Abstract Copper canisters for storage of nuclear waste will be exposed to creep. The canisters will be closed with friction stir welding (FSW). To describe the creep behaviour of the welds, uniaxial creep tests have been performed. A previously developed fundamental creep model for parent metal is applied to the different weld zones. The differences in microstructure and yield strength between the weld zones are taken into account. Creep strain versus time curves for the weld zones have successfully been predicted without the use of any adjustable parameters. It should be noted that the temperature range of interest of 50–100°C is deep down in the power law break down regime with Norton exponents between 25 and 100. The constitutive equations are used in FEM computations of creep in the canister weldments.


The objective of this research trial was to compare 2 sources of zinc and different levels of supplementation on manure zinc excretion in laying hens. Bovan White Leghorn hens were used in this study and fed one of 6 dietary treatments. Treatments were in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 sources of zinc (zinc sulfate or Availa R (cid:2) Zn) and 3 levels (40, 80, or 120 ppm) and were randomly assigned to 48 cages with 5 hens/cage and 8 replicates/treatment. Hens were housed in a tiered manure-belt housing system providing 627.1 cm 2 /hen and were given access to 110 g/hen/d of feed. Manure samples were col-lected, and manure zinc content was calculated at 10-week intervals. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix procedure in SAS. There was a significant overall effect of source ( P < 0.0001) for zinc content, such that hens fed zinc sulfate had lower amounts of zinc excretion. There was also a significant level effect ( P < 0.0001) in which hens fed 120 ppm zinc excreted the greatest amount of zinc. A significant source by level interaction was observed ( P < 0.0001) for both the overall and individual analyses, such that 120 ppm Availa R (cid:2) Zn showed the highest zinc excretion, and both 40 ppm zinc sulfate and Availa R (cid:2) Zn showed the lowest zinc excretion. Based on these results, a prediction equation was written for an estimated amount of zinc excretion based on the amount of zinc provided in the diet.


Jurisdiction and choice of law in property disputes has been remarkably stable. The situs rule, which requires adjudication where the property is located and application of that state's law, remains the norm in most of the world. This article is the first to apply modern economic analysis to choice of law and jurisdiction in property disputes. It largely confirms the wisdom of the situs rule, but suggests some situations where other rules may be superior. For example, in disputes about stolen art, the state where the work was last undisputedly owned may be both the most efficient forum and the best source of applicable law.


Observational studies have reported solar magnetic modulation of terrestrial lightning on a range of time scales, from days to decades. The proposed mechanism is two-step: lightning rates vary with galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux incident on Earth, either via changes in atmospheric conductivity and/or direct triggering of lightning. GCR flux is, in turn, primarily controlled by the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) intensity. Consequently, global changes in lightning rates are expected. This study instead considers HMF polarity, which doesn't greatly affect total GCR flux. Opposing HMF polarities are, however, associated with a 40–60% difference in observed UK lightning and thunder rates. As HMF polarity skews the terrestrial magnetosphere from its nominal position, this perturbs local ionospheric potential at high latitudes and local exposure to energetic charged particles from the magnetosphere. We speculate as to the mechanism(s) by which this may, in turn, redistribute the global location and/or intensity of thunderstorm activity.


While there is a large body of literature evaluating how active labor-market policies such as training impact worker outcomes, relatively few studies examine how such policies impact workers who are displaced by trade. The few studies on training and trade-related labor adjustment focus on the impact of trade-specific assistance programs. Most countries in the world, however, do not have assistance programs that are triggered by trade events but instead implement labor-market policies for reasons other than trade. In this paper, we use detailed data on workers' employment histories and training activities to evaluate the impact of an industrial training program in Brazil on workers who are displaced from manufacturing sectors. We find that industrial training increases the probability of re-entry into the formal labor market one year after displacement by about 13.2 percentage points (equivalent to 30%) and is effective for workers who are displaced from sectors of high exposure to import competition. This effect is explained by workers switching sectors and occupations after training. We also find that training has positive effects on employment spells and cumulative earnings in the two years after displacement.


Along with MySQL's popularity has come a flood of questions about solving specific problems, and that's where this Cookbook is essential. Designed as a handy resource when you need quick solutions or techniques, the book offers dozens of short, focused pieces of code and hundreds of worked-out examples for programmers of all levels who don't have the time (or expertise) to solve MySQL problems from scratch. The new edition covers MySQL 5.0 and its powerful new features, as well as the older but still widespread MySQL 4.1. One major emphasis of this book is how to use SQL to formulate queries for particular kinds of questions, using the mysql client program included in MySQL distributions. The other major emphasis is how to write programs that interact with the MySQL server through an API. You'll find plenty of examples using several language APIs in multiple scenarios and situations, including the use of Ruby to retrieve and format data. There are also many new examples for using Perl, PHP, Python, and Java as well.Other recipes in the book teach you to: Access data from multiple tables at the same timeUse SQL to select, sort, and summarize rowsFind matches or mismatches between rows in two tablesDetermine intervals between dates or times, including age calculationsStore images into MySQL and retrieve them for display in web pagesGet LOAD DATA to read your data files properly or find which values in the file are invalidUse strict mode to prevent entry of bad data into your databaseCopy a table or a database to another serverGenerate sequence numbers to use as unique row identifiersCreate database events that execute according to a scheduleAnd a lot moreMySQL Cookbook doesn't attempt to develop full-fledged, complex applications. Instead, it's intended to assist you in developing applications yourself by helping you get past problems that have you stumped.


The special needs domain has long been recognised as problematic and adversarial. Much research has focused on areas of contention, such as the relationships between parents and practitioners, especially in educational settings, or on problems within the structure and operation of the domain. This study adopts a whole system approach in combining discussion of the structural basis of tension within the domain with an investigation of how both parents and practitioners describe, experience and respond to tensions within the special needs domain; such tensions being viewed as facets of the 'struggle' and 'fight' metaphor.

Whole systems approaches are derived from the systems discipline, which developed initially out of the nineteenth century interest in organic and engineering systems, but more recently has focused on organisational and inter-organisational arrangements, including the part people play in enabling or disabling such arrangements. It is a strongly interdisciplinary approach more commonly found in organisational studies than in the social sciences more
generally.

Fifteen practitioners, from health and education settings, and twelve parents of children and young people with diagnoses of high functioning autism spectrum conditions participated in the study. The participants' stories of their experiences of the special needs domain were collected using a narrative inquiry approach. The data was analysed using concepts and theoretical frameworks derived from the work of Pierre Bourdieu, Uri Bronfenbrenner and Charles Wright Mills.

An exploration of the influences shaping the special needs domain revealed a number of areas of unresolved tension, some of which result in tensions for those involved in the
domain such as can be described as 'fight', and some of which might be addressed by structural changes to the systems comprising the special needs domain such as those
envisaged in forthcoming legislation. However importantly the empirical study found that many tensions and struggles experienced by both parents and practitioners did not emanate from the structures of the domain and therefore were unlikely to be amenable to structural changes. Parents 'struggle' to maintain their identity as 'good' parents, to acquire information and to navigate the system in order to access services and resources. Practitioners experience conflict as they seek to access information and training, engage in the complex choreography of cooperating and collaborating in interagency and interprofessional working and endeavour to harmonise their professional practice with agency and public policy priorities.

The thesis concludes with a brief discussion of the relationship between whole system approaches and other interdisciplinary approaches to investigating complex problems in the human sciences. It is suggested that systems diagramming techniques such as systems mapping and rich pictures are useful additions to the sociologist's toolkit.


Transaction processing systems lie at the core of modern e-commerce applications such as on-line retail stores, banks and airline reservation systems. The economic success of these applications depends on the ability to achieve high user satisfaction, since a single mouse-click is all that it takes a frustrated user to switch to a competitor. Given that system resources are limited and demands are varying, it is difficult to provide optimal performance to all users at all times. However, often transactions can be divided into different classes based on how important they are to the online retailer. For example, transactions initiated by a "big spending" client are more important than transactions from a client that only browses the site. A natural goal then is to ensure short delays for the class of important transactions, while for the less important transactions longer delays are acceptable.


Sun-dried clay is one of the oldest building materials that has been used for more than 10.000 years to build houses, mosques, churches, palaces and cities. Currently one-third of the global population lives in this vernacular architecture made with the man-made stone-like construction material. This building material, commonly made from a mix of clay and organic materials, is resisting the long span of time and weathering. Used correctly, the clay making technology has many benefits: the technique used is very simple with zero maintenance cost, local availability and affordability, and has a good thermal and acoustic insulation. Because of this, earthen architecture has many advantages from a sustain ability perspective. The use of this eco-friendly construction material nowadays could be a viable alternative to solve our 21 st Century big concerns of energy and climate change. For this reason, it is important to understand this material characterization, diagnosis and suitability in construction, and to understand how can it be a good construction material for a particular site. This paper discusses earthen material and construction techniques, and their important contribution to sustainable development.


With widespread availability of low-cost devices capable of photo shooting and high-volume video recording, we are facing explosion of both image and video data. The sheer volume of such visual data poses both challenges and opportunities in machine learning and computer vision research. In image classification, most of previous research has focused on small to mediumscale data sets, containing objects from dozens of categories. However, we could easily access images spreading thousands of categories. Unfortunately, despite the well-known advantages and recent advancements of multi-class classification techniques in machine learning, complexity concerns have driven most research on such super large-scale data set back to simple methods such as nearest neighbor search, one-vs-one or one-vs-rest approach. However, facing image classification problem with such huge task space, it is no surprise that these classical algorithms, often favored for their simplicity, will be brought to their knees not only because of the training time and storage cost they incur, but also because of the conceptual awkwardness of such algorithms in massive multi-class paradigms. Therefore, it is our goal to directly address the bigness of image data, not only the large number of training images and high-dimensional image features, but also the large task space. Specifically, we present algorithms capable of efficiently and effectively training classifiers that could differentiate tens of thousands of image classes. Similar to images, one of the major difficulties in video analysis is also the huge amount of data, in the sense that videos could be hours long or even endless. However, it is often true that only a small portion of video contains important information. Consequently, algorithms that could automatically detect unusual events within streaming or archival video would significantly improve the efficiency of video analysis and save valuable human attention for only the most salient contents. Moreover, given lengthy recorded videos, such as those captured by digital cameras on mobile phones, or surveillance cameras, most users do not have the time or energy to edit the video such that only the most salient and interesting part of the original video is kept. To this end, we also develop algorithm for automatic video summarization. Finally, we further extend our research on video summarization into a supervised formulation, where users are asked to generate summaries for a subset of a class of videos of similar nature. Given such manually generated summaries, our algorithm learns the preferred storyline within the given class of videos, and automatically generates summaries for the rest of videos in the class, capturing the similar storyline as in those manually summarized videos.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the effect of topical heparin combined with topical steroid on corneal neovascularization (CN) in children.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Four children (5 eyes) with new-onset progressive CN in at least one eye received topical rimexolone or dexamethasone in combination with heparin until complete regression of CN was obtained. The regression of CN was documented by slit-lamp or anterior segment photography.

RESULTS
All 5 eyes showed complete regression of CN within 5 months. An anti-angiogenic effect was found as early as 1 week after starting topical combination treatment. No ocular and systemic side effects were detected and treatment was well tolerated by all children. In the 3 eyes with involvement of the optical axis, symmetrical visual acuity was obtained by amblyopia treatment. Recurrence of the CN was detectable in 2 eyes at 1 and 6 months, respectively, after ending combination therapy. Both eyes responded favorably to re-treatment.

CONCLUSION
Combination of topical heparin and steroid leads to rapid regression and complete inactivity of CN. This therapeutic approach is promising, especially in children with limited therapeutic alternatives and a high risk for amblyopia.


We present a generative model based approach to deal with spatially coherent outliers. The model assumes that image pixels are generated by either one of two distinct processes: an inlier process which is responsible for the generation of the majority of the data, and an outlier process which generates pixels not adhering to the inlier model. The partitioning into inlier and outlier regions is made explicit by the introduction of a hidden binary map. To account for the coherent nature of outliers this map is modelled as a Markov Random Field, and inference is made tractable by a mean field EM-algorithm. We make a connection with classical robust estimation theory, and derive the analytic expressions of the equivalent M-estimator for two limiting cases of our model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with two examples. First, in a synthetic linear regression problem, we compare our approach with different M-estimators. Next, in a 2D-face recognition experiment, we try to identify people from partially occluded facial images.


In this paper we incorporate the possibility of international migration of Labour (IML) into a model of open economy with a non-competitive labour market. Migration flows in our model are endogenously determined by labour market performance. Our approach to the specification of the labour market is based on a trade union model where employed workers can exercise insider power. The model we develop allows for a simultaneous determination of union membership and real wages under conditions of migration outflows. In this framework, we show that migration outflows, lead to a real consumer wage higher than what would have been in the absence of migration. We also show that an increase in the rest-of-the-world wage or a decrease in the average migration cost will lead to higher real consumer wages at home. On the other hand, an increase in the real exchange rate will increase the home real product wage, however, the sign of change in the home real consumer wage is ambiguous. Finally, an improvement in the firm's product market will raise both the domestic real consumer wage and the employment level.


Torture and Eucharist: Theology, Politics, and the Body of Christ. By William T. Cavanaugh. Oxford and Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. xi + 286 pp. $30.95 (paper). This work is a scholarly, readable examination of the relationship between Church and state, and specifically the role the Church can play in resisting the state's employment of physical and psychological torture to further the state's powerful hold on its people's imagination. Cavenaugh develops his analysis by focusing on the situation in Chile and the Catholic Church there both before and during the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, 1973-1990. According to this author, the ascendance of Pinochet to political power corresponded to a time of relative political passivity on the part of the Catholic Church hierarchy in Chile. Cavanaugh analyzes this passivity by tracing the influence of Jacques Maritain's writings on Church and state, and Maritain's notion of a 11 new Christendom," where the temporal and spiritual planes are drawn as quite distinct. The Christian as an individual citizen may influence the political domain through private action informed by a sanctified, Christian life, but the Church itself remains above the political, practical plane, nurturing souls through sacramental and other means. According to Cavanaugh, the importation and spread of Maritain's ideas among the Chilean hierarchy contributed to the Church's demise as an effective resistance to Pinochet's atrocious human rights violations, including the kidnapping ("disappearing"), torture, and murder of innocent citizens. Cavanaugh's central thesis is that torture and the eucharist are opposing disciplines using different means and serving different ends. Where torture can be viewed as a kind of practice or liturgy for the realization of state power over bodies (as well as the souls who inhabit them), the eucharist is a practice or liturgy mystically forming the Church as the Body of Christ, marked by resistance to worldly power that runs counter to God's kingdom. "The Church and the Eucharist form the liturgical pair of visible community and invisible action or mystery... which together re-present and re-member Christ's his- torical body" (p. 212). Of course, the notion of the Church as a resistant force to secular evil and the powers that be is not at all novel here, as the writings of Stanley Hauerwas, Walter Wink, liberation theologians such as Gutierrez and others quickly come to mind. (And since Hauerwas was Cavanaugh's dissertation advisor, one should not be surprised to hear echoes of his Resident Aliens and other works here.) But what stands out in this work is Cavanaugh's focus on the effects of torture, both on the person tortured as well as on his or her community. For Cavanaugh as well as others, torture not only intimidates the public at large for fear that anyone could be next, but mutes the individual tortured through the infliction of unspeakable pain, "atomizing" and isolating the one so tortured. Cavanaugh argues that one major effect of such isolation and intimidation is the consequent destruction of opposition communities. And it is in this analysis that I think Cavanaugh somewhat overstates his case. Drawing heavily from the writings of Elaine Scarry (see The Body in Pain, Oxford, 1985) on the effects of pain and methods of torture, the author stresses their isolating effects through the obliteration of language (the experience of pain robs us of words), disruption of community loyalty through forced confession, disorienting effects of random assault, loss of sense of time through indefinite incarceration, and so on. Cavanaugh seems to imply that such means employed by the state in Chile under Pinochet either affected or threatened to affect the Church as community, atomizing that community into isolated elements, with the aim of obliterating it and any other body that would threaten to counter state power. …


There are many technologies being considered for the next generation of wireless communications. Of these technologies, multi-input multi-output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and Walsh spreading are drawing the most attention. Although a lot of research has been done in this area, it has not been decided yet as to which technology or combination of the technologies will be used in future wireless generations. The new generation will have to support high data rates and provide excellent performance in order to accommodate several multimedia services. In this thesis, a MIMO-OFDM system that employs Walsh sequences as block coding is designed. Simulation studies show that the proposed system exhibits high performance and comparisons show that it has low complexity compared to some of the previous systems. Two configurations are considered for the proposed system. The first configuration combines Vertical-Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (VBLAST), OFDM and Walsh block coding, for which a simplified implementation scheme for the proposed coding is presented. The system is investigated through extensive computer simulations using different system parameters and channel conditions. The proposed system is compared to some of the existing systems in terms of performance as well as computational complexity. The second configuration integrates space-time block coding (STBC), OFDM and Walsh block coding. In contrast to VBLAST, which aims to increase system capacity and data rates, STBC improves the system's performance through multipath diversity. The performance of the system is studied through computer simulations and the computational complexity of the system is also compared to some typical STBC systems from previous research. The simulations and comparisons of both configurations of the proposed system show its superiority in terms of performance and computational complexity to previous systems. Finally, to emulate real-life scenarios, the performance of the proposed system is also investigated using some common channel estimation techniques. It is shown that by utilizing a preamble of training symbols, the proposed system provides a satisfactory performance for both the configurations.


This article examines recent trends in judicial interpretation of mens rea requirements in federal crimes. Strict liability as to some elements of offenses is widespread, and sometimes non-controversial. Yet courts lack reliable interpretive practices to determine which elements do not carry mens rea requirements in accord both with congressional intent and criminal law's normative commitments to culpability as a prerequisite for punishment In a survey of recent federal court decisions, I identify two competing understandings of the culpability required to justify criminal punishment, especially with regard to distinctions in punishment between less and more serious wrongdoing.One approach in the case law, endorsed recently by the U.S. Supreme Court, follows a principle of proportionate culpability. This principle holds that punishment should be in proportion to an actor's fault, and it leads to interpretative decisions by courts that attach mens rea requirements to every normatively significant element of an offense. This principle is sometimes (but inconsistently) endorsed by courts, and it has stronger support among scholars (as well as the Model Penal Code). Yet in many instances federal courts' decisions that specify mens rea requirements in serious federal offenses do not adhere to this view. A contrasting principle, threshold culpability, describes the dominant mode of mens rea interpretation in federal courts. On this view, mens rea is needed only to distinguish whether an actor is innocent or blameworthy; culpability merely defines eligibility for punishment and plays no necessary role in setting the magnitude of punishment. Under this principle, mens rea need not attach to every element of a crime, even elements that trigger substantial sentence increases. The article suggests reasons for the non-instrumental normative appeal of this latter view, and that appeal helps explain courts' (and Congress's) indecision among which of these two culpability principles should presumptively characterize federal criminal law. It also describes some costs of this indecision. Conflicting views about the role of culpability complicate courts' choices among and use of statutory interpretation rules for mental state requirements in federal offenses, leading to inconsistent and unpredictable decision-making among courts and among offenses.


: This paper presents an empirical study of the influences of transactional (TA) and transformational (TF) leadership on organizational effectiveness (OE), measured as the degree of goal attainment and the quality of nursing care (NQ). The study subjects were all head-nurses and assistant head-nurses at a medium-sized hospital in Sweden (n = 23). The methods used were questionnaires and interviews. The multi-leadership questionnaire earlier developed by Bass was modified and named the Leadership Nursing-Effectiveness Questionnaire (LNEQ), comprising 84 items using Likert-type scales. The study showed low mean scores on OE (2.19) and TA (1.05) but high mean scores on NQ (3.17) and TF (3.84). The results suggest that the degree of TA and TF leadership had a low and insignificant connection with OE in this hospital organization. The study did not support the statement that organizational units exposed to a higher degree of TA and TF leadership at the same time show a high degree of OE, as has been shown in studies in other cultural contexts and organizations.


A series of crop rotations were evaluated for their impacts on soil-borne populations of root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus neglectus. Population changes, measured as the ratio of P. neglectus adults counted at harvest to those counted at planting time, was recorded under a series of two-year rotations alternating winter wheat with either fallow, barley, pea, lentil, canola, and camelina. Fallow, barley, pea, and camelina were found to have a neutral effect on nematode populations (p < 0.001). Winter wheat and canola caused significant increases in populations, while lentils caused significant decreases (p < 0.001). Populations were sustained through winter following winter wheat and barley, but not canola, camelina, pea, lentil, or fallow treatments (p < 0.001). In addition to the rotation study, cultivars of barley and canola were evaluated for their resistance to P. neglectus. Greenhouse trials for barley showed significant differences among 19 cultivars tested (p < 0.001), with a 5-fold difference in P. neglectus multiplication separating the leastfrom the most resistant. Separation among cultivars was not found with canola (p = 0.20). The information gathered in this study will help Montana wheat growers better understand the impacts of their crop selections on this important pest.


Flow around the front pillar of an automobile is typical of a flow field with separated and reattached
flow by a vortex system. It is known that the vortex system causes the greatest aerodynamic
sound around a vehicle. The objective of the present study is to clarify the relationship between
vortical structures and aerodynamic sound by the vortex system generated around the front pillar.
The vortex system consists of the longitudinal and the transverse system. The characteristics of
the longitudinal vortex system were investigated in comparison with the transverse one. Two
vortex systems were reproduced by three-dimensional delta wings. The flow visualization experiment
and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) captured well the characteristics of the flow
structure of the two vortex systems. These results showed that the longitudinal with the rotating
axis along mean flow direction had cone-shaped configuration whereas the transverse with the
rotating axis vertical to mean flow direction had elliptic one. Increasing the tip angles of the wings
from 40 to 140 degrees, there first exists the longitudinal vortex system less than 110 degrees,
with the transition region ranging from 110 to 120 degrees, and finally over 120 degrees the
transverse appears. The characteristics of aerodynamic sound radiated from the two vortex systems
were investigated in low Mach numbers, high Reynolds number turbulent flows in the lownoise
wind tunnel. As a result, it was found that the aerodynamic sound radiated from both the
longitudinal and the transverse vortex system was proportional to the fifth from sixth power of
mean flow velocity, and that the longitudinal vortex generated the aerodynamic sound larger than
the transverse.


We provide experimental evidence of workers' ingratiation by opinion conformity and of managers' discrimination in favor of workers with whom they share similar opinions. In our Baseline, managers can observe both workers' performance at a task and opinions before assigning unequal payoffs. In the Ingratiation treatment, workers can change their opinion after learning that held by the manager. In the Random treatment, workers can also change opinion but payoffs are assigned randomly, which gives a measure of non-strategic opinion conformism. We find evidence of high ingratiation indices, as overall, ingratiation is effective. Indeed, managers reward opinion conformity, and even more so when opinions cannot be manipulated. Additional treatments reveal that ingratiation is cost sensitive and that the introduction of performance pay for managers as well as a less noisy measure of performance increase the role of relative performance in the assignment of payoffs, without eliminating the reward of opinion conformity.


This paper proposes a simple optimal voltage Control method for three-phase uninterruptible-power-supply systems. The proposed voltage controller is composed of a feedback control term and a compensating control term. The former term is designed to make the system errors converge to zero, whereas the latter term is applied to compensate for the system uncertainties. Moreover, the optimal load current observer is used to optimize system cost and reliability. Particularly, the closed-loop stability of an observerbased optimal voltage control law is mathematically proven by showing that the whole states of the augmented observer-based control system errors exponentially converge to zero. Unlike previous algorithms, the proposed method can make a tradeoff between control input magnitude and tracking error by simply choosing proper performance indexes. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is validated through simulations on MATLAB/Simulink and experiments on a prototype 600-VA test bed with a TMS320LF28335 DSP. Finally, the comparative results for the proposed scheme and the conventional feedback linearization control scheme are presented to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves an excellent performance such as fast transient response, small steady-state error, and low total harmonic distortion under load step change, unbalanced load, and nonlinear load with the parameter variations.


Thermal tuning of hexagonal photonic crystals by absorption of laser energy is examined through finite difference numerical simulation. The photonic crystals are patterned in the device layer of the silicon on insulator (SOI) platform. The thermal equations, which include contributions from laser absorption gain, conduction loss, and radiation loss are combined to obtain a heat balance equation. This governing equation is modeled using a thermodynamic finite difference computation engine. To ensure the stability of the thermal model within the transient regime the velocity of heat propagation is calculated and included as a courant factor controlling the coarseness of the discretization grid and time step interval. The thermal distribution obtained from the numerical simulation, combined with the thermo-optic effect, can be used to alter the initial dielectric distribution of the device layer. The integration of the change in refractive index into the existing dielectric enables the thermal effects to be included into a standard optical finite difference time domain (FDTD) engine. Through the implementation of the optical and thermal simulation tools, the laser thermal tuning of the band gaps and localized states of hexagonal photonic crystals will be explored. The temperature dependence of the central wavelength of the localized states will be calculated.


The present study retrospectively examined the relationships between mental status and residual problems following recovery from Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), and investigated whether depression and anxiety were common post GBS sequelae. Participants were drawn from past and present GBS patients who read about the postal survey in the newsletter of the New Zealand GBS Support Group. Of the 49 adults who responded, 44 individuals completed and returned the questionnaires sent to them via the Support Group Co-ordinator. The set of 4 questionnaires comprised (a) a brief questionnaire about GBS, (b) the McMaster Health Index Questionnaire (MHIQ), a generic quality of life instrument that measures physical, social, and emotional functioning, (c) the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-11), and (d) the 6-ltem Short Form of the State Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6) . The MHIQ was completed twice, retrospectively from the point in time when GBS was most severe, and from the present point in time. The results showed that half the sample were acutely ill over 6 years ago, yet the majority of the sample reported a number of residual problems with varying levels of severity. Time since diagnosis did not appear to moderate the number or severity of residuals. Fatigue was the most common residual (93 .2%), but pain and motor-related problems were also common. The majority of participants scored within the minimal depression and anxiety ranges on the BDI-11 and the ST AI-6, suggesting that depression and anxiety were not common long-lasting sequelae to GBS in this sample. Future research using a prospective design could focus on the incidence of depression and anxiety during the actual recovery phase. A study that focussed on the perspectives of caregivers and families would also add important information to the small body of literature regarding the psychosocial aspects of GB S.


There are many hard conjectures in graph theory, like Tutte's 5-flow conjecture, and the $5$-cycle double cover conjecture, which would be true in general if they would be true for cubic graphs. Since most of them are trivially true for $3$-edge-colorable cubic graphs, cubic graphs which are not $3$-edge-colorable, often called snarks, play a key role in this context. Here, we survey parameters measuring how far apart a non $3$-edge-colorable graph is from being $3$-edge-colorable. We study their interrelation and prove some new results. Besides getting new insight into the structure of snarks, we show that such  measures give partial results with respect to these important conjectures. The paper closes with a list of open problems and conjectures.


This paper presents and outlines a research pitch tool targeting non-academic external stakeholders in which engagement and impact (E&I) is deemed to be an important objective. Using Faff's (2015, 2016a) pitching research template as a base (first phase pitch), the E&I (second phase) pitch retains the underlying philosophy of the original academic tool. The main purpose of the original pitch template is "starting a conversation" with an academic expert and to make the initial research proposal as "future proof" as it can be. The current paper makes a first stab at extending the pitching concept to the often more challenging (concomitant) goal of orientating one's research toward relevant non-academic stakeholders - i.e. to think about the non-academic engagement and impact of a proposed new research project, while maintaining its goal to achieve quality academic output.


Recently major processor manufacturers have announced a dramatic shift in their paradigm to
increase computing power over the coming years. Instead of focusing on faster clock speeds and
more powerful single core CPUs, the trend clearly goes towards multi core systems. This will also
result in a paradigm shift for the development of algorithms for computationally expensive tasks,
such as data mining applications. Obviously, work on parallel algorithms is not new per se but
concentrated efforts in the many application domains are still missing. Multi-core systems, but
also clusters of workstations and even large-scale distributed computing infrastructures provide
new opportunities and pose new challenges for the design of parallel and distributed algorithms.
Since data mining and machine learning systems rely on high performance computing systems,
research on the corresponding algorithms must be on the forefront of parallel algorithm research
in order to keep pushing data mining and machine learning applications to be more powerful and,
especially for the former, interactive.
To bring together researchers and practitioners working in this exciting field, a workshop
on parallel data mining was organized as part of PKDD/ECML 2006 (Berlin, Germany). The
six contributions selected for the program describe various aspects of data mining and machine
learning approaches featuring low to high degrees of parallelism:
The first contribution focuses the classic problem of distributed association rule mining and
focuses on communication efficiency to improve the state of the art. After this a parallelization
technique for speeding up decision tree construction by means of thread-level parallelism for shared
memory systems is presented. The next paper discusses the design of a parallel approach for dis-
tributed memory systems of the frequent subgraphs mining problem. This approach is based on a
hierarchical communication topology to solve issues related to multi-domain computational envi-
ronments. The forth paper describes the combined use and the customization of software packages
to facilitate a top down parallelism in the tuning of Support Vector Machines (SVM) and the
next contribution presents an interesting idea concerning parallel training of Conditional Random
Fields (CRFs) and motivates their use in labeling sequential data. The last contribution finally
focuses on very efficient feature selection. It describes a parallel algorithm for feature selection
from random subsets.
Selecting the papers included in this volume would not have been possible without the help of
an international Program Committee that has provided detailed reviews for each paper. We would
like to also thank Matthew Otey who helped with publicity for the workshop.


"Nineteenth Century British Women's Education" brings together key documents in the Victorian feminist campaign to establish and improve girls' and women's education. Drawing widely on articles from the feminist and established press, government papers, newspapers, professional and association journals, as well as memoirs, addresses, pamphlets and reviews, this collection gives researchers access to nineteenth-century debates on improving girls' and women's education and women's work as educators. The collection is divided overall into two sections, both of which incorporate materials that argue for the improvement of girls' and women's education as well as arguments made against education for girls and women. In examining the campaign to establish higher education for women, the first volumes include the writings of such primary figures as Emily Davies, Lydia Becker, Barbara Bodichon, Jessie Boucherett, Josephine Butler, Frances Power Cobbe, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Maria Grey and Emily Shirreff in addition to illustrating the significance of institutions such as Girton and Newnham Colleges. Later volumes document women's work as educators, and include writings by Mary Carpenter, Dorothea Beale, Frances Mary Buss, and the Shirreff sisters Maria and Emily, gifted educators of girls at the elementary and secondary levels, and women whose educational practice embodied the arguments they made on behalf of girls' education. These volumes also chart the importance of the Governesses' Benevolent Institution, the Schools Inquiry Commission and the "Journal of Women's Education Union" in charting the increasing organization and professionalization of women teachers. Edited and with new introductions by Susan Hamilton and Janice Schroeder, "Nineteenth Century British Women's Education" is destined to be an invaluable reference resource to all future scholars of feminism and the history of education.


This study applies financial portfolio theory to determine efficient electricity-generating technology mixes for Switzerland and the United States. Expected returns are given by the (negative of the) rate of increase of power generation cost. Volatility of returns relates to the standard deviation of the cost increase associated with the portfolio, which contains Nuclear, Run of river, Storage hydro and Solar in the case of Switzerland, and Coal, Nuclear, Gas, Oil, and Wind in the case of the United States. Since shocks in generation costs are found to be correlated, the seemingly unrelated regression estimation (SURE) method is applied for filtering out the systematic component of the covariance matrix of the cost changes. Results suggest that at observed generation costs in 2003, the maximum expected return (MER) portfolio for Switzerland would call for a shift towards Nuclear and Solar, and therefore away from Run of river and Storage hydro. By way of contrast, the minimum variance (MV) portfolio mainly contains Nuclear power and Storage hydro. The 2003 MER portfolio for the United States contains Coal generated electricity and Wind, while the MV alternative combines Coal, Nuclear, Oil and Wind. Interestingly, Gas does not play any role in the determination of efficient electricity portfolios in the United States.


This paper analyses the past and present efforts by the German government at the federal level and its 16 federal states to contribute towards ongoing academic and policy debates on translating the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development into action. The paper applies the concept of "policy coherence for sustainable development" (PCSD) as a means to assess the country's efforts and performance to date in promoting sustainable development at home and beyond its borders. PCSD features as a separate target in the 2030 Agenda (SDG 17.3) and, through its emphasis on joined-up decision-making, is considered one of the key means to implement the new and transformative agenda. In Germany, federal ministries function relatively independently from one another, with the Chancellery only enjoying a finite amount of power that can be used to bring them together. Even more challenging is the coordination between the federal and state (Länder) levels. Germany's efforts towards translating the 2030 Agenda into action thus need to find the right balance between using the opportunities provided by the transformative nature of the 2030 Agenda and the specific governance advantages and challenges that characterise the country as one of the largest federal republics in the world. Successfully realising the agenda's goals at home and abroad thus requires Germany to capitalise on institutional processes that have proved their worth over time, but also introduce new reforms and approaches. In particular, the German federal government needs to ensure the "top-down" initiative that lies within its own powers as well as strongly support and encourage "bottom-up" action by the states, cities, local communities as well as different societal actors.


An analytical model for the forecasting of the Blue Nile River low flow is developed and compared with the current modified similar year method. The model is based on the general non-linear reservoir equation and the historical flow of the river for the calibration period 1912-1961. The comparison is made after the year 1961 for 6 different years in terms of the temporal 10-day flows and for the period 1962-1996 in terms of the standard error of estimates ( SEE ). The model and the modified similar year forecasted 10-day flows were also compared with the actual temporal 10-day flows during the driest and the wettest year of the whole record between 1912-1998. Results showed that the model temporal distribution of flows is more close to the actual ones compared with the modified similar year method. The model has less SEE in 31 years out of 38 compared with the modified similar year method.


e-Learning has some restrictions on how learning performance is assessed. Online testing is usually in the form of multiple-choice questions, without any essay type of learning assessment. Major reasons for employing multiple-choice tasks in e-learning include ease of implementation and ease of managing learner's responses. To address this limitation in online assessment of learning, this study investigated an automatic assessment system as a natural language processing tool for conducting essay-type tests in online learning. The study also examined the relationship between learner characteristics and learner performance in essay-testing. Furthermore, the use of evaluation software for scoring Japanese essays was compared with experts' assessment and scoring of essay tests. Students were enrolled in two-unit courses which were taught by the same professor as follows: hybrid learning course at bachelor's level, fully online course at bachelor's level, and hybrid learning course at masters level. All students took part in the final test which included two essay-tests at the end of course, and received the appropriate credit units. Learner characteristics were measured using five constructs: motivation, personality, thinking styles, information literacy and self-assessment of online learning experience. The essay-tests were assessed by two outside experts. They found the two essay-tests to be sufficient for course completion. Another score, which was generated using assessment software, consisted of three factors: rhetoric, logical structure and content fitness. Results show that experts' assessment significantly correlates with the factor of logical structure on the essay for all courses. This suggests that expert evaluation of the essay is focused on logical structure rather than other factors. When comparing the score of experts' assessment between hybrid learning and fully online courses at the bachelor's level, no significant differences were found. This indicates that in fully online learning, as well as in hybrid learning, learning performance can be measured using essay tests without the need for a face-to-face session to conduct this type of assessment.


Critical Zone (CZ) research investigates the chemical, physical, and biological processes that modulate the Earth's surface. Here, we advance 12 hypotheses that must be tested to improve our understanding of the CZ: (1) Solar‐to‐chemical conversion of energy by plants regulates flows of carbon, water, and nutrients through plant‐microbe soil networks, thereby controlling the location and extent of biological weathering. (2) Biological stoichiometry drives changes in mineral stoichiometry and distribution through weathering. (3) On landscapes experiencing little erosion, biology drives weathering during initial succession, whereas weathering drives biology over the long term.(4) In eroding landscapes, weathering‐front advance at depth is coupled to surface denudation via biotic processes.(5) Biology shapes the topography of the Critical Zone.(6) The impact of climate forcing on denudation rates in natural systems can be predicted from models incorporating biogeochemical reaction rates and geomorphological transport laws.(7) Rising global temperatures will increase carbon losses from the Critical Zone.(8) Rising atmospheric PCO2 will increase rates and extents of mineral weathering in soils.(9) Riverine solute fluxes will respond to changes in climate primarily due to changes in water fluxes and secondarily through changes in biologically mediated weathering.(10) Land use change will impact Critical Zone processes and exports more than climate change. (11) In many severely altered settings, restoration of hydrological processes is possible in decades or less, whereas restoration of biodiversity and biogeochemical processes requires longer timescales.(12) Biogeochemical properties impart thresholds or tipping points beyond which rapid and irreversible losses of ecosystem health, function, and services can occur.


This paper deals with problems of overhead line motion. The line model is based on a dynamic description of a catenary curve. The benefits of dynamic modeling in this field are decrypted, and there is an explanation of one of the models that is used. The dynamic model is derived from a string equation. The main contribution of the model is in 3D simulation of complex mechanics. The model of an overhead line shaking is generally based on the superposition of harmonic components, in particular the spatial coordinates. Each individual harmonic component is solved separately in one step of calculation, and is then combined with the other solutions. The result is a continuous description of the position of the wire along its length in both the space domain and the time domain. The model thus allows calculationsof uneven effects of forces along the length of an overhead line. The accuracy of the calculation is determined by the number of harmonics and other parameters that are calculated (e.g. step size, simulation time) The model is actually a combination of discrete and continuous calculations. Each model function block is described in the form of an equation. In the case study, ACSR 350/59 wire is analyzed. In this part of our work, an auxiliary model of wind influence was integrated into the global model.


ABSTRACT Island endemic reptiles face many threats that potentially have a negative effect on their conservation status, such as habitat loss, interactions with introduced predators and competitors, and stochastic environmental events. Since confirmation of the continued existence of the Barbados Leaf Toed gecko (Phyllodactylus pulcher) on the island of Barbados, West Indies, efforts have been made to increase ecological knowledge of the gecko in order to inform conservation direction and safeguard this critically endangered endemic species. The present study is the first to determine the microhabitat use of P. pulcher and that of the non-native gecko Hemidactylus mabouia on Barbados, and makes comparison to patterns of displacement of native geckos following Hemidactylus spp. invasions seen elsewhere. Factor Analyses of gecko locations and habitat data collected during night-time surveys indicated a strong non-random selection by P. pulcher for structurally diverse, rock habitat with an abundance of natural crevices. Where H. mabouia is present in natural habitat along the Barbados coast, the species also selected for exposed rocky habitat, albeit to a significantly lesser degree than did P. pulcher. Measures of body condition suggest the non-native gecko is less able to exploit such habitats and that its ability to thrive on Barbados is due to utilisation of a broader niche as befitting a habitat "generalist", rather than competitive displacement of the native gecko from cliff side habitat. Our findings highlight the importance for protection of the remaining natural cliff side habitat and promotion of biosecurity on Barbados as being key to the survival of P. pulcher.


The birth of liquid helium took place in Leiden some 75 years ago on 9 July 1908. After that initial liquefaction, by Kamerlingh onnes, there followed three decades during which the liquid was employed chiefly in a subservient role, as a coolant for experiments on other materials at very low temperatures. Astonishingly, its superfluid properties had simply passed unnoticed. This remarkable state of affairs should probably be attributed more to the extraordinary nature of liquid 4He itself than to any dilatoriness or lack of imagination on the part of the investigators; for superfluid helium is utterly different to any physical system studied prior to 1908. Even today, although enormous progress has been made, the liquid remains in many ways an enigma and it continues to be the subject of intense experimental and theoretical investigation.


Worm containment must be automatic because worms can spread too fast for humans to respond. Recent work has proposed a network centric approach to automate worm containment: network traffic is analyzed to derive a packet classifier that blocks (or rate-limits) worm propagation. This approach has fundamental limitations because the analysis has no information about the application vulnerabilities exploited by worms. This paper proposes Vigilante, a new host centric approach for automatic worm containment that addresses these limitations. Vigilante relies on collaborative worm detection at end hosts in the Internet but does not require hosts to trust each other. Hosts detect worms by analysing attempts to infect applications and broadcast self-certifying alerts (SCAs) when they detect a worm. SCAs are automatically generated machine-verifiable proofs of vulnerability; they can be independently and inexpensively verified by any host. Hosts can use SCAs to generate filters or patches that prevent infection. We present preliminary results showing that Vigilante can effectively contain fast spreading worms that exploit unknown vulnerabilities.


Background. Optimal nutrition during the first 1 000 days of life can reap lasting benefits throughout life. Objectives. To assess infant and young child-feeding (IYCF) practices and mother/caregiver-child anthropometry in two vulnerable Breede Valley communities, Western Cape.  Methods. Mothers of children aged 0 - 23 months ( N =322) were interviewed to assess IYCF practices. Anthropometric measurements of mothers/caregivers and children were performed according to standard procedures. Results. Mothers reported early breastfeeding (BF) initiation in 75.2% (242/322) of cases. Of infants <6 months old, 38.5% (45/117) were recorded as exclusively breastfed (EBF). Cross-checking this figure with other research from the area, however, suggests significant over-reporting of EBF. One in five infants <6 months were exclusively bottle fed (19.7%; 23/117) and 48.4% (156/322) aged 0 - 23 months had received bottle feeding in the preceding 24 hours. Eighty-four percent (36/43) of 6 - 8-month-old infants were receiving complementary foods. BF was continued in 32.5% (13/40) of children 12 - 15 months old. In children 6 - 23 months, 44.0% (90/205) received foods from four or more food groups, 71.0% (145/205) received complementary foods the recommended minimum number of times or more, and 44.4% (91/205) received a minimum acceptable diet. The prevalence of stunting and overweight in children was 28.9% and 21.8%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight in mothers/caregivers was 28.9%, and 33.7% were obese, with a mean waist circumference of 88.6 cm.  Conclusion. Indicators showed sub-optimal IYCF practices with child under- and overnutrition coexisting with maternal/caregiver overnutrition. This profile signals a need for urgent and appropriate interventions focusing on the first 1 000 days of life.


Resveratrol (3, 4′, 5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a natural phytoalexin found in grapes and has long been thought to be the answer to the "French Paradox." There is no shortage of preclinical and clinical studies investigating the broad therapeutic activity of resveratrol. However, in spite of many comprehensive reviews published on the bioactivity of resveratrol, there has yet to be a report focused on the variety and complexity of its structural binding properties, and its multi-targeted role. An improved understanding of disease mechanisms at the systems level has enabled targeted polypharmacology to mature into a rational drug discovery approach. Unlike traditional hit-to-lead campaigns that typically optimize activity and selectivity for a single target, polypharmacological drugs aim to selectively target multiple proteins, while avoiding critical off target interactions. This strategy bears promise of improved efficacy and reduced clinical attrition. This review seeks to investigate whether the bioactivity of resveratrol is due to a polypharmacological effect or promiscuity of the phenolic small molecule by examining the modes of binding with its diverse collection of protein targets. We focused on annotated targets, identified via the ChEMBL database, and matched these targets to a representative structure deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), as crystal structures are most informative in understanding modes of binding at the atomic level. We discuss the structural aspects of resveratrol itself that permits binding to multiple proteins in various signaling pathways. Furthermore, we suggest that resveratrol's bioactivity is a result of scaffold promiscuity rather than polypharmacology, and the variety of binding modes across targets display little similarity in the pattern of target interaction.


Fire is a dominant feature of tropical savannas throughout the world, and provides a unique opportunity for habitat management at the landscape scale. We provide the background and methodology for a landscape-scale savanna fire experiment at Kapalga, located in Kakadu National Park in the seasonal tropics of northern Australia. The experiment addresses the limitations of previous savanna fire experiments, including inappropriately small sizes of experimental units, lack of replication, consideration of a narrow range of ecological responses and an absence of detailed measurement of fire behaviour. In contrast to those elsewhere in the world, Australia's savannas are sparsely populated and largely uncleared, with fires lit primarily in a conservation, rather than pastoral, context. Fire management has played an integral role in the traditional lifestyles of Aboriginal people, who have occupied the land for perhaps 50 000 years or more. Currently the dominant fire management paradigm is one of extensive prescribed burning early in the dry season (May-June), in order to limit the extent and severity of fires occurring later in the year. The ecological effects of different fire regimes are hotly debated, but we identify geo-chemical cycling, tree demography, faunal diversity and composition, phenology, and the relative importance of fire intensity, timing and frequency, as critical issues. Experimental units ('compartments') at Kapalga are 15–20km2 catchments, centred on seasonal creeks that drain into major rivers. Each compartment has been burnt according to one of four treatments, each replicated at least three times: 'Early'- fires lit early in the dry season, which is the predominant management regime in the region; 'Late'- fires lit late in the dry season, as occurs extensively in the region as unmanaged 'wildfires'; 'Progressive'- fires lit progressively throughout the dry season, such that different parts of the landscape are burnt as they progressively dry out (believed to approximate traditional Aboriginal burning practices); and 'Unburnt'- no fires lit, and wildfires excluded. All burning treatments have been applied annually for 5 years, from 1990 to 1994. Six core projects have been conducted within the experimental framework, focusing on nutrients and atmospheric chemistry, temporary streams, vegetation, insects, small mammals, and vertebrate predators. Detailed measurements of fire intensity have been taken to help interpret ecological responses. The Kapalga fire experiment is multidisciplinary, treatments have been applied at a landscape scale with replication, and ecological responses can be related directly to measurements of fire intensity. We are confident that this experiment will yield important insights into the fire ecology of tropical savannas, and will make a valuable contribution to their conservation management.


Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and related risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria among the institutionalized elderly in Bolu. Materials and Method: Forty two instituonalized elderly were visited, and written informed consent were received from each for his study. Those individuals who have the symptoms of urinary tract infection were excluded from the study. Two urinary samples collected to the sterile container from contributors with the interval of 24 hours were cultured, and it was accepted as positif when 10 (5)cfu/ml microorganism has grown. Results: Two individuals did not accept to be included in the study. Six patients having urinary tract infection symptoms were excluded from the study. The asymptomatic bacteriuria among the remaining thirty four patients was found to be 17.6%, and the most common organism was Escherichia coli. There was no relation between the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and related factors such as age, sex, inappropriate antibiotic usage, incontinans, diabetes mellitus and invasive urological procedures. Conclusion: As a result, it was concluded that asymptomatic bacteriuria is common above the age of sixty, and unnecessary use of antibiotic should be avoided in this type of patients, although this needs to be confirmed with the studies of larger series.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to know how do early-phase planning of real estate (RE) and facilities management (FM) create value for owners and users of commercial and public sector buildings.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected in Norway in 2015 through a national online survey (N = 837). The sample gives a good picture of Norwegian owners' and even users on tactical-level (customer) perspectives on RE and FM. The data have been analysed through descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. The hypotheses have been tested through analyses of correlations and ordinary least square (OLS) linear regressions.

Findings

Exploratory factor analysis made it possible to establish seven composite variables (constructs). Based on these seven constructs, six hypotheses were derived and tested. Obstacles and financials have no significant effect on buildings' perceived usability. The most important factors during early-phase planning that influence buildings' perceived usability and lifetime value creation are measures promoting environment and life-cycle costs (LCC), FM, adaptability and image.

Research limitations/implications

Further empirical and preferably, comparative studies are needed to establish whether the findings can be generalized. The study has shown that a building's usability and lifetime value creation is largely determined by decisions made during early phase planning.

Practical implications

Well-founded early-phase planning of RE and FM may actually provide very high return on the investments and significantly improve the buildings' lifetime value creation for owners and users. Early-phase planning is also of great importance both for buildings' physical design, as well as for successful FM during the buildings' use phase, and may prevent irreversible blunders.

Originality/value

This is a large N empirical study in Norway. The findings indicate what owner and users of buildings should emphasize during early phase planning.


This paper presents two separate empirical investigations of a new conceptual model of fashion – the "fashion transformation process model" presented in part 1 (this issue). One important strand of that model is the role played by individual wearers in the transformation of fashion. This level is defined as the micro‐subjective level. There are two important forces that operate at this level – known as the "differentiating" and "socialising" forces. In the first study, 300 people were given questionnaires that considered a whole variety of fashion aspects, and also included a tool to distinguish between four types of consumers: fashion innovators, early fashion adopters, fashion followers and laggards. The results clearly confirmed these classifications and, importantly, confirmed the dominance of the differentiating force on fashion choices for "innovators", and the socialising force for "followers" and "laggards".The second study, involving interviewing 40 females, was concerned to investigate how new fashions might be adopted. The innovators were, again, shown to be motivated by quite different forces to fashion followers, in the choices they made. The study confirms an important aspect of the new conceptual model – the micro‐subjective level forces. The dynamic role played by the individual also shows why fashion has to be continuously innovative and what forces operate to ensure primary markets respond to the majority of wearers.


Stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica is expected to continue for the next 50 years, with increases in ecologically damaging ultraviolet radiation (UVR: 290–400 nm), specifically the ultraviolet‐B (UVB: 290–320 nm) portion of the spectrum. Most of coastal Antarctica is covered with 2–3 m of annual sea ice during the occurrence of the "ozone hole." This physical barrier to UVR transmission has long been assumed to provide complete protection from the biologically damaging effects of UVR, especially for the planktonic developmental stages of the benthic invertebrate fauna. We found that short‐wavelength UVB (down to 304 nm) is transmitted through the Austral spring annual ice of McMurdo Sound, and causes significant mortality and DNA damage in the embryos of the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Although mortality of sea urchin embryos has been reported for the open waters of the Antarctic, this is the first documentation of mortality and DNA damage for embryos under the annual sea ice. The degree of mortality and DNA damage was dependent on both year and depth, with higher mortality and DNA damage at 1 m depth below the ice compared to 3 m and 5 m. Greater DNA damage occurred in 2003 compared to 2002 despite the thicker annual ice (3.1 m vs. 2.5 m). Although the thickness of the annual ice was greater, the severity of the ozone hole, 230 Dobson units (DU) versus 320 DU, and the ratio of UVB to visible radiation was greater in 2003. Embryo and larval mortality from exposure to UVR under the annual ice should be considered as another abiotic factor potentially affecting the temporally episodic recruitment of invertebrates that occur in this benthic ecosystem.


Literacy is a measure of being literate, of the ability to read and write. The central activity of the humanities—its shared discipline—literacy has become one of its most powerful and diffuse metaphors, becoming a broadly applied metaphor representing a fluency, a competency, or a skill in manipulating information. The word "literacy" is of recent coinage, being little more than a century old. Reading and writing, or effectively using letters (the word at the root of literacy), are ancient skills, but the word "literacy" likely springs from and reflects the emergence of mass public education at the end of the 19th and the turn of the 20th century. In this sense, then "literacy" measures personal and demographic development. Literacy is mimetic. It is synesthetic—in some languages, it means hearing sounds (the phonemes) in what is seen (the letters); in others, it means linking a symbol to the thing symbolized. Although a recent word, "literacy" depends upon the emergence of symbolic sign systems in ancient times. Written symbolic systems, by contrast, are relatively recent developments in human history. But they bear a more complicated relationship to the spoken language, being in part a representation of it (and thus a recording of its contents) while also offering a representation of the world, the referent: that is, literacy involves an awareness of the representation of the world. Reading and writing are tied to millennia of changes in technologies of representation. As a term denoting fluidity with letters, literacy has a history and a geography that follow the development and movement of a phonetic alphabetic and subsequent systems of writing. If the alphabet encodes a shift from orality to literacy, HTML encodes a shift from verbal literacy to a kind of numerical literacy not yet theorized.


You know, the President is elected to lead. --Speaker John Boehner (R-OH, Epstein 2011) ... we're still waiting for the president to lead. --Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY, Calmes 201 la) [Obama's FY 2012 budget proposal] ... it's what I call an abdication of leadership --Rep. Paul Ryan (R-WI, Allen and Allen 2011) ... if you look at the history of how these [budget] deals get done, typically it's not because there's an Obama plan out there; it's because Democrats and Republicans are both committed to tackling this issue in a serious way. --Pres. Barack Obama (U.S. White House 2011b) Introduction: Presidential Place in the National Budget Process The Modern Presidency has been missing in action on the federal budget. Faced with a deficit crisis of historic proportions, all eyes are on President Barack Obama to pave the way to fiscal health. Yet he has repeatedly evaded the gazes. While vowing in early 2009 to cut the deficit in half in his first term, Obama signed bills over the next two years to cut taxes and increase spending. After commissioning a deficit panel in 2010, he has not thrown his weight behind any of its specific fiscal, entitlement, and budget process reform policy proposals. And halfway through fiscal year (FY) 2011, the government was running on two-week continuing resolutions. Why has this visionary presidential candidate repeatedly demurred from budgetary leadership? Most obviously, the president's modest institutional posture is a strategy to navigate the challenging policy and political landscape. First, the nascent economic recovery may require years of demand stimulation by the government. Second, long-standing public opinion incoherence on fiscal policy (how to reduce spending, pay for popular and expensive programs, and balance the budget simultaneously) has continued to paralyze congressional as well as executive leadership as they translate campaign promises into new law. Third, the president is seemingly hesitant to take big political risks as he absorbs the results of the 2010 midterm election (backlash against his perceived expansionist agenda after 2008) and looks ahead to 2012 (likely backlash against Republicans' perceived reductionist agenda after 2010). Acknowledging these pressures on the president, this paper will largely focus on how these actions change the orientation of the presidency toward the more Whiggish side of the power spectrum. In avoiding a firm fiscal agenda, and opting instead to goad Congress into playing the leading role in budget policy formation, Obama is speaking and behaving in a way that echoes an older conception of presidential place. Sometimes called the "constitutional" theory of the presidency, a Whig president demonstrates self-conscious institutional sensitivity to the separation of powers system through deferential rhetoric and action. This premodern theory stands in contrast to the "stewardship" (Theodore Roosevelt) and "prerogative" (Franklin Roosevelt) models of presidential power (Genovese 1976; Stokes 1976). For example, in an oft-cited description of such institutional thinking (not necessarily echoing nineteenth-century Whig Party economic views), William H. Taft rebuked his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt, for misunderstanding the office. The true view of the Executive function is, as I conceive it, that the President can exercise no power which cannot be fairly and reasonably traced to some specific grant of power or justly implied and included within such express grant as proper and necessary to its exercise. Such specific grant must be either in the Federal Constitution or in an act of Congress passed in pursuance thereof. There is no undefined residuum of power which he can exercise because it seems to him to be in the public interest. (Taft 1916, 139-40). Of course, Taft's vision was on the verge of extinction even in his own time. …


Assessments were made of the relative importance of package effects and pigment composition in contributing to variations in spectral absorption in shelf waters off North Carolina during May 1997 and off west Florida during October 1998. Measurements of spectral absorption of size-fractionated particulate material on glass fibre filters were made using two methods, the transmittance-reflectance (T-R) method and the quantitative filter technique (QFT). Spectral absorption of phytoplankton pigments was decomposed into a series of 13 Gaussian absorption bands, and absorption band peak heights were related to concentrations of major pigment classes. Maximum weight-specific pigment absorption coefficients for individual absorption bands (p* m ) derived from the fit of a hyperbolic tangent function to the data were found to be similar for North Carolina and west Florida shelf waters. The values were used to reconstruct spectral absorption in the absence of pigment packaging, which was then compared to measured absorption to provide an assessment of pigment packaging. Package effects were found to be responsible for up to a 62% reduction in the amplitude of major absorption bands, particularly for samples from low-salinity waters and for populations dominated by larger (>3 μm) phytoplankton. Variations in pigment composition were also found to have an impact, although it was smaller (10-28%), on variations in total absorption. Potential bio-optical applications of the Gaussian decomposition approach include the estimation of pigment concentrations from in situ or remotely sensed ocean colour observations. Alternatively, where pigment concentrations are known, it may be possible to estimate absorption. Successful application of such techniques may necessitate characterizations of coefficients specific to a given region and time.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To better understand the experience of venous thromboembolism (VTE) from the points of view of patients with cancer during various stages of the cancer experience.

RESEARCH APPROACH
Qualitative, descriptive.

SETTING
Various inpatient and outpatient units of a large urban university-affiliated hospital in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

PARTICIPANTS
Purposive sample of 10 participants who were anticipating, had recently undergone, or were currently undergoing cancer treatment and who had received a VTE diagnosis within the past year.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
Semistructured interviews were transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of data revealed themes contributing to understanding the lived experience of VTE during cancer care.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
The experience of patients with cancer who develop VTE.

FINDINGS
Patients' initial reaction to VTE included VTE as a life-threat, past experience with VTE, and VTE as the "cherry on the sundae" in light of other cancer-related health issues. Patients' coping with VTE also included three themes: VTE being overshadowed by unresolved cancer-related concerns, VTE as a setback in cancer care, and attitudes about VTE treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
This study contributes new insight into the experience of patients with cancer who develop VTE. The most salient finding was that patients having no prior VTE knowledge experienced VTE as more challenging. Future studies comparing experiences with VTE across the various stages of cancer care are needed.

INTERPRETATION
Study findings suggest that patient education about VTE would be useful for the initial reaction and subsequent coping phases of VTE, thus representing an important target area for nursing intervention.


This paper discusses teaching parametric design as a supportive method of introducing design logic. Two case studies have been described, analysed and concluded. The first case study focuses on a workshop based design of a parametric pavilion, which resulted of building 1:1 scale object. The second case study concentrates on the academic compulsory course providing parametric design knowledge based on a particular topic imposed by tutors. In both cases the main purpose was to get students being accustomed to a different way of thinking, to open their minds to new approaches to design process and to demonstrate a connection between programming skills and imagination capabilities. Each of the cases returned valuable guidelines for design studio pedagogy which has also been revealed in this paper.


7 year-old-girl referred to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic as a case of food allergy, due to painful plantopalmar lesions, erupting after eating meat, poultry and dairy products. The child was unable to stand due to severe pain. The lesions were symmetrical, patchy, hyperkeratotic and painful. Lesions were suggestive of Tyrosinemia type 2. Her neurological and ophthalmological evaluation showed no abnormality. Elevated serum tyrosine level confirmed the diagnosis. After starting low protein diet and low phenylalanine and tyrosine formula, her symptoms improved. Tyrosinemia type 2 (Richner-Hanhart Syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder [1]. The disease is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), leading to elevated levels of tyrosine in blood and urine. Skin and eyes are the cardinal organs involved. Nervous system involvement is well documented also. Typical skin lesions are painful, well-demarcted hyperkeratosis on the palms and soles. Lesions may begin as bullae and erosins that progress to crusted plaques [2]. Ocular manifestations include corneal clouding, opacities, scars, ulcers or neovascuarations [2]. Skin and ocular manifestations are caused by inflammatory response to intracellular accumulation of Tyrosine crystals [3]. The relationship between the amount of protein intake and flaring of ocular symptoms is well-established [4]. This might explain symptoms worsening associated with specific protein intake in our case, which lead to misinterpret the relation as allergy. Restricting tyrosine and phenylalanine containing food can reverses eye and skin manifestations and prevent neurological involvement [5]. Tyrosinemia type 2 should be suspected in patients with palmoplantar keratosis. Worsening of the lesions with protein diet should not be mistaken for food allergy. Figure: Symmetrical patchy hyperkerototic yellow plaques on the weight-bearing areas of both feet. Patients refuse to walk due to severe pain


This paper evaluates the role of regional cluster composition in regional industry performance. On the one hand, diminishing returns to specialization in a location can result in a convergence effect: the growth rate of an industry within a region may be declining in the level of economic activity of that industry. At the same time, positive spillovers across complementary economic activities can provide an impetus for agglomeration: the growth rate of an industry within a region may be increasing in the "strength" (i.e., relative presence) of related industries. Building on Porter (1998, 2003), we develop a systematic empirical framework to analyze the role of regional clusters – groups of closely related industries operating within a particular region – in the growth of regional industries. We exploit data from the US Cluster Mapping Project to examine the effects of agglomeration within regional clusters after controlling for convergence at the region-industry level. Our findings suggest that industries located in a strong cluster register higher employment and patenting growth. Regional industry growth also increases with the strength of related clusters in the region and with the strength of similar clusters in adjacent regions. We also find evidence of the complementarity between employment and innovation performance in regional clusters: both the initial employment and patenting strength of a cluster have a separate positive effect on the employment and patenting growth of the constituent industries. Finally, we find that new regional industries emerge where there is a strong cluster. These findings are consistent with multiple types of externalities arising in clusters, including knowledge, skills, and input–output linkages.


The National Cancer Institute Initiative in Chemical Genetics is designed to encourage the development of small molecular probes. The probes are useful for activating or inactivating protein functions, thereby providing resources that help discern the functions of gene products in normal and disease cells, as well as in tissues. This initiative includes "ChemBank," a suite of informatics tools and databases aimed at promoting the development and use of chemical genetics by scientists worldwide. The information generated with such tools should provide a critical link from genomic discovery to drug development.


Dispersal is a key individual‐based process influencing many life‐history attributes and scaling up to population‐level properties (e.g. metapopulation connectivity). A persistent challenge in dispersal ecology has been the robust characterization of dispersal functions (kernels), a fundamental tool to predict how dispersal processes respond under global change scenarios. Particularly, the rightmost tail of these functions, that is the long‐distance dispersal (LDD) events, are difficult to characterize empirically and to model in realistic ways. But, when is it a LDD event? In the specific case of plants, dispersal has three basic components: (i) a distinct (sessile) source, the maternal plant producing the fruits or the paternal tree acting as a source of pollen; (ii) a distance component between source and target locations; and (iii) a vector actually performing the movement entailing the dispersal event. Here, I discuss operative definitions of LDD based on their intrinsic properties: (i) events crossing geographic boundaries among stands; and (ii) events contributing to effective gene flow and propagule migration. Strict‐sense long‐distance dispersal involves movement both outside the stand geographic limits and outside the genetic neighbourhood area of individuals. Combinations of propagule movements within/outside these two spatial reference frames result in four distinct modes of LDD. Synthesis. I expect truncation of seed dispersal kernels to have multiple consequences on demography and genetics, following to the loss of key dispersal services in natural populations. Irrespective of neighbourhood sizes, loss of LDD events may result in more structured and less cohesive genetic pools, with increased isolation by distance extending over broader areas. Proper characterization of the LDD events helps to assess, for example, how the ongoing defaunation of large‐bodied frugivores pervasively entails the loss of crucial LDD functions.


This study examines cases of teacher leaders in a professional development program that employed teacher inquiry to promote student inquiry. Program documents, observations, and interviews were examined to create three cases of high school science and math teachers learning to inquire in tandem. Guided by Cochran-Smith and Lytle's (2009) "inquiry stance," the study shows how commitment to student inquiry comes through learning gained through teacher inquiry. While conceptual understandings of teacher and student inquiry reinforced the learning of both, the parallel development of practical skills for both inquiry processes was not observed. Such conceptual growth was neither steady nor linear and characterized by some backward movement followed by significant shifts in thinking. Growth was grounded in increased experience with the process over time that deepened the teachers' trust in their students' ability to create their own knowledge – an understanding of the learning process that was made more visible by the program's requirements for teachers to evaluate student inquiry as a focus of their teacher inquiry. The study confirms the need for ongoing professional development in the more complex forms of student learning embedded in newer national standards while suggesting that approaches towards professional learning must holds similar high expectations for teachers and attention to the equally complex learning required of teachers if we truly aim to create such possibilities for student learning at higher levels.


We introduce new stylometry tools based on the sliced conditional compression complexity of literary texts which are inspired by the nearly optimal application of the incomputable Kolmogorov conditional complexity (and presumably approximates it). Whereas other stylometry tools can occasionally be very close for different authors, our statistic is apparently strictly minimal for the true author, if the query and training texts are sufficiently large, compressor is sufficiently good and sampling bias is avoided (as in the poll samplings). We tune it and test its performance on attributing the Federalist papers (Madison vs. Hamilton). Our results confirm the previous attribution of Federalist papers by Mosteller and Wallace (1964) to Madison using the Naive Bayes classifier and the same attribution based on alternative classifiers such as SVM, and the second order Markov model of language. Then we apply our method for studying the attribution of the early poems from the Shakespeare Canon and the continuation of Marlowe's poem 'Hero and Leander' ascribed to G. Chapman.


Summary
In the course of the three experiments detailed here, the serum of eleven persons who are reported to have had yellow fever in Mexico, Brazil, and Peru was employed. These attacks occurred from 1919 to 1927. A variety of nationalities are represented. Four of these eleven specimens protected M. rhesus against lethal doses of yellow fever virus of West African origin. The protecting sera were from Peru and Brazil.
In the same experiments, all sera tested from six African natives and a pooled serum from several natives who had had yellow fever in four epidemics in 1926 to 1928 in the Gold Coast and Belgian Congo, West Africa, protected against the same virus as used with the Western Hemisphere sera.
The amount of serum employed in each case varied from 2.0 to 0.1 cc., depending in part on the amount of serum at hand. Two monkeys were used to test each specimen, except in one instance when only one monkey was injected, 0.5 cc. serum being available.
In the first experiment, the serum was injected subcutaneously at the same time as the virus. In the two latter experiments, the serum, diluted, was administered intraperitoneally one hour before the subcutaneous inoculation of virus. In no instance, was there any evidence of peritonitis in fatal cases.
The virus was in the form of infected monkey blood (citrated) of the Asibi strain. The dosage was 0.25, 0.2, and 0.25 cc., in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
In the unprotected animals, the course of the disease, and the pathology at necropsy were not apparently altered by the presence of the serum. Death occurred in these monkeys at intervals found to obtain in this experimental disease, averaging 5.7 days.
Of the twenty-two protected monkeys, seven seem to have recovered from mild attacks of yellow fever, as evidenced by short periods of fever a few days after inoculation.


In a work world where injustice and corruption challenge lawyers daily, how might law schools better prepare students to become ethical leaders, or, at least, to practice ethically themselves? This article asserts that adding short interactive roleplays to large classes is one way for students to learn the skill and value of doing the right thing under difficult circumstances. The authors build on their experience teaching in Moldova, where they found students eager to engage in realistic roleplays, so eager that they transformed a lawyer-client interviewing exercise into an exploration of what to do when offered a bribe. If U.S. law schools' signature pedagogy is the case dialogue method, and if that method is well designed to teach legal analysis and doctrine, need law schools teach more than that during the first year? After a brief examination of research and commentary on legal education, including the Carnegie Foundation Report and Best Practices in Legal Education, the article argues that classroom support of the formation of responsible professional identities should begin in the first year. One straightforward way to assist with that is to incorporate roleplays into existing classes.Adding roleplays to large first-year classes may serve a variety of purposes. Acting out real world scenarios can facilitate students' learning doctrinal law as they work with it in context. When asked in a roleplay to grapple with issues that implicate their own or the profession's values, students test their own values and practice the exercise of judgment. Roleplaying also may help students find their voices as lawyers, to see and value the ideals, knowledge and skills they already bring to the work. After discussing the benefits of short roleplays, the article lays out specific steps for creating and implementing them in first year classes. Several sample scenarios are included for experimentation. The article closes by urging first-year teachers to try roleplays as a small but robust step toward training lawyers who will act responsibly.


Purpose

Public sector projects still fail to meet delivery expectations, and the lack of significant project management experience in the Australian public service (APS) has been identified as a contributing factor. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of competencies required for delivering public sector projects, as well as challenges faced by the project managers when operating in a public context.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used to enlighten the social and operating construct in APS. In parallel, a quantitative survey was used to determine the relative importance of various competencies to effective project delivery.

Findings

The research concludes that communication, accountability, business alignment, scope and deliverables, change, and project and program orientation are the most important competencies in APS project delivery. Furthermore, there is evidence that the operating environment acts as a barrier to successful project delivery, noting that it does not let project management practice deploy its full potential for increased effectiveness and efficiency.

Practical implications

The research findings noted that the specific needs, values and functions of project management in the APS are not well defined, and therefore there were limited criteria against which public sector project management competencies could be designed and measured.

Originality/value

This empirical research contributes to the open dialogue of improving efficiency in project management within the APS context. The findings point to the conflict between the operational nature of APS agencies and their project activities, and how they struggle to define themselves as project organizations rather than lack of appreciation to individual competencies.


Background: Moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity demands correction of the deformity. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the results and advantages of the modified Wilson technique for treatment of hallux valgus. Twenty four operations of distal oblique osteotomies on the first metatarsal bone as described by Wilson (1963) with some modifications were performed on fifteen patients suffering from hallux valgus, done in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology of El-Minia University Hospital; nine of them were bilateral and six were unilateral. The osteotomy site was fixed by K. wire after displacement of the distal fragment laterally and proximally. A below the knee plaster cast was applied and the patients were encouraged to bear weight partially after the second post-operative week. The K. wire was removed after 6 weeks and the cast was removed after 10 weeks. Excellent results occurred in 18 out of 24 feet operated (75%), good in 3 feet (12.5%), fair in 2 feet (8.33%) and poor in one case (4.17%). Conclusions: These modifications added more advantages to Wilson technique as a good procedure for treatment of hallux valgus.


Soil salinization is a world wide environmental problem affecting plant growth and agricultural yields. Remote sensing has been used as a tool to detect and/or manage soil salinity. Object-oriented image analysis is a relatively new image analysis technique which allows analysis at different hierarchical scales, the use of relationships between objects and contextual information in the classification process, and the ability to create a rule based classification procedure. The Lower Orange River in South Africa is a region of successful irrigation farming along the river floodplain but also with the potential risk of soil salinization. This research attempted to detect and map areas of potential high soil salinity using digital aerial photography and digital elevation models. Image orthorectification was conducted on the digital aerial photographs. The radiometric variances between photographs made radiometric calibration of the photographs necessary. Radiometric calibration on the photographs was conducted using Landsat 7 satellite images as radiometric correction values, and image segmentation as the correction units for the photographs. After radiometric calibration, object-oriented analysis could be conducted on one analysis region and the developed rule bases applied to the other regions without the need for adjusting parameters. A rule based hierarchical classification was developed to detect vegetation stress from the photographs as well as salinity potential terrain features from the digital elevation models. These rule bases were applied to all analysis blocks. The detected potential high salinity indicators were analyzed spatially with field collected soil data in order to assess the capability of the classifications to detect actual salinization, as well as to assess which indicators were the best indicators of salinity potential. Vegetation stress was not a good indicator of salinity as many other indicators could also cause vegetation stress. Terrain indicators such as depressions in the landscape at a micro scale were the best indicators of potential soil salinization.


Abstract This paper presents a conceptual design approach for high-temperature gas-cooled reactors using recirculating pebble bed cores. The method employs PEBBED, a reactor physics code specifically designed to solve for the asymptotic burnup state of pebble bed reactors in conjunction with a genetic algorithm to obtain a core with acceptable properties. The uniqueness of the asymptotic core state and the small number of independent parameters that define it suggest that core geometry and fuel cycle can be efficiently optimized toward a specified objective. A novel representation of the distribution of pebbles enables efficient coupling of the burnup and neutron diffusion solvers. Complex pebble recirculation schemes can be expressed in terms of a few parameters that are amenable to manipulation using modern optimization techniques. The user chooses the type and range of core physics parameters that represent the design space. A set of traits, each with acceptable and preferred values expressed by a simple fitness function, is used to evaluate the candidate reactor cores. The stochastic search algorithm automatically drives the generation of core parameters toward the optimal core as defined by the user. For this study, the design of two pebble bed high-temperature reactor concepts subjected to demanding physical constraints demonstrated the technique's efficacy.


The Longitudinal Database of Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) links quarterly reports of employment and total wages of all nonfarm establishments covered by State Unemployment Insurance. QCEW uses two types of linkage: deterministic and probabilistic. Deterministic linkage is performed by SESA IDs – a combination of state FIPS code, Unemployment Insurance Number, and Reported Unit Number. The remaining establishments, those not linked by SESA IDs, are linked by a probabilistic method (weighted matching), based on the Fellegi and Sunter theory. This paper performs and evaluates both deterministic and weighted linkage. Recommendations for weighted linkage are given.