly ubiquitous communication infrastructure, enabling team members to connect to the development process easily. This article reports the authors' innovative work in the arena of constructing an Internet-based, global software engineering environment.


Speckle and the compound speckle can be reduced by angle diversity. In laser projection displays, simple, low cost and efficient speckle reduction techniques require smart optical design . Using a MEMS scanner together with a condenser lens, laser beams with different illumination angles are obtained on the diffuser surface with low speckle contrast ratio (CR). After homogenizing within a rod integrator, the speckle field illuminates a display panel, and is projected onto the screen which forms the compound speckle. Characterization method to evaluate the compound speckle reduction efficiency is analyzed and discussed in a simplified optical system. The preliminary speckle reduction is demonstrated in a commercial projector where a 600 mW green laser has been used as the illumination source, and the compound speckle CR is brought down from 0.38 to 0.14.


Cylinder forming PS-b-PMMA block copolymer (BCP) thin films were deposited on pre-patterned surfaces with densely packed and nanometer wide trenches defined by conventional top down approaches and arranged to form a periodic grating. The films were subsequently annealed at 250 °C for times ranging from 30 s to 900 s in a rapid thermal processing device and their morphology evolution within the topographically defined structures was systematically investigated. Irrespective of the surface neutralization, an irreversible orientational flipping of the BCP microdomains inside the trenches was observed and attributed to de-swelling of the polymeric film as a consequence of a progressive desorption of the solvent retained inside the film. Systematic investigation of the annealing process indicates that the flipping is strongly dependent on the geometric parameters of the trenches and on the relative position of the analysed trench with respect to the periodic topographic structure.


Human Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes are known to interact
with foreign chemicals that enter the body as a defense mechanism, however, it is often
the case that unwanted interactions can occur. Phase I metabolism may form reactive
electrophiles that can covalently modify DNA, proteins and lipids. These modified
electrophilic biomolecules are thought to cause progression of many diseases such as
Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease (3). On the other hand, Phase II enzymes can
remove the toxic compounds of the Phase I enzymes. The Phase II enzymes are likely
induced via biochemical pathway involving the nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 (4).
This current study was designed to probe specific interactions between commonly
used essential oils, along with their major aldehyde constituents, and CYP2A6. The
overall goal was to gain a better understanding of factors that may govern the inhibitory
effects of aldehydes on this isoform. In addition, the ability of the essential oil of Cassia
and it's primary constituent, cinnamaldehyde on Phase II gene induction was probed as
well using cultured human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Here the goal was to gain a better
understanding of the relationship between oxidative stress, and aldehydes that may be
present in commonly used products. The results demonstrated that relatively small
unsaturated aldehydes (6-8 carbons) showed a dramatic decrease in the CYP2A6 activity
when catalyzing the coumarin 7-hydroxylation reaction. This inhibition could translate to
a net antioxidant effect, by preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
particularly in the presence of 2A6-activated nitrosamines, which can be carcinogenic. It
was also shown that Cassia and cinnamaldehyde had an inductive effect on Phase II
enzymes in human hepatoma cells, such as heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and epoxide
hydrolase (EPHX), thus exerting a net anti-oxidant effect on the cells as a whole.


On the first day of January 1994 the Ejercito Zapatista de la Liberacion Nacional (EZLN, or Zapatistas), composed mainly of Mayan Indians, burst onto the world scene when it occupied seven towns in the Mexican state of Chiapas, among them San Cristobal de las Casas, the second largest town in the state. This uprising came as a shock to the government of Mexico, which had expected the day to mark Mexico's investiture into the First World with the kickoff of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). With the Chiapas revolt, a minor province in Mexico made headlines and refocused world attention for a few days on the problems of indigenous people, taking the spotlight at a time of celebrated globalization. The Internet rapidly became an important tool for disseminating information and organizing support on an international level, and it provided a forum in which events were watched by a variety of civil organizations, thereby limiting the possible range of actions for a government concerned about its international image. The role of the Internet is in some ways surprising, because Internet access in Chiapas is scarce indeed, with Internet hubs in only the towns of Tuxtla Gutierrez and San Cristobal de las Casas and no telephones or electricity at all in most of the rural areas. The southernmost state in Mexico has been aptly described as "a rich land and a poor people" (Benjamin 1989). Rich in resources like oil and tropical hardwoods, and a major producer of hydroelectricity and coffee, Chiapas reigns at the bottom of most Mexican social indicators, exhibiting a severe polarization between a small, rich, urban minority who benefit from the resources and a severely marginalized rural population (Schmidt 1996, 30-35). The uprising offers the apparent contradiction of a high-tech medium brought to aid an insurrection of indigenous peasants who are hardly aware of its existence. After situating the concept of cyberspace within social theory, I present a brief history of the uprising, with emphasis on the role of the Internet. I concentrate on the interaction between information movements in cyberspace and the effects of the interaction in the social spaces outside this limited technospace. It is my contention that cyberspace has become part of our reality and that, as such, it embodies many of the traditional contradictions, as well as possibilities, found in other socially produced spaces. The role of the Internet is to enhance the scale of an event in order to increase its visibility and draw in actors from outside the immediate area of struggle. Scale thereby becomes an object of the struggle, part of which is carried on in cyberspace. RHIZOMES OF CYBERSPACE The technology of the Internet is easily described. It is a connection among computers (servers) that communicate with each other through standardized protocols. No central facility organizes communication; rather, each server is connected to a number of other servers, so connections between two servers are often routed through a number of different intermediate computers. Users of the Internet can connect their computer to these servers, usually via telephone service and modem, if they lack direct access to them. This design began as the military Arpanet, a project whose task was to build a communications net that was invulnerable to strikes against a central location. The solution was found in the present architecture of a net with multiple connections and no central server, in which messages can easily be rerouted if one or more servers is destroyed (Cleaver 1996). The Internet was then opened up to allow for scientific communication among universities, and recently more and more private corporations have extended the Net. Theoretically, its growth has no limit, for it can always accommodate new servers. Additions simply have to make themselves known to at least one other server throughout the domain name-server registry. Once the connections are made, physical distances and national boundaries matter little, because information travels between servers at the speed of light, linking computer users around the world. …


Since, sports activities are likely to be changes in various parameters of plantar pressure distribution during walking to create, This study compared patterns of plantar pressure distribution between right and left feet and their relationship with anthropometric parameters. 10 elite wrestler with the average and standard deviation of age: 23.6±3.33 yrs, height: 173.5±7.67 cm and mass: 83.3±21.8 kg voluntarily participated as subjects in this study. EMED-AT2 System for plantar pressure analysis, of parametric statistical methods paired t-test to compare parameters between the right and left leg and also of the Pearson methods for investigating correlation between variables was used. The only in the contact area parameter between the right leg and left at 4th mask significant differences were found (p≤0.05, ES=0.03). Also positive and significant correlation between height and mass with all the parameters were found (p≤0.01, p≤0.05) and in the heel area the correlation between maximum force in the right foot with height (medial heel r 2 =0.45 ; lateral heel r 2 =0.68) and weight (medial heel r 2 =0.56 ; lateral heel r 2 =0.8) and in the left foot with height (lateral heel r 2 =0.53) and weight (lateral heel r 2 =0.55) was reversed. (p≤0.05). Considering the lack of significant differences in plantar pressure parameters between the right and left foot, it could be argued, in wrestling foot demand function is the same. Also this research confirmed the results previous study indicating the absence of dominant leg in wrestling.


Spherical radial basis functions (SRBFs) have been extensively used in regional gravity field modeling. Determining the optimal of the SRBF parameters including their shape and locations is one of the most challenging tasks in SRBF approximation of the Earth's gravity field. In this paper, an optimization strategy is suggested to solve the problem of gravity field modeling using SRBFs. For this purpose, the potential gravity anomaly is expanded into a linear combination of the SRBFs, and then, the system of observation equations is set based on gravity anomaly data. The unknown modeling parameters are consisted of two steps: 1- the 3D position of SRBFs, namely SRBF centers and SRBF depths are determined utilizing the genetic algorithm, and 2- the scaling coefficients in SRBF expansion of the gravity anomaly are determined using the Tikhonov regularization algorithm. In this approach, a chromosome population which includes the 3D position of the kernels is generated and those with more competence are chosen. Furthermore, new chromosomes are produced based on crossover, mutation and migration processes. Therefore, since the kernel positions are obtained via the genetic algorithm, the non-linear problem convert into a linear problem which the coefficients of the expansion for each chromosome can be solved using the Tikhonov regularization algorithm. The performance of the proposed optimization scheme is assessed based on synthetic gravity anomalies provided by EGM2008 up to degree and order of 2160. Finally, an accuracy of 1.08 mGal in gravity anomalies and 0.78 m 2 /s 2 in anomaly potentials is obtained. The numerical experiments reveal that the proposed optimization algorithm provides an appropriate SRBF distribution which improves the gravimetric models' accuracies.


Numerical simulations of homogeneous crystal nucleation with a model for globular proteins with short-range attractive interactions showed that the presence of a metastable fluid-fluid critical point drastically changes the pathway for the formation of a crystal nucleus. Close to this critical point, the free-energy barrier for crystal nucleation is strongly reduced and hence, the crystal nucleation rate increases by many orders of magnitude. Because the location of the metastable critical point can be controlled by changing the composition of the solvent, the present work suggests a systematic approach to promote protein crystallization.


Cities provide places for people to live, work, learn and socialize. As urban environments, cities nowadays are typically characterized by urban sprawl in which open public spaces (1) are neglected and/or (2) social interactions are discouraged. In fact, the encouragement of social interactions among neighbors is a vital factor implementing livability among city dwellers. Recent evidence suggests that social interactions occur infrequently in contemporary urban neighborhoods. Therefore, it is worth investigating how communities can be designed in the future with the aim to increase social interactions. Al-Najada area in Doha provides a useful case study because it is a traditional area, built based on formal social structures aiming to the formation of social interaction in old neighborhoods (which is called Fereej in Arabic). This paper investigated how the urban fabric of Al-Najada area can be implemented in order to enhance social interactions and become an effective sample of sustainable development. Also, this paper examined the factors that contribute to socially sustainable development in the regeneration of Al-Najada as a traditional asset in the heart of Doha. Literature review is conducted on topics of sustainable urbanism, urban sociology, and built heritage to learn about design implementation in order to enhance social interactions within the urban fabric of neighborhoods. Therefore, content analysis, site observations, and walking tour assessments are adopted as the main research methods in order to investigate how social interactions at Al-Najada area can be encouraged, namely how the spatial form can be implemented in order to enhance social interactions. The research study findings led to the definition of a set of recommendations for a design approach, based on smart planning and design guidelines, aiming at implementing Al-Najada neighborhood in order to facilitate social interactions. The recommendations are genuinely plan-led, empowering local people to shape their surroundings, with concise neighborhood plans setting out a positive vision for the future of Al-Najada area.


The short history of Information Systems suggests persistent anxiety about the field's purported lack of academic legitimacy. A common refrain in the anxiety discourse is that legitimacy can be obtained only by creating a strong theoretic core for the field. This essay takes exception with this view, attributing the anxiety to the field's relative youth, its focus on technology in a technophobic institutional environment, and academic ethnocentrism within and without the field. While developing stronger theory might be helpful, it is more important that the IS field pushes back against the hegemony of IS critics outside the field whose arguments masquerade as concerns about academic quality. The anxiety discourse should be replaced by the IS field's aggressive pursuit of new instructional and research opportunities that cross traditional institutional barriers and the pursuit of excellence on academic criteria deemed important by the field itself.


Geographic variation of species richness is strongly correlated with environmental gradients. However, random arrangement of species distributions within a bounded domain can also theoretically produce richness gradients without underlying environmental gradients. This mid-domain effect (MDE) could serve as the null hypothesis against which to test effects of environmental variables, or as a component of a multivariate explanation of species-richness patterns. Recent reviews have concluded that there is a substantial MDE signature in observed geographical patterns of richness, based on correlations between observed patterns of richness and the predictions of mid-domain models. However, the mid-domain hypothesis makes additional powerful predictions about how richness should vary through space, and about the slope of the relationship between predicted and observed richness. Very few studies have tested these more powerful MDE predictions. Here, we reexamine the published mid-domain literature for agreement between observed patterns of richness and MDE predictions. We find that 50 of 53 published studies of MDEs showed significant deviations from the predictions of mid-domain models. When observed richness is correlated with MDE predictions, there are nearly always strongly collinear environmental gradients (e.g., in the Americas, climatic favorability and MDE-predicted richness are both maximal in the middle). Interpolation in sparsely sampled data can also give rise to spurious, apparently strong, mid-domain effects (e.g., the classic study of the Madagascan rain forest). We conclude that observed broad-scale patterns of species richness are not consistent with the mid-domain hypothesis.


Currency depreciation in the 1930s is almost universally dismissed or condemned. It is credited with providing little if any stimulus for economic recovery in the depreciating countries and blamed for transmitting harmful beggar-thy-neighbor impulses to the rest of the world econonv. In this paper we argue for a radically different interpretation of exchange-rate policy in the 1930s . We document first that currency depreciation was beneficial for the initiating countries. It worked through both the standard supply- and demand-side channels suggested by modern variants of the Keynesian model. We show next that there can in fact be no presumption that currency depreciation inthe 1930s was beggar-thy-neighbor policy. Rather, an empirical analysis of the historical record is needed to determine whether the impact on other countries was favorable or unfavorable. We conclude provisionally on the basis of this analysis that the foreign repercussions of individual devaluations were in fact negative -that the depreciations considered were beggar-thy-neighbor. As we point out, however, this finding does not support the conclusion that competitive devaluations taken by a group of countries were without benefit for the system as a whole. We argue to the contrary that similar policies, had they been even more widely adopted, would have hastened recovery from the Great Depression.


A growing literature has emerged on employee silence, located within the field of organisational behaviour. Scholars have investigated when and how employees articulate voice and when and how they will opt for silence. While offering many insights, this analysis is inherently one-sided in its interpretation of silence as a product of employee motivations. An alternative reading of silence is offered which focuses on the role of management. Using the non-union employee representation literature for illustrative purposes, the significance of management in structuring employee silence is considered. Highlighted are the ways in which management, through agenda-setting and institutional structures, can perpetuate silence over a range of issues, thereby organising employees out of the voice process. These considerations are redeployed to offer a dialectical interpretation of employee silence in a conceptual framework to assist further research and analysis.


We study a dynamic model of collateralized lending under adverse selection in which the quality of collateral assets is endogenously determined by hidden effort. Complementarities in incentives lead to non-ergodic dynamics: Asset quality and output grow when asset quality is high, but stagnate or deteriorate otherwise. Inefficiencies remain, even in the most efficient competitive equilibrium?investment and output are vulnerable to spells of lending market illiquidity, and these spells may persist because of suboptimal effort. Nevertheless, benevolent regulators without commitment can destroy welfare by prioritizing liquidity over incentives. Optimal interventions with commitment call for large, long-term subsidies in excess of what is required to restore liquidity.


This paper explores the effects of different representations of informal economies in Third World settings. Both the neoclassical and political economy approaches have represented the informal economy as a transient entity, and the non-capitalist practices it comprises as being remnant economic forms, or as already capitalist. Mainstream development discourse (that reflects the neoliberal paradigm) continues to ignore the value and potential of non-capitalist practices and to represent them as inconsequential to development outcomes. Meanwhile contemporary livelihood studies across the social sciences have documented the continuing vibrancy of different and hybrid economic forms in the Asia Pacific. In this paper, I use a diverse-economies approach to explore the complexities of the village economy of Oelua in Rote, in the so-called lagging region of Eastern Indonesia. Drawing on anti-essentialist Marxist theory in economic geography, I describe the multiple, locally specific and coexisting practices that comprise Oelua's diverse economy, which include distributions of surplus labour to promote social and economic well-being. I argue that recognising informal village economies as an important development resource could begin a process of building diverse development trajectories in Eastern Indonesia, complementing mainstream development proposals to attract foreign direct investment, shore up development assistance and source out-migration.


Single-shot time resolved Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) is presented as a viable method for fast measurements of molecular spectra. The method is based on the short spatial extension of femtosecond pulses and maps time delays between pulses onto the region of intersection between broad beams. The image of the emitted CARS signal contains full temporal information on the field-free molecular dynamics, from which spectral information is extracted. The method is demonstrated on liquid samples of CHBr(3) and CHCl(3) and the Raman spectrum of the lowlying vibrational states of these molecules is measured.


This paper examines the effectiveness of a technique that first appeared as a Teaching Tip in the Journal of Information Systems Education. In this approach the same problem is used in every programming assignment within a course, but the students are required to use different programming techniques. This approach was used in an intermediate C course. The assessment for the course consisted of four assignments and two examinations, one mid-term and one final. The first two assignments deal with basic C programming and functions, and the other two with classes and inheritance. The mid-term covers the basics of programming, including functions, and the final focuses on the use of classes and inheritance. The performance of students in the course was measured in the two semesters before and in the two semesters after introducing the use of the same problem. This was done by collecting the student scores for the assignments and examinations. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the means of the scores for the last two assignments and the final before and after introducing the use of the same assignment problem, but no significant differences in the means of the scores for the first two assignments and the mid-term. This would indicate that using the same problem for assignments in programming classes could improve student learning by allowing students to focus on the technique, such as inheritance, rather than having first to understand new program requirements. This approach also has the advantage from an instructor's viewpoint, in that it will reduce the amount of time spent specifying assignments and the time spent in grading as well.


In Unit Operations, Ian Bogost argues that similar principles underlie both literary theory and computation, proposing a literary-technical theory that can be used to analyze particular videogames. Moreover, this approach can be applied beyond videogames: Bogost suggests that any medium -- from videogames to poetry, literature, cinema, or art -- can be read as a configurative system of discrete, interlocking units of meaning, and he illustrates this method of analysis with examples from all these fields. The marriage of literary theory and information technology, he argues, will help humanists take technology more seriously and hep technologists better understand software and videogames as cultural artifacts. This approach is especially useful for the comparative analysis of digital and nondigital artifacts and allows scholars from other fields who are interested in studying videogames to avoid the esoteric isolation of "game studies." The richness of Bogost's comparative approach can be seen in his discussions of works by such philosophers and theorists as Plato, Badiou, Zizek, and McLuhan, and in his analysis of numerous videogames including Pong, Half-Life, and Star Wars Galaxies. Bogost draws on object technology and complex adaptive systems theory for his method of unit analysis, underscoring the configurative aspects of a wide variety of human processes. His extended analysis of freedom in large virtual spaces examines Grand Theft Auto 3, The Legend of Zelda, Flaubert's Madame Bovary, and Joyce's Ulysses. In Unit Operations, Bogost not only offers a new methodology for videogame criticism but argues for the possibility of real collaboration between the humanities and information technology.


Are the standard laws of Physics really fundamental principles? Does the physical vacuum have a more primordial internal structure? Are quarks, leptons, gauge bosons… ultimate elementary objects? These three basic questions are actually closely related. If the deep vacuum structure and dynamics turn out to be less trivial than usually depicted, the conventional "elementary" particles will most likely be excitations of such a vacuum dynamics that remains by now unknown. We then expect relativity and quantum mechanics to be low-energy limits of a more fundamental dynamical pattern that generates them at a deeper level. It may even happen that vacuum drives the expansion of the Universe from its own inner dynamics. Inside such a vacuum structure, the speed of light would not be the critical speed for vacuum constituents and propagating signals. The natural scenario would be the superbradyon (superluminal preon) pattern we postulated in 1995, with a new critical speed c s much larger than the speed of light c just as c is much larger than the speed of sound. Superbradyons are assumed to be the bradyons of a super-relativity associated to c s (a Lorentz invariance with c s as the critical speed). Similarly, the standard relativistic space-time with four real coordinates would not necessarily hold beyond low-energy and comparatively local distance scales. Instead, the spinorial space-time (SST) with two complex coordinates we introduced in 1996-97 may be the suitable one to describe the internal structure of vacuum and standard "elementary" particles and, simultaneously, Cosmology at very large distance scales. If the constituents of the preonic vacuum are superluminal, quantum entanglement appears as a natural property provided c s ≫ c . The value of c s can even be possibly found experimentally by studying entanglement at large distances. It is not excluded that preonic constituents of vacuum can exist in our Universe as free particles ("free" superbradyons), in which case we expect them to be weakly coupled to standard matter. If a preonic vacuum is actually leading the basic dynamics of Particle Physics and Cosmology, and standard particles are vacuum excitations, the Godel-Cohen incompleteness will apply to vacuum dynamics whereas the conventional laws of physics will actually be approximate and have error bars. We discuss here the possible role of the superbradyonic vacuum and of the SST in generating Quantum Mechanics, as well as the implications of such a dynamical origin of the conventional laws of Physics and possible evidences in experiments and observations. Black holes, gravitational waves, possible "free" superbradyons or preonic waves, unconventional vacuum radiation… are considered from this point of view paying particular attention to LIGO, VIRGO and CERN experiments. This lecture is dedicated to the memory of John Bell


The aim of the paper is to provide an in-depth evaluation of the research output of yoga intervention on type 2 diabetes mellitus from 1975 to 2019 using large-scale data analysis, bibliometric indicators, and density equalizing mapping. Data related to yoga-diabetic research, as search descriptors were retrieved using the Scopus database. The most common bibliometric indicators were annual research output, total citations, productive countries and leading authors, journals and institutions, and frequently cited articles. The number of global research articles retrieved for yoga-diabetic research over the study period 1975–2019 was 411. The growth rate of global publications in 2015–2019 is four times as high as in 1975–2003. The total number of citations for the retrieved articles was 7189, and the average number of citations per article was 23.82. Of these journals, the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine has published the highest number of papers, which accounts for 2.9% of total publications. This study showed a wide variety of journals in which yoga-diabetic articles are published; these bibliometric indicators provide useful information on performance assessment of productivity and quality of research output. Therefore, this study provides a helpful reference for endocrinologists, yoga therapists, policy decision-makers, and diabetes researchers.


Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is a rare malignant tumour of the endometrium, accounts for less than 1% of all uterine malignancies. Routinely, it is diagnosed morphologically, supported by immunomarkers of CD10 and vimentin. CD56 is used widely in neuroendocrine tumour. In our current practice, CD56 is not used to support the diagnosis of ESS. We present a case of a postmenopausal lady with advanced ESS who had expression of CD56 upon immunohistochemical study.


As many other organisations, the Finnish government aims at efficient office use and supporting the core activities of its agencies. This demand has pushed the government real estate organization to develop its facility management service processes. This paper focuses on a process that develops solutions for the agencies. The service process is currently under standardization in order to use it efficiently and to increase the quality of the services nationwide. In this paper, the aim is to analyse the process under standardization from lean management perspective to identify key areas of future development. The process under standardization is studied via multiple case studies including three case processes. The main data material consists of process materials, such as memos, contracts and minutes, and interviews. The analysis identifies three issues that require special attention in order to avoid limiting the value creation in the process. First, standardisation should be developed in the separation of requirements from solutions. If a solution becomes a requirement, the process will most likely be disturbed. For example, to match the solution of own rooms to an open plan office is more difficult than to match the requirements of increased feeling of privacy and co-operation. Second, standard information inputs should be qualified in order to avoid making-do. Currently, making-do interrupts the service process. Finally, the standardisation should cover at least information inputs, operations, and the order of operations. Standardisation of the process is a critical step to increase efficiency. However, standardisation requires a careful examination and continuous improvements to avoid standardising waste and value losses.


S. Gonzalez, and W. Foster. 2010. Region-level yield and area price elasticities for Chilean wheat incorporating climate variables. Cien. Inv. Agr. 37(3): 47-56. Wheat yields have increased in Chile in the last thirty years due in part to incentives, increased input use and improved varieties. Region-specific price elasticities of per-hectare yields and planted hectares are estimated using region-level data for the period 1975-2007. Price-yield and price-hectare elasticities are similar, although slightly lower than those obtained by Morales and Foster (2002) in all regions, ranging between 0.33 and 0.73 for yields and between 0 and 0.43 for hectares. Values of price elasticity for total production range between 0.38 and 1.12. For two of the regions studied, climate variables were available and their inclusion results in a reduction in of the elasticity of total production with respect to price. The results suggest that the inclusion of climate variables should be considered when estimating producer responses to prices and when projecting the likely impacts of forecasted climate changes on producer decisions.


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An 81-year-old male with an infected aortic valve presents to the orthopaedic service with a painful total knee of unclear chronicity and several weeks of intravenous antibiotics. While some prosthetic joint infections (PJI) present very clearly, many come as consultations after previous partial work-up, administration of antibiotics, and an unclear history or timeline. Even in these more "real-world" clinical scenarios, the development of evidence-based practices will allow the orthopaedic surgeon the ability to accurately detect PJI and prudently determine when to take a patient to the operating room. The most widely-accepted algorithm is that developed by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS), which utilizes major and minor criteria and a scoring system that diagnoses PJI. Beyond this scoring system, recent studies have also shown the utility of laboratory tests, including serum and synovial fluid tests, as well as next generation sequencing techniques. These, with the addition of both simple radioimaging and more advanced nuclear imaging tests, provide surgeons the tools required to make the determination of PJI even in the most complex or difficult clinical scenarios. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 30(4):212-215, 2021).


Online open knowledge sharing is the idea that the Internet can promote the aggregation and dissemination of useful knowledge between a potentially large number of people. Starting from the knowledge sharing idea, various types of online open knowledge sharing services have provided the central platform for users to interact with each other, share their knowledge, and even jointly create new knowledge. In this study, we derive two research questions: 1) what framework can better explain online knowledge contribution? and 2) what factors influence online knowledge contribution? The study draws on both social learning theory and the social model of knowledge creation to investigate the overall antecedents of knowledge contribution and to examine three facets, user-oriented, serviceoriented, and community-oriented knowledge contribution behaviour. In the study, we examine which knowledge sharing antecedents motivate people to contribute to knowledge sharing in the framework based on the social model of knowledge creation. We then verify each variable and hypothesis using a survey and the PLS analysis. This study uses social learning perspective to include all three aspects of knowledge sharing behaviour: personal, community-related, and service-related antecedents. With this new perspective, while previous studies have focused on personal cognitive factors in this area, this study examines the integrative influence of factors from social learning and social knowledge creation antecedents. In addition, our findings offer guidance and insights for knowledge sharing service practitioners and managers who are trying to encourage users' contributions.


Abstract A survey of the Boston Harbor Islands national park area yielded 175 lichen species in 67 genera, and 70 bryophyte species in 44 genera. Ten percent of the lichens represent a maritime floristic element, and 4% represent a coastal plain element. Caloplaca verruculifera, an orange lichen of rocky shores, is reported new for Massachusetts. Human disturbance and air pollution seem to be the major factors limiting the colonization of lichens and bryophytes on the islands, and specific recommendations for protecting sensitive lichen and bryophyte communities are presented.


A video series presenting an overview of the Savannah River Site's (SRS) mission and operations. Each episode features a specific area/operation and how it contributes to help make the world safer. This episode features F Area's mission and operations.