The formation and expansion of Himalayan glacial lakes has implications for glacier dynamics, mass balance and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Subaerial and subaqueous calving is an important component of glacier mass loss but they have been difficult to track due to spatiotemporal resolution limitations in remote sensing data and few field observations. In this study, we used near-daily 3 m resolution PlanetScope imagery in conjunction with an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) survey to quantify calving events and derive an empirical area–volume relationship to estimate calved glacier volume from planimetric iceberg areas. A calving event at Thulagi Glacier in 2017 was observed by satellite from before and during the event to nearly complete melting of the icebergs, and was observed in situ midway through the melting period, thus giving insights into the melting processes. In situ measurements of Thulagi Lake's surface and water column indicate that daytime sunlight absorption heats mainly just the top metre of water, but this heat is efficiently mixed downwards through the top tens of metres due to forced convection by wind-blown icebergs; this heat then is retained by the lake and is available to melt the icebergs. Using satellite data, we assess seasonal glacier velocities, lake thermal regime and glacier surface elevation change for Thulagi, Lower Barun and Lhotse Shar glaciers and their associated lakes. The data reveal widely varying trends, likely signifying divergent future evolution. Glacier velocities derived from 1960/70s declassified Corona satellite imagery revealed evidence of glacier deceleration for Thulagi and Lhotse Shar glaciers, but acceleration at Lower Barun Glacier following lake development. We used published modelled ice thickness data to show that upon reaching their maximum extents, Imja, Lower Barun and Thulagi lakes will contain, respectively, about 90 × 106, 62 × 106 and 5 × 106 m3 of additional water compared to their 2018 volumes. Understanding lake–glacier interactions is essential to predict future glacier mass loss, lake formation and associated hazards.


We study the propagation of stationary waves in disordered non-linear media described by the nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation and show that for given boundary conditions and a given coherent wave incident on the sample, the number of solutions of the equation increases exponentially with sample size. We also discuss the ballistic case, the sensitivity of the solutions to the change of external parameters, the similarity of this problem to the problem of spin glasses and time-dependent solutions.


We present a technique for capturing an actor's live-action performance in such a way that the lighting and reflectance of the actor can be designed and modified in postproduction. Our approach is to illuminate the subject with a sequence of time-multiplexed basis lighting conditions, and to record these conditions with a high-speed video camera so that many conditions are recorded in the span of the desired output frame interval. We investigate several lighting bases for representing the sphere of incident illumination using a set of discrete LED light sources, and we estimate and compensate for subject motion using optical flow and image warping based on a set of tracking frames inserted into the lighting basis. To composite the illuminated performance into a new background, we include a time-multiplexed matte within the basis. We also show that the acquired data enables time-varying surface normals, albedo, and ambient occlusion to be estimated, which can be used to transform the actor's reflectance to produce both subtle and stylistic effects.


We present a variant of the quantum relational Hoare logic from (Unruh, POPL 2019) that allows us to use "expectations" in preand postconditions. That is, when reasoning about pairs of programs, our logic allows us to quantitatively reason about how much certain pre-/postconditions are satisfied that refer to the relationship between the programs inputs/outputs.


Benzodiazepines are widely used drugs that enhance inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. This pharmacological profile causes both anxiolytic and sedative effects. In an attempt to better understand the enormous heterogeneity of GABAA receptors, Löw et al. selectively tried to silence specific receptor subunits. They discovered that the α2 subunit of the GABAA receptor mediates the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepines. This finding could lead to the development of new drugs for the treatment of anxiety without the side effects of sedation or motor impairment. Löw, K., Crestani, F., Keist, R., Benke, D., Brünig, I., Benson, J.A., Fritschy, J.-M., Rülicke, T., Bluethmann, H., Möhler, H., and Rudolph, U. (2000) Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science 290: 131-134. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Conventional vaccines are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously via hypodermic needles, causing pain and stress. Since the skin is a powerful immune organ, it is not surprising that intradermal injections result in potent immune responses. However, they are relatively difficult to perform and very painful. Advances in microfabrication techniques make microneedle-based dermal vaccination a viable alternative to traditional injections. Microneedles are micron-sized structures with a length of less than 1 mm that are used to deliver drugs, including vaccines, into the skin. The minimally-invasive, potentially pain free nature and ease of drug delivery can reduce the risk of infections and alleviate the need for trained personnel.

This thesis describes several fundamental parameters that influence skin penetration by microneedles as well as factors that affect antigen-specific immune responses in animals following microneedle-based vaccination. Besides, the importance of using a microneedle insertion device for self-administration of microneedles is highlighted. Moreover, ultrathin pH-sensitive surface modifications for microneedles were developed to improve the coating of antigens and the efficiency of microneedle-mediated vaccine delivery. Finally, a method was developed to fabricate hollow microneedles, which were successfully used for polio vaccination. In conclusion, these studies provide important new insights for enabling pain free vaccination via the skin.


The costs of poor psychological health to employees and organisations continue to mount, with the psychosocial work environment implicated as a causal factor. Despite this, organisational-level interventions aiming to address these working conditions have been under-represented in the literature and, where evident, provide inconsistent findings. Much of this inconsistency has been attributed to the complexity of such interventions and the many contextual and process-related factors that can affect their implementation and outcomes. Consequently, there is a growing recognition that research needs to consider this within research designs, which has previously been lacking, in order to learn from and improve interventions (Biron, Karanika-Murray, & Cooper, 2012). This study incorporated process evaluation, using Nielsen and Abildgaard's (2013) framework, to assess the effects of an organisation-wide project to address psychosocial stress-risks in a large UK public sector organisation (N = 4,675) against a backdrop of austerity-related budget cuts.

The project followed a stepwise process beginning with a baseline stress-risk assessment survey (n = 1,425) to identify the main psychosocial stress-risk factors (work demands, change & how it was managed, and manager support) and inform the development and implementation of interventions. This led the organisation to the develop interventions targeting communication, support, and recognition. A follow-up survey was conducted 14-months later (n = 1,008). Repeated measures ANOVA's of employees who completed surveys at both time-points (n = 552) showed that employees' exposure to and perceptions of interventions were significantly associated with changes in psychosocial conditions targeted by them. Process evaluation also highlighted the crucial role played by the challenging context, which affected the time and resources available to the project, and its coordination. This thesis heeds calls for more consideration of process and context in intervention research, as well as supporting its value in terms of interpreting findings and drawing important lessons that can be used to improve future efforts.


Deniable encryption is an important notion that allows a user (a sender and/or a receiver) to escape a coercion attempted by a coercive adversary. Such an adversary approaches the coerced user after transmission forcing him to reveal all his random inputs used during encryption or decryption. Since traditional encryption schemes commits the user to his random inputs, the user is forced to reveal the true values of all his random inputs (including the encrypted/decrypted messages and the encryption/decryption keys) which are verifiable by this coercer using the intercepted ciphertext. In this scenario, a coercer may force the user to perform actions against his wish. In this paper we present a scheme for senderdeniable public-key encryption, by which, the sender is able to lie about the encrypted message to a coercer and hence, escape a coercion. While the receiver is able to decrypt for the true message, the sender has the ability to open a fake message of his choice to the coercer which when verified gives the same ciphertext as the true message. Our schemes rely on quadratic residuosity of a two-prime modulus. Deniability improvements to these schemes considering the sender's local randomness are also presented. We also show how to build an efficient deniable public-key encryption from any trapdoor permutation. Compared to the schemes proposed in [5], our schemes require much less bandwidth, provide stronger deniability and no decryption errors.


. The linear relativistic theory of electron cyclotron wave propagation predicts partial absorption of the extraordinary mode at the third electron cyclotron harmonic for typical parameters of present day tokamak plasmas. Since the waves are not totally damped, a quantitative confirmation of such predictions is important to establish this particular resonance scheme firmly for plasma heating and current drive. Specific experiments have been performed on Tore Supra, to measure the optical thickness of the third harmonic extraordinary mode for vertical propagation, over the full frequency spectrum. Comparison with ray tracingiabsorption calculations pro-vides a direct validation of the linear relativistic theory.


A popular approach to make neocartilage in vitro is to immobilize cells with chondrogenic potential in hydrogels. However, functional cartilage cannot be obtained by control of cells only, as function of cartilage is largely dictated by architecture of extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, characterization of the cells, coupled with structural and biochemical characterization of ECM, is essential in understanding neocartilage assembly to create functional implants in vitro. We focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) immobilized in alginate hydrogels, and used immunohistochemistry (IHC) and gene expression analysis combined with advanced microscopy techniques to describe properties of cells and distribution and organization of the forming ECM. In particular, we used second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy and focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) to study distribution and assembly of collagen. Samples with low cell seeding density (1e7 MSC/ml) showed type II collagen molecules distributed evenly through the hydrogel. However, SHG microscopy clearly indicated only pericellular localization of assembled fibrils. Their distribution was improved in hydrogels seeded with 5e7 MSC/ml. In those samples, FIB/SEM with nm resolution was used to visualize distribution of collagen fibrils in a three dimensional network extending from the pericellular region into the ECM. In addition, distribution of enzymes involved in procollagen processing were investigated in the alginate hydrogel by IHC. It was discovered that, at high cell seeding density, procollagen processing and fibril assembly was also occurring far away from the cell surface, indicating sufficient transport of procollagen and enzymes in the intercellular space. At lower cell seeding density, the concentration of enzymes involved in procollagen processing was presumably too low. FIB/SEM and SHG microscopy combined with IHC localization of specific proteins were shown to provide meaningful insight into ECM assembly of neocartilage, which will lead to better understanding of cartilage formation and development of new tissue engineering strategies.


George Chapman's translations of Homer are the most famous in the English language. Keats immortalized the work of the Renaissance dramatist and poet in the sonnet "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer." Swinburne praised the translations for their "romantic and sometimes barbaric grandeur," their "freshness, strength, and inextinguishable fire." The great critic George Saintsbury (1845-1933) wrote: "For more than two centuries they were the resort of all who, unable to read Greek, wished to know what Greek was. Chapman is far nearer Homer than any modern translator in any modern language." This volume presents the original (1611) text of Chapman's translation of the Iliad, making only a small number of modifications to punctuation and wording where they might confuse the modern reader. The editor, Allardyce Nicoll, provides an introduction and a glossary. Garry Wills contributes a preface, in which he explains how Chapman tapped into the poetic consonance between the semi-divine heroism of the Iliad's warriors and the cosmological symbols of Renaissance humanism.


The key components of a sedimentgraph prediction procedure for small agricultural catchments are outlined in the paper. An instantaneous unit sedimentgraph (IUSG) based on the IUH and on a dimensionless sediment concentration distribution is developed, and used for transforming the sediment produced during a specified rainfall duration into a sedimentgraph. Rainfall-runoff-suspended sediment transport data from the River Dart basin, in Devon, UK, are used to evaluate several relationships for sediment yield estimation. The relationship between the lag time of the direct runoff hydrograph and the sedimentgraph is analysed, and the use of these lag times for estimating an IUSG (sediment routing) parameter is examined. The effectiveness of the proposed sedimentgraph prediction procedure is demonstrated by the successful regeneration of a measured sedimentgraph.


Beethoven's rich compositional language evokes unique problems that have fueled scholarly dialogue for many years. My analyses focus on two types of paradoxes as central compositional problems in some of Beethoven's symphonic pieces and piano sonatas. My readings of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 27 (Op. 90), Symphony No. 4 (Op. 60), and Symphony No. 8 (Op. 93) explore the nature and significance of paradoxical unresolved six-four chords and their impact on tonal structure. I consider formal-tonal paradoxes in Beethoven's Tempest Sonata (Op. 31, No. 2), Ninth Symphony (Op. 125), and Overture die Weihe des Hauses (Op. 124). Movements that evoke formal-tonal paradoxes retain the structural framework of a paradigmatic interrupted structure, but contain unique voice-leading features that superimpose an undivided structure on top of the "residual" interrupted structure.
Carl Schachter's observations about "genuine double meaning" and his arguments about the interplay between design and tonal structure in "Either/Or" establish the foundation for my analytical approach to paradox. Timothy Jackson's reading of Brahms' "Immer leiser word meine Schlummer" (Op. 105, No. 2) and Stephen Slottow's "Von einem Kunstler: Shapes in the Clouds" both clarify the methodology employed here. My interpretation of paradox involves more than just a slight contradiction between two Schenkerian readings; it involves fundamentally opposed readings, that both result from valid, logical lines of analytical reasoning.
In my view, paradoxes could be considered a central part of Beethoven's persona and philosophy. Beethoven's romantic endeavors and his relationships with mentors suggest that paradoxes might have been central to his bravura. Furthermore, Beethoven's familiarity with the politics of the French Revolution and Shakespearean literature suggest that paradoxes in some pieces (including the Ninth Symphony) could be metaphorical representations of his ideology. However, I do not attempt to explicitly link specific style features to extra-musical ideas.
Modern Schenkerian scholars continue to expand and refine Schenker's formal-tonal models as well as his concept of interruption. In my view, by considering paradox as a focal compositional problem, we can better understand some of the formal-tonal issues and shifting allegiances in Beethoven's music and take another step beyond the rigidity of some paradigmatic formal-tonal prototypes.


Process heating is typically more than half of the total final energy demand in the textile industry, most of which is usually provided by fossil fuels. There is significant potential to decarbonize the textile industry by the electrification of process heating where low-carbon electricity is used. This study aims to quantify the potential for the electrification of process heating in the textile sector in three of the top textile manufacturing and exporting countries in the world. The results show that the total annual potential energy savings due to the electric steam boiler applications are estimated to be around 92, 2.4, and 2.5 PJ in China, Japan, and Taiwan, respectively, by 2050. This is equal to approximately 19% of the total boiler energy demand in the three economies. Similarly, annual potential energy savings of 8.6, 0.21, and 0.24 PJ can be realized if the existing fossil-fuel-fired thermal oil boilers are electrified in the textile industry in China, Japan, and Taiwan, respectively, by 2050. Moreover, the potential CO2 abatement resulting from the electrification is highly dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity used. The economic analysis shows that switching from combustion boilers to electric boilers may result in higher energy costs primarily because the average electricity prices in all three economies are substantially higher than fossil fuel prices. Finally, some key recommendations that different stakeholders can take to scale up electrification in the textile industry are provided.


Transfer of businesses or parts of businesses has been arranged in the article 6 of the Employment Act No.4857 in detail and in conformity with the Council Directive 2001/23/EC of 12 March 2001 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses. In the field of Labour Law practice, the protection of employees and to ensure the safeguarding of their rights are the most important subjects in the event of the transfer of businesses or parts of businesses especially the economic conditions of the present day is taken into consideration. In this article, business and undertaking has been definedand the effecets of the transfer of business or parts of bussiness on the employment contracts have been analyzed due to the arrangements in the Employment Act No.4857 and the Council Directive 77/187/EEC which has been amended by the Council Directive 2001/23/EC


Development of a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a public health priority. We designed subunit vaccine candidates using self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles displaying one of two multimerized SARS-CoV-2 spikes: full-length ectodomain (S-Fer) or a C-terminal 70 amino-acid deletion (SΔC-Fer). Ferritin is an attractive nanoparticle platform for production of vaccines and ferritin-based vaccines have been investigated in humans in two separate clinical trials. We confirmed proper folding and antigenicity of spike on the surface of ferritin by cryo-EM and binding to conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies. After a single immunization of mice with either of the two spike ferritin particles, a lentiviral SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay revealed mean neutralizing antibody titers at least 2-fold greater than those in convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients. Additionally, a single dose of SΔC-Fer elicited significantly higher neutralizing responses as compared to immunization with the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) monomer or spike ectodomain trimer alone. After a second dose, mice immunized with SΔC-Fer exhibited higher neutralizing titers than all other groups. Taken together, these results demonstrate that multivalent presentation of SARS-CoV-2 spike on ferritin can notably enhance elicitation of neutralizing antibodies, thus constituting a viable strategy for single-dose vaccination against COVID-19.


WHETHER in the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, the countries of the EU (European Union), the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) and Central and Eastern European countries, the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries, or others, interest in and attention to early care and education (ECE) is clearly growing. For the first time in about three decades, the OECD carried out a thematic review of ECE policies and programs in 20 of its 30 member countries, and UNESCO joined with the OECD in a subsequent review of ECE in four developing (or less-developed) countries, Brazil, Indonesia, Kenya, and Kazakhstan. ECE is a policy priority throughout the EU countries in particular, even if curricula and rates of coverage vary. My focus here will be on three trends in ECE policy that have emerged in the EU and in selected OECD countries that are collectively referred to as "advanced industrialized countries." Two factors have been especially important in bringing ECE to the forefront in these countries. First, increasing numbers of women have entered the labor force. Thus ECE services have become necessary to ensure that men and women have equal work opportunities and to facilitate the reconciliation of work and family life. Second, there has been a growing recognition that a positive group experience enhances the cognitive, social, and emotional development of children and can help compensate for early disadvantages that many children experience. THREE POLICY TRENDS Among the advanced industrialized countries, there have been three important recent developments in the area of ECE policy: * specifying targets for achieving an expansion of ECE services, often by the year 2010; * extending the duration of paid parental leaves, both to support the nurturing and caring role of parents and to reduce the need for out-of-home infant and toddler care; and * changing the governance structure of ECE so that all policies and programs fall under the auspices of education, rather than being divided between education and health or social welfare. EXPANDING ECE SERVICES Increasing the employment rate in the EU, especially the percentage of women in the labor force, is an explicit goal of the European employment strategy. (1) At its Lisbon summit in March 2000, the EU set a goal to increase the rate of female employment from 51% at that time to 57% by 2005 and 60% by 2010. Two years later, at the Barcelona summit, the EU took an important step toward achieving this goal by setting specific targets for the expansion of ECE services: at least 90% of children between age 3 and the age of compulsory school entry (age 5, 6, or 7) and at least 33% of children under age 3 are to be enrolled in ECE programs by 2010. Although not binding, the Barcelona targets emphasize the importance of ECE for working parents, just as earlier the OECD had emphasized the importance of ECE for children's socialization and future school success. (2) The Barcelona targets for young children have not yet been achieved; however, access to ECE programs is clearly increasing. Nine of the 25 EU countries plus Norway and Iceland have already achieved the 90% goal for this age group, and half of the 16 remaining countries have 80% of this group enrolled. Among the OECD countries, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the UK enroll around 90% of their children by the age of 4 in free (or very low-cost) early education services. Not all of the programs cover the full workday, but the school day in these countries is often significantly longer than the U.S school day. EXTENDING PARENTAL LEAVE Now we turn to the goal for the under-3s. While not all countries have a sufficient supply of services to cover one-third of the under-3s, some countries have established an alternative approach: paid and job-protected leaves from work to allow parents to care for a very young child at home. …


Winner of 2013 IBPA Ben Franklin Award! This book presents a fantastic comprehensive approach to modern rhinology management from the leaders in a field that has significantly evolved over the [last] 10 years. I am impressed with how the book provides an academic science approach to the field of rhinology. -- Jennifer Decker, MD, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Drs. David Kennedy and Peter Hwang bring together the expertise of a who's who of rhinology specialists in Rhinology: Diseases of the Nose, Sinuses, and Skull Base, a major reference covering current knowledge on the pathogenesis as well as the medical and surgical management of sinonasal and skull base disorders. It offers in-depth coverage of all key topics in the subspecialty of rhinology, ranging from rhinosinusitis to endoscopic skull base reconstruction and more. Key Features: * A substantial section on surgical methods for treating skull base disorders, including endoscopic skull base surgery * A DVD containing 21 professionally produced videos, narrated by Dr. Kennedy, and showing various contributors demonstrating the key pearls and pitfalls of surgical techniques discussed in the book * One hundred detailed color illustrations by medical artist Christine Gralapp, along with over 600 photos and x-rays * Comprehensive coverage of sinonasal anatomy and physiology, as well as the medical and surgical aspects of sinonasal disease and skull base tumors This multimedia reference is the definitive go-to guide for rhinology residents as well as a comprehensive reference for practicing otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons who wish to expand their surgical expertise, develop a broader armamentarium of techniques, and successfully manage their patients with sinonasal and skull base disorders.


In the wake of declining bar passage numbers and limited placement options for law grads, a new bar exam has emerged: the UBE. Drawn to an allusive promise of portability, thirty-six U.S. jurisdictions have adopted the UBE. I predict that in a few years' time, the UBE will be administered in all states and U.S. territories. The UBE has snowballed from an idea into the primary gateway for entry into the practice of law. But the UBE is not a panacea that will solve the bar passage problems that U.S. law schools face. Whether or not to adopt a uniform exam is no longer the question. Now that the UBE has firmly taken root, the question to be answered is: "What can be done to make sure that the UBE does less harm than good?"

This Article will, in four parts, examine the meteoric rise and spread of the UBE and the potential costs of its quick adoption. Part I will survey the gradual move away from state law exams to the jurisdictionally neutral UBE. Part II will identify correlations between recent changes to the multistate exams and a stark national decline in bar passage rates. Part III will address the limitations of the UBE, including the misleading promise of score portability and the consequences of forum shopping. Part IV will propose additional measures that can coexist with the UBE to counterbalance its limitations to make a better bar exam for law graduates and the clients they will serve.


This paper presents the start-up and synchronization procedures of a variable-speed pump-turbine unit of 250 MW in pumping mode. These procedures applied to a doubly-fed induction motor-generator with three-level voltage source inverters VSI cascade in the rotor side, can be achieved without any supplementary equipment. The control strategy used in the start-up procedure and based on a stator flux oriented control, is described in details as well as different steps in order to reach the minimal speed required for synchronization. The controls of the amplitude, frequency and phase of the stator voltage related to the synchronization procedure are presented. Simulated results confirm the validity of the proposed approach.


This paper presents a simplified generator model for use in dynamic studies of electric power systems. The proposed model captures important characteristics of generators that include voltage and frequency variation as well as excitation limits. The behavior of the model is compared to that of a well-accepted higher order model through application to an example two-bus power system. Examination of equilibria with or without excitation limits, responses to load variations, and responses to step inputs indicate that the proposed model captures key behaviors, and may often be sufficient for analysis of power system dynamics.


We propose a new video conference display that replicates the eye contact back channel information available to the attendees of actual conferences. The display consists of multiple screens that present remote participants' faces so as to show their gaze direction, i.e., the direction in which they are looking. We introduce a prototype video conference terminal with two screens and demonstrate that it offers eye contact with directivity of up to 17 deg. In addition, the screens replicate the participants' gaze direction from the relative positions of the face and eyes.


The strategies that Romanians employ to negotiate the capitalist economy are much like those they used under socialism. Nepotism and bribery are seen as necessary for navigating a broken system. At the political level, however, recent anti-corruption campaigns have brought spectacular results. Jill Massino examines how the shift to a market economy and ongoing corruption have affected individuals' civic identities, everyday practices and perceptions of the state and the EU.


The Yungang Grottoes are a collection of man-made Buddhist Cave Temples in the northern part of Shanxi Province in the People's Republic of China. These cave temples were carved into the face of a cliff in the 5th century AD and contain more than 50,000 Buddhist sculptures, some of which retain their historical coloring. The sculptures in the caves are soiled at a rapid rate by the deposition of airborne particles, generated in part by activities in one of China's largest coal mining regions. During the month of April, 1991, an extensive environmental monitoring experiment was conducted there, and additional measurements were made through the following year. The overall purpose of that work was to characterize the exposure of the grottoes to air pollutants in a manner that will establish a basis for the future protection of the grottoes from air pollution damage.

First, measurements were made in order to quantify the particulate air pollution levels at Yungang, and to gather data necessary for verification of models that predict the fate of airborne particles as they deposit onto surfaces inside the caves. Average mass deposition rates to horizontal surfaces of 13.42 [mu]g m[superscript -2] s[superscript -1] outdoors and 5.23 [mu]g m[superscript -2] s[superscript -1] inside Cave 6 were measured over a one year period in 1991-92. These rates are comparable to the rates inferred by examination of historically accumulated deposits within the caves. The surface area coverage by coarse particles is dominated by particles larger than about 10-20 [mu]m in diameter, while the mass flux is dominated by even larger particles greater than 20-30 [mu]m in diameter. Comparison of the deposition rate in Cave 6, which retains a wooden temple structure in front of the cave entrances, to that in Cave 9 which is open to the outdoors shows that the wooden shelter does provide some protection. During April 1991, the deposition rate to horizontal surfaces in Cave 6 was 4.5 [mu]g m[superscript -2] s[superscript -1] compared to 13.4 [mu]g m[superscript -2] s[superscript -1] in Cave 9 and 21.5 [mu]g m[superscript -2] s[superscript -1] outdoors.

Also during April, 1991, temperatures and air exchange rates were measured at Caves 6 and 9 at Yungang in order to establish baseline parameters necessary for modeling the air flow that carries air pollutant particles into and out of the caves. Air flow through the caves was found to be governed by a natural convection flow pattern that is driven by the difference between the temperature of the outdoor air and the temperature of the interior walls of the caves. During the day, warm outdoor air enters the upper entrances to the caves, is cooled by the cave walls and flows out through the ground level exits from the caves, while during the night the situation is reversed. The average air velocity at the entrance of Cave 9 during the course of the experiment was 0.274 m s[superscript -1], amounting to an air exchange rate of 121 m[superscript 3] min[superscript -1], which achieves one complete air change within Cave 9 in only 4.3 minutes on average. Cave 6 is larger than Cave 9, and air flow through Cave 6 is restricted by the presence of the wooden temple structure that is built over the entrances to Cave 6, yielding times to achieve a complete air exchange within Cave 6 that are typically 4 times longer than at Cave 9 under the April conditions studied. A theoretical model has been developed that takes as input cave wall and outdoor air temperatures and then predicts indoor air temperatures as well as air velocities at the entrance to the caves. The model can be used to predict air flows through the caves in the presence of increased resistance to air flow such as may occur following the future installation of filtration systems for particle removal at the caves.

Next, computer-based models have been constructed that simulate the particle deposition processes within the caves. The evolution of the airborne particle concentration and size distribution is tracked as outdoor air is drawn into the caves by a natural convection flow that is driven by the temperature difference between the outdoor air and the interior walls of the caves. Particle deposition rates are computed from the boundary layer flows along the surfaces within the caves. Predicted aerosol size distributions and particle deposition fluxes within Caves 6 and 9 at Yungang are compared to experimental observations made during the period April 15-16, 1991. It is found that horizontal surfaces within Caves 6 and 9 at Yungang would become completely covered by a full monolayer of deposited particles in only 0.3-0.5 years under the April 15-16 conditions studied here, and will be soiled even more rapidly under annual average conditions.

Finally, alternative approaches to the control of the particle deposition problem within the Yungang Grottoes are examined using the computer models described earlier. Two general approaches are possible: (1) control of particle concentrations in the outdoor air through reduction of particle generation at local sources, and (2) removal of particles from the air entering the caves by filtration or similar technical means. Both mechanical filtration and passive filtration systems are examined. It was found that mechanical filtration using high efficiency filters will reduce the mass of particles deposited onto upward facing surfaces within the caves by more than 99% provided that the infiltration of unfiltered air into the caves is eliminated. Passive filtration, where the existing natural convection flow is utilized instead of mechanical fans to drive air through low pressure drop filters, was also examined. It was found that about a 97% reduction of the total mass of particles deposited on horizontal surfaces caves can be achieved by passive filtration if filters are placed in the surface of newly reconstructed shelters in front of the caves that have been designed specifically for that purpose.


We investigated the influence of multiple disturbances on ecosystem structure and function in a headwater stream adjacent to an abandoned arsenic mine using an upstream (reference) and downstream (mine-influenced) comparative reach approach. In this study, floods were addressed as a pulse disturbance, and the abandoned arsenic mine was characterized as a press disturbance. Chronically elevated levels of arsenic were specifically addressed as a ramp disturbance. Stream ecosystem structure and biogeochemical functioning were characterized monthly over a period from July to December 2004 by determining benthic organic matter standing stocks, ecosystem metabolism, and by using solute additions to examine differences in phosphorus uptake and hydrology over the monitoring period. Influences of the press disturbance were evident in the mine-influenced reach where arsenic concentrations (254 ± 39 μg/L) were >30 higher than in the reference reach (8 ± 1 μg/L). However, in almost all cases the presence of the abandoned arsenic mine appeared to exert little influence on reach-scale measures of ecosystem structure and function (e.g., organic matter standing crops, phosphorus uptake). Conversely, floods (i.e., pulse disturbances) influenced organic matter standing stocks and hydrologic interactions between the stream and transient storage zones in both study reaches. Interactions between press and pulse disturbances were evident in several cases and illustrated by phosphorus uptake responses. Phosphorus uptake was best predicted by coarse particulate organic matter standing stocks in the reference reach. However, in the reach exposed to the press disturbance (i.e., mine-influenced reach), both coarse particulate organic matter standing stocks and characteristics of the pulse disturbance regime (i.e., number of days post-flood) were significant predictors of phosphorus uptake. Within the mine-influenced reach, arsenic concentrations increased from 16–600 μg/L and were addressed as a ramp disturbance. Analysis of phosphorus uptake in the mine-influenced reach across a gradient of arsenic concentrations correlated with Michaelis-Menton models of enzyme kinetics in the presence of a competitive inhibitor. These results suggest that arsenic appears to competitively inhibit phosphorus uptake by microbial assemblages in the mine-influenced reach. Results from this study highlight the fact that ecotoxilogical studies at the ecosystem scale should consider not only contaminant influences, but rather place its implications within the extant disturbance regime generated from both natural and anthropogenic sources.


This work establishes the novel category of coordinated Wireless Backhaul Networks (WBNs) for energy-autarkic point-to-point radio backhauling. The networking concept is based on three major building blocks: cost-efficient radio transceiver hardware, a self-organizing network operations framework, and power supply from renewable energy sources. The aim of this novel backhauling approach is to combine carrier-grade network performance with reduced maintenance effort as well as independent and self-sufficient power supply. In order to facilitate the success prospects of this concept, the thesis comprises the following major contributions: Formal, multi-domain system model and evaluation methodology

First, adapted from the theory of cyber-physical systems, the author devises a multi-domain evaluation methodology and a system-level simulation framework for energy-autarkic coordinated WBNs, including a novel balanced scorecard concept. Second, the thesis specifically addresses the topic of Topology Control (TC) in point-to-point radio networks and how it can be exploited for network management purposes. Given a set of network nodes equipped with multiple radio transceivers and known locations, TC continuously optimizes the setup and configuration of radio links between network nodes, thus supporting initial network deployment, network operation, as well as topology re-configuration. In particular, the author shows that TC in WBNs belongs to the class of NP-hard quadratic assignment problems and that it has significant impact in operational practice, e.g., on routing efficiency, network redundancy levels, service reliability, and energy consumption. Two novel algorithms focusing on maximizing edge connectivity of network graphs are developed.

Finally, this work carries out an analytical benchmarking and a numerical performance analysis of the introduced concepts and algorithms. The author analytically derives minimum performance levels of the the developed TC algorithms. For the analyzed scenarios of remote Alpine communities and rural Tanzania, the evaluation shows that the algorithms improve energy efficiency and more evenly balance energy consumption across backhaul nodes, thus significantly increasing the number of available backhaul nodes compared to state-of-the-art TC algorithms.


Considering the crucial role of funding in education today, it is imperative that educators understand the budgeting process thoroughly. By presenting an overview of the basics of financial matters that affect school districts and individual school buildings, this highly practical book spells out the methodology, individual roles, and rationale for site-based budgeting and describes the relationship between central and site levels. It discusses income, expenditures, and accounting responsibilities, and emphasizes the opportunity and obligations of the administration, faculty, staff, school site councils, and central district officials related to the total budgeting, expenditure, and control processes.


This study explores fathers' engagement with home visiting in the "Tennessee Dad" project, a cluster randomized-controlled trial of an in-home parenting education program for fathers delivered alongside a primary home visiting curriculum. Results from three mixed models using data from 2,916 visits with treatment (n = 113) and control (n = 117) condition families indicated that visits to treatment condition families were more likely to have a father present than visits to control condition families, but there were no differences between conditions on participation minutes or level of interest. Nonresidential fathers did not differ from married and cohabiting fathers on presence at home visit, controlling for covariates. Implications are discussed, including the need for father-specific materials and father-inclusive funding.


There is widespread confusion about the nature of religious truth. For the first time in history, a significantly large number of people want nothing to do with God. Militant atheists preach a gospel of godlessness with the zeal of missionaries and find an eager audience. What has happened? Tracing the history of faith from the Palaeolithic Age to the present, Karen Armstrong shows that meaning of words such as 'belief', 'faith', and 'mystery' has been entirely altered, so that atheists and theists alike now think and speak about God - and, indeed, reason itself - in a way that our ancestors would have found astonishing. Does God have a future? Karen Armstrong examines how we can build a faith that speaks to the needs of our troubled and dangerously polarised world.


To understand the physical, chemical and hydromorphological variability of tropical highland Andean rivers (2000 m.a.s.l.), 123 localities in eight river basins in Ecuador and Peru were sampled. The sites were selected according to their latitude, altitude, and impairment degree. The samples were taken between October 2007 and October 2008 coinciding with the dry season at both countries. In each locality both, physical and chemical (i.e., temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, phosphates, nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, etc.) and hydromorphological (i.e., altitude, riparian quality index (QBR), degree of vegetal cover in the stream zone, riparian cover structure and quality, naturalness of the stream channel, aquatic habitat quality index (IHF), substrate composition, rapids frequency, elements of heterogeneity) variables were measured. At regional level (between basins), the mineralization, the hydromorphological features and the aquatic habitat heterogeneity were the most important factors explaining environmental variability. Meanwhile the temperature dissolved, oxygen and habitat heterogeneity parameters were shown to be relevant in the altitudinal gradient, while the mineralization was it in the latitudinal gradient. The importance of each factor is related to the spatial scale studied (site, basin, region). However, the altitude and variables changing with it, as temperature and dissolved oxygen, shown similar patterns regardless of the latitudinal location of the basin.


A uterine malformation is the result of an abnormal development of the Mullerian duct(s) during embryogenesis. The arcuate uterus is a type of congenital uterine malformation where the uterine fundus displays a small midline indentation towards the uterine cavity. A 25 years old woman with history of two abortions was diagnosed as a case of arcuate uterus during her first caesarean section. With proper antenatal care and counseling she has been able to give birth to 2nd baby successfully. No correctable surgery was essential for her. The literature regarding the diagnosis, management, and reproductive outcomes for arcuate uterus is limited and conflicting. A woman with an arcuate uterus can carry a baby to full term pregnancy. However, this condition is associated with a higher risk for miscarriage and premature births. Arcuate uterus is usually managed similarly to septate uterus, and only selected patients who fulfill poor reproductive performance criteria are recommended for surgical correction. Key words: Arcuate uterus; Malformation; Mullerian duct. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v6i2.9213 FMCJ 2011; 6(2): 107-109


A copyright system is designed to produce an ecology that nurtures the creation, dissemination and enjoyment of works of authorship. When it works well, it encourages creators to generate new works, assists intermediaries in disseminating them widely, and supports readers, listeners and viewers in enjoying them. If the system poses difficult entry barriers to creators, imposes demanding impediments on intermediaries, or inflicts burdensome conditions and hurdles on readers, then the system fails to achieve at least some of its purposes. The current U.S. copyright statute is flawed in all three respects. In this article, I explore how the current copyright system is failing its intended beneficiaries. The foundation of copyright law's legitimacy, I argue, derives from its evident benefits for creators and for readers. That foundation is badly cracked, in large part because of the perception that modern copyright law is not especially kind to either creators or to readers; instead, it concentrates power in the hands of the intermediaries who control the conduits between creators and their audience. Those intermediaries have recently used their influence and their copyright rights to obstruct one another's exploitation of copyrighted works. I argue that the concentration of copyright rights in the hands of intermediaries made more economic sense in earlier eras than it does today. The key to real copyright reform, I suggest, is to reallocate copyright's benefits to give more rights to creators, greater liberty to readers, and less control to copyright intermediaries.


Binding of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) to Patched (Ptc) relieves the latter's tonic inhibition of Smoothened (Smo), a receptor that spans the cell membrane seven times. This initiates signaling which, by unknown mechanisms, regulates vertebrate developmental processes. We find that two molecules interact with mammalian Smo in an activation-dependent manner: G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) leads to phosphorylation of Smo, and β-arrestin 2 fused to green fluorescent protein interacts with Smo. These two processes promote endocytosis of Smo in clathrin-coated pits. Ptc inhibits association of β-arrestin 2 with Smo, and this inhibition is relieved in cells treated with Shh. A Smo agonist stimulated and a Smo antagonist (cyclopamine) inhibited both phosphorylation of Smo by GRK2 and interaction of β-arrestin 2 with Smo. β-Arrestin 2 and GRK2 are thus potential mediators of signaling by activated Smo.


Anhydrous potassium benzene sulphonate shows unusual powers of sorbing both non-polar and polar molecular species, often in large quantities. Isotherms have been obtained for various paraffinic, cyclo-paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, for some heterocyclic molecules, for alcohols from methanol to normal and tertiary butyl alcohol, and for other sorbates including carbon tetrachloride, n-perfluoroheptane, ethylamine and water. Many of these isotherms reveal hysteresis associated with nucleation in and subsequent recrystallization of the host crystals of sorbent. The kinetics of sorption can also in many of the sorptions be interpreted quantitatively as growth from nuclei appearing in numbers proportional to the square of the time. In other cases the kinetics follow a √t diffusion law. Potassium benzene sulphonate functions as a sorbent in several ways. Sorption may be confined to external surfaces (cyclohexane, n-perfluoroheptane and iso-octane). With other sorbates lattice penetration and structural rearrangements occur. Structures similar to the so-called 'quarter-hydrate' may be formed between the sulphonate and some aromatic hydrocarbons, while structures similar to the 'hemi-hydrate' may be obtained with some polar molecules (pyridine, thiophene, dioxane, ethylamine). At lower relative pressures of sorbate vapour intermediate stages of intracrystalline rearrangement, preceding formation of quarter- and hemi-hydrate structures, can be detected by X-ray study. Such intermediate stages represent also the limit of sorption by n-heptane, cyclopentane, carbon tetrachloride and t-butanol. With several sorbates the degree of swelling and rearrangement appears to go beyond even the stage of the hemi-hydrate structure. The quarter- and hemi-hydrate structures appear to be zeolitic in properties. Thus the proportions of sorbate to sorbent are not stoicheiometric, and apparent saturation values often decrease with rising temperature. If sorbate is removed by suitably lowering the pressure of the ambient sorbate vapour the zeolitic lattices collapse and revert into intermediate structures less rich in sorbate and finally into sorbate-free sulphonate crystals. Steric factors of shape and size in the sorbate molecules help to determine how much of each species is occluded, and what structures are eventually formed. The polarity of the sorbate molecules is a second important factor governing the sorption process. The crystals have been used in several instances to separate the components of liquid mixtures.


Co-location pattern discovery is to find classes of objects whose associated spatial locations are frequently in proximity. For example, map search queries, which contain keywords in text as well as target locations on the map, can be mined for co-located query patterns, i.e., sets of keyword queries that often search for target locations near one another. Such co-located query patterns can be used in location sensitive query suggestion, Point of Interest (POI) recommendation, and local advertising.
This thesis investigates ways to improve the efficiency of co-location mining for large data sets, e.g., million-entry map search query logs. In particular, we improve the efficiency of the generate-and-test method, which is commonly used in co-location mining. This method iteratively generates instances of candidate patterns, tests and prunes the false candidates.
Through experiments, we find that the major problem in generate-and-test is the excessive number of instances generated for false candidates. This problem causes both the instance generation and the pruning steps to take an unnecessarily long time. Therefore, we propose two orthogonal approaches, DenseMiner and BitmapMiner, to address the problem on instance generation and on pruning respectively. DenseMiner partitions the geographic area of objects and processes the partitions that contain a high density of objects first. This approach works well because the spatial distributions of real-world objects are usually non-uniform. As a result, processing the dense areas first often identifies false candidates early on and avoids generating the instances of these false candidates in the other areas.
BitmapMiner also partitions objects by their geographical locations. It further utilizes a bitmap structure to represent the neighboring relationship between classes of objects. The cell size for the bitmap structure is set based on the overall density of the objects. The candidate pruning in each cell can be done on a per-object basis, on a per-cell basis, or in an adaptive, multi-resolution way to match the spatial distribution of the objects in the cell. Consequently, we test and prune false candidates efficiently based on the bitmaps.
We have conducted experiments on both synthetic data sets and real-world data sets. The experimental results show that our proposed approaches improve the execution time by up to an order of magnitude over prior work.


Basing on Polish experience of about 5 years (since the presence of the African swine fever (ASF) in this country, starting from February 17 th , 2014) and in accordance with literature the importance of the disease in wild boar is charate-rised. ASF belongs to the most dangerous, very contagious diseases occurring in domestic swine and wild boar in Eurasia. In Europe, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Belgium ASF is existing at present and was diagnosed for short time in the frame of the Eurasian pandemy. There is a serious concern of spread-ing of the virus of ASF (ASFV) to other countries of Europe, not only by wild boar. However the reservoir of ASFV in this animal is playing a very important role in the maintenance of the virus and infection of pigs. Long lasting existence of ASFV in the environmnent is connected with the very high resistance to anti-viral environmental factors. Following the lack of an effective immunogenic vac-cine against ASF the disease can only be controlled by administrative measures. Additionally the important and recommended procedure is the significant reduc-tion of the wild boar population. Probability of eradication of ASFV from wild boar is increased after adding quick carcass removal simultaneously by respecting biosecurity rules. If effectively implemented, fencing is more useful to delineating zones rather than adding substantially to increased efficiency of ASF control. However, segments of fencing will be particularly usefull in theses areas, where carcasses removal or intensive hunting is difficult to implement.


OBJECTIVES
To assess the overall dentition status of American adults, to investigate disparities and changes in dentition using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2006 and 2007-2008 and to study the effects of family poverty status, education, citizenship and language on dentition after adjusting for other demographics.

METHODS
Descriptive statistics were used to explore and summarise dentition status. The prevalence of dentition markers over two surveys were compared using tests of proportions and a series of regressions were used to estimate the strength of association of family poverty status, education, citizenship and language with the four markers of dentition status.

RESULTS
Overall, dentition status has improved in adults. However, gaps exist in that non-Hispanic Black and Mexican-Americans have a higher prevalence of dental decay and lower restoration rates than other races. After adjusting for selected demographics, adults with less education (<12 years) and lower family income had significantly higher dental decay rates, lower restoration rates and more missing teeth than those with more education (≥12 years) and those with higher family incomes.

CONCLUSION
This study indicates that disparities in dentition associated with race/ethnicity, education and income still exist among adults in the USA. The results also indicate that to improve overall oral health and close the existing gaps in oral health, increased access to dental care would be needed for people who have low incomes and low levels of education.


The anharmonic properties of low‐dimensional carbon crystal lattices are reviewed. The energy and crystal momentum conservation rules in two‐ and one‐dimensional crystals lead to a drastic reduction of the phase space available for anharmonic phonon decay. This is illustrated with first principles calculations of the anharmonic properties of graphite and graphene. Experimental Raman linewidth data for the Radial Breathing Mode (RBM) in suspended single‐walled carbon nanotubes are also interpreted in terms of a simple model in which a phonon decay bottleneck induced by the low dimensionality leads to a population time dependence in which a fast initial decay is followed by a slow decay determined by the decay rate of a large population of secondary phonons. These results are key to understanding the combined dynamics of electrons and phonons that determines the electrical transport properties in low‐dimensional carbon nanostructures. In the case of the RBM in carbon nanotubes, they raise the intriguing possibility of using the linewidth of the Raman peak to determine the chirality of the nanotube. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


There are serious concerns that ocean acidification will combine with the effects of global warming to cause major shifts in marine ecosystems, but there is a lack of field data on the combined ecological effects of these changes due to the difficulty of creating large-scale, long-term exposures to elevated CO2 and temperature. Here we report the first coastal transplant experiment designed to investigate the effects of naturally acidified seawater on the rates of net calcification and dissolution of the branched calcitic bryozoan Myriapora truncata (Pallas, 1766). Colonies were transplanted to normal (pH 8.1), high (mean pH 7.66, minimum value 7.33) and extremely high CO2 conditions (mean pH 7.43, minimum value 6.83) at gas vents off Ischia Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). The net calcification rates of live colonies and the dissolution rates of dead colonies were estimated by weighing after 45 days (May‐June 2008) and after 128 days (July‐October) to examine the hypothesis that high CO2 levels affect bryozoan growth and survival differently during moderate and warm water conditions. In the first observation period, seawater temperatures ranged from 19 to 24 � C; dead M. truncata colonies dissolved at high CO2 levels (pH 7.66), whereas live specimens maintained the same net calcification rate as those growing at normal pH. In extremely high CO2 conditions (mean pH 7.43), the live bryozoans calcified significantly less than those at normal pH. Therefore, established colonies of M. truncata seem well able to withstand the levels of ocean acidification predicted in the next 200 years, possibly because the soft tissues protect the skeleton from an external decrease in pH. However, during the second period of observation a prolonged period of high seawater temperatures (25‐28 � C) halted calcification both in controls and at high CO2, and all transplants died when high temperatures were combined with extremely high CO2 levels. Clearly, attempts to predict the future response of organisms to ocean acidification need to consider the effects of concurrent changes such as the Mediterranean trend for increased summer temperatures in surface waters. Although M. truncata was resilient to short-term exposure to high levels of ocean acidification at normal temperatures, our field transplants showed that its ability to calcify at higher temperatures was compromised, adding it to the growing list of species now potentially threatened by global warming.


This paper presents a new voltage balancing control for the diode-clamped multilevel rectifier/inverter system. A complete analysis of the voltage balance theory for a 5-level back-to-back system is given. The analysis is based on fundamental frequency switching control and then extended to pulse-width modulation. The method involves obtaining optimal switching angles; a process which is described in detail in this paper. The proposed control strategy regulates the DC bus voltage, balances the capacitors, and decreases the harmonic components of the voltage and current. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the optimizing method and control theory.


Corporate social responsibility (CSR) meaning the active and voluntary contribution of firms to enhance welfare, is achieving a greater importance in Business administration as an intangible asset which management generates competitive advantages and promotes sustainable development. This work indentifies similarities between CSR management and Intellectual Capital management, this one meant as those activities which help us to manage the knowledge of the firm. Our aim is that firms understand the importance of considering CSR as a corporate strategy that enhances the value of the organization, and that they become conscious about its efficiency and efficacy.


This article explores the interface between copyright law and the Holocaust.
The Holocaust's duration and scope, its occurrence in midst of the twentieth century with photography and film technologies already available, and its setting at the heart of Europe, yielded countless documents, diaries, notes, memoirs, musical works, photographs, films, letters, and additional artifacts. On the victims' part, many of those items — including secret archives comprised at various ghettos, music composed in concentration camps, and personal diaries — manifest an explicit act of real-time historical documentation for future generations. On the perpetrators' side, some materials were produced as a result of organized documentation, others — such as Joseph Goebbels' diaries or Hitler's Mein Kampf — comprise records of prominent figures in the Nazi regime. Numerous Holocaust-related materials are still subject to copyright protection. Yet, the impact of copyright law on the memory of the Holocaust remains largely unexplored.
This article engages in a first systematic exploration of the copyright-Holocaust interface and presents a twofold argument. First, we demonstrate that copyright law plays a heretofore-unnoticed role in shaping the collective memory of the Holocaust. Second, on a normative level, we argue that the prevalent narratives underlying copyright law, as well as ordinary copyright doctrines, do not comfortably apply to Holocaust-related materials, and that this state of affairs yields socially undesirable consequences. The latter include, inter alia, victims' works created with the explicit goal of documenting the Holocaust that may remain in the file-drawer due to copyright concerns, as well as ordinary copyright protection applying to infamous Nazi materials, thus providing their owners with certain influence over the Holocaust's narrative. By closely examining various case studies, we analyze the principal tensions between the copyright regime and the Holocaust and offer several concrete recommendations concerning the application of copyright law to Holocaust-related materials. On a more general note, our analysis sheds new light on copyright's impact on collective and intergenerational memory.


This Paper focused on Buck/Boost Rectification by Single Phase Matrix Converter with fewer numbers of switches. The conventional matrix converter consists of 4 bidirectional switches, i.e. 8 set of IGBT/MOSFET with anti parallel diodes. In this proposed matrix converter, only six switches are used. The switch commutation arrangements are also carried out in this work. The gate pulses to the switches are provided by the PWM techniques. Step up or step down DC outputs can be obtained by using suitable switching algorithm. The PSIM simulation results are provided to validate the feasibility of this proposed method.


In this work, Mouffe argues that liberal democracy misunderstands the problems of ethnic, religious and nationalist conflicts because of its inadequate conception of politics. He suggests that the democratic revolution may be jeopardised by a lack of understanding of citizenship, community and pluralism. Mouffe examines the work of Schmidt and Rawls and explores feminist theory, in an attempt to place the project of radical and plural democracy on a more adequate foundation than is provided by liberal theory.


The present investigations were undertaken to identify photochemical present in the ethanolic leaf extract of Monochoria vaginalis by GC MS/MS, evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant and cardioprotective activity against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. The invitro antioxidant potential like DPPH radical scavenging activity, Reducing Power, Superoxide anion Scavenging activity and Nitric oxide Radical Scavenging Activity was assessed. The extent of heart damage and effect of the plant extract was assessed by various biochemical parameters like xanthine oxidase phospho lipase, phospho lipid, glycogen and lipid peroxidase were determined. In the monochoria vaginalis extract 16 compounds were identified by GC–MS/MS. Ethanolic extract of Monochoria vaginalis exhibit strong antioxidant activity. The pretreatment with monochoria vaginalis at two doses (250 mg/ kg and 500 mg /kg) to DOX treated rats significantly prevented the altered enzymes phospholipase, xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxides were enhanced following depletion of glycogen and phospholipids .This study showed that the antioxidant and cardioprotective potential of monochoria vaginalis, therefore scientifically embankment the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of heart diseases.


With the increasing popularity of collective memory in the group behavior literature, the transactive memory system (TMS) attracts many researchers and practitioners from different fields, in particular, small group research. Nevertheless, the application of the theory of TMS on new product development teams is surprisingly scant. We argue that the TMS leverages the notion of project-team memory, which is mostly equated with mechanistic memory or electronic documents and databases, by facilitating an interpersonal awareness of who knows what and who has appropriate and adequate skills and expertise, and then receiving information from that person. We then empirically test the effects of TMS on new product development outcomes including mediating and moderating factors, i.e., the collective mind and environmental turbulence, respectively. By investigating 79 Turkish new product development project teams, we found that: 1) the TMS has a positive impact on team learning and speed-to-market; 2) the collective mind (i.e., team members' attention to interrelating actions) mediates relations between the TMS, team learning, and speed-to-market; and 3) team learning and speed-to-market mediates relations between the TMS and new product success. Further, the moderating effect of environmental turbulence is investigated between the TMS, and team learning and speed-to-market. We found that the impact of the TMS on: 1) speed-to-market is negative when market and technology turbulence associated with the environment is high and 2) team learning changes quadratically with respect to the market and technology turbulence. Theoretical and managerial implications of the study findings are discussed.


Hydrogen-based energy systems appear to be an attractive proposition in providing a future replacement for the current fossil-fuel based energy systems. Hydrogen is an important, though little studied, trace component of the atmosphere. It is present at the mixing ratio of about 510 ppb currently and has important man-made and natural sources. Because hydrogen reacts with tropospheric hydroxyl radicals, emissions of hydrogen to the atmosphere perturb the distributions of methane and ozone, the second and third most important greenhouse gases after carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is therefore an indirect greenhouse gas with a global warming potential GWP of 5.8 over a 100-year time horizon. A future hydrogen economy would therefore have greenhouse consequences and would not be free from climate perturbations. If a global hydrogen economy replaced the current fossil fuel-based energy system and exhibited a leakage rate of 1%, then it would produce a climate impact of 0.6% of the current fossil fuel based system. Careful attention must be given to reduce to a minimum the leakage of hydrogen from the synthesis, storage and use of hydrogen in a future global hydrogen economy if the full climate benefits are to be realised.


This article discusses the marketer and customer co‐creation process within the context of bilateral contingencies. Bilateral contingencies occur when the marketers' behavior is reinforced (and/or punished) by the customers' behavior, whereas the behavior of the customers is reinforced (and/or punished) by the marketers' actions. Using the example of the LEGO community, we discuss how the marketers in the organization can respond to behaviors resulting from co‐creational customer–customer exchanges. This paper fills the knowledge gap by presenting a behavior analysis framework (theory of the marketing firm) for the empirical measurement of the co‐creation process.


The ant- and termite-eating echidna is a solitary, monotreme mammal with a highly
seasonal life history. I investigated several aspects of the seasonal energetics and ecology
of free-ranging echidnas: the role of leptin in the annual mass cycle, seasonal and habitat
effects on diet, the relationship between home range size and habitat quality, and the
effect of habitat on the siting of echidna latrines.
The echidna has a large seasonal variation in fat stores, which reach their maximum prior
to hibernation. I hypothesised that the hormone leptin would have the same role in the
echidna as in eutherian hibernators, i.e. that there would be a direct relationship between
body mass and plasma leptin that would change to allow pre-hibernatory fattening. I
found significant seasonal variations in plasma leptin, with the highest levels occurring in
hibernation and in females during mating. The lowest levels were found in males after the
reproductive period. Rather than the expected strong positive relationship between
adiposity and plasma leptin I found a weak negative relationship, similar to that in
reptiles and birds.
To determine if there was any significant seasonal variation in diet associated with prehibernatory
fattening I investigated diet using scat and stable isotope analysis. Echidna
scats consisted largely of ants and the larvae of pasture cockchafer beetles. There was
significant seasonal variation in percent occurrence of larvae, but not in the ant species
found in scats or in the stable isotopic composition of echidna plasma. Although there
was no difference in the prey items that contributed most to scat contents of animals
living in different habitats, stable isotope analysis of blood showed a highly significant
effect of habitat type on `δ^15N`.
Female echidnas showed a significant negative relationship between the proportion of
woodland habitat and home range size, whereas there was no such relationship for males,
which had significantly larger home ranges. My data suggest that female home range is
scaled to available resources, while male home range is probably scaled to maximise
access to females.
The role of latrines and their relationship to habitat was examined by a detailed survey of
part of the field site, where many echidna home ranges were known to overlap. Latrines
were located more frequently in scrub than in pasture or thick bush and the highest
frequency of latrines occurred where there were two home ranges that overlapped.
Latrines may be important in the spatial organisation of echidnas.


This exploratory investigation offers evidence from biotechnology and nanotechnology sectors regarding the differential impacts of information flow rates, dispersion of networks and combination of progenitor sciences and technologies on technology diffusion rates. In recent years, enhanced rates of information flow have increased the ability for a greater overall number and diversity of foreign players to enter emerging technology development trajectories. At the same time, these trends are creating more dispersed networks with concomitant problems associated with information flow in such diffuse situations. Rates of diffusion of emerging technologies are also importantly affected by the number of scientific fields and generic technologies combined to create the new technology and the level of resultant complexity; higher levels of complexity can slow down diffusion rates. Further, at the country level, absorptive capacity is largely determined through institutions and their policies; however, in terms of enabling diffusion of technology to move effectively downstream from science to market, this requires social capabilities.


This book, first published in 2000, examines the diversity of protest from 1780 to 1840 and how it altered during this period of extreme change. This textbook covers all forms of protest, including the Gordon Riots of 1780, food riots, Luddism, the radical political reform movement and Peterloo in 1819, and the less well researched anti-enclosure, anti-New Poor Law riots, arson and other forms of 'terroristic' action, up to the advent of Chartism in the 1830s. Archer evaluates the problematic nature of source materials and conflicting interpretations leading to debate, and reviews the historiography and methodology of protest studies. This study of popular protest gives a unique perspective on the social history and conditions of this crucial period and will provide a valuable resource for students and teachers alike.


Objective: Diurnal variation in gentamicin nephrotoxicity has been previously demonstrated. This study investigated the effect of diurnal variation on gentamicin nephrotoxicity with concurrent artesunate administration in wistar rats. Methodology: Gentamicin (120 mgkg-1) was co-administered with artesunate (100 mgkg-1) at 0000 hrs and 1200 hrs being times of least and greatest gentamicin-nephrotoxicity. Renal biomarkers including creatinine, urea, CAT, SOD, MDA, GPx and electrolytes were determined following seven-day co-administration. Findings: Gentamicin at 1200 hrs produced significant (p<0.05) elevation in serum urea and creatinine in comparison with controls. Animals that received gentamicin at 0000 hrs had significantly lower creatinine and urea levels compared with the 1200 hrs gentamicin group. Artesunate ameliorated gentamicin-nephrotoxicity at both time points with reduction in serum urea and creatinine values. Conclusion: The study showed that artesunate ameliorated gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity during both periods in rats. Research Value: This research suggests that the concurrent administration of both drugs in bacteremia and parasitemia co-infection may offer beneficial effects of alleviating gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity irrespective of rest or activity time administration.


New Re-Os molybdenite and U-Pb zircon dates from deposits of the Tombstone Gold Belt provide direct timing constraints for sulphide mineralization and crystallization of spatially associated plutons. At Clear Creek Re-Os molybdenite dates (93.6 ± 0.3 to 92.4 ± 0.4 Ma) are in excellent agreement with the host intrusion U-Pb zircon age (92.3 ± 0.3 Ma). Consequently we propose the nominally younger existing 40 Ar/ 39 Ar hydrothermal mica ages (91.7 ± 0.4 and 90.0 ± 0.3 Ma) for Clear Creek are a result of slow cooling. At Dublin Gulch, the Re-Os molybdenite date (93.2 ± 0.3 Ma) for a late stage vein is nominally younger than the host intrusion U-Pb zircon age (94.0 ± 0.3 Ma), in agreement with the deposits paragenesis. The U-Pb zircon date (92.1 ± 0.2 Ma) for the Mactung pluton, which lies adjacent to the W-skarn, has a younger age than the Re-Os molybdenite dates (97.5 ± 0.5 Ma). Fluid inclusion geochemical data for ore-fluid indicate a magmatic origin for the W-skarn. However, the U-Pb and Re-Os age data suggest that the exposed Mactung stock is not the source of ore-fluid for the W-skarn and that the progenitor pluton for ore-fluid is unknown. The robust age constraints obtained for mineralization and magmatism in this study are in accord with the hypothesis that these deposits are intrusion-related ore systems. The results are also in agreement with previous studies demonstrating that the Re-Os molybdenite chronometer can provide accurate and precise dates for the timing of metallic mineralization with rigorous sampling protocol.


Description Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid found in coffee, argan oil, Eucaplyptus, Salvinia, and Phellinus; it exhibits antioxidative, anti-diabetic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, and anticancer activities. Caffeic acid inhibits activity of αamylase and α-glucosidase. This compound also displays antibacterial efficacy, decreasing membrane stability and inhibiting proliferation of Staphylococcus. In vitro, caffeic acid increases levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase; it also inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by decreasing activation of NF-κB and levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β. In lung adenocarcinoma cells, caffeic acid inhibits PMA-induced invasion and decreases activation of STAT3, AP-1, and NF-κB. Additionally, caffeic acid induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibits cellular proliferation in colon cancer cells. C0121 Caffeic Acid


Title of Dissertation: NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY IN A GLOBAL WORLD Minji Jeong, Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 Dissertation directed by: Nathan Hultman, Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland Increasing trade of renewable energy products has significantly contributed to reducing the costs of renewable energy sources, but at the same time, it has generated protectionist policies, which may negatively affect the trend of the cost reduction. Although a few recent studies examined the rise of renewable energy protectionism and trade disputes, they are limited in addressing the conflict between the original goal of traditional renewable energy policies and the new protectionist policies under the globalized renewable energy industry. To fill this gap, this dissertation explores how the globalized renewable energy industry has changed national renewable energy policies. Through three analyses, three aspects of the globalized renewable energy industry are examined: the rise of multinational corporations, international interactions among actors, and the changes of the global and domestic market conditions. First analysis investigates how multinational renewable energy corporations have affected national policies. A content analysis of the annual reports of 15 solar photovoltaic multinational corporation shows that solar multinationals have been influenced by national policies and have adapted to the changes rather than having attempted to change national policies. Second analysis examines how diverse actors have framed renewable energy trade issues through a network analysis of the Chinese solar panel issue in the United States. The result shows that the Chinese solar panel issue was framed differently from the traditional environmental frame of renewable energy, being dominated by multinational corporations headquartered in other countries. Third analysis explores what has caused the increasing diversity in national renewable energy policies through the case studies of the U.S. and South Korea. The result reveals that the globalization of solar industry has affected the diversification of solar policies in two countries by generating both challenges, which needed to be addressed by new and additional policies, and opportunities, which strengthened the political power of domestic solar industries. The three analyses show that the globalized renewable energy industry has led to the diversification of national renewable energy policies by increasing international interactions between actors and by introducing both challenges and opportunities to domestic renewable energy industries. This research contributes to the literature on trade and the environment by analyzing a new pattern of the conflicts between traditional environmental policies and "green" protectionist policies. It also contributes to the literature on protectionism by adding an empirical case of green protectionism, one of the forms of "murky" protectionism that has risen after the global financial crisis. NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY IN A GLOBAL WORLD


The rapid emergence of Chip Multi-Processors (CMP) as the de facto microprocessor archetype has highlighted the importance of scalable and efficient on-chip networks. Packet-based Networks-on-Chip (NoC) are gradually cementing themselves as the medium of choice for the multi-/many-core systems of the near future, due to their innate scalability. However, the prominence of the debilitating power wall requires the NoC to also be as energy efficient as possible. To achieve these two antipodal requirements—scalability and energy efficiency—we propose TornadoNoC, an interconnect architecture that employs a novel flow control mechanism. To prevent livelocks and deadlocks, a sequence numbering scheme and a dynamic ring inflation technique are proposed, and their correctness formally proven. The primary objective of TornadoNoC is to achieve substantial gains in (a) scalability to many-core systems and (b) the area/power footprint, as compared to current state-of-the-art router implementations. The new router is demonstrated to provide better scalability to hundreds of cores than an ideal single-cycle wormhole implementation and other scalability-enhanced low-cost routers. Extensive simulations using both synthetic traffic patterns and real applications running in a full-system simulator corroborate the efficacy of the proposed design. Finally, hardware synthesis analysis using commercial 65nm standard-cell libraries indicates that the area and power budgets of the new router are reduced by up to 53% and 58%, respectively, as compared to existing state-of-the-art low-cost routers.


Mix testing that can properly characterize cracking of asphalt pavements is one of the most relevant present day issues for the industry. The 91st Annual Meeting (AM) of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT) provides evidence to this effect as, in the assessment of the authors, cracking was far and away the meeting's prevailing theme. The 91st AAPT AM began with a Leading Edge Workshop (LEW) that focused exclusively on cracking and associated test methods, and a key factor in most of the remaining content presented at the meeting was cracking. This paper stemmed from the 91st AM LEW in response to cracking's perceived prevalence in the minds of so many AAPT members. The primary objective of this paper is to provide the state of the art in asphalt mix cracking from the perspective of the authors and to use this perspective to explain what has been accomplished in the cracking arena and what needs to be accomplished. First, a historical perspective beginning in the mid-1950s and ending in present day is presented that is generally divided into pre and post Superpave mix design. With this historical perspective as a reference, emphasis is shifted to the AM and LEW as they pertained to cracking. A set of prevailing themes was established and used as a segue into discussion of cracking test methods (first what has been accomplished and then what needs to be accomplished). Six areas were identified by the authors where advancement needs to be made with regard to mitigation of cracking: 1) closing the gap between the state of the art and the state of practice; 2) evaluating rapid mix test methods usable during production; 3) emphasizing education; 4) improving reliance on accelerated pavement testing; 5) improving cracking models; and 6) performing large test programs where parallel testing occurs on comparable mixes by way of several test methods.


Malnutrition is common in patients with head and neck cancer due to cancer cachexia, anti-cancer therapies, impairment in food intake due to the tumor etc. This study aims at studying the effect of diet counseling intervention on dietary intake and anthropometric indices. Experimental design with only one experimental group was conducted on 14 head and neck cancer patients who were admitted for chemo-radiotherapy. Detailed assessment of anthropometry and diet was done in the before, during and after the diet counseling intervention of 7 weeks. There was mean weight improvement of 2 kg (p<0.001) during the intervention period that can be attributed to a significant increase in the dietary intake of energy (p=0.034), protein (p=0.011), calcium (p<0.001), zinc (p=0.041), vitamin C (p=0.046) and vitamin A (p=0.019). However there was no statistically significant improvement in the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). This increase may be a sign of improvement of nutritional status as normally cancer patients tend to show a decrease in MUAC. This indicates the success of the diet counseling intervention. An even greater improvement in these parameters can be achieved if intervention is provided before the initiation of chemoradiotherapy and has to be continued even after the therapy is complete.


We consider the problem of multiple agents sensing and acting in environments with the goal of maximising their shared utility. In these environments, agents must learn communication protocols in order to share information that is needed to solve the tasks. By embracing deep neural networks, we are able to demonstrate end-to-end learning of protocols in complex environments inspired by communication riddles and multi-agent computer vision problems with partial observability. We propose two approaches for learning in these domains: Reinforced Inter-Agent Learning (RIAL) and Differentiable Inter-Agent Learning (DIAL). The former uses deep Q-learning, while the latter exploits the fact that, during learning, agents can backpropagate error derivatives through (noisy) communication channels. Hence, this approach uses centralised learning but decentralised execution. Our experiments introduce new environments for studying the learning of communication protocols and present a set of engineering innovations that are essential for success in these domains.


This paper written by Andranik Tangian from the Institute for Economic and Social Research at the Hans-Bockler-Stiftung presents a macroeconomic analysis of flexicurity with regard to the current economic crisis. The analysis is performed with four composite indicators based on statistical figures for 25 countries - flexibility, security, gravity of macroeconomic situation by 2010 and aggravation of macroeconomic situation in 2008-2010. The author concludes that a better alternative to flexicurity would be a normalization of employment relations, i.e. low flexibility, which also would result in less social security expenditure. The closing discussion argues that the flexibilization of employment relations and the crisis both stem from the same root: financial liberalization is the background cause of both phenomena, rendering them dependent on one another.


The ribbonfishes, of the family TrichiurkJae, an Important
group of food fishes in India, registered an average annual
catch of 53.475 tonnes during 1970-81. In this period, forming
4.25% of the total marine fish catch, thsy formed the 7th
exploited fish group in the order of predominance.
There are 8 known ribbonfish species in India (an identification
key to the species is given in the beginning of thearticle)
The information available on the various aspects of biology of
each of these species is summarised, which clearly indicates
that while our knowledge on the biology of Trichiurus lepturua,
Lepturecanthus savale, Eupleurogrammus nwticus and Eupleurogrammus
glossodon is considereble, we know little about
the other species.
Traditionally, the ribbonfishes are caught by boatseines,
shoreseines, bag nets and gill nets, operating from nonpowered
country crafts. But, during the last two decades, the small mechanized vessels (10-15 m long, with 15-100 hp engines)
that are operating otter trawls, too, are increasingly landing
ribbonfish. The fishery is confined to the depth-zone usually
shallower than 50 m. T. lepturus, the most widely distributed,
forms the mainstay of the ribbonfish fishery, contributing to
the bulk of the landings along almost all our coastline. Data
on spatial and seasonal variations in abundance, size and age
composition in the commercial catches and diurnal movements
and depthwise distributions of shoals of this species are
therefore reviewed.
Stock assessment studies show that, in the shelf region
from Ratnagiri on the west coast round to Gulf of Mannar on
the east, there had been an average standing stock of 67,200
tonnes of ribbonfish (mostly L Lepturus) in 1972-75, which is
about 4 times what was actually landed from the region during
the period.
It therefore follows that a doubling of the catch will not
adversely affect the stock in the region. Studies on the population
dynamics of T. lepturus from the Kakinada area during
1967-71 has shown that the fishing mortality and the exploitation
rates are low, at 0.3 and 0.17 respectively. The average
annual stock and average standing stock along the Andhra and
Tamil Nadu coasts are estimated at 85,000 and 48,000 tonnes,
respectively, for T. lepturus, against an estimated annual
average catch of 14,400 tonnes during 1967-71. It thus appears
that the stock of T. lepturus along the east coast also is likewise
underfishad,
The need for extension of fishing operations into the
Exclusive Economic Zone with larger vessels, equipped with
suitable gears like bottom and pelagic trawls, is emphasized-
Suggestions on future lines of research are given.


Given the clear benefit for both public and private finances of extending work lives, many policymakers are interested in finding and promoting ways to accomplish this objective while balancing concerns for work ability at older ages. At the same time, retirement itself is transforming from a simple transition from full-time work to full and permanent retirement to more of a process, potentially occurring in several stages over a number of years. We consider a set of work transitions at ages when the largest numbers of people are retiring and potentially pursuing different paths to full and permanent retirement. Among workers who transition between occupations, the most common transitions are between those that are closely related. However, even within closely related occupations, there are no large pipelines between any two. By age 62, 57 percent of workers are no longer in the labor force, 26 percent are still in their "career" occupation, and 17 percent have changed from their career occupation to another occupation. Beginning at age 66, however, the percentages in different occupations, which may be bridge employment or unretirement, are very similar to the percentages remaining in career occupations. Occupational changes later in life tend to be accompanied by decreases in hourly earnings, suggesting that if workers are seeking flexible or part-time bridge employment, it may come at a cost.


Excerpt] In a 2002 study, the US Government Accountability Office reported that more than 32 million workers in the United States lack protection of the right to organise and to bargain collectively. But since then, the situation has worsened. A series of decisions by the federal authorities under President George Bush has stripped many more workers of organising and bargaining rights. The administration took away bargaining rights for hundreds of thousands of employees in the new Department of Homeland Security and the Defense Department.18 In the years before the 2009 change of administration, a controlling majority of the fivemember National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), appointed by President Bush, denied protection to graduate student employees, disabled employees, temporary employees and other categories of workers. An October 2006, a NLRB decision was especially alarming for labour advocates. The NLRB set out a new, expanded definition of 'supervisor' under the section of US labour law that excludes supervisors from protection of the right to organise and bargain collectively. This exclusion has enormous repercussions for millions of workers who might now become 'supervisors' and lose protection of their organising and bargaining rights.21 This case is discussed in more detail below in connection with a complaint to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Committee on Freedom of Association.


Three different enzymes are discussed, cytochrome c oxidase, involved in aerobic respiration, cytochrome c dependent nitric oxide reductase, involved in denitrification (anaerobic respiration), and photosystem II, involved in photosynthesis. For all three systems, free energy profiles for the entire catalytic cycle are obtained from quantum mechanical calculations on large cluster models of the active sites, using hybrid density functional theory with the B3LYP* functional. The free energy profiles are used to solve different fundamental problems concerning energy conservation, enzymatic reaction mechanisms and structure, and also to explain experimental results that seem to be in conflict with each other. Possible future applications to related problems using similar methodology are suggested. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The 2004 EC Merger Regulation (ECMR) adopted the substantial impediment of effective competition test, and abandoned the earlier standard that required proof of dominance as a necessary element to intervene in a merger. It is said that this reform was necessary because the dominance test failed to catch unilateral effects absent dominance, so there was a 'gap' in the ECMR. This paper argues that the decision to amend the ECMR was unnecessary. From an economic perspective because the dominance standard was sufficiently flexible to address all anticompetitive mergers. Economists' concerns about merger control (in both the US and EC) was that authorities focused on a structural assessment premised upon market definition and market concentration and failed to give sufficient attention to other means to test for anticompetitive effects in a more direct manner. Economists' support for the new test is that it would place a focus on these other methods for identifying anticompetitive effects. From a legal perspective, it seems that the major motivation for reform was to divorce merger control from the abuse of dominance doctrine in Article 82, so that the two legal provisions would develop independently, the latter only applicable to manifestations of significant market power. Accordingly the view that there was a 'gap' in the dominance test is inaccurate, and lawyers and economists supported the reform for different reasons. This misunderstanding might explain why the Horizontal Merger Guidelines designed to indicate how the new standard applies are insufficiently precise. In an endeavour to offer some precision, the paper reviews a number of decisions and suggests that the Commission applies four distinct theories of harm, but the first major decision applying the new standard is worrying because the Commission appears to regulate the market rather than remove an impediment of competition caused by the merger, with the risk that the new standard is so loose that it allows the Commission to address questions of industrial policy through the ECMR.


Background: Pharmacist can directly influence disease management by providing community based Pharmaceutical Care services. Pharmacists must evolve from dispensers to medication management practitioners. Therefore their knowledge, attitude and practices are the key necessities, so that they can work along with physicians to significantly improve the health of the patients. Objective: To assess the Attitude and Practices of Pharmacists regarding Pharmaceutical Care. Methods: This prospective study administered validated Attitude and Practices questionnaire on a sample of 508 pharmacists belonging to government, community and corporate sectors of Pune district in India. The level of attitude and practices towards pharmaceutical care were assessed with simple descriptive analysis and the outcomes from focused group discussion with higher officials from all three sectors. Results: The responses of all participants were significantly low across all components of Pharmaceutical care practices including patient counseling, solving drug related problems, doing interventions, ADR management and informing drug interactions, whereas the attitude to provide these services was found to be very high. From Focused group discussion with officials, it was confirmed that Pharmacists did not practice much patient care services due to barriers like lack of proper education and training of pharmacists, weak implementation of existing laws, inadequate clinical knowledge and lack of recognition of the pharmacy profession by other healthcare professionals. Conclusion: The study concluded that in India, dispensing of medicines still remains as a dominant service provide by all pharmacists and there is very limited practice of Pharmaceutical Care in spite of positive attitude of pharmacists towards it. Key words: Pharmacists, Attitude and practice, Pharmaceutical care, India.